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do all hydra have the same number of tentacles

Hydra ( genus ) - wikipedia Hydra ( genus ) This article is about the aquatic animal . For mythological monster , see Lernaean Hydra . For other uses , see Hydra ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Hydra <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Hydra species <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Cnidaria Class : Hydrozoa Order : Anthoathecata Family : Hydridae Dana , 1846 Genus : Hydra Linnaeus , 1758 <Th_colspan="2"> Species <Td_colspan="2"> List ( show ) * Hydra baikalensis Swarczewsky , 1923 * Hydra beijingensis Fan , 2003 * Hydra canadensis Rowan , 1930 * Hydra cauliculata Hyman , 1938 * Hydra circumcincta Schulze , 1914 * Hydra daqingensis Fan , 2000 * Hydra ethiopiae Hickson , 1930 * Hydra hadleyi ( Forrest , 1959 ) * Hydra harbinensis Fan & Shi , 2003 * Hydra hymanae Hadley & Forrest , 1949 * Hydra iheringi Cordero , 1939 * Hydra intaba Ewer , 1948 * Hydra intermedia De Carvalho Wolle , 1978 * Hydra japonica Itô , 1947 * Hydra javanica Schulze , 1929 * Hydra liriosoma Campbell , 1987 * Hydra madagascariensis Campbell , 1999 * Hydra magellanica Schulze , 1927 * Hydra mariana Cox & Young , 1973 * Hydra minima Forrest , 1963 * Hydra mohensis Fan & Shi , 1999 * Hydra oligactis Pallas , 1766 * Hydra oregona Griffin & Peters , 1939 * Hydra oxycnida Schulze , 1914 * Hydra paludicola Itô , 1947 * Hydra paranensis Cernosvitov , 1935 * Hydra parva Itô , 1947 * Hydra plagiodesmica Dioni , 1968 * Hydra polymorpha Chen & Wang , 2008 * Hydra robusta ( Itô , 1947 ) * Hydra rutgersensis Forrest , 1963 * Hydra salmacidis Lang da Silveira et al. , 1997 * Hydra sinensis Wang et al. , 2009 * Hydra thomseni Cordero , 1941 * Hydra umfula Ewer , 1948 * Hydra utahensis Hyman , 1931 * Hydra viridissima Pallas , 1766 * Hydra vulgaris Pallas , 1766 * Hydra zeylandica Burt , 1929 * Hydra zhujiangensis Liu & Wang , 2010 Hydra / ˈhaɪdrə / is a genus of small , fresh - water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa . They are native to the temperate and tropical regions . Biologists are especially interested in Hydra because of their regenerative ability -- they do not appear to die of old age , or indeed to age at all . Contents 1 Morphology 2 Motion and locomotion 3 Reproduction and life cycle 4 Feeding 5 Measuring the feeding response 6 Morphallaxis 7 Non-senescence 8 Genomics 9 See also 10 References Morphology ( edit ) Schematic drawing of a discharging nematocyst Hydra has a tubular , radially symmetric body up to 10 mm ( 0.39 in ) long when extended , secured by a simple adhesive foot called the basal disc . Gland cells in the basal disc secrete a sticky fluid that accounts for its adhesive properties . At the free end of the body is a mouth opening surrounded by one to twelve thin , mobile tentacles . Each tentacle , or cnida ( plural : cnidae ) , is clothed with highly specialised stinging cells called cnidocytes . Cnidocytes contain specialized structures called nematocysts , which look like miniature light bulbs with a coiled thread inside . At the narrow outer edge of the cnidocyte is a short trigger hair called a cnidocil . Upon contact with prey , the contents of the nematocyst are explosively discharged , firing a dart - like thread containing neurotoxins into whatever triggered the release which can paralyse the prey , especially if many hundreds of nematocysts are fired . Hydra has two main body layers , which makes it `` diploblastic '' . The layers are separated by mesoglea , a gel - like substance . The outer layer is the epidermis , and the inner layer is called the gastrodermis , because it lines the stomach . The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple . Hydramacin is a bactericide recently discovered in Hydra ; it protects the outer layer against infection . The nervous system of Hydra is a nerve net , which is structurally simple compared to more derived animal nervous systems . Hydra does not have a recognizable brain or true muscles . Nerve nets connect sensory photoreceptors and touch - sensitive nerve cells located in the body wall and tentacles . Respiration and excretion occur by diffusion everywhere through the epidermis . Motion and locomotion ( edit ) Hydra attached to a substrate If Hydra are alarmed or attacked , the tentacles can be retracted to small buds , and the body column itself can be retracted to a small gelatinous sphere . Hydra generally react in the same way regardless of the direction of the stimulus , and this may be due to the simplicity of the nerve nets . Hydra are generally sedentary or sessile , but do occasionally move quite readily , especially when hunting . They have two distinct methods for moving -- ' looping ' and ' somersaulting ' . They do this by bending over and attaching themselves to the substrate with the mouth and tentacles and then relocate the foot , which provides the usual attachment , this process is called looping . In somersaulting , the body then bends over and makes a new place of attachment with the foot . By this process of `` looping '' or `` somersaulting '' , a Hydra can move several inches ( c. 100 mm ) in a day . Hydra may also move by amoeboid motion of their bases or by detaching from the substrate and floating away in the current . Reproduction and life cycle ( edit ) Hydra budding : 1 . Non-reproducing 2 . Creating a bud 3 . Daughter growing out 4 . Beginning to cleave 5 . Daughter broken off 6 . Daughter clone of parent When food is plentiful , many Hydra reproduce asexually by producing buds in the body wall , which grow to be miniature adults and break away when they are mature . When a hydra is well fed , a new bud can form every two days . When conditions are harsh , often before winter or in poor feeding conditions , sexual reproduction occurs in some Hydra . Swellings in the body wall develop into either ovaries or testes . The testes release free - swimming gametes into the water , and these can fertilize the egg in the ovary of another individual . The fertilized eggs secrete a tough outer coating , and , as the adult dies ( due to starvation and / or cold ) , these resting eggs fall to the bottom of the lake or pond to await better conditions , whereupon they hatch into nymph Hydra . Some Hydra species , like H. circumcincta and H. viridissima , are hermaphrodites and may produce both testes and ovaries at the same time . Many members of the Hydrozoa go through a body change from a polyp to an adult form called a medusa . Feeding ( edit ) Hydra mainly feed on aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia and Cyclops . While feeding , Hydra extend their body to maximum length and then slowly extend their tentacles . Despite their simple construction , the tentacles of Hydra are extraordinarily extensible and can be four to five times the length of the body . Once fully extended , the tentacles are slowly manoeuvred around waiting for contact with a suitable prey animal . Upon contact , nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey , and the tentacle itself coils around the prey . Within 30 seconds , most of the remaining tentacles will have already joined in the attack to subdue the struggling prey . Within two minutes , the tentacles will have surrounded the prey and moved it into the opened mouth aperture . Within ten minutes , the prey will have been engulfed within the body cavity , and digestion will have started . Hydra are able to stretch their body wall considerably in order to digest prey more than twice their size . After two or three days , the indigestible remains of the prey will be discharged through the mouth aperture via contractions . The feeding behaviour of Hydra demonstrates the sophistication of what appears to be a simple nervous system . Some species of Hydra exist in a mutual relationship with various types of unicellular algae . The algae are protected from predators by Hydra and , in return , photosynthetic products from the algae are beneficial as a food source to Hydra . Measuring the feeding response ( edit ) Addition of glutathione causes reduction in the tentacle spread in hydra . The feeding response in Hydra is induced by reduced glutathione released from injured prey . There are several methods conventionally used for quantification of the feeding response . In some , the duration for which the mouth remains open is measured . Other methods rely on counting the number of Hydra among a small population showing the feeding response after addition of glutathione . Recently , an assay for measuring the feeding response in hydra has been developed . In this method , the linear two - dimensional distance between the tip of the tentacle and the mouth of hydra was shown to be a direct measure of the extent of the feeding response . This method has been validated using a starvation model , as starvation is known to cause enhancement of the Hydra feeding response . Morphallaxis ( edit ) Hydra undergoes morphallaxis ( tissue regeneration ) when injured or severed . Non-senescence ( edit ) Daniel Martinez claimed in a 1998 article in Experimental Gerontology that Hydra are biologically immortal . This publication has been widely cited as evidence that Hydra do not senesce ( do not age ) , and that they are proof of the existence of non-senescing organisms generally . In 2010 Preston Estep published ( also in Experimental Gerontology ) a letter to the editor arguing that the Martinez data refute the hypothesis that Hydra do not senesce . The controversial unlimited life span of Hydra has attracted the attention of natural scientists for a long time . Research today appears to confirm Martinez ' study . Hydra stem cells have a capacity for indefinite self - renewal . The transcription factor , `` forkhead box O '' ( FoxO ) has been identified as a critical driver of the continuous self - renewal of Hydra . A drastically reduced population growth resulted from FoxO down - regulation , so research findings do contribute to both a confirmation and an understanding of Hydra immortality . While Hydra immortality is well - supported today , the implications for human aging are still controversial . There is much optimism ; however , it appears that researchers still have a long way to go before they are able to understand how the results of their work might apply to the reduction or elimination of human senescence . Genomics ( edit ) A draft of the genome of Hydra magnipapillata was reported in 2010 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydra ( genus ) . Lernaean Hydra , a Greek mythological aquatic creature after which the genus is named . Turritopsis dohrnii , another cnidarian ( a jellyfish ) that scientists believe to be immortal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schuchert , P. ( 2011 ) . Schuchert P , ed . `` Hydra Linnaeus , 1758 '' . World Hydrozoa database . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gilberson , Lance ( 1999 ) Zoology Lab Manual , 4th edition . Primis Custom Publishing . Jump up ^ Solomon , E. , Berg , l. , Martin , D. ( 2002 ) Biology 6th edition . Brooks / Cole Publishing . Jump up ^ Jung , S. ; Dingley , A.J. ; Augustin , R. ; Anton - Erxleben , F. ; Stanisakin , M. ; Gelhaus , C. ; Gutsmann , T. ; Hammer , M.U. ; Podschun , R. ; Bonv , A.M.J.J. ; Leippe , M. ; Bosch , T.C.G. ; Grotzinger , J. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Hydramacin - 1 , structure and antibacterial activity of a protein from the basal metazoan Hydra '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 284 ( 3 ) : 1896 -- 1905 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M804713200 . PMID 19019828 . Jump up ^ Patton , Wendell K. `` Hydra ( coelenterate ) . '' Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Grolier Online , 2014 . Web . 12 Aug. 2014 . Jump up ^ Holstein , T. ( 1995 ) Cnidaria : Hydrozoa Süsswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa. 1 / 2 + 3 . Stuttgart , Jena , NY : Gustav Fisher Verlag . Jump up ^ Loomis , W.F. Glutathione control of the specific feeding reactions of hydra . Ann . Ny. Acad. Sci. 62 , 209 -- 228 Jump up ^ Bellis , S.L. , Laux , D.C. , & Rhoads , D.E. Affinity purification of Hydra glutathione binding proteins . FEBS Lett. 354 , 320 -- 324 Jump up ^ Venturini , G . The hydra GSH receptor . Pharmacological and radioligand binding studies . Comp . Biochem. Phys. C. 87 , 321 -- 324 ( 1987 ) ^ Jump up to : Kulkarni RS and Galande S , 2014 , Measuring the glutathione - induced feeding response in hydra Journal of Visualized Experiments ( 93 ) , e52178 . Jump up ^ Martinez , D.E. ( May 1998 ) . `` Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra '' . Experimental Gerontology. 33 ( 3 ) : 217 -- 225 . doi : 10.1016 / S0531 - 5565 ( 97 ) 00113 - 7 . PMID 9615920 . Jump up ^ Estep , P.W. ( September 2010 ) . `` Declining asexual reproduction is suggestive of senescence in Hydra : comment on Martinez , D. , `` Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra . '' `` . Experimental Gerontology. 45 ( 3 ) : 645 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. exger. 2010.03. 017 . PMID 20398746 . ^ Jump up to : Boehm , Khalturin , Anton - Erxleben , Hemmrich , Klostermeier , Lopez - Quintero , Oberg , Puchert , Rosenstiel , Wittlieb , Bosch ; Khalturin ; Anton - Erxleben ; Hemmrich ; Klostermeier ; Lopez - Quintero ; Oberg ; Puchert ; Rosenstiel ; Wittlieb ; Bosch ( 2012 ) . `` FoxO is a critical regulator of stem cell maintenance in immortal Hydra '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 48 ) : 19697 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10919697B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1209714109 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Reason ( November 2012 ) . `` Investigating the Agelessness of Hydra '' . FightAging.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Jarrod A. ; Kirkness , EF ; Simakov , O ; Hampson , SE ; Mitros , T ; Weinmaier , T ; Rattei , T ; Balasubramanian , PG ; et al. ( March 2010 ) . `` The dynamic genome of Hydra '' . Nature . 464 ( 7288 ) : 592 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 464 ... 592C . doi : 10.1038 / nature08830 . PMC 4479502 . PMID 20228792 . Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q192290 Wikispecies : Hydra ADW : Hydra EoL : 99065 EPPO : 1HDRAG Fauna Europaea : 215054 GBIF : 2266651 iNaturalist : 203710 ITIS : 50845 NBN : NHMSYS0020703689 NCBI : 6083 NZOR : b7784a05 - 917e - 4cb4 - 927d - ff13aaad356d WoRMS : 267491 GND : 4183999 - 7 NDL : 00563140 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydra_(genus)&oldid=865254101 '' Categories : Hydridae Negligibly senescent organisms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2010 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 19 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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1. Aquatic animal 2. Regenerative ability 3. Morphology and anatomy 4. Feeding behavior 5. Reproduction and life cycle

who was in they shoot horses don't they

They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( Film ) - wikipedia They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( Film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? <Td_colspan="2"> The theatrical release poster . The tag line reads : `` People are the ultimate spectacle . '' Directed by Sydney Pollack Produced by Robert Chartoff Irwin Winkler Screenplay by Robert E. Thompson James Poe Based on They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? by Horace McCoy Starring Jane Fonda Michael Sarrazin Susannah York Gig Young Music by Johnny Green Cinematography Philip H. Lathrop Edited by Fredric Steinkamp Production company ABC Pictures Palomar Pictures Distributed by Cinerama Releasing Corporation Release date December 10 , 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 10 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.86 million Box office $12,600,000 They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? is a 1969 American drama film directed by Sydney Pollack . The screenplay by James Poe and Robert E. Thompson is based on the 1935 novel of the same name by Horace McCoy . It focuses on a disparate group of characters desperate to win a Depression - era dance marathon and the opportunistic emcee ( MC ) who urges them on to victory . It stars Jane Fonda , Michael Sarrazin , Susannah York , Bruce Dern , Bonnie Bedelia , and Gig Young . Young won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance , while Fonda and York were nominated for the Academy Awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Box office 6 Critical reception 7 Awards and nominations 8 Cultural influence 9 DVD / Blu - Ray 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Robert Syverton ( Michael Sarrazin ) , who had once dreamed of becoming a great film director , recalls the events leading to an unstated crime . In his youth , he saw a horse break its leg , after which it was shot and put out of its misery . Years later , in 1932 during the Great Depression , he wanders into a dance marathon about to begin in the shabby La Monica Ballroom , perched over the Pacific Ocean on the Santa Monica Pier , near Los Angeles . He is recruited by MC Rocky ( Gig Young ) as a substitute partner for a cynical malcontent named Gloria ( Jane Fonda ) , when her original partner is disqualified because of an ominous cough . Among the other contestants competing for a prize of 1,500 silver dollars is Harry Kline ( Red Buttons ) , a middle - aged sailor ; Alice ( Susannah York ) and her partner Joel ( Robert Fields ) , both aspiring actors ; and an impoverished farm worker James ( Bruce Dern ) and his pregnant wife Ruby ( Bonnie Bedelia ) . Early in the marathon the weaker pairs are eliminated quickly , while Rocky observes the vulnerabilities of the stronger contestants and exploits them for the audience 's amusement . Frayed nerves are exacerbated by the theft of one of Alice 's dresses and Gloria 's displeasure at the attention Alice receives from Robert . In retaliation , she takes Joel as her partner , but when he receives a job offer and departs , she aligns herself with Harry . Weeks into the marathon , in order to spark the paying spectators ' enthusiasm , Rocky stages a series of derbies in which the exhausted contestants , clad in track suits , must race around the dance floor , with the last three couples eliminated . Harry has a fatal heart attack during one of the races , but the undeterred Gloria lifts him on her back and crosses the finish line . Harry dies as Gloria drags him . Alice , who witnesses his death , has a breakdown and is taken away . Lacking partners , Robert and Gloria again pair up . Rocky suggests the couple marry during the marathon , a publicity stunt guaranteed to earn them some cash , in the form of gifts from supporters such as Mrs. Laydon ( Madge Kennedy ) . When Gloria refuses , he reveals the contest is not what it appears . Expenses will be deducted from the prize money , leaving the winner with close to nothing . Shocked by the revelation , the couple drops out of the competition . The two leave the dance hall and stand on the pier , overlooking the ocean . Gloria confesses how empty she is inside and tells Robert that she wants to kill herself , but when she takes out a gun and points it at herself , she can not pull the trigger . Desperate , she asks Robert , `` Help me . '' He obliges , and shoots her in the head , killing her . Questioned by the police as to the motive for his action , Robert responds : `` They shoot horses , do n't they ? '' The marathon continues with its few remaining couples , including James and Ruby . The eventual winners are not revealed . Cast ( edit ) Jane Fonda as Gloria Beatty Michael Sarrazin as Robert Syverton Susannah York as Alice LeBlanc Gig Young as Rocky Red Buttons as Harry Kline Bonnie Bedelia as Ruby Bruce Dern as James Allyn Ann McLerie as Shirley Robert Fields as Joel Girard Michael Conrad as Rollo Al Lewis as Turkey Madge Kennedy as Mrs. Laydon Production ( edit ) In the early 1950s , Norman Lloyd and Charlie Chaplin were looking for a project on which to collaborate , with Lloyd as director and Chaplin as producer . Lloyd purchased the rights to Horace McCoy 's novel for $3,000 and planned to cast Chaplin 's son , Sydney , and newcomer Marilyn Monroe in the lead roles . Once arrangements were completed , in 1952 Chaplin took his family on what was intended to be a brief trip to the United Kingdom , for the London premiere of Limelight . During this trip , in part because Chaplin was accused of being a Communist supporter during the McCarthy era , FBI head J. Edgar Hoover negotiated with the Immigration and Naturalization Service to revoke his re-entry permit and the film project was cancelled . When McCoy died sixteen years later and the rights to the book reverted to his heirs , they refused to renew the deal with Lloyd , since nothing had come of his original plans . When Sydney Pollack signed to direct the film , he approached Jane Fonda for the role of Gloria . The actress declined , because she felt the script was n't very good , but her husband , Roger Vadim , who saw similarities between the book and works of the French existentialists , urged her to reconsider . Meeting with Pollack to discuss the script , she was surprised when he asked for her opinion . She later said , `` It was the first time a director asked me for input on how I saw the character and the story . '' She read the script with a critical eye , made notes on the character and later observed in her autobiography , `` It was a germinal moment ( for me ) ... This was the first time in my life as an actor that I was working on a film about larger societal issues , and instead of my professional work feeling peripheral to life , it felt relevant . '' Troubled about problems in her marriage at the time , she drew on her personal anguish to help her with her characterization . Warren Beatty originally was considered for the role of Robert Syverton and Pollack 's first choice for Rocky was character actor Lionel Stander . The film is notable for using the technique of flashforwards ( glimpses of the future ) , not commonly used in movies . They are used in the last 18 minutes of the film , as passages appear denoting the fate of Robert , just before the tragic shock ending . Costar Gig Young was noted for his deep characterization of Rocky : he patterned his character after the great show MC / composer Ben Bernie . Young used Bernie 's famous catchphrase , `` Yowza ! Yowza ! Yowza ! , '' for the Rocky character in the film . Soundtrack ( edit ) The film 's soundtrack features numerous standards from the era . These include : `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' by Johnny Green and Edward Heyman `` Sweet Sue , Just You '' by Victor Young and Will J. Harris `` Paradise '' by Nacio Herb Brown and Gordon Clifford `` Coquette '' by Green and E.Y. Harburg `` The Japanese Sandman '' by Richard A. Whiting and Ray Egan `` By the Beautiful Sea '' by Harry Carroll and Harold R. Atteridge `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' by Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' by Buddy DeSylva , Lew Brown , and Ray Henderson `` Brother , Can You Spare a Dime ? '' by Jay Gorney and E.Y. Harburg `` I Cover the Waterfront '' by Johnny Green and Edward Heyman `` I Found a Million Dollar Baby ( in a Five and Ten Cent Store ) '' by Harry Warren , Billy Rose , and Mort Dixon `` California , Here I Come '' by Buddy DeSylva , Joseph Meyer , and Al Jolson The ballroom band consisted of several real jazz musicians , all uncredited . The band were led by Bobby Hutcherson and included Hugh Bell , Ronnie Bright , Teddy Buckner , Hadley Caliman , Teddy Edwards , Thurman Green , Joe Harris , Ike Isaacs , Harold Land and Les Robertson . A soundtrack album was released on ABC Records in 1969 . Box office ( edit ) The film was a box office success , grossing $12,600,000 on a $4.86 million budget , making it the 16th highest - grossing film of 1969 . According to Variety the film earned $5,980,000 in theatrical rentals in North America . Critical reception ( edit ) The film was screened at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival , but was not entered into the main competition . In the United States , the film was applauded for portraying the Depression era . In his review in The New York Times , Vincent Canby said , `` The movie is far from being perfect , but it is so disturbing in such important ways that I wo n't forget it very easily , which is more than can be said of much better , more consistent films ... The movie is by far the best thing that Pollack has ever directed ( with the possible exception of The Scalphunters ) . While the cameras remain , as if they had been sentenced , within the ballroom , picking up the details of the increasing despair of the dancers , the movie becomes an epic of exhaustion and futility . '' Variety said , `` Puffy - eyed , unshaven , reeking of stale liquor , sweat and cigarettes , Young has never looked older or acted better . Fonda ... gives a dramatic performance that gives the film a personal focus and an emotionally gripping power . '' TV Guide rated the film four out of a possible four stars and said , `` Although it is at times heavy - handed , They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? is a tour de force of acting . Fonda here got her first chance to prove herself as a serious , dramatic actress ... Young is superb in his role , a sharp switch from his usual bon vivant parts ... Pollack does one of his best jobs of directing , even if his primary strength lies in his rapport with actors . The look of the film is just right and Pollack skillfully evokes the ratty atmosphere amid which explosive emotions come to a boil ... ( It ) remains a suitably glum yet cathartic film experience . '' In 1996 , Entertainment Weekly observed , `` Sydney Pollack 's dance - marathon movie has probably aged better than any American film of its time . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Academy Awards The film won one Academy Award and was nominated in eight other categories . The film currently holds the record for being nominated for the most Academy Awards ( nine ) without receiving a nod for Best Picture . Academy Award for Best Director ( nominee ) Academy Award for Best Actress ( Jane Fonda , nominee ) Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ( Gig Young , winner ) Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress ( Susannah York , nominee ) Academy Award for Best Art Direction ( Harry Horner , Frank R. McKelvy , nominees ) Academy Award for Best Costume Design ( Donfeld , nominee ) Academy Award for Best Film Editing ( nominee ) Academy Award for Best Score ( nominee ) Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ( nominee ) Golden Globes Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama ( nominee ) Golden Globe Award for Best Director ( nominee ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Fonda , nominee ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture ( York , nominee ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture ( Young , winner ; Red Buttons , nominee ) BAFTAs BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Fonda , nominee ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( York , winner ) BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Young , nominee ) BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ( nominee ) BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer ( Sarrazin , nominee ) Other awards New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress ( Fonda , winner ) Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures ( nominee ) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium ( nominee ) National Board of Review Award for Best Film ( winner ) Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association ( winner ) Cultural influence ( edit ) In later years , Turner Classic Movies observed , `` By popularizing the title of McCoy 's novel , ( the film ) gave American argot a catchphrase that 's as recognizable today as when the movie first caught on . '' The title has been imitated in various media for topics having little relation to the plot or themes of the original film . Episodes of the television series Happy Days , The Partridge Family , Webster , Due South , Family Matters , Sex and the City , Designing Women , Gilmore Girls , Class of ' 96 , Sledge Hammer ! , Melrose Place , Ally McBeal , The Odd Couple , and Gossip Girl have used variations of the phrase for their titles . Humorist Patrick F. McManus titled one of his story collections They Shoot Canoes , Do n't They ? Australian rock band TISM 's 1990 album Hot Dogma includes a song titled `` They Shoot Heroin , Do n't They ? '' The title of the 2016 Bob 's Burgers episode `` They Serve Horses , Do n't They ? '' references the movie . The question itself has become increasingly answerable correctly with `` No '' due to advances in equine veterinary medicine , capable of reducing the need for humane destruction of critically diseased or seriously injured horses , all of which the time - frame of both the film and its source novel pre-dated . The Rolling Stones used the film set as a rehearsal space , prior to a pair of shows at The Forum as part of their 1969 U.S. tour . Welsh band Racing Cars recorded a song called They Shoot Horses Do n't They ? inspired by this movie . The music video for the Michael Penn song `` Try '' references the film when Penn walks through similar themed dance marathon . DVD / Blu - Ray ( edit ) They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? was released to DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on October 19 , 2004 , as a Region 1 widescreen DVD . Kino Lorber intend to release the film on Blu - Ray on September 5 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1969 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC 's 5 Years of Film Production Profits & Losses '' , Variety , 31 May 1973 p 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Information for They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? '' . The Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steve Persall , `` Everybody knows Norman '' , St. Petersburg Times , April 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jane Fonda , My Life So Far , Random House , 2005 , pp. 202 Jump up ^ My Life So Far , pp. 207 -- 216 ^ Jump up to : Entertainment Weekly , June 21 , 1996 ^ Jump up to : They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? at Turner Classic Movies Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065088/fullcredits#cast Jump up ^ `` All - time Film Rental Champs '' , Variety , 7 January 1976 p 46 Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ Variety review Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ `` NY Times : They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://shop.ethanrussell.com/products/the-rolling-stones-how-long-will-they-last-1969 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( film ) They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? on IMDb They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? at the TCM Movie Database They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? at AllMovie They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Sydney Pollack <Td_colspan="2"> The Slender Thread ( 1965 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) The Scalphunters ( 1968 ) Castle Keep ( 1969 ) They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) Jeremiah Johnson ( 1972 ) The Way We Were ( 1973 ) The Yakuza ( 1974 ) Three Days of the Condor ( 1975 ) Bobby Deerfield ( 1977 ) The Electric Horseman ( 1979 ) Absence of Malice ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Havana ( 1990 ) The Firm ( 1993 ) Sabrina ( 1995 ) Random Hearts ( 1999 ) The Interpreter ( 2005 ) Sketches of Frank Gehry ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=They_Shoot_Horses,_Don%27t_They%3F_(film)&oldid=811579227 '' Categories : 1969 films English - language films 1960s dance films 1960s drama films 1960s independent films ABC Motion Pictures films American dance films American drama films American films American independent films Films about competitions Films about suicide Films based on American novels Films directed by Sydney Pollack Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films produced by Irwin Winkler Films produced by Robert Chartoff Films set in 1932 Films set in California Great Depression films Murder in films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 15 : 14 . 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1. Depression-era dance marathon 2. Desperate characters 3. Opportunistic emcee 4. Tragic shock ending 5. Academy Award-winning performances

who plays the girl in pirates of the caribbean

Elizabeth Swann - wikipedia Elizabeth Swann Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Elizabeth Swann <Td_colspan="2"> Pirates of the Caribbean character <Td_colspan="2"> Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann in Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Portrayed by Keira Knightley ( adult ) , Lucinda Dryzek ( pre-adolescent ) Appearance ( s ) The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End Dead Men Tell No Tales ( ending ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Occupation Mother Pirate Captain of the Empress ( formerly ) Pirate Lord of the South China Sea Pirate King Family Will Turner ( husband ) Henry Turner ( son ) Weatherby Swann ( father , deceased ) Mrs. Swann ( mother , deceased ) Bootstrap Bill Turner ( father - in - law ) Carina Smyth ( daughter - in - law ) Weaponry Cutlass Pistol Musket Grenades Bounty Wanted for abetting the pirate , Jack Sparrow ( formerly ) Elizabeth Swann ( later Elizabeth Turner ) is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) and three of its sequels , Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) , At World 's End ( 2007 ) and Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) . She is portrayed by Keira Knightley ( and as a child by Lucinda Dryzek in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl ) . She is known to use the alias `` Elizabeth Turner '' , but this later becomes her married name when she weds the character Will Turner ( played by Orlando Bloom ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Appearance 3 Fictional biography 3.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl 3.2 Dead Man 's Chest 3.3 At World 's End 3.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales 4 Character development 5 Other appearances 6 References 7 External links Personality ( edit ) Elizabeth is a spirited , intelligent , and independent - minded character whose beauty attracted Will Turner , James Norrington , Sao Feng , and Captain Jack Sparrow . Only Will Turner 's affections were reciprocated , although she struggled with a subtle attraction and kiss with Sparrow , and a compassionate friendship with Norrington . Throughout the three films , she transforms from a young girl to a proper lady and finally into a courageous pirate . Elizabeth has always been fascinated by piracy , but she is often revolted by pirates ' aggressive , wild nature . Even after becoming a pirate , Elizabeth retains her refined ways , as well as her loyalty and compassion for loved ones ( including Will Turner , her father , and later , Jack Sparrow and James Norrington ) . Elizabeth adapts easily to piracy , having natural leadership abilities . She learns seamanship quickly , and finds that she has an innate talent for battle strategy . She learns swordsmanship from Will , and is soon capable of defending herself against multiple opponents , fighting with two swords simultaneously . She later uses a Chinese Jian sword and also carries a multitude of other weapons on her person including knives , firearms , and what appears to be a small grenade . She freely speaks her mind even if it offends others ; for example , she calls a potentially dangerous enemy , Sao Feng , a coward . During her reign as Pirate King , Elizabeth proves to be a charismatic leader and inspires the other pirate lords to battle Cutler Beckett 's fleet . Elizabeth 's darker side is shown when she sacrifices Jack Sparrow to the Kraken so she and the crew can escape . However , she feels so guilty about it that she later helps rescue Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . Appearance ( edit ) Following the film 's prologue , Elizabeth Swann is approximately 18 years old , about 5 ' 7 '' tall with a slender figure , brown eyes , and dark blonde hair . Having been raised in upper - class society as a governor 's daughter , Elizabeth is a refined and elegant young lady . In The Curse of the Black Pearl , she wears a dress style known as a Robe a L'Anglaise . As a young girl , she wears a blue dress in this style , and , eight years later , her father presents her with a gold - colored frock to wear at Commodore Norrington 's promotion ceremony . Elizabeth is kidnapped wearing a long , floral cream - colored dressing gown , though Captain Barbossa later insists she wear a red dress , previously owned by another lady ; she is forced to return it prior to walking the plank and being marooned on a deserted island , clad only in a long white chemise . After being rescued by Commodore Norrington , Elizabeth is loaned a Royal Navy uniform , the first time she is seen in men 's attire . At Jack Sparrow 's execution , she is once again fashionably attired , wearing a peach - colored gown and a picture hat . In Dead Man 's Chest , as Elizabeth 's character and circumstances change , so does her wardrobe . Although she is first seen in an elegant wedding gown and a long lace veil , Elizabeth later disguises herself as a cabin boy , wearing brown breeches , a white shirt , brown boots , a red waistcoat , a black belt , and a brown tricorne hat . She wears this garb throughout the film . Exposure to the sun tans her skin and lightens her hair . In Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Elizabeth first appears in Chinese peasant clothing and a coolie hat while paddling a small boat through Singapore 's waters . She is forced to wear only a short robe upon entering Sao Feng 's bathhouse . Later , Elizabeth wears a long armored coat while traveling . As a captive aboard Sao Feng 's ship , Elizabeth has been dressed in a long red cheongsam , a sleeveless full - length blue overcoat ( both probably silk ) , and a studded turquoise phoenix crown . She later dons Chinese battle dress . During her one - day on the island with Will , she is clad in a black tunic . In the scene set ten years later , she is wearing a long skirt and a double - breasted brocade waistcoat over a white puffy - sleeved shirt , probably cotton or linen . Fictional biography ( edit ) The curse of the Black Pearl ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Throughout the trilogy , Elizabeth Swann is portrayed as a spirited , intelligent , and independent - minded character who often chafes at the restrictions imposed on her gender and social rank . Early on in the first movie she often fantasizes about pirates and life at sea . This may have been fueled somewhat by her association with another character , Will Turner , who eleven - year - old Elizabeth met when she and her father , Governor Weatherby Swann were en route to Port Royal eight years earlier . Will , also about eleven , was found adrift at sea , the sole survivor of a pirate attack . During his rescue , Elizabeth briefly glimpsed a mysterious ship slipping into the mist -- a vessel foreshadowing her destiny . The story continues eight years later , and Elizabeth is now a marriageable age . Back then matrimony was a common means to forge strategic political alliances and advantageous social connections rather than loving unions , she is expected to wed a respectable and prosperous man equal or superior to her in rank . Elizabeth prefers marrying for love , and she may secretly harbor feelings for Will Turner . But Will , a common blacksmith , is an unsuitable match for such a well - born lady . And although Will secretly loves Elizabeth , he knows his place and keeps his feelings deeply hidden . Governor Swann , meanwhile , desires that his daughter marry Commodore James Norrington , a respected Royal Navy officer who Elizabeth admires but does not love . Ironically , it is Norrington who sets events into motion that not only alter Elizabeth 's fate , but also his own and Will 's . During Norrington 's marriage proposal , Elizabeth , whose tightly laced corset nearly suffocates her , faints and falls off a rampart and into the bay . Her unlikely rescuer , and the catalyst for her transformation from a demure lady into a daring pirate , is the notorious Captain Jack Sparrow , newly arrived in Port Royal to commandeer a ship . Despite Sparrow 's gallant actions and against Elizabeth 's protests , he is promptly jailed for piracy and sentenced to hang . That night , a pirate ship , the Black Pearl , raids Port Royal . It is the same ship Elizabeth spied in the fog eight years earlier . When she is taken hostage it is discovered that she possesses Will 's gold medallion that she took from him after his rescue , fearing it marked him as a pirate . Invoking parley , Elizabeth negotiates with Captain Barbossa to leave Port Royal in exchange for the coin . He agrees but keeps her captive on a technicality after she identifies herself as Elizabeth `` Turner '' , mistakenly believing her blood can break an ancient Aztec curse the pirates are under . Their true forms -- immortal skeletons -- can only be seen in moonlight . Will 's love for Elizabeth motivates his actions and helps drive the story ; he will do anything to save her , including piracy . And though the peaceful and law - abiding Will despises pirates and distrusts Sparrow , he frees him , knowing only Sparrow can locate Isla de Muerta , the secret island where Elizabeth is being held . Will is unaware , however , that Jack Sparrow is the Black Pearl 's former captain and that he has an ulterior motive for helping him : Turner blood and the gold medallion can break the Aztec curse -- Sparrow intends to barter Will to Barbossa in exchange for the Black Pearl . When Will and Elizabeth escape Isla de Muerta , Barbossa pursues and captures their ship , sinking it . Will and the crew are thrown in the Pearl 's brig , while Elizabeth and Sparrow are marooned on a deserted island . Elizabeth 's feisty , self - sufficient nature propels her into taking action for their rescue by burning a cache of smugglers ' rum . The towering smoke column is spotted by Commodore Norrington aboard Dauntless . To rescue Will , Elizabeth convinces Norrington to attack Isla de Muerta by impulsively accepting his previous marriage proposal . The commodore doubts her sincerity , though Elizabeth apparently intends to honor her promise , sacrificing her own happiness to save Will . She says nothing about the curse while Sparrow provides the bearings to Isla de Muerta , setting his own plan into motion . At Isla de Muerta , Elizabeth frees Sparrow 's crew from the Pearl 's brig , naively believing they will rescue Will and Sparrow . Abiding by the pirate code that , `` any man who falls behind , is left behind , '' they instead commandeer the Black Pearl and set sail , leaving a disgusted Elizabeth to rescue Will and Sparrow alone . As the navy battles the pirates , Sparrow duels Barbossa inside the treasure cave , while Elizabeth joins Will in fighting the remaining cursed crew . Sparrow fatally shoots Barbossa , who , upon reverting to mortal form as the curse is lifted , falls dead . The surviving now - mortal pirates surrender . Will , Elizabeth , and Sparrow are rescued , although Sparrow is later condemned to hang . In Port Royal , Elizabeth attends Sparrow 's execution . Will , who has been pardoned , approaches and proclaims his love for her before attempting to rescue Sparrow . Will frees Sparrow , but they are quickly captured , though Norrington and Governor Swann are reluctant to arrest Will or resume Sparrow 's execution . Elizabeth intervenes and declares her love for Will . Norrington releases Will and concedes Elizabeth 's hand to him . Sparrow , meanwhile , falls off the rampart and into the bay just as the Black Pearl sails into view . He is hauled aboard , captain once again . Apparently impressed by the wily pirate , Norrington allows the Black Pearl one day 's head start before giving chase . Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest The film opens a year later , and Elizabeth is seen waiting at the altar where she and Will Turner were to be wed . Lord Cutler Beckett and the British Navy arrive , bringing Will , who is shackled in irons . Elizabeth and Will are charged with aiding Sparrow 's escape ; the punishment is death . Former Commodore James Norrington is also implicated , although he has since resigned his commission and disappeared . Lord Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack Sparrow and bring him back his magical compass . Beckett , a ruthless East India Trading Company agent , is extending the company 's monopolistic stronghold over the entire Caribbean . Honest merchants and traders are forced to pay exorbitant fees and surcharges to ply their goods in EITC - controlled ports , an action amounting to little more than legal piracy . With Jack 's compass , Becket can eradicate all pirates , thus securing and expanding the company 's territory and increasing its profits while consolidating his own power and wealth . Beckett implies he has a personal score to settle with Jack Sparrow , though it is never revealed in the series what this is . However , it is revealed that Beckett was responsible for branding Sparrow for piracy . Once again , Elizabeth 's freedom is dependent upon Will procuring Sparrow 's help . Will finally locates Sparrow and the Black Pearl crew on Pelegosto hiding from the Kraken , a voracious leviathan controlled by Davy Jones , the mythical captain of the Flying Dutchman and ruler of the seas . Jones is hunting Sparrow to collect a blood debt , while Sparrow has been searching for the Dead Man 's Chest containing Jones ' beating heart . Whoever possesses the heart , controls Davy Jones and the oceans . Unfortunately , Sparrow 's magic compass seems to fail him , though it may be pointing to something he unknowingly desires more than the Dead Man 's Chest . When Elizabeth escapes jail and discovers Beckett is only pardoning Sparrow , she confronts Beckett at gunpoint , forcing him to validate a Letters of Marque to free Will . Disguised as a cabin boy , Elizabeth tricks a merchant crew into making port in Tortuga . She jumps ship and encounters Sparrow and Gibbs in a pub recruiting sailors in an attempt to pay off Sparrows 's debt to Davy Jones , who demands one hundred souls in exchange for his . Another man applies -- James Norrington , now a disgraced , drunken wretch . Blaming Sparrow for his ruination , Norrington attempts to shoot him , igniting a brawl , but Elizabeth knocks him out to save him . At the pier , Sparrow claims Will was press ganged into Davy Jones ' crew , insisting he was blameless ; Norrington is skeptical , but Elizabeth places her faith in Sparrow when he claims she can save Will by finding the Dead Man 's Chest . Using his magical compass , she gets a bearing . On Isla Cruces , Jack , Elizabeth , and Norrington find the Dead Man 's Chest . When Will arrives with Davy Jones ' stolen key , Elizabeth learns that Sparrow tricked Will onto the Dutchman . A conflict erupts : Will wants to kill Jones by stabbing the heart , freeing his father from Jones ' servitude ; Sparrow fears the Kraken will continue hunting him if Jones is dead ; Norrington plots to barter back his naval career with the heart . As a triple threat duel erupts , Jones ' crew arrive . Sparrow obtains the key and opens the chest , but it is Norrington who ultimately escapes with the heart and the Letters of Marque . The Black Pearl outruns the pursuing Flying Dutchman . Undeterred , Jones summons the Kraken , but the crew temporarily fight it off . To save himself , Sparrow escapes in the remaining longboat , prompting Elizabeth to brand him a coward . But as Elizabeth once predicted , Sparrow , unable to desert his crew , heroically returns to rescue them , reaffirming her faith in him . During the Kraken 's brief retreat , Jack orders all hands to abandon ship . Realizing that Sparrow is the Kraken 's sole target , Elizabeth distracts him with a passionate kiss while handcuffing him to the mast . Insisting she has no regrets , her overwhelming guilt belies her true feelings . She tells the others that Sparrow stayed behind to aid their escape , unaware Will witnessed their encounter and mistakenly believes she loves Sparrow . The Kraken returns for a final assault , dragging the Pearl and Jack Sparrow to the Locker as the crew watches from the longboat . It is during this final battle that Sparrow 's and Elizabeth 's contrasting , yet also similar , underlying characters emerge : Jack shows heroism and loyalty by returning to the ship to save his crew ; Elizabeth becomes more pirate - like to save herself and the others . Even Sparrows acknowledges this by calling her `` pirate '' in an almost admiring tone , as if praising her cleverness and heralding her passage into his realm . Norrington arrives in Port Royal and presents the heart and the Letters of Marque to Cutler Beckett in a bid to reclaim his commission . Meanwhile , Will , Elizabeth , and the grieving crew make their way upriver to Tia Dalma , the voodoo priestess who helped Sparrow find the Dead Man 's Chest . As the crew drink a somber toast to their fallen captain , Elizabeth is wracked with guilt over secretly sacrificing Sparrow to the Kraken . This reinforces Will 's belief that Elizabeth loves Sparrow . He despondently comforts her , prompting Tia Dalma to ask if they are willing to rescue Sparrow and the Pearl from Davy Jones ' Locker . When all say , `` aye , '' Dalma says they will need a captain who knows those waters . Incredibly , a very alive Captain Barbossa descends the stairs . At World 's End ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Jack Sparrow , Captain Barbossa , and seven other pirate lords have been summoned to a Brethren Court at Shipwreck Island to address Lord Beckett 's assault on piracy . Jack , eternally imprisoned aboard the Black Pearl in Davy Jones ' Locker , lacks a successor and possesses one of the nine `` pieces of eight '' that each pirate lord carries and must bring to the meeting ; Jack must attend . Elizabeth joins Will Turner , Captain Barbossa , Tia Dalma , and Sparrow 's crew on a rescue mission , but they must first obtain a navigational chart leading to World 's End , the gateway to the Locker . Each character also has a self - serving motive for retrieving Jack , and , to succeed , must maintain an uneasy alliance despite distrusting one another . For Elizabeth , it is an opportunity to alleviate her guilt for sacrificing Jack to the Kraken to spare herself and the crew . In Singapore , Sao Feng , the Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , provides the chart and a ship , but Will negotiates a secret accord with Feng : Jack Sparrow in exchange for the Black Pearl . Unknown to Will , Elizabeth 's lingering anguish over causing Jack 's demise torments her , and during the voyage to World 's End and Davy Jones Locker , she distances herself from Will . Though she claims everything will eventually be alright between them , her assurance seems uncertain and forced , leaving Will troubled and doubting her love for him . It is only when Will learns that Elizabeth sacrificed Jack to the Kraken that he comprehends her despair , though not why she concealed her actions . When Will confronts her , she says it was her burden to bear , though her secrecy has deeply wounded Will . If she makes choices alone , he asks , and they are unable to trust one another , then how can their relationship survive ? Though Elizabeth apparently still cares for Will , her pain and guilt are unabated , and she despondently responds that he can not trust her , and abruptly leaves . Their future together may be jeopardized if these issues remain unresolved . Meanwhile , as Jack and Barbossa squabble over who is the Black Pearl 's captain , the crew navigate their way back to the living world . Before escaping the Locker , Elizabeth sees her father 's soul being ferried to the `` next world , '' murdered by Cutler Beckett ; she vows to avenge his death . After returning to the living world , Will 's clandestine bargain with Sao Feng is exposed . But Feng has already betrayed Will for another deal with Beckett . While Elizabeth may understand that Will 's motive is to rescue his father , she does not believe it justifies double - crossing the Pearl 's crew . When she insists he explain why he withheld this , Will retorts that it was his , `` burden to bear . '' When Feng demands Elizabeth in exchange for the Pearl , she agrees in order to protect the crew . Elizabeth ignores Will 's protests , telling him , `` You got us into this mess . If this is what frees us , then done ! '' As their rift widens , Will , secretly torn between saving his father and being with Elizabeth , fears she is slipping away . He laments later to Sparrow , `` I 'm losing her Jack . '' When Jones attacks the Empress , Feng , mortally wounded , hands over his `` piece of eight '' to Elizabeth and names her as captain and Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , mistakenly believing she is the sea goddess , Calypso . Elizabeth and her new crew are taken prisoner aboard the Flying Dutchman where she is reunited with Admiral Norrington , who is overjoyed she is alive . Elizabeth is hostile , however , accusing him of complicity in her father 's murder , though Norrington denies knowing anything about the governor 's death , and believed he returned to England . Elizabeth , hardly appeased , rebukes him for serving Lord Beckett , the man who ordered her father 's murder . In the brig , Elizabeth encounters `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner , who is gradually being absorbed into the ship 's hull , losing his senses . He says Will can not save both Elizabeth and himself -- he will only choose her . Elizabeth finally understands Will 's terrible dilemma and his motives : he must sacrifice one to save the other . That night , Norrington , shamed by his past deeds , frees Elizabeth and the crew . Elizabeth forgives Norrington , who again swears he was uninvolved in her father 's death . She implores him to go with them , but he refuses to leave the ship . As she flees , he gives her one last kiss , saying , `` Our fates have been entwined , Elizabeth , but never joined '' hence acknowledging that they were never meant to be together . As Elizabeth and her crew escape to the towed Empress , `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner , his mind addled by Jones ' cruel punishment , sounds an alarm and fatally stabs Norrington as he attempts to hold Bootstrap off . Elizabeth witnesses his murder and cries `` James ! '' The Black Pearl and the Empress race to Shipwreck Island for the Brethren Court . The pirate lords dispute how to oppose Beckett and the East India Trading Company ; Elizabeth favors fighting while the Court prefers sequestering themselves inside the impenetrable Shipwreck Cove . This causes Sparrow to predict that confining themselves would likely result in them mass murdering each other . Jack unexpectedly breaks a stalemate to elect a pirate king by casting his ballot for Elizabeth ; going to battle serves his own secret plan . `` King '' Elizabeth declares war . During a parley session with Beckett and Jones , Elizabeth tells the captive Will that having been aboard the Dutchman , she now understands his burden , but fears that course ( saving his father ) is lost , though Will disagrees . Jack is exchanged for Will . Whether Elizabeth 's decision to declare war is brilliant or rash , her actions reflect her daring and bravery . As Beckett 's fleet looms upon the horizon , Elizabeth , refusing to surrender or retreat , delivers a rousing speech . During the climatic sea battle , Will proposes to Elizabeth , claiming it may be their only chance to wed ; Realizing how much she loves Will , Elizabeth orders Barbossa to marry them amidst the fighting . As the Pearl and the Dutchman clash , Elizabeth and Will board Jones ' ship . When Jones mortally wounds Will , Jack relinquishes his bid for immortality to instead save Will , killing Jones . `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner , having regained his senses , carves out his dead son 's heart and places it in the Dead Man 's Chest . Jack forces the grief - stricken Elizabeth to escape the ship with him as the Dutchman is sucked into the massive whirlpool . The ship quickly resurfaces with the resurrected Captain Will Turner at the helm and the crew restored to human form . With the Flying Dutchman now their ally , the pirates destroy Cutler Beckett 's flagship Endeavour , killing him , and causing the navy to retreat , thus ending the war . Elizabeth bids Jack , Barbossa , and the pirates farewell before reuniting with Will for their `` one day '' on a deserted island where their marriage is consummated . Before returning to the Flying Dutchman at sunset for his ten years in the Netherworld , Will gives Elizabeth the Dead Man 's Chest containing his beating heart for safekeeping . In a post-credits scene set ten years later , Elizabeth and Will 's son , Henry Turner , stand atop a cliff searching the horizon . As the sun sets , the Flying Dutchman appears with the Green Flash , Captain Will Turner aboard . While film dialogue and the leaflet inside the special edition 2 - Disc DVD state that any captain of the Flying Dutchman is eternally bound to the ship , and may only step on land once every ten years . Dead men Tell no Tales ( edit ) See also : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Elizabeth Swann reunites with Will and Henry , after the Trident of Poseidon is destroyed , ending Will 's curse to the Flying Dutchman . In a post-credits scene , Elizabeth is seen sleeping next to Will , as the dark silhouette of Davy Jones enters the room , leaving water and barnacles at the foot of their bed . Character development ( edit ) According to actress Keira Knightley , Swann is `` a 21st century girl trapped in an 18th century world . She ... starts out as a damsel in distress and then kicks butt , so what 's not to like ? '' While she appreciates her role , she was disappointed that her character did not carry a sword in The Black Pearl : `` I did n't have a sword . Am I angry about that ? Yes , very ! ... I asked every single day , anyone I could ask , if I could have a sword but I did n't get one . '' In the sequel Dead Man 's Chest , she added that , `` we went off into a grungier look for her . That was really exciting actually , to take the character and make her grow up ... I think they really liked the more action - based side of Elizabeth from the first film and apparently that 's what little girls really responded to , so they decided to take her off in that direction '' . She adds she was relieved to finally be able to brandish a sword , although according to Knightley , most of her sword fighting scenes were cut . Knightley also stated how glad she was that by At World 's End , she was finally able to shed the elaborate dresses and only wear pirate 's clothing : `` Actually I am really glad , it 's so hot in there it is unbelievable , and everybody else has got their proper pirate stuff on and I am a little less dressed than everyone else and I am very glad , so that 's good . The rest of the time I 've got kind of the Pirate look instead of the corset and frilly dresses . '' Behind - the - scenes footage included on the DVD and Blu - ray releases of Dead Man 's Chest reveals that Knightley wore wigs when playing Elizabeth in that film , as her real hair had been cropped short at the time ( she is shown rehearsing numerous scenes without her wig in several production featurettes ) For the toyline for At World 's End an Action figure was made for Elizabeth Swann . Other appearances ( edit ) Elizabeth Swann appears in the Pirates of the Caribbean world , Port Royal , of the Disney / Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II , voiced by Eliza Schneider in the English version ( like the other original actors , Keira Knightley was unavailable due to filming Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End ) and by Saori Yumiba in the Japanese version . Elizabeth Swann also appears in the video game `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( video game ) '' as well as `` Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game '' as a playable character in both video games . Schneider also performs the voice of Elizabeth Swann again in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow and in the video game adaptation of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . The character also appeared in Pirates of the Caribbean Online . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Interview - Keira Knightley - Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Exclusive Interview with Keira Knightley - Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Archived 2011 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... FilmFocus.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pirates Of The Caribbean , Keira Knightley . LondonNet.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Elizabeth Swann on IMDb Elizabeth Swann at the Pirates of the Caribbean Wiki <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Swann&oldid=831102086 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean characters Kingdom Hearts characters Female characters in film Fictional pirates Fictional English people Fictional military captains Fictional nobility Fictional socialites Fictional queens Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Teenage characters in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Татарча / tatarça Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Elizabeth Swann - Pirates of the Caribbean character 2. Keira Knightley portrayal of Elizabeth Swann 3. Elizabeth's transformation from a young girl to a courageous pirate 4. Elizabeth's role as Pirate King and her leadership abilities 5. Elizabeth's relationships with Will Turner, Jack Sparrow, and James Norrington

when did tea bags become popular in the uk

Tea bag - wikipedia Tea bag Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tea bag ( disambiguation ) . A tea bag being removed from a mug of hot tea to halt the brewing process Tetrahedron - shaped tea bags made of polylactide ( PLA ) , a bioplastic , shown here containing dried peppermint leaves Three different teas in tea bags A tea bag is a small , porous , sealed bag containing dried plant material , which is immersed in boiling water to make a tea or an infusion . Classically these are tea leaves ( Camellia sinensis ) , but the term is also used for herbal teas ( tisanes ) made of herbs or spices . Tea bags are commonly made of filter paper or food - grade plastic , or occasionally of silk . The bag contains the tea leaves while the tea is steeped , making it easier to dispose of the leaves , and performs the same function as a tea infuser . Some tea bags have an attached piece of string with a paper label at the top that assists in removing the bag while also displaying the brand or variety of tea . In countries where the use of loose tea leaves is more prevalent , the term `` tea bag '' is commonly used to describe paper or foil packaging for loose leaves . They are usually square or rectangular envelopes with the brand name , flavour and decorative patterns printed on them . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Production 2.1 Teas 2.2 Paper 2.3 Tea bag manufacturing machines 3 Shapes and use 4 Coffee bags 5 Tea bag - related activities 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Packing tea in paper goes back to medieval 8th century China , during the Tang Dynasty when paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve tea flavoring and aromas . Then the paper tea bags were stitched from all sides to create protective casings for the tea leaves . The first modern tea bags in the Western World were hand - sewn fabric bags ; tea bag patents date as early as 1903 . First appearing commercially around 1904 , tea bags were successfully marketed about 1908 by the tea and coffee importer Thomas Sullivan from New York , who shipped his silk tea bags around the world . The loose tea was intended to be removed from the bags by customers , but they found it easier to brew the tea with the tea still enclosed in the porous bags . The first tea bag packing machine was invented 1929 by Adolf Rambold for the German company Teekanne . Modern tea bags are usually made of paper fiber . The heat - sealed paper fiber tea bag was patented in 1930 by William Hermanson , one of the founders of Technical Papers Corporation of Boston , who sold his patent to the Salada Tea Company . The rectangular tea bag was not invented until 1944 . Prior to this , tea bags resembled small sacks . Production ( edit ) Teas ( edit ) A broad variety of teas as well as other infusions like herbal teas , are available in tea bags . Typically , tea bags use fannings , the left - overs after larger leaf pieces are gathered for sale as loose tea , but some companies sell teabags containing whole - leaf tea . Paper ( edit ) Main article : Filter paper Tea bag paper is related to paper found in milk and coffee filters and is a blend of wood and vegetable fibers . The latter is bleached pulp abaca hemp , a plantation banana plant grown for its fiber , mostly in the Philippines and Colombia . Some bags have a heat - sealable thermoplastic such as PVC or polypropylene as a component fiber on the inner tea bag surface . Tea bag manufacturing machines ( edit ) A few of the leading tea bag production machine companies are MAI from Mar del Plata , Argentina ; Teepack from Meerbusch , Germany ; and IMA , from Bologna , Italy . A standard machine produced by the MAI company can fill 120 rectangular bags per minute containing up to 3.3 grams per bag , which allows the packaging of herbal teas . Another company , the Italian Tecnomeccanica , has a faster design capable of filling 250 tetrahedral bags per minute . Shapes and use ( edit ) Circular tea bags Tetrahedral nylon tea bag Traditionally , tea bags have been square or rectangular in shape . More recently circular and tetrahedral bags have come on the market and are often claimed by their manufacturers to improve the quality of the brew . Environmentalists prefer silk to nylon because of health and biodegradability issues . Another material for tea bags is Soilon , made from corn starch . Empty tea bags are also available for consumers to fill with tea leaves themselves . These are typically open - ended pouches with long flaps . The pouch is filled with an appropriate quantity of leaf tea and the flap is closed into the pouch to retain the tea . Such tea bags combine the ease of use of a commercially produced tea bag with the wider tea choice and better quality control of loose leaf tea . Coffee bags ( edit ) The concept of pre-measured portions to be infused in disposable bags has also been applied to coffee in the form of coffee bags , although this has not achieved such wide acceptance as tea bags . Tea bag - related activities ( edit ) Decorative tea bag labels have become the basis for large collections and many collectors collect tea bags from around the world . Teabag folding began in the Netherlands and is often credited to Tiny van der Plas . It is a form of origami in which identical squares of patterned paper ( cut from the front of tea bag wrappers ) are folded , and then arranged in rosettes . These rosettes are usually used to decorate gift cards and it has become a popular craft in both the US and UK since 2000 . See also ( edit ) 3 - MCPD , a chemical compound that is carcinogenic , and can occur in some resin - reinforced tea bag materials Builder 's tea , refers to a basic method of preparing tea in a mug with tea bags Tea leaf grading Tea strainer , a small mesh utensil that can filter out stray tea leaves when whole - leaf tea is poured from a teapot Tetley , the British tea company that introduced tea bags in the United Kingdom in 1953 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Joseph Needham , Science and Civilisation in China , Chemistry and Chemical Technology . Vol. 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Tea Bags '' . Darjeerling Tea Boutique . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Christopher ( 2009 ) . What on Earth Happened ? ... in Brief : The Planet , Life and People from the Big Bang to the Present Day . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1408802168 . Jump up ^ `` Tea - leaf holder '' . USPTO . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . US patent 723287 was issued on MAR. 24 , 1903 to R.G. LAWSON & M. McLAREN for a ' novel tea - holding pocket constructed of open - mesh woven fabric , inexpensively made of cotton thread ' . Jump up ^ Time Mag. , ' A Brief History of the Tea Bag ' Jump up ^ Editors , Time - Life ( 1991 ) . Inventive Genius . New York : Time - Life Books . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 7699 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bloxham , Andy ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Tea bag to celebrate its century '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dubrin , Beverly ( 2010 ) . Tea Culture : History , Traditions , Celebrations , Recipes & More . Charlesbridge Publishing , p. 35 . ISBN 1607343630 Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence ( 2000 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Whole Leaves , No Strings For a New Tea Bag '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mai S.A '' . Mai S.A . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TEEPACK GmbH & Co . KG '' . Teepack . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` IMA Tea & Coffee Division '' . Ima.it . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Maisa Tea Bagging '' . Allianceindia.net . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Faster tea - bagging machine '' . Foodproductiondaily.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Tea 's Got a Brand New Bag '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Tea Stick Brewing Package and Method Jump up ^ jbritton ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Tea bag folding '' . Britton.disted.camosun.bc.ca . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . <Th_colspan="2"> Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) Common varieties Black tea Assam Bohea Ceylon Congou Darjeeling Dianhong Kangra Keemun Lapsang souchong ( Jin Jun Mei ) Nilgiri Tibeti Rize Yingdehong Oolong tea Bai Jiguan Ban Tian Yao Bu Zhi Chun Da Hong Pao Darjeeling oolong Dong ding Dongfang Meiren Gaoshan Huangjin Gui Huang Meigui Qilan Pouchong Rougui Ruanzhi Shui Jin Gui Shui Hsien Tieluohan Tieguanyin Green tea Anji bai cha Aracha Baimao Hou Bancha Biluochun Chun Mee Dafang Genmaicha Lu'an Melon Seed Gunpowder Gyokuro Hojicha Taiping houkui Huangshan Maofeng Hyson Kabusecha Kamairicha Konacha Kukicha Longjing Matcha Maojian Mecha Mengding Ganlu Sencha Shincha Tamaryokucha White tea Bai Mudan Baihao Yinzhen Darjeeling White Shoumei Yellow tea Junshan Yinzhen Huoshan Huangya Fermented tea Pu - erh Lahpet Blended or flavoured teas Earl Grey ( Lady Grey ) Breakfast tea ( English , Irish ) Jasmine tea Lapsang souchong Masala chai Moroccan mint tea Prince of Wales Russian Caravan By country Australian Chinese British Korean Nepali Taiwanese Turkish Vietnamese Culture Customs Afternoon / High tea / Evening meal Tea party Tasseography Tea ceremonies Japanese Chinese Korean Associated places Chashitsu ( tea room ) Mizuya ( prep room ) Sukiya - zukuri ( style ) Roji ( garden ) Teahouse circuit or trek ( Himalayas ) By country American Argentine Azerbaijani Brazilian Chinese Dominican Hong Kong Indian Mexican Pakistani Russian Senegalese Taiwanese History China India Japan Production and distribution Tea processing ( Tea leaf grading ) Tea tasting Decaffeination Cultivation : Tea plant diseases and Tea plant predation Tea companies By country Bangladesh Kenya Sri Lanka United States Auctions London Chittagong Guwahati Preparation Flowering teas Infusion Decoction ISO Procedure Steeping Ground or pressed ( Tea bag , Tea brick ) Tea and health Health effects Phenolic content Caffeine Compounds : Theanine , Flavan - 3 - ol ( Catechin ) , Epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ) , Theaflavin Sale Pleasure garden Teahouse Consumption by country Tea - based drinks Bubble tea Builder 's tea Butter tea Doodh pati chai Ginger tea Hong Kong - style milk tea Iced tea Arnold Palmer Jagertee Kahwah Lei cha Milk tea Noon chai 7 layered Tea Shahi haleeb Suutei tsai Sweet tea Teh botol Teh tarik Thai tea Troq chai Yuenyeung See also Teaware ( Tea chest , Tea caddy ) Tea set ( Brewing : Strainer or Infuser , Utensils : Teacup or Teapot ) Coffee Herbal tea Bak kut teh Mate Guayusa Kuding Kombucha List of Chinese teas Lipton Institute of Tea Teas of related species Camellia japonica Camellia sasanqua Camellia taliensis Tea seed oil <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Tea Drink Portal Coffee & Tea Task Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tea_bag&oldid=814714516 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1904 American inventions Chinese inventions Bags German inventions Single - serve containers Tang dynasty Tea Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 13 : 37 . 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1. Tea bag production and history 2. Types of tea bags and materials used 3. Tea bag shapes and their impact on tea quality 4. Tea bag-related activities and crafts 5. Tea bag alternatives and environmental concerns

where did the rings of saturn come from

Rings of Saturn - wikipedia Rings of Saturn Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rings of Saturn ( disambiguation ) . The full set of rings , imaged as Saturn eclipsed the Sun from the vantage of the Cassini orbiter , 1.2 million km distant , on 19 July 2013 ( brightness is exaggerated ) . Earth appears as a dot at 4 o'clock , between the G and E rings . The rings of Saturn are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System . They consist of countless small particles , ranging from μm to m in size , that orbit about Saturn . The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice , with a trace component of rocky material . There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation ; some features of the rings suggest a relatively recent origin , but theoretical models indicate they are likely to have formed early in the Solar System 's history . Although reflection from the rings increases Saturn 's brightness , they are not visible from Earth with unaided vision . In 1610 , the year after Galileo Galilei turned a telescope to the sky , he became the first person to observe Saturn 's rings , though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature . In 1655 , Christiaan Huygens was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn . Although many people think of Saturn 's rings as being made up of a series of tiny ringlets ( a concept that goes back to Laplace ) , true gaps are few . It is more correct to think of the rings as an annular disk with concentric local maxima and minima in density and brightness . On the scale of the clumps within the rings there is much empty space . The rings have numerous gaps where particle density drops sharply : two opened by known moons embedded within them , and many others at locations of known destabilizing orbital resonances with the moons of Saturn . Other gaps remain unexplained . Stabilizing resonances , on the other hand , are responsible for the longevity of several rings , such as the Titan Ringlet and the G Ring . Well beyond the main rings is the Phoebe ring , which is tilted at an angle of 27 degrees to the other rings and , like Phoebe , orbits in retrograde fashion . Voyager 2 view of Saturn casting a shadow across its rings . Four satellites and ring spokes are visible . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Galileo 's work 1.2 Ring theory , observations and exploration 2 Physical characteristics 3 Formation of main rings 4 Subdivisions and structures within the rings 4.1 Physical parameters of the rings 4.1. 1 Major subdivisions 4.1. 2 C Ring structures 4.1. 3 Cassini Division structures 4.1. 4 A Ring structures 5 D Ring 6 C Ring 6.1 Colombo Gap and Titan Ringlet 6.2 Maxwell Gap and Ringlet 7 B Ring 7.1 Spokes 7.2 Moonlet 8 Cassini Division 8.1 Huygens Gap 9 A Ring 9.1 Encke Gap 9.2 Keeler Gap 9.3 Propeller moonlets 10 Roche Division 11 F Ring 12 Outer rings 12.1 Janus / Epimetheus Ring 12.2 G Ring 12.3 Methone Ring Arc 12.4 Anthe Ring Arc 12.5 Pallene Ring 12.6 E Ring 12.7 Phoebe ring 13 Possible ring system around Rhea 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) Galileo 's work ( edit ) Galileo first observed the rings in 1610 . Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the rings of Saturn in 1610 using his telescope , but was unable to identify them as such . He wrote to the Duke of Tuscany that `` The planet Saturn is not alone , but is composed of three , which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another . They are arranged in a line parallel to the zodiac , and the middle one ( Saturn itself ) is about three times the size of the lateral ones . '' He also described the rings as Saturn 's `` ears '' . In 1612 the Earth passed through the plane of the rings and they became invisible . Mystified , Galileo remarked `` I do not know what to say in a case so surprising , so unlooked for and so novel . '' He mused , `` Has Saturn swallowed his children ? '' -- referring to the myth of the Titan Saturn devouring his offspring to forestall the prophecy of them overthrowing him . He was further confused when the rings again became visible in 1613 . Early astronomers used anagrams as a form of commitment scheme to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication . Galileo used smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi ( `` I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form '' ) for discovering the rings of Saturn . Ring theory , observations and Exploration ( edit ) Robert Hooke noted the shadows ( a and b ) cast by both the globe and the rings on each other in this 1666 drawing of Saturn . In 1655 , Christiaan Huygens became the first person to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring . Using a 50 × power refracting telescope that he designed himself , far superior to those available to Galileo , Huygens observed Saturn and wrote that `` It ( Saturn ) is surrounded by a thin , flat , ring , nowhere touching , inclined to the ecliptic '' . Robert Hooke was another early observer of the rings of Saturn , and noted the casting of shadows on the rings . In 1675 , Giovanni Domenico Cassini determined that Saturn 's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them ; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division . This division is a 4,800 - km - wide region between the A ring and B Ring . In 1787 , Pierre - Simon Laplace proved that a uniform solid ring would be unstable and suggested that the rings were composed of a large number of solid ringlets . In 1859 , James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that a nonuniform solid ring , solid ringlets or a continuous fluid ring would also not be stable , indicating that the ring must be composed of numerous small particles , all independently orbiting Saturn . Later , Sofia Kovalevskaya also found that Saturn 's rings can not be liquid ring - shaped bodies . Spectroscopic studies of the rings carried out in 1895 by James Keeler of Allegheny Observatory and Aristarkh Belopolsky of Pulkovo Observatory showed Maxwell 's analysis was correct . Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn 's rings from the vicinity of the planet . Pioneer 11 's closest approach to Saturn occurred in September 1979 at a distance of 20,900 km . Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring . Voyager 1 's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km . A failed photopolarimeter prevented Voyager 1 from observing Saturn 's rings at the planned resolution ; nevertheless , images from the spacecraft provided unprecedented detail of the ring system and revealed the existence of the G ring . Voyager 2 's closest approach occurred in August 1981 at a distance of 41,000 km . Voyager 2 's working photopolarimeter allowed it to observe the ring system at higher resolution than Voyager 1 , and to thereby discover many previously unseen ringlets . Cassini spacecraft entered into orbit around Saturn in July 2004 . Cassini 's images of the rings are the most detailed to - date , and are responsible for the discovery of yet more ringlets . The rings are named alphabetically in the order they were discovered . The main rings are , working outward from the planet , C , B and A , with the Cassini Division , the largest gap , separating Rings B and A. Several fainter rings were discovered more recently . The D Ring is exceedingly faint and closest to the planet . The narrow F Ring is just outside the A Ring . Beyond that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales , some related to perturbations by Saturn 's moons , but much unexplained . Physical characteristics ( edit ) Simulated image using color to present radio - occultation - derived particle size data . The attenuation of 0.94 - , 3.6 - , and 13 - cm signals sent by Cassini through the rings to Earth shows abundance of particles of sizes similar to or larger than those wavelengths . Purple ( B , inner A Ring ) means few particles are < 5 cm ( all signals similarly attenuated ) . Green and blue ( C , outer A Ring ) mean particles < 5 cm and < 1 cm , respectively , are common . White areas ( B Ring ) are too dense to transmit adequate signal . Other evidence shows rings A to C have a broad range of particle sizes , up to m across . The dark Cassini Division separates the wide inner B Ring and outer A ring in this image from the HST 's ACS ( March 22 , 2004 ) . The less prominent C Ring is just inside the B Ring . Cassini mosaic of Saturn 's rings on August 12 , 2009 , a day after equinox . With the rings pointed at the Sun , illumination is by light reflected off Saturn , except on thicker or out - of - plane sections , like the F Ring . Cassini space probe view of the unilluminated side of Saturn 's rings ( May 9 , 2007 ) . The dense main rings extend from 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) to 80,000 km ( 50,000 mi ) away from Saturn 's equator , whose radius is 60,300 km ( 37,500 mi ) ( see Major subdivisions ) . With an estimated local thickness of as little as 10 m and as much as 1 km , they are composed of 99.9 % pure water ice with a smattering of impurities that may include tholins or silicates . The main rings are primarily composed of particles ranging in size from 1 cm to 10 m . Based on Voyager observations , the total mass of the rings was estimated to be about 3 × 10 kg . This is a small fraction of the total mass of Saturn ( about 50 ppb ) and is just a little less than the moon Mimas . More recent observations and computer modeling based on Cassini observations show that this may be an underestimate due to clumping in the rings and the mass may be three times this figure . Although the largest gaps in the rings , such as the Cassini Division and Encke Gap , can be seen from Earth , both Voyager spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets . This structure is thought to arise , in several different ways , from the gravitational pull of Saturn 's many moons . Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as Pan , many more of which may yet be discovered , and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small shepherd satellites ( similar to Prometheus and Pandora 's maintenance of the F ring ) . Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out ; Mimas maintains the Cassini Division in this manner . Still more structure in the rings consists of spiral waves raised by the inner moons ' periodic gravitational perturbations at less disruptive resonances . Data from the Cassini space probe indicate that the rings of Saturn possess their own atmosphere , independent of that of the planet itself . The atmosphere is composed of molecular oxygen gas ( O ) produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun interacts with water ice in the rings . Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further ultraviolet stimulation create and eject , among other things , O. According to models of this atmosphere , H is also present . The O and H atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings , it would be about one atom thick . The rings also have a similarly sparse OH ( hydroxide ) atmosphere . Like the O , this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules , though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic ions that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn 's moon Enceladus . This atmosphere , despite being extremely sparse , was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope . Saturn shows complex patterns in its brightness . Most of the variability is due to the changing aspect of the rings , and this goes through two cycles every orbit . However , superimposed on this is variability due to the eccentricity of the planet 's orbit that causes the planet to display brighter oppositions in the northern hemisphere than it does in the southern . In 1980 , Voyager 1 made a fly - by of Saturn that showed the F - ring to be composed of three narrow rings that appeared to be braided in a complex structure ; it is now known that the outer two rings consist of knobs , kinks and lumps that give the illusion of braiding , with the less bright third ring lying inside them . New images of the rings taken around the 11 August 2009 equinox of Saturn by NASA 's Cassini spacecraft have shown that the rings extend significantly out of the nominal ring plane in a few places . This displacement reaches as much as 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) at the border of the Keeler Gap , due to the out - of - plane orbit of Daphnis , the moon that creates the gap . Formation of main rings ( edit ) Saturn 's rings may be very old , dating to the formation of Saturn itself . There are two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn 's inner rings . One theory , originally proposed by Édouard Roche in the 19th century , is that the rings were once a moon of Saturn ( named Veritas , after a Roman goddess who hid in a well ) whose orbit decayed until it came close enough to be ripped apart by tidal forces ( see Roche limit ) . A variation on this theory is that this moon disintegrated after being struck by a large comet or asteroid . The second theory is that the rings were never part of a moon , but are instead left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed . A 2007 artist impression of the aggregates of icy particles that form the ' solid ' portions of Saturn 's rings . These elongated clumps are continually forming and dispersing . The largest particles are a few m across . Saturn 's rings and moons Tethys , Hyperion and Prometheus Tethys and Janus A more traditional version of the disrupted - moon theory is that the rings are composed of debris from a moon 400 to 600 km in diameter , slightly larger than Mimas . The last time there were collisions large enough to be likely to disrupt a moon that large was during the Late Heavy Bombardment some four billion years ago . A more recent variant of this type of theory by R.M. Canup is that the rings could represent part of the remains of the icy mantle of a much larger , Titan - sized , differentiated moon that was stripped of its outer layer as it spiraled into the planet during the formative period when Saturn was still surrounded by a gaseous nebula . This would explain the scarcity of rocky material within the rings . The rings would initially have been much more massive ( ~ 1,000 times ) and broader than at present ; material in the outer portions of the rings would have coalesced into the moons of Saturn out to Tethys , also explaining the lack of rocky material in the composition of most of these moons . Subsequent collisional or cryovolcanic evolution of Enceladus might then have caused selective loss of ice from this moon , raising its density to its current value of 1.61 g / cm , compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys . The idea of massive early rings was subsequently extended to explain the formation of Saturn 's moons out to Rhea . If the initial massive rings contained chunks of rocky material ( > 100 km across ) as well as ice , these silicate bodies would have accreted more ice and been expelled from the rings , due to gravitational interactions with the rings and tidal interaction with Saturn , into progressively wider orbits . Within the Roche limit , bodies of rocky material are dense enough to accrete additional material , whereas less - dense bodies of ice are not . Once outside the rings , the newly formed moons could have continued to evolve through random mergers . This process may explain the variation in silicate content of Saturn 's moons out to Rhea , as well as the trend towards less silicate content closer to Saturn . Rhea would then be the oldest of the moons formed from the primordial rings , with moons closer to Saturn being progressively younger . The brightness and purity of the water ice in Saturn 's rings has been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn , perhaps just 100 million years old , as the infall of meteoric dust would have led to darkening of the rings . However , new research indicates that the B Ring may be massive enough to have diluted infalling material and thus avoided substantial darkening over the age of the Solar System . Ring material may be recycled as clumps form within the rings and are then disrupted by impacts . This would explain the apparent youth of some of the material within the rings . Further evidence supporting a young ring theory has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper , which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates contained within the C ring . The Cassini UVIS team , led by Larry Esposito , used stellar occultation to discover 13 objects , ranging from 27 m to 10 km across , within the F ring . They are translucent , suggesting they are temporary aggregates of ice boulders a few m across . Esposito believes this to be the basic structure of the Saturnian rings , particles clumping together , then being blasted apart . Subdivisions and structures within the rings ( edit ) The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings , which are separated by the Cassini Division ( discovered in 1675 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini ) . Along with the C Ring , which was discovered in 1850 and is similar in character to the Cassini Division , these regions constitute the main rings . The main rings are denser and contain larger particles than the tenuous dusty rings . The latter include the D Ring , extending inward to Saturn 's cloud tops , the G and E Rings and others beyond the main ring system . These diffuse rings are characterised as `` dusty '' because of the small size of their particles ( often about a μm ) ; their chemical composition is , like the main rings , almost entirely water ice . The narrow F Ring , just off the outer edge of the A Ring , is more difficult to categorize ; parts of it are very dense , but it also contains a great deal of dust - size particles . Natural - color mosaic of Cassini narrow - angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn 's D , C , B , A and F rings ( left to right ) taken on May 9 , 2007 . Physical parameters of the rings ( edit ) Notes : Names as designated by the International Astronomical Union , unless otherwise noted . Broader separations between named rings are termed divisions , while narrower separations within named rings are called gaps . Data mostly from the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature , a NASA factsheet and several papers . distance is to centre of gaps , rings and ringlets that are narrower than 1,000 km unofficial name The illuminated side of Saturn 's rings with the major subdivisions labeled Major subdivisions ( edit ) Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after D Ring 66,900 -- 74,510 7,500 C Ring 74,658 -- 92,000 17,500 B Ring 92,000 -- 117,580 25,500 Cassini Division 117,580 -- 122,170 4,700 Giovanni Cassini A ring 122,170 -- 136,775 14,600 Roche Division 136,775 -- 139,380 2,600 Édouard Roche F Ring 140,180 30 -- 500 Janus / Epimetheus Ring 149,000 -- 154,000 5,000 Janus and Epimetheus G Ring 166,000 -- 175,000 9,000 Methone Ring Arc 194,230 ? Methone Anthe Ring Arc 197,665 ? Anthe Pallene Ring 211,000 -- 213,500 2,500 Pallene E Ring 180,000 -- 480,000 300,000 Phoebe Ring ~ 4,000,000 -- > 13,000,000 Phoebe C Ring structures ( edit ) Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after Colombo Gap 77,870 150 Giuseppe `` Bepi '' Colombo Titan Ringlet 77,870 25 Titan , moon of Saturn Maxwell Gap 87,491 270 James Clerk Maxwell Maxwell Ringlet 87,491 64 James Clerk Maxwell Bond Gap 88,700 30 William Cranch Bond and George Phillips Bond 1.470 R Ringlet 88,716 16 its radius 1.495 R Ringlet 90,171 62 its radius Dawes Gap 90,210 20 William Rutter Dawes Cassini Division structures ( edit ) Source : Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after Huygens Gap 117,680 285 -- 400 Christiaan Huygens Huygens Ringlet 117,848 ~ 17 Christiaan Huygens Herschel Gap 118,234 102 William Herschel Russell Gap 118,614 33 Henry Norris Russell Jeffreys Gap 118,950 38 Harold Jeffreys Kuiper Gap 119,405 Gerard Kuiper Laplace Gap 119,967 238 Pierre - Simon Laplace Bessel Gap 120,241 10 Friedrich Bessel Barnard Gap 120,312 13 Edward Emerson Barnard A ring structures ( edit ) Name Distance from Saturn 's center ( km ) Width ( km ) Named after Encke Gap 133,589 325 Johann Encke Keeler Gap 136,505 35 James Keeler Oblique ( 4 degree angle ) Cassini images of Saturn 's C , B , and A rings ( left to right ; the F ring is faintly visible in the full size upper image if viewed at sufficient brightness ) . Upper image : natural color mosaic of Cassini narrow - angle camera photos of the illuminated side of the rings taken on December 12 , 2004 . Lower image : simulated view constructed from a radio occultation observation conducted on May 3 , 2005 . Color in the lower image is used to represent information about ring particle sizes ( see the caption of the article 's second image for an explanation ) . D ring ( edit ) A Cassini image of the faint D Ring , with the inner C Ring below The D Ring is the innermost ring , and is very faint . In 1980 , Voyager 1 detected within this ring three ringlets designated D73 , D72 and D68 , with D68 being the discrete ringlet nearest to Saturn . Some 25 years later , Cassini images showed that D72 had become significantly broader and more diffuse , and had moved planetward by 200 km . Present in the D Ring is a finescale structure with waves 30 km apart . First seen in the gap between the C Ring and D73 , the structure was found during Saturn 's 2009 equinox to extend a radial distance of 19,000 km from the D Ring to the inner edge of the B Ring . The waves are interpreted as a spiral pattern of vertical corrugations of 2 to 20 m amplitude ; the fact that the period of the waves is decreasing over time ( from 60 km in 1995 to 30 km by 2006 ) allows a deduction that the pattern may have originated in late 1983 with the impact of a cloud of debris ( with a mass of ~ 10 kg ) from a disrupted comet that tilted the rings out of the equatorial plane . A similar spiral pattern in Jupiter 's main ring has been attributed to a perturbation caused by impact of material from Comet Shoemaker - Levy 9 in 1994 . C ring ( edit ) View of the outer C Ring ; the Maxwell Gap with the Maxwell Ringlet on its right side are above and right of center . The Bond Gap is above a broad light band towards the upper right ; the Dawes Gap is within a dark band just below the upper right corner . The C Ring is a wide but faint ring located inward of the B Ring . It was discovered in 1850 by William and George Bond , though William R. Dawes and Johann Galle also saw it independently . William Lassell termed it the `` Crepe Ring '' because it seemed to be composed of darker material than the brighter A and B Rings . Its vertical thickness is estimated at 5 m its mass at around 1.1 × 10 kg , and its optical depth varies from 0.05 to 0.12 . That is , between 5 and 12 percent of light shining perpendicularly through the ring is blocked , so that when seen from above , the ring is close to transparent . The 30 - km wavelength spiral corrugations first seen in the D Ring were observed during Saturn 's equinox of 2009 to extend throughout the C Ring ( see above ) . Colombo Gap and Titan ringlet ( edit ) The Colombo Gap lies in the inner C Ring . Within the gap lies the bright but narrow Colombo Ringlet , centered at 77,883 km from Saturn 's center , which is slightly elliptical rather than circular . This ringlet is also called the Titan Ringlet as it is governed by an orbital resonance with the moon Titan . At this location within the rings , the length of a ring particle 's apsidal precession is equal to the length of Titan 's orbital motion , so that the outer end of this eccentric ringlet always points towards Titan . Maxwell Gap and ringlet ( edit ) The Maxwell Gap lies within the outer part of the C Ring . It also contains a dense non-circular ringlet , the Maxwell Ringlet . In many respects this ringlet is similar to the ε ring of Uranus . There are wave - like structures in the middle of both rings . While the wave in the ε ring is thought to be caused by Uranian moon Cordelia , no moon has been discovered in the Maxwell gap as of July 2008 . B ring ( edit ) The B Ring is the largest , brightest , and most massive of the rings . Its thickness is estimated as 5 to 15 m and its optical depth varies from 0.4 to greater than 5 , meaning that > 99 % of the light passing through some parts of the B Ring is blocked . The B Ring contains a great deal of variation in its density and brightness , nearly all of it unexplained . These are concentric , appearing as narrow ringlets , though the B Ring does not contain any gaps. . In places , the outer edge of the B Ring contains vertical structures deviating up to 2.5 km from the main ring plane . A 2016 study of spiral density waves using stellar occultations indicated that the B Ring 's surface density is in the range of 40 to 140 g / cm , lower than previously believed , and that the ring 's optical depth has little correlation with its mass density ( a finding previously reported for the A and C rings ) . The total mass of the B Ring was estimated to be somewhere in the range of 7 to 7019240000000000000 ♠ 24 × 10 kg . This compares to a mass for Mimas of 7019375000000000000 ♠ 37.5 × 10 kg . High resolution ( about 3 km per pixel ) color view of the inner - central B Ring ( 98,600 to 105,500 km from Saturn 's center ) . The structures shown ( from 40 km wide ringlets at center to 300 - 500 km wide bands at right ) remain sharply defined at scales below the resolution of the image . The B Ring 's outer edge , viewed near equinox , where shadows are cast by vertical structures up to 2.5 km high , probably created by unseen embedded moonlets . The Cassini Division is at top . Spokes ( edit ) Play media Dark spokes mark the B ring 's sunlit side in low phase angle Cassini images . This is a low - bitrate video . Full - size video with high bitrate of 471 kbit / s ; GIF version ( 400 × 400 pixels , file size : 2.21 MB ) Until 1980 , the structure of the rings of Saturn was explained as being caused exclusively by the action of gravitational forces . Then images from the Voyager spacecraft showed radial features in the B Ring , known as spokes , which could not be explained in this manner , as their persistence and rotation around the rings was not consistent with gravitational orbital mechanics . The spokes appear dark in backscattered light , and bright in forward - scattered light ( see images in Gallery ) ; the transition occurs at a phase angle near 60 ° . The leading theory regarding the spokes ' composition is that they consist of microscopic dust particles suspended away from the main ring by electrostatic repulsion , as they rotate almost synchronously with the magnetosphere of Saturn . The precise mechanism generating the spokes is still unknown , although it has been suggested that the electrical disturbances might be caused by either lightning bolts in Saturn 's atmosphere or micrometeoroid impacts on the rings . The spokes were not observed again until some twenty - five years later , this time by the Cassini space probe . The spokes were not visible when Cassini arrived at Saturn in early 2004 . Some scientists speculated that the spokes would not be visible again until 2007 , based on models attempting to describe their formation . Nevertheless , the Cassini imaging team kept looking for spokes in images of the rings , and they were next seen in images taken on 5 September 2005 . The spokes appear to be a seasonal phenomenon , disappearing in the Saturnian midwinter and midsummer and reappearing as Saturn comes closer to equinox . Suggestions that the spokes may be a seasonal effect , varying with Saturn 's 29.7 - year orbit , were supported by their gradual reappearance in the later years of the Cassini mission . Moonlet ( edit ) In 2009 , during equinox , a moonlet embedded in the B ring was discovered from the shadow it cast . It is estimated to be 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) in diameter . The moonlet was given the provisional designation S / 2009 S 1 . Cassini Division ( edit ) The Cassini Division imaged from the Cassini spacecraft . The Huygens Gap lies at its right border ; the Laplace Gap is towards the center . A number of other , narrower gaps are also present . The Cassini Division is a region 4,800 km ( 3,000 mi ) in width between Saturn 's A ring and B Ring . It was discovered in 1675 by Giovanni Cassini at the Paris Observatory using a refracting telescope that had a 2.5 - inch objective lens with a 20 - foot - long focal length and a 90x magnification . From Earth it appears as a thin black gap in the rings . However , Voyager discovered that the gap is itself populated by ring material bearing much similarity to the C Ring . The division may appear bright in views of the unlit side of the rings , since the relatively low density of material allows more light to be transmitted through the thickness of the rings ( see second image in gallery ) . The inner edge of the Cassini Division is governed by a strong orbital resonance . Ring particles at this location orbit twice for every orbit of the moon Mimas . The resonance causes Mimas ' pulls on these ring particles to accumulate , destabilizing their orbits and leading to a sharp cutoff in ring density . Many of the other gaps between ringlets within the Cassini Division , however , are unexplained . Huygens Gap ( edit ) The Huygens Gap is located at the inner edge of the Cassini Division . It contains the dense , eccentric Huygens Ringlet in the middle . This ringlet exhibits irregular azimuthal variations of geometrical width and optical depth , which may be caused by the nearby 2 : 1 resonance with Mimas and the influence of the eccentric outer edge of the B - ring . There is an additional narrow ringlet just outside the Huygens Ringlet . A ring ( edit ) `` A Ring '' redirects here . For the letter , see Å . The central ringlet of the A Ring 's Encke Gap coincides with Pan 's orbit , implying its particles oscillate in horseshoe orbits . The A Ring is the outermost of the large , bright rings . Its inner boundary is the Cassini Division and its sharp outer boundary is close to the orbit of the small moon Atlas . The A Ring is interrupted at a location 22 % of the ring width from its outer edge by the Encke Gap . A narrower gap 2 % of the ring width from the outer edge is called the Keeler Gap . The thickness of the A Ring is estimated to be 10 to 30 m , its surface density from 35 to 40 g / cm and its total mass as 4 to 7018500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 kg ( just under the mass of Hyperion ) . Its optical depth varies from 0.4 to 0.9 . Similarly to the B Ring , the A Ring 's outer edge is maintained by an orbital resonance , in this case the 7 : 6 resonance with Janus and Epimetheus . Other orbital resonances also excite many spiral density waves in the A Ring ( and , to a lesser extent , other rings as well ) , which account for most of its structure . These waves are described by the same physics that describes the spiral arms of galaxies . Spiral bending waves , also present in the A Ring and also described by the same theory , are vertical corrugations in the ring rather than compression waves . In April 2014 , NASA scientists reported observing the possible formative stage of a new moon near the outer edge of the A Ring . Encke Gap ( edit ) The Encke Gap is a 325 - km - wide gap within the A ring , centered at a distance of 133,590 km from Saturn 's center . It is caused by the presence of the small moon Pan , which orbits within it . Images from the Cassini probe have shown that there are at least three thin , knotted ringlets within the gap . Spiral density waves visible on both sides of it are induced by resonances with nearby moons exterior to the rings , while Pan induces an additional set of spiraling wakes ( see image in gallery ) . Johann Encke himself did not observe this gap ; it was named in honour of his ring observations . The gap itself was discovered by James Edward Keeler in 1888 . The second major gap in the A ring , discovered by Voyager , was named the Keeler Gap in his honor . The Encke Gap is a gap because it is entirely within the A Ring . There was some ambiguity between the terms gap and division until the IAU clarified the definitions in 2008 ; before that , the separation was sometimes called the `` Encke Division '' . Keeler Gap ( edit ) Waves in the Keeler gap edges induced by the orbital motion of Daphnis ( see also a stretched closeup view in the gallery ) . Near Saturn 's equinox , Daphnis and its waves cast shadows on the A Ring . The Keeler Gap is a 42 - km - wide gap in the A ring , approximately 250 km from the ring 's outer edge . The small moon Daphnis , discovered 1 May 2005 , orbits within it , keeping it clear . The moon 's passage induces waves in the edges of the gap ( this is also influenced by its slight orbital eccentricity ) . Because the orbit of Daphnis is slightly inclined to the ring plane , the waves have a component that is perpendicular to the ring plane , reaching a distance of 1500 m `` above '' the plane . The Keeler gap was discovered by Voyager , and named in honor of the astronomer James Edward Keeler . Keeler had in turn discovered and named the Encke Gap in honor of Johann Encke . Propeller moonlets ( edit ) Propeller moonlet Santos - Dumont from lit ( top ) and unlit sides of rings Location of the first four moonlets detected in the A ring . In 2006 , four tiny `` moonlets '' were found in Cassini images of the A Ring . The moonlets themselves are only about a hundred m in diameter , too small to be seen directly ; what Cassini sees are the `` propeller '' - shaped disturbances the moonlets create , which are several km across . It is estimated that the A Ring contains thousands of such objects . In 2007 , the discovery of eight more moonlets revealed that they are largely confined to a 3,000 km belt , about 130,000 km from Saturn 's center , and by 2008 over 150 propeller moonlets had been detected . One that has been tracked for several years has been nicknamed Bleriot . Roche Division ( edit ) The Roche Division ( passing through image center ) between the A Ring and the narrow F Ring . Atlas can be seen within it . The Encke and Keeler gaps are also visible . The separation between the A ring and the F Ring has been named the Roche Division in honor of the French physicist Édouard Roche . The Roche Division should not be confused with the Roche limit which is the distance at which a large object is so close to a planet ( such as Saturn ) that the planet 's tidal forces will pull it apart . Lying at the outer edge of the main ring system , the Roche Division is in fact close to Saturn 's Roche limit , which is why the rings have been unable to accrete into a moon . Like the Cassini Division , the Roche Division is not empty but contains a sheet of material . The character of this material is similar to the tenuous and dusty D , E , and G Rings . Two locations in the Roche Division have a higher concentration of dust than the rest of the region . These were discovered by the Cassini probe imaging team and were given temporary designations : R / 2004 S 1 , which lies along the orbit of the moon Atlas ; and R / 2004 S 2 , centered at 138,900 km from Saturn 's center , inward of the orbit of Prometheus . F ring ( edit ) Play media The small moons Pandora ( left ) and Prometheus ( right ) orbit on either side of the F ring . Prometheus acts as a ring shepherd and is followed by dark channels that it has carved into the inner strands of the ring . The F Ring is the outermost discrete ring of Saturn and perhaps the most active ring in the Solar System , with features changing on a timescale of hours . It is located 3,000 km beyond the outer edge of the A ring . The ring was discovered in 1979 by the Pioneer 11 imaging team . It is very thin , just a few hundred km in radial extent . While the traditional view has been that it is held together by two shepherd moons , Prometheus and Pandora , which orbit inside and outside it , recent studies indicate that only Prometheus contributes to the confinement . Numerical simulations suggest the ring was formed when Prometheus and Pandora collided with each other and were partially disrupted . Recent closeup images from the Cassini probe show that the F Ring consists of one core ring and a spiral strand around it . They also show that when Prometheus encounters the ring at its apoapsis , its gravitational attraction creates kinks and knots in the F Ring as the moon ' steals ' material from it , leaving a dark channel in the inner part of the ring ( see video link and additional F Ring images in gallery ) . Since Prometheus orbits Saturn more rapidly than the material in the F ring , each new channel is carved about 3.2 degrees in front of the previous one . In 2008 , further dynamism was detected , suggesting that small unseen moons orbiting within the F Ring are continually passing through its narrow core because of perturbations from Prometheus . One of the small moons was tentatively identified as S / 2004 S 6 . A mosaic of 107 images showing 255 ° ( about 70 % ) of the F Ring as it would appear if straightened out . The radial width ( top to bottom ) is 1,500 km . Outer rings ( edit ) The outer rings seen back - illuminated by the Sun Janus / Epimetheus ring ( edit ) A faint dust ring is present around the region occupied by the orbits of Janus and Epimetheus , as revealed by images taken in forward - scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft in 2006 . The ring has a radial extent of about 5,000 km . Its source is particles blasted off the moons ' surfaces by meteoroid impacts , which then form a diffuse ring around their orbital paths . G ring ( edit ) The G Ring ( see last image in gallery ) is a very thin , faint ring about halfway between the F Ring and the beginning of the E Ring , with its inner edge about 15,000 km inside the orbit of Mimas . It contains a single distinctly brighter arc near its inner edge ( similar to the arcs in the rings of Neptune ) that extends about one sixth of its circumference , centered on the half - km diameter moonlet Aegaeon , which is held in place by a 7 : 6 orbital resonance with Mimas . The arc is believed to be composed of icy particles up to a few m in diameter , with the rest of the G Ring consisting of dust released from within the arc . The radial width of the arc is about 250 km , compared to a width of 9,000 km for the G Ring as a whole . The arc is thought to contain matter equivalent to a small icy moonlet about a hundred m in diameter . Dust released from Aegaeon and other source bodies within the arc by micrometeoroid impacts drifts outward from the arc because of interaction with Saturn 's magnetosphere ( whose plasma corotates with Saturn 's magnetic field , which rotates much more rapidly than the orbital motion of the G Ring ) . These tiny particles are steadily eroded away by further impacts and dispersed by plasma drag . Over the course of thousands of years the ring gradually loses mass , which is replenished by further impacts on Aegaeon . Methone ring arc ( edit ) A faint ring arc , first detected in September 2006 , covering a longitudinal extent of about 10 degrees is associated with the moon Methone . The material in the arc is believed to represent dust ejected from Methone by micrometeoroid impacts . The confinement of the dust within the arc is attributable to a 14 : 15 resonance with Mimas ( similar to the mechanism of confinement of the arc within the G ring ) . Under the influence of the same resonance , Methone librates back and forth in its orbit with an amplitude of 5 ° of longitude . Anthe ring arc ( edit ) The Anthe Ring Arc - the bright spot is Anthe A faint ring arc , first detected in June 2007 , covering a longitudinal extent of about 20 degrees is associated with the moon Anthe . The material in the arc is believed to represent dust knocked off Anthe by micrometeoroid impacts . The confinement of the dust within the arc is attributable to a 10 : 11 resonance with Mimas . Under the influence of the same resonance , Anthe drifts back and forth in its orbit over 14 ° of longitude . Pallene ring ( edit ) A faint dust ring shares Pallene 's orbit , as revealed by images taken in forward - scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft in 2006 . The ring has a radial extent of about 2,500 km . Its source is particles blasted off Pallene 's surface by meteoroid impacts , which then form a diffuse ring around its orbital path . E ring ( edit ) The E Ring is the second outermost ring and is extremely wide ; it consists of many tiny ( micron and sub-micron ) particles of water ice with silicates , carbon dioxide and ammonia . The E Ring is distributed between the orbits of Mimas and Titan . Unlike the other rings , it is composed of microscopic particles rather than macroscopic ice chunks . In 2005 , the source of the E Ring 's material was determined to be cryovolcanic plumes emanating from the `` tiger stripes '' of the south polar region of the moon Enceladus . Unlike the main rings , the E Ring is more than 2,000 km thick and increases with its distance from Enceladus . Tendril - like structures observed within the E Ring can be related to the emissions of the most active south polar jets of Enceladus . Particles of the E Ring tend to accumulate on moons that orbit within it . The equator of the leading hemisphere of Tethys is tinted slightly blue due to infalling material . The trojan moons Telesto , Calypso , Helene and Polydeuces are particularly affected as their orbits move up and down the ring plane . This results in their surfaces being coated with bright material that smooths out features . The backlit E ring , with Enceladus silhouetted against it . The moon 's south polar jets erupt brightly below it . Close - up of the south polar geysers of Enceladus , the source of the E Ring . Side view of Saturn system , showing Enceladus in relation to the E Ring E Ring tendrils from Enceladus geysers - comparison of images ( a , c ) with computer simulations Phoebe ring ( edit ) The Phoebe ring 's huge extent dwarfs the main rings . Inset : 24 μm Spitzer image of part of the ring In October 2009 , the discovery of a tenuous disk of material just interior to the orbit of Phoebe was reported . The disk was aligned edge - on to Earth at the time of discovery . This disk can be loosely described as another ring . Although very large ( as seen from Earth , the apparent size of two full moons ) , the ring is virtually invisible . It was discovered using NASA 's infrared Spitzer Space Telescope , and was seen over the entire range of the observations , which extended from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn , with calculations indicating that it may extend outward up to 300 Saturn radii and inward to the orbit of Iapetus at 59 Saturn radii . The ring was subsequently studied using the WISE , Herschel and Cassini spacecraft ; WISE observations show that it extends from at least between 50 and 100 to 270 Saturn radii ( the inner edge is lost in the planet 's glare ) . Data obtained with WISE indicate the ring particles are small ; those with radii of greater than 10 cm comprise 10 % or less of the cross-sectional area . Phoebe orbits the planet at a distance ranging from 180 to 250 radii . The ring has a thickness of about 40 radii . Because the ring 's particles are presumed to have originated from impacts ( micrometeoroid and larger ) on Phoebe , they should share its retrograde orbit , which is opposite to the orbital motion of the next inner moon , Iapetus . This ring lies in the plane of Saturn 's orbit , or roughly the ecliptic , and thus is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn 's equatorial plane and the other rings . Phoebe is inclined by 5 ° with respect to Saturn 's orbit plane ( often written as 175 ° , due to Phoebe 's retrograde orbital motion ) , and its resulting vertical excursions above and below the ring plane agree closely with the ring 's observed thickness of 40 Saturn radii . The existence of the ring was proposed in the 1970s by Steven Soter . The discovery was made by Anne J. Verbiscer and Michael F. Skrutskie ( of the University of Virginia ) and Douglas P. Hamilton ( of the University of Maryland , College Park ) . The three had studied together at Cornell University as graduate students . Ring material migrates inward due to reemission of solar radiation , with a speed inversely proportional to particle size ; a 3 cm particle would migrate from the vicinity of Phoebe to that of Iapetus over the age of the Solar System . The material would thus strike the leading hemisphere of Iapetus . Infall of this material causes a slight darkening and reddening of the leading hemisphere of Iapetus ( similar to what is seen on the Uranian moons Oberon and Titania ) but does not directly create the dramatic two - tone coloration of that moon . Rather , the infalling material initiates a positive feedback thermal self - segregation process of ice sublimation from warmer regions , followed by vapor condensation onto cooler regions . This leaves a dark residue of `` lag '' material covering most of the equatorial region of Iapetus 's leading hemisphere , which contrasts with the bright ice deposits covering the polar regions and most of the trailing hemisphere . Possible ring system around Rhea ( edit ) Main article : Rings of Rhea Saturn 's second largest moon Rhea has been hypothesized to have a tenuous ring system of its own consisting of three narrow bands embedded in a disk of solid particles . These putative rings have not been imaged , but their existence has been inferred from Cassini observations in November 2005 of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn 's magnetosphere near Rhea . The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument ( MIMI ) observed a gentle gradient punctuated by three sharp drops in plasma flow on each side of the moon in a nearly symmetric pattern . This could be explained if they were absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk containing denser rings or arcs , with particles perhaps several dm to approximately am in diameter . A more recent piece of evidence consistent with the presence of Rhean rings is a set of small ultraviolet - bright spots distributed in a line that extends three quarters of the way around the moon 's circumference , within 2 degrees of the equator . The spots have been interpreted as the impact points of deorbiting ring material . However , targeted observations by Cassini of the putative ring plane from several angles have turned up nothing , suggesting that another explanation for these enigmatic features is needed . Gallery ( edit ) Cassini image mosaic of the unlit side of the outer C Ring ( bottom ) and inner B Ring ( top ) near Saturn 's equinox , showing multiple views of the shadow of Mimas . The shadow is attenuated by the denser B ring . The Maxwell Gap is below center . A spiral density wave in Saturn 's inner B Ring which forms at a 2 : 1 orbital resonance with Janus . The wavelength decreases as the wave propagates away from the resonance , so the apparent foreshortening in the image is illusory . Dark B Ring spokes in a low - phase - angle Cassini image of the rings ' unlit side . Left of center , two dark gaps ( the larger being the Huygens Gap ) and the bright ( from this viewing geometry ) ringlets to their left comprise the Cassini Division . Cassini image of the sun - lit side of the rings taken in 2009 at a phase angle of 144 ° , with bright B Ring spokes . Pan 's motion through the A ring 's Encke Gap induces edge waves and ( non-self - propagating ) spiraling wakes ahead of and inward of it . The other more tightly wound bands are spiral density waves . Radially stretched ( 4x ) view of the Keeler Gap edge waves induced by Daphnis . Prometheus near apoapsis carving a dark channel in the F Ring ( with older channels to the right ) . A movie of the process may be viewed at the Cassini Imaging Team website or YouTube . F ring dynamism , probably due to perturbing effects of small moonlets orbiting close to or through the ring 's core . Prometheus ( at center ) and Pandora orbit just inside and outside the F Ring , but only Prometheus acts as a ring shepherd . Saturn 's shadow truncates the backlit G Ring and its bright inner arc . A video showing the arc 's orbital motion may be viewed on YouTube or the Cassini Imaging Team website . See also ( edit ) Galileo Galilei -- the first person to observe Saturn 's rings , in 1610 Christiaan Huygens -- the first person to propose that there was a ring surrounding Saturn , in 1655 Giovanni Cassini -- discovered the separation between the A and B rings ( the Cassini Division ) , in 1675 Édouard Roche -- French astronomer who described how a satellite that comes within the Roche limit of Saturn could break up and form the rings Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Janus 's orbital radius changes slightly each time it has a close encounter with its co-orbital moon Epimetheus . These encounters lead to periodic minor disruptions in the wave pattern . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porco , Carolyn . `` Questions about Saturn 's rings '' . CICLOPS web site . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Tiscareno , M.S. ( 2012 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Planetary Rings '' . In Kalas , P. ; French , L. Planets , Stars and Stellar Systems . Springer . pp. 61 -- 63 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 5606 - 9_7 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5605 - 2 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Baalke , Ron . `` Historical Background of Saturn 's Rings '' . Saturn Ring Plane Crossings of 1995 -- 1996 . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehouse , David ( 2009 ) . Renaissance Genius : Galileo Galilei and His Legacy to Modern Science . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6977 - 1 . OCLC 434563173 . Jump up ^ Miner , Ellis D. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The scientific significance of planetary ring systems '' . Planetary Ring Systems . Springer Praxis Books in Space Exploration . Praxis . pp. 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 73981 - 6_1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 34177 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alexander , A.F. O 'D. ( 1962 ) . The Planet Saturn . London : Faber and Faber Limited . pp. 108 -- 109 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rings of Saturn . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saturn ( Rings ) . Planetary Rings Node : Saturn 's Ring System Saturn 's Rings by NASA 's Solar System Exploration Rings of Saturn nomenclature from the USGS planetary nomenclature page Biggest Ring Around Saturn Just Got Supersized ( retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 from Space.com ) Everything a Curious Mind Should Know About Planetary Ring Systems with Dr Mark Showalter ( Waseem Akhtar podcast with Mark Showalter ) High - resolution animation by Seán Doran of the backlit rings <Th_colspan="3"> Saturn <Td_colspan="3"> Outline of Saturn Geography Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings Moons S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Kiviuq Ijiraq Phoebe Paaliaq Skathi Albiorix S / 2007 S 2 Bebhionn Erriapus Skoll Siarnaq Tarqeq S / 2004 S 13 Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Tarvos Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 S / 2004 S 17 Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 Bestla S / 2004 S 7 S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Astronomy Delta Octantis Saturn - crossing minor planets Exploration Cassini -- Huygens ( Huygens ) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Related Fiction Saturn Moons In Saturn 's Rings ( 2018 documentary ) <Th_colspan="2"> Planetary rings Planets Rings of Jupiter Rings of Saturn Rings of Uranus Rings of Neptune Rings of exoplanets Other bodies Rings of Chariklo Rings of Chiron Rings of Rhea Rings of Haumea Solar Asteroid belt Kuiper belt Related topics Gas torus <Th_colspan="2"> Moons of Saturn <Td_colspan="2"> Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn . Temporary names in italics . Ring shepherds S / 2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Co-orbitals Epimetheus Janus G Ring Aegaeon Mimas and Alkyonides Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Inner large ( with trojans ) Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Outer large Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Ijiraq Paaliaq Siarnaq Tarqeq Norse group Phoebe Skathi S / 2007 S 2 ( ? ) Skoll S / 2004 S 13 ( ? ) Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Mundilfari S / 2006 S 1 ( ? ) S / 2004 S 17 ( ? ) Bergelmir Narvi Suttungr Hati S / 2004 S 12 ( ? ) Farbauti Thrymr Aegir S / 2007 S 3 ( ? ) Bestla S / 2004 S 7 ( ? ) S / 2006 S 3 Fenrir Surtur Kari Ymir Loge Fornjot Gallic group Albiorix Bebhionn Erriapus Tarvos <Td_colspan="2"> Rings of Saturn Cassini -- Huygens Themis Chiron S / 2004 S 6 S / 2004 S 4 S / 2004 S 3 In fiction <Th_colspan="3"> Galileo Galilei Scientific career Observational astronomy Galileo affair Galileo 's escapement Galilean invariance Galilean moons Galilean transformation Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment Phases of Venus Celatone Thermoscope Works The Assayer De Motu Antiquiora Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems `` Discourse on the Tides '' `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' Sidereus Nuncius Two New Sciences Family Vincenzo Galilei ( father ) Michelagnolo Galilei ( brother ) Vincenzo Gamba ( son ) Maria Celeste ( daughter ) Marina Gamba ( mistress ) Related `` And yet it moves '' Villa Il Gioiello Galileo 's paradox Sector Museo Galileo Galileo 's telescopes Tribune of Galileo In popular culture Life of Galileo ( 1943 play ) Lamp At Midnight ( 1947 play ) Galileo ( 1968 film ) Galileo ( 1975 film ) Starry Messenger ( 1996 book ) Galileo 's Daughter : A Historical Memoir of Science , Faith , and Love ( 1999 book ) Galileo Galilei ( 2002 opera ) Galileo 's Dream ( 2009 novel ) <Th_colspan="2"> Christiaan Huygens Books Systema Saturnium ( 1659 ) De Vi Centrifiga ( 1659 ) Horologium Oscillatorium ( 1673 ) Traité de la Lumiére ( 1692 ) Cosmotheoros ( 1698 ) In science and natural philosophy Centripetal acceleration Coupled oscillation Conception of the standardization of the temperature scale Early history of classical mechanics Early history of calculus Huygens ' law Huygens ' lemniscate Huygens ' principle ( Huygens -- Fresnel principle ) Huygens ' construction Huygens ' tritone Huygens ' wavelet Huygens ' wave theory Huygens -- Steiner theorem Hypothesis of intelligent extraterrestrial life Isochrone curve ( tautochrone curve ) Foundations of differential geometry of curves ( mathematical notions of the evolute and involute of the curve ) Scientific foundations of horology Mathematical and physical investigations of properties of the pendulum Modern conception of centrifugal and centripetal forces Music theory of microtones ( 31 equal temperament ) Polarization of light ( Iceland spar ) Rings of Saturn Titan ( moon ) Theoretical foundations of wave optics ( wave theory of light ) In technology Inventions by Huygens Aerial telescope Cycloidal pendulum Huygens ' engine Huygens ' eyepiece Magic lantern Spiral balance spring Precision timekeeping ( pendulum clock and spiral - hairspring watch ) Recognitions List of things named after Christiaan Huygens 2801 Huygens Cassini -- Huygens Huygens probe Mons Huygens Huygens ( crater ) Huygens - Fokker Foundation Huygens Gap Huygens Ringlet Horologium ( constellation ) Other topics Cosmos : A Personal Voyage - Episode 6 : `` Travellers ' Tales '' ( 1980 documentary TV series by Carl Sagan ) Clocks and Culture , 1300 -- 1700 ( 1967 history book by Carlo Cipolla ) Revolution in Time : Clocks and the Making of the Modern World ( 1983 history book by David Landes ) Scientific Revolution Golden Age of Dutch science and technology Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Académie des Sciences Related people Huygens family Galileo Galilei René Descartes Salomon Coster Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Isaac Newton Robert Hooke Denis Papin Augustin - Jean Fresnel Thomas Young <Td_colspan="2"> A rudimentary prototype of internal combustion piston engine . An early practical type of image projector and a precursor to both the modern slide projector and the movie projector . Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rings_of_Saturn&oldid=818528935 '' Categories : Rings of Saturn Planetary rings Astronomical objects discovered in 1610 Discoveries by Galileo Galilei Discoveries by Christiaan Huygens Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1. Rings of Saturn 2. Formation of main rings 3. Physical characteristics of the rings 4. Subdivisions and structures within the rings 5. History of the discovery of Saturn's rings

what year was the first season of stranger things

Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Stranger Things <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by The Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Awards and nominations 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="6"> After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as The Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited The Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , The Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and The Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Later that month , David Harbour said that the Duffers were still writing episodes for the season , and did not expect the season would release until 2019 . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , The Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , The Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , The Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with The Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to The Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , The Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 69 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 109 reviews ) 78 ( 32 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 69 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like The Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 109 reviews , and an average rating of 7.83 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and The Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , The Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Stranger Things Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Winona Ryder Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Nora Felder Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz , John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated New Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for a Television Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actor Noah Schnapp Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actor Gaten Matarazzo Nominated Caleb McLaughlin Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actress Natalia Dyer Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Shorty Awards Best TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Bram Stoker Award for Best Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Won Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won TCA Awards Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Drama Episode Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Paul Ditcher , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Main cast Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won World Soundtrack Awards Best TV Composer of the Year Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated HPA Awards Outstanding Editing -- Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Sound -- Television Craig Henigham , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Jordan Wilby , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth Caleb McLaughlin Won Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama Iain Paterson , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , The Duffer Brothers , Rand Geiger , Justin Doble Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Max Calder , Crystal Hooks , Kathryn Howard , Cal Johnson , Jason Kehler , Jo Jo Lambert , Anderson Martin , Lonnie R. Smith , Jr Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' , `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Pending Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Promo Bobby Gumm , Michael Paquette Pending Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Pending Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Pending Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Paul Graff , Christina Graff , Seth Hill , Joel Sevilla , Caius the Man `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Saul Galbiati , Michael Maher , Seth Cobb , Kate McFadden `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Bradley North , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Bradley North , Craig Hennigan , Jordan Wilby , Antony Zeller , Zane D. Bruce , Lindsay Pepper `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kim Wilcox Pending Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Michael P. Clark , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Bill Higley , Anthony Zeller `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Best Special Make - Up Effects -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including The Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar+ . August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics ' Dorian Award Nominations '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VO5 NME Awards 2017 - full winners ' list '' . NME . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guild of Music Supervisors Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . filmmusiccritics.org . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees -- Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shorty Awards 2017 : Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rebecca , Rubin ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` SAG Awards ' Stunt Ensemble Nominees Include Fallen ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Press Releases '' . socawards.com . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn S. ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of nominees for the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Reveal Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` I , Tonya , Get Out earn Costume Designers Guild nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guild Awards Nominations Announced '' . local706.org . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The New Legends of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Damnation ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) <Th_colspan="2"> Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Northern Exposure , season 1 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Milo Ventimiglia Watson Zeile <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stranger_Things&oldid=821827692 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2010s American mystery television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2016 American television series debuts Aftershows American science fiction television series American supernatural television series English - language television programs Fictional government investigations of the paranormal Horror drama television series Netflix original programming Parallel universes in fiction Psychic powers in fiction Telekinesis in fiction Television series set in 1983 Television series set in 1984 Television shows set in Indiana Thriller television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 21 : 33 . 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1. Stranger Things: A popular American science fiction-horror web television series 2. The Duffer Brothers: The creators and executive producers of Stranger Things 3. Hawkins, Indiana: The fictional town where the series is set in the 1980s 4. Upside Down: An alternate dimension that plays a significant role in the series 5. Characters: A diverse cast of characters, including Eleven, Will Byers, and Joyce By

who has the most professional golf tournament wins

List of golfers with Most PGA Tour wins - wikipedia List of golfers with Most PGA Tour wins This is a list of golfers who have won five or more official ( or later deemed as historically significant ) money events on the PGA Tour . It is led by Sam Snead with 82 wins , Tiger Woods with 80 , and Jack Nicklaus with 73 . Many players won important events early in the 20th century , well before a PGA Tour was officially established . The significance of many of these events was retrospectively established by golf historians , working together with PGA Tour staff , in the 1980s , during the course of a major statistical research project . The column for Major refers to so - called `` Professional Majors '' . The U.S. Amateur and the British Amateur were also considered to be majors for much of their history , but these championships are not considered here . Players under 50 years of age are shown in bold . During the last 30 years , only three players have won PGA Tour events after their 50th birthday . A golfer becomes eligible to compete on PGA Tour Champions , against other older players , at that age . Craig Stadler won in 2003 at age 50 , Fred Funk won in 2007 at age 50 , and Davis Love III won in 2015 at age 51 . Sam Snead is the oldest to win a PGA event , at age 52 , in 1965 . Others who have won PGA Tour events past age 50 include Jim Barnes , John Barnum , and Art Wall Jr . The rarity of golfers winning a non-senior event at that age is not restricted to the PGA Tour ; Miguel Ángel Jiménez is the only golfer to win a European Tour event after turning 50 , doing so in 2014 . Accumulating 20 wins is significant , because it is one of the requirements for `` life membership '' on the PGA Tour . This means that the golfer does not need to requalify for membership on the tour each year by finishing in the top 125 on the money list ( starting in 2013 , top 125 on the FedEx Cup points list ) , or through an exemption for tournament victories . Many golfers struggle to do this through their 40s , and go through a hiatus in their career before they qualify for the Champions Tour , but those with 20 wins avoid this problem . However , life members are required to maintain a certain ( relatively modest ) standard of play to retain their playing privileges : when they can no longer do so , they are moved into the `` Past champions '' membership category , effectively becoming honorary members . Some of the players on this list have won numerous events on other tours , in particular many of the non-Americans . Seve Ballesteros , for example , is shown with only nine PGA Tour wins , but five of them majors . He won an additional 45 European Tour events . A substantial number of players born from approximately 1930 to 1960 have won many PGA Tour Champions events , with some having significantly more wins on the senior circuit than on the regular PGA Tour ( notably Hale Irwin and Gil Morgan ) . The PGA Tour recognized The Open Championship as an official tour event in 1995 . In 2002 , it decided to classify Open Championship victories before 1995 as PGA Tour wins , and the victory tallies in the table reflect this amendment . Members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are indicated by H . Players with the same number of wins are listed alphabetically . The list is complete as of October 21 , 2018 . Rank Name Year of birth and death Country Wins Majors Winning span Span ( years ) Sam Snead H 1912 -- 2002 United States 82 7 1936 -- 1965 30 Tiger Woods 1975 -- United States 80 14 1996 -- 2018 23 Jack Nicklaus H 1940 -- United States 73 18 1962 -- 1986 25 Ben Hogan H 1912 -- 1997 United States 64 9 1938 -- 1959 22 5 Arnold Palmer H 1929 -- 2016 United States 62 7 1955 -- 1973 19 6 Byron Nelson H 1912 -- 2006 United States 52 5 1935 -- 1951 17 7 Billy Casper H 1931 -- 2015 United States 51 1956 -- 1975 20 8 Walter Hagen H 1892 -- 1969 United States 45 11 1914 -- 1936 23 9 Phil Mickelson H 1970 -- United States 43 5 1991 -- 2018 28 10 Cary Middlecoff H 1921 -- 1998 United States 40 1945 -- 1961 17 11 Gene Sarazen H 1902 -- 1999 United States 39 7 1922 -- 1941 20 Tom Watson H 1949 -- United States 39 8 1974 -- 1998 25 13 Lloyd Mangrum H 1914 -- 1973 United States 36 1940 -- 1956 17 14 Vijay Singh H 1963 -- Fiji 34 1993 -- 2008 16 15 Horton Smith H 1908 -- 1963 United States 32 1928 -- 1941 14 16 Harry Cooper H 1904 -- 2000 United States 31 0 1923 -- 1939 17 Jimmy Demaret H 1910 -- 1983 United States 31 1938 -- 1957 20 18 Leo Diegel H 1899 -- 1951 United States 30 1920 -- 1934 15 19 Gene Littler H 1930 -- United States 29 1954 -- 1977 24 Paul Runyan H 1908 -- 2002 United States 29 1930 -- 1941 12 Lee Trevino H 1939 -- United States 29 6 1968 -- 1984 17 22 Henry Picard H 1906 -- 1997 United States 26 1932 -- 1945 14 23 Tommy Armour H 1894 -- 1968 Scotland United States 25 1920 -- 1938 19 Johnny Miller H 1947 -- United States 25 1971 -- 1994 24 25 Gary Player H 1935 -- South Africa 24 9 1958 -- 1978 21 Macdonald Smith 1892 -- 1949 Scotland United States 24 0 1924 -- 1936 13 27 Johnny Farrell 1901 -- 1988 United States 22 1921 -- 1936 16 Raymond Floyd H 1942 -- United States 22 1963 -- 1992 30 29 Jim Barnes H 1886 -- 1966 England 21 1916 -- 1937 22 Davis Love III H 1964 -- United States 21 1987 -- 2015 29 Willie Macfarlane 1890 -- 1961 Scotland United States 21 1916 -- 1936 21 Lanny Wadkins H 1949 -- United States 21 1972 -- 1992 21 Craig Wood H 1901 -- 1968 United States 21 1928 -- 1944 17 34 Hale Irwin H 1945 -- United States 20 1971 -- 1994 24 Bill Mehlhorn 1898 -- 1989 United States 20 0 1923 -- 1930 8 Greg Norman H 1955 -- Australia 20 1984 -- 1997 14 Doug Sanders 1933 -- United States 20 0 1956 -- 1972 17 38 Ben Crenshaw H 1952 -- United States 19 1973 -- 1995 23 Ernie Els H 1969 -- South Africa 19 1994 -- 2012 19 Doug Ford H 1922 -- 2018 United States 19 1952 -- 1963 12 Hubert Green H 1946 -- 2018 United States 19 1971 -- 1985 15 Dustin Johnson 1984 -- United States 19 2008 -- 2018 11 Tom Kite H 1949 -- United States 19 1976 -- 1993 18 44 Julius Boros H 1920 -- 1994 United States 18 1952 -- 1968 17 Jim Ferrier 1915 -- 1986 Australia 18 1944 -- 1961 18 E.J. `` Dutch '' Harrison 1910 -- 1982 United States 18 0 1939 -- 1958 20 Nick Price H 1957 -- Zimbabwe 18 1983 -- 2002 20 Johnny Revolta 1911 -- 1991 United States 18 1933 -- 1944 12 49 Bobby Cruickshank 1894 -- 1975 Scotland 17 0 1921 -- 1936 16 Jim Furyk 1970 -- United States 17 1995 -- 2015 21 Harold `` Jug '' McSpaden 1908 -- 1996 United States 17 0 1933 -- 1945 13 Curtis Strange H 1955 -- United States 17 1979 -- 1989 11 53 Jack Burke Jr . H 1923 -- United States 16 1950 -- 1963 14 Ralph Guldahl H 1911 -- 1987 United States 16 1931 -- 1940 10 Mark O'Meara H 1957 -- United States 16 1984 -- 1998 15 Denny Shute H 1904 -- 1974 United States 16 1929 -- 1939 11 Tom Weiskopf 1942 -- United States 16 1968 -- 1982 15 58 Tommy Bolt H 1916 -- 2008 United States 15 1951 -- 1961 11 Fred Couples H 1959 -- United States 15 1983 -- 2003 21 Ed Dudley 1901 -- 1963 United States 15 0 1928 -- 1939 12 Bobby Locke H 1917 -- 1987 South Africa 15 1947 -- 1957 11 Corey Pavin 1959 -- United States 15 1984 -- 2006 23 Mike Souchak 1927 -- 2008 United States 15 0 1955 -- 1964 10 64 Bruce Crampton 1935 -- Australia 14 0 1961 -- 1975 15 Jock Hutchison H 1884 -- 1977 Scotland United States 14 1918 -- 1928 11 Rory McIlroy 1989 -- Northern Ireland 14 2010 -- 2018 9 Kenny Perry 1960 -- United States 14 0 1991 -- 2009 19 Hal Sutton 1958 -- United States 14 1982 -- 2001 20 Joe Turnesa 1901 -- 1991 United States 14 0 1924 -- 1933 10 Ken Venturi H 1931 -- 2013 United States 14 1957 -- 1966 10 Art Wall Jr . 1923 -- 2001 United States 14 1953 -- 1975 23 72 George Archer 1939 -- 2005 United States 13 1965 -- 1984 20 Billy Burke 1902 -- 1972 United States 13 1927 -- 1940 14 Mark Calcavecchia 1960 -- United States 13 1986 -- 2007 22 David Duval 1971 -- United States 13 1997 -- 2001 5 Dave Hill 1937 -- 2011 United States 13 0 1961 -- 1976 16 Joe Kirkwood Sr . 1897 -- 1970 Australia United States 13 0 1923 -- 1933 11 Bruce Lietzke 1951 -- 2018 United States 13 0 1977 -- 1994 18 Craig Stadler 1953 -- United States 13 1980 -- 2003 24 David Toms 1967 -- United States 13 1997 -- 2011 15 Adam Scott 1980 -- Australia 13 2003 -- 2016 14 82 Paul Azinger 1960 -- United States 12 1987 -- 2000 14 Jason Day 1987 -- Australia 12 2010 -- 2018 9 Zach Johnson 1976 -- United States 12 2004 -- 2015 12 Tony Lema 1934 -- 1966 United States 12 1962 -- 1966 5 Justin Leonard 1972 -- United States 12 1996 -- 2008 13 Wayne Levi 1952 -- United States 12 0 1978 -- 1990 13 Bobby Nichols 1936 -- United States 12 1962 -- 1974 13 Calvin Peete 1943 -- 2015 United States 12 0 1979 -- 1986 8 Steve Stricker 1967 -- United States 12 0 1996 -- 2012 17 Bubba Watson 1978 -- United States 12 2010 -- 2018 9 92 Miller Barber 1931 -- 2013 United States 11 0 1964 -- 1978 15 Andy Bean 1953 -- United States 11 0 1977 -- 1986 10 Frank Beard 1939 -- United States 11 0 1963 -- 1971 9 John Cook 1957 -- United States 11 0 1981 -- 2001 21 Dow Finsterwald 1929 -- United States 11 1955 -- 1963 9 Al Geiberger 1937 -- United States 11 1962 -- 1979 18 Vic Ghezzi 1910 -- 1976 United States 11 1935 -- 1948 14 Bob Goalby 1929 -- United States 11 1958 -- 1971 14 Scott Hoch 1955 -- United States 11 0 1980 -- 2003 24 Jordan Spieth 1993 -- United States 11 2013 -- 2017 5 Payne Stewart H 1957 -- 1999 United States 11 1982 -- 1999 18 103 Gay Brewer 1932 -- 2007 United States 10 1961 -- 1972 12 Olin Dutra 1901 -- 1983 United States 10 1929 -- 1936 8 Steve Elkington 1962 -- Australia 10 1990 -- 1999 10 David Frost 1959 -- South Africa 10 0 1988 -- 1997 10 Sergio García 1980 -- Spain 10 2001 -- 2017 17 Don January 1929 -- United States 10 1956 -- 1976 21 Ky Laffoon 1908 -- 1984 United States 10 0 1933 -- 1946 14 John Mahaffey 1948 -- United States 10 1973 -- 1989 17 Mark McCumber 1951 -- United States 10 0 1979 -- 1994 16 Dick Metz 1908 -- 1993 United States 10 0 1935 -- 1949 15 Larry Nelson H 1947 -- United States 10 1979 -- 1988 10 Dave Stockton 1941 -- United States 10 1967 -- 1976 10 Fuzzy Zoeller 1951 -- United States 10 1979 -- 1986 8 116 Stuart Appleby 1971 -- Australia 9 0 1997 -- 2010 14 Seve Ballesteros H 1957 -- 2011 Spain 9 5 1978 -- 1988 11 Mike Brady 1887 -- 1972 United States 9 0 1916 -- 1926 11 Wiffy Cox 1896 -- 1969 United States 9 0 1930 -- 1937 8 Al Espinosa 1891 -- 1957 United States 9 0 1924 -- 1935 12 Nick Faldo H 1957 -- England 9 6 1984 -- 1997 14 Johnny Golden 1896 -- 1936 United States 9 0 1927 -- 1935 9 Jay Haas 1953 -- United States 9 0 1978 -- 1993 16 Jimmy Hines 1903 -- 1986 United States 9 0 1933 -- 1946 14 Bobby Jones H 1902 -- 1971 United States 9 7 1923 -- 1930 8 Willie Klein 1901 -- 1957 United States 9 0 1922 -- 1936 15 Justin Rose 1980 -- England 9 2010 -- 2018 9 Brandt Snedeker 1980 -- United States 9 0 2007 -- 2018 12 Justin Thomas 1993 -- United States 9 2015 -- 2018 130 K.J. Choi 1970 -- South Korea 8 0 2002 -- 2011 10 Jim Colbert 1941 -- United States 8 0 1969 -- 1983 15 Roberto De Vicenzo H 1923 -- 2017 Argentina 8 1951 -- 1968 18 Bruce Devlin 1937 -- Australia 8 0 1964 -- 1972 9 Dave Douglas 1918 -- 1978 United States 8 0 1947 -- 1954 8 Brad Faxon 1961 -- United States 8 0 1991 -- 2005 15 Fred Funk 1956 -- United States 8 0 1992 -- 2007 16 David Graham H 1946 -- Australia 8 1972 -- 1983 12 Lee Janzen 1964 -- United States 8 1992 -- 1998 7 Steve Jones 1958 -- United States 8 1988 -- 1998 11 George Knudson 1937 -- 1989 Canada 8 0 1961 -- 1972 12 Ted Kroll 1919 -- 2002 United States 8 0 1952 -- 1962 11 Lawson Little H 1910 -- 1968 United States 8 1936 -- 1948 13 Tony Manero 1905 -- 1989 United States 8 1929 -- 1938 10 Geoff Ogilvy 1977 -- Australia 8 2005 -- 2014 10 Ed Oliver 1916 -- 1961 United States 8 0 1940 -- 1958 19 Jerry Pate 1953 -- United States 8 1976 -- 1982 7 Loren Roberts 1955 -- United States 8 0 1994 -- 2002 9 Chi - Chi Rodríguez H 1935 -- Puerto Rico United States 8 0 1963 -- 1979 17 J.C. Snead 1940 -- United States 8 0 1971 -- 1987 17 Bob Tway 1959 -- United States 8 1986 -- 2003 18 Al Watrous 1899 -- 1983 United States 8 0 1922 -- 1933 12 Mike Weir 1970 -- Canada 8 1999 -- 2007 9 153 Jerry Barber 1916 -- 1994 United States 7 1953 -- 1963 11 Mark Brooks 1961 -- United States 7 1988 -- 1996 9 Clarence Clark 1907 -- 1974 United States 7 0 1931 -- 1936 6 Gardner Dickinson 1927 -- 1998 United States 7 0 1956 -- 1971 16 Bill Glasson 1960 -- United States 7 0 1985 -- 1997 13 Retief Goosen H 1969 -- South Africa 7 2001 -- 2009 9 Clarence Hackney 1894 -- 1941 Scotland United States 7 0 1923 -- 1931 9 Chick Harbert 1915 -- 1992 United States 7 1941 -- 1954 14 Chandler Harper 1923 -- 1997 United States 7 1942 -- 1955 14 Jay Hebert 1923 -- 1997 United States 7 1957 -- 1961 5 John Huston 1961 -- United States 7 0 1990 -- 2003 14 Peter Jacobsen 1954 -- United States 7 0 1980 -- 2003 24 Matt Kuchar 1978 -- United States 7 0 2002 -- 2014 13 Billy Maxwell 1929 -- United States 7 0 1955 -- 1962 8 Dick Mayer 1924 -- 1989 United States 7 1953 -- 1965 13 Gil Morgan 1946 -- United States 7 0 1977 -- 1990 14 Johnny Palmer 1918 -- 2006 United States 7 0 1946 -- 1954 9 Scott Simpson 1955 -- United States 7 1980 -- 1998 19 Joey Sindelar 1958 -- United States 7 0 1985 -- 2004 20 Harry Vardon H 1870 -- 1937 Jersey 7 7 1896 -- 1914 19 Bert Yancey 1938 -- 1994 United States 7 0 1966 -- 1972 7 174 Sammy Byrd 1906 -- 1981 United States 6 0 1942 -- 1945 Bob Charles H 1936 -- New Zealand 6 1963 -- 1974 12 Stewart Cink 1973 -- United States 6 1997 -- 2009 13 Henry Ciuci 1903 -- 1986 United States 6 0 1928 -- 1931 Ed Furgol 1917 -- 1997 United States 6 1947 -- 1957 11 Bob Gilder 1950 -- United States 6 0 1976 -- 1983 8 Lou Graham 1938 -- United States 6 1967 -- 1979 13 Bill Haas 1982 -- United States 6 0 2010 -- 2015 6 Paul Harney 1929 -- 2011 United States 6 0 1957 -- 1972 16 Pádraig Harrington 1971 -- Ireland 6 2005 -- 2015 11 Willie Hunter 1892 -- 1968 Scotland United States 6 0 192 ? -- 1936 ~ 11 Gary Koch 1952 -- United States 6 0 1976 -- 1988 13 Bob Lunn 1945 -- United States 6 0 1968 -- 1972 5 Sandy Lyle H 1958 -- Scotland 6 1985 -- 1988 Hunter Mahan 1982 -- United States 6 0 2007 -- 2014 8 Rocco Mediate 1962 -- United States 6 0 1991 -- 2010 20 José María Olazábal H 1966 -- Spain 6 1990 -- 2002 13 Steve Pate 1961 -- United States 6 0 1987 -- 1998 12 Patrick Reed 1990 -- United States 6 2013 -- 2018 6 Bill Rogers 1951 -- United States 6 1978 -- 1983 6 Bob Rosburg 1926 -- 2009 United States 6 1954 -- 1972 19 Rory Sabbatini 1976 -- South Africa 6 0 2000 -- 2011 12 Dan Sikes 1929 -- 1987 United States 6 0 1963 -- 1968 6 Jeff Sluman 1957 -- United States 6 1988 -- 2002 15 Henrik Stenson 1976 -- Sweden 6 2007 -- 2017 11 Frank Stranahan 1922 -- 2013 United States 6 0 1945 -- 1958 14 Peter Thomson H 1929 -- 2018 Australia 6 5 1954 -- 1965 12 Mike Turnesa 1907 -- 2000 United States 6 0 1931 -- 1949 19 Cyril Walker 1892 -- 1948 England United States 6 1917 -- 1930 14 Jimmy Walker 1979 -- United States 6 2013 -- 2016 Bo Wininger 1922 -- 1967 United States 6 0 1955 -- 1963 9 Lew Worsham 1917 -- 1990 United States 6 1946 -- 1953 8 206 Buddy Allin 1944 -- 2007 United States 5 0 1971 -- 1976 6 James Braid H 1870 -- 1950 Scotland 5 5 1901 -- 1910 10 Jonathan Byrd 1978 -- United States 5 0 2002 -- 2011 10 Pete Cooper 1914 -- 1993 United States 5 0 1949 -- 1958 10 Ben Crane 1976 -- United States 5 0 2003 -- 2014 12 John Daly 1966 -- United States 5 1991 -- 2004 14 Luke Donald 1977 -- England 5 0 2002 -- 2012 11 Jason Dufner 1977 -- United States 5 2012 -- 2017 6 Danny Edwards 1951 -- United States 5 0 1977 -- 1985 9 Dan Forsman 1958 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 2002 18 Marty Furgol 1916 -- 2005 United States 5 0 1951 -- 1959 9 Jim Gallagher Jr . 1961 -- United States 5 0 1990 -- 1995 6 Ken Green 1958 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 1989 5 Fred Haas 1916 -- 2004 United States 5 0 1945 -- 1954 10 Bob Hamilton 1916 -- 1990 United States 5 1944 -- 1949 6 Jerry Heard 1947 -- United States 5 0 1971 -- 1978 8 Lionel Hebert 1928 -- 2000 United States 5 1957 -- 1966 10 Billy Horschel 1986 -- United States 5 0 2013 -- 2018 6 Herman Keiser 1914 -- 2003 United States 5 1942 -- 1947 6 Brooks Koepka 1990 -- United States 5 2015 -- 2018 Tom Lehman 1959 -- United States 5 1994 -- 2000 7 Roger Maltbie 1951 -- United States 5 0 1975 -- 1985 11 Ray Mangrum 1910 -- 1975 United States 5 0 1936 -- 1946 11 Hideki Matsuyama 1992 -- Japan 5 0 2014 -- 2017 Billy Mayfair 1966 -- United States 5 0 1993 -- 1998 6 Blaine McCallister 1958 -- United States 5 0 1988 -- 1993 6 Ryan Moore 1982 -- United States 5 0 2009 -- 2016 8 Bob Murphy 1943 -- United States 5 0 1968 -- 1986 19 Gilbert Nicholls 1878 -- 1950 England United States 5 0 191 ? -- 1927 ~ 11 Jesper Parnevik 1965 -- Sweden 5 0 1998 -- 2001 Carl Pettersson 1977 -- Sweden 5 0 2005 -- 2012 8 Johnny Pott 1935 -- United States 5 0 1960 -- 1968 9 Tom Purtzer 1951 -- United States 5 0 1977 -- 1991 15 Henry Ransom 1911 -- 1987 United States 5 0 1946 -- 1955 10 Phil Rodgers 1938 -- 2018 United States 5 0 1962 -- 1966 5 Mason Rudolph 1934 -- 2011 United States 5 0 1959 -- 1970 12 Webb Simpson 1985 -- United States 5 2011 -- 2018 8 John Henry Taylor H 1871 -- 1963 England 5 5 1894 -- 1913 20 Bob Toski 1926 -- United States 5 0 1953 -- 1954 Scott Verplank 1964 -- United States 5 0 1985 -- 2007 23 George Von Elm 1901 -- 1961 United States 5 0 19 ? ? -- 1938 ~ 10 Nick Watney 1981 -- United States 5 0 2007 -- 2012 6 D.A. Weibring 1953 -- United States 5 0 1979 -- 1996 18 Mark Wilson 1974 -- United States 5 0 2007 -- 2012 6 ^ Harry Cooper was born in England , but grew up in Dallas , Texas , and became a U.S. citizen before starting his professional career . However , he was not allowed to compete for the U.S. in the Ryder Cup . U.S. citizens born outside the country , even if they were born with only U.S. citizenship , were not eligible to represent the U.S. in the Ryder Cup until 2002 . Even today , those who naturalize after age 18 are ineligible for Team USA . ^ Jim Barnes was born in England , but became a U.S. citizen soon after moving to the United States in 1906 . See also ( edit ) List of longest PGA Tour win streaks Most PGA Tour wins in a year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most all - time PGA Tour Wins '' . PGA Tour , Inc . December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Career Wins on the PGA Tour '' . About.com . December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barkow , Al ( November 1989 ) . The History of the PGA TOUR . Doubleday . pp. 200 -- 298 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 26145 - 4 . <Th_colspan="2"> Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors ( Grand Slam ) Men Masters Tournament Augusta National Golf Club U.S. Open The Open Championship venues Claret Jug PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown PGA Cup Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 1999 2000 -- 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Triple Crown Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games <Td_colspan="2"> Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_golfers_with_most_PGA_Tour_wins&oldid=865092355 '' Categories : PGA Tour PGA Tour golfers Golf records and rankings Lists of male golfers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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1. Golfers with most PGA Tour wins 2. Sam Snead, Tiger Woods, and Jack Nicklaus 3. Major championships in golf 4. PGA Tour Champions 5. Life membership on the PGA Tour

where is the womens college world series being played

Women 's College World Series - wikipedia Women 's College World Series The Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) is the final portion of the NCAA Division I Softball Championship for college softball in the United States . The tournament format consists of two four - team double - elimination brackets . The winners of each bracket then compete in a best - of - three series to determine the Division I WCWS National Champion . The WCWS takes place at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City . From 1969 to 1981 , the women 's collegiate softball championship was also known as the Women 's College World Series and was promoted as such . During 1969 -- 1979 , the series was played in Omaha , and in 1980 -- 1982 in Norman , Oklahoma . The NCAA held its first six Division I tournaments in Omaha in 1982 -- 1987 , followed by Sunnyvale , California in 1988 -- 1989 . The event has been held in Oklahoma City every year since then , except for 1996 in Columbus , Georgia . Softball was one of twelve women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 -- 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the AIAW for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve ( and other ) sports . The 1982 softball championship tournaments of both the AIAW and the NCAA were called `` Women 's College World Series . '' However , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership . Contents 1 Division I 1.1 NCAA 1.2 AIAW 1.3 NCAA team titles by school 1.4 AIAW team titles by school 1.5 Championships & appearances by school 1.6 Championships & appearances by conference 2 See also 3 References Division I ( edit ) NCAA ( edit ) Year Champion Title Series Score Runner - up <Td_colspan="2"> Tie - 3rd <Td_colspan="2"> Tie - 5th <Td_colspan="2"> Tie - 7th 1982 UCLA WCAA 2 -- 0 ( 8 inn ) Fresno State NorPac Cal St. Fullerton WCAA Arizona State WCAA Nebraska Big Eight Western Michigan MAC Creighton Gateway Oklahoma State Big Eight Texas A&M Southwest 2 -- 0 ( 12 inn ) Cal State Fullerton WCAA UCLA WCAA South Carolina Independent Louisiana Tech Southland Pacific NorPac Indiana Big Ten Missouri Big Eight 1984 UCLA WCAA 1 -- 0 ( 13 inn ) Texas A&M Southwest Northwestern Big Ten Nebraska Big Eight Adelphi Atlantic 10 Fresno State NorPac Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Utah State High Country 1985 2 -- 1 ( 9 inn ) Nebraska * Big Eight Cal St. Fullerton PCAA Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Adelphi Atlantic 10 Northwestern Big Ten Louisiana Tech Southland Utah High Country 1986 Cal State Fullerton PCAA 3 -- 0 Texas A&M Southwest California NorPac Indiana Big Ten Creighton Gateway Long Beach State PCAA Louisiana Tech Southland Northwestern Big Ten Texas A&M Southwest 4 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Cal St. Fullerton PCAA Nebraska Big Eight Central Michigan MAC Fresno State PCAA Arizona State Pac - 10 Florida State Metro 1988 UCLA Pac - 10 3 -- 0 Fresno State PCAA Arizona Pac - 10 Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Nebraska Big Eight Texas A&M Southwest Aldelphi Atlantic 10 Northern Illinois North Star 1989 1 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Oklahoma State Big Eight Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Oregon Pac - 10 South Carolina Metro Toledo MAC 1990 2 -- 0 Florida State Metro Oklahoma State Big Eight Long Beach State Big West UNLV Big West Arizona Pac - 10 Kent State MAC 1991 Arizona Pac - 10 5 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State Big West Long Beach State Big West Florida State Metro Missouri Big Eight UNLV Big West Utah WAC 1992 UCLA Pac - 10 2 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Fresno State Big West Massachusetts Atlantic 10 California Pac - 10 Long Beach State Big West Florida State ACC Kansas Big Eight 1993 Arizona Pac - 10 1 -- 0 UCLA Pac - 10 Southwestern Louisiana Sun Belt Oklahoma State Big Eight Cal St. Northridge WAC Connecticut Big East Florida State ACC Long Beach State Big West 1994 4 -- 0 Cal State Northridge WAC Oklahoma State Big Eight UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Utah WAC Illinois -- Chicago Mid-Con Missouri Big Eight 1995 UCLA * * Pac - 10 4 -- 2 Arizona Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten UNLV Big West Cal St. Fullerton Big West SW Louisiana Sun Belt Michigan Big Ten Princeton Ivy Arizona Pac - 10 6 -- 4 Washington Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten UCLA Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 SW Louisiana Sun Belt Michigan Big Ten Princeton Ivy 1997 10 -- 2 ( 5 inn ) UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Washington Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten Michigan Big Ten Massachusetts Atlantic 10 South Carolina SEC 1998 Fresno State WAC 1 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Oklahoma State Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Nebraska Big 12 Massachusetts Atlantic 10 Texas Big 12 1999 UCLA Pac - 10 3 -- 2 Washington Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA Arizona Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Arizona State Pac - 10 Southern Miss Conference USA 2000 Oklahoma Big 12 3 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Southern Miss Conference USA Alabama SEC Washington Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA 2001 Arizona Pac - 10 1 -- 0 UCLA Pac - 10 LSU SEC Stanford Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 Oklahoma Big 12 Iowa Big Ten Michigan Big Ten 2002 California Pac - 10 6 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Arizona State Pac - 10 Florida State ACC Nebraska Big 12 UCLA Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Oklahoma Big 12 2003 UCLA Pac - 10 1 -- 0 ( 9 inn ) California Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Texas Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 Alabama SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt 3 -- 1 LSU SEC Stanford Pac - 10 Florida State ACC Oklahoma Big 12 Michigan Big Ten Washington Pac - 10 2005 * * * Michigan Big Ten 0 -- 5 5 -- 2 4 -- 1 ( 10 inn ) UCLA Pac - 10 Tennessee SEC Texas Big 12 Alabama SEC Arizona Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA 2006 Arizona Pac - 10 8 -- 0 5 -- 0 Northwestern Big Ten Tennessee SEC UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona State Pac - 10 Texas Big 12 Alabama SEC Oregon State Pac - 10 2007 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 ( 10 inn ) 5 -- 0 Tennessee SEC Northwestern Big Ten Washington Pac - 10 Baylor Big 12 DePaul Big East Arizona State Pac - 10 Texas A&M Big 12 2008 Arizona State Pac - 10 3 -- 0 11 -- 0 Texas A&M Big 12 Alabama SEC Florida SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Virginia Tech ACC 2009 Washington Pac - 10 8 -- 0 3 -- 2 Florida SEC Alabama SEC Georgia SEC Arizona Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Arizona State Pac - 10 Missouri Big 12 UCLA Pac - 10 6 -- 5 ( 8 inn ) 15 -- 9 Arizona Pac - 10 Georgia SEC Tennessee SEC Florida SEC Hawaii WAC Missouri Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 2011 Arizona State Pac - 10 14 -- 4 7 -- 2 Florida SEC Alabama SEC Baylor Big 12 California Pac - 10 Missouri Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Oklahoma State Big 12 2012 Alabama SEC 1 -- 4 8 -- 6 5 -- 4 Oklahoma Big 12 California Pac - 12 Arizona State Pac - 12 Oregon Pac - 12 LSU SEC South Florida Big East Tennessee SEC 2013 Oklahoma Big 12 5 -- 3 ( 12 inn ) 4 -- 0 Tennessee SEC Washington Pac - 12 Texas Big 12 Michigan Big Ten Florida SEC Arizona State Pac - 12 Nebraska Big Ten 2014 Florida SEC 5 -- 0 6 -- 3 Alabama SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Baylor Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Kentucky SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt Florida State ACC 2015 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 Michigan Big Ten Auburn SEC LSU SEC UCLA Pac - 12 Alabama SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Tennessee SEC 2016 Oklahoma Big 12 3 -- 2 7 -- 11 ( 8 inn ) 2 -- 1 Auburn SEC Florida State ACC LSU SEC Michigan Big Ten Georgia SEC Alabama SEC UCLA Pac - 12 2017 7 - 5 ( 17 inn ) 5 - 4 Florida SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Washington Pac - 12 LSU SEC UCLA Pac - 12 Baylor Big 12 Texas A&M SEC 2018 Florida State ACC 1 - 0 8 - 3 Washington Pac - 12 UCLA Pac - 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Oregon Pac - 12 Florida SEC Georgia SEC Arizona State Pac - 12 * Nebraska 's runner - up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA . * * The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations . Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland , Australia midway through the 1995 season . After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship , Harding , the MVP of the tournament , returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit . Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding , the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns . * * * Beginning in 2005 , a best - of - three series determines the national championship . AIAW ( edit ) From 1969 -- 1972 , the DGWS ( forerunner organization of the AIAW ) recognized the WCWS , organized by the Amateur Softball Association , as the collegiate championship tournament . The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973 . Year Champion Title Series Game Score ( s ) Runner - up 1969 John F. Kennedy College 2 -- 0 Illinois State 1970 0 -- 2 7 -- 6 Southwest Missouri State 1971 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 Iowa State 1972 Arizona State 0 -- 1 8 -- 5 ( 11 inn ) University of Tokyo -- Nihon 1973 0 -- 4 4 -- 3 ( 16 inn ) Illinois State Southwest Missouri State 14 -- 7 Northern Colorado Nebraska Omaha 1 -- 11 6 -- 4 Northern Iowa 1976 Michigan State 3 -- 0 Northern Colorado 1977 Northern Iowa 0 -- 1 ( 9 inn ) 7 -- 0 Arizona 1978 UCLA 3 -- 0 Northern Colorado 1979 Texas Woman 's 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UCLA 1980 Utah State 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Indiana 1981 1 -- 6 4 -- 3 Cal State Fullerton 1982 Texas A&M 4 -- 1 5 -- 3 ( 8 inn ) Oklahoma State Jump up ^ Officially named the `` AIAW Division I National Softball Championship . '' Jump up ^ Officially named the `` AIAW College Softball World Series . '' NCAA team titles by school ( edit ) School Number Year Won UCLA 11 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 Arizona 8 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2000 , 2013 , 2016 , 2017 Arizona State 2008 , 2011 Texas A&M 1983 , 1987 Florida 2014 , 2015 Alabama 2012 Cal State Fullerton 1986 Florida State 2018 Fresno State 1998 Michigan 2005 Washington 2009 California 2002 <Td_colspan="3"> * UCLA also won the 1995 title , but it has since been vacated by the NCAA ; see above . AIAW team titles by school ( edit ) From 1969 -- 1972 , the DGWS ( forerunner organization of the AIAW ) recognized the WCWS , organized by the Amateur Softball Association , as the collegiate championship tournament . The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973 . School Championships Years John F. Kennedy College ( Nebraska ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 ( all DGWS ) Arizona State 1972 ( DGWS ) , 1973 Utah State 1980 , 1981 Florida State 1981 , 1982 ( both Slow Pitch ) ( Southwest ) Missouri State Nebraska Omaha Michigan State 1976 Northern Iowa 1977 UCLA 1978 Texas Woman 's 1979 Texas A&M 1982 Championships & appearances by school ( edit ) Color coded by current conference ; table is sortable Bold indicates team championship School Championships ( through 2018 ) Title Games ( through 2018 ) WCWS Appearances ( through 2018 ) WCWS Appearances ( through 2018 ) UCLA 12 21 30 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Arizona 8 14 26 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 Arizona State 19 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2018 California 15 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1986 , 1992 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Oklahoma 5 16 1975 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Fresno State 5 12 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 Michigan 13 1982 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Texas A&M 6 11 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 2007 , 2008 , 2017 Washington 12 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 , 2018 Northern Colorado 0 11 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 Oklahoma State 0 11 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1982 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2011 South Carolina 0 0 11 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1989 , 1997 Alabama 11 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 ( Southwest ) Missouri State 10 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 ( Nebraska -- ) Omaha 10 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 Nebraska 0 0 9 1970 , 1971 , 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1998 , 2002 , 2013 Cal State Fullerton 8 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 1987 , 1995 Illinois State 0 8 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1976 , 1978 , 1981 Western Illinois 0 0 8 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 Florida State 10 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 Florida 5 9 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 Tennessee 0 7 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 Missouri 0 0 7 1981 , 1983 , 1991 , 1994 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Cal Poly Pomona 0 0 7 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1989 Kansas 0 0 7 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1992 Michigan State 6 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1981 Louisiana ( Lafayette ) 0 0 6 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 2003 , 2008 , 2014 Oregon 0 0 7 1976 , 1980 , 1989 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 Massachusetts 0 0 6 1974 , 1978 , 1980 , 1992 , 1997 , 1998 Long Beach State 0 0 5 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Northwestern 0 5 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 2006 , 2007 Texas 0 0 5 1998 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2013 Utah 0 0 5 1976 , 1982 , 1985 , 1991 , 1994 Creighton 0 0 5 1969 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1986 Wayne State ( NE ) 0 0 5 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 Utah State 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 Northern Iowa 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 Indiana 0 1979 , 1980 , 1983 , 1986 DePaul 0 0 1999 , 2000 , 2005 , 2007 Iowa 0 0 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 LSU 0 0 6 2001 , 2004 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Oregon State 0 0 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 2006 Southern Illinois ( Carbondale ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1977 , 1978 South Dakota State 0 0 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 Luther ( IA ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 John F. Kennedy ( NE ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 Texas Woman 's 1975 , 1978 , 1979 Baylor 0 0 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 Louisiana Tech 0 0 1983 , 1985 , 1986 Adelphi 0 0 1984 , 1985 , 1988 UNLV 0 0 1990 , 1991 , 1995 Western Michigan 0 0 1980 , 1981 , 1982 Kearney State ( NE ) 0 0 1969 , 1970 , 1971 Minot State 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1972 Emporia State 0 0 1971 , 1972 , 1979 Weber State 0 0 1973 , 1974 , 1975 North Dakota State 0 0 1973 , 1974 , 1975 Iowa State 0 1971 , 1973 Cal State -- Northridge 0 1993 , 1994 Georgia 0 0 5 2009 , 2010 , 2016 , 2018 Princeton 0 0 1995 , 1996 Southern Miss 0 0 1999 , 2000 Stanford 0 0 2001 , 2004 Central Michigan 0 0 1982 , 1987 Minnesota -- Duluth 0 0 1970 , 1971 Midland Lutheran ( NE ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 New Mexico 0 0 1980 , 1981 Rutgers 0 0 1979 , 1981 Concordia ( NE ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 Upper Iowa 0 0 1970 , 1971 Eastern Illinois 0 0 1971 , 1974 Central Missouri 0 0 1971 , 1972 Ball State 0 0 1973 , 1975 Indiana State 0 0 1974 , 1976 East Stroudsburg State ( PA ) 0 0 1975 , 1976 Northern State ( SD ) 0 0 1975 , 1976 Texas -- Arlington 0 0 1976 , 1977 Sacramento State 0 0 1976 , 1977 Minnesota 0 0 1976 , 1978 Auburn 0 0 2015 , 2016 Connecticut 0 0 1993 Hawaii 0 0 Illinois -- Chicago 0 0 1994 Kent State 0 0 1990 Kentucky 0 0 2014 Northern Illinois 0 0 1988 Pacific ( CA ) 0 0 South Florida 0 0 2012 Toledo 0 0 1989 Virginia Tech 0 0 2008 St. Petersburg Junior College ( FL ) 0 0 1969 Black Hills State ( SD ) 0 0 1969 Midwestern ( IA ) 0 0 1970 Parsons ( IA ) 0 0 1971 Wartburg ( IA ) 0 0 1971 Wisconsin State University -- Eau Claire 0 0 1971 South Dakota 0 0 1971 Southwest Baptist ( MO ) 0 0 1971 Buena Vista ( IA ) 0 0 1971 Simpson ( IA ) 0 0 1971 University of Tokyo -- Nihon 0 1972 Keene State ( NH ) 0 0 1972 Purdue 0 0 1972 West Georgia 0 0 Golden West College ( CA ) 0 0 Winona State ( MN ) 0 0 Nassau Community College ( NY ) 0 0 Oregon College of Education 0 0 Northwest Missouri State 0 0 Ohio 0 0 Mankato State ( MN ) 0 0 Tarkio ( MO ) 0 0 1976 Northwestern Oklahoma State 0 0 1976 Mayville State ( ND ) 0 0 1976 West Chester ( PA ) 0 0 1977 Springfield ( MA ) 0 0 1977 Portland State 0 0 1978 Stephen F. Austin 0 0 1978 Chapman ( CA ) 0 0 1979 Pittsburgh 0 0 2015 New Mexico State 0 0 1981 Ohio State 0 0 1982 Rhode Island 0 0 1982 U.S. International ( CA ) 0 0 1982 UCLA 's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska 's 1985 runner - up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted ^ Jump up to : NCAA WCWS participant in 1982 , when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name ^ Jump up to : AIAW WCWS participant in 1982 , when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name Championships & appearances by Conference ( edit ) This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women 's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 ( both Division I tournaments in 1982 -- AIAW and NCAA -- were called `` Women 's College World Series '' ) . Conference Championships ( Through 2017 ) Title Game / Series Appearances ( Through 2017 ) WCWS Appearances ( Through 2017 ) Pac - 12 23 36 82 SEC 10 40 Big 12 5 30 Big Ten 23 Big West 19 Big Eight 12 WAC 11 Atlantic 10 6 Southwest 5 ACC 9 Conference USA 5 Sun Belt 6 CCAA MAC Metro Southland Big East Ivy Missouri Valley Independent Summit League NorPac North Star WCAA 6 Notes Jump up ^ UCLA 's 1995 WCWS participation & title were vacated by the NCAA , and are not included in these figures ; see above . The Pac - 12 , which adopted its current name on July 1 , 2011 , retains all historical records from its years as the Pac - 10 . The conference had adopted the `` Pac - 10 '' name in 1978 , but did not begin sponsoring women 's sports until the 1986 -- 87 school year . Jump up ^ The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association until July 1988 . Totals include all appearances by conference members under both names , but includes only appearances after the conference began sponsoring women 's sports in 1984 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Nebraska 's 1985 WCWS participation & title game appearance were vacated by the NCAA , and are not included in these totals . The Big Eight merged with four teams from the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 in 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Conference is now defunct . Jump up ^ The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) did not sponsor women 's sports until the 1990 -- 91 academic year , after absorbing the High Country Athletic Conference ( HCAC ) , a parallel women 's - only conference . The WAC maintains all historic records from the HCAC ; totals include Utah State 's 1984 and Utah 's 1985 appearances while in the HCAC . Jump up ^ Texas A&M won two titles , made four title game appearances and five WCWS appearances while they were still members of the Southwest Conference . This conference is now defunct . Texas A&M was a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996 , but left for the Southeastern Conference in July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Following the breakup of the Metro in 1991 by Florida State , South Carolina , Cincinnati , and Memphis , the Metro and its breakaway Great Midwest Conference reunified in 1995 as Conference USA . Jump up ^ Although the charter of the original Big East Conference was inherited by the American Athletic Conference following the 2013 Big East split , the current Big East Conference maintains all athletic records of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors . Jump up ^ Records include those of the former Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference when it was originally a women 's - only conference parallel to the MVC . In 1985 , after the MVC stopped sponsoring football , the Gateway took on football as its only men 's sport . In 1992 , the women 's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC , which maintains all historic records of Gateway women 's sports . The football side of the conference maintained the Gateway charter , first as the Gateway Football Conference and now the Missouri Valley Football Conference . Jump up ^ The Mid-Continent Conference adopted its current name of The Summit League in June 2007 . Jump up ^ The NorPac , in full the Northern Pacific Conference , was a women 's - only conference that operated from 1982 to 1986 . The conference disbanded when the then - Pac - 10 , home to five of the final seven NorPac members , began sponsoring women 's sports in 1986 -- 87 . The remaining two schools , which were members of the PCAA for men 's sports , moved their women 's sports to that conference . Jump up ^ The North Star Conference was a women 's - only conference that merged into the Mid-Continent Conference , now The Summit League , in 1992 . The Summit maintains all historic records of North Star sports . Jump up ^ The WCAA , in full the Western Collegiate Athletic Association , was a women 's - only conference that operated from 1981 to 1986 . Its final five members were all members of the conference known at the time as the Pac - 10 , and moved their women 's sports to that league . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I softball programs Women 's College World Series Most Outstanding Player College softball NCAA Division I Softball Championship NCAA Division II Softball Championship NCAA Division III Softball Championship AIAW Intercollegiate Women 's Softball Champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mary L. Littlewood ( 1998 ) . Women 's Fastpitch Softball -- The Path to the Gold , An Historical Look at Women 's Fastpitch in the United States ( first ed . ) . National Fastpitch Coaches Association , Columbia , Missouri . pp. 145 , 208 . ISBN 0 - 9664310 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Grundy , Pamela & Shackelford , Susan ( 2005 ) . Shattering the Glass . The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 822 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Plummer , William ; Floyd , Larry C. ( 2013 ) . A Series Of Their Own : History Of The Women 's College World Series . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , United States : Turnkey Communications Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9893007 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Starr , Mark ( June 12 , 1995 ) . `` No Credit For UCLA '' . Newsweek . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( June 12 , 1995 ) . `` Ringer From Down Under '' . Sports Illustrated . <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Women 's College World Series <Td_colspan="2"> 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Most Outstanding Players <Th_colspan="2"> AIAW Women 's College World Series <Td_colspan="2"> 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 <Td_colspan="2"> Most Outstanding Players <Th_colspan="3"> National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women <Td_colspan="3"> Events listed in italics have been discontinued . <Th_colspan="2"> Major women 's sport leagues in North America Women 's basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Women 's American Basketball Association ( WABA ) Women 's Blue Chip Basketball League ( WBCBL ) American Basketball League ( defunct ) National Women 's Basketball League ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Basketball League ( defunct ) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III NAIA U Sports Women 's ice hockey Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) National Women 's Hockey League ( NWHL ) Western Women 's Hockey League ( defunct ) NCAA Women 's Ice Hockey Tournament NCAA Division III women 's ice hockey ( NCAA ) U Sports women 's ice hockey Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Liga MX Femenil Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Femenil NCAA Women 's Soccer Championship NAIA Women 's Soccer Championship U Sports women 's soccer Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( defunct ) Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( defunct ) Women 's League Soccer ( WLS ) ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( defunct ) USL W - League ( defunct ) Women 's softball National Pro Fastpitch ( NPF ) NCAA Division I Softball Tournament Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) NAIA Softball Championship Women 's gridiron football Independent Women 's Football League ( IWFL ) Women 's Football Alliance ( WFA ) United States Women 's Football League ( USWFL ) Legends Football League ( LFL ) Maritime Women 's Football League ( MWFL ) Western Women 's Canadian Football League ( WWCFL ) LFL Canada ( LFL ) American Football Women 's League ( AFWL ) ( defunct ) Women 's American Football League ( WAFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football Association ( WFA ) ( defunct ) Ladies Tackle Football League ( LTFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football League ( WFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Football League ( WPFL ) ( defunct ) National Women 's Football Association ( NWFA ) ( defunct ) Other sports Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) National Ringette League ( NRL ) United Women 's Lacrosse League ( UWLX ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship NCAA Bowling Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Cross Country Championship NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Golf Championships NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Swimming and Diving Championships NCAA Women 's Tennis Championship NCAA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Water Polo Championship National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA Women 's Cross Country Championship NAIA Women 's Golf Championship NAIA Women 's Swimming and Diving Championships NAIA Women 's Tennis Championship NAIA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Volleyball Championship NAIA lacrosse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_College_World_Series&oldid=853977896 '' Categories : Women 's College World Series Recurring sporting events established in 1982 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Women's College World Series 2. NCAA Division I Softball Championship 3. Tournament format 4. ASA Hall of Fame Stadium 5. NCAA vs AIAW

what was an effect of us actions in the yom kippur war

Yom Kippur war - wikipedia Yom Kippur war <Th_colspan="2"> Yom Kippur War / October War <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Arab -- Israeli conflict and Cold War <Td_colspan="2"> Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal on October 7 <Td_colspan="2"> Date October 6 -- 25 , 1973 Location Both banks of the Suez Canal , Golan Heights and surrounding regions Result Israeli military victory Political gains for Egypt and Israel 1978 Camp David Accords Territorial changes The Egyptian army occupied the eastern coast of the Suez Canal with the exception of the Israeli crossing point near Deversoir . The Israeli army occupied 1,600 km ( 620 sq mi ) of territory on the southwestern coast of the Suez Canal , within 100 km ( 60 mi ) from Cairo , and encircled an Egyptian enclave in the east bank The Israeli army occupied 500 km ( 190 sq mi ) of the Syrian Bashan , on top of the Golan Heights , which brought it within 30 km ( 20 mi ) of Damascus . <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Israel Supported by : United States Egypt Syria Expeditionary forces : Jordan Iraq Saudi Arabia Libya Tunisia Algeria Morocco Cuba Supported by : Soviet Union <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Golda Meir Moshe Dayan David Elazar Israel Tal Shmuel Gonen Yitzhak Hofi Binyamin Peled Haim Bar - Lev Albert Mandler † Ariel Sharon Anwar Sadat Hafez al - Assad Ahmad Ismail Ali Mustafa Tlass Saad El Shazly Yusuf Shakkour Abdel Ghani el - Gammasy Ali Aslan Omar Abrash † <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 375,000 -- 415,000 troops 1,700 tanks 3,000 armored carriers 945 artillery units 440 combat aircraft Egypt : 650,000 -- 800,000 troops ( 200,000 crossed ) 1,700 tanks ( 1,020 crossed ) 2,400 armored carriers 1,120 artillery units 400 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 Navy vessels 150 surface to air missile batteries ( 62 in the front line ) Syria : 150,000 troops 1,200 tanks 800 -- 900 armored carriers 600 artillery units Expeditionary Forces * : 100,000 troops 500 -- 670 tanks 700 armored carriers Cuba : 1,500 -- 4,000 troops Morocco : 5,500 troops 30 tanks 52 combat aircraft Saudi - Arabia : 3,000 troops Total : 914,000 -- 1,067,500 troops 3,430 -- 3,600 tanks 3,900 -- 4,000 armored carriers 1,720 artillery units 452 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 navy vessels 150 surface to air missile batteries <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 2,521 -- 2,800 dead 7,250 -- 8,800 wounded 293 captured 1,063 tanks destroyed , damaged or captured 407 armored vehicles destroyed or captured 102 -- 387 aircraft destroyed Egypt : 5,000 -- 15,000 dead 8,372 captured Syria : 3,000 -- 3,500 dead 392 captured Iraq : 278 dead 898 wounded 13 captured Jordan : 23 dead 77 wounded Morocco : 6 captured Total casualties : 8,000 -- 18,500 dead 18,000 -- 35,000 wounded 8,783 captured 2,250 -- 2,300 tanks destroyed 341 -- 514 aircraft destroyed 19 naval vessels sunk <Th_colspan="2"> Yom Kippur War <Td_colspan="2"> Syrian front 1st Hermon Valley of Tears Model 5 Latakia 2nd Hermon 2nd Latakia Syrian GHQ Raid Gown al - Mazzah Airport Raid 3rd Hermon Egyptian front Badr Fort Budapest Lahtzanit Ofira Romani Marsa Talamat Tagar Baltim Sinai Mansoura Chinese Farm Abirey - Halev Egyptian Missile Bases Raid 25th Brigade ambush Ismailia Scud missile attack Suez International front Nickel Grass The Yom Kippur War , Ramadan War , or October War ( Hebrew : מלחמת יום הכיפורים ‎ , Milẖemet Yom HaKipurim , or מלחמת יום כיפור , Milẖemet Yom Kipur ; Arabic : حرب أكتوبر ‎ , Ḥarb ʾUktōbar , or حرب تشرين , Ḥarb Tišrīn ) , also known as the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War , was a war fought from October 6 to 25 , 1973 , by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel . The war mostly took place in Sinai and the Golan -- territories that had been occupied by Israel since the end of the 1967 Six - Day War -- with some fighting in African Egypt and northern Israel . Egyptian President Anwar Sadat 's objectives were `` to recover all Arab territory occupied by Israel following the 1967 war and to achieve a just , peaceful solution to the Arab - Israeli conflict . '' The war began when the Arab coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions in the Israeli - occupied territories , on Yom Kippur , the holiest day in Judaism , which also occurred that year during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan . Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights respectively . Both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war , and this led to a near - confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers . The war began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal . Egyptian forces crossed the cease - fire lines , then advanced virtually unopposed into the Sinai Peninsula . After three days , Israel had mobilized most of its forces and halted the Egyptian offensive , resulting in a military stalemate . The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains into Israeli - held territory . Within three days , however , Israeli forces had pushed the Syrians back to the pre-war ceasefire lines . The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) then launched a four - day counter-offensive deep into Syria . Within a week , Israeli artillery began to shell the outskirts of Damascus , and Egyptian President Sadat began to worry about the integrity of his major ally . He believed that capturing two strategic passes located deeper in the Sinai would make his position stronger during post-war negotiations ; he therefore ordered the Egyptians to go back on the offensive , but their attack was quickly repulsed . The Israelis then counter-attacked at the seam between the two Egyptian armies , crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt , and began slowly advancing southward and westward towards the city of Suez in over a week of heavy fighting that resulted in heavy casualties on both sides . On October 22 , a United Nations -- brokered ceasefire unraveled , with each side blaming the other for the breach . By October 24 , the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed their encirclement of Egypt 's Third Army and the city of Suez . This development led to tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , and a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war . The war had far - reaching implications . The Arab world had experienced humiliation in the lopsided rout of the Egyptian -- Syrian -- Jordanian alliance in the Six - Day War but felt psychologically vindicated by early successes in this conflict . The war led Israel to recognize that , despite impressive operational and tactical achievements on the battlefield , there was no guarantee that they would always dominate the Arab states militarily , as they had consistently through the earlier First Arab -- Israeli War , the Suez War , and the Six - Day War . These changes paved the way for the subsequent peace process . The 1978 Camp David Accords that followed led to the return of the Sinai to Egypt and normalized relations -- the first peaceful recognition of Israel by an Arab country . Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and eventually left the Soviet sphere of influence entirely . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Events leading up to the war 1.2 Egyptian war objectives 1.3 Lead - up to the surprise attack 1.3. 1 Egyptian and Syrian military exercises 1.4 Lack of Israeli pre-emptive attack 2 Combat operations 2.1 In the Sinai 2.1. 1 Egyptian attack 2.1. 2 Failed Israeli counter-attack 2.1. 3 Temporary stabilization 2.1. 4 The Egyptian failed attack 2.1. 5 Israel planned attack considerations 2.1. 6 Israeli breakthrough -- Crossing the canal 2.1. 7 Securing the bridgehead 2.1. 8 Egyptian response to the Israeli crossing 2.1. 9 Israeli forces across the Suez 2.1. 10 The ceasefire and further battles 2.1. 11 Egypt 's trapped Third Army 2.1. 12 Post war battles 2.1. 13 Final situation on the Egyptian front 2.2 On the Golan Heights 2.2. 1 Syrian attack 2.2. 2 Israel retakes the southern Golan 2.2. 3 Israeli advance towards Damascus 2.2. 4 Northern front de-escalation 2.2. 5 Jordanian participation 2.2. 6 Final situation on the Syrian front 2.3 The war at sea 3 Atrocities against Israeli prisoners 3.1 Syrian atrocities 3.2 Egyptian atrocities 4 Participation by other states 4.1 Failure of the U.S. intelligence community 4.2 U.S. aid to Israel 4.3 Aid to Egypt and Syria 4.3. 1 Soviet supplies 4.3. 2 Soviet active aid 4.3. 3 Soviet threat of intervention 4.3. 4 Other countries 4.4 Palestinian attacks from the Lebanese border 5 Weapons 6 Home front during the war 7 Casualties 8 Post-ceasefire 8.1 Kissinger pushes for peace 8.2 Disengagement agreement 8.3 Response in Israel 8.4 Response in Egypt 8.5 Response in Syria 8.6 Response in the Soviet Union 8.7 Oil embargo 9 Long - term effects 9.1 Egyptian -- Israeli disengagement agreement 9.2 Egyptian -- Israeli Camp David Accords 9.3 Commemorations 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links Background This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The war was part of the Arab -- Israeli conflict , an ongoing dispute that included many battles and wars since 1948 , when the state of Israel was formed . During the Six - Day War of 1967 , Israel had captured Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula , roughly half of Syria 's Golan Heights , and the territories of the West Bank which had been held by Jordan since 1948 . On June 19 , 1967 , shortly after the Six - Day War , the Israeli government voted to return the Sinai to Egypt and the Golan Heights to Syria in exchange for a permanent peace settlement and a demilitarization of the returned territories . It rejected a full return to the boundaries and the situation before the war and also insisted on direct negotiations with the Arab governments as opposed to accepting negotiation through a third party . This decision was not made public at the time , nor was it conveyed to any Arab state . Notwithstanding Abba Eban 's ( Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1967 ) insistence that this was indeed the case , there seems to be no solid evidence to corroborate his claim . No formal peace proposal was made either directly or indirectly by Israel . The Americans , who were briefed of the Cabinet 's decision by Eban , were not asked to convey it to Cairo and Damascus as official peace proposals , nor were they given indications that Israel expected a reply . The Arab position , as it emerged in September 1967 at the Khartoum Arab Summit , was to reject any peaceful settlement with the state of Israel . The eight participating states -- Egypt , Syria , Jordan , Lebanon , Iraq , Algeria , Kuwait , and Sudan -- passed a resolution that would later become known as the `` three no 's '' : there would be no peace , no recognition and no negotiation with Israel . Prior to that , King Hussein of Jordan had stated that he could not rule out a possibility of a `` real , permanent peace '' between Israel and the Arab states . Armed hostilities continued on a limited scale after the Six - Day War and escalated into the War of Attrition , an attempt to wear down the Israeli position through long - term pressure . A ceasefire was signed in August 1970 . President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt died in September 1970 . He was succeeded by Anwar Sadat . A peace initiative led by both Sadat and UN intermediary Gunnar Jarring was tabled in 1971 . Sadat set forth to the Egyptian Parliament his intention of arranging an interim agreement as a step towards a settlement on 4 February 1971 , which extended the terms of the ceasefire and envisaged a reopening of the Suez Canal in exchange for a partial Israeli pullback . It resembled a proposal independently made by Moshe Dayan . Sadat had signaled in an interview with the New York Times in December 1970 that , in return for a total withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula , he was ready `` to recognize the rights of Israel as an independent state as defined by the Security Council of the United Nations . '' Gunnar Jarring coincidentally proposed a similar iniative four days later , on 8 February 1971 . Egypt responded by accepting much of Jarring 's proposals , though differing on several issues , regarding the Gaza Strip , for example , and expressed its willingness to reach an accord if it also implemented the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 . This was the first time an Arab government had gone public declaring its readiness to sign a peace agreement with Israel . In addition , the Egyptian response included a statement that the lasting peace could not be achieved without `` withdrawal of the Israeli armed forces from all the territories occupied since 5 June 1967 . '' Golda Meir reacted to the overture by forming a committee to examine the proposal and vet possible concessions . When the committee unanimously concluded that Israel 's interests would be served by full withdrawal to the internationally recognized lines dividing Israel from Egypt and Syria , returning the Gaza Strip and , in a majority view , returning most of the West Bank and East Jerusalem , Meir was angered and shelved the document . The United States was infuriated by the cool Israeli response to Egypt 's proposal , and Joseph Sisco informed Yitzhak Rabin that `` Israel would be regarded responsible for rejecting the best opportunity to reach peace since the establishment of the state . '' Israel responded to Jarring 's plan also on 26 of February by outlining its readiness to make some form of withdrawal , while declaring it had no intention of returning to the pre-5 June 1967 lines . Jarring was disappointed and blamed Israel for refusing to accept a complete pullout from the Sinai peninsula . Sadat hoped that by inflicting even a limited defeat on the Israelis , the status quo could be altered . Hafez al - Assad , the leader of Syria , had a different view . He had little interest in negotiation and felt the retaking of the Golan Heights would be a purely military option . After the Six - Day War , Assad had launched a massive military buildup and hoped to make Syria the dominant military power of the Arab states . With the aid of Egypt , Assad felt that his new army could win convincingly against Israel and thus secure Syria 's role in the region . Assad only saw negotiations beginning once the Golan Heights had been retaken by force , which would induce Israel to give up the West Bank and Gaza , and make other concessions . Sadat also had important domestic concerns in wanting war . `` The three years since Sadat had taken office ... were the most demoralized in Egyptian history ... A desiccated economy added to the nation 's despondency . War was a desperate option . '' In his biography of Sadat , Raphael Israeli argued that Sadat felt the root of the problem was the great shame over the Six - Day War , and before any reforms could be introduced , he believed that that shame had to be overcome . Egypt 's economy was in shambles , but Sadat knew that the deep reforms that he felt were needed would be deeply unpopular among parts of the population . A military victory would give him the popularity he needed to make changes . A portion of the Egyptian population , most prominently university students who launched wide protests , strongly desired a war to reclaim the Sinai and was highly upset that Sadat had not launched one in his first three years in office . The other Arab states showed much more reluctance to fully commit to a new war . Jordanian King Hussein feared another major loss of territory , as had occurred in the Six - Day War , in which Jordan lost all of the West Bank , territory it had conquered and annexed in 1948 -- 49 , which had doubled its population . Sadat also backed the claim of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) to the West Bank and Gaza and , in the event of a victory , promised Yasser Arafat that he would be given control of them . Hussein still saw the West Bank as part of Jordan and wanted it restored to his kingdom . Moreover , during the Black September crisis of 1970 , a near civil war had broken out between the PLO and the Jordanian government . In that war , Syria had intervened militarily on the side of the PLO , estranging Hussein . Iraq and Syria also had strained relations , and the Iraqis refused to join the initial offensive . Lebanon , which shared a border with Israel , was not expected to join the Arab war effort because of its small army and already evident instability . The months before the war saw Sadat engage in a diplomatic offensive to try to win support for the war . By the fall of 1973 , he claimed the backing of more than a hundred states . These were most of the countries of the Arab League , Non-Aligned Movement , and Organization of African Unity . Sadat had also worked to curry favour in Europe and had some success before the war . Britain and France sided with the Arab powers against Israel on the United Nations Security Council . The US considered Israel an ally in the Cold War and had been supplying the Israeli military since the 1960s . Henry Kissinger believed that the regional balance of power hinged on maintaining Israel 's military dominance over Arab countries . Kissinger believed an Arab victory in the region would strengthen Soviet influence . Britain 's position , on the other hand , was that war between the Arabs and Israelis could only be prevented by the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 and a return to the pre-1967 boundaries . On October 12 , nearly one week into the war , the Cypriot government announced that it would `` oppose the use of British bases in Cyprus as a springboard against Arab countries '' , which further strained Anglo - American relations . Events leading up to the war Four months before the war broke out , Henry Kissinger made an offer to Ismail , Sadat 's emissary . Kissinger proposed returning the Sinai Peninsula to Egyptian control and an Israeli withdrawal from all of Sinai , except for some strategic points . Ismail said he would return with Sadat 's reply , but never did . Sadat was already determined to go to war . Only an American guarantee that the United States would fulfill the entire Arab program in a brief time could have dissuaded Sadat . Sadat declared that Egypt was prepared to `` sacrifice a million Egyptian soldiers '' to recover its lost territory . From the end of 1972 , Egypt began a concentrated effort to build up its forces , receiving MiG - 21 jet fighters , SA - 2 , SA - 3 , SA - 6 and SA - 7 antiaircraft missiles , T - 55 and T - 62 tanks , RPG - 7 antitank weapons , and the AT - 3 Sagger anti-tank guided missile from the Soviet Union and improving its military tactics , based on Soviet battlefield doctrines . Political generals , who had in large part been responsible for the rout in 1967 , were replaced with competent ones . The role of the superpowers , too , was a major factor in the outcome of the two wars . The policy of the Soviet Union was one of the causes of Egypt 's military weakness . President Nasser was only able to obtain the materiel for an anti-aircraft missile defense wall after visiting Moscow and pleading with Kremlin leaders . He said that if supplies were not given , he would have to return to Egypt and tell the Egyptian people Moscow had abandoned them , and then relinquish power to one of his peers who would be able to deal with the Americans . The Americans would then have the upper hand in the region , which Moscow could not permit . Egyptian President Anwar Sadat Nasser 's policy following the 1967 defeat conflicted with that of the Soviet Union . The Soviets sought to avoid a new conflagration between the Arabs and Israelis so as not to be drawn into a confrontation with the United States . The reality of the situation became apparent when the superpowers met in Oslo and agreed to maintain the status quo . This was unacceptable to Egyptian leaders , and when it was discovered that the Egyptian preparations for crossing the canal were being leaked , it became imperative to expel the Soviets from Egypt . In July 1972 , Sadat expelled almost all of the 20,000 Soviet military advisers in the country and reoriented the country 's foreign policy to be more favourable to the United States . The Syrians remained close to the Soviet Union . The Soviets thought little of Sadat 's chances in any war . They warned that any attempt to cross the heavily fortified Suez Canal would incur massive losses . Both the Soviets and Americans were then pursuing détente and had no interest in seeing the Middle East destabilized . In a June 1973 meeting with American President Richard Nixon , Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev had proposed Israel pull back to its 1967 border . Brezhnev said that if Israel did not , `` we will have difficulty keeping the military situation from flaring up '' -- an indication that the Soviet Union had been unable to restrain Sadat 's plans . In an interview published in Newsweek ( April 9 , 1973 ) , Sadat again threatened war with Israel . Several times during 1973 , Arab forces conducted large - scale exercises that put the Israeli military on the highest level of alert , only to be recalled a few days later . The Israeli leadership already believed that if an attack took place , the Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) could repel it . Almost a full year before the war , in an October 24 , 1972 , meeting with his Supreme Council of the Armed Forces , Sadat declared his intention to go to war with Israel even without proper Soviet support . Planning had begun in 1971 and was conducted in absolute secrecy -- even the upper - echelon commanders were not told of the war plans until less than a week prior to the attack , and the soldiers were not told until a few hours beforehand . The plan to attack Israel in concert with Syria was code - named Operation Badr ( Arabic for `` full moon '' ) , after the Battle of Badr , in which Muslims under Muhammad defeated the Quraish tribe of Mecca . Egyptian war objectives Egyptian President Anwar Sadat 's objectives were `` to recover all Arab territory occupied by Israel following the 1967 war and to achieve a just , peaceful solution to the Arab - Israeli conflict '' . Other than a flurry of Syrian missile attacks on Ramat David airbase and surrounding civilian settlements during the first days of the war , the fighting took place in Sinai and the Golan Heights , territories that had been occupied by Israel since the end of the Six - Day War of 1967 , and in the later stages , on the west side of the Suez canal in Egypt and in areas of the Golan beyond those held by Israel prior to the outbreak of war . Lead - up to the surprise attack The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) Directorate of Military Intelligence 's ( abbreviated as `` Aman '' ) Research Department was responsible for formulating Israel 's intelligence estimate . Their assessments on the likelihood of war were based on several assumptions . First , it was assumed correctly that Syria would not go to war with Israel unless Egypt did so as well . Second , the department learned from Ashraf Marwan , former President Nasser 's son - in - law and also a senior Mossad agent , that Egypt wanted to regain all of the Sinai , but would not go to war until they were supplied MiG - 23 fighter - bombers to neutralize the Israeli Air Force and Scud missiles to be used against Israeli cities as a deterrent against Israeli attacks on Egyptian infrastructure . Since they had not received MiG - 23s and Scud missiles had only arrived in Egypt from Bulgaria in late August and it would take four months to train the Egyptian ground crews , Aman predicted war with Egypt was not imminent . This assumption about Egypt 's strategic plans , known as `` the concept '' , strongly prejudiced the department 's thinking and led it to dismiss other war warnings . By mid-1973 , Aman was almost completely aware of the Arab war plans . It knew that the Egyptian Second and Third Armies would attempt to cross the Suez Canal and advance ten kilometres into the Sinai , followed by armored divisions that would advance towards the Mitla and Gidi Passes , and that naval units and paratroopers would then attempt to capture Sharm el - Sheikh . Aman was also aware of many details of the Syrian war plan . However , Israeli analysts , following `` the concept '' , did not believe the Arabs were serious about going to war . The Egyptians did much to further this misconception . Both the Israelis and the Americans felt that the expulsion of the Soviet military observers had severely reduced the effectiveness of the Egyptian army . The Egyptians ensured that there was a continual stream of false information regarding maintenance problems and a lack of personnel to operate the most advanced equipment . The Egyptians made repeated misleading reports about lack of spare parts that made their way to the Israelis . Sadat had so long engaged in brinkmanship that his frequent war threats were being ignored by the world . In April and May 1973 , Israeli intelligence began picking up clear signals of Egypt 's intentions for war , recognizing that it had the necessary divisions and bridging equipment to cross the Suez Canal and a missile umbrella to protect any crossing operation from air attack . However , Aman Chief Eli Zeira was still confident that the probability of war was low . In May and August 1973 , the Egyptian Army conducted military exercises near the border , and Ashraf Marwan inaccurately warned that Egypt and Syria would launch a surprise attack on May 15 . The Israeli Army mobilized in response to both exercises at considerable cost . These exercises were to ensure that the Israelis would dismiss the actual war preparations right before the attack was launched as another exercise . Egyptian and Syrian military exercises For the week leading up to Yom Kippur , the Egyptian army staged a week - long training exercise adjacent to the Suez Canal . Israeli intelligence , detecting large troop movements towards the canal , dismissed them as mere training exercises . Movements of Syrian troops towards the border were also detected , as were the cancellation of leaves and a call - up of reserves in the Syrian army . These activities were considered puzzling , but not a threat because , Aman believed , they would not attack without Egypt and Egypt would not attack until the weaponry they wanted arrived . Despite this belief , Israel sent reinforcements to the Golan Heights . These forces were to prove critical during the early days of the war . On September 27 and 30 , two batches of reservists were called up by the Egyptian army to participate in these exercises . Two days before the outbreak of the war , on October 4 , the Egyptian command publicly announced the demobilization of part of the reservists called up during September 27 to lull Israeli suspicions . Around 20,000 troops were demobilized , and subsequently some of these men were given leave to perform the Umrah ( pilgrimage ) to Mecca . Reports were also given instructing cadets in military colleges to resume their courses on October 9 . On October 1 , an Aman researcher , Lieutenant Binyamin Siman - Tov , submitted an assessment arguing that the Egyptian deployments and exercises along the Suez Canal seemed to be a camouflage for an actual crossing of the canal . Siman - Tov sent a more comprehensive assessment on October 3 . Both were ignored by his superior . According to Egyptian General El - Gamasy , `` On the initiative of the operations staff , we reviewed the situation on the ground and developed a framework for the planned offensive operation . We studied the technical characteristics of the Suez Canal , the ebb and the flow of the tides , the speed of the currents and their direction , hours of darkness and of moonlight , weather conditions , and related conditions in the Mediterranean and Red sea . '' He explained further by saying : `` Saturday 6 October 1973 ( 10 Ramadan 1393 ) was the day chosen for the September -- October option . Conditions for a crossing were good , it was a fast day in Israel , and the moon on that day , 10 Ramadan , shone from sunset until midnight . '' The war coincided that year with the Muslim month of Ramadan , when many Arab Muslim soldiers fast . On the other hand , the fact that the attack was launched on Yom Kippur may have helped Israel to more easily marshal reserves from their homes and synagogues because roads and communication lines were largely open , easing the mobilization and transportation of the military . Despite refusing to participate , King Hussein of Jordan `` had met with Sadat and Assad in Alexandria two weeks before . Given the mutual suspicions prevailing among the Arab leaders , it was unlikely that he had been told any specific war plans . But it was probable that Sadat and Assad had raised the prospect of war against Israel in more general terms to feel out the likelihood of Jordan joining in . '' On the night of September 25 , Hussein secretly flew to Tel Aviv to warn Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir of an impending Syrian attack . `` Are they going to war without the Egyptians , asked Mrs. Meir . The king said he did n't think so . ' I think they ( Egypt ) would cooperate . ' '' This warning was ignored , and Aman concluded that the king had not told anything that was not already known . Throughout September , Israel received eleven warnings of war from well - placed sources . However , Mossad Director - General Zvi Zamir continued to insist that war was not an Arab option , even after Hussein 's warning . Zamir would later remark that `` We simply did n't feel them capable ( of war ) . '' On the day before the war , General Ariel Sharon was shown aerial photographs and other intelligence by Yehoshua Saguy , his divisional intelligence officer . General Sharon noticed that the concentration of Egyptian forces along the canal was far beyond anything observed during the training exercises , and that the Egyptians had amassed all of their crossing equipment along the canal . He then called General Shmuel Gonen , who had replaced him as head of Southern Command , and expressed his certainty that war was imminent . On October 4 -- 5 , Zamir 's concern grew , as additional signs of an impending attack were detected . Soviet advisers and their families left Egypt and Syria , transport aircraft thought to be laden with military equipment landed in Cairo and Damascus , and aerial photographs revealed that Egyptian and Syrian concentrations of tanks , infantry , and surface - to - air ( SAM ) missiles were at an unprecedented high . According to declassified documents from the Agranat Commission , Brigadier General Yisrael Lior , Prime Minister Golda Meir 's military secretary / attaché , claimed that Mossad knew from Ashraf Marwan that an attack was going to occur under the guise of a military drill a week before it occurred , but the process of passing along the information to the Prime Minister 's office failed . The information ended up with Mossad head Zvi Zamir 's aide , who passed it along to Zamir at 12 : 30 am on 5 October . According to the claim , an unfocused and groggy Zamir thanked the aide for the information and said he would pass it along to the Prime Minister 's office in the morning . On the night of October 5 / 6 , Zamir personally went to Europe to meet with Marwan at midnight . Marwan informed him that a joint Syrian - Egyptian attack was imminent . However , Marwan incorrectly told Zamir that the attack would take place at sunset . It was this warning in particular , combined with the large number of other warnings , that finally goaded the Israeli High Command into action . Just hours before the attack began , orders went out for a partial call - up of the Israeli reserves . The attack by the Egyptian and Syrian forces caught the United States by surprise . According to future CIA Director and Defense Secretary Robert Gates , he was briefing an American arms negotiator on the improbability of armed conflict in the region when he heard the news of the outbreak of war on the radio . On the other hand , the KGB learned about the attack in advance , probably from its intelligence sources in Egypt . Lack of Israeli pre-emptive attack Upon learning of the impending attack , Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir made the controversial decision not to launch a pre-emptive strike . The Israeli strategy was , for the most part , based on the precept that if war was imminent , Israel would launch a pre-emptive strike . It was assumed that Israel 's intelligence services would give , in the worst case , about 48 hours notice prior to an Arab attack . Prime Minister Golda Meir , Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan , and Chief of General Staff David Elazar met at 8 : 05 am the morning of Yom Kippur , six hours before the war began . Dayan opened the meeting by arguing that war was not a certainty . Elazar then presented his argument in favor of a pre-emptive attack against Syrian airfields at noon , Syrian missiles at 3 : 00 pm , and Syrian ground forces at 5 : 00 pm `` When the presentations were done , the prime minister hemmed uncertainly for a few moments but then came to a clear decision . There would be no preemptive strike . Israel might be needing American assistance soon and it was imperative that it would not be blamed for starting the war . ' If we strike first , we wo n't get help from anybody ' , she said . '' Prior to the war , Kissinger and Nixon consistently warned Meir that she must not be responsible for initiating a Middle east war . On October 6 , 1973 , the war opening date , Kissinger told Israel not to go for a preemptive strike , and Meir confirmed to him that Israel would not . Other developed nations , being more dependent on OPEC oil , took more seriously the threat of an Arab oil embargo and trade boycott , and had stopped supplying Israel with munitions . As a result , Israel was totally dependent on the United States for military resupply , and particularly sensitive to anything that might endanger that relationship . After Meir had made her decision , at 10 : 15 am , she met with American ambassador Kenneth Keating in order to inform the United States that Israel did not intend to preemptively start a war , and asked that American efforts be directed at preventing war . An electronic telegram with Keating 's report on the meeting was sent to the United States at 16 : 33 GMT ( 6 : 33 pm local time ) . A message arrived later from United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger saying , `` Do n't preempt . '' At the same time , Kissinger also urged the Soviets to use their influence to prevent war , contacted Egypt with Israel 's message of non-preemption , and sent messages to other Arab governments to enlist their help on the side of moderation . These late efforts were futile . According to Henry Kissinger , had Israel struck first , it would not have received `` so much as a nail '' . David Elazar proposed a mobilization of the entire air force and four armored divisions , a total of 100,000 to 120,000 troops , while Dayan favored a mobilization of the air force and two armored divisions , totaling around 70,000 troops . Meir chose Elazar 's proposal . Combat operations In the Sinai Wreckage from an Egyptian Sukhoi Su - 7 shot down over the Sinai on October 6 on display at the Israeli Air Force Museum . The Sinai was once again the arena of conflict between Israel and Egypt . The Egyptians had prepared for an assault across the canal and deployed five divisions totaling 100,000 soldiers , 1,350 tanks and 2,000 guns and heavy mortars for the onslaught . Facing them were 450 soldiers of the Jerusalem Brigade , spread out in 16 forts along the length of the Canal . There were 290 Israeli tanks in all of Sinai divided into three armored brigades , and only one of these was deployed near the Canal when hostilities commenced . Large bridgeheads were established on the east bank on October 6 . Israeli armoured forces launched counterattacks from October 6 to 8 , but they were often piecemeal and inadequately supported and were beaten back principally by Egyptians using portable anti-tank missiles . Between October 9 and October 12 the American response was a call for cease - fire in place . The Egyptian units generally would not advance beyond a shallow strip for fear of losing the protection of their surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) batteries , which were situated on the west bank of the canal . In the Six - Day War , the Israeli Air Force had pummeled the defenseless Arab armies . Egypt ( and Syria ) had heavily fortified their side of the ceasefire lines with SAM batteries provided by the Soviet Union , against which the Israeli Air Force had no time to execute a Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses ( SEAD ) operation due to the element of surprise . Israel , which had invested much of its defense budget building the region 's strongest air force , would see the effectiveness of its air force curtailed in the initial phases of the conflict by the SAM presence . On October 9 , the IDF chose to concentrate its reserves and build up its supplies while the Egyptians remained on the strategic defensive . Nixon and Kissinger held back on a full - scale resupply of arms to Israel . Short of supplies , the Israeli government reluctantly accepted a cease - fire in place on October 12 but Sadat refused . The Soviets started an airlift of arms to Syria and Egypt . The American global interest was to prove that Soviet arms could not dictate the outcome of the fighting , by supplying Israel . With an airlift in full swing , Washington was prepared to wait until Israeli success on the battlefield might persuade the Arabs and the Soviets to bring the fighting to an end . It was decided to counterattack once Egyptian armor attempted to expand the bridgehead beyond the protective SAM umbrella . The riposte , codenamed Operation Gazelle , was launched on October 15 . IDF forces spearheaded by Ariel Sharon 's division broke through the Tasa corridor and crossed the Suez Canal to the north of the Great Bitter Lake . After intense fighting , the IDF progressed towards Cairo and advanced southwards on the east bank of the Great Bitter Lake and in the southern extent of the canal right up to Port Suez . It was important for the Americans that the fighting should be ended , when all parties could still emerge from the conflict with their vital interests and self - esteem intact . Hence they indicated an acceptance of Israeli advance while violating the ceasefire , but the U.S. did not permit the destruction of the Egyptian 3rd army corps . Israeli progress towards Cairo was brought to a halt when the ceasefire was declared on October 24 . Egyptian attack The 1973 War in the Sinai , October 6 -- 15 . Main article : Operation Badr ( 1973 ) Anticipating a swift Israeli armored counterattack by three armored divisions , the Egyptians had armed their assault force with large numbers of man - portable anti-tank weapons -- rocket - propelled grenades and the less numerous but more advanced Sagger guided missiles , which proved devastating to the first Israeli armored counterattacks . Each of the five infantry divisions that was to cross the canal had been equipped with RPG - 7 rockets and RPG - 43 grenades , and reinforced with an anti-tank guided missile battalion , as they would not have any armor support for nearly 12 hours . In addition , the Egyptians had built separate ramps at the crossing points , reaching as high as 21 metres ( 69 ft ) to counter the Israeli sand wall , provide covering fire for the assaulting infantry and to counter the first Israeli armored counterattacks . The scale and effectiveness of the Egyptian strategy of deploying these anti-tank weapons coupled with the Israelis ' inability to disrupt their use with close air support ( due to the SAM shield ) greatly contributed to Israeli setbacks early in the war . Wreckage of an Israeli A-4 Skyhawk on display in Egypt 's war museum . Egyptian Sukhoi Su - 7 fighter jets conducting air strikes over the Bar Lev Line on 6 October An Israeli Mirage III shot down by an Egyptian MiG - 21 The Egyptian Army put great effort into finding a quick and effective way of breaching the Israeli defenses . The Israelis had built large 18 metre ( 59 foot ) high sand walls with a 60 degree slope and reinforced with concrete at the water line . Egyptian engineers initially experimented with explosive charges and bulldozers to clear the obstacles , before a junior officer proposed using high pressure water cannons . The idea was tested and found to be a sound one , and several high pressure water cannons were imported from Britain and East Germany . The water cannons effectively breached the sand walls using water from the canal . At 2 : 00 pm on October 6 , Operation Badr began with a large airstrike . More than 200 Egyptian aircraft conducted simultaneous strikes against three airbases , Hawk missile batteries , three command centers , artillery positions , and several radar installations . Airfields at Refidim and Bir Tamada were temporarily put out of service , and damage was inflicted on a Hawk battery at Ophir . The aerial assault was coupled with a barrage from more than 2,000 artillery pieces for a period of 53 minutes against the Bar Lev Line and rear area command posts and concentration bases . Author Andrew McGregor claimed that the success of the first strike negated the need for a second planned strike . Egypt acknowledged the loss of 5 aircraft during the attack . Kenneth Pollack wrote that 18 Egyptian aircraft were shot down , and that these losses prompted the cancellation of the second planned wave . In one notable engagement during this period , a pair of Israeli F - 4E Phantoms challenged 28 Egyptian MiGs over Sharm el - Sheikh and within half an hour , shot down seven or eight MiGs with no losses . One of the Egyptian pilots killed was Captain Atif Sadat , President Sadat 's half - brother . Simultaneously , 14 Egyptian Tupolev Tu - 16 bombers attacked Israeli targets in the Sinai with Kelt missiles , while another two Egyptian Tupolevs fired two Kelt missiles at a radar station in central Israel . One missile was shot down by a patrolling Israeli Mirage fighter , and the second fell into the sea . The attack was an attempt to warn Israel that Egypt could retaliate if it bombed targets deep in Egyptian territory . An Egyptian MiG - 17 shot down during the dogfight over Sharm el - Sheikh . Under cover of the initial artillery barrage , the Egyptian assault force of 32,000 infantry began crossing the canal in twelve waves at five separate crossing areas , from 14 : 05 to 17 : 30 , in what became known as The Crossing . The Egyptians prevented Israeli forces from reinforcing the Bar Lev Line and proceeded to attack the Israeli fortifications . Meanwhile , engineers crossed over to breach the sand wall . The Israeli Air Force conducted air interdiction operations to try to prevent the bridges from being erected , but took losses from Egyptian SAM batteries . The air attacks were ineffective overall , as the sectional design of the bridges enabled quick repairs when hit . Despite fierce resistance , the Israeli reserve brigade garrisoning the Bar - Lev forts was overwhelmed . According to Shazly , within six hours , fifteen strongpoints had been captured as Egyptian forces advanced several kilometres into the Sinai . Shazly 's account was disputed by Kenneth Pollack , who noted that for the most part , the forts only fell to repeated assaults by superior forces or prolonged sieges over many days . The northernmost fortification of the Bar Lev Line , code - named ' Fort Budapest ' , withstood repeated assaults and remained in Israeli hands throughout the war . Once the bridges were laid , additional infantry with the remaining portable and recoilless anti-tank weapons began to cross the canal , while the first Egyptian tanks started to cross at 20 : 30 . The Egyptians also attempted to land several heli - borne commando units in various areas in the Sinai to hamper the arrival of Israeli reserves . This attempt met with disaster as the Israelis shot down up to twenty helicopters , inflicting heavy casualties . Israeli Major General ( res . ) Chaim Herzog placed Egyptian helicopter losses at fourteen . Other sources claim that `` several '' helicopters were downed with `` total loss of life '' and that the few commandos that did filter through were ineffectual and presented nothing more than a `` nuisance '' . Kenneth Pollack asserted that despite their heavy losses , the Egyptian commandos fought exceptionally hard and created considerable panic , prompting the Israelis to take precautions that hindered their ability to concentrate on stopping the assault across the canal . Egyptian forces advanced approximately 4 to 5 km into the Sinai Desert with two armies ( both corps - sized by western standards , included the 2nd Infantry Division in the northern Second Army ) . By the following morning , some 850 tanks had crossed the canal . In his account of the war , Saad El Shazly noted that by the morning of October 7 , the Egyptians had lost 280 soldiers and 20 tanks , though this account is disputed . Most Israeli soldiers defending the Bar Lev Line were casualties , and some 200 were taken prisoner . In the subsequent days , some defenders of the Bar Lev Line managed to break through Egyptian encirclement and return to their lines , or were extracted during Israeli counterattacks that came later on . For the next several days , the Israeli Air Force ( IAF ) played a minimal role in the fighting largely because it was needed to deal with the simultaneous , and ultimately more threatening , Syrian invasion of the Golan Heights . Egyptian forces then consolidated their initial positions . On October 7 , the bridgeheads were enlarged an additional 4 km , at the same time repulsing Israeli counterattacks . In the north , the Egyptian 18th Division attacked the town of El - Qantarah el - Sharqiyya , engaging Israeli forces in and around the town . The fighting there was conducted at close quarters , and was sometimes hand - to - hand . The Egyptians were forced to clear the town building by building . By evening , most of the town was in Egyptian hands . El - Qantarah was completely cleared by the next morning . Meanwhile , the Egyptian commandos airdropped on October 6 began encountering Israeli reserves the following morning . Both sides suffered heavy losses , but the commandos were at times successful in delaying the movement of Israeli reserves to the front . These special operations often led to confusion and anxiety among Israeli commanders , who commended the Egyptian commandos . This view was contradicted by another source that stated that few commandos made it to their objectives , and were usually nothing more than a nuisance . According to Abraham Rabinovich , only the commandos near Baluza and those blocking the road to Fort Budapest had measurable successes . Of the 1,700 Egyptian commandos inserted behind Israeli lines during the war , 740 were killed -- many in downed helicopters -- and 330 taken prisoner . Failed Israeli counterattack An Israeli M60 Patton tank destroyed in the Sinai . On October 7 , David Elazar visited Shmuel Gonen , commander of the Israeli Southern front -- who had only taken the position three months before at the retirement of Ariel Sharon -- and met with Israeli commanders . The Israelis planned a cautious counterattack for the following day by Abraham Adan 's 162nd Armored Division . The same day , the Israeli Air Force carried out Operation Tagar , aiming to neutralize Egyptian Air Force bases and its missile defense shield . Seven Egyptian airbases were damaged with the loss of two A-4 Skyhawks and their pilots . Two more planned attacks were called off because of the increasing need for air power on the Syrian front . The IAF carried out additional air attacks against Egyptian forces on the east bank of the canal , reportedly inflicting heavy losses . Israeli jets had carried out hundreds of sorties against Egyptian targets by the following day , but the Egyptian SAM shield inflicted heavy losses . IAF aircraft losses mounted to three aircraft for every 200 sorties , an unsustainable rate . The Israelis responded by rapidly devising new tactics to thwart Egyptian air defenses . On October 8 , after Elazar had left , Gonen changed the plans on the basis of unduly optimistic field reports . Adan 's division was composed of three brigades totaling 183 tanks . One of the brigades was still en route to the area , and would participate in the attack by noon , along with a supporting mechanized infantry brigade with an additional 44 tanks . The Israeli counterattack was in the direction of the Bar Lev strongpoints opposite the city of Ismailia , against entrenched Egyptian infantry . In a series of ill - coordinated attacks , which were met by stiff resistance , the Israelis suffered heavy losses . That afternoon , Egyptian forces advanced once more to deepen their bridgeheads , and as a result the Israelis lost several strategic positions . Further Israeli attacks to regain the lost ground proved futile . Towards nightfall , an Egyptian counterattack was repulsed with the loss of 50 Egyptian tanks by the Israeli 143rd Armored Division , which was led by General Ariel Sharon , who had been reinstated as a division commander at the outset of the war . Garwych , citing Egyptian sources , documented Egyptian tank losses up to October 13 at 240 . An Israeli Centurion tank operating in the Sinai . Temporary stabilization According to Herzog , by October 9 the front lines had stabilized . The Egyptians were unable to advance further , and Egyptian armored attacks on October 9 and 10 were repulsed with heavy losses . However , this claim was disputed by Shazly , who claimed that the Egyptians continued to advance and improve their positions well into October 10 . He pointed to one engagement , which involved elements of the 1st Infantry Brigade , attached to the 19th Division , which captured Ayoun Mousa , south of Suez . The Egyptian 1st Mechanized Brigade launched a failed attack southward along the Gulf of Suez in the direction of Ras Sudar . Leaving the safety of the SAM umbrella , the force was attacked by Israeli aircraft and suffered heavy losses . Shazly cited this experience as a basis to resist pressure by Minister of War , General Ahmad Ismail Ali to attack eastward toward the Mitla and Gidi Passes . Between October 10 and 13 , both sides refrained from any large - scale actions , and the situation was relatively stable . Both sides launched small - scale attacks , and the Egyptians used helicopters to land commandos behind Israeli lines . Some Egyptian helicopters were shot down , and those commando forces that managed to land were quickly destroyed by Israeli troops In one key engagement on October 13 , a particularly large Egyptian incursion was stopped and close to a hundred Egyptian commandos were killed . The Egyptian failed attack General Shazly strongly opposed any eastward advance that would leave his armor without adequate air cover . He was overruled by General Ismail and Sadat , whose aims were to seize the strategic Mitla and Gidi Passes and the Israeli nerve centre at Refidim , which they hoped would relieve pressure on the Syrians ( who were by now on the defensive ) by forcing Israel to shift divisions from the Golan to the Sinai . The 1973 War in the Sinai , October 15 -- 24 . The 2nd and 3rd Armies were ordered to attack eastward in six simultaneous thrusts over a broad front , leaving behind five infantry divisions to hold the bridgeheads . The attacking forces , consisting of 800 -- 1,000 tanks would not have SAM cover , so the Egyptian Air Force ( EAF ) was tasked with the defense of these forces from Israeli air attacks . Armored and mechanized units began the attack on October 14 with artillery support . They were up against 700 -- 750 Israeli tanks . Preparatory to the tank attack , Egyptian helicopters set down 100 commandos near the Lateral Road to disrupt the Israeli rear . An Israeli reconnaissance unit quickly subdued them , killing 60 and taking numerous prisoners . Still bruised by the extensive losses their commandos had suffered on the opening day of the war , the Egyptians were unable or unwilling to implement further commando operations that had been planned in conjunction with the armored attack . The Egyptian armored thrust suffered heavy losses . Instead of concentrating forces of maneuvering , except for the wadi thrust , Egyptian units launched head - on - attacks against the waiting Israeli defenses . The Egyptian attack was decisively repelled . At least 250 Egyptian tanks and some 200 armored vehicles were destroyed . Egyptian casualties exceeded 1,000 . Fewer than 40 Israeli tanks were hit and all but six of them were repaired by Israeli maintenance crews and returned to service , while Israeli casualties numbered 665 . Kenneth Pollack credited a successful Israeli commando raid early on October 14 against an Egyptian signals - intercept site at Jebel Ataqah with seriously disrupting Egyptian command and control and contributing to its breakdown during the engagement . Israel planned attack considerations With the situation on the Syrian front stabilizing , the Israeli High Command agreed that the time was ripe for an Israeli counterattack and strike across the canal . General Sharon advocated an immediate crossing at Deversoir at the northern edge of Great Bitter Lake . On October 9 , a reconnaissance force attached to Colonel Amnon Reshef 's Brigade detected a gap between the Egyptian Second and Third armies in this sector . According to General Gamasy , the gap had been detected by an American SR - 71 spy plane . Chief of Staff Elazar and General Chaim Bar - Lev , who had by now replaced Gonen as Chief of Southern Command , agreed that this was the ideal spot for a crossing . However , given the size of the Egyptian armored reserves , the Israelis chose to wait for an opportunity that would allow them to reduce Egyptian armored strength before initiating any crossing . The opportunity arrived on October 12 , when Israeli intelligence detected signs that the Egyptians were gearing up for a major armored thrust . This was precisely the moment the Israelis were waiting for . They could finally utilize their advantages in speed , maneuver and tank gunnery , areas in which they excelled . Once Egyptian armored strength was sufficiently degraded , the Israelis would commence their own canal crossing . Israeli breakthrough -- crossing the canal Israeli tanks crossing the Suez Canal . The Israelis immediately followed the Egyptian failed attack of October 14 with a multidivisional counterattack through the gap between the Egyptian 2nd and 3rd Armies . Sharon 's 143rd Division , now reinforced with a paratroop brigade commanded by Colonel Danny Matt , was tasked with establishing bridgeheads on the east and west banks of the canal . The 162nd and 252nd Armored Divisions , commanded by Generals Avraham Adan and Kalman Magen respectively , would then cross through the breach to the west bank of the canal and swing southward , encircling the 3rd Army . The offensive was code - named Operation Stouthearted Men or alternatively , Operation Valiant . On the night of October 15 , 750 of Colonel Matt 's paratroopers crossed the canal in rubber dinghies . They were soon joined by tanks ferried on motorized rafts and additional infantry . The force encountered no resistance initially and fanned out in raiding parties , attacking supply convoys , SAM sites , logistic centers and anything of military value , with priority given to the SAMs . Attacks on SAM sites punched a hole in the Egyptian anti-aircraft screen and enabled the Israeli Air Force to strike Egyptian ground targets more aggressively . On the night of October 15 , 20 Israeli tanks and 7 APCs under the command of Colonel Haim Erez crossed the canal and penetrated 12 kilometres into mainland Egypt , taking the Egyptians by surprise . For the first 24 hours , Erez 's force attacked SAM sites and military columns with impunity . On the morning of October 17 , it was attacked by the 23rd Egyptian Armored Brigade , but managed to repulse the attack . By this time , the Syrians no longer posed a credible threat and the Israelis were able to shift their air power to the south in support of the offensive . The combination of a weakened Egyptian SAM umbrella and a greater concentration of Israeli fighter - bombers meant that the IAF was capable of greatly increasing sorties against Egyptian military targets , including convoys , armor and airfields . The Egyptian bridges across the canal were damaged in Israeli air and artillery attacks . Israeli jets began attacking Egyptian SAM sites and radars , prompting General Ismail to withdraw much of the Egyptians ' air defense equipment . This in turn gave the IAF still greater freedom to operate in Egyptian airspace . Israeli jets also attacked and destroyed underground communication cables at Banha in the Nile Delta , forcing the Egyptians to transmit selective messages by radio , which could be intercepted . Aside from the cables at Banha , Israel refrained from attacking economic and strategic infrastructure following an Egyptian threat to retaliate against Israeli cities with Scud missiles . Israeli aircraft bombed Egyptian Scud batteries at Port Said several times . The Egyptian Air Force attempted to interdict IAF sorties and attack Israeli ground forces , but suffered heavy losses in dogfights and from Israeli air defenses , while inflicting light aircraft losses on the Israelis . The heaviest air battles took place over the northern Nile Delta , where the Israelis repeatedly attempted to destroy Egyptian airbases . Securing the bridgehead Despite the success the Israelis were having on the west bank , Generals Bar - Lev and Elazar ordered Sharon to concentrate on securing the bridgehead on the east bank . He was ordered to clear the roads leading to the canal as well as a position known as the Chinese Farm , just north of Deversoir , the Israeli crossing point . Sharon objected and requested permission to expand and breakout of the bridgehead on the west bank , arguing that such a maneuver would cause the collapse of Egyptian forces on the east bank . But the Israeli high command was insistent , believing that until the east bank was secure , forces on the west bank could be cut off . Sharon was overruled by his superiors and relented . On October 16 , he dispatched Amnon Reshef 's Brigade to attack the Chinese Farm . Other IDF forces attacked entrenched Egyptian forces overlooking the roads to the canal . After three days of bitter and close - quarters fighting , the Israelis succeeded in dislodging the numerically superior Egyptian forces . The Israelis lost about 300 dead , 1,000 wounded , and 56 tanks . The Egyptians suffered heavier casualties , including 118 tanks destroyed and 15 captured . Egyptian response to the Israeli crossing Israeli soldiers during the Battle of Ismailia . One of them has a captured Egyptian RPG - 7 . The Egyptians meanwhile failed to grasp the extent and magnitude of the Israeli crossing , nor did they appreciate its intent and purpose . This was partly due to attempts by Egyptian field commanders to obfuscate reports concerning the Israeli crossing and partly due to a false assumption that the canal crossing was merely a diversion for a major IDF offensive targeting the right flank of the Second Army . Consequently , on October 16 , General Shazly ordered the 21st Armored Division to attack southward and the T - 62 - equipped 25th Independent Armored Brigade to attack northward in a pincer action to eliminate the perceived threat to the Second Army . The Egyptians failed to scout the area and were unaware that by now , Adan 's 162nd Armored Division was in the vicinity . Moreover , the 21st and 25th failed to coordinate their attacks , allowing General Adan 's Division to meet each force individually . Adan first concentrated his attack on the 21st Armored Division , destroying 50 -- 60 Egyptian tanks and forcing the remainder to retreat . He then turned southward and ambushed the 25th Independent Armored Brigade , destroying 86 of its 96 tanks and all of its APCs while losing three tanks . Destroyed Israeli M48 Patton tanks on the banks of the Suez Canal . Egyptian artillery shelled the Israeli bridge over the canal on the morning of October 17 , scoring several hits . The Egyptian Air Force launched repeated raids , some with up to twenty aircraft , to take out the bridge and rafts , damaging the bridge . The Egyptians had to shut down their SAM sites during these raids , allowing Israeli fighters to intercept the Egyptians . The Egyptians lost 16 planes and 7 helicopters , while the Israelis lost 6 planes . The bridge was damaged , and the Israeli Paratroop Headquarters , which was near the bridge , was also hit , wounding the commander and his deputy . During the night , the bridge was repaired , but only a trickle of Israeli forces crossed . According to Chaim Herzog , the Egyptians continued attacking the bridgehead until the cease - fire , using artillery and mortars to fire tens of thousands of shells into the area of the crossing . Egyptian aircraft attempted to bomb the bridge every day , and helicopters launched suicide missions , making attempts to drop barrels of napalm on the bridge and bridgehead . The bridges were damaged multiple times , and had to be repaired at night . The attacks caused heavy casualties , and many tanks were sunk when their rafts were hit . Egyptian commandos and frogmen with armored support launched a ground attack against the bridgehead , which was repulsed with the loss of 10 tanks . Two subsequent Egyptian counterattacks were also beaten back . After the failure of the October 17 counterattacks , the Egyptian General Staff slowly began to realize the magnitude of the Israeli offensive . Early on October 18 , the Soviets showed Sadat satellite imagery of Israeli forces operating on the west bank . Alarmed , Sadat dispatched Shazly to the front to assess the situation first hand . He no longer trusted his field commanders to provide accurate reports . Shazly confirmed that the Israelis had at least one division on the west bank and were widening their bridgehead . He advocated withdrawing most of Egypt 's armor from the east bank to confront the growing Israeli threat on the west bank . Sadat rejected this recommendation outright and even threatened Shazly with a court martial . Ahmad Ismail Ali recommended that Sadat push for a cease - fire so as to prevent the Israelis from exploiting their successes . Israeli forces across the Suez Israeli forces were by now pouring across the canal on two bridges , including one of indigenous design , and motorized rafts . Israeli engineers under Brigadier - General Dan Even had worked under heavy Egyptian fire to set up the bridges , and over 100 were killed and hundreds more wounded . The crossing was difficult because of Egyptian artillery fire , though by 4 : 00 am , two of Adan 's brigades were on the west bank of the canal . On the morning of October 18 , Sharon 's forces on the west bank launched an offensive toward Ismailia , slowly pushing back the Egyptian paratroop brigade occupying the sand rampart northward to enlarge the bridgehead . Some of his units attempted to move west , but were stopped at the crossroads in Nefalia . Adan 's division rolled south toward Suez City while Magen 's division pushed west toward Cairo and south toward Adabiya . On October 19 , one of Sharon 's brigades continued to push the Egyptian paratroopers north towards Ismailia until the Israelis were within 8 or 10 km ( 5 or 6 mi ) of the city . Sharon hoped to seize the city and thereby sever the logistical and supply lines for most of the Egyptian Second Army . Sharon 's second brigade began to cross the canal . The brigade 's forward elements moved to the Abu Sultan Camp , from where they moved north to take Orcha , an Egyptian logistics base defended by a commando battalion . Israeli infantrymen cleared the trenches and bunkers , often engaging in hand - to - hand combat , as tanks moved alongside them and fired into the trench sections to their front . The position was secured before nightfall . More than 300 Egyptians were killed and 50 taken prisoner , while the Israelis lost 18 dead . The fall of Orcha caused the collapse of the Egyptian defensive line , allowing more Israeli troops to get onto the sand rampart . There , they were able to fire in support of Israeli troops facing Missouri Ridge , an Egyptian - occupied position on the Bar - Lev Line that could pose a threat to the Israeli crossing . On the same day , Israeli paratroopers participating in Sharon 's drive pushed the Egyptians back far enough for the Israeli bridges to be out of sight of Egyptian artillery observers , though the Egyptians continued shelling the area . As the Israelis pushed towards Ismailia , the Egyptians fought a delaying battle , falling into defensive positions further north as they came under increasing pressure from the Israeli ground offensive , coupled with airstrikes . On October 21 , one of Sharon 's brigades was occupying the city 's outskirts , but facing fierce resistance from Egyptian paratroopers and commandos . The same day , Sharon 's last remaining unit on the east bank attacked Missouri Ridge . Shmuel Gonen had demanded Sharon capture the position , and Sharon had reluctantly ordered the attack . The assault was preceded by an air attack that caused hundreds of Egyptian soldiers to flee and thousands of others to dig in . One battalion then attacked from the south , destroying 20 tanks and overrunning infantry positions before being halted by Sagger rockets and minefields . Another battalion attacked from southwest , and was stopped by fortified infantry . The Israelis managed to occupy one - third of Missouri Ridge . Defense Minister Moshe Dayan countermanded orders from Sharon 's superiors to continue the attack . However , the Israelis continued to expand their holdings on the east bank . According to the Israelis , the IDF bridgehead was 40 km ( 25 mi ) wide and 32 km ( 20 mi ) deep by the end of October 21 . On October 22 , Ismailia 's Egyptian defenders were occupying their last line of defense , but managed to repel an Israeli attempt to get behind Ismailia and encircle the city , then push some of Sharon 's forward troops back to the Sweetwater Canal . The Israeli advance on Ismailia had been stopped 10 km south of the city . Both sides had suffered heavy losses . On the northern front , the Israelis also attacked Port Said , facing Egyptian troops and a 900 - strong Tunisian unit , who fought a defensive battle . The Egyptian government claimed that the city was repeatedly bombed by Israeli jets , and that hundreds of civilians were killed or wounded . Adan and Magen moved south , decisively defeating the Egyptians in a series of engagements , though they often encountered determined Egyptian resistance , and both sides suffered heavy casualties . Adan advanced towards the Sweetwater Canal area , planning to break out into the surrounding desert and hit the Geneifa Hills , where many SAM sites were located . Adan 's three armored brigades fanned out , with one advancing through the Geneifa Hills , another along a parallel road south of them , and the third advancing towards Mina . Adan 's brigades met resistance from dug - in Egyptian forces in the Sweetwater Canal area 's greenbelt . Adan 's other brigades were also held by a line of Egyptian military camps and installations . Adan was also harassed by the Egyptian Air Force . The Israelis slowly advanced , bypassing Egyptian positions whenever possible . After being denied air support due to the presence of two SAM batteries that had been brought forward , Adan sent two brigades to attack them . The brigades slipped past the dug - in Egyptian infantry , moving out from the greenbelt for more than eight kilometres , and fought off multiple Egyptian counterattacks . From a distance of four kilometres , they shelled and destroyed the SAMs , allowing the IAF to provide Adan with close air support . Adan 's troops advanced through the greenbelt and fought their way to the Geneifa Hills , clashing with scattered Egyptian , Kuwaiti , and Palestinian troops . The Israelis clashed with an Egyptian armored unit at Mitzeneft and destroyed multiple SAM sites . Adan also captured Fayid Airport , which was subsequently prepared by Israeli crews to serve as a supply base and to fly out wounded soldiers . 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) west of the Bitter Lake , Colonel Natke Nir 's brigade overran an Egyptian artillery brigade that had been participating in the shelling of the Israeli bridgehead . Scores of Egyptian artillerymen were killed and many more taken prisoner . Two Israeli soldiers were also killed , including the son of General Moshe Gidron . Meanwhile , Magen 's division moved west and then south , covering Adan 's flank and eventually moving south of Suez City to the Gulf of Suez . The Israeli advance southward reached Port Suez , on the southern boundary of the Suez Canal . The ceasefire and further battles When the ceasefire came into effect , Israel had lost territory on the east side of the Suez Canal to Egypt -- , but gained territory west of the canal and in the Golan Heights -- . An Israeli soldier on the road to Ismailia . The United Nations Security Council passed ( 14 -- 0 ) Resolution 338 calling for a ceasefire , largely negotiated between the U.S. and Soviet Union , on October 22 . It called upon the belligerents to immediately cease all military activity . The cease - fire was to come into effect 12 hours later at 6 : 52 pm Israeli time . Because this was after dark , it was impossible for satellite surveillance to determine where the front lines were when the fighting was supposed to stop . U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger intimated to Prime Minister Meir that he would not object to offensive action during the night before the ceasefire was to come into effect . Several minutes before the ceasefire came into effect , three Scud missiles were fired at Israeli targets by either Egyptian forces or Soviet personnel in Egypt . This was the first combat use of Scud missiles . One Scud targeted the port of Arish and two targeted the Israeli bridgehead on the Suez Canal . One hit an Israeli supply convoy and killed seven soldiers . When the time for the ceasefire arrived , Sharon 's division had failed to capture Ismailia and cut off the Second Army 's supply lines , but Israeli forces were just a few hundred metres short of their southern goal -- the last road linking Cairo and Suez . Adan 's drive south had left Israeli and Egyptian units scattered throughout the battlefield , with no clear lines between them . As Egyptian and Israeli units tried to regroup , regular firefights broke out . During the night , Elazar reported that the Egyptians were attacking in an attempt to regain land at various locations , and that nine Israeli tanks had been destroyed . He asked permission from Dayan to respond to the attacks and Dayan agreed . Israel then resumed its drive south . It is unclear which side fired first but Israeli field commanders used the skirmishes as justification to resume the attacks . When Sadat protested alleged Israeli truce violations , Israel said that Egyptian troops had fired first . William B. Quandt noted that regardless of who fired the first post-ceasefire shot , it was the Israeli Army that was advancing beyond the October 22 ceasefire lines . Adan resumed his attack on October 23 . Israeli troops finished the drive south , captured the last ancillary road south of the port of Suez , and encircled the Egyptian Third Army east of the Suez Canal . The Israelis then transported enormous amounts of military equipment across the canal , which Egypt claimed was in violation of the ceasefire . Egyptian aircraft launched repeated attacks in support of the Third Army , sometimes in groups of up to 30 planes , but took severe losses . Israeli armor and paratroopers also entered Suez in an attempt to capture the city , but they were confronted by Egyptian soldiers and hastily raised local militia forces . They were surrounded , but towards night the Israeli forces managed to extricate themselves . The Israelis had lost 80 dead and 120 wounded , with an unknown number of Egyptian casualties , for no tactical gain ( see Battle of Suez ) . The next morning , October 23 , a flurry of diplomatic activity occurred . Soviet reconnaissance flights had confirmed that Israeli forces were moving south , and the Soviets accused the Israelis of treachery . Kissinger called Meir in an effort to persuade her to withdraw a few hundred metres and she indicated that Israel 's tactical position on the ground had improved . Egypt 's trapped Third Army Kissinger found out about the Third Army 's encirclement shortly thereafter . Kissinger considered that the situation presented the United States with a tremendous opportunity and that Egypt was dependent on the United States to prevent Israel from destroying its trapped army . The position could be parlayed later into allowing the United States to mediate the dispute and wean Egypt from Soviet influence . As a result , the United States exerted tremendous pressure on the Israelis to refrain from destroying the trapped army , even threatening to support a UN resolution demanding that the Israelis withdraw to their October 22 positions if they did not allow non-military supplies to reach the army . In a phone call with Israeli ambassador Simcha Dinitz , Kissinger told the ambassador that the destruction of the Egyptian Third Army `` is an option that does not exist . '' Despite being surrounded , the Third Army managed to maintain its combat integrity east of the canal and keep up its defensive positions , to the surprise of many . According to Trevor N. Dupuy , the Israelis , Soviets and Americans overestimated the vulnerability of the Third Army at the time . It was not on the verge of collapse , and he wrote that while a renewed Israeli offensive would probably overcome it , this was not a certainty , and according to David Elazar chief of Israeli headquarter staff on December 3 , 1973 : `` As for the third army , in spite of our encircling them they resisted and advanced to occupy in fact a wider area of land at the east . Thus , we can not say that we defeated or conquered them . '' David T. Buckwalter agrees that despite the isolation of the Third Army , it was unclear if the Israelis could have protected their forces on the west bank of the canal from a determined Egyptian assault and still maintain sufficient strength along the rest of the front . This assessment was challenged by Patrick Seale , who stated that the Third Army was `` on the brink of collapse '' . Seale 's position was supported by P.R. Kumaraswamy , who wrote that intense American pressure prevented the Israelis from annihilating the stranded Third Army . Herzog noted that given the Third Army 's desperate situation , in terms of being cut off from re-supply and reassertion of Israeli air superiority , the destruction of the Third Army was inevitable and could have been achieved within a very brief period . Shazly himself described the Third Army 's plight as `` desperate '' and classified its encirclement as a `` catastrophe that was too big to hide '' . He further noted that , `` the fate of the Egyptian Third Army was in the hands of Israel . Once the Third Army was encircled by Israeli troops every bit of bread to be sent to our men was paid for by meeting Israeli demands . '' Shortly before the ceasefire came into effect , an Israeli tank battalion advanced into Adabiya , and took it with support from the Israeli Navy . Some 1,500 Egyptian prisoners were taken , and about a hundred Egyptian soldiers assembled just south of Adabiya , where they held out against the Israelis . The Israelis also conducted their third and final incursion into Suez . They made some gains , but failed to break into the city center . As a result , the city was partitioned down the main street , with the Egyptians holding the city center and the Israelis controlling the outskirts , port installations and oil refinery , effectively surrounding the Egyptian defenders . Post war battles On the morning of October 26 , the Egyptian Third Army violated the ceasefire by attempting to break through surrounding Israeli forces . The attack was repulsed by Israeli air and ground forces . The Egyptians also made minor gains in attacks against Sharon 's forces in the Ismailia area . The Israelis reacted by bombing and shelling priority targets in Egypt , including command posts and water reserves . The front was quieter in the Second Army 's sector in the northern canal area , where both sides generally respected the ceasefire . Though most heavy fighting ended on October 28 , the fighting never stopped until January 18 , 1974 . Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan stated that `` The cease - fire existed on paper , but the continued firing along the front was not the only characteristic of the situation between October 24 , 1973 and January 18 , 1974 . This intermediate period also held the ever - present possibility of a renewal of full - scale war . There were three variations on how it might break out , two Egyptian and one Israeli . One Egyptian plan was to attack Israeli units west of the canal from the direction of Cairo . The other was to cut off the Israeli canal bridgehead by a link - up of the Second and Third Armies on the east bank . Both plans were based on massive artillery pounding of Israeli forces , who were not well fortified and who would suffer heavy casualties . It was therefore thought that Israel would withdraw from the west bank , since she was most sensitive on the subject of soldier 's lives . Egypt , at the time had a total of 1,700 first - line tanks on both sides of the canal front , 700 on the east bank and 1,000 on the west bank . Also on the west bank , in the second line , were an additional 600 tanks for the defense of Cairo . She had some 2,000 artillery pieces , about 500 operational aircraft , and at least 130 SAM missile batteries positioned around our forces so as to deny us air support . '' The IDF acknowledged the loss of 14 soldiers during this postwar period . Egyptian losses were higher , especially in the sector controlled by General Ariel Sharon , who ordered his troops to respond with massive firepower to any Egyptian provocation . Some aerial battles took place , and the Israelis also shot down several helicopters attempting to resupply the Third Army . Final situation on the Egyptian front By the end of the war , the Israelis had advanced to positions some 101 kilometres from Egypt 's capital , Cairo , and occupied 1,600 square kilometres west of the Suez Canal . They had also cut the Cairo - Suez road and encircled the bulk of Egypt 's Third Army . The Israelis had also taken many prisoners after Egyptian soldiers , including many officers , began surrendering in masses towards the end of the war . The Egyptians held a narrow strip on the east bank of the canal , occupying some 1,200 square kilometres of the Sinai . One source estimated that the Egyptians had 70,000 men , 720 tanks and 994 artillery pieces on the east bank of the canal . However , 30,000 to 45,000 of them were now encircled by the Israelis . Despite Israel 's tactical successes west of the canal , the Egyptian military was reformed and organized . Consequently , according to Gamasy , the Israeli military position became `` weak '' for different reasons , `` One , Israel now had a large force ( about six or seven brigades ) in a very limited area of land , surrounded from all sides either by natural or man - made barriers , or by the Egyptian forces . This put it in a weak position . Moreover , there were the difficulties in supplying this force , in evacuating it , in the lengthy communication lines , and in the daily attrition in men and equipment . Two , to protect these troops , the Israeli command had to allocate other forces ( four or five brigades ) to defend the entrances to the breach at the Deversoir . Three , to immobilize the Egyptian bridgeheads in Sinai the Israeli command had to allocate ten brigades to face the Second and Third army bridgeheads . In addition , it became necessary to keep the strategic reserves at their maximum state of alert . Thus , Israel was obliged to keep its armed force - and consequently the country - mobilized for a long period , at least until the war came to an end , because the ceasefire did not signal the end of the war . There is no doubt that this in total conflict with its military theories . '' For those reasons and according to Dayan , `` It was therefore thought that Israel would withdraw from the west bank , since she was most sensitive on the subject of soldier 's lives . '' The Egyptian forces did n't pull to the west and held onto their positions east of the canal controlling both shores of the Suez Canal . None of the Canal 's main cities were occupied by Israel ; however , the city of Suez was surrounded . Egypt wished to end the war when they realized that the IDF canal crossing offensive could result in a catastrophe . The Egyptian 's besieged Third Army could not hold on without supply . The Israeli Army advanced to 100 km from Cairo , which worried Egypt . The Israeli army had open terrain and no opposition to advance further to Cairo ; had they done so , Sadat 's rule might have ended . On the Golan Heights Syrian attack President Hafez al - Assad ( right ) with soldiers , 1973 . A map of the fighting on the Golan Heights . In the Golan Heights , the Syrians attacked two Israeli brigades and eleven artillery batteries with five divisions ( the 7th , 9th and 5th , with the 1st and 3rd in reserve ) and 188 batteries . At the onset of the battle , the Israeli brigades of some 3,000 troops , 180 tanks and 60 artillery pieces faced off against three infantry divisions with large armor components comprising 28,000 Syrian troops , 800 tanks and 600 artillery pieces . In addition , the Syrians deployed two armored divisions from the second day onwards . To fight the opening phase of a possible battle , before reserves arrived , Israeli high command had conforming to the original plan allocated a single armored brigade , the 188th , accepting a disparity in tank numbers of eighteen to one . When the warning by King Hussein of an imminent Syrian attack was conveyed , Elazar at first only assigned two additional tank companies from 7th Armored Brigade : `` We 'll have one hundred tanks against their eight hundred . That ought to be enough '' . Eventually , his deputy , Israel Tal , ordered the entire 7th Armored Brigade to be brought up . Efforts had been made to improve the Israeli defensive position . The `` Purple Line '' ran along a series of low dormant volcanic cones , `` tels '' , in the north and deep ravines in the south . It was covered by a continuous tank ditch , bunker complexes and dense minefields . Directly west of this line a series of tank ramps were constructed : earthen platforms on which a Centurion tank could position itself with only its upper turret and gun visible , offering a substantial advantage when duelling the fully exposed enemy tanks . The Syrians began their attack at 14 : 00 with an airstrike by about a hundred aircraft and a fifty - minute artillery barrage . The two forward infantry brigades , with an organic tank battalion , of each of the three infantry divisions then crossed the cease - fire lines , bypassing United Nations observer posts . They were covered by mobile anti-aircraft batteries , and equipped with bulldozers to fill - in anti-tank ditches , bridge - layer tanks to overcome obstacles and mine - clearance vehicles . These engineering vehicles were priority targets for Israeli tank gunners and took heavy losses , but Syrian infantry at points demolished the tank ditch , allowing their armor to cross . At 14 : 45 , two hundred men from the Syrian 82rd Paratrooper Battalion descended on foot from Mount Hermon and around 17 : 00 took the Israeli observation base on the southern slope , with its advanced surveillance equipment . A small force dropped by four helicopters simultaneously placed itself on the access road south of the base . Specialised intelligence personnel were captured . Made to believe that Israel had fallen , they disclosed much sensitive information . A first Israeli attempt on 8 October to retake the base from the south was ambushed and beaten off with heavy losses . During the afternoon 7th Armored Brigade was still kept in reserve and the 188th Armored Brigade held the frontline with only two tank battalions , the 74th in the north and the 53rd in the south . The northern battalion waged an exemplary defensive battle against the forward brigades of the Syrian 7th Infantry Division , destroying fifty - nine Syrian tanks for minimal losses . The southern battalion destroyed a similar number , but facing four Syrian tank battalions from two divisions had a dozen of its own tanks knocked out . At bunker complex 111 , opposite Kudne in Syria , the defending company beat off `` determined '' and `` bravely '' pressed attacks by the Syrian 9th Infantry Division ; by nightfall it was reduced to three tanks , with only sixty - nine anti-tank rounds between them . Further successful resistance by the southern battalion was contingent on reinforcements . Direct operational command of the Golan had at first been given to the 188 AB commander , Yitzhak Ben - Shoham , who ordered the 7th AB to concentrate at Wasset . The 7th AB commander , Avigdor Ben - Gal , resented obeying an officer of equal rank and went to the Northern Command headquarters at Nafah , announcing he would place his force in the northern sector at the `` Quneitra Gap '' , a pass south of the Hermonit peak and the main access to the Golan Heights from the east . Northern Command was in the process of moving their headquarters to Safed in Galilee and the senior staff officers were absent at this moment , having expected the Syrian attack to start at 18 : 00 . Operations officer Lieutenant - Colonel Uri Simhoni therefore improvised an allocation of the tactical reserves , thereby largely deciding the course of the battle . The Armored School Centurion Tank Battalion ( 71st TB ) was kept in general reserve . The 77th Tank Battalion of 7th AB was sent to Quneitra . Two companies of the 75th Mechanised Infantry Battalion , arrived in the morning , of the same brigade were sent to the southern sector . Also 82nd TB had to reinforce the south . However , Ben - Gal had split off a company of this battalion to serve as a reserve for his own brigade . Another company , soon after arriving in the south , was ambushed by an infiltrated Syrian commando force armed with Sagger missiles and almost entirely wiped out . As a result , effective reinforcement of the southern Golan sector was limited to just a single tank company . An Israeli Centurion tank . It was considered in many respects superior to the Soviet T - 54 / 55 . At 16 : 00 , Yitzhak Hofi , head Northern Command , shortly visited Nafah and split command of the Golan front : the north would be the responsibility of 7th AB , to which 53rd TB would be transferred . Command of 188th AB would be limited to the south , taking over 82nd TB . The first wave of the Syrian offensive had failed to penetrate , but at nightfall a second , larger , wave was launched . For this purpose each of the three infantry divisions , also committing their organic mechanised brigade with forty tanks , had been reinforced by an armored brigade of about ninety tanks . Two of these brigades were to attack the northern sector , four the southern sector . Over four days of fighting , the 7th Armored Brigade in the north under Avigdor Ben - Gal managed to hold the rocky hill line defending the northern flank of their headquarters in Nafah , inflicting heavy losses on the Syrians . In the night of 6 / 7 October , it beat off an attack of the Syrian 78th Armoured Brigade , attached to the 7th Infantry Division . On 7 October , 7th AB had to send part of its reserves to the collapsing southern sector . Replenishment from the Nafah matériel stock became impossible . Syrian High Command , understanding that forcing the Quneitra Gap would ensure a total victory on the Golan , decided to commit its strategic armored reserves . During the night of 7 / 8 October , the independent 81st Armored Brigade , equipped with modern T - 62 's and part of the presidential guard , attacked but was beaten - off . After this fight , the Israeli brigade would refer to the gap as the `` Valley of Tears '' . Syrian Brigadier - General Omar Abrash , commander of the 7th Infantry Division , was killed on 8 October when his command tank was hit as he was preparing an attempt by 121st Mechanised Brigade to by - pass the gap through a more southern route . Having practiced on the Golan Heights numerous times , Israeli gunners made effective use of mobile artillery . During night attacks , the Syrian tanks had the advantage of active illumination infrared night vision equipment , which was not a standard Israeli equipment . The close distances during night engagements , negated the usual Israeli superiority in long - range duels . 77th Tank Battalion commander Avigdor Kahalani in the Quneitra Gap generally managed to hold a second tank ramp line . Israeli tank on the Golan Heights during the Arab -- Israeli War In the afternoon of October 9 , Syrian command committed the Republican Guard independent 70th Armored Brigade , equipped with T - 62 's and BMPs . To hold the gap , 7th AB could by now muster only some two dozen tanks , elements from the 77th , 74th , 82nd and 71st Tank Battalion . Israeli command had directed all reserves to the threatened southern sector , trusting that the northern sector was secure . Fighting in daylight proved to be advantageous to the Syrians : the better armored T - 62 's were hard to destroy at long range and their high - velocity 115 mm smoothbore guns were quite accurate at medium ranges , despite the lack of a rangefinder . Taking losses and hit by an intense artillery barrage , the Israeli Centurions withdrew from their tank ramps . The situation was restored by an ad hoc force of thirteen tanks formed by Lt. Col. Yossi Ben - Hanan from repaired vehicles and stray crews . The Syrians abandoned their last breakthrough attempt , having lost since 6 October some 260 tanks in the Quneitra Gap . Abandoned Syrian T - 62 tanks on the Golan Heights . In the southern sector , the Israeli Barak Armored Brigade had to defend a much flatter terrain . It also faced two - thirds of the Syrian second wave , while fielding at this time less than a third of the operational Israeli tanks . Beside these objective draw - backs , it suffered from ineffective command . Ben - Shoham initially still had his headquarters in Nafah , far from his sector . He did not realise a full war was in progress and tended to spread the 53rd TB platoons along the entire line , to stop any Syrian incursion . Also , he failed to coordinate the deployment of 82nd TB and 53rd TB . The commander of 53rd TB , Lieutenant - Colonel Oded Eres , sent the two arriving companies of 82nd TB to his right flank and centre . No further reinforcement materialising , he urgently ordered the southern company to the north again ; it was ambushed on the way . His left flank at Kudne remained unreinforced , although the defending company had increased the number of operational tanks to eight . This was the main axis of the Syrian 9th Infantry Division and its commander , Colonel Hassan Tourkmani , ordered the remnants of an organic tank battalion to be sacrificed forcing the minefield belt . Subsequently , the Syrian 51st Armored Brigade by - passed bunker complex 111 after dark . It then overran the Israeli supply compound at the Hushniya cross-roads . Parts of the 75th Mechanised Infantry Battalion had been concentrated at Hushniya but they did not consist of its two organic tank companies but were M - 113 units . Lacking modern antitank weapons , Israeli infantry was ineffective at stopping Syrian armor . The brigade passing through the Kudne / Rafid Gap turned northwest up a little - used route known as the Tapline Road , which cut diagonally across the Golan , leading straight from the breakthrough point to Nafah , the Israeli divisional headquarters . The Barak Brigade 's gunners inflicted severe losses on the Syrians with accurate cannon fire , but Syrians continued pushing and the Barak Brigade began to take heavy casualties . The Israelis continued to fight desperately , hoping to buy time for reserve forces to reach the front lines . In several instances , some tank crews sacrificed themselves rather than voluntarily give ground . Lieutenant Zvika Greengold , who arrived unattached to any unit , fought running battles in this area with Syrian armor for twenty hours , sometimes with his single tank and at other times as part of a larger unit , changing tanks half a dozen times as they were knocked out . Greengold suffered burn injuries , but stayed in action and repeatedly showed up at critical moments from an unexpected direction to change the course of a skirmish . For his actions , he received Israel 's highest decoration , the Medal of Valor . At night , the Syrians made deadly use of infrared technology , while the Israelis responded by using illumination rounds and xenon light projectors on their tanks and carried out a series of small blocking actions . Brigade Commander Colonel Shoham was killed on the second day , along with his second - in - command and operations officer , as the Syrians desperately tried to advance towards the Sea of Galilee and Nafah . At this point , the Barak Brigade was no longer a cohesive force , although surviving tanks and crewmen continued fighting independently . The Syrians were close to reaching the Israeli defenders at Nafah , yet stopped the advance on Nafah 's fences at 1700 ; the pause lasted all night , allowing Israeli forces to form a defensive line . It is surmised that the Syrians had calculated estimated advances , and the commanders in the field did not want to diverge from the plan . The Golan Heights front was given priority by the Israeli High Command because of its proximity to Israeli population centers . If the Syrians had regained the area , it would pose a serious threat to major Israeli cities such as Tiberias , Safed , Haifa and Netanya . Reservists were directed to the Golan as quickly as possible . They were assigned to tanks and sent to the front as soon as they arrived at army depots , without waiting for the crews they trained with to arrive , machine guns to be installed on the tanks , or taking the time to calibrate the tank guns ( a time - consuming process known as bore - sighting ) . The Syrians had expected it to take at least 24 hours for Israeli reserves to reach the front lines ; in fact , reserve units began reaching the battle lines only 15 hours after the war began . Israeli reserve forces approaching the Golan Heights were subjected to Syrian artillery fire directed from Mount Hermon . An abandoned Syrian T - 55 tank on the Golan Heights . As the Egyptians had in the Sinai , the Syrians took care to stay under cover of their SAM batteries . Also as in the Sinai , the Syrians made use of Soviet anti-tank weapons , though they were not as effective as in the Sinai because of the uneven terrain . The Israeli Air Force initially lost 40 planes from Syrian anti-aircraft batteries , but Israeli pilots soon adopted a different tactic ; flying in low over Jordan and diving in over the Golan heights , catching the Syrians in the flank and avoiding many of their batteries . Israeli aircraft dropped both conventional bombs and napalm , devastating Syrian armored columns . However , the Syrian Air Force repeatedly struck Israeli positions during this period . On the second day of the war , the Israeli Air Force attempted to take out the Syrian anti-aircraft batteries . Codenamed Doogman 5 , the attempt was a costly failure . The Israelis destroyed one Syrian missile battery and lost six aircraft . Israel retakes the southern Golan The tide in the Golan began to turn as arriving Israeli reserve forces were able to contain the Syrian advance . Beginning on October 8 , the Israelis began pushing the Syrians back towards the pre-war ceasefire lines , inflicting heavy tank losses . Another Syrian attack north of Quneitra was repulsed . The tiny Golan Heights were too small to act as an effective territorial buffer , unlike the Sinai Peninsula in the south , but it proved to be a strategic geographical stronghold and was a crucial key in preventing the Syrians from bombarding the cities below . The Israelis , who had suffered heavy casualties during the first three days of fighting , also began relying more heavily on artillery to dislodge the Syrians at long - range . The aftermath of an Israeli airstrike on the Syrian General Staff headquarters in Damascus . On October 9 , Syrian FROG - 7 surface - to - surface missiles struck the Israeli Air Force base of Ramat David , killing a pilot and injuring several soldiers . Additional missiles struck civilian settlements . In retaliation , seven Israeli F - 4 Phantoms flew into Syria and struck the Syrian General Staff Headquarters in Damascus . The jets struck from Lebanese airspace to avoid the heavily defended regions around the Golan Heights , attacking a Lebanese radar station along the way . The upper floors of the Syrian GHQ and the Air Force Command were badly damaged . A Soviet cultural center , a television station , and other nearby structures were also mistakenly hit . One Israeli Phantom was shot down . The strike prompted the Syrians to transfer air defense units from the Golan Heights to the home front , allowing the Israeli Air Force greater freedom of action . On October 9 , as the last Syrian units were being driven from the Golan Heights , the Syrians launched a counterattack north of Quneitra . As part of the operation , they attempted to land heli - borne troops in the vicinity of El Rom . The counterattack was repulsed , and four Syrian helicopters were shot down with total loss of life . By October 10 , the last Syrian unit in the central sector was pushed back across the Purple Line , the pre-war ceasefire line . After four days of intense and incessant combat , the Israelis had succeeded in ejecting the Syrians from the entire Golan . Israeli advance towards Damascus A decision now had to be made -- whether to stop at the post-1967 border or to continue advancing into Syrian territory . The Israeli High Command spent all of October 10 debating well into the night . Some favored disengagement , which would allow soldiers to be redeployed to the Sinai ( Shmuel Gonen 's defeat at Hizayon in the Sinai had taken place two days earlier ) . Others favored continuing the attack into Syria , towards Damascus , which would knock Syria out of the war ; it would also restore Israel 's image as the supreme military power in the Middle East and would give Israel a valuable bargaining chip once the war ended . Others countered that Syria had strong defenses -- antitank ditches , minefields , and strongpoints -- and that it would be better to fight from defensive positions in the Golan Heights ( rather than the flat terrain deeper in Syria ) in the event of another war with Syria . However , Prime Minister Golda Meir realized the most crucial point of the whole debate : It would take four days to shift a division to the Sinai . If the war ended during this period , the war would end with a territorial loss for Israel in the Sinai and no gain in the north -- an unmitigated defeat . This was a political matter and her decision was unmitigating -- to cross the purple line ... The attack would be launched tomorrow , Thursday , October 11 . Israeli artillery pounds Syrian forces near the Valley of Tears . Quneitra village after Israeli shelling , showing a church and an elevated car On October 11 , Israeli forces pushed into Syria and advanced towards Damascus along the Quneitra - Damascus road until October 14 , encountering stiff resistance by Syrian reservists in prepared defenses . Three Israeli divisions broke the first and second defensive lines near Sasa , and conquered a further 50 square kilometres of territory in the Bashan salient . From there , they were able to shell the outskirts of Damascus , only 40 km away , using M107 heavy artillery . On October 12 , Israeli paratroopers from the elite Sayeret Tzanhanim reconnaissance unit launched Operation Gown , infiltrating deep into Syria and destroying a bridge in the tri-border area of Syria , Iraq , and Jordan . The operation disrupted the flow of weapons and troops to Syria . During the operation , the paratroopers destroyed a number of tank transports and killed several Syrian soldiers . There were no Israeli casualties . As the Syrian position deteriorated , Jordan sent an expeditionary force into Syria . King Hussein , who had come under intense pressure to enter the war , told Israel of his intentions through U.S. intermediaries , in the hope that Israel would accept that this was not a casus belli justifying an attack on Jordan . Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Dayan declined to offer any such assurance , but said that Israel had no intention of opening another front . Iraq also sent an expeditionary force to Syria , consisting of the 3rd and 6th Armoured Divisions , some 30,000 men , 250 -- 500 tanks , and 700 APCs . Israeli jets attacked Iraqi forces as they arrived in Syria . The Iraqi divisions were a strategic surprise for the IDF , which had expected 24 - hour - plus advance intelligence of such moves . This turned into an operational surprise , as the Iraqis attacked the exposed southern flank of the advancing Israeli armor , forcing its advance units to retreat a few kilometres in order to prevent encirclement . Combined Syrian , Iraqi and Jordanian counterattacks prevented any further Israeli gains . However , they were unable to push the Israelis back from the Bashan salient , and suffered heavy losses in their engagements with the Israelis . The most effective attack took place on October 20 , though Arab forces lost 120 tanks in that engagement . The Syrian Air Force attacked Israeli columns , but its operations were highly limited because of Israeli air superiority , and it suffered heavy losses in dogfights with Israeli jets . On October 23 , a large air battle took place near Damascus during which the Israelis shot down 10 Syrian aircraft . The Syrians claimed a similar toll against Israel . The IDF also destroyed the Syrian missile defense system . The Israeli Air Force utilized its air superiority to attack strategic targets throughout Syria , including important power plants , petrol supplies , bridges and main roads . The strikes weakened the Syrian war effort , disrupted Soviet efforts to airlift military equipment into Syria , and disrupted normal life inside the country . On October 22 , the Golani Brigade and Sayeret Matkal commandos recaptured the outpost on Mount Hermon , after a hard - fought battle that involved hand - to - hand combat and Syrian sniper attacks . An unsuccessful attack two weeks prior had cost the Israelis 23 dead and 55 wounded and the Syrians 29 dead and 11 wounded , while this second attack cost Israel an additional 55 dead and 79 wounded . An unknown number of Syrians were also killed and some were taken prisoner . An IDF D9 bulldozer supported by infantry forced its way to the peak . An Israeli paratroop force , landing by helicopter took the corresponding Syrian Hermon outposts on the mountain , killing more than a dozen Syrians while losing one dead and four wounded . Seven Syrian MiGs and two Syrian helicopters carrying reinforcements were shot down as they attempted to intercede . Northern front de-escalation The Syrians prepared for a massive counteroffensive to drive Israeli forces out of Syria , scheduled for October 23 . A total of five Syrian divisions were to take part , alongside the Iraqi and Jordanian expeditionary forces . The Soviets had replaced most of the losses Syria 's tank forces had suffered during the first weeks of the war . However , the day before the offensive was to begin , the United Nations imposed its ceasefire ( following the acquiescence of both Israel and Egypt ) . Abraham Rabinovich claimed that `` The acceptance by Egypt of the cease - fire on Monday ( October 22 ) created a major dilemma for Assad . The cease - fire did not bind him , but its implications could not be ignored . Some on the Syrian General Staff favored going ahead with the attack , arguing that if it did so Egypt would feel obliged to continue fighting as well ... Others , however , argued that continuation of the war would legitimize Israel 's efforts to destroy the Egyptian Third Army . In that case , Egypt would not come to Syria 's assistance when Israel turned its full might northward , destroying Syria 's infrastructure and perhaps attacking Damascus '' . Ultimately , Syrian President Hafez al - Assad decided to cancel the offensive . On October 23 , the day the offensive was to begin , Syria announced that it had accepted the ceasefire , and ordered its troops to cease fire , while the Iraqi government ordered its forces home . Following the UN ceasefire , there were constant artillery exchanges and skirmishes , and Israeli forces continued to occupy positions deep within Syria . According to Syrian Foreign Minister Abdel Halim Khaddam , Syria 's constant artillery attacks were `` part of a deliberate war of attrition designed to paralyse the Israeli economy '' , and were intended to pressure Israel into yielding the occupied territory . Some aerial engagements took place , and both sides lost several aircraft . In spring 1974 , the Syrians attempted to retake the summit of Mount Hermon . The fighting lasted for more than a month and saw heavy losses on both sides , but the Israelis held their positions . The situation continued until a May 1974 disengagement agreement . Jordanian participation The U.S. pressed King Hussein to keep Jordan out of the war . Though King Hussein of Jordan initially refrained from entering the conflict , on the night of October 12 -- 13 Jordanian troops deployed to the Jordanian - Syrian frontier to buttress Syrian troops , and Jordanian forces joined Syrian and Iraqi assaults on Israeli positions on October 16 and October 19 . Hussein sent a second brigade to the Golan front on October 21 . According to historian Assaf David , declassified U.S. documents show that the Jordanian participation was only a token to preserve King Hussein 's status in the Arab world . The documents reveal that Israel and Jordan had a tacit understanding that the Jordanian units would try to stay out of the fighting and Israel would try to not attack them . Final situation on the Syrian front The Israeli Army advanced to a 40 km distance from Damascus from where they were able to shell the outskirts of Damascus using M107 heavy artillery . The war at Sea Diagram of the Battle of Latakia Diagram of the Battle of Baltim On the first day of the war , Egyptian missile boats bombarded the Sinai Mediterranean coast , targeting Rumana and Ras Beyron , Ras Masala and Ras Sudar on the Gulf of Suez , and Sharm el - Sheikh . Egyptian naval frogmen also raided the oil installations at Bala'eem , disabling the massive driller . The Battle of Latakia , between the Israeli and Syrian navies , took place on October 7 , the second day of the war . Five Israeli missile boats heading towards the Syrian port of Latakia , sank a Syrian torpedo boat and minesweeper before encountering five Syrian missile boats . The Israelis used electronic countermeasures and chaff to evade Syrian missiles , then sank all five Syrian missile boats . This revolutionary engagement , the first between missile boats using surface - to - surface missiles , proved the potency of small , fast missile boats equipped with advanced ECM packages . The battle also established the Israeli Navy , long derided as the `` black sheep '' of the Israeli military , as a formidable and effective force in its own right . The port of Latakia was the site of another engagement between October 10 -- 11 , when Israeli missile boats fired into the port , targeting two Syrian missile boats spotted maneuvering among merchant ships . Both Syrian vessels were sunk , and two merchant ships were mistakenly hit and sunk . October 7 also witnessed the Battle of Marsa Talamat . Two Israeli Dabur class patrol boats patrolling in the Gulf of Suez encountered two Egyptian Zodiac boats loaded with Egyptian naval commandos , a patrol boat , backed up by coastal guns . The Israeli patrol boats sank both Zodiacs and the patrol boat , though both suffered damage during the battle . The Battle of Baltim , which took place on October 8 -- 9 off the coast of Baltim and Damietta , ended in a decisive Israeli victory . Six Israeli missile boats heading towards Port Said encountered four Egyptian missile boats coming from Alexandria . In an engagement lasting about forty minutes , the Israelis evaded Egyptian Styx missiles using electronic countermeasures and sank three of the Egyptian missile boats with Gabriel missiles and gunfire . The Battles of Latakia and Baltim `` drastically changed the operational situation at sea to Israeli advantage '' . Five nights after the Battle of Baltim , five Israeli patrol boats entered the Egyptian anchorage at Ras Ghareb , where over fifty Egyptian small patrol craft , including armed fishing boats mobilized for the war effort and loaded with troops , ammunition and supplies bound for the Israeli side of the Gulf , were based . In the battle that followed , 19 Egyptian boats were sunk , while others remained bottled up in port . The Israeli Navy had control of the Gulf of Suez during the war , which made possible the continued deployment of an Israeli SAM battery near an Israeli naval base close to the southern end of the Suez Canal , depriving the Egyptian Third Army of air support and preventing it from moving southward and attempting to capture the southern Sinai . Israeli commandos from Shayetet 13 , the Israeli Navy 's elite special unit , infiltrated the Egyptian port of Hurghada on the night of October 9 -- 10 and sank a Komar - class missile boat after four previous attempts had failed . After another infiltration attempt failed , the commandos successfully infiltrated Hurghada again on the night of October 21 -- 22 and heavily damaged a missile boat with M72 LAW rockets . During one of the raids , the commandos also blew up the port 's main docking pier . On October 16 , Shayetet 13 commandos infiltrated Port Said in two Hazir mini-submarines to strike Egyptian naval targets . During the raid , the commandos sank a torpedo boat , a coast guard boat , a tank landing craft , and a missile boat . Two frogmen went missing during the operation . On October 18 , Israeli frogmen set off an explosion that severed two underwater communications cables off Beirut , one of which led to Alexandria and the other to Marseilles . As a result , telex and telecommunications between the West and Syria were severed , and were not restored until the cables were repaired on October 27 . The cables had also been used by the Syrians and Egyptians to communicate with each other in preference to using radio , which was monitored by Israeli , U.S. and Soviet intelligence . Egypt and Syria resorted to communicating via a Jordanian radio station in Ajloun , bouncing the signals off a U.S. satellite . On October 11 , Israeli missile boats sank two Syrian missile boats in an engagement off Tartus . During the battle , a Soviet merchant ship was hit by Israeli missiles and sank . A Syrian oil terminal in Baniyas after being shelled by Israeli Sa'ar 3 - class missile boats Having decisively beaten the Egyptian and Syrian navies , the Israeli Navy had the run of the coastlines . Israeli missile boats utilized their 76mm cannons and other armaments to strike targets along the Egyptian and Syrian coastlines , including wharves , oil tank farms , coastal batteries , radar stations , airstrips , and other targets of military value . The Israeli Navy even attacked some of Egypt 's northernmost SAM batteries . The Israeli Navy 's attacks were carried out with minimal support from the Israeli Air Force ( only one Arab naval target was destroyed from the air during the entire war ) . The Egyptian Navy managed to enforce a blockade at Bab - el - Mandeb . Eighteen million tons of oil had been transported yearly from Iran to Israel through the straits of Bab - el - Mandeb . The blockade was enforced by two Egyptian destroyers and two submarines , supported by ancillary craft . Shipping destined for Israel through the Gulf of Eilat was halted by the Egyptians . The Israeli Navy had no means of lifting the blockade due to the long range involved , and the Israeli Air Force , apparently also incapable of lifting the blockade , did not challenge it . The blockade was lifted on November 1 , after Israel used the surrounded Egyptian Third Army as a bargaining chip . The Egyptians unsuccessfully attempted to blockade the Israeli Mediterranean coastline , and mined the Gulf of Suez to prevent the transportation of oil from the Bala'eem and Abu Rudeis oil fields in southwestern Sinai to Eilat in southern Israel . Two oil tankers , of 48,000 ton and 2,000 ton capacity , sank after hitting mines in the Gulf . According to Admiral Ze'ev Almog , the Israeli Navy escorted tankers from the Gulf to Eilat throughout the war , and Israeli tankers sailing from Iran were directed to bypass the Red Sea . As a result of these actions and the failure of Egypt 's Mediterranean blockade , the transport of oil , grain and weapons to Israeli ports was made possible throughout nearly the entire war . A post-war survey found that during the entire war period , Israel suffered no oil shortages , and even sold oil to third parties affected by the Arab oil embargo . This claim was disputed by Edgar O'Ballance , who claimed that no oil went to Israel during the blockade , and the Eilat - Ashdod pipeline was empty by the end of the war . Israel responded with a counter-blockade of Egypt in the Gulf of Suez . The Israeli blockade was enforced by naval vessels based at Sharm el - Sheikh and the Sinai coast facing the Gulf of Suez . The Israeli blockade substantially damaged the Egyptian economy . According to historian Gammal Hammad , Egypt 's principal ports , Alexandria and Port Safaga , remained open to shipping throughout the war . Throughout the war , the Israeli Navy enjoyed complete command of the seas both in the Mediterranean approaches and in the Gulf of Suez . During the last week of the war , Egyptian frogmen carried out three or four raids on Eilat . The attacks caused minor damage , but created some alarm . According to Israeli and Western sources , the Israelis lost no vessels in the war . Israeli vessels were `` targeted by as many as 52 Soviet - made anti-ship missiles '' , but none hit their targets . According to historian Benny Morris , the Egyptians lost seven missile boats and four torpedo boats and coastal defense craft , while the Syrians lost five missile boats , one minesweeper , and one coastal defense vessel . All together , the Israeli Navy suffered three dead or missing and seven wounded . Atrocities against Israeli prisoners Syrian atrocities Syria ignored the Geneva Conventions and many Israeli prisoners of war were tortured or killed . Advancing Israeli forces , re-capturing land taken by the Syrians early in the war , came across the bodies of 28 Israeli soldiers who had been blindfolded with their hands bound and summarily executed . In a December 1973 address to the National Assembly , Syrian Defense Minister Mustafa Tlass stated that he had awarded one soldier the Medal of the Republic for killing 28 Israeli prisoners with an axe , decapitating three of them and eating the flesh of one of his victims . The Syrians employed brutal interrogation techniques utilizing electric shocks to the genitals . A number of Israeli soldiers taken prisoner on Mount Hermon were executed . Near the village of Hushniye , the Syrians captured 11 administrative personnel from the Golan Heights Force , all of whom were later found dead , blindfolded and with their hands tied behind their backs . Within Hushniye , seven Israeli prisoners were found dead , and another three were executed at Tel Zohar . Syrian prisoners who fell into Israeli captivity confirmed that their comrades killed IDF prisoners . Some Israeli POWs reported having their fingernails ripped out while others were described as being turned into human ashtrays as their Syrian guards burned them with lit cigarettes . A report submitted by the chief medical officer of the Israeli army notes that , `` the vast majority of ( Israeli ) prisoners were exposed during their imprisonment to severe physical and mental torture . The usual methods of torture were beatings aimed at various parts of the body , electric shocks , wounds deliberately inflicted on the ears , burns on the legs , suspension in painful positions and other methods . '' Following the conclusion of hostilities , Syria would not release the names of prisoners it was holding to the International Committee of the Red Cross and in fact , did not even acknowledge holding any prisoners despite the fact they were publicly exhibited by the Syrians for television crews . The Syrians , having been thoroughly defeated by Israel , were attempting to use their captives as their sole bargaining chip in the post-war negotiations . One of the most famous Israeli POWs was Avraham Lanir , an Israeli pilot who bailed out over Syria and was taken prisoner . Lanir died under Syrian interrogation . When his body was returned in 1974 , it exhibited signs of torture . Egyptian atrocities Israeli historian Aryeh Yitzhaki estimated that the Egyptians killed about 200 Israeli soldiers who had surrendered . Yitzhaki based his claim on army documents . In addition , dozens of Israeli prisoners were beaten and otherwise mistreated in Egyptian captivity . Individual Israeli soldiers gave testimony of witnessing comrades killed after surrendering to the Egyptians , or seeing the bodies of Israeli soldiers found blindfolded with their hands tied behind their backs . Avi Yaffe , a radioman serving on the Bar - Lev Line , reported hearing calls from other soldiers that the Egyptians were killing anyone who tried to surrender , and also obtained recordings of soldiers who were saved from Egyptian firing squads . Photographic evidence of such executions exists , though some of it has never been made public . Photos were also found of Israeli prisoners who were photographed alive in Egyptian captivity , but were returned to Israel dead . The order to kill Israeli prisoners came from General Shazly , who , in a pamphlet distributed to Egyptian soldiers immediately before the war , advised his troops to kill Israeli soldiers even if they surrendered . Participation by other States Failure of the U.S. intelligence community The U.S. intelligence community -- which includes the CIA -- failed to predict in advance the Egyptian - Syrian attack on Israel . A U.S. intelligence report as late as October 4 still stated that `` We continue to believe that an outbreak of major Arab -- Israeli hostilities remains unlikely for the immediate future '' . However , one U.S. government source that was able to predict the approaching war was Roger Merrick , an analyst working for the INR ( Intelligence and Research section in the State Department ) , but his conclusions were ignored at the time , and the report he had written to that effect was only rediscovered by U.S. government archive officials in 2013 . U.S. aid to Israel Based on intelligence estimates at the commencement of hostilities , American leaders expected the tide of the war to quickly shift in Israel 's favor , and that Arab armies would be completely defeated within 72 to 96 hours . On October 6 , Secretary of State Kissinger convened the National Security Council 's official crisis management group , the Washington Special Actions Group , which debated whether the U.S. should supply additional arms to Israel . High - ranking representatives of the Defense and State Departments opposed such a move . Kissinger was the sole dissenter ; he said that if the U.S. refused aid , Israel would have little incentive to conform to American views in postwar diplomacy . Kissinger argued the sending of U.S. aid might cause Israel to moderate its territorial claims , but this thesis raised a protracted debate whether U.S. aid was likely to make it more accommodating or more intransigent toward the Arab world . An Israeli M48 Patton captured by Egyptian forces By October 8 , Israel had encountered military difficulties on both fronts . In the Sinai , Israeli efforts to break through Egyptian lines with armor had been thwarted , and while Israel had contained and begun to turn back the Syrian advance , Syrian forces were still overlooking the Jordan River and their air defense systems were inflicting a high toll on Israeli planes . It became clear by October 9 that no quick reversal in Israel 's favor would occur and that IDF losses were unexpectedly high . During the night of October 8 -- 9 , an alarmed Dayan told Meir that `` this is the end of the third temple . '' He was warning of Israel 's impending total defeat , but `` Temple '' was also the code word for Israel 's nuclear weapons . Dayan raised the nuclear topic in a cabinet meeting , warning that the country was approaching a point of `` last resort '' . That night Meir authorized the assembly of thirteen 20 - kiloton - of - TNT ( 84 TJ ) tactical nuclear weapons for Jericho missiles at Sdot Micha Airbase and McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom II aircraft at Tel Nof Airbase . They would be used if absolutely necessary to prevent total defeat , but the preparation was done in an easily detectable way , likely as a signal to the United States . Kissinger learned of the nuclear alert on the morning of October 9 . That day , President Nixon ordered the commencement of Operation Nickel Grass , an American airlift to replace all of Israel 's material losses . Anecdotal evidence suggests that Kissinger told Sadat that the reason for the U.S. airlift was that the Israelis were close to `` going nuclear '' . However , subsequent interviews with Kissinger , Schlesinger , and William Quandt suggested that the nuclear aspect was not a major factor in the decision to re-supply . These officials cited the ongoing Soviet re-supply effort and Sadat 's early rejection of a ceasefire as the primary motivators . European countries refused to allow U.S. airplanes carrying supplies for Israel to refuel at their bases , fearing an Arab oil embargo , with the exception of Portugal and the Netherlands . Portugal permitted the United States to use a leased base in the Azores , and the defence minister of the Netherlands , apparently acting without consulting his cabinet colleagues , secretly authorised the use of Dutch airfields . An M60 delivered during Operation Nickel Grass Israel began receiving supplies via U.S. Air Force cargo airplanes on October 14 , although some equipment had arrived on planes from Israel 's national airline El Al before this date . By that time , the IDF had advanced deep into Syria and was mounting a largely successful invasion of the Egyptian mainland from the Sinai , but had taken severe material losses . According to Abraham Rabinovich , `` while the American airlift of supplies did not immediately replace Israel 's losses in equipment , it did allow Israel to expend what it did have more freely '' . By the end of Nickel Grass , the United States had shipped 22,395 tons of matériel to Israel . 8,755 tons of it arrived before the end of the war . American C - 141 Starlifter and C - 5 Galaxy aircraft flew 567 missions throughout the airlift . El Al planes flew in an additional 5,500 tons of matériel in 170 flights . The airlift continued after the war until November 14 . The United States delivered approximately 90,000 tons of materiel to Israel by sealift by the beginning of December , using 16 ships . 33,210 tons of it arrived by November . By the beginning of December , Israel had received between 34 and 40 F - 4 fighter - bombers , 46 A-4 attack airplanes , 12 C - 130 cargo airplanes , 8 CH - 53 helicopters , 40 unmanned aerial vehicles , 200 M - 60 / M - 48A3 tanks , 250 armored personnel carriers , 226 utility vehicles , 12 MIM - 72 Chaparral surface - to - air missile systems , three MIM - 23 Hawk surface - to - air missile systems , 36 155 mm artillery pieces , seven 175 mm artillery pieces , and large quantities of 105 mm , 155 mm and 175 mm ammunition . State of the art equipment , such as the AGM - 65 Maverick missile and the BGM - 71 TOW , weapons that had only entered production one or more years prior , as well as highly advanced electronic jamming equipment , was also sent . Most of the combat airplanes arrived during the war , and many were taken directly from United States Air Force units . Most of the large equipment arrived after the ceasefire . The total cost of the equipment was approximately US $800 million ( US $4.41 billion today ) . On October 13 and 15 , Egyptian air defense radars detected an aircraft at an altitude of 25,000 metres ( 82,000 ft ) and a speed of Mach 3 ( 3,675 km / h ; 2,284 mph ) , making it impossible to intercept either by fighter or SAM missiles . The aircraft proceeded to cross the whole of the canal zone , the naval ports of the Red Sea ( Hurghada and Safaga ) , flew over the airbases and air defenses in the Nile delta , and finally disappeared from radar screens over the Mediterranean Sea . The speed and altitude were those of the U.S. Lockheed SR - 71 Blackbird , a long - range strategic - reconnaissance aircraft . According to Egyptian commanders , the intelligence provided by the reconnaissance flights helped the Israelis prepare for the Egyptian attack on October 14 and assisted it in conducting Operation Stouthearted Men . Aid to Egypt and Syria Soviet supplies A Syrian BMP - 1 captured by Israeli forces Starting on October 9 , the Soviet Union began supplying Egypt and Syria by air and by sea . The Soviets airlifted 12,500 -- 15,000 tons of supplies , of which 6,000 tons went to Egypt , 3,750 tons went to Syria and 575 tons went to Iraq . General Shazly , the former Egyptian chief of staff , claimed that more than half of the airlifted Soviet hardware actually went to Syria . According to Ze'ev Schiff , Arab losses were so high and the attrition rate so great that equipment was taken directly from Soviet and Warsaw Pact stores to supply the airlift . Antonov An - 12 and AN - 22 aircraft flew over 900 missions during the airlift . The Soviets supplied another 63,000 tons , mainly to Syria , by means of a sealift by October 30 . Historian Gamal Hammad asserts that 400 T - 55 and T - 62 tanks supplied by the sealift were directed towards replacing Syrian losses , transported from Odessa on the Black Sea to the Syrian port of Latakia . Hammad claimed that Egypt did not receive any tanks from the Soviets , a claim disputed by Schiff , who stated that Soviet freighters loaded with tanks and other weapons reached Egyptian , Algerian and Syrian ports throughout the war . The sealift may have included Soviet nuclear weapons , which were not unloaded but kept in Alexandria harbor until November to counter the Israeli nuclear preparations , which Soviet satellites had detected ( Soviet intelligence informed Egypt that Israel had armed three nuclear weapons ) . American concern over possible evidence of nuclear warheads for the Soviet Scud missiles in Egypt contributed to Washington 's decision to go to DEFCON 3 . According to documents declassified in 2016 , the move to DEFCON 3 was motivated by Central Intelligence Agency reports indicating that the Soviet Union had sent a ship to Egypt carrying nuclear weapons along with two other amphibious vessels . Soviet troops never landed , though the ship supposedly transporting nuclear weapons did arrive in Egypt . Further details are unavailable and may remain classified . Soviet active aid On the Golan front , Syrian forces received direct support from Soviet technicians and military personnel . At the start of the war , there were an estimated 2,000 Soviet personnel in Syria , of whom 1,000 were serving in Syrian air defense units . Soviet technicians repaired damaged tanks , SAMs and radar equipment , assembled fighter jets that arrived via the sealift , and drove tanks supplied by the sealift from ports to Damascus . On both the Golan and Sinai fronts , Soviet military personnel retrieved abandoned Israeli military equipment for shipment to Moscow . Soviet advisors were reportedly present in Syrian command posts `` at every echelon , from battalion up , including supreme headquarters '' . Some Soviet military personnel went into battle with the Syrians , and it was estimated that 20 were killed in action and more were wounded . In July 1974 , Israeli Defense Minister Shimon Peres informed the Knesset that high - ranking Soviet officers had been killed on the Syrian front during the war . There were strong rumors that a handful were taken prisoner , but this was denied . However , it was noted that certain Soviet Jews were allowed to emigrate just after the war , leading to suspicions of a covert exchange . The Observer wrote that seven Soviets in uniform were taken prisoner after surrendering when the Israelis overran their bunker . The Israelis reportedly took the prisoners to Ramat David Airbase for interrogation , and treated the incident with great secrecy . Israeli military intelligence reported that Soviet - piloted MiG - 25 Foxbat interceptor / reconnaissance aircraft overflew the Canal Zone . Soviet threat of intervention October 24 . A UN-arranged meeting between IDF Lt. Gen. Haim Bar - Lev and Egyptian Brigadier General Bashir Sharif in Sinai . On October 9 , the Soviet cultural center in Damascus was damaged during an Israeli airstrike , and two days later , the Soviet merchant ship Ilya Mechnikov was sunk by the Israeli Navy during a battle off Syria . The Soviets condemned Israeli actions , and there were calls within the government for military retaliation . The Soviets ultimately reacted by deploying two destroyers off the Syrian coast . Soviet warships in the Mediterranean were authorized to open fire on Israeli combatants approaching Soviet convoys and transports . There were several recorded instances of Soviet ships exchanging fire with Israeli forces . In particular , the Soviet minesweeper Rulevoi and the medium landing ship SDK - 137 , guarding Soviet transport ships at the Syrian port of Latakia , fired on approaching Israeli jets . During the cease - fire , Henry Kissinger mediated a series of exchanges with the Egyptians , Israelis and the Soviets . On October 24 , Sadat publicly appealed for American and Soviet contingents to oversee the ceasefire ; it was quickly rejected in a White House statement . Kissinger also met with Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin to discuss convening a peace conference with Geneva as the venue . Later in the evening ( 9 : 35 pm ) of October 24 -- 25 , Brezhnev sent Nixon a `` very urgent '' letter . In that letter , Brezhnev began by noting that Israel was continuing to violate the ceasefire and it posed a challenge to both the U.S. and USSR . He stressed the need to `` implement '' the ceasefire resolution and `` invited '' the U.S. to join the Soviets `` to compel observance of the cease - fire without delay '' . He then threatened `` I will say it straight that if you find it impossible to act jointly with us in this matter , we should be faced with the necessity urgently to consider taking appropriate steps unilaterally . We can not allow arbitrariness on the part of Israel . '' The Soviets were threatening to militarily intervene in the war on Egypt 's side if they could not work together to enforce the ceasefire . Kissinger immediately passed the message to White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig , who met with Nixon for 20 minutes around 10 : 30 pm , and reportedly empowered Kissinger to take any necessary action . Kissinger immediately called a meeting of senior officials , including Haig , Defense Secretary James Schlesinger , and CIA Director William Colby . The Watergate scandal had reached its apex , and Nixon was so agitated and discomposed that they decided to handle the matter without him : When Kissinger asked Haig whether ( Nixon ) should be wakened , the White House chief of staff replied firmly ' No . ' Haig clearly shared Kissinger 's feelings that Nixon was in no shape to make weighty decisions . The meeting produced a conciliatory response , which was sent ( in Nixon 's name ) to Brezhnev . At the same time , it was decided to increase the Defense Condition ( DEFCON ) from four to three . Lastly , they approved a message to Sadat ( again , in Nixon 's name ) asking him to drop his request for Soviet assistance , and threatening that if the Soviets were to intervene , so would the United States . The Soviets placed seven airborne divisions on alert and airlift was marshaled to transport them to the Middle East . An airborne command post was set up in the southern Soviet Union , and several air force units were also alerted . `` Reports also indicated that at least one of the divisions and a squadron of transport planes had been moved from the Soviet Union to an airbase in Yugoslavia '' . The Soviets also deployed seven amphibious warfare craft with some 40,000 naval infantry in the Mediterranean . The Soviets quickly detected the increased American defense condition , and were astonished and bewildered at the response . `` Who could have imagined the Americans would be so easily frightened , '' said Nikolai Podgorny . `` It is not reasonable to become engaged in a war with the United States because of Egypt and Syria , '' said Premier Alexei Kosygin , while KGB chief Yuri Andropov added that `` We shall not unleash the Third World War . '' The letter from the U.S. cabinet arrived during the meeting . Brezhnev decided that the Americans were too nervous , and that the best course of action would be to wait to reply . The next morning , the Egyptians agreed to the American suggestion , and dropped their request for assistance from the Soviets , bringing the crisis to an end . Other countries Plaque commemorating the supply of 8 East German Air Force MiG - 21s to Syria during the war , on display at the Flugplatzmuseum Cottbus In total , Arab countries added up to 100,000 troops to Egypt and Syria 's frontline ranks . Besides Egypt , Syria , Jordan , and Iraq , several other Arab states were also involved in this war , providing additional weapons and financing . In addition to its forces in Syria , Iraq sent a single Hawker Hunter squadron to Egypt . The squadron quickly gained a reputation amongst Egyptian field commanders for its skill in air support , particularly in anti-armor strikes . However , nearly all Arab reinforcements came with no logistical plan or support , expecting their hosts to supply them , and in several cases causing logistical problems . On the Syrian front , a lack of coordination between Arab forces led to several instances of friendly fire . Algeria sent a squadron each of MiG - 21s and Su - 7s to Egypt , which arrived at the front between October 9 and October 11 . It also sent an armored brigade of 150 tanks , the advance elements of which began to arrive on October 17 , but reached the front only on October 24 , too late to participate in the fighting . After the war , during the first days of November , Algeria deposited around US $200 million with the Soviet Union to finance arms purchases for Egypt and Syria . Algerian fighter jets however did participate in attacks together with Egyptians and Iraqis . Cuba sent approximately 4,000 troops , including tank and helicopter crews to Syria , and they reportedly engaged in combat operations against the IDF . East German Communist Party leader Erich Honecker directed the shipment of 75,000 grenades , 30,000 mines , 62 tanks and 12 fighter jets to Syria . 20 North Korean pilots and 19 non-combat personnel were sent to Egypt . According to Shlomo Aloni , the last aerial engagement on the Egyptian front , which took place on December 6 , saw Israeli F - 4s engage North Korean - piloted MiG - 21s . The Israelis shot down one MiG , and another was mistakenly shot down by Egyptian air defenses . Egyptian sources said that the North Koreans suffered no losses but claimed no aerial victories in their engagements . According to Chengappa , several Pakistan Air Force pilots flew combat missions in Syrian aircraft , and shot down one Israeli fighter . Libya , which had forces stationed in Egypt before the outbreak of the war , provided one armored brigade and two squadrons of Mirage V fighters , of which one squadron was to be piloted by the Egyptian Air Force and the other by Libyan pilots . Only Egyptian - manned squadrons participated in the war . Libyan armored brigade stationed in Egypt never took an active part in the war . Libya also sent financial aid . Saudi Arabia sent 3,000 soldiers to Syria , bolstered by a battalion of Panhard AML - 90 armored cars . One of the Panhards was later captured by the Israelis near Golan Heights and displayed to the media as proof of Saudi involvement . The Saudi armor was deployed primarily in rearguard actions but also performed active reconnaissance for the Iraqi and Jordanian expeditionary forces between October 16 and October 19 . During that time , it participated in two major engagements and the IDF claimed that most of the armoured car battalion was destroyed . The Saudis acknowledged only minor losses , including the loss of 4 AMLs . Kuwait dispatched 3,000 soldiers to Syria . These arrived with additional Jordanian and Iraqi reinforcements in time for a new Syrian offensive scheduled for October 23 , which was later cancelled . Kuwaiti troops were also sent to Egypt . Kuwait also provided financial aid . Morocco sent one infantry brigade to Egypt and one armored regiment to Syria. 6 Moroccan troops were taken prisoner in the war . Tunisia sent 1,000 -- 2,000 soldiers to Egypt , where they were stationed in the Nile Delta and some of them were stationed to defend Port Said . Lebanon sent radar units to Syria for air defense . Lebanon however did not take part in the war . Sudan deployed a 3,500 - strong infantry brigade to Egypt . It arrived on October 28 , too late to participate in the war . Non-state participants : An infantry brigade composed of Palestinians was in Egypt before the outbreak of the war . Palestinian attacks from the Lebanese border During the course of the war , Palestinian militias from southern Lebanon launched several attacks on Israeli border communities . All of the attempts to infiltrate Israel failed and in all clashes 23 militants were killed and 4 were captured . Most of the activity was focused on Katyusha rocket and anti-tank missile fire on Israeli border communities . In the attacks some civilians were injured , mostly lightly and damage was made to property . In 10 October , after Palestinian militants fired some 40 rockets on Israeli communities , Chief of Staff David Elazar and chief of the Northern Command , Yitzhak Hofi , requested to deploy a force which will cleanse Lebanese villages from Palestinian militants , but the request was declined by Defense Minister Moshe Dayan . Weapons The Arab armies ( with the exception of the Jordanians ) , were equipped with predominantly Soviet - made weapons while Israel 's armaments were mostly Western - made . The Arabs ' T - 54 / 55s and T - 62s were equipped with night vision equipment , which the Israeli tanks lacked , giving them an advantage in fighting at night , while Israel tanks had better armor and / or better armament . Israeli tanks also had a distinct advantage while on the ramps , in the `` hull - down '' position where steeper angles of depression resulted in less exposure . The main guns of Soviet tanks could only depress 4 degrees . By contrast , the 105 mm guns on Centurion and Patton tanks could depress 10 degrees . Type Arab armies IDF AFVs Egypt , Syria , Iraq and Jordan used T - 34 , T - 54 , T - 55 , T - 62 , PT - 76 and M48 Patton , as well as SU - 100 / 152 World War II vintage self - propelled guns . M50 and M51 Shermans with upgraded engines , M48 Patton , M60 Patton , Centurion , PT - 76 and T - 54 / 55 . All tanks were upgraded with the British 105 mm L7 gun , prior to the war . APCs / IFVs BTR - 40 , BTR - 152 , BTR - 50 , BTR - 60 APC 's & BMP 1 IFV 's M2 / M3 Half - track , M113 Artillery 152 mm howitzer - gun M1937 ( ML - 20 ) , BM - 21 , D - 30 ( 2A18 ) Howitzer , M1954 field gun , 152 mm towed gun - howitzer M1955 ( D - 20 ) M109 self - propelled howitzer , M107 self - propelled gun , M110 self - propelled howitzer , M50 self - propelled howitzer and Makmat 160 mm self - propelled mortar , Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50 , Soltam M - 68 and 130 mm towed field gun M1954 ( M - 46 ) Aircraft MiG - 21 , MiG - 19 , MiG - 17 , Dassault Mirage 5 , Su - 7 B , Hawker Hunter , Tu - 16 , Il - 28 , Il - 18 , Il - 14 , An - 12 , Aero L - 29 A-4 Skyhawk , F - 4 Phantom II , Dassault Mirage III , Dassault Super Mystère , IAI Nesher Helicopters Mi - 6 , Mi - 8 Super Frelon , Sea Stallion , AB - 205 AAW SA - 6 Gainful , SA - 3 Goa , SA - 2 Guideline , ZSU - 23 - 4 , Strela 2 MIM - 23 Hawk , MIM - 72 Chaparral , Bofors 40 mm gun Infantry weapons AK - 47 , AKM , Hakim , Rasheed , RPK , RPD , PKM , SVD , Port Said , Browning Hi - Power , Beretta M1951 , TT - 33 , Makarov PM , F1 grenade , RGD - 5 grenade , RPG - 43 anti-tank grenade , RKG - 3 anti-tank grenade , DShK HMG , RPG - 7 , AT - 3 Sagger and B - 11 recoilless rifle FN FAL , Uzi , M16 , CAR - 15 , M14 , AK - 47 , Karabiner 98k , Lee - Enfield , FN MAG , Browning Hi - Power , Beretta M1951 , M26A2 grenade , M2HB Browning , Super Bazooka , SS. 11 , M72 LAW ( only received during the war ) , BGM - 71 TOW ( received during the war ) , RL - 83 Blindicide and M40 recoilless rifle Sea to Sea Missiles P - 15 Termit Gabriel Air - to - Air Missiles K - 13 Shafrir 2 , AIM - 9 Sidewinder , AIM - 7 Sparrow Air - to - Ground Missiles AGM - 45 Shrike anti radiation missile Home front during the war The war created a state of emergency in the countries involved in fighting . Upon the outbreak of war , air raid sirens sounded throughout Israel . During the war , blackouts were enforced in major cities . The Egyptian government began to evacuate foreign tourists , and on October 11 , 1973 , the Egyptian ship Syria left Alexandria to Piraeus with a load of tourists wishing to exit Egypt . The U.S. Interest Section in Cairo also requested U.S. government assistance in removing U.S. tourists to Greece . On October 12 , Kissinger ordered the U.S. Interest Section in Cairo to speed up preparations for the departure of U.S. tourists staying in Egypt , while notifying such actions to the IDF in order to avoid accidental military operations against them . Casualties See also : Israeli casualties of war Israel suffered between 2,521 and 2,800 killed in action . An additional 7,250 to 8,800 soldiers were wounded . Some 293 Israelis were captured . Approximately 400 Israeli tanks were destroyed . Another 600 were disabled but returned to service after repairs . A major Israeli advantage , noted by many observers , was their ability to quickly return damaged tanks to combat . The Israeli Air Force lost 102 airplanes : 32 F - 4s , 53 A-4s , 11 Mirages and 6 Super Mysteres . Two helicopters , a Bell 205 and a CH - 53 , were also lost . According to Defense Minister Moshe Dayan , nearly half of these were shot down during the first three days of the war . IAF losses per combat sortie were less than in the preceding Six - Day War of 1967 . An Israeli Air Force Mirage IIIC . Flag markings on the nose credit this particular aircraft with 13 aerial kills . Downed Israeli Mirage Arab casualties were known to be much higher than Israel 's , though precise figures are difficult to ascertain as Egypt and Syria never disclosed official figures . The lowest casualty estimate is 8,000 ( 5,000 Egyptian and 3,000 Syrian ) killed and 18,000 wounded . The highest estimate is 18,500 ( 15,000 Egyptian and 3,500 Syrian ) killed . Most estimates lie somewhere in between the two , with the Insight Team of the London The Sunday Times combined Egyptian and Syrian losses of 16,000 killed . and yet another source citing a figure of some 15,000 dead and 35,000 wounded . U.S. estimates placed Egyptian casualties at 13,000 . Iraq lost 278 killed and 898 wounded , while Jordan suffered 23 killed and 77 wounded . Some 8,372 Egyptians , 392 Syrians , 13 Iraqis and 6 Moroccans were taken prisoner . Arab tank losses amounted to 2,250 though Garwych cites a figure of 2,300. 400 of these fell into Israeli hands in good working order and were incorporated into Israeli service . Between 341 and 514 Arab aircraft were shot down . According to Herzog , 334 of these aircraft were shot down by the Israeli Air Force in air - to - air combat for the loss of only five Israeli planes . The Sunday Times Insight Team notes Arab aircraft losses of 450 . 19 Arab naval vessels , including 10 missile boats , were sunk for no Israeli losses . Post-ceasefire Kissinger pushes for peace Play media 1974 news report about warfare on the Golan prior to the May disengagement accords On October 24 , the UNSC passed Resolution 339 , serving as a renewed call for all parties to adhere to the ceasefire terms established in Resolution 338 . Most heavy fighting on the Egyptian front ended by October 26 , but clashes along the ceasefire lines and a few airstrikes on the Third Army took place . With some Israeli advances taking place , Kissinger threatened to support a UN withdrawal resolution , but before Israel could respond , Egyptian national security advisor Hafez Ismail sent Kissinger a stunning message -- Egypt was willing to enter into direct talks with Israel , provided that it agree to allow non-military supplies to reach the Third Army and to a complete ceasefire . About noon on October 25 , Kissinger appeared before the press at the State Department . He described the various stages of the crisis and the evolution of U.S. policy . He reviewed the first two weeks of the crisis and the nuclear alert , reiterated opposition to U.S. and Soviet troops in the area and more strongly opposed unilateral Soviet moves . He then reviewed the prospects for a peace agreement , which he termed `` quite promising '' , and had conciliatory words for Israel , Egypt and even the USSR . Kissinger concluded his remarks by spelling out the principles of a new U.S. policy toward the Arab -- Israeli conflict saying : Our position is that ... the conditions that produced this war were clearly intolerable to the Arab nations and that in the process of negotiations it will be necessary to make substantial concessions . The problem will be to relate the Arab concern for the sovereignty over the territories to the Israeli concern for secure boundaries . We believe that the process of negotiations between the parties is an essential component of this . Quandt considers , `` It was a brilliant performance , one of his most impressive . '' One hour later the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 340 . This time the ceasefire held , and the fourth Arab -- Israeli war was over . Disengagement agreement Main article : Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria UN Emergency Forces at Kilometre 101 Disengagement talks took place on October 28 , 1973 , at `` Kilometre 101 '' between Israeli Major General Aharon Yariv and Egyptian Major General Abdel Ghani el - Gamasy . Ultimately , Kissinger took the proposal to Sadat , who agreed . United Nations checkpoints were brought in to replace Israeli ones , nonmilitary supplies were allowed to pass , and prisoners - of - war were to be exchanged . A summit conference in Geneva followed in December 1973 . All parties to the war -- Israel , Syria , Jordan and Egypt -- were invited to a joint effort by the Soviet Union and the United States to finally usher peace between the Arabs and Israelis . This conference was recognized by UN Security Council Resolution 344 and was based on the Resolution 338 , calling for a `` just and durable peace '' . Nevertheless , the conference was forced to adjourn on January 9 , 1974 , as Syria refused attendance . After the failed conference Henry Kissinger started conducting shuttle diplomacy , meeting with Israel and the Arab states directly . The first concrete result of this was the initial military disengagement agreement , signed by Israel and Egypt on January 18 , 1974 . The agreement commonly known as Sinai I had the official name of Sinai Separation of Forces Agreement . Under its terms , Israel agreed to pull back its forces from the areas West of Suez Canal , which it had occupied since the end of hostilities . Moreover , Israeli forces were also pulled back on the length of the whole front to create security zones for Egypt , UN and Israel , each roughly ten kilometres wide . Thus Israel gave up its advances reaching beyond the Suez canal , but it still held nearly all of Sinai . It became the first of many such Land for Peace agreements where Israel gave up territory in exchange for treaties . On the Syrian front , skirmishes and artillery exchanges continued taking place . Shuttle diplomacy by Henry Kissinger eventually produced a disengagement agreement on May 31 , 1974 , based on exchange of prisoners - of - war , Israeli withdrawal to the Purple Line and the establishment of a UN buffer zone . The agreement ended the skirmishes and exchanges of artillery fire that had occurred frequently along the Israeli - Syrian ceasefire line . The UN Disengagement and Observer Force ( UNDOF ) was established as a peacekeeping force in the Golan . The peace discussion at the end of the war was the first time that Arab and Israeli officials met for direct public discussions since the aftermath of the 1948 war . Response in Israel Though the war reinforced Israel 's military deterrence , it had a stunning effect on the population in Israel . Following their victory in the Six - Day War , the Israeli military had become complacent . The shock and sudden reversals that occurred at the beginning of the war inflicted a terrible psychological blow to the Israelis , who had hitherto experienced no serious military challenges . A protest against the Israeli government started four months after the war ended . It was led by Motti Ashkenazi , commander of Budapest , the northernmost of the Bar - Lev forts and the only one during the war not to be captured by the Egyptians . Anger against the Israeli government ( and Dayan in particular ) was high . Shimon Agranat , President of the Israeli Supreme Court , was asked to lead an inquiry , the Agranat Commission , into the events leading up to the war and the setbacks of the first few days . The Agranat Commission published its preliminary findings on April 2 , 1974 . Six people were held particularly responsible for Israel 's failings : Though his performance and conduct during the war was lauded , IDF Chief of Staff David Elazar was recommended for dismissal after the Commission found he bore `` personal responsibility for the assessment of the situation and the preparedness of the IDF '' . Aman Chief , Aluf Eli Zeira , and his deputy , head of Research , Brigadier - General Aryeh Shalev , were recommended for dismissal . Lt. Colonel Bandman , head of the Aman desk for Egypt , and Lt. Colonel Gedelia , chief of intelligence for the Southern Command , were recommended for transfer away from intelligence duties . Shmuel Gonen , commander of the Southern front , was recommended by the initial report to be relieved of active duty . He was forced to leave the army after the publication of the Commission 's final report , on January 30 , 1975 , which found that `` he failed to fulfill his duties adequately , and bears much of the responsibility for the dangerous situation in which our troops were caught . '' Rather than quieting public discontent , the report -- which `` had stressed that it was judging the ministers ' responsibility for security failings , not their parliamentary responsibility , which fell outside its mandate '' -- inflamed it . Although it had absolved Meir and Dayan of all responsibility , public calls for their resignations ( especially Dayan 's ) intensified . In the December 1973 legislative election , Meir 's Alignment party lost five Knesset seats . On April 11 , 1974 , Golda Meir resigned . Her cabinet followed suit , including Dayan , who had previously offered to resign twice and was turned down both times by Meir . A new government was seated in June , and Yitzhak Rabin , who had spent most of the war as an advisor to Elazar in an unofficial capacity , became Prime Minister . In 1999 , the issue was revisited by the Israeli political leadership to prevent similar shortcomings from being repeated . The Israeli National Security Council was created to improve coordination between the different security and intelligence bodies , and the political branch of government . Response in Egypt For the Arab states ( and Egypt in particular ) , Arab successes during the war healed the psychological trauma of their defeat in the Six - Day War , allowing them to negotiate with the Israelis as equals . Because of the later setbacks in the war ( which saw Israel gain a large salient on African soil and even more territory on the Syrian front ) , some believe that the war helped convince many in the Arab world that Israel could not be defeated militarily , thereby strengthening peace movements and delaying the Arab ambition of destroying Israel by force . General Shazly had angered Sadat for advocating the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Sinai to meet the Israeli incursion on the West Bank of the Canal . Six weeks after the war , he was relieved of command and forced out of the army , ultimately going into political exile for years . Upon his return to Egypt , he was placed under house arrest . Following his release , he advocated the formation of a `` Supreme High Committee '' modeled after Israel 's Agranat Commission in order to `` probe , examine and analyze '' the performance of Egyptian forces and the command decisions made during the war , but his requests were completely ignored . He published a book , banned in Egypt , that described Egypt 's military failings and the sharp disagreements he had with Ismail and Sadat in connection with the prosecution of the war . The commanders of the Second and Third Armies , Generals Khalil and Wasel , were also dismissed from the army . The commander of the Egyptian Second Army at the start of the war , General Mamoun , suffered a heart attack , or , alternatively , a breakdown , after the Egyptian defeat during the October 14 Sinai tank battle , and was replaced by General Khalil . Response in Syria In Syria , Colonel Rafik Halawi , the Druze commander of an infantry brigade that had collapsed during the Israeli breakthrough , was executed before the war even ended . He was given a quick hearing and sentenced to death ; his execution was immediate . Military historian Zeev Schiff referred to him as Syria 's `` sacrificial lamb '' . The Syrians however offered vehement denials that Halawi was executed and expended great efforts trying to debunk the allegation . They claimed he was killed in battle with Israel and threatened severe punishment to anyone repeating the allegation of execution . Their concern stemmed from a desire to maintain Syrian Druze loyalty to Assad 's regime and prevent Syrian Druze from siding with their co-religionists in Israel . On July 7 , 1974 , Halawi 's remains were removed from a Syrian military hospital and he was interred in Damascus at the `` Cemetery of the Martyrs of the October War '' in the presence of many Syrian dignitaries . One analyst noted that the presence of so many high - level officials was unusual and attributed it to Syrian efforts to quell any suggestion of execution . Response in the Soviet Union According to Chernyaev , on 4 November 1973 , Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev said : We have offered them ( the Arabs ) a sensible way for so many years . But no , they wanted to fight . Fine ! We gave them technology , the latest , the kind even Vietnam did n't have . They had double superiority in tanks and aircraft , triple in artillery , and in air defense and anti-tank weapons they had absolute supremacy . And what ? Once again they were beaten . Once again they scrammed ( sic ) . Once again they screamed for us to come save them . Sadat woke me up in the middle of the night twice over the phone , `` Save me ! '' He demanded to send Soviet troops , and immediately ! No ! We are not going to fight for them . Oil embargo In response to U.S. support of Israel , the Arab members of OPEC , led by Saudi Arabia , decided to reduce oil production by 5 % per month on October 17 . On October 19 , President Nixon authorized a major allocation of arms supplies and $2.2 billion in appropriations for Israel . In response , Saudi Arabia declared an embargo against the United States , later joined by other oil exporters and extended against the Netherlands and other states , causing the 1973 energy crisis . Long - term Effects Egyptian -- Israeli disengagement agreement Main article : Sinai Interim Agreement Another Egyptian -- Israeli disengagement agreement , the Sinai Interim Agreement , was signed in Geneva on September 4 , 1975 , and was commonly known as Sinai II . This agreement led Israel to withdraw from another 20 -- 40 km with UN forces buffering the vacated area . After the agreement , Israel still held more than two thirds of Sinai , which would prove to be a valuable bargaining chip in the coming negotiations . Egyptian -- Israeli Camp David Accords Main article : Camp David Accords The Yom Kippur War upset the status quo in the Middle East , and the war served as a direct antecedent of the 1978 Camp David Accords . The Accords resulted in the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty , the first ever between Israel and an Arab state . According to George Friedman , the war gave the Israelis increased respect for the Egyptian military and decreased their confidence in their own , and caused the Israelis to be uncertain whether they could defeat Egypt in the event of another war . At the same time , the Egyptians recognized that despite their improvements , they were defeated in the end , and became doubtful that they could ever defeat Israel militarily . Therefore , a negotiated settlement made sense to both sides . Rabin 's government was hamstrung by a pair of scandals , and he was forced to step down in 1977 . In the elections that followed , the right - wing Likud party won a majority in the Knesset , and Menachem Begin , the party 's founder and leader , was appointed Prime Minister . This marked a historic change in the Israeli political landscape : for the first time since Israel 's founding , a coalition not led by the Labor Party was in control of the government . Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin acknowledge applause during a joint session of Congress in Washington , D.C. , during which President Jimmy Carter announced the results of the Camp David Accords , September 18 , 1978 . Sadat , who had entered the war in order to recover the Sinai from Israel , grew frustrated at the slow pace of the peace process . In a 1977 interview with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite , Sadat admitted under pointed questioning that he was open to a more constructive dialog for peace , including a state visit . This seemed to open the floodgates , as in a later interview with the same reporter , the normally hard - line Begin -- perhaps not wishing to be compared unfavorably to Sadat -- said he too would be amenable to better relations . On November 9 , 1977 , Sadat stunned the world when he told parliament that he would be willing to visit Israel and address the Knesset . Shortly afterward , the Israeli government cordially invited him to address the Knesset . Thus , in November of that year , Sadat took the unprecedented step of visiting Israel , becoming the first Arab leader to do so , and so implicitly recognized Israel . The act jump - started the peace process . United States President Jimmy Carter invited both Sadat and Begin to a summit at Camp David to negotiate a final peace . The talks took place from September 5 -- 17 , 1978 . Ultimately , the talks succeeded , and Israel and Egypt signed the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty in 1979 . Israel subsequently withdrew its troops and settlers from the Sinai , in exchange for normal relations with Egypt and a lasting peace , with last Israeli troops exiting on April 26 , 1982 . There is still no formal peace agreement between Israel and Syria to this day . Many in the Arab world were outraged at Egypt 's peace with Israel . Sadat , in particular , became deeply unpopular both in the Arab world and in his own country . Egypt was suspended from the Arab League until 1989 . Until then , Egypt had been `` at the helm of the Arab world '' . Egypt 's tensions with its Arab neighbors culminated in 1977 in the short - lived Libyan -- Egyptian War . Sadat was assassinated two years later on October 6 , 1981 , while attending a parade marking the eighth anniversary of the start of the war , by Islamist army members who were outraged at his negotiations with Israel . Commemorations A destroyed Syrian T - 62 stands as part of an Israeli memorial commemorating the battle of the ' Valley of Tears ' , Northern Golan Heights . October 6 is a national holiday in Egypt called Armed Forces Day . It is a national holiday in Syria as well , where it is called `` Tishreen Liberation Day '' . Marking the 35th anniversary in 2008 , Hosni Mubarak said that the conflict `` breathed new life '' into Egypt . He said Egypt and Syria 's initial victories in the conflict eased Arab bitterness over Israel 's victory in the 1967 Six - Day War and ultimately put the two nations on a path of peaceful coexistence . In Egypt , many places were named after the date of October 6th and Ramadan 10th , which is the equivalent day in the Islamic calendar . Examples of these commemorations are 6th October Bridge in Cairo and the cities of 6th of October and 10th of Ramadan . In addition , the Museum of the October 6 War was built in 1989 in the Heliopolis district of Cairo . The center of the museum is occupied by a rotunda housing a panoramic painting of the struggle between Egyptian and Israeli armed forces . The panorama , the creation of which was outsourced to a group of North Korean artists and architects , is equipped with engines to rotate it 360 ° during a 30 - minutes presentation accompanied by commentary in various languages . A similar museum , which was also built with North Korean assistance -- the October War Panorama -- operates in Damascus . In Latrun , a Yom Kippur War exhibit can be found at The Armored Corps Museum at Yad La - Shiryon . See also Corrective Movement ( Syria ) List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships -- Seven Soviet Union Leninsky Komsomol class of cargo ships carried out military cargo in Syria and Egypt in October and November 1973 : SS Fizik Kurchatov visited Alexandria 2 times and Latakia 1 time SS Bratstvo ( 1963 ) arrived in Latakia on the 20 of October , 1973 SS Fizik Vavilov SS Leninsky Komsomol SS Parizhskaya Kommuna SS Leninsky Pioner SS Yunyi Leninets Operation Spark ( 1973 ) References Notes Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , P.R. ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) . Revisiting the Yom Kippur War . Routledge . p. 235 . ISBN 9781136328954 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar O'Ballance . No Victor , No Vanquished : The Yom Kippur War ( 1979 ed . ) . Barrie & Jenkins Publishing . pp. 28 -- 370 . ISBN 978 - 0214206702 . Jump up ^ `` An unknown story from the Yom Kippur war : Israeli F - 4s vs North Korean MiG - 21s '' . The Aviationist . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Hamid ( November 2002 ) . `` Opinion : The Fourth round -- A Critical Review of 1973 Arab -- Israeli War '' . Defence Journal . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shazly , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Mahjoub Tobji ( 2006 ) . Les officiers de Sa Majesté : Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956 -- 2006 . 107 : Fayard . ISBN 978 - 2213630151 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Cuba , Between Reform and Revolution , pp. 377 -- 379 . Gott , Cuba , A New History , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Israelyan , Victor ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War . Penn State Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0271041188 . Jump up ^ Herzog ( 1975 ) . The War of Atonement . Little , Brown and Company ... Foreword . ^ Jump up to : Insight Team of the London Sunday Times , p. 450 . Jump up ^ Luttwak ; Horowitz ( 1983 ) . The Israeli Army . Cambridge , MA : Abt Books . Jump up ^ Rabinovich ( 2004 ) . The Yom Kippur War . Schocken Books . p. 498 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , PR ( March 30 , 2000 ) . Revisiting The Yom Kippur War . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5007 - 4 . Jump up ^ Johnson ; Tierney . Failing To Win , Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics . pp. 177 , 180 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Charles ( July 1993 ) . `` The Myth of Defeat : The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society '' ( PDF ) . Middle Eastern Studies . London : Frank Cass. 29 ( 3 ) : 411 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's victory came at the cost of heavy casualties , and Israelis criticized the government 's lack of preparedness . '' YOM KIPPUR WAR at history.com Jump up ^ `` The 1973 war thus ended in an Israeli victory , but at great cost to the United States . '' The 1973 Arab - Israeli War at website of Office of the Historian Jump up ^ Simon Dunstan ( 2007 - 09 - 18 ) . The Yom Kippur War : The Arab - Israeli War of 1973 . p. 205 . ISBN 9781846032882 . Jump up ^ Asaf Siniver ( 2013 ) . The Yom Kippur War : Politics , Legacy , Diplomacy . Oxford University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 933481 - 0 . ( p. 6 ) `` For most Egyptians the war is remembered as an unquestionable victory - militarily as well as politically ... The fact that the war ended with Israeli troops stationed in the outskirts of Cairo and in complete encirclement of the Egyptian third army has not dampened the jubilant commemoration of the war in Egypt . '' ( p 11 ) `` Ultimately , the conflict provided a military victory for Israel , but it is remembered as ' the earthquake ' or ' the blunder ' '' Jump up ^ Ian Bickerton ( 2 February 2012 ) . The Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Guide for the Perplexed . A&C Black . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 2872 - 0 . the Arab has suffered repeated military defeats at the hand of Israel in 1956 , 1967 , and 1973 Jump up ^ P.R. Kumaraswamy ( 11 January 2013 ) . Revisiting the Yom Kippur War . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 32888 - 6 . ( p. 184 ) `` Yom Kippur War ... its final outcome was , without doubt , a military victory ... '' ( p. 185 ) `` ... in October 1973 , that despite Israel 's military victory '' Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ Loyola , Mario ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` How We Used to Do It -- American diplomacy in the '' . National Review . p. 1 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , 2011 , Righteous Victims , p. 437 Jump up ^ Morris , 2011 p. 433 , `` Bashan ... 500 square kilometers ... which brought it within 20 miles of Damascus '' ^ Jump up to : Rabinovich . The Yom Kippur War . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Insight Team of the London Sunday Times , p. 372 -- 373 . ^ Jump up to : The number reflects artillery units of caliber 100 mm and up Jump up ^ Herzog . p. 239 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Yom Kippur War '' . globalsecurity.org . ^ Jump up to : Shazly , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Haber & Schiff , pp. 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : USMC Major Michael C. Jordan ( 1997 ) . `` The 1973 Arab -- Israeli War : Arab Policies , Strategies , and Campaigns '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Major George E. Knapp ( 1992 ) . `` 4 : Antiarmor Operations on the Golan Heights '' . Combined Arms in battle since 1939 . U.S. Army Command and General Staff College . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rabinovich , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Bar - On , Mordechai ( 2004 ) . A Never Ending Conflict . Greenwood Publishing . p. 170 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Peter G. ( 1986 ) . Fidel : A Biography of Fidel Castro . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Le jour où Hassan II a bombardé Israël '' . Le Temps . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rabinovich , pp. 464 -- 465 . ^ Jump up to : Schiff , A History of the Israeli Army , p. 328 . ^ Jump up to : Garwych , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Journal `` الأهرام '' , `` Al Ahram '' . 14 October 1974 Jump up ^ Rabinovich . The Yom Kippur War . p. 497 . ^ Jump up to : Rabinovich , p. 496 ^ Jump up to : `` White House Military Briefing '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` القوة الثالثة ، تاريخ القوات الجوية المصرية . '' Third Power : History of Egyptian Air Force Ali Mohammed Labib . pp. 187 ^ Jump up to : Herzog , Encyclopaedia Judaica , Keter Publishing House , 1974 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . Mfa.gov.il . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dunstan , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich p. 497 ^ Jump up to : Rabinovich , pp. 496 -- 497 . ^ Jump up to : Garwych p. 244 ^ Jump up to : Herzog , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog , War of Atonement , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , Abraham ( 2004 ) . The Yom Kippur War : The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East . Schoken Books . p. 260 . ISBN 0 - 8052 - 1124 - 1 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Chaim ( 1998 ) . War of Atonement : The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur war , 1973 . Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 307 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Bean and Craig Girard ( 2001 ) . `` Anwar al - Sadat 's grand strategy in the Yom Kippur war '' ( PDF ) . National War College . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : El - Gamasy ( 1993 ) . The October War : Memoirs of Field Marshal El - Gamasy of Egypt . The American University in Cairo Press . p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Quandt , William ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 ( Third ed . ) . USA : University of California Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 9780520246317 . Jump up ^ Hammad ( 2002 ) , pp. 237 -- 276 Jump up ^ Gawrych ( 1996 ) , p. 60 Jump up ^ Shlomo Ben - Ami ( 2005 ) . Scars of War , Wounds of Peace : The Israeli -- Arab Tragedy . Phoenix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2104 - 6 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Heroes of Israel , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Seth S. King ( 1967 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Israeli aims tied to 6 vital areas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Drew Middleton ( 1967 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Latin nations bid Israel withdraw '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Main Mideast Proposals '' . New York Times . 1967 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Smith , Terrebce ( 1967 - 08 - 15 ) . `` A Mediated Peace Rejected by Eban '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Avi ( 2014 ) . The Iron Wall - Israel and the Arab World ( Paperback 2014 ed . ) . Penguin Books . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 03322 - 8 . The decision of 19 June read , `` Israel proposes the conclusion of a peace agreement with Egypt based on the international border and the security needs of Israel . '' The international border placed the Gaza strip within Israel 's territory ... it makes no mention of a request by Eban to transmit these terms to Egypt and Syria ... One is left with the impression that Eban was more interested in using the cabinet decision of 19 June to impress the Americans than to engage the governments of Egypt and Syria in substantive negotiations Jump up ^ Shlomo Ben - Ami ( 2005 ) . Scars of War , Wounds of Peace : The Israeli -- Arab Tragedy . Phoenix . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2104 - 6 . But was there on 19 June 1967 an Israeli peace overture towards Syria and Egypt ? Did the Israeli cabinet end its deliberations on that day with a decision to convey concrete peace proposals to its Arab neighbors along the lines as discussed in the Cabinet , or perhaps ask the American administration to do so on its behalf ? Notwithstanding Abba Eban 's ( Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1967 ) insistence that this was indeed the case , there seems to be no solid evidence to corroborate his claim . No formal peace proposal was made either directly or indirectly by Israel . The Americans , who were briefed of the Cabinet 's decision by Eban , were not asked to convey it to Cairo and Damascus as official peace proposals , nor were they given indications that Israel expected a reply . At the meeting of 19 June the Israeli government developed policy guidelines ; it did not discuss a peace initiative , nor did it ever formalise it as such . Jump up ^ `` Eban rejects aid in settling crisis '' . The New York Times . 1967 - 06 - 27 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Podeh , Elie ( 2015 ) . Chances for Peace : Missed Opportunities in the Arab - Israeli Conflict ( First ed . ) . USA : University of Texas Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 9781477305614 . Jump up ^ Podeh , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Podeh p. 107 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Geraint ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Britain , the Transatlantic Alliance , and the Arab - Israeli War of 1973 '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 10 ( 2 ) : 3 -- 40 . ISSN 1531 - 3298 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Henry Kissinger ( 1 September 2011 ) . Years of Upheaval : The Second Volume of His Classic Memoirs . Simon and Schuster . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 718 - 0 . It was in France on May 20 , 1973 ... We had a formal meeting on the upper floor and , after lunch , I walked with Ismail in the garden in the spring sunshine . In these beautiful ... Ismail remained cool to my scheme of separating sovereignty and security . He called this ' diluted sovereignty , ' but said he would check with Sadat and let me know . I never heard from him . The American official who had found the meeting place reported to me that after I left , Ismail , visibly dispirited and glum , had sat alone in the garden for a long time contemplating the waterfall ... For Ismail knew that Sadat was determined on war . Only an American guarantee that we would fulfill the entire Arab program in a brief time could have dissuaded him . Jump up ^ Morris 2001 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Heikal , 22 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 25 . Jump up ^ James Bean and Craig Girard ( 2001 ) . `` Anwar al - Sadat 's grand strategy in the Yom Kippur war '' ( PDF ) . National War College . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , Abraham ( 2004 ) . The Yom Kippur War : The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East . Schoken Books . p. 260 . ISBN 0 - 8052 - 1124 - 1 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Chaim ( 1998 ) . War of Atonement : The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur war , 1973 . Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 307 - 2 . Jump up ^ Denis Joseph Sullivan ; Kimberly Jones ( 2008 ) . Global Security Watch -- Egypt : A Reference Handbook . ABC - CLIO . pp. 9 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99482 - 2 . Sadat 's goals were the ` return of Sinai and the reopening of the Suez Canal ... to reengage the U.S in middle east diplomacy Jump up ^ Benny Morris ( 25 May 2011 ) . Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist - Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 1998 . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 396 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78805 - 4 . Sadat and Assad ' sought to regain the territories lost in 1967 . Neither aimed to destroy Israel , though during the opening hours of the conflict , its leaders could not be sure of it . ' ^ Jump up to : Mossad 's tip - off ahead of Yom Kippur `` War did not reach prime minister , newly released papers show '' , Times of Israel , 20 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israeli Intelligence and the Yom Kippur War of 1973 '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Gawrych 1996 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Schiff , p. 12 Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Rabinovich , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Sharon , Gilad : Sharon : The Life of a Leader ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Blum , Howard ( July 13 , 2007 ) . `` Who killed Ashraf Marwan ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Doron Geller , `` Israeli Intelligence and the Yom Kippur War of 1973 November 27 , 2005 . Archived May 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin , The World Was Going Our Way : The KGB and the Battle for the Third World , Basic Books , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 89 . Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 1 January 1977 ) . Decade of Decisions : American Policy Toward the Arab -- Israeli Conflict , 1967 -- 1976 . University of California Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03469 - 3 . Kissinger and Nixon consistently warned Israel that she must not be responsible for initiating a Middle east war Jump up ^ The national security archive , declassified archival records , The October War and U.S. Policy . Jump up ^ `` Government of Israel Concern about possible Syrian and Egyptian attack today '' . United States Department of State . October 6 , 1973 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sachar , Howard M. A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Alfred A. Knopf , 2007 , p. 755 . Jump up ^ William B. Quandt , Peace Process , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , Abraham ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Three years too late , Golda Meir understood how war could have been avoided '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Gawrych 1996 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , prologue . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 62 . Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . 109 -- 112 . University of California Press . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24631 - 7 . between October 9 and October 12 ... the American response ... call for cease - fire ... in place ... arms for Israel began to flow in modest quantities Jump up ^ Abudi , Joseph ( October 1 , 2003 ) . `` The missile did not bend the wing '' . Journal of the Israeli Air Force ( in Hebrew ) . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abudi , Joseph ( October 2005 ) . `` ( What between ' challenge ' and ' model ' ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Hebrew ) . The Fisher Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . 109 -- 112 . University of California Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24631 - 7 . Nixon and Kissinger held back on a full scale ... resupply effort ... short of supplies , the Israeli government reluctantly accepted a cease - fire in place on October 12 ... but ... Sadat refused Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . 114 . University of California Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24631 - 7 . Soviet arms must not be allowed to dictate the outcome of the fighting ... Israeli success on the battlefield had become an important factor in persuading the Arabs and the Soviets to bring the fighting to an end ... With an airlift in full swing , Washington was prepared to wait until ... realities on the battlefield led to a change of Egyptian and Soviet calculations Jump up ^ William B. Quandt ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . 116 . University of California Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24631 - 7 . it was of prime importance that the fighting should be ended ... when all parties could still emerge from the conflict with their vital interests and self esteem intact ... the airlift ... the Soviets must see that the united states could deliver more than they could ; p. 123 the U.S. would not permit the destruction of the 3rd army corps . Jump up ^ Shazly , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Shazly , pp. 225 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Shazly , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Garwych , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Abouseada , Hamdy Sobhy . `` The Crossing of the Suez Canal , October 6 , 1973 ( The Ramadan War ) '' ( PDF ) . USAWC strategy research project . U.S. Army War College : 9 . OCLC 45004992 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 232 Jump up ^ Hammad , pp. 90 -- 92 , 108 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Andrew ( 2006 ) . A Military History of Modern Egypt : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War . Westport , Conn : Praeger Security International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98601 - 8 . , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness ( Pollack ) , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Rabinovich , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Pollack , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Gawrych , p. 81 . Jump up ^ The Yom Kippur War 1973 : The Sinai -- Simon Dunstan and Kevin Lyles . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Nassar , Galal ( October 8 -- 14 , 1998 ) . `` Into the breach , dear friends '' . Al - Ahram Weekly ( 398 ) . Cairo . para. 10 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Israel 's Best Defense , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Pollack , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Haber & Schiff , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Schiff , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Herzog , The War of Atonement , Little , Brown and Company , 1975 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Insight Team of the London Sunday Times , pp. 169 , 170 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness 1948 -- 1991 , University of Nebraska Press , p. 110 Jump up ^ `` Israel Air Force '' . Iaf.org.il . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness 1948 -- 1991 , University of Nebraska Press , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Hammad , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Nicolle & Cooper p. 40 . Jump up ^ Pollack , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Hammad , pp. 712 -- 714 . Jump up ^ Hammad , pp. 717 -- 722 Jump up ^ Gawrych 1996 , p. 38 . In his memoirs , Adan , commenting on one of the commando operations in the north , noted that `` Natke 's experience fighting the stubborn Egyptian commandos who tried to cut off the road around Romani showed again that this was not the Egyptian Army we had crushed in four days in 1967 . We were now dealing with a well - trained enemy , fighting with skill and dedication . '' Jump up ^ Insight Team of the London Sunday Times , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Gawrych 1996 , pp. 41 -- 42 . ^ Jump up to : Dunstan and Lyles , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gawrych , 1996 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Gawrych 1996 , pp. 44 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Gawrych 2000 , pp. 192 , 208 . Jump up ^ Herzog , 1982 , pp. 255 -- 256 . ^ Jump up to : Shazly , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Herzog 1982 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Herzog , 1982 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Schiff , A History of the Israeli Army , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Zabecki , David T. ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Arab -- Israeli Wars : 60 Years of Conflict '' . Historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com . Chinese Farm , Battle of The . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Haber & Schiff , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Van Creveld , Martin ( 1975 ) . Military Lessons of the Yom Kippur War : Historical Perspectives ( PDF ) . Sage . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 0562 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog , The Arab -- Israeli Wars , Random House , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : John Pike . `` Operation Valiant : Turning the Tide in the Sinai 1973 Arab -- Israeli War CSC 1984 '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yom Kippur War : Embattled Israeli Bridgehead at Chinese Farm Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth , Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness 1948 -- 91 , University of Nebraska Press , pp. 116 , 126 & 129 . Jump up ^ El - Gamasy , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Herzog , 1982 , pp. 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Pollack , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , pp. 374 -- 375 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , pp. 389 -- 391 . Jump up ^ Pollack , p. 511 . Jump up ^ Pollack , pp. 124 -- 25 Jump up ^ Rabinovich , pp. 393 -- 393 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Sharon , Gilad : Sharon : The Life of A Leader ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 427 . 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Heroic Diplomacy : Sadat , Kissinger , Carter , Begin , and the Quest for Arab -- Israeli Peace . Psychology Press . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92155 - 8 . By putting a territorial noose around the Third army and sitting about sixty miles from Cairo , Israeli forces had open terrain and no opposition to move on Cairo ; had they done so Sadat 's rule might have ended . Jump up ^ Peter Caddick - Adams , `` Golan Heights , battles of '' , The Oxford Companion to Military History , ed . Richard Holmes . Oxford University Press , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : O'Ballance ( 1978 ) . Chapter 7 : `` The Syrians attack '' , pp. 119 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich ( 2017 ) p 158 Jump up ^ Rabinovich ( 2017 ) p 57 Jump up ^ Rabinovich ( 2017 ) p 64 Jump up ^ Rabinovich ( 2017 ) p 159 ^ Jump up to : Rashba , Gary ( October 1998 ) . `` Yom Kippur War : Sacrificial Stand in the Golan Heights '' . Military History magazine via HISTORYnet . 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Little Rock and her Crew Participate in the Arab -- Israeli Yom Kippur War ? '' . USS Little Rock Association . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Insight Team of the London Sunday Times , pp. 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Safran , Nadav : Israel -- The Embattled Ally , p. 312 Jump up ^ El Gammasy , The October War , 1973 pp. 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 287 . Jump up ^ O'Ballance , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Herzog ( 1975 ) , pp. 268 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Righteous Victims , p. 432 . Jump up ^ Herzog , The Arab -- Israeli Wars , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Annati , Anti-ship missiles and countermeasures -- part I ( ASM ) , Naval Forces ( 2001 ) , Vol. 22 , Iss. 1 ; p. 20 . Jump up ^ Insight Team of the London Sunday Times , pp. 279 , 429 . Jump up ^ Insight Team of the London Sunday Times , pp. 429 , 449 . Jump up ^ Official Gazette of Syria ( 11 July 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Schiff , p. 90 . 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Transcript George Washington University National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Colby , Elbridge ; Cohen , Avner ; McCants , William ; Morris , Bradley ; Rosenau , William ( April 2013 ) . `` The Israeli ' Nuclear Alert ' of 1973 : Deterrence and Signaling in Crisis '' ( PDF ) . CNA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two fleets : a Russian perspective on the 1973 Naval standoff in the Mediterranean '' . Thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived April 3 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Krisinger , Chris J. `` Operation Nickel Grass -- Airlift in Support of National Policy '' Archived January 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Aerospace Power Journal , Spring 1989 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , p. 491 . ^ Jump up to : Haber & Schiff , p. 382 . Jump up ^ John Lacomia . `` Remember When ... Operation Nickel Grass '' . Travis : Air Force . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shazli p. 275 -- 276 ^ Jump up to : Haber & Schiff , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Shazly . p. 276 ... the USA mounted a seaborne resupply operation of 33,210 tons by October 30 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gawrych 1996 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` McDonnell F - 4 Phantom : Essential Aircraft in the Air Warfare in the Middle East '' . Historynet.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ El Gamasy , The October War , 1973 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Shazly , pp. 251 -- 252 . Jump up ^ O'Ballance , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Schiff , 303 Jump up ^ Shazly , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Shazly , pp. 274 -- 275 . Shazly states that `` ... the Soviet Union mounted a sea - borne resupply operation : no less than 63,000 tons , mainly to Syria , by October 30 '' Jump up ^ Quandt , 25 -- 26 ( pdf pages 37 -- 38 ) , gives the airlift total as approximately 12,500 tons ; Quandt 23 ( pdf page 35 ) gives the sealift total as approximately 63,000 tons . Jump up ^ Hammad , p. 382 . 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Haber , Eitan ; Schiff , Ze'ev ( 2003 ) . Yom Kippur War Lexicon ( in Hebrew ) . Or - Yehuda , Israel : Zmora - Bitan - Dvir . ISBN 978 - 965 - 517 - 124 - 2 . Hammad , Gamal ( 2002 ) . al - Maʻārik al - ḥarbīyah ʻalá al - jabhah al - Miṣrīyah : ( Ḥarb Uktūbar 1973 , al - ʻĀshir min Ramaḍān ) ( Military Battles on the Egyptian Front ) ( in Arabic ) ( First ed . ) . Dār al - Shurūq . Heikal , Mohamed ( 1975 ) . The Road to Ramadan . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0567 - 9 . Herzog , Chaim ( 2003 ) ( 1975 ) . The War of Atonement : The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 569 - 0 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1982 ) . the Arab - Israeli Wars . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 50379 - 0 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1989 ) . Heroes of Israel . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35901 - 7 . Insight Team of the London Sunday Times ( 1974 ) . The Yom Kippur War . Garden City : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 06738 - 6 . Israeli , Raphael ( 1985 ) . Man of Defiance : A Political Biography of Anwar Sadat . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 389 - 20579 - 6 . Israelyan , Victor ( 2003 ) ( 1995 ) . Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01737 - 6 . Karsh , Efraim ( 2002 ) . The Iran - Iraq War , 1980 -- 1988 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 371 - 3 . Lanir , Zvi ( 2002 ) ( 1983 ) . ha - Hafta'ah ha - basisit : modi'in ba - mashber ( Fundamental Surprise : Intelligence in Crisis ) ( in Hebrew ) . Tel - Aviv : Hakibbutz Hameuchad . OCLC 65842089 . Menshawy , Mustafa . `` Turning ' defeat ' into ' victory ' : the power of discourse on the 1973 war in Egypt . '' Middle Eastern Studies 52.6 ( 2016 ) : 897 - 916 . Historiography . Morris , Benny ( 2001 ) . Righteous Victims . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74475 - 7 . Ma'Oz , Moshe ( 1995 ) . Syria and Israel : From War to Peacemaking . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 828018 - 1 . Neff , Donald ( 1988 ) . Warriors against Israel . Brattleboro , Vermont : Amana Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 915597 - 59 - 8 . Nicolle , David ; Cooper , Tom ( May 25 , 2004 ) . Arab MiG - 19 and MiG - 21 units in combat . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 655 - 0 . Edgar O'Ballance . No Victor , No Vanquished : The Yom Kippur War ( 1979 ed . ) . Barrie & Jenkins Publishing . pp. 28 -- 370 . ISBN 978 - 0214206702 . Pape , Robert A ( Fall 1997 ) . `` Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work '' . International Security . 22 ( 2 ) : 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 2539368 . JSTOR 2539368 . OCLC 482431341 . Quandt , William ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American diplomacy and the Arab -- Israeli conflict since 1967 . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution / Univ. of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22374 - 8 . Quandt , William B ( May 1976 ) . `` Soviet Policy in the October 1973 War '' ( PDF ) . Rand Corp . R - 1864 - ISA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2012 . Rabinovich , Abraham ( 2005 ) ( 2004 ) . The Yom Kippur War : The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East . New York , NY : Schocken Books . ISBN 0 - 8052 - 4176 - 0 . Rabinovich , Abraham ( 2017 ) . The Yom Kippur War : The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East . Revised and Updated Edition . New York , NY : Schocken Books . ISBN 9780805211245 . al Sadat , Muhammad Anwar ( 1978 ) . In Search of Identity : An Autobiography . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 216344 - 6 . Shazly , Lieutenant General Saad el ( 2003 ) . The Crossing of the Suez , Revised Edition ( Revised ed . ) . American Mideast Research . ISBN 0 - 9604562 - 2 - 8 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2001 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . Rodman , David ( 2013 ) . `` The Impact of American Arms Transfers to Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs , VII :3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 26 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yom Kippur War . CIA Symposium on the Role of Intelligence in the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War , held oh January 30 , 2013 President Nixon and the Role of Intelligence in the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War , collection of primary documents at the CIA website Hourly U.S. diplomatic reporting on the war WikiLeaks A second look , 40 years after the war and The downfall of the Hermon fortification . Israeli TV documentaries broadcast in October 2013 featuring original video footage filmed during the war , interviews with combatants during the war and decades later , etc . Posted on the official YouTube channel of the Israel Broadcasting Authority Israeli Air Force Wing 115 -- experiences during the war , and insights 40 years later . Documentary film released in October 2013 featuring interviews with air force pilots . Posted on the official YouTube channel of the Fisher Institute for the Strategic Study of Air and Space <Th_colspan="2"> Israeli wars and conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Arab -- Israeli conflict <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Baathist Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 <Td_colspan="2"> 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2017 Israel -- Syria incident 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison - Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946 -- 47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin -- Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks <Th_colspan="2"> Cold War <Td_colspan="2"> USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts BNE : XX531971 BNF : cb119513061 ( data ) GND : 4190425 - 4 LCCN : sh85068725 NARA : 10640065 SUDOC : 027483142 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yom_Kippur_War&oldid=854732476 '' Categories : Yom Kippur War 1973 in Egypt Conflicts in 1973 Cold War conflicts 1973 in Israel 1973 in Syria DEFCON 3 Conflicts October 1973 events Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2012 CS1 Hebrew - 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1. Yom Kippur War 2. Arab-Israeli conflict 3. October War 4. Israeli military victory 5. Camp David Accords

relatively small bodies which generally orbit the sun between mars and jupiter are called

Asteroid - wikipedia Asteroid Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Asteroid ( disambiguation ) . 253 Mathilde , a C - type asteroid measuring about 50 km ( 30 mi ) across , covered in craters half that size . Photograph taken in 1997 by the NEAR Shoemaker probe . 2014 JO25 imaged by radar during its 2017 Earth flyby Asteroids are minor planets , especially those of the inner Solar System . The larger ones have also been called planetoids . These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not show the disc of a planet and was not observed to have the characteristics of an active comet . As minor planets in the outer Solar System were discovered and found to have volatile - based surfaces that resemble those of comets , they were often distinguished from asteroids of the asteroid belt . In this article , the term `` asteroid '' refers to the minor planets of the inner Solar System including those co-orbital with Jupiter . There are millions of asteroids , many thought to be the shattered remnants of planetesimals , bodies within the young Sun 's solar nebula that never grew large enough to become planets . The large majority of known asteroids orbit in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter , or are co-orbital with Jupiter ( the Jupiter trojans ) . However , other orbital families exist with significant populations , including the near - Earth objects . Individual asteroids are classified by their characteristic spectra , with the majority falling into three main groups : C - type , M - type , and S - type . These were named after and are generally identified with carbon - rich , metallic , and silicate ( stony ) compositions , respectively . The size of asteroids varies greatly , the largest is almost 1,000 km ( 625 mi ) across . Asteroids are differentiated from comets and meteoroids . In the case of comets , the difference is one of composition : while asteroids are mainly composed of mineral and rock , comets are composed of dust and ice . In addition , asteroids formed closer to the sun , preventing the development of the aforementioned cometary ice . The difference between asteroids and meteoroids is mainly one of size : meteoroids have a diameter of less than one meter , whereas asteroids have a diameter of greater than one meter . Finally , meteoroids can be composed of either cometary or asteroidal materials . Only one asteroid , 4 Vesta , which has a relatively reflective surface , is normally visible to the naked eye , and this only in very dark skies when it is favorably positioned . Rarely , small asteroids passing close to Earth may be visible to the naked eye for a short time . As of October 2017 , the Minor Planet Center had data on almost 745,000 objects in the inner and outer Solar System , of which almost 504,000 had enough information to be given numbered designations . The United Nations declared June 30 as International Asteroid Day to educate the public about asteroids . The date of International Asteroid Day commemorates the anniversary of the Tunguska asteroid impact over Siberia , Russian Federation , on 30 June 1908 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 1.1 Historical methods 1.2 Manual methods of the 1900s and modern reporting 1.3 Computerized methods 2 Terminology 3 Formation 4 Distribution within the Solar System 4.1 Asteroid belt 4.2 Trojans 4.3 Near - Earth asteroids 5 Characteristics 5.1 Size distribution 5.1. 1 Largest asteroids 5.2 Rotation 5.3 Composition 5.4 Surface features 5.5 Color 6 Classification 6.1 Orbital classification 6.1. 1 Quasi-satellites and horseshoe objects 6.2 Spectral classification 6.2. 1 Problems 7 Naming 7.1 Symbols 8 Exploration 8.1 Planned and future missions 9 Fiction 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Discovery ( edit ) Sizes of the first ten asteroids to be discovered , compared to the Moon 243 Ida and its moon Dactyl . Dactyl is the first satellite of an asteroid to be discovered . The first asteroid to be discovered , Ceres , was originally considered to be a new planet . This was followed by the discovery of other similar bodies , which , with the equipment of the time , appeared to be points of light , like stars , showing little or no planetary disc , though readily distinguishable from stars due to their apparent motions . This prompted the astronomer Sir William Herschel to propose the term `` asteroid '' , coined in Greek as ἀστεροειδής , or asteroeidēs , meaning ' star - like , star - shaped ' , and derived from the Ancient Greek ἀστήρ astēr ' star , planet ' . In the early second half of the nineteenth century , the terms `` asteroid '' and `` planet '' ( not always qualified as `` minor '' ) were still used interchangeably . Historical methods ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Asteroid discovery methods have dramatically improved over the past two centuries . In the last years of the 18th century , Baron Franz Xaver von Zach organized a group of 24 astronomers to search the sky for the missing planet predicted at about 2.8 AU from the Sun by the Titius - Bode law , partly because of the discovery , by Sir William Herschel in 1781 , of the planet Uranus at the distance predicted by the law . This task required that hand - drawn sky charts be prepared for all stars in the zodiacal band down to an agreed - upon limit of faintness . On subsequent nights , the sky would be charted again and any moving object would , hopefully , be spotted . The expected motion of the missing planet was about 30 seconds of arc per hour , readily discernible by observers . First asteroid image ( Ceres and Vesta ) from Mars -- viewed by Curiosity ( 20 April 2014 ) . The first object , Ceres , was not discovered by a member of the group , but rather by accident in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi , director of the observatory of Palermo in Sicily . He discovered a new star - like object in Taurus and followed the displacement of this object during several nights . Later that year , Carl Friedrich Gauss used these observations to calculate the orbit of this unknown object , which was found to be between the planets Mars and Jupiter . Piazzi named it after Ceres , the Roman goddess of agriculture . Three other asteroids ( 2 Pallas , 3 Juno , and 4 Vesta ) were discovered over the next few years , with Vesta found in 1807 . After eight more years of fruitless searches , most astronomers assumed that there were no more and abandoned any further searches . However , Karl Ludwig Hencke persisted , and began searching for more asteroids in 1830 . Fifteen years later , he found 5 Astraea , the first new asteroid in 38 years . He also found 6 Hebe less than two years later . After this , other astronomers joined in the search and at least one new asteroid was discovered every year after that ( except the wartime year 1945 ) . Notable asteroid hunters of this early era were J.R. Hind , Annibale de Gasparis , Robert Luther , H.M.S. Goldschmidt , Jean Chacornac , James Ferguson , Norman Robert Pogson , E.W. Tempel , J.C. Watson , C.H.F. Peters , A. Borrelly , J. Palisa , the Henry brothers and Auguste Charlois . In 1891 , Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect asteroids , which appeared as short streaks on long - exposure photographic plates . This dramatically increased the rate of detection compared with earlier visual methods : Wolf alone discovered 248 asteroids , beginning with 323 Brucia , whereas only slightly more than 300 had been discovered up to that point . It was known that there were many more , but most astronomers did not bother with them , calling them `` vermin of the skies '' , a phrase variously attributed to Eduard Suess and Edmund Weiss . Even a century later , only a few thousand asteroids were identified , numbered and named . Manual methods of the 1900s and modern reporting ( edit ) Until 1998 , asteroids were discovered by a four - step process . First , a region of the sky was photographed by a wide - field telescope , or astrograph . Pairs of photographs were taken , typically one hour apart . Multiple pairs could be taken over a series of days . Second , the two films or plates of the same region were viewed under a stereoscope . Any body in orbit around the Sun would move slightly between the pair of films . Under the stereoscope , the image of the body would seem to float slightly above the background of stars . Third , once a moving body was identified , its location would be measured precisely using a digitizing microscope . The location would be measured relative to known star locations . These first three steps do not constitute asteroid discovery : the observer has only found an apparition , which gets a provisional designation , made up of the year of discovery , a letter representing the half - month of discovery , and finally a letter and a number indicating the discovery 's sequential number ( example : 1998 FJ ) . The last step of discovery is to send the locations and time of observations to the Minor Planet Center , where computer programs determine whether an apparition ties together earlier apparitions into a single orbit . If so , the object receives a catalogue number and the observer of the first apparition with a calculated orbit is declared the discoverer , and granted the honor of naming the object subject to the approval of the International Astronomical Union . Computerized methods ( edit ) 2004 FH is the center dot being followed by the sequence ; the object that flashes by during the clip is an artificial satellite . There is increasing interest in identifying asteroids whose orbits cross Earth 's , and that could , given enough time , collide with Earth ( see Earth - crosser asteroids ) . The three most important groups of near - Earth asteroids are the Apollos , Amors , and Atens . Various asteroid deflection strategies have been proposed , as early as the 1960s . The near - Earth asteroid 433 Eros had been discovered as long ago as 1898 , and the 1930s brought a flurry of similar objects . In order of discovery , these were : 1221 Amor , 1862 Apollo , 2101 Adonis , and finally 69230 Hermes , which approached within 0.005 AU of Earth in 1937 . Astronomers began to realize the possibilities of Earth impact . Two events in later decades increased the alarm : the increasing acceptance of the Alvarez hypothesis that an impact event resulted in the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction , and the 1994 observation of Comet Shoemaker - Levy 9 crashing into Jupiter . The U.S. military also declassified the information that its military satellites , built to detect nuclear explosions , had detected hundreds of upper - atmosphere impacts by objects ranging from one to ten meters across . All these considerations helped spur the launch of highly efficient surveys that consist of charge - coupled device ( CCD ) cameras and computers directly connected to telescopes . As of 2011 , it was estimated that 89 % to 96 % of near - Earth asteroids one kilometer or larger in diameter had been discovered . A list of teams using such systems includes : Lincoln Near - Earth Asteroid Research ( LINEAR ) Near - Earth Asteroid Tracking ( NEAT ) Spacewatch Lowell Observatory Near - Earth - Object Search ( LONEOS ) Catalina Sky Survey ( CSS ) Campo Imperatore Near - Earth Object Survey ( CINEOS ) Japanese Spaceguard Association Asiago - DLR Asteroid Survey ( ADAS ) Pan-STARRS As of 20 September 2013 , the LINEAR system alone has discovered 138,393 asteroids . Among all the surveys , 4711 near - Earth asteroids have been discovered including over 600 more than 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) in diameter . Terminology ( edit ) Euler diagram showing the types of bodies in the Solar System . ( see Small Solar System body ) A composite image , to scale , of the asteroids that have been imaged at high resolution except Ceres . As of 2011 , they are , from largest to smallest : 4 Vesta , 21 Lutetia , 253 Mathilde , 243 Ida and its moon Dactyl , 433 Eros , 951 Gaspra , 2867 Šteins , 25143 Itokawa . The largest asteroid in the previous image , Vesta ( left ) , with Ceres ( center ) and the Moon ( right ) shown to scale . Traditionally , small bodies orbiting the Sun were classified as comets , asteroids , or meteoroids , with anything smaller than ten meters across being called a meteoroid . Beech and Steel 's 1995 paper proposed a meteoroid definition including size limits . The term `` asteroid '' , from the Greek word for `` star - like '' , never had a formal definition , with the broader term minor planet being preferred by the International Astronomical Union . However , following the discovery of asteroids below ten meters in size , Rubin and Grossman 's 2010 paper revised the previous definition of meteoroid to objects between 10 μm and 1 meter in size in order to maintain the distinction between asteroids and meteoroids . The smallest asteroids discovered ( based on absolute magnitude H ) are 2008 TS with H = 33.2 and 2011 CQ 1 with H = 32.1 both with an estimated size of about 1 meter . In 2006 , the term `` small Solar System body '' was also introduced to cover both most minor planets and comets . Other languages prefer `` planetoid '' ( Greek for `` planet - like '' ) , and this term is occasionally used in English especially for larger minor planets such as the dwarf planets as well as an alternative for asteroids since they are not star - like . The word `` planetesimal '' has a similar meaning , but refers specifically to the small building blocks of the planets that existed when the Solar System was forming . The term `` planetule '' was coined by the geologist William Daniel Conybeare to describe minor planets , but is not in common use . The three largest objects in the asteroid belt , Ceres , Pallas , and Vesta , grew to the stage of protoplanets . Ceres is a dwarf planet , the only one in the inner Solar System . When found , asteroids were seen as a class of objects distinct from comets , and there was no unified term for the two until `` small Solar System body '' was coined in 2006 . The main difference between an asteroid and a comet is that a comet shows a coma due to sublimation of near surface ices by solar radiation . A few objects have ended up being dual - listed because they were first classified as minor planets but later showed evidence of cometary activity . Conversely , some ( perhaps all ) comets are eventually depleted of their surface volatile ices and become asteroid - like . A further distinction is that comets typically have more eccentric orbits than most asteroids ; most `` asteroids '' with notably eccentric orbits are probably dormant or extinct comets . For almost two centuries , from the discovery of Ceres in 1801 until the discovery of the first centaur , Chiron in 1977 , all known asteroids spent most of their time at or within the orbit of Jupiter , though a few such as Hidalgo ventured far beyond Jupiter for part of their orbit . When astronomers started finding more small bodies that permanently resided further out than Jupiter , now called centaurs , they numbered them among the traditional asteroids , though there was debate over whether they should be considered asteroids or as a new type of object . Then , when the first trans - Neptunian object ( other than Pluto ) , Albion , was discovered in 1992 , and especially when large numbers of similar objects started turning up , new terms were invented to sidestep the issue : Kuiper - belt object , trans - Neptunian object , scattered - disc object , and so on . These inhabit the cold outer reaches of the Solar System where ices remain solid and comet - like bodies are not expected to exhibit much cometary activity ; if centaurs or trans - Neptunian objects were to venture close to the Sun , their volatile ices would sublimate , and traditional approaches would classify them as comets and not asteroids . The innermost of these are the Kuiper - belt objects , called `` objects '' partly to avoid the need to classify them as asteroids or comets . They are thought to be predominantly comet - like in composition , though some may be more akin to asteroids . Furthermore , most do not have the highly eccentric orbits associated with comets , and the ones so far discovered are larger than traditional comet nuclei . ( The much more distant Oort cloud is hypothesized to be the main reservoir of dormant comets . ) Other recent observations , such as the analysis of the cometary dust collected by the Stardust probe , are increasingly blurring the distinction between comets and asteroids , suggesting `` a continuum between asteroids and comets '' rather than a sharp dividing line . The minor planets beyond Jupiter 's orbit are sometimes also called `` asteroids '' , especially in popular presentations . However , it is becoming increasingly common for the term `` asteroid '' to be restricted to minor planets of the inner Solar System . Therefore , this article will restrict itself for the most part to the classical asteroids : objects of the asteroid belt , Jupiter trojans , and near - Earth objects . When the IAU introduced the class small Solar System bodies in 2006 to include most objects previously classified as minor planets and comets , they created the class of dwarf planets for the largest minor planets -- those that have enough mass to have become ellipsoidal under their own gravity . According to the IAU , `` the term ' minor planet ' may still be used , but generally the term ' Small Solar System Body ' will be preferred . '' Currently only the largest object in the asteroid belt , Ceres , at about 975 km ( 606 mi ) across , has been placed in the dwarf planet category . Formation ( edit ) Artist 's impression shows how an asteroid is torn apart by the strong gravity of a white dwarf . It is thought that planetesimals in the asteroid belt evolved much like the rest of the solar nebula until Jupiter neared its current mass , at which point excitation from orbital resonances with Jupiter ejected over 99 % of planetesimals in the belt . Simulations and a discontinuity in spin rate and spectral properties suggest that asteroids larger than approximately 120 km ( 75 mi ) in diameter accreted during that early era , whereas smaller bodies are fragments from collisions between asteroids during or after the Jovian disruption . Ceres and Vesta grew large enough to melt and differentiate , with heavy metallic elements sinking to the core , leaving rocky minerals in the crust . In the Nice model , many Kuiper - belt objects are captured in the outer asteroid belt , at distances greater than 2.6 AU . Most were later ejected by Jupiter , but those that remained may be the D - type asteroids , and possibly include Ceres . Distribution within the Solar System ( edit ) See also : List of minor - planet groups , List of notable asteroids , and List of minor planets The asteroid belt ( white ) and Jupiter 's trojan asteroids ( green ) Various dynamical groups of asteroids have been discovered orbiting in the inner Solar System . Their orbits are perturbed by the gravity of other bodies in the Solar System and by the Yarkovsky effect . Significant populations include : Asteroid belt ( edit ) Main article : Asteroid belt The majority of known asteroids orbit within the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter , generally in relatively low - eccentricity ( i.e. not very elongated ) orbits . This belt is now estimated to contain between 1.1 and 1.9 million asteroids larger than 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) in diameter , and millions of smaller ones . These asteroids may be remnants of the protoplanetary disk , and in this region the accretion of planetesimals into planets during the formative period of the Solar System was prevented by large gravitational perturbations by Jupiter . Trojans ( edit ) Main article : Trojan ( astronomy ) Trojans are populations that share an orbit with a larger planet or moon , but do not collide with it because they orbit in one of the two Lagrangian points of stability , L4 and L5 , which lie 60 ° ahead of and behind the larger body . The most significant population of trojans are the Jupiter trojans . Although fewer Jupiter trojans have been discovered ( As of 2010 ) , it is thought that they are as numerous as the asteroids in the asteroid belt . Trojans have been found in the orbits of other planets , including Venus , Earth , Mars , Uranus , and Neptune . Near - Earth asteroids ( edit ) Main article : Near - Earth asteroids Near - Earth asteroids , or NEAs , are asteroids that have orbits that pass close to that of Earth . Asteroids that actually cross Earth 's orbital path are known as Earth - crossers . As of June 2016 , 14,464 near - Earth asteroids are known and the number over one kilometer in diameter is estimated to be 900 -- 1,000 . Frequency of bolides , small asteroids roughly 1 to 20 meters in diameter impacting Earth 's atmosphere . Characteristics ( edit ) Size distribution ( edit ) The asteroids of the Solar System , categorized by size and number Asteroids vary greatly in size , from almost 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000 km for the largest down to rocks just 1 meter across . The three largest are very much like miniature planets : they are roughly spherical , have at least partly differentiated interiors , and are thought to be surviving protoplanets . The vast majority , however , are much smaller and are irregularly shaped ; they are thought to be either surviving planetesimals or fragments of larger bodies . The dwarf planet Ceres is by far the largest asteroid , with a diameter of 975 km ( 606 mi ) . The next largest are 4 Vesta and 2 Pallas , both with diameters of just over 500 km ( 300 mi ) . Vesta is the only main - belt asteroid that can , on occasion , be visible to the naked eye . On some rare occasions , a near - Earth asteroid may briefly become visible without technical aid ; see 99942 Apophis . The mass of all the objects of the asteroid belt , lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter , is estimated to be about 2.8 -- 7021320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 × 10 kg , or about 4 % of the mass of the Moon . Of this , Ceres comprises 7020950000000000000 ♠ 0.95 × 10 kg , a third of the total . Adding in the next three most massive objects , Vesta ( 9 % ) , Pallas ( 7 % ) , and Hygiea ( 3 % ) , brings this figure up to 51 % ; whereas the three after that , 511 Davida ( 1.2 % ) , 704 Interamnia ( 1.0 % ) , and 52 Europa ( 0.9 % ) , only add another 3 % to the total mass . The number of asteroids then increases rapidly as their individual masses decrease . The number of asteroids decreases markedly with size . Although this generally follows a power law , there are ' bumps ' at 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5 km and 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 km , where more asteroids than expected from a logarithmic distribution are found . <Th_colspan="15"> Approximate number of asteroids ( N ) larger than a certain diameter ( D ) 0.1 km 0.3 km 0.5 km 1 km 3 km 5 km 10 km 30 km 50 km 100 km 200 km 300 km 500 km 900 km 7007250000000000000 ♠ 25 000 000 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4000000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2000000 7005750000000000000 ♠ 750 000 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200 000 7004900000000000000 ♠ 90 000 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 7003110000000000000 ♠ 1100 600 200 30 5 Largest asteroids ( edit ) See also : Largest asteroids The relative masses of the twelve largest asteroids known , compared to the remaining mass of the asteroid belt . 1 Ceres 4 Vesta 2 Pallas 10 Hygiea 31 Euphrosyne 704 Interamnia 511 Davida 532 Herculina 15 Eunomia 3 Juno 16 Psyche 52 Europa all others Although their location in the asteroid belt excludes them from planet status , the three largest objects , Ceres , Vesta , and Pallas , are intact protoplanets that share many characteristics common to planets , and are atypical compared to the majority of `` potato '' - shaped asteroids . The fourth largest asteroid , Hygiea , has an undifferentiated interior , like the majority of asteroids . Between them , the four largest asteroids constitute half the mass of the asteroid belt . Ceres is the only asteroid with a fully ellipsoidal shape and hence the only one that is a dwarf planet . It has a much higher absolute magnitude than the other asteroids , of around 3.32 , and may possess a surface layer of ice . Like the planets , Ceres is differentiated : it has a crust , a mantle and a core . No meteorites from Ceres have been found on Earth . Vesta , too , has a differentiated interior , though it formed inside the Solar System 's frost line , and so is devoid of water ; its composition is mainly of basaltic rock such as olivine . Aside from the large crater at its southern pole , Rheasilvia , Vesta also has an ellipsoidal shape . Vesta is the parent body of the Vestian family and other V - type asteroids , and is the source of the HED meteorites , which constitute 5 % of all meteorites on Earth . Pallas is unusual in that , like Uranus , it rotates on its side , with its axis of rotation tilted at high angles to its orbital plane . Its composition is similar to that of Ceres : high in carbon and silicon , and perhaps partially differentiated . Pallas is the parent body of the Palladian family of asteroids . Hygiea is the largest carbonaceous asteroid and , unlike the other largest asteroids , lies relatively close to the plane of the ecliptic . It is the largest member and presumed parent body of the Hygiean family of asteroids . <Th_colspan="13"> Attributes of largest asteroids Name Orbital radius ( AU ) Orbital period ( years ) Inclination to ecliptic Orbital eccentricity Diameter ( km ) Diameter ( % of Moon ) Mass ( × 10 kg ) Mass ( % of Ceres ) Density ( g / cm ) Rotation period ( hr ) Axial tilt Surface temperature Vesta 2.36 3.63 7.1 ° 0.089 573 × 557 × 446 ( mean 525 ) 15 % 260 28 % 3.44 ± 0.12 5.34 29 ° 85 -- 270 K Ceres 2.77 4.60 10.6 ° 0.079 975 × 975 × 909 ( mean 953 ) 28 % 940 100 % 2.12 ± 0.04 9.07 ≈ 3 ° 167 K Pallas 2.77 4.62 34.8 ° 0.231 580 × 555 × 500 ( mean 545 ) 16 % 210 22 % 2.71 ± 0.11 7.81 ≈ 80 ° 164 K Hygiea 3.14 5.56 3.8 ° 0.117 530 × 407 × 370 ( mean 435 ) 12 % 87 9 % 2.76 ± 1.2 27.6 ≈ 60 ° 164 K Rotation ( edit ) Measurements of the rotation rates of large asteroids in the asteroid belt show that there is an upper limit . No asteroid with a diameter larger than 100 meters has a rotation period smaller than 2.2 hours . For asteroids rotating faster than approximately this rate , the inertial force at the surface is greater than the gravitational force , so any loose surface material would be flung out . However , a solid object should be able to rotate much more rapidly . This suggests that most asteroids with a diameter over 100 meters are rubble piles formed through accumulation of debris after collisions between asteroids . Composition ( edit ) Cratered terrain on 4 Vesta The physical composition of asteroids is varied and in most cases poorly understood . Ceres appears to be composed of a rocky core covered by an icy mantle , where Vesta is thought to have a nickel - iron core , olivine mantle , and basaltic crust . 10 Hygiea , however , which appears to have a uniformly primitive composition of carbonaceous chondrite , is thought to be the largest undifferentiated asteroid . Most of the smaller asteroids are thought to be piles of rubble held together loosely by gravity , though the largest are probably solid . Some asteroids have moons or are co-orbiting binaries : Rubble piles , moons , binaries , and scattered asteroid families are thought to be the results of collisions that disrupted a parent asteroid , or , possibly , a planet . Asteroids contain traces of amino acids and other organic compounds , and some speculate that asteroid impacts may have seeded the early Earth with the chemicals necessary to initiate life , or may have even brought life itself to Earth ( also see panspermia ) . In August 2011 , a report , based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth , was published suggesting DNA and RNA components ( adenine , guanine and related organic molecules ) may have been formed on asteroids and comets in outer space . Asteroid collision -- building planets ( artist concept ) . Composition is calculated from three primary sources : albedo , surface spectrum , and density . The last can only be determined accurately by observing the orbits of moons the asteroid might have . So far , every asteroid with moons has turned out to be a rubble pile , a loose conglomeration of rock and metal that may be half empty space by volume . The investigated asteroids are as large as 280 km in diameter , and include 121 Hermione ( 268 × 186 × 183 km ) , and 87 Sylvia ( 384 × 262 × 232 km ) . Only half a dozen asteroids are larger than 87 Sylvia , though none of them have moons ; however , some smaller asteroids are thought to be more massive , suggesting they may not have been disrupted , and indeed 511 Davida , the same size as Sylvia to within measurement error , is estimated to be two and a half times as massive , though this is highly uncertain . The fact that such large asteroids as Sylvia can be rubble piles , presumably due to disruptive impacts , has important consequences for the formation of the Solar System : Computer simulations of collisions involving solid bodies show them destroying each other as often as merging , but colliding rubble piles are more likely to merge . This means that the cores of the planets could have formed relatively quickly . On 7 October 2009 , the presence of water ice was confirmed on the surface of 24 Themis using NASA 's Infrared Telescope Facility . The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice . As this ice layer is sublimated , it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface . Organic compounds were also detected on the surface . Scientists hypothesize that some of the first water brought to Earth was delivered by asteroid impacts after the collision that produced the Moon . The presence of ice on 24 Themis supports this theory . In October 2013 , water was detected on an extrasolar body for the first time , on an asteroid orbiting the white dwarf GD 61 . On 22 January 2014 , European Space Agency ( ESA ) scientists reported the detection , for the first definitive time , of water vapor on Ceres , the largest object in the asteroid belt . The detection was made by using the far - infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory . The finding is unexpected because comets , not asteroids , are typically considered to `` sprout jets and plumes '' . According to one of the scientists , `` The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids . '' In May 2016 , significant asteroid data arising from the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer and NEOWISE missions have been questioned , but the criticism has yet to undergo peer review . Surface features ( edit ) Most asteroids outside the `` big four '' ( Ceres , Pallas , Vesta , and Hygiea ) are likely to be broadly similar in appearance , if irregular in shape . 50 - km ( 31 - mi ) 253 Mathilde is a rubble pile saturated with craters with diameters the size of the asteroid 's radius , and Earth - based observations of 300 - km ( 186 - mi ) 511 Davida , one of the largest asteroids after the big four , reveal a similarly angular profile , suggesting it is also saturated with radius - size craters . Medium - sized asteroids such as Mathilde and 243 Ida that have been observed up close also reveal a deep regolith covering the surface . Of the big four , Pallas and Hygiea are practically unknown . Vesta has compression fractures encircling a radius - size crater at its south pole but is otherwise a spheroid . Ceres seems quite different in the glimpses Hubble has provided , with surface features that are unlikely to be due to simple craters and impact basins , but details will be expanded with the Dawn spacecraft , which entered Ceres orbit on 6 March 2015 . Color ( edit ) Asteroids become darker and redder with age due to space weathering . However evidence suggests most of the color change occurs rapidly , in the first hundred thousands years , limiting the usefulness of spectral measurement for determining the age of asteroids . Classification ( edit ) Asteroids are commonly classified according to two criteria : the characteristics of their orbits , and features of their reflectance spectrum . Orbital classification ( edit ) Main articles : Asteroid group and Asteroid family Many asteroids have been placed in groups and families based on their orbital characteristics . Apart from the broadest divisions , it is customary to name a group of asteroids after the first member of that group to be discovered . Groups are relatively loose dynamical associations , whereas families are tighter and result from the catastrophic break - up of a large parent asteroid sometime in the past . Families are more common and easier to identify within the main asteroid belt , but several small families have been reported among the Jupiter trojans . Main belt families were first recognized by Kiyotsugu Hirayama in 1918 and are often called Hirayama families in his honor . About 30 -- 35 % of the bodies in the asteroid belt belong to dynamical families each thought to have a common origin in a past collision between asteroids . A family has also been associated with the plutoid dwarf planet Haumea . Quasi-satellites and horseshoe objects ( edit ) Some asteroids have unusual horseshoe orbits that are co-orbital with Earth or some other planet . Examples are 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA 29 . The first instance of this type of orbital arrangement was discovered between Saturn 's moons Epimetheus and Janus . Sometimes these horseshoe objects temporarily become quasi-satellites for a few decades or a few hundred years , before returning to their earlier status . Both Earth and Venus are known to have quasi-satellites . Such objects , if associated with Earth or Venus or even hypothetically Mercury , are a special class of Aten asteroids . However , such objects could be associated with outer planets as well . Spectral classification ( edit ) Main article : Asteroid spectral types This picture of 433 Eros shows the view looking from one end of the asteroid across the gouge on its underside and toward the opposite end . Features as small as 35 m ( 115 ft ) across can be seen . In 1975 , an asteroid taxonomic system based on color , albedo , and spectral shape was developed by Clark R. Chapman , David Morrison , and Ben Zellner . These properties are thought to correspond to the composition of the asteroid 's surface material . The original classification system had three categories : C - types for dark carbonaceous objects ( 75 % of known asteroids ) , S - types for stony ( silicaceous ) objects ( 17 % of known asteroids ) and U for those that did not fit into either C or S . This classification has since been expanded to include many other asteroid types . The number of types continues to grow as more asteroids are studied . The two most widely used taxonomies now used are the Tholen classification and SMASS classification . The former was proposed in 1984 by David J. Tholen , and was based on data collected from an eight - color asteroid survey performed in the 1980s . This resulted in 14 asteroid categories . In 2002 , the Small Main - Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted in a modified version of the Tholen taxonomy with 24 different types . Both systems have three broad categories of C , S , and X asteroids , where X consists of mostly metallic asteroids , such as the M - type . There are also several smaller classes . The proportion of known asteroids falling into the various spectral types does not necessarily reflect the proportion of all asteroids that are of that type ; some types are easier to detect than others , biasing the totals . Problems ( edit ) Originally , spectral designations were based on inferences of an asteroid 's composition . However , the correspondence between spectral class and composition is not always very good , and a variety of classifications are in use . This has led to significant confusion . Although asteroids of different spectral classifications are likely to be composed of different materials , there are no assurances that asteroids within the same taxonomic class are composed of similar materials . Naming ( edit ) Main article : Minor planet § Naming 2013 EC , shown here in radar images , has a provisional designation A newly discovered asteroid is given a provisional designation ( such as 2002 AT 4 ) consisting of the year of discovery and an alphanumeric code indicating the half - month of discovery and the sequence within that half - month . Once an asteroid 's orbit has been confirmed , it is given a number , and later may also be given a name ( e.g. 433 Eros ) . The formal naming convention uses parentheses around the number ( e.g. ( 433 ) Eros ) , but dropping the parentheses is quite common . Informally , it is common to drop the number altogether , or to drop it after the first mention when a name is repeated in running text . In addition , names can be proposed by the asteroid 's discoverer , within guidelines established by the International Astronomical Union . Symbols ( edit ) Main article : Astronomical symbols The first asteroids to be discovered were assigned iconic symbols like the ones traditionally used to designate the planets . By 1855 there were two dozen asteroid symbols , which often occurred in multiple variants . Asteroid <Th_colspan="2"> Symbol Year 1 Ceres ⚳ Ceres ' scythe , reversed to double as the letter C 1801 2 Pallas ⚴ Athena 's ( Pallas ' ) spear 1801 3 Juno ⚵ A star mounted on a scepter , for Juno , the Queen of Heaven 1804 4 Vesta ⚶ The altar and sacred fire of Vesta 1807 5 Astraea A scale , or an inverted anchor , symbols of justice 1845 6 Hebe Hebe 's cup 1847 7 Iris A rainbow ( iris ) and a star 1847 8 Flora A flower ( flora ) , specifically the Rose of England 1847 9 Metis The eye of wisdom and a star 1848 10 Hygiea Hygiea 's serpent and a star , or the Rod of Asclepius 1849 11 Parthenope A harp , or a fish and a star ; symbols of the sirens 1850 12 Victoria The laurels of victory and a star 1850 13 Egeria A shield , symbol of Egeria 's protection , and a star 1850 14 Irene A dove carrying an olive branch ( symbol of irene ' peace ' ) with a star on its head , or an olive branch , a flag of truce , and a star 1851 15 Eunomia A heart , symbol of good order ( eunomia ) , and a star 1851 16 Psyche A butterfly 's wing , symbol of the soul ( psyche ) , and a star 1852 17 Thetis A dolphin , symbol of Thetis , and a star 1852 18 Melpomene The dagger of Melpomene , and a star 1852 19 Fortuna The wheel of fortune and a star 1852 26 Proserpina Proserpina 's pomegranate 1853 28 Bellona Bellona 's whip and lance 1854 29 Amphitrite The shell of Amphitrite and a star 1854 35 Leukothea A lighthouse beacon , symbol of Leucothea 1855 37 Fides The cross of faith ( fides ) 1855 In 1851 , after the fifteenth asteroid ( Eunomia ) had been discovered , Johann Franz Encke made a major change in the upcoming 1854 edition of the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch ( BAJ , Berlin Astronomical Yearbook ) . He introduced a disk ( circle ) , a traditional symbol for a star , as the generic symbol for an asteroid . The circle was then numbered in order of discovery to indicate a specific asteroid ( although he assigned 1 to the fifth , Astraea , while continuing to designate the first four only with their existing iconic symbols ) . The numbered - circle convention was quickly adopted by astronomers , and the next asteroid to be discovered ( 16 Psyche , in 1852 ) was the first to be designated in that way at the time of its discovery . However , Psyche was given an iconic symbol as well , as were a few other asteroids discovered over the next few years ( see chart above ) . 20 Massalia was the first asteroid that was not assigned an iconic symbol , and no iconic symbols were created after the 1855 discovery of 37 Fides . That year Astraea 's number was increased to 5 , but the first four asteroids , Ceres to Vesta , were not listed by their numbers until the 1867 edition . The circle was soon abbreviated to a pair of parentheses , which were easier to typeset and sometimes omitted altogether over the next few decades , leading to the modern convention . Exploration ( edit ) See also : Sample return mission , Asteroid mining , and Colonization of the asteroids Until the age of space travel , objects in the asteroid belt were merely pinpricks of light in even the largest telescopes and their shapes and terrain remained a mystery . The best modern ground - based telescopes and the Earth - orbiting Hubble Space Telescope can resolve a small amount of detail on the surfaces of the largest asteroids , but even these mostly remain little more than fuzzy blobs . Limited information about the shapes and compositions of asteroids can be inferred from their light curves ( their variation in brightness as they rotate ) and their spectral properties , and asteroid sizes can be estimated by timing the lengths of star occulations ( when an asteroid passes directly in front of a star ) . Radar imaging can yield good information about asteroid shapes and orbital and rotational parameters , especially for near - Earth asteroids . In terms of delta - v and propellant requirements , NEOs are more easily accessible than the Moon . The first close - up photographs of asteroid - like objects were taken in 1971 , when the Mariner 9 probe imaged Phobos and Deimos , the two small moons of Mars , which are probably captured asteroids . These images revealed the irregular , potato - like shapes of most asteroids , as did later images from the Voyager probes of the small moons of the gas giants . The first true asteroid to be photographed in close - up was 951 Gaspra in 1991 , followed in 1993 by 243 Ida and its moon Dactyl , all of which were imaged by the Galileo probe en route to Jupiter . The first dedicated asteroid probe was NEAR Shoemaker , which photographed 253 Mathilde in 1997 , before entering into orbit around 433 Eros , finally landing on its surface in 2001 . Other asteroids briefly visited by spacecraft en route to other destinations include 9969 Braille ( by Deep Space 1 in 1999 ) , and 5535 Annefrank ( by Stardust in 2002 ) . In September 2005 , the Japanese Hayabusa probe started studying 25143 Itokawa in detail and was plagued with difficulties , but returned samples of its surface to Earth on 13 June 2010 . The European Rosetta probe ( launched in 2004 ) flew by 2867 Šteins in 2008 and 21 Lutetia , the third - largest asteroid visited to date , in 2010 . In September 2007 , NASA launched the Dawn spacecraft , which orbited 4 Vesta from July 2011 to September 2012 , and has been orbiting the dwarf planet 1 Ceres since 2015 . 4 Vesta is the second - largest asteroid visited to date . On 13 December 2012 , China 's lunar orbiter Chang'e 2 flew within 3.2 km ( 2 mi ) of the asteroid 4179 Toutatis on an extended mission . Planned and future missions ( edit ) The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) launched the Hayabusa 2 probe in December 2014 , and plans to return samples from 162173 Ryugu in December 2020 . In May 2011 , NASA selected the OSIRIS - REx sample return mission to asteroid 101955 Bennu ; it launched on September 8 , 2016 . In early 2013 , NASA announced the planning stages of a mission to capture a near - Earth asteroid and move it into lunar orbit where it could possibly be visited by astronauts and later impacted into the Moon . On 19 June 2014 , NASA reported that asteroid 2011 MD was a prime candidate for capture by a robotic mission , perhaps in the early 2020s . It has been suggested that asteroids might be used as a source of materials that may be rare or exhausted on Earth ( asteroid mining ) , or materials for constructing space habitats ( see Colonization of the asteroids ) . Materials that are heavy and expensive to launch from Earth may someday be mined from asteroids and used for space manufacturing and construction . In the U.S. Discovery program the Psyche spacecraft proposal to 16 Psyche and Lucy spacecraft to Jupiter trojans made it to the semifinalist stage of mission selection . Fiction ( edit ) Main article : Asteroids in fiction Asteroids and the asteroid belt are a staple of science fiction stories . Asteroids play several potential roles in science fiction : as places human beings might colonize , resources for extracting minerals , hazards encountered by spacecraft traveling between two other points , and as a threat to life on Earth or other inhabited planets , dwarf planets and natural satellites by potential impact . Gallery ( edit ) 951 Gaspra is the first asteroid to be imaged in close - up , imaged by Galileo on 29 October 1991 ( enhanced color ) Several views of 433 Eros in natural color , imaged by NEAR on 12 February 2000 Vesta imaged by Dawn on 9 July 2011 Ceres imaged by Dawn on 4 February 2015 See also ( edit ) Amor asteroid Apollo asteroid Asteroid Day Asteroid impact avoidance Aten asteroid Atira asteroid BOOTES ( Burst Observer and Optical Transient Exploring System ) Category : Asteroids Category : Asteroid groups and families Category : Binary asteroids Centaur ( minor planet ) Chang'e 2 lunar orbiter Constellation program Dawn spacecraft Dwarf planet Impact event List of asteroid close approaches to Earth List of minor planets named after people List of minor planets named after places List of minor planets List of notable asteroids List of impact craters on Earth List of unconfirmed impact craters on Earth Lost asteroid Marco Polo ( spacecraft ) Meanings of minor planet names Mesoplanet Minor planet Near - Earth object NEOShield NEOSSat ( Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite ) Canada 's new satellite Pioneer 10 spacecraft Rosetta spacecraft Space portal Astronomy portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ceres is the largest asteroid and is now classified as a dwarf planet . All other asteroids are now classified as small Solar System bodies along with comets , centaurs , and the smaller trans - Neptunian objects . Jump up ^ In an oral presentation , Clifford Cunningham presented his finding that the word was coined by Charles Burney , Jr. , the son of a friend of Herschel , Jump up ^ For example , the Annual of Scientific Discovery for 1871 , page 316 , reads `` Professor J. Watson has been awarded by the Paris Academy of Sciences , the astronomical prize , Lalande foundation , for the discovery of eight new asteroids in one year . The planet Lydia ( No. 110 ) , discovered by M. Borelly at the Marseilles Observatory ( ... ) M. Borelly had previously discovered two planets bearing the numbers 91 and 99 in the system of asteroids revolving between Mars and Jupiter '' . Jump up ^ The definition of `` small Solar System bodies '' says that they `` include most of the Solar System asteroids , most trans - Neptunian objects , comets , and other small bodies '' . Jump up ^ For instance , a joint NASA -- JPL public - outreach website states : `` We include Trojans ( bodies captured in Jupiter 's 4th and 5th Lagrange points ) , Centaurs ( bodies in orbit between Jupiter and Neptune ) , and trans - Neptunian objects ( orbiting beyond Neptune ) in our definition of `` asteroid '' as used on this site , even though they may more correctly be called `` minor planets '' instead of asteroids . '' Jump up ^ Below 1 meter , these are considered to be meteoroids . The definition in the 1995 paper ( Beech and Steel ) has been updated by a 2010 paper ( Rubin and Grossman ) and the discovery of 1 - meter asteroids . Jump up ^ The values of Juno and Herculina may be off by as much as 16 % , and Euphrosyne by a third . The order of the lower eight may change as better data is acquired , but the values do not overlap with any known asteroid outside these twelve . Jump up ^ Except for Pluto and , in the astrological community , for a few outer bodies such as 2060 Chiron References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asteroids '' . NASA -- Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) -- What Are Asteroids And Comets ? '' . CNEOS . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is the difference between an asteroid and a comet ? '' . Cool Cosmos . Infrared Processing and Analysis Center . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Alan E. ; Grossman , Jeffrey N. ( January 2010 ) . `` Meteorite and meteoroid : new comprehensive definitions '' . Meteoritics and Planetary Science . 45 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 122 . Bibcode : 2010M&PS ... 45 ... 114R . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1945 - 5100.2009. 01009. x . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` What is the difference between asteroids and meteorites ? '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Robert Roy ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` Closest Flyby of Large Asteroid to be Naked - Eye Visible '' . SPACE.com . Jump up ^ `` Latest Published Data '' . International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations General Assembly proclaims 30 June as International Asteroid Day '' . United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs ( Press release ) . 7 December 2016 . UNIS / OS / 478 . Jump up ^ `` International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space '' . United Nations . Rapporteur : Awale Ali Kullane. 25 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HAD Meeting with DPS , Denver , October 2013 - Abstracts of Papers '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Nolin , Robert ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Local expert reveals who really coined the word ' asteroid ' '' . SunSentinel . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Who Really Invented the Word ' Asteroid ' for Space Rocks ? '' . SPACE.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Lou . `` Vermin of the Sky '' . The Planetary Society . Jump up ^ Hale , George E. ( 1916 ) . `` Address at the semi-centennial of the Dearborn Observatory : Some Reflections on the Progress of Astrophysics '' . Popular Astronomy . Vol. 24 . pp. 550 -- 558 , at p 555 . Bibcode : 1916PA ... 24 ... 550H . Jump up ^ Seares , Frederick H. ( 1930 ) . `` Address of the Retiring President of the Society in Awarding the Bruce Medal to Professor Max Wolf '' . Publ . Astron . Soc . Pac. 42 : 5 -- 22 , at p 10 . Bibcode : 1930PASP ... 42 ... 5S . doi : 10.1086 / 123986 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Mary G. ( 17 May 1992 ) . `` Carolyn Shoemaker , Planetary Astronomer and Most Successful ' Comet Hunter ' To Date '' . USGS . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discovery Statistics '' . CNEOS . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Yeomans , Don . `` Near Earth Object Search Programs '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minor Planet Discover Sites '' . International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unusual Minor Planets '' . International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Beech , M. ; Steel , D. ( September 1995 ) . `` On the Definition of the Term Meteoroid '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 36 ( 3 ) : 281 -- 284 . Bibcode : 1995QJRAS ... 36 ... 281B . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Meteoroid : A solid object moving in space , with a size less than 10 m , but larger than 100 μm . Jump up ^ Czechowski , L. 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Ask an astronomer . Cornell University . Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas M. Short , Sr. `` Asteroids and Comets '' . NASA.gov . Archived from the original on 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comet Dust Seems More Asteroidy '' . Scientific American . 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comet samples are surprisingly asteroid - like '' . New Scientist. 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Questions and Answers on Planets , IAU Jump up ^ `` The Glowing Halo of a Zombie Star '' . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bottke , William F. Jr. ; Durda , Daniel D. ; Nesvorny , David ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The fossilized size distribution of the main asteroid belt '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 175 : 111 . Bibcode : 2005Icar ... 175 ... 111B . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2004.10. 026 . Jump up ^ Kerrod , Robin ( 2000 ) . Asteroids , Comets , and Meteors . Lerner Publications Co . ISBN 0 - 585 - 31763 - 1 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , William ; B. McKinnon ( 2008 ) . `` On The Possibility Of Large KBOs Being Injected Into The Outer Asteroid Belt '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 40 : 464 . Bibcode : 2008DPS ... 40.3803 M . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Edward ; Metcalfe , Leo ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed '' ( Press release ) . European Space Agency . Retrieved 21 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , B. ; Russell , C.T. ; Bauer , J.M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Hubble Space Telescope Observations of 2 Pallas '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 39 : 485 . Bibcode : 2007DPS ... 39.3519 S . Jump up ^ Pitjeva , E.V. ( 2004 ) . `` Estimations of masses of the largest asteroids and the main asteroid belt from ranging to planets , Mars orbiters and landers '' . 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly . Held 18 -- 25 July 2004 , in Paris , France . p. 2014 . Bibcode : 2004cosp ... 35.2014 P . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2002 ) Asteroids III , cited by Ivezić , Željko ( 2004 ) . `` Lecture 4 : Moving Objects Detected by SDSS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations '' . Maintained by Jim Baer . Last updated 2010 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Pitjeva , E.V. ( 2005 ) . `` High - Precision Ephemerides of Planets -- EPM and Determination of Some Astronomical Constants '' ( PDF ) . Solar System Research . 39 ( 3 ) : 184 . Bibcode : 2005SoSyR ... 39 ... 176P . doi : 10.1007 / s11208 - 005 - 0033 - 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Parker , J.W. ; Stern , S.A. ; Thomas , P.C. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Analysis of the First Disk - resolved Images of Ceres from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope '' . The Astronomical Journal . 123 ( 1 ) : 549 -- 557 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0110258 . Bibcode : 2002AJ ... 123 ... 549P . doi : 10.1086 / 338093 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asteroid 1 Ceres '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid or Mini-Planet ? Hubble Maps the Ancient Surface of Vesta '' . Hubble Space Telescope ( Press release ) . 19 April 1995 . STScI - 1995 - 20 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . `` Key Stages in the Evolution of the Asteroid Vesta '' . Hubble Space Telescope ( Press release ) . 19 April 1995 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Russel , C. ; Raymond , C. ; Fraschetti , T. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Dawn mission and operations '' . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 1 ( S229 ) : 97 -- 119 . doi : 10.1017 / S1743921305006691 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Burbine , T.H. ( July 1994 ) . `` Where are the olivine asteroids in the main belt ? '' . Meteoritics. 29 ( 4 ) : 453 . Bibcode : 1994Metic ... 29 ... 453B . Jump up ^ Torppa , J. ; Kaasalainen , M. ; Michałowski , T. ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data '' . Icarus . 164 ( 2 ) : 346 -- 383 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 164 ... 346T . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 03 ) 00146 - 5 . Jump up ^ Larson , H.P. ; Feierberg , M.A. & Lebofsky , L.A. ( 1983 ) . `` The composition of asteroid 2 Pallas and its relation to primitive meteorites '' . Icarus . 56 ( 3 ) : 398 . Bibcode : 1983Icar ... 56 ... 398L . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 83 ) 90161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barucci , M.A. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` 10 Hygiea : ISO Infrared Observations '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ceres the Planet '' . orbitsimulator.com . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid Density , Porosity , and Structure '' ( PDF ) . lpi.usra.edu . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rossi , Alessandro ( 20 May 2004 ) . `` The mysteries of the asteroid rotation day '' . The Spaceguard Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2006 . Retrieved 9 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid or Mini-Planet ? Hubble Maps the Ancient Surface of Vesta -- Release Images '' . HubbleSite -- NewsCenter. 19 April 1995 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Soter , Steven ( 16 August 2006 ) . `` What is a Planet ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life is Sweet : Sugar - Packing Asteroids May Have Seeded Life on Earth '' . SPACE.com. 19 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2002 . Jump up ^ Callahan , M.P. ; Smith , K.E. ; Cleaves , H.J. ; et al. ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases '' . PNAS. 108 : 13995 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2011PNAS ... 10813995C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1106493108 . PMC 3161613 . PMID 21836052 . Jump up ^ Steigerwald , John ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` NASA Researchers : DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space '' . NASA . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ScienceDaily Staff ( 9 August 2011 ) . `` DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space , NASA Evidence Suggests '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Descamps , P. ; Marchis , F. ; Berthier , J. ; et al. ( February 2011 ) . `` Triplicity and physical characteristics of Asteroid ( 216 ) Kleopatra '' . Icarus . 211 ( 2 ) : 1022 -- 1033 . arXiv : 1011.5263 . Bibcode : 2011Icar ... 211.1022 D . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2010.11. 016 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Ron ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Ice confirmed on an asteroid '' . Science News . Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` More water out there , ice found on an asteroid '' . International Space Fellowship . Archived from the original on 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Campins , H. ; Hargrove , K ; Pinilla - Alonso , N ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Water ice and organics on the surface of the asteroid 24 Themis '' . Nature . 464 ( 7293 ) : 1320 -- 1321 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 464.1320 C . doi : 10.1038 / nature09029 . PMID 20428164 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Andrew S. ; Emery , Joshua P. ( 2010 ) . `` Detection of ice and organics on an asteroidal surface '' . Nature . 464 ( 7293 ) : 1322 -- 1323 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 464.1322 R . doi : 10.1038 / nature09028 . PMID 20428165 . Jump up ^ Mack , Eric . `` Newly spotted wet asteroids point to far - flung Earth - like planets '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Küppers , Michael ; O'Rourke , Laurence ; Bockelée - Morvan , Dominique ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet ( 1 ) Ceres '' . Nature . 505 ( 7484 ) : 525 -- 527 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 505 ... 525K . doi : 10.1038 / nature12918 . PMID 24451541 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , J.D. ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` Herschel Telescope Detects Water on Dwarf Planet -- Release 14 - 021 '' . NASA . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Myhrvold , Nathan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Asteroid thermal modeling in the presence of reflected sunlight with an application to WISE / NEOWISE observational data '' . arXiv : 1605.06490 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` How Big Are Those Killer Asteroids ? A Critic Says NASA Does n't Know '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Billings , Lee ( 27 May 2016 ) . `` For Asteroid - Hunting Astronomers , Nathan Myhrvold Says the Sky Is Falling '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ NASA Content Administrator , ed. ( 6 August 2017 ) ( First published 25 May 2016 ) . `` NASA Response to Recent Paper on NEOWISE Asteroid Size Results '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Conrad , A.R. ; Dumas , C. ; Merline , W.J. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Direct measurement of the size , shape , and pole of 511 Davida with Keck AO in a single night '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . Bibcode : 2007Icar ... 191 ... 616C . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2007.05. 004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Alan ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Dawn Spacecraft Slips Quietly Into Orbit Around Dwarf Planet Ceres '' . NBCNews.com . NBCUniversal Media , LLC . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of Hawaii Astronomer and Colleagues Find Evidence That Asteroids Change Color as They Age '' . University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy . 19 May 2005 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rachel Courtland ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Sun damage conceals asteroids ' true ages '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Zappalà , V. ; Bendjoya , Ph. ; Cellino , A. ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Asteroid families : Search of a 12,487 - asteroid sample using two different clustering techniques '' . Icarus . 116 ( 2 ) : 291 -- 314 . Bibcode : 1995Icar ... 116 ... 291Z . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1995.1127 . Jump up ^ Jewitt , David C. ; Sheppard , Scott ; Porco , Carolyn ( 2004 ) . `` Jupiter 's Outer Satellites and Trojans '' . In Bagenal , F. ; Dowling , T.E. ; McKinnon , W.B. Jupiter : The Planet , Satellites and Magnetosphere ( pdf ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Chapman , C.R. ; Morrison , David ; Zellner , Ben ( 1975 ) . `` Surface properties of asteroids : A synthesis of polarimetry , radiometry , and spectrophotometry '' . Icarus . 25 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 130 . Bibcode : 1975Icar ... 25 ... 104C . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 75 ) 90191 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tholen , D.J. ( 1989 ) . `` Asteroid taxonomic classifications '' . Asteroids II ; Proceedings of the Conference . University of Arizona Press . pp. 1139 -- 1150 . Bibcode : 1989aste. conf. 1139T . Jump up ^ Bus , S.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Phase II of the Small Main - belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey : A feature - based taxonomy '' . Icarus . 158 ( 1 ) : 146 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 158 ... 146B . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2002.6856 . Jump up ^ McSween Jr. , Harry Y. ( 1999 ) . Meteorites and their Parent Planets ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58751 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Naming of Asteroids '' . Open Learn . The Open University . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid Naming Guidelines '' . The Planetary Society . The Planetary Society . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Gould , B.A. ( 1852 ) . `` On the Symbolic Notation of the Asteroids '' . Astronomical Journal . 2 : 80 . Bibcode : 1852AJ ... 2 ... 80G . doi : 10.1086 / 100212 . ^ Jump up to : Hilton , James L. ( 17 September 2001 ) . `` When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 26 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Encke , J.F. ( 1854 ) . `` Beobachtung der Bellona , nebst Nachrichten über die Bilker Sternwarte '' . Astronomische Nachrichten. 38 ( 9 ) : 143 . Bibcode : 1854AN ... 38 ... 143 ... doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18540380907 . Jump up ^ Luther , R ( 1855 ) . `` Name und Zeichen des von Herrn R. Luther zu Bilk am 19 . April entdeckten Planeten '' . Astronomische Nachrichten. 40 ( 24 ) : 373 . Bibcode : 1855AN ... 40Q. 373L . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18550402405 . Jump up ^ Luther , R. ( 1855 ) . `` Schreiben des Herrn Dr. R. Luther , Directors der Sternwarte zu Bilk , an den Herausgeber '' . Astronomische Nachrichten. 42 ( 7 ) : 107 . Bibcode : 1855AN ... 42 ... 107L . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18550420705 . Jump up ^ `` When did the asteroids become minor planets ? '' . Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rob R. Landis ; David J. Korsmeyer ; Paul A. Abell ; et al . `` A Piloted Orion Flight to a Near - Earth Object : A Feasibility Study '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` NASA May Slam Captured Asteroid Into Moon ( Eventually ) '' . SPACE.com . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Rock that whizzed by Earth may be grabbed by NASA '' . AP News . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAsteroidat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Alphabetical list of minor planet names ( ASCII ) ( Minor Planet Center ) Asteroid articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries ESA Space Situational Awareness : Near - Earth Object Segment IAU Committee on Small Body Nomenclature JPL Asteroid Watch Site NASA Asteroid and Comet Watch Site Near Earth Asteroid Tracking ( NEAT ) Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site NEO MAP ( Armagh Observatory ) Spaceguard Centre TECA Table of next close approaches to the Earth When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets ? <Th_colspan="2"> Asteroids Main Notable asteroids Physical characteristics dynamic method Impact avoidance Tracking Capture Gravitational keyhole Earth - crosser Close approaches Binary moon contact P -- L Distribution Interior to Earth vulcanoids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Main - belt Kirkwood gap comets Trojans Venus trojan Earth Mars Jupiter Uranus trojan Neptune trojan Near - Earth Aten Amor Apollo Apohele Earth - crossers Between Earth and the main belt Mars crossers Mars trojans Outer Solar System , does not include distant minor planets Jupiter - crossers Jupiter trojan Classification Orbital Group Family ( list ) Spectral Tholen C - group B - type F - type G - type C - type S - type X-group M - type E-type P - type small classes A-type D - type J - type T - type Q - type R - type V - type SMASS C - group B - type C - type Cg Ch Cgh Cb S - group A-type Q - type R - type K - type L - type S - type Sa Sq Sr Sk Sl X-group X-type Xe Xc Xk small types T - type D - type Ld - type O - type V - type Exploration Asteroid Redirect Mission Asteroids visited by spacecraft Human mission Mining Ceres Colonization Lists Near - Earth Minor planets Lost Discovering observatories Space missions <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Asteroids in fiction Asteroids in astrology occultation Comet <Th_colspan="3"> Ceres Geography General Geology of Ceres Craters Achita Annona Asari Coniraya Dantu Darzamat Ezinu Fejokoo Hamori Haulani Kerwan Mondamin Nawish Occator Urvara Yalode Zadeni Montes Ahuna Mons Other features Bright spots Astronomy Classification Asteroid Definition of planet Dwarf planet Planet 2006 definition of planet Discovery Barnaba Oriani Carl Friedrich Gauss Francis Wollaston Franz Xaver von Zach Giuseppe Piazzi Heinrich Olbers Jérôme Lalande Johann Elert Bode Tobias Mayer Possible trojans ( 185105 ) 2006 SV 23 1372 Haremari Exploration Dawn mission Ceres Polar Lander ( proposed ) Related Ceres in fiction Colonization In astrology Solar System bodies formerly considered to be planets <Th_colspan="2"> Comets <Td_colspan="2"> Features Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Halley - type Jupiter - family Encke - type Main - belt Non-periodic Hyperbolic Unknown - orbit Great Comet Sungrazing ( Kreutz ) Extinct Rock Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Space missions Planned and proposed DESTINY CAESAR Comet Hopper CONDOR CORSAIR CRAF Hayabusa Mk2 Marco Polo Vesta Past and current CONTOUR Deep Impact / EPOXI Deep Space 1 Giotto ICE Rosetta Philae Timeline Sakigake Stardust / NeXT Suisei Ulysses Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Latest C / 2016 U1 ( NEOWISE ) C / 2015 G2 ( MASTER ) C / 2015 F5 ( SWAN - XingMing ) C / 2015 F3 C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) Culture and speculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Fictional comets Comet vintages <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of comets ( more ) <Td_colspan="2"> Periodic comets Until 1985 ( all ) 1P / Halley 2P / Encke 3D / Biela 4P / Faye 5D / Brorsen 6P / d'Arrest 7P / Pons -- Winnecke 8P / Tuttle 9P / Tempel 10P / Tempel 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 12P / Pons -- Brooks 13P / Olbers 14P / Wolf 15P / Finlay 16P / Brooks 17P / Holmes 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 19P / Borrelly 20D / Westphal 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner 22P / Kopff 23P / Brorsen -- Metcalf 24P / Schaumasse 25D / Neujmin 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup 27P / Crommelin 28P / Neujmin 29P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 30P / Reinmuth 31P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 32P / Comas Solà 33P / Daniel 34D / Gale 35P / Herschel -- Rigollet 36P / Whipple 37P / Forbes 38P / Stephan -- Oterma 39P / Oterma 40P / Väisälä 41P / Tuttle -- Giacobini -- Kresák 42P / Neujmin 43P / Wolf -- Harrington 44P / Reinmuth 45P / Honda -- Mrkos -- Pajdušáková 46P / Wirtanen 47P / Ashbrook -- Jackson 48P / Johnson 49P / Arend -- Rigaux 50P / Arend 51P / Harrington 52P / Harrington -- Abell 53P / Van Biesbroeck 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 56P / Slaughter -- Burnham 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 58P / Jackson -- Neujmin 59P / Kearns -- Kwee 60P / Tsuchinshan 61P / Shajn -- Schaldach 62P / Tsuchinshan 63P / Wild 64P / Swift -- Gehrels 65P / Gunn 66P / du Toit 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko 68P / Klemola 69P / Taylor 70P / Kojima 71P / Clark 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 74P / Smirnova -- Chernykh 75D / Kohoutek 76P / West -- Kohoutek -- Ikemura 77P / Longmore 78P / Gehrels 79P / du Toit -- Hartley 80P / Peters -- Hartley 81P / Wild 82P / Gehrels 83D / Russell 84P / Giclas 85P / Boethin 86P / Wild 87P / Bus 88P / Howell 89P / Russell 90P / Gehrels 91P / Russell 92P / Sanguin 93P / Lovas 94P / Russell 95P / Chiron 96P / Machholz 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 98P / Takamizawa 99P / Kowal 100P / Hartley 101P / Chernykh 102P / Shoemaker After 1985 ( notable ) 103P / Hartley 105P / Singer Brewster 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 111P / Helin -- Roman -- Crockett 114P / Wiseman -- Skiff 128P / Shoemaker -- Holt 139P / Väisälä -- Oterma 144P / Kushida 147P / Kushida -- Muramatsu 153P / Ikeya -- Zhang 163P / NEAT 168P / Hergenrother 169P / NEAT 177P / Barnard 178P / Hug -- Bell 205P / Giacobini 209P / LINEAR 238P / Read 246P / NEAT 252P / LINEAR 255P / Levy 273P / Pons -- Gambart 276P / Vorobjov 289P / Blanpain 311P / PANSTARRS 322P / SOHO 332P / Ikeya - Murakami 354P / LINEAR P / 1997 B1 ( Kobayashi ) P / 2010 B2 ( WISE ) P / 2011 NO1 ( Elenin ) Comet - like asteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron ( 95P ) 4015 Wilson -- Harrington ( 107P ) 7968 Elst -- Pizarro ( 133P ) 165P / LINEAR 166P / NEAT 167P / CINEOS 60558 Echeclus ( 174P ) 118401 LINEAR ( 176P ) 238P / Read 259P / Garradd 311P / PANSTARRS 324P / La Sagra P / 2010 A2 ( LINEAR ) P / 2012 F5 ( Gibbs ) P / 2012 T1 ( PANSTARRS ) P / 2013 R3 ( Catalina - PANSTARRS ) ( 300163 ) 2006 VW139 Lost Recovered 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 15P / Finlay 17P / Holmes 27P / Crommelin 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 69P / Taylor 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 80P / Peters -- Hartley 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 113P / Spitaler 122P / de Vico 157P / Tritton 177P / Barnard 205P / Giacobini 206P / Barnard -- Boattini 271P / van Houten -- Lemmon 273P / Pons -- Gambart 289P / Blanpain Destroyed 3D / Biela 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann D / 1993 F2 ( Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ) Not found D / 1770 L1 ( Lexell ) 5D / Brorsen 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 20D / Westphal 25D / Neujmin 34D / Gale 75D / Kohoutek 83D / Russell Visited by spacecraft 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner ( 1985 ) 1P / Halley ( 1986 ) 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup ( 1992 ) 19P / Borrelly ( 2001 ) 81P / Wild ( 2004 ) 9P / Tempel ( 2005 , 2011 ) C / 2006 P1 ( 2007 ) 103P / Hartley ( 2010 ) 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko ( 2014 ) Non-Periodic comets ( notable ) Until 1910 C / - 43 K1 ( Caesar 's Comet ) X / 1106 C1 ( Great Comet of 1106 ) C / 1577 V1 ( Great Comet of 1577 ) C / 1652 Y1 C / 1680 V1 ( Great Comet of 1680 , Kirsch 's Comet , Newton 's Comet ) ) C / 1702 H1 ( Comet of 1702 ) C / 1729 P1 ( Comet of 1729 , Comet Sarabat ) C / 1743 X1 ( Great Comet of 1744 , Comet Klinkenberg - Chéseaux ) C / 1760 A1 ( Great Comet of 1760 ) C / 1769 P1 ( Great Comet of 1769 ) C / 1807 R1 ( Great Comet of 1807 ) C / 1811 F1 ( Great Comet of 1811 ) C / 1819 N1 ( Great Comet of 1819 ) C / 1823 Y1 ( Great Comet of 1823 ) C / 1843 D1 ( Great March Comet of 1843 ) C / 1847 T1 ( Miss Mitchell 's Comet ) C / 1858 L1 ( Comet Donati ) C / 1861 G1 ( Comet Thatcher ) C / 1861 J1 ( Great Comet of 1861 ) C / 1865 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1865 ) X / 1872 X1 ( Pogson 's Comet ) C / 1874 H1 ( Comet Coggia ) C / 1881 K1 ( Comet Tebbutt ) C / 1882 R1 ( Great Comet of 1882 ) C / 1887 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1887 ) C / 1890 V1 ( Comet Zona ) C / 1901 G1 ( Great Comet of 1901 ) C / 1910 A1 ( Great January Comet of 1910 ) After 1910 C / 1911 O1 ( Brooks ) C / 1911 S3 ( Beljawsky ) C / 1927 X1 ( Skjellerup -- Maristany ) C / 1931 P1 ( Ryves ) C / 1941 B2 ( de Kock - Paraskevopoulos ) ( de ) C / 1947 X1 ( Southern Comet ) ( de ) C / 1948 V1 ( Eclipse ) C / 1956 R1 ( Arend -- Roland ) C / 1957 P1 ( Mrkos ) ( de ) C / 1961 O1 ( Wilson - Hubbard ) ( de ) C / 1961 R1 ( Humason ) C / 1962 C1 ( Seki - Lines ) ( de ) C / 1963 R1 ( Pereyra ) C / 1965 S1 ( Ikeya - Seki ) C / 1969 Y1 ( Bennett ) C / 1970 K1 ( White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli ) C / 1973 E1 ( Kohoutek ) C / 1975 V1 ( West ) C / 1980 E1 ( Bowell ) C / 1983 H1 ( IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ) C / 1989 X1 ( Austin ) C / 1989 Y1 ( Skorichenko -- George ) C / 1992 J1 ( Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz ) C / 1993 Y1 ( McNaught -- Russell ) C / 1995 O1 ( Hale -- Bopp ) C / 1996 B2 ( Hyakutake ) C / 1997 L1 ( Zhu -- Balam ) C / 1998 H1 ( Stonehouse ) C / 1998 J1 ( SOHO ) C / 1999 F1 ( Catalina ) C / 1999 S4 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 U5 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 W1 ( Utsunomiya - Jones ) C / 2001 OG108 ( LONEOS ) C / 2001 Q4 ( NEAT ) C / 2002 T7 ( LINEAR ) C / 2004 F4 ( Bradfield ) ( de ) C / 2004 Q2 ( Machholz ) C / 2006 A1 ( Pojmański ) C / 2006 M4 ( SWAN ) C / 2006 P1 ( McNaught ) C / 2007 E2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 F1 ( LONEOS ) C / 2007 K5 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 N3 ( Lulin ) C / 2007 Q3 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2007 W1 ( Boattini ) C / 2008 Q1 ( Matičič ) C / 2009 F6 ( Yi -- SWAN ) C / 2009 R1 ( McNaught ) C / 2010 X1 ( Elenin ) C / 2011 L4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2011 W3 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2012 E2 ( SWAN ) C / 2012 F6 ( Lemmon ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2013 R1 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 V5 ( Oukaimeden ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2015 V2 ( Johnson ) After 1910 ( by name ) Arend -- Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Bowell Bradfield ( de ) Brooks Catalina C / 1999 F1 C / 2013 US10 de Kock -- Paraskevopoulos ( de ) Eclipse Elenin Hale - Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya - Seki IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ISON Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon LINEAR C / 1999 S4 C / 2000 U5 C / 2002 T7 LONEOS C / 2001 OG108 C / 2007 F1 Lovejoy C / 2007 E2 C / 2007 K5 C / 2011 W3 C / 2013 R1 C / 2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz Matičič McNaught C / 2006 P1 C / 2009 R1 McNaught -- Russell Mrkos ( de ) NEAT Oukaimeden Pan-STARRS C / 2011 L4 C / 2012 K1 C / 2012 S4 311P Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki -- Lines ( de ) Siding Spring C / 2007 Q3 C / 2013 A1 Skjellerup -- Maristany Skorichenko -- George SOHO Southern ( de ) Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C / 2006 M4 C / 2012 E2 Utsunomiya -- Jones West White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli Wilson -- Hubbard ( de ) Yi -- SWAN Zhu -- Balam <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Wikinews <Th_colspan="2"> The Solar System <Td_colspan="2"> The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight List of crewed spacecraft Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space <Td_colspan="2"> Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . <Th_colspan="2"> Minor planets navigator <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Ceres 2 Pallas <Th_colspan="2"> Small Solar System bodies Minor planets <Td_colspan="2"> Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near - Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Damocloid Neptune trojan Trans - Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley - type Hyperbolic Long - period Lost Main - belt Near - parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Meteoroids <Th_colspan="3"> Spacecraft missions to minor planets <Td_colspan="3"> including dwarf planets and asteroids Orbiters NEAR Shoemaker Hayabusa Dawn Hayabusa2 ( en route ) OSIRIS - REx ( en route ) Landers NEAR Shoemaker Hayabusa MASCOT ( en route ) MINERVA - II 1A , 1B , 2 ( en route ) Flybys Galileo NEAR Shoemaker Cassini -- Huygens Deep Space 1 Stardust / NExT Rosetta / Philae New Horizons Chang'e 2 Failed Clementine MINERVA Deep Impact PROCYON Planned NEA Scout ( probe , 2019 ) Lucy ( multiple flybys , 2021 ) DESTINY+ ( multiple flybys , 2022 ) Psyche ( orbiter , 2022 ) Proposed DART HAMMER OKEANOS Cancelled AGORA AIDA ( AIM ) Asteroid Redirect Mission Clementine 2 CRAF Don Quijote Hayabusa Mk2 MAOSEP Marco Polo MarcoPolo - R New Horizons 2 Vesta Related Asteroid belt Asteroid capture Asteroid mining Human mission to an asteroid Colonization of asteroids Ceres Colonization Pluto Exploration Vesta Small Solar System bodies Near - Earth object Trans - Neptunian object Colonization Trojan Spacecraft missions to comets List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces <Td_colspan="3"> Italics indicate active current missions . <Th_colspan="3"> Modern impact events On Earth Pre-2000 1490 Ch'ing - yang 1783 Great Meteor 1860 Great Meteor 1908 Tunguska 1913 Great Meteor Procession 1930 Curuçá River 1938 Chicora meteor 1947 Sikhote - Alin meteorite 1969 Murchison meteorite 1972 Great Daylight Fireball 1990 Earth - grazing meteoroid Post-2000 2002 Eastern Mediterranean 2002 Vitim 2007 Carancas 2008 TC3 impact 2009 Sulawesi superbolide 2012 Sutter 's Mill meteorite 2012 UK meteoroid 2012 Novato meteorite 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor Chelyabinsk meteorite 2014 AA impact 2014 Ontario fireball 2015 Kerala meteorite 2015 Thailand bolide WT1190F impact 2017 China bolide On Jupiter 1994 Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact 2010 Jupiter impact Lists Asteroid close approaches to Earth Comets Bolides Meteor air bursts Meteorite falls Minor planets crossing Earth 's orbit See also Asteroid impact avoidance Bolide Earth - grazing fireball Meteor procession Meteor shower Meteorite Meteoroid Near - Earth object Potentially hazardous object <Th_colspan="2"> Planetary defense Main topics Asteroid Bolide Earth - grazing fireball Impact event List of meteor air bursts Meteor procession Meteor shower Meteorite Meteoroid Near - Earth object Potentially hazardous object Defense Asteroid impact avoidance Asteroid close approaches Earth - crossing minor planets Gravity tractor Ion Beam Shepherd Damage scales Palermo scale Torino scale Space probes Dawn Deep Impact DART Halley Armada Hayabusa Hayabusa2 MASCOT NEAR Shoemaker NEA Scout New Horizons OSIRIS - REx PROCYON Rosetta Philae Stardust NEO tracking ATLAS Catalina Sky Survey LINEAR LONEOS NEAT NEOSSat NEOCam NEODyS OGS Telescope Orbit@home Pan-STARRS SCAP Sentinel Space Telescope Sentry Spacewatch WISE Organizations B612 Foundation Japan Spaceguard Association Meteoritical Society NEOShield Spaceguard The Spaceguard Foundation Space Situational Awareness Programme Planetary Defense Coordination Office Potential threats 1950 DA 1994 WR 101955 Bennu 2002 MN ( 410777 ) 2009 FD 2010 RF 99942 Apophis Films / video The End of the World ( 1916 ) When Worlds Collide ( 1951 ) Gorath ( 1962 ) The Green Slime ( 1968 ) The Paradise Syndrome ( 1968 ) A Fire in the Sky ( 1978 ) Meteor ( 1979 ) NOVA : Doomsday Asteroid ( 1995 ) Asteroid ( 1997 ) Deep Impact ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) Judgment Day ( 1999 ) Post Impact ( 2004 ) Deadly Skies ( 2006 ) Super Comet : After the Impact ( 2007 ) Impact ( 2009 ) NOVA : Last Extinction ( 2009 ) Meteor Storm ( 2010 ) HORIZON : Asteroids -- The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 2010 ) Melancholia ( 2011 ) NOVA : Meteor Strike ( 2013 ) NOVA : Asteroid : Doomsday or Payday ? ( 2013 ) Impact Earth ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Global catastrophic risks <Td_colspan="2"> Future of the Earth Ultimate fate of the universe Technological Grey goo Kinetic bombardment Mutual assured destruction Dead Hand Doomsday device Synthetic intelligence / Artificial intelligence Existential risk from artificial intelligence See Template AI takeover Technological singularity Transhumanism Sociological Malthusian catastrophe New World Order ( conspiracy theory ) Nuclear holocaust winter famine cobalt Societal collapse World War III Ecological Climate change Extinction risk from global warming Runaway climate change Global terrestrial stilling Ice age Ecocide Human impact on the environment See Template Ozone depletion Cascade effect Earth Overshoot Day Overexploitation Overpopulation Human overpopulation Biological Extinction Extinction event Human extinction Genetic erosion Genetic pollution <Td_colspan="2"> Dysgenics Pandemic Biological agent Transhumanism Physical Big Crunch Big Rip Coronal mass ejection Gamma - ray burst Hypercane Impact event Asteroid Comet Potentially hazardous object Rogue planet Solar flare Supervolcano winter Mythological Eschatology Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Norse Zoroastrian <Td_colspan="2"> 2011 end times prediction 2012 phenomenon Apocalypse Armageddon Blood moon prophecy Book of Revelation Doomsday Clock End time Last Judgment List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events Nibiru cataclysm Rapture Revelation 12 sign prophecy Third Temple Year 2000 problem Fiction Alien invasion Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction Disaster films List of disaster films List of fictional doomsday devices Zombie apocalypse <Td_colspan="2"> Categories Apocalypticism Future problems Hazards Risk analysis Doomsday scenarios GND : 4174799 - 9 BNF : cb11976093k ( data ) NDL : 00572326 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&oldid=835561079 '' Categories : Asteroids Minor planets Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2013 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 129 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 13 : 00 . 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1. Asteroids in the Solar System 2. Classification and characteristics of asteroids 3. Discovery and exploration of asteroids 4. Formation and distribution of asteroids 5. Terminology and classification of small Solar System bodies

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Brickwork - wikipedia Brickwork Decorative Tudor brick chimneys , Hampton Court Palace , UK Twelfth - century temple brickwork , Ayutthaya , Thailand Courtyard 2 , Yemen Polychromatic and indented brickwork in a Mid Victorian terrace in West London Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer , using bricks and mortar . Typically , rows of bricks -- called courses -- are laid on top of one another to build up a structure such as a brick wall . Brick is a popular medium for constructing buildings , and examples of brickwork are found through history as far back as the Bronze Age . The fired - brick faces of the ziggurat of ancient Dur - Kurigalzu in Iraq date from around 1400 BC , and the brick buildings of ancient Mohenjo - daro in Pakistan were built around 2600 BC . Much older examples of brickwork made with dried ( but not fired ) bricks may be found in such ancient locations as Jericho in Judea , Çatal Hüyük in Anatolia , and Mehrgarh in Pakistan . These structures have survived from the Stone Age to the present day . Parts of brickwork include bricks , beds and perpends . The bed is the mortar upon which a brick is laid . A perpend is a vertical joint between any two bricks and is usually -- but not always -- filled with mortar . The dimensions of these parts are usually co-ordinated such that two bricks laid side by side separated only by the width of a perpend have a total width identical to the length of a single brick laid transversely on top of them . An example of a co-ordinating metric commonly used for bricks in the UK is as follows : Bricks of dimensions 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm ; Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm . In this case the co-ordinating metric works because the length of a single brick ( 215 mm ) is equal to the total of the width of a brick ( 102.5 mm ) plus a perpend ( 10 mm ) plus the width of a second brick ( 102.5 mm ) . There are many other brick sizes worldwide , and many of them use this same co-ordinating principle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Orientation 2 Cut 3 Bonding 4 Thickness ( and leaves ) 4.1 Cavity walls and ties 5 Load - bearing bonds 5.1 Courses of mixed headers and stretchers 5.1. 1 Flemish bond 5.1. 2 Monk bond 5.1. 2.1 Raking monk bonds 5.1. 3 Sussex bond 5.2 One stretching course per heading course 5.2. 1 English bond 5.2. 2 English cross bond 5.2. 3 Dutch bond 5.3 Two or more stretching course per heading course 5.3. 1 English garden wall bond 5.3. 2 Scottish bond 5.3. 3 American , or common bond 5.4 Only stretching or heading courses 5.4. 1 Header bond 5.4. 2 Stretcher , or running bond 5.4. 3 Raking stretcher bond 5.5 One or more stretching courses per alternating course 5.5. 1 Flemish stretcher bond 5.6 Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners 5.6. 1 Rat - trap bond 5.7 One shiner course per heading course 5.7. 1 Dearne 's bond 6 Non-load - bearing bonds 6.1 Courses of mixed shiners and sailors 6.1. 1 Single basket weave bond 6.1. 2 Double basket weave bond 6.1. 3 Herringbone bond 6.2 Brickwork built around square fractional - sized bricks 6.2. 1 Pinwheel bond 6.2. 2 Della Robbia bond 7 Diapering 7.1 Flemish diagonal bond 8 Damp - proof courses 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Orientation ( edit ) Six positions A brick is given a classification based on how it is laid , and how the exposed face is oriented relative to the face of the finished wall . Stretcher or stretching brick A brick laid flat with its long narrow side exposed . Header or heading brick A brick laid flat with its width exposed . Soldier A brick laid vertically with its long narrow side exposed . Sailor A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed . Rowlock A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short end of the brick exposed . Shiner or rowlock stretcher A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad face of the brick exposed . Cut ( edit ) The practice of laying uncut full - sized bricks wherever possible gives brickwork its maximum possible strength . In the diagrams below , such uncut full - sized bricks are coloured as follows : Stretcher Header Occasionally though a brick must be cut to fit a given space , or to be the right shape for fulfilling some particular purpose such as generating an offset -- called a lap -- at the beginning of a course . In some cases these special shapes or sizes are manufactured . In the diagrams below , some of the cuts most commonly used for generating a lap are coloured as follows : Three - quarter bat , stretching A brick cut to three - quarters of its length , and laid flat with its long , narrow side exposed . Three - quarter bat , heading A brick cut to three - quarters of its length , and laid flat with its short side exposed . Half bat A brick cut in half across its length , and laid flat . Queen closer A brick cut in half down its width , and laid with its smallest face exposed and standing vertically . A queen closer is often used for the purpose of creating a lap . Less frequently used cuts are all coloured as follows : Quarter bat A brick cut to a quarter of its length . Three - quarter queen closer A queen closer cut to three - quarters of its length . King closer A brick with one corner cut away , leaving one header face at half its standard width . BONDING ( edit ) A nearly universal rule in brickwork is that perpends should not be contiguous across courses . Walls , running linearly and extending upwards , can be of varying depth or thickness . Typically , the bricks are laid also running linearly and extending upwards , forming wythes or leafs . It is as important as with the perpends to bond these leaves together . Historically , the dominant method for consolidating the leaves together was to lay bricks across them , rather than running linearly . Brickwork observing either or both of these two conventions is described as being laid in one or another bond . Thickness ( and leaves ) ( edit ) A leaf is as thick as the width of one brick , but a wall is said to be one brick thick if it as wide as the length of a brick . Accordingly , a single - leaf wall is a half brick thickness ; a wall with the simplest possible masonry transverse bond is said to be one brick thick , and so on . The thickness specified for a wall is determined by such factors as damp proofing considerations , whether or not the wall has a cavity , load - bearing requirements , expense , and the era during which the architect was or is working . Wall thickness specification has proven considerably various , and while some non-load - bearing brick walls may be as little as half a brick thick , or even less when shiners are laid stretcher bond in partition walls , others brick walls are much thicker . The Monadnock Building in Chicago , for example , is a very tall masonry building , and has load - bearing brick walls nearly two metres thick at the base . The majority of brick walls are however usually between one and three bricks thick . At these more modest wall thicknesses , distinct patterns have emerged allowing for a structurally sound layout of bricks internal to each particular specified thickness of wall . Cavity walls and ties ( edit ) The advent during the mid twentieth century of the cavity wall saw the popularisation and development of another method of strengthening brickwork -- the wall tie . A cavity wall comprises two totally discrete walls , separated by an air gap , which serves both as barrier to moisture and heat . Typically the main loads taken by the foundations are carried there by the inner leaf , and the major functions of the external leaf are to protect the whole from weather , and to provide a fitting aesthetic finish . Despite there being no masonry connection between the leaves , their transverse rigidity still needs to be guaranteed . The device used to satisfy this need is the insertion at regular intervals of wall ties into the cavity wall 's mortar beds . Load - bearing bonds ( edit ) Courses of mixed headers and stretchers ( edit ) Flemish bond Monk bond Sussex bond Flemish bond ( edit ) This bond has one stretcher between headers , with the headers centred over the stretchers in the course below . Where a course begins with a quoin stretcher , the course will ordinarily terminate with a quoin stretcher at the other end . The next course up will begin with a quoin header . For the course 's second brick , a queen closer is laid , generating the lap of the bond . The third brick along is a stretcher , and is -- on account of the lap -- centred above the header below . This second course then resumes its paired run of stretcher and header , until the final pair is reached , whereupon a second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick , mirroring the arrangement at the beginning of the course , and duly closing the bond . Some examples of Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another . This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the bricks are being baked as part of the manufacturing process . Some of the header faces are exposed to wood smoke , generating a grey - blue colour , while other simply vitrified until they reach a deeper blue colour . Some headers have a glazed face , caused by using salt in the firing . Sometimes Staffordshire Blue bricks are used for the heading bricks . Brickwork that appears as Flemish bond from both the front and the rear is double Flemish bond , so called on account of the front and rear duplication of the pattern . If the wall is arranged such that the bricks at the rear do not have this pattern , then the brickwork is said to be single Flemish bond . Flemish bond brickwork with a thickness of one brick is the repeating pattern of a stretcher laid immediately to the rear of the face stretcher , and then next along the course , a header . A lap ( correct overlap ) is generated by a queen closer on every alternate course : Double Flemish bond of one brick 's thickness : overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses , and side elevation The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . A simple way to add some width to the wall would be to add stretching bricks at the rear , making a Single Flemish bond one and a half bricks thick : Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of single Flemish bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . For a double Flemish bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness , facing bricks and the bricks behind the facing bricks may be laid in groups of four bricks and a half - bat . The half - bat sits at the centre of the group and the four bricks are placed about the half - bat , in a square formation . These groups are laid next to each other for the length of a course , making brickwork one and a half bricks thick . To preserve the bond , it is necessary to lay a three - quarter bat instead of a header following a quoin stretcher at the corner of the wall . This fact has no bearing on the appearance of the wall ; the choice of brick appears to the spectator like any ordinary header : Overhead plans of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . For a more substantial wall , a header may be laid directly behind the face header , a further two headers laid at 90 ° behind the face stretcher , and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these two headers . This pattern generates brickwork a full two bricks thick : Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of two bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of two and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . For a still more substantial wall , two headers may be laid directly behind the face header , a further two pairs of headers laid at 90 ° behind the face stretcher , and then finally a stretcher laid to the rear of these four headers . This pattern generates brickwork a full three bricks thick : Overhead sections of alternate ( odd and even ) courses of double Flemish bond of three bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Monk bond ( edit ) Monk bond variations New Malden Library , Kingston upon Thames , Greater London . Private building , Solna , Sweden . Pyramids highlighted . This bond has two stretchers between every header with the headers centred over the perpend between the two stretchers in the course below in the bond 's most symmetric form . The great variety of monk bond patterns allow for many possible layouts at the quoins , and many possible arrangements for generating a lap . A quoin brick may be a stretcher , a three - quarter bat , or a header . Queen closers may be used next to the quoins , but the practice is not mandatory . Raking monk bonds ( edit ) Monk bond may however take any of a number of arrangements for course staggering . The disposal of bricks in these often highly irregular raking patterns can be a challenging task for the bricklayer to correctly maintain while constructing a wall whose courses are partially obscured by scaffold , and interrupted by door or window openings , or other bond - disrupting obstacles . If the bricklayer frequently stops to check that bricks are correctly arranged , then masonry in a raking monk bond can be expensive to build . Occasionally , brickwork in such a raking monk bond may contain minor errors of header and stretcher alignment some of which may have been silently corrected by incorporating a compensating irregularity into the brickwork in a course further up the wall . In spite of these complexities and their associated costs , the bond has proven a common choice for constructing brickwork in the north of Europe . Raking courses in monk bond may -- for instance -- be staggered in such a way as to generate the appearance of diagonal lines of stretchers . One method of achieving this effect relies on the use of a repeating sequence of courses with back - and - forth header staggering . In this grouping , a header appears at a given point in the group 's first course . In the next course up , a header is offset one and a half stretcher lengths to the left of the header in the course below , and then in the third course , a header is offset one stretcher length to the right of the header in the middle course . This accented swing of headers , one and a half to the left , and one to the right , generates the appearance of lines of stretchers running from the upper left hand side of the wall down to the lower right . Such an example of a raking monk bond layout is shown in the New Malden Library , Kingston upon Thames , Greater London . Elsewhere , raking courses in monk bond may be staggered in such a way as to generate a subtle appearance of indented pyramid - like diagonals . Such an arrangement appears in the picture here from the building in Solna , Sweden . Many other particular adjustments of course alignment exist in monk bond , generating a variety of visual effects which differ in detail , but often having the effect of directing a viewing eye diagonally down the wall . Overhead plan for alternate courses of monk bond of one brick 's thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Sussex bond ( edit ) This bond has three stretchers between every header , with the headers centred above the midpoint of three stretchers in the course below . The bond 's horizontally extended proportion suits long stretches of masonry such as garden walls or the run of brickwork over a ribbon window ; conversely , the bond is less suitable for a surface occupied by many features , such as a Georgian façade . The relatively infrequent use of headers serves to make Sussex bond one of the less expensive bonds in which to build a wall , as it allows for the bricklayer to proceed rapidly with run after run of three stretchers at a time . One stretching course per heading course ( edit ) English bond English cross bond Double English cross bond One of the two kinds of course in this family of bonds is called a stretching course , and this typically comprises nothing but stretchers at the face from quoin to quoin . The other kind of course is the heading course , and this usually consists of headers , with two queen closers -- one by the quoin header at either end -- to generate the bond . English bond ( edit ) This bond has alternating stretching and heading courses , with the headers centred over the midpoint of the stretchers , and perpends in each alternate course aligned . Queen closers appear as the second brick , and the penultimate brick in heading courses . A muted colour scheme for occasional headers is sometimes used in English bond to lend a subtle texture to the brickwork . Examples of such schemes include blue - grey headers among otherwise red bricks -- seen in the south of England -- and light brown headers in a dark brown wall , more often found in parts of the north of England . An ancient example of alternating courses of headers and stretchers , is found on Malta . The ruins of the Ggantija Temple on the island of Gozo consist of two temples and a surrounding wall dating back to the Neolithic Age ( 3600 -- 250 BCE ) ; some stones are as long as 5 meters weighing over 50 tonnes . Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one brick 's thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of one and a half bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . Overhead plan for alternate courses of English bond of two bricks ' thickness The colour - coded plans highlight facing bricks in the east - west wall . An elevation for this east - west wall is shown to the right . English cross bond ( edit ) Dutch Bond , Linacre College , Oxford . This bond also has alternating stretching and heading courses . However , whilst the heading courses are identical with those found in the standard English bond , the stretching courses alternate between a course composed entirely of stretchers , and a course composed of stretchers half off - set relative to the stretchers two courses above or below , by reason of a header placed just before the quoins at either end . The bond is widely found in Northern France , Belgium and the Netherlands . Large areas of English cross bond can appear to have a twill like characteristic , an effect caused by the unbroken series of perpends moving diagonally down the bond . Dutch bond ( edit ) This bond is exactly like English cross bond except in the generating of the lap at the quoins . In Dutch bond , all quoins are three - quarter bats -- placed in alternately stretching and heading orientation with successive courses -- and no use whatever is made of queen closers . To the Dutch this is simply a variant of what they call a cross bond . Two or more stretching course per heading course ( edit ) A raking English garden wall bond Scottish bond American bond English garden wall bond ( edit ) This bond has three courses of stretchers between every course of headers . For the standard English garden wall bond , headers are used as quoins for the middle stretching course in order to generate the lap , with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses . A more complex set of quoins and queen closers is necessary to achieve the lap for a raking English garden wall bond . The heading course in English garden wall bond sometimes features bricks of a different colour to its surrounding stretchers . In English chalk districts , flint is substituted for the stretchers , and the headers constitute a lacing course . Scottish bond ( edit ) This bond has five courses of stretchers between every course of headers . The lap is generated by the use of headers as quoins for the even numbered stretching courses , counting up from the previous heading course , with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses . American , or common bond ( edit ) American bond , 5th Ave , Harlem , New York This bond may have between three and nine courses of stretchers between each course of headers . Headers are used as quoins for the even numbered stretching courses , counting up from the previous heading course , in order to achieve the necessary off - set in a standard American bond , with queen closers as the penultimate brick at either end of the heading courses . The brick Clarke - Palmore House in Henrico County , Virginia , has a lower level built in 1819 described as being American bond of three to five stretching courses between each heading course , and an upper level built in 1855 with American bond of six to seven stretching courses between each heading course . Only stretching or heading courses ( edit ) Header bond Stretcher bond A raking stretcher bond Header bond ( edit ) All bricks in this bond are headers , but for the lap - generating quoin three - quarter bat which offsets each successive course by half a header . Header bond is often used on curving walls with a small radius of curvature . In Lewes , Sussex , England UK many small buildings are constructed in this bond , using blue coloured bricks and vitrified surfaces . Stretcher , or running bond ( edit ) All bricks in this bond are stretchers , with the bricks in each successive course staggered by half a stretcher . Headers are used as quoins on alternating stretching courses in order to achieve the necessary off - set . It is the simplest repeating pattern , and will create a wall only one - half brick thick . Such a thin wall is not stable enough to stand alone , and must be tied to a supporting structure . This practice is common in modern buildings , where stretcher bonded brickwork may be the outer face of a cavity wall , or the facing to a timber or steel - framed structure . Raking stretcher bond ( edit ) Also consists entirely of courses of stretchers , but with the bricks in each successive course staggered in some pattern other than that of standard stretcher bond . One or more stretching courses per alternating course ( edit ) Flemish stretcher bond ( edit ) Flemish stretcher bond Flemish stretcher bond separates courses of alternately laid stretchers and headers , with a number of courses of stretchers alone . Brickwork in this bond may have between one and four courses of stretchers to one course after the Flemish manner . The courses of stretchers are often but not always staggered in a raking pattern . Courses of mixed rowlocks and shiners ( edit ) Rat - trap bond Rat - trap bond ( edit ) Brick wall laid in rat - trap bond photographed near Angelsea Road , Wivenhoe , Essex , England . Rat - trap bond ( also Chinese bond ) substantially observes the same pattern as Flemish bond , but consists of rowlocks and shiners instead of headers and stretchers . This gives a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the rowlocks , hence the reference to rat - traps . One shiner course per heading course ( edit ) Dearne 's bond ( edit ) Dearne 's bond substantially observes the same pattern as English bond , but uses shiners in place of stretchers . Non-load - bearing bonds ( edit ) Courses of mixed shiners and sailors ( edit ) Single basket weave bond Double basket weave bond 90 ° herringbone bond 45 ° herringbone bond Single basket weave bond ( edit ) 45 ° herringbone bond , Canterbury , UK A row of single basket weave bond comprises pairs of sailors laid side - by - side , capped with a shiner , alternating with pairs of sailors laid side - by - side sat atop a shiner . Subsequent rows are identical and aligned with those above . Double basket weave bond ( edit ) A row of double basket weave bond comprises pairs of shiners laid atop one another , alternating with pairs of sailors laid side - by - side . The following row is off - set so the pair of shiners sits below the pair of sailors in the row above . This results in bricks arranged in pairs in a square grid so that the join between each pair is perpendicular to the join of the four pairs around it . Herringbone bond ( edit ) Main article : Opus spicatum The herringbone pattern ( opus spicatum ) made by placing soldiers next to stretchers or vice versa ( i.e. headers perpendicular ) making ' L ' shapes , nesting each L in the same order of laying . Thin bricks are more common . The pattern is usually rotated by 45 ° to create a completely vertical ( plumb ) succession of ' V ' shapes . It follows either the left or right brick forms the tip of the v in any wall . Herringbone is sometimes used as infill in timber framed buildings . Brickwork built around square fractional - sized bricks ( edit ) Pinwheel bond Della Robbia bond Pinwheel bond ( edit ) Pinwheel bond is made of four bricks surrounding a square half - brick , repeated in a square grid . Della robbia bond ( edit ) A pattern made of four bricks surrounding a square brick , one - quarter the size of a half - brick . It is designed to resemble woven cloth . Another , similar pattern is called the interlacing bond . Diapering ( edit ) Flemish diagonal bond , St John 's College , Cambridge Flemish diagonal bond Brickwork formed into a diamond pattern is called diapering . Flemish diagonal bond ( edit ) Flemish diagonal bond comprises a complex pattern of stretcher courses alternating with courses of one or two stretchers between headers , at various offsets such that over ten courses a diamond - shaped pattern appears . Damp - proof courses ( edit ) Main article : Rising damp Moisture may ascend into a building from the foundation of a wall or gain ingress into a building from a wet patch of ground , where it meets a solid wall . The manifest result of this process is called damp . One of many methods of resisting such ingresses of water is to construct the wall with several low courses of dense engineering bricks such as Staffordshire blue bricks . This method of damp proofing appears as a distinctive navy blue band running around the circumference of a building . The efficacy of this means of keeping out damp is more limited by the permeability of the mortar bedding and perpends joining the bricks , than by that of the bricks themselves . See also ( edit ) Brick Expressionism Ceramic building material Construction Glossary of British bricklaying Masonry Tuckpointing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph Moxon . Mechanick Exercises : Or , The Doctrine of Handy - Works . Applied to the Arts of Smithing , Joinery , Carpentry , Turning , Bricklayery . Printed for Daniel Midwinter and Thomas Leigh . 1703 . London . Page 129 . `` Three or four or five course of Bricks to be laid . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson . `` By a Course , in walling , is meant the bricks contained between two planes parallel to the horizon , and terminated by the faces of the wall . The thickness is that of one brick with mortar . The mass formed by bricks laid in concentric order , for arches or vaults , is also denominated a Course . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 166 . `` BED. -- The under - surface of bricks when laid in any kind of work . '' Jump up ^ Reports of artisans selected by a committee appointed by the council of the Society of Arts to visit the Paris Universal exhibition , 1867 . Published for the Society for the Encouragement of Arts , Manufactures and Commerce . Published by Bell and Daldy , York Street , Covent Garden , London . Printed by W. Trounce , Cursitor Street , Chancery Lane , London . 1867 . Part 1 . Bricklaying by George Howell . Page 194 . `` The beauty of brickwork will very much depend upon the ' perpends ' being perfectly kept , that is , the prefect regularity of the perpendicular joints right up the building . '' Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 39 . `` British Standard 3921 of 1969 , gave dimensions of 215 mm by 102.5 mm by 65 mm ( ... ) . '' Jump up ^ British Standards Institution . Specification for Masonry Units . Part 1 : Clay Masonry Units . BSI , London , 2003 , BS EN 771 . Jump up ^ The Compressive Strength of Modern Earth Masonry , Andrew Heath , Mike Lawrence , Peter Walker and Clyde Fourie . BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials , University of Bath and Natural Building Technologies ( NBT ) . Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and Technologies ( NOCMAT 2009 ) . 6 -- 9 September 2009 , Bath , UK . `` All earth masonry units were intended to be ' standard ' brick size ( 215x102. 5x65mm ) if they were fired , but because they did not have additional shrinkage from firing , the average size was 223x106x67mm . '' ^ Jump up to : John Houghton . A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade . 1693 . Issue 74 . Published by Randal Taylor near Stationers - Hall . London . `` A Brick - wall of a Foot and half thick is commonly made by Stretchers and Headers , that is , by laying on the out - side one Brick , so as to have the narrowest side of it to be seen longways , and the next to have only the end seen , and the Brick lying on the broad side , and so on , a Stretcher and a Header . '' Jump up ^ Whitney Clark Huntington . Building Construction . Types of Construction , Materials , and Cost Estimating . New York : Wiley . London : Chapman & Hall . 1929 . Page 130 . `` Belt courses and flat arches may be formed of brick ( s ) set on end with the narrow side exposed . Such bricks are called soldiers . '' Jump up ^ Sovinski , p. 43 . `` Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called stretcher , header , rowlock stretcher , and rowlock . A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a shiner . The two corresponding vertical orientations are the soldier and sailor positions . '' Jump up ^ Samuel Y. Harris . Building Pathology . Wiley . New York . 2001 . Page 212 . `` The short face , or the end laid horizontally , is a header ; laid vertically , a rowlock . '' Jump up ^ Sovinski , p. 43 . `` Those brick positions oriented in a horizontal alignment are called stretcher , header , rowlock stretcher , and rowlock . A rowlock stretcher is sometimes called a shiner . '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 22 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . BRICKWORK . `` ( ... ) portions of a brick ( ... ) a half header in width , ( ... ) are called queen closers ( . ) '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 18 . `` King Closers are bricks cut so that one end is half the width of a brick , and ( are ) used in positions where the greater width at back would add strength to the bond ( ... ) . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 167 . `` ( ... ) an arrangement , or combination of bricks when laid upon each other , ( such ) that the perpendicular joint formed by any two adjacent bricks may , at all times , be covered by the centre ( or nearly so ) of one laid immediately over the joint , by which means the nearest approximation to solidity will be attained that such materials are capable of producing . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 347 . `` BRICKS ARE LAID in a varied , but regular , form of connection , or Bond , as exhibited in Plate LXXXV . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 329 . `` BOND. -- That regular connection , in lapping the stones upon one another , when carrying up the work , which forms an inseparable mass of building . '' Jump up ^ CITB CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD Training Workbook Setting Out Brickwork Positioning Ranging Lines , Gauge , Dry Bonding , Broken Bonding WB 272 Construction Industry Training Board , Bircham Newton , Kings Lynn , Norfolk PE31 6RH. 1994 . ISBN 185751095X . Page 35 -- 37 . `` Wall thickness terms relate to a stretcher dimension of a brick . Wall ( A ) ( pictured ) is termed a half brick wall . Wall ( B ) ( pictured ) is termed a one brick wall ( ... ) . This wall is a half brick thick wall ( ... ) . This wall is a one brick thick wall ( ... ) . '' Jump up ^ Bricks and Brickwork . Cecil C. Handisyde and Barry A. Haseltine . The Brick Development Association . 19 Grafton Street , London , W1X 3LE. 1974 . Page 68 . `` Old buildings of solid wall construction were accepted as ' waterproof ' , often when brickwork was only 9 inches thick . Now it is generally agreed that solid walls of less than ( one and a half ) brick thickness are inadequate . Code of Practice 121 still includes unrendered one brick thick walls as acceptable for sheltered positions but this seems a questionable recommendation . Walling of ( one and a half ) brick thickness should be satisfactory for sheltered positions and may be adequate for moderate exposure . '' Jump up ^ Emmitt , p. 206 . `` In exposed positions such as high ground and near the coast , a wall 2B thick may be needed to resist penetration to inside faces ( ... ) . In positions of very severe exposure to wind - driven rain , as on high open ground facing the prevailing wind and on the coast facing open sea , it is necessary to protect both solid and cavity walls with an external cladding . '' Jump up ^ Fuller , Chicago Tribune , December 7 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Denzil Nield . Walls & Wall Facings . Spon , London . 1949 . Page 145 . `` Cavity walls ... are being increasingly built with hollow blocks or other material in place of bricks for the internal leaf . '' Jump up ^ New Civil Engineer. Oct 3rd , 1991 . Thomas Telford Ltd . London . Advertisement . `` Single leaf wall with vertical and lateral load . '' Jump up ^ Emmitt , p. 7 Jump up ^ Emmitt , pp. 232 , 233 . `` Early cavity walls were constructed with bonding bricks laid across the cavity at internals to tie the two leaves together . ( ... ) Later , iron ties were used to tie the two leaves together . '' Jump up ^ David Yeomans . Construction Since 1900 : Materials . BT Batsford Ltd , 583 Fulham Road , London , SW6 5BY. 1997 . ISBN 0713466847 . Page 60 . `` In 1974 , a large section of the outer leaf of a wall of a comprehensive school at Newnham collapsed revealing a complete absence of ties over a considerable area ( and ) in 1983 , a much larger section of a wall at Plymouth Polytechnic collapsed due to corrosion of the cavity ties . '' Jump up ^ Smeaton , pp. 29 -- 30 . `` The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond . ( ... ) Flemish bond consists in placing a header and a stretcher alternately throughout every course . '' Jump up ^ Brunskill , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 91 . `` SINGLE FLEMISH BOND : gives the appearance of Flemish Bond on the outside face only of a wall more than 9 inches thick . The same appearance on both inner and outer faces is given by DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND . '' Jump up ^ Nicholson , p. 102 . `` ( ... ) the bricks are disposed alike on both sides of the wall , the tail of the headers being placed contiguous to each other , so as to form square spaces in the core of the wall for half - bricks . '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 25 , figures 37 & 38 . ^ Jump up to : The Dictionary of Art . Grove . Volume Four , Biardeau TO Brüggemann . Edited by Jane Turner . Macmillan Publishers Limited . 1996 . ISBN 1884446000 . Page 769 . Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 242 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . `` An extra cost over Flemish has to be met for labour on Monk bond and its derivatives , because the process is not so straightforward as Flemish , and the bricklayers have to stop and think more frequently . '' Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 241 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . `` Monk bond ( ... ) is popular in the North of Europe . Two stretchers are followed by one header in every course , the headers being so disposed that verticality of their axial lines is little apparent , and a striking result is obtained of diagonal lines of stretchers , which look like a series of corbels or cantilevers embedded in the wall . '' Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` FLEMISH GARDEN WALL or SUSSEX BOND . Three stretchers , then one header in every course . '' Jump up ^ Arch . Review , p. 241 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 23 . Jump up ^ Smeaton , pp. 29 -- 30 . `` The two principal methods of bricklaying are severally called English and Flemish bond ... English bond consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers ; thus , one course is formed with headers , that is , with bricks crossing the wall ; the next with stretchers , that is , with bricks having their length in the same direction as that of the wall ( . ) '' Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 21 , figures 28 & 29 . ^ Jump up to : Arch . Review , p. 242 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ( 7 . Ggantija In Malta ) Jump up ^ `` INSAP 2 '' . www.insap.org . Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ching , Francis ( 1995 ) . A Visual Dictionary of Architecture . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 28451 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` ENGLISH CROSS BOND . Stretchers breaking joint . The second brick of alternate stretching courses is a header . '' Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Mitchell . Building Construction . Part 1 . First Stage or Elementary Course . Second Edition -- Revised . Published by B.T. Batsford , 52 High Holborn. 1889 . Page 37 . Jump up ^ Mulder , Koen ( 2016 ) . Het Zinderend Oppervlak ( The Thrilling Surface ) ( in Dutch ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Steenwijk ( published January 2016 ) . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 824668 - 0 - 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` ENGLISH GARDEN WALL BOND . Three stretching courses to each heading course . '' Jump up ^ Susan Reed Smither ( January 29 , 2004 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration : Clarke - Palmore House / Clarke Home '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . and Accompanying four photos at Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission , undated Archived 2010 - 05 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 440 . `` HEADING BOND . All headers except a three - quarters brick at quoin in alternate courses . '' Jump up ^ Arch . Review , pp. 242 , 245 . THE BONDING OF BRICKWORK . P.M. Stratton . Jump up ^ Campbell , James W. P ; Pryce , Will ( 2003 ) . Brick : A World History . London : Thames and Hudson . pp. 304 -- 305 and 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 34195 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brick Patterns '' . Peter Stewart . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Brunskill , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Boral Best Block '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Get It Right '' ( PDF ) . Ibstock Brick . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Emmitt , p. 154 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brunskill , R.W. ( 1997 ) . Brick Building in Britain . Wellington House , 125 Strand , London WC2R 0BB : Victor Gollancz in association with Peter Crawley . An imprint of the Cassell Group . ISBN 0575065354 . Emmitt , Stephen & Gorse , Christopher A. ( 2010 ) . Barry 's Introduction to Construction of Buildings . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 9781405188548 . Lloyd , Nathaniel ( 1925 ) . A History of English Brickwork . The Antique Collectors ' Club Ltd . ISBN 0907462367 . Nicholson , Peter ( 1823 ) . The New Practical Builder , and Workman 's Companion . Thomas Kelly , 17 Paternoster Row , London . The Architectural Review . 9 Queen Anne 's Gate , Westminster , S.W. 1 . London : The Architectural Press . May 1936 . Smeaton , A.C. ( 1837 ) . The Builder 's Pocket Manual ; Containing the Elements of Building , Surveying and Architecture ; with Practical Rules and Instructions in Carpentry , Bricklaying , Masonry &c . Barnard 's Inn , Holborn : M. Taylor . Sovinski , Rob W. ( 1999 ) . Brick in the Landscape . A Practical Guide to Specification and Design . New York : John Wiley & Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brick walls . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Brickwork . Look up brickwork in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Joshi , A. & Ryan , D. ( 20 June 2013 ) . Bricks : A Light Foundation <Th_colspan="2"> hide Stonemasonry Types Ashlar Rustication Carving Dry stone Letter cutting Masonry Monumental Rubble Sculpture Slipform Materials List of stone Artificial stone Brick Cast stone Decorative stones Dimension stone Fieldstone Flagstone Gabion Granite Marble Mortar Sandstone Slate Tools Angle grinder Bush hammer Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Diamond blade Lewis ( lifting appliance ) Non-explosive demolition agents Plug and feather Stonemason 's hammer Straightedge Techniques Brickwork Flaming Flushwork Knapping Polygonal masonry Repointing Scabbling Tuckpointing Products Hardstone carving Headstone ( Footstone ) Mosaic Sculpture Stone wall Organizations International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland Mason Contractors Association of America Operative Plasterers ' and Cement Masons ' International Association Worshipful Company of Masons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brickwork&oldid=850454792 '' Categories : Bricks Construction Construction terminology Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русиньскый Русский سنڌي Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 00 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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1. Brickwork construction 2. Bonding techniques in brickwork 3. Different types of brick bonds 4. Thickness and structure of brick walls 5. Cavity walls and wall ties

what is the song the long and winding road about

The Long and Winding Road - wikipedia The Long and Winding Road Jump to : navigation , search For the Maureen McGovern album , see A Long and Winding Road . <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Long and Winding Road '' <Td_colspan="2"> US picture sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> Single by the Beatles <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Let It Be B - side `` For You Blue '' Released 11 May 1970 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 26 January 1969 ; 1 April 1970 Studio Apple Studio , London ; Abbey Road Studios , London Genre Pop Length 3 : 40 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) Phil Spector <Th_colspan="2"> The Beatles US singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Let It Be '' ( 1970 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( 1970 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Let It Be '' ( 1970 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( 1970 ) `` Got to Get You into My Life '' ( 1976 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1970 album Let It Be . It was written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . When issued as a single in May 1970 , a month after the Beatles ' break - up , it became the group 's 20th and last number - one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . It was the final single released by the quartet . The main recording of the song took place in January 1969 and featured a sparse musical arrangement . When preparing the tapes from these sessions for release in April 1970 , producer Phil Spector added orchestral and choral overdubs . Spector 's modifications angered McCartney to the point that when the latter made his case in the British High Court for the Beatles ' dissolution , he cited the treatment of `` The Long and Winding Road '' as one of six reasons for doing so . New versions of the song with simpler instrumentation were subsequently released by McCartney and by the Beatles . In 2011 , Rolling Stone ranked `` The Long and Winding Road '' at number 90 on their list of 100 greatest Beatles songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Recording 2.1 January 1969 2.2 April 1970 3 Controversy over Spector 's overdubs 4 Release and reception 5 Other recordings 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Inspiration ( edit ) Coastline of the Kintyre peninsula , where McCartney 's farm High Park is situated . He said he drew inspiration from `` the calm beauty of Scotland '' when writing the song . Paul McCartney said he came up with the title `` The Long and Winding Road '' during one of his first visits to his property High Park Farm , near Campbeltown in Scotland , which he purchased in June 1966 . The phrase was inspired by the sight of a road `` stretching up into the hills '' in the remote Highlands surroundings of lochs and distant mountains . He wrote the song at his farm in 1968 , inspired by the growing tension among the Beatles . Based on other comments McCartney has made , author Howard Sounes writes , the lyrics can be seen as McCartney expressing his anguish at the direction his personal life was taking in the autumn of 1968 , after he had separated from his fiancée Jane Asher , as well as a nostalgic look back at the Beatles ' history . McCartney recalled : `` I just sat down at my piano in Scotland , started playing and came up with that song , imagining it was going to be done by someone like Ray Charles . I have always found inspiration in the calm beauty of Scotland and again it proved the place where I found inspiration . '' Once back in London , McCartney recorded a demo version of `` The Long and Winding Road '' during one of the recording sessions for The Beatles . Later , he offered the song to Tom Jones on the condition that the singer release it as his next single . In Jones ' recollection , he was forced to turn it down since his record company were about to issue `` Without Love '' as a single . The song takes the form of a piano - based ballad , with conventional chord changes . McCartney described the chords as `` slightly jazzy '' and in keeping with Charles ' style . The song 's home key is E-flat major but it also uses the relative C minor . Lyrically , it is a sad and melancholic song , with an evocation of an as - yet unrequited , though apparently inevitable , love . In an interview in 1994 , McCartney described the lyric more obliquely : `` It 's rather a sad song . I like writing sad songs , it 's a good bag to get into because you can actually acknowledge some deeper feelings of your own and put them in it . It 's a good vehicle , it saves having to go to a psychiatrist . '' The opening theme is repeated throughout . The song lacks a traditional chorus , and the melody and lyrics are ambiguous about the opening stanza 's position in the song ; it is unclear whether the song has just begun , is in the verse , or is in the bridge . Recording ( edit ) January 1969 ( edit ) The Beatles recorded several takes of `` The Long and Winding Road '' at their Apple Studio in central London on 26 January 1969 and again on 31 January . The line - up on the track was McCartney on lead vocals and piano , John Lennon on bass guitar , George Harrison on electric guitar , Ringo Starr on drums , and guest keyboardist Billy Preston on Rhodes piano . This was during a series of sessions for an album and film project then known as Get Back . Lennon , usually the band 's rhythm guitarist , played bass only occasionally and made several mistakes on the recording . In May 1969 , Glyn Johns , who had been asked by the Beatles to compile and mix the Get Back album , selected the 26 January recording . Since the song had been deemed unsuitable for inclusion in the band 's filmed rooftop concert on 30 January , the Beatles also taped a master version of `` The Long and Winding Road '' at Apple the following day . This 31 January version , which had slightly different lyrics from the released take , and was recorded with Johns in an unofficial producer 's role , was used in the film , subsequently titled Let It Be . For the 1969 and 1970 versions of the Get Back album -- both of which were rejected by the Beatles -- Johns used the 26 January mix as released on the Anthology 3 album in 1996 . April 1970 ( edit ) In early 1970 , Lennon and the Beatles ' manager , Allen Klein , turned over the recordings to American producer Phil Spector with the hope of salvaging an album , which was then titled Let It Be . McCartney had become estranged from his bandmates at this time , due to his opposition to Klein 's appointment as manager . Several weeks were lost before McCartney replied to messages requesting his approval for Spector to begin working on the recordings . Spector chose to return to the same 26 January recording of `` The Long and Winding Road '' . Spector made various changes to the songs . His most dramatic embellishments occurred on 1 April 1970 , the last ever Beatles recording session , when he added orchestral overdubs to `` The Long and Winding Road '' , `` Across the Universe '' and `` I Me Mine '' at Abbey Road Studios . The only member of the Beatles present was Starr , who played drums with the session musicians to create Spector 's characteristic `` Wall of Sound '' . Already known for his eccentric behaviour in the studio , Spector was in a peculiar mood that day , according to balance engineer Peter Bown : `` He wanted tape echo on everything , he had to take a different pill every half hour and had his bodyguard with him constantly . He was on the point of throwing a wobbly , saying ' I want to hear this , I want to hear that . I must have this , I must have that . ' '' The orchestra became so annoyed by Spector 's behaviour that the musicians refused to play any further ; at one point , Bown left for home , forcing Spector to telephone him and persuade him into coming back after Starr had told Spector to calm down . Spector succeeded in overdubbing `` The Long and Winding Road '' , using eight violins , four violas , four cellos , three trumpets , three trombones , two guitars , and a choir of 14 women . The orchestra was scored and conducted by Richard Hewson , a young London arranger who had worked with Apple artists Mary Hopkin and James Taylor . This lush orchestral treatment was in direct contrast to the Beatles ' stated intentions for a `` real '' recording when they began work on Get Back . On 2 April , Spector sent each of the Beatles an acetate of the completed album with a note saying : `` If there is anything you 'd like done to the album , let me know and I 'll be glad to help ... If you wish , please call me about anything regarding the album tonight . '' All four of the band members sent him their approval by telegram . Controversy over Spector 's overdubs ( edit ) According to author Peter Doggett , McCartney had felt the need to accommodate his bandmates when accepting Spector 's version of Let It Be ; but , following his announcement of the Beatles ' break - up in a press release accompanying the release of his solo album , McCartney , on 9 April , he repeatedly listened again to `` The Long and Winding Road '' and came to resent Spector 's additions . On 14 April , with manufacturing underway for Let It Be , he sent a terse letter to Klein , demanding that the harp be removed from the song and that the other added instrumentation and voices be reduced . McCartney concluded the letter with the words : `` Do n't ever do it again . '' Klein attempted to phone McCartney but he had changed his number without informing Apple ; Klein then sent a telegram asking McCartney to contact him or Spector about his concerns . According to Klein , `` The following day , a message was relayed to me ( from McCartney ) that the letter spoke for itself . '' With Let It Be scheduled for release in advance of the similarly titled documentary film , Klein allowed the production process to continue with Spector 's version of `` The Long and Winding Road '' intact . In an interview published by the Evening Standard in two parts on 22 and 23 April 1970 , McCartney said : `` The album was finished a year ago , but a few months ago American record producer Phil Spector was called in by Lennon to tidy up some of the tracks . But a few weeks ago , I was sent a re-mixed version of my song ' The Long and Winding Road ' with harps , horns , an orchestra , and a women 's choir added . No one had asked me what I thought . I could n't believe it . '' The Beatles ' usual producer , George Martin , called the remixes `` so uncharacteristic '' of the Beatles , while Johns , who was denied a production credit by Lennon , described Spector 's embellishments as `` revolting ... just puke '' . McCartney asked Klein to dissolve the Beatles ' partnership , but was refused . Exasperated , he took the case to the High Court in London in early 1971 , naming Klein and the other Beatles as defendants . Among the six reasons McCartney gave for dissolving the Beatles was that Klein 's company , ABKCO , had caused `` intolerable interference '' by overdubbing `` The Long and Winding Road '' without consulting McCartney . In his written affidavit , Starr countered this statement by saying that when Spector had sent acetates of Let It Be to each of the Beatles for their approval , with a request also for feedback : `` We all said yes . Even at the beginning Paul said yes . I spoke to him on the phone , and said , ' Did you like it ? ' and he said , ' Yeah , it 's OK . ' He did n't put it down . '' Starr added : `` And then suddenly he did n't want it to go out . Two weeks after that , he wanted to cancel it . '' Speaking shortly after the overdubbing sessions , Spector said that he had asked whether any of the Beatles would like to help him produce the album , but none of them had wanted to . He also said that his hand was forced into remixing `` The Long and Winding Road '' due to the poor quality of Lennon 's bass playing . Others agreed : in his book Revolution in the Head Beatles scholar Ian MacDonald wrote : `` The song was designed as a standard to be taken up by mainstream balladeers. ... It features some atrocious bass - playing by Lennon , prodding clumsily around as if uncertain of the harmonies and making many comical mistakes . Lennon 's crude bass playing on ' The Long and Winding Road , ' though largely accidental , amounts to sabotage when presented as finished work . '' Spector said that McCartney was being hypocritical in his criticism : `` Paul had no problem picking up the Academy Award for the Let It Be movie soundtrack , nor did he have any problem in using my arrangement of the string and horn and choir parts when he performed it during 25 years of touring on his own . If Paul wants to get into a pissing contest about it , he 's got me mixed up with someone who gives a shit . '' Release and reception ( edit ) The song was released on the Let It Be album on 8 May 1970 . On 11 May , seven days before the album 's North American release , Apple issued `` The Long and Winding Road '' as a single in the United States with `` For You Blue '' on the B - side . In the context of the recent news regarding the Beatles ' split , the song captured the sadness that many listeners felt . On 13 June 1970 , it became the Beatles ' twentieth and final number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in America and held the top position for a second week . The band thereby set the all - time record for number of chart - topping singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . The Beatles achieved this feat in the space of 74 months from their debut US number one , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , in February 1964 -- an average of one chart - topping single per 3.7 months , another all - time record . The single 's contemporary US sales were insufficient for gold accreditation by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In February 1999 , the song was certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of 1,000,000 . In 2011 , Rolling Stone placed `` The Long and Winding Road '' at number 90 on its list of `` The 100 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . On a similar list compiled by Mojo in 2006 , the song appeared at number 27 . In his commentary for the magazine , Brian Wilson described it as his `` all time favourite Beatles track '' , saying that while the Beatles were `` genius songwriters '' , this song was distinguished by a `` heart - and - soul melody '' . Wilson concluded : `` When they broke up I was heartbroken . I think they should have kept going . '' Other recordings ( edit ) Since release in 1970 , there have been six additional recordings released by McCartney . The same 26 January take , without the orchestration and overdubs , was released on Anthology 3 in 1996 . This version included a bridge section spoken , rather than sung , by McCartney . In 2003 , McCartney persuaded Starr and Ono ( as Lennon 's widow ) to release Let It Be ... Naked , touted as the band 's version of Let It Be remixed by independent producers . McCartney claimed that his long - standing dissatisfaction with the released version of `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( and the entire Let It Be album ) was in part the impetus for the new version . The new album included a later take of `` The Long and Winding Road '' , recorded on 31 January . With no strings or other added instrumentation beyond that which was played in the studio at the time , it was closer to the Beatles 's original intention than the 1970 version . This take is also the one seen in the film Let It Be and on the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1 . Starr said of the Let It Be ... Naked version : `` There 's nothing wrong with Phil 's strings ( on the 1970 release ) , this is just a different attitude to listening . But it 's been 30 - odd years since I 've heard it without all that and it just blew me away . '' McCartney and producer George Martin re-recorded `` The Long and Winding Road '' with instrumentation incorporating a lead saxophone , for the soundtrack to McCartney 's 1984 film , Give My Regards to Broad Street . A second new studio recording of the song was made by McCartney in 1989 and used as a B - side of single releases from his Flowers in the Dirt album , starting with the `` Postcard Pack '' vinyl format of `` This One '' . `` The Long and Winding Road '' became a staple of McCartney 's post-Beatles concert repertoire . On the 1976 Wings Over the World Tour , where it was one of the few Beatles songs played , it was performed on piano in a sparse arrangement using a horn section . On McCartney 's 1989 solo tour and since , it has generally been performed on piano with an arrangement using a synthesiser mimicking strings , but this string sound is more restrained than on the Spector recorded version . The live performance recording of the Rio de Janeiro concert in April 1990 is on the album Tripping the Live Fantastic . McCartney also played the song to close the Live 8 concert in London . Several other artists have performed or recorded `` The Long and Winding Road '' . As McCartney had envisaged , Ray Charles recorded a cover version , which was released on his 2006 album Ray Sings , Basie Swings . In the US , a recording by Billy Ocean peaked at number 24 on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart . Other versions include a 1999 Royal Albert Hall performance by George Michael , a 1977 single release by Melba Moore , a 1978 recording by Peter Frampton , and a 2010 performance at the White House by Faith Hill when Barack Obama gave McCartney the Gershwin Prize . Personnel ( edit ) According to Walter Everett : The Beatles Paul McCartney -- vocal , piano John Lennon -- six - string bass George Harrison -- electric guitar Ringo Starr -- drums Additional musicians Billy Preston -- Fender Rhodes Uncredited orchestral musicians -- 18 violins , 4 violas , 4 cellos , harp , 3 trumpets , 3 trombones , 2 guitars , 14 female voices Richard Hewson -- orchestral arrangement John Barham -- choral arrangement Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australian Go - Set National Top 60 6 Australian Kent Music Report 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canadian RPM 100 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 West German Musikmarkt Singles 26 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Canadian RPM Top Singles 11 US Cash Box 36 US Billboard Year - End 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Merritt , Mike ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Truth behind ballad that split Beatles '' . Sunday Herald . Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes 2010 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Duca , Lauren ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` ' The Long And Winding Road ' Led To The Beatles ' Final No. 1 Single '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 239 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Owens , David ( 3 June 2012 ) . `` Sir Tom Jones reveals the Beatles hit that was written for him '' . WalesOnline . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Alan W. ( 1999 ) . `` Notes on ' The Long and Winding Road ' '' . Soundscapes . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Let It Be '' . The Beatles Interview Database. 2004 . Retrieved 11 September 2004 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt 1999 , pp. 301 , 307 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Spizer 2003 , pp. 74 - 75 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005 , pp. 198 -- 199 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2005 , p. 339 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 2005 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 71 , 189 . ^ Jump up to : Doggett 2011 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Irvin , Jim ( November 2003 ) . `` Get It Better : The Story of Let It Be ... Naked '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2001 , p. 373 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 130 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 120 -- 21 , 130 , 132 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Noden , Merrell ( 2003 ) . `` Extra-celestial '' . Mojo Special Limited Edition : 1000 Days of Revolution ( The Beatles ' Final Years -- Jan 1 , 1968 to Sept 27 , 1970 ) . London : Emap . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cross 2006 . Jump up ^ Whelan 2005 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ `` Search : The Beatles , Long and Winding Road '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs : 90 . ' The Long and Winding Road ' '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 569 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . Anthology 3 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . Apple Records . pp. 30 , 31 . 34451 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Matt ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` The Beatles 1 To Be Reissued With New Audio Remixes ... And Videos '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Calkin 2001a . Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Live 8 Rocks the Globe '' . The New York Times . 3 July 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamarkin , Jeff . `` Ray Charles Ray Sings , Basie Swings '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 1993 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 570 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2010 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 19 September 1970 '' . poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2005 ) . Australian Chart Book ( 1940 -- 1969 ) . Turramurra : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 44439 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- The Long and Winding Road '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 13 , No. 18 : Jun 20 , 1970 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- The Long and Winding Road '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Beatles -- The Long and Winding Road '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 1993 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' ( Enter `` Beatles '' in the search box ) ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 of 1970 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1970 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' , musicoutfitters.com ( retrieved 12 June 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Long and Winding Road '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Sources Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Calkin , Graham ( 2001a ) . `` Give My Regards to Broad Street '' . Graham Calkin 's Beatles Pages . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Cross , Craig ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : Day - by - Day , Song - by - Song , Record - by - Record . iUniverse , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34663 - 9 . Cross , Craig ( 2006 ) . `` ' The Long and Winding Road ' American single '' . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Doggett , Peter ( 2011 ) . You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup . New York , NY : It Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle . Chancellor Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0327 - 2 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2005 ) ( 1988 ) . The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions : The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962 -- 1970 . London : Bounty Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7537 - 2545 - 0 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle : The Definitive Day - By - Day Guide to the Beatles ' Entire Career . Chicago , IL : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 534 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Rodriguez , Robert ( 2010 ) . Fab Four FAQ 2.0 : The Beatles ' Solo Years , 1970 -- 1980 . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Spizer , Bruce ( 2003 ) . The Beatles on Apple Records . New Orleans : 498 Productions . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 4 - 0 . Sulpy , Doug ; Schweighardt , Ray ( 1999 ) . Get Back : The Unauthorized Chronicle of The Beatles ' Let It Be Disaster . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19981 - 3 . Whelan , John ( 2005 ) . `` The Beatles Timeline '' . Retrieved 15 March 2006 . Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Top Adult Contemporary , 1961 -- 1993 . Menomonee Falls , WI : Record Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 898200997 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . 40 Top Hits . Billboard Books . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Let It Be Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` The Long and Winding Road '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Let It Be <Td_colspan="2"> Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be ... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album B - side `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) Let It Be ... Naked The Beatles discography <Td_colspan="2"> Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters <Th_colspan="2"> The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) <Th_colspan="2"> Succession : Number one singles <Td_colspan="2"> Preceded by `` Everything is Beautiful '' by Ray Stevens Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( The Beatles ' version ) 13 June 1970 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Love You Save '' by The Jackson 5 Preceded by `` Just like a Pill '' by Pink UK number - one single 29 September 2002 ( 2 weeks ) ( Will Young version ) Succeeded by `` The Ketchup Song ( Aserejé ) '' by Las Ketchup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Long_and_Winding_Road&oldid=841486797 '' Categories : 1970 singles 1970s ballads 2002 singles Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney The Beatles songs Will Young songs Gareth Gates songs Cissy Houston songs Andy Williams songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Songs published by Northern Songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Apple Records singles Rock ballads Pop ballads Songs about loneliness Johnny Mathis songs The Corrs songs 1970 songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use British English from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured articles Use dmy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 04 : 37 . 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1. The Long and Winding Road - Beatles song 2. Let It Be - Beatles album 3. Phil Spector - producer of the song 4. Controversy over Spector's overdubs 5. McCartney's dissatisfaction with the released version

who plays in the hall of fame game

Pro Football Hall of Fame game - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame game Pro Football Hall of Fame Game <Td_colspan="2"> Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium before the start of the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recent and upcoming games <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 season <Td_colspan="2"> Baltimore Ravens 17 , Chicago Bears 16 <Th_colspan="2"> 2019 season <Td_colspan="2"> TBA The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League ( NFL ) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies . The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium , which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton , Ohio . It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year , marking the end of the NFL 's six - month off - season . Contents 1 Team selection 1.1 Scheduling 2 Television and radio 3 Game history 4 Appearances 5 References 6 External links Team selection ( edit ) The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule . The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced , which coincides with Super Bowl week . Often , if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year , a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself . From 1971 to 2010 , the opponents for each game usually included one AFC team and one NFC team . In 2009 , as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League , the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the `` original eight '' franchises of the AFL , the Tennessee Titans ( dressed as their previous incarnation , the Houston Oilers ) and the Buffalo Bills , whose owner , Ralph Wilson , was inducted into the Hall that year . An all - NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011 , but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout ; the following year , another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place . From 2011 onward , each team selected to play in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year . Because this game and the Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league 's regular four - week exhibition season begins , both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four , and unlike the Canadian Football League ( which plays its two - game exhibition season over three weeks ) , the league does not remove antone . The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game . In 1995 , expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played each another , and in 2002 , Houston was one of the participants . When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999 , they too played in the Hall of Fame Game . The Baltimore Ravens , while officially considered as being established in 1996 , did not play in the Hall of Fame Game until 2018 . With the Ravens ' participation in the 2018 game , all 32 current NFL teams have now played in the Hall of Fame game at least once . Scheduling ( edit ) Prior to the AFL -- NFL merger , the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September , in some cases at the end of the preseason . In 1970 , it was moved to the beginning of the preseason . Prior to 2002 , it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July . Since 2002 , when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day , the game has always been played in early August . The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears , but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason . The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game . The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25 , forcing cancellation of the game . The 2016 edition , which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts , was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions . Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day , the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf . When it was apparent the paint was n't drying fast enough , the field was heated to speed up the drying process , but this caused the turf 's rubber to melt . These issues led to unfavorable play conditions . The affected areas were described as being slick and `` like cement , '' making it impossible to get decent footing . Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent , reportedly paint thinner , to the turf . A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin , and alerted others to the discovery . When officially cancelling the game , both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns . Both teams were told at 6 : 40 p.m. -- an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff -- that the game was going to be canceled . However , fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media . No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff . On December 28 , 2016 , the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday ( August 3 ) . This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend . The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday ( August 2 ) . Television and radio ( edit ) Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games , which air on local TV stations , the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide . From 1999 to 2005 , the game was held on Monday night , televised as part of ABC 's Monday Night Football package . It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons , except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons , televised as part of ABC 's Wide World of Sports package ( still using the MNF crew ) . In 1998 , the game was put in the MNF package , and played on a Saturday night , which served as a test run for the move to Monday night . Starting in 2006 , it was moved to Sunday night , coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football television package . The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing , China ( a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled ) . The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks . The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC 's coverage of the Summer Olympics . After a two - year absence , the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015 . The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions , it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019 . The 2020 game will be on either ESPN or NFL Network due to NBC 's coverage of the 2020 Summer Olympics . Westwood One owns national radio rights ; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network . Each team 's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games ( albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations ) . In 2007 and 2008 , the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports . It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights . ESPN America ( formerly North American Sports Network ) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe . From 1998 to 2005 , the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada , simulcasting ABC ; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006 , the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010 . With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics , TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012 . Azteca 7 aired Spanish - language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005 ; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010 . Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa 's Summer Olympics coverage , the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013 . Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market , and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania . As such , the NBC affiliates ( and before them , the ABC affiliates ) were within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out , during the time the league had a blackout policy ( the policy has been suspended indefinitely since 2015 ) . Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans ( less than half the capacity of any other NFL stadium except the StubHub Center , which is the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers while their permanent stadium Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park is built ) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton , the game has , to date , always sold out ; several NFL teams , as well as the Super Bowl , have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks . Game History ( edit ) Day Date Away team Away score Home team Home score Recap Saturday August 11 , 1962 New York Giants 21 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap Sunday September 8 , 1963 Cleveland Browns 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Recap Sunday September 6 , 1964 Baltimore Colts 48 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Recap Sunday September 12 , 1965 Detroit Lions Washington Redskins 20 Recap Saturday August 5 , 1967 Cleveland Browns 13 Philadelphia Eagles 28 Recap Saturday August 3 , 1968 Dallas Cowboys 24 Chicago Bears 30 Recap Saturday September 13 , 1969 Green Bay Packers 38 Atlanta Falcons 24 Recap Saturday August 8 , 1970 New Orleans Saints 14 Minnesota Vikings 13 Recap Saturday July 31 , 1971 Houston Oilers 6 Los Angeles Rams 17 Recap Saturday July 29 , 1972 Kansas City Chiefs 23 New York Giants 17 Recap Saturday July 28 , 1973 San Francisco 49ers 20 New England Patriots 7 Recap Saturday July 27 , 1974 Buffalo Bills 13 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap Saturday August 2 , 1975 Washington Redskins 17 Cincinnati Bengals 9 Recap Saturday July 24 , 1976 Denver Broncos 10 Detroit Lions 7 Recap Saturday July 30 , 1977 Chicago Bears 20 New York Jets 6 Recap Saturday July 29 , 1978 Miami Dolphins Philadelphia Eagles 17 Recap Saturday July 28 , 1979 Dallas Cowboys 13 Oakland Raiders 20 Recap Saturday August 2 , 1980 San Diego Chargers 0 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap Saturday August 1 , 1981 Atlanta Falcons 10 Cleveland Browns 24 Recap Saturday August 7 , 1982 Baltimore Colts 14 Minnesota Vikings 30 Recap Saturday July 30 , 1983 New Orleans Saints 14 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Recap Saturday July 28 , 1984 Seattle Seahawks 38 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 Recap Saturday August 3 , 1985 New York Giants 21 Houston Oilers 20 Recap Saturday August 2 , 1986 New England Patriots 21 St. Louis Cardinals 16 Recap Saturday August 8 , 1987 San Francisco 49ers 20 Kansas City Chiefs 7 Recap Saturday July 30 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals 14 Los Angeles Rams 7 Recap Saturday August 5 , 1989 Washington Redskins 31 Buffalo Bills 6 Recap Saturday August 4 , 1990 Cleveland Browns 0 Chicago Bears 13 Recap Saturday July 27 , 1991 Detroit Lions 14 Denver Broncos Recap Saturday August 1 , 1992 New York Jets 41 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Recap Saturday July 31 , 1993 Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Raiders 19 Recap Saturday July 30 , 1994 San Diego Chargers 17 Atlanta Falcons 21 Recap Saturday July 29 , 1995 Carolina Panthers 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Recap Saturday July 27 , 1996 Indianapolis Colts 10 New Orleans Saints Recap Saturday July 26 , 1997 Minnesota Vikings 28 Seattle Seahawks 26 Recap Saturday August 1 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 30 Recap Monday August 9 , 1999 Dallas Cowboys 17 Cleveland Browns 20 Recap Monday July 31 , 2000 New England Patriots 20 San Francisco 49ers 0 Recap Monday August 6 , 2001 St. Louis Rams 17 Miami Dolphins 10 Recap Monday August 5 , 2002 Houston Texans 17 New York Giants 34 Recap Monday August 4 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 0 Kansas City Chiefs 9 Recap Monday August 9 , 2004 Denver Broncos 17 Washington Redskins 20 Recap Monday August 8 , 2005 Chicago Bears 27 Miami Dolphins 24 Recap Sunday August 6 , 2006 Oakland Raiders 16 Philadelphia Eagles 10 Recap Sunday August 5 , 2007 New Orleans Saints 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Recap Sunday August 3 , 2008 Indianapolis Colts 16 Washington Redskins 30 Recap Sunday August 9 , 2009 Buffalo Bills 18 Tennessee Titans 21 Recap Sunday August 8 , 2010 Dallas Cowboys 16 Cincinnati Bengals 7 Recap Sunday August 7 , 2011 <Td_colspan="4"> Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout Ref . Sunday August 5 , 2012 Arizona Cardinals 10 New Orleans Saints 17 Recap Sunday August 4 , 2013 Miami Dolphins 20 Dallas Cowboys 24 Recap Sunday August 3 , 2014 New York Giants 17 Buffalo Bills 13 Recap Sunday August 9 , 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings 14 Recap Sunday August 7 , 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Canceled due to poor field conditions Ref . Thursday August 3 , 2017 Arizona Cardinals 18 Dallas Cowboys 20 Recap Thursday August 2 , 2018 Chicago Bears 16 Baltimore Ravens 17 Recap TBA August TBA , 2019 TBA TBA Notes Jump up ^ The 1980 game ended with 5 : 29 remaining in the fourth quarter in a 0 - 0 tie due to severe lightning . Jump up ^ The 2003 game ended with 5 : 49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning allowing the Chiefs to win 9 - 0 . Jump up ^ The 2011 game was scheduled to be St. Louis Rams vs. Chicago Bears , but was canceled due to the lockout . Jump up ^ The 2016 game was scheduled to be Green Bay Packers vs Indianapolis Colts , but was canceled due to poor field conditions . Appearances ( edit ) Team Games PCT Last appearance Pittsburgh Steelers 6 0 . 500 2015 Dallas Cowboys 6 0 . 500 2017 Washington Redskins 5 5 0 0 1.000 2008 Chicago Bears 5 0 . 800 2018 New York Giants 5 . 700 2014 Cleveland Browns 5 0 . 400 1999 New Orleans Saints 5 0 . 400 2012 Arizona / St. Louis Cardinals 5 . 300 2017 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 750 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 2006 Indianapolis / Baltimore Colts 0 . 500 2008 Green Bay Packers . 375 2003 Miami Dolphins 0 0 . 000 2013 Buffalo Bills 0 0 . 000 2014 Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 0 0 1.000 2006 New England Patriots 0 . 667 2000 San Francisco 49ers 0 . 667 2000 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 0 . 667 Kansas City Chiefs 0 . 667 2003 Detroit Lions 0 . 333 1991 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 333 1994 Denver Broncos 0 . 333 Tennessee Titans / Houston Oilers 0 . 333 2009 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 333 New York Jets 0 . 500 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 500 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 500 1998 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 0 . 250 1994 Carolina Panthers 0 0 1.000 1995 Baltimore Ravens 0 0 1.000 2018 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 . 000 1995 Houston Texans 0 0 . 000 2002 Most appearances -- 6 : Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1963 , 1964 , 1983 , 1998 , 2007 , and 2015 ) and Dallas Cowboys ( 1968 , 1979 , 1999 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2017 ) ; if the 2011 game was not canceled due to the lockout , the Chicago Bears would be scheduled for their 6th appearance in 2018 ( 1968 , 1977 , 1990 , 2005 , 2011 , and 2018 ) Most wins -- 5 : Washington Redskins ( 1965 , 1975 , 1989 , 2004 , and 2008 ) Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance -- 27 seasons : Detroit Lions ( last appearance -- 1991 ) ; 26 seasons : New York Jets ( last appearance -- 1992 ) ; 24 seasons : Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers ( last appearance -- 1994 ) ; 23 seasons : Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars ( last and only appearance -- 1995 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual Tickets & Festival Fan Packages '' . Profootballhof.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver , Mike ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Hall of Fame Game cancellation : NFL made the right decision '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Poor field conditions force cancellation of Hall of Fame game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Game fiasco : How the wrong paint , melted rubber , and caustic paint thinner nixed Packers - Colts '' . Acme Packing Company ( SBNation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Doyel : NFL fans deserve better '' . The Indianapolis Star . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Fame Experiences '' . hofexperiences.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sunday Night Football '' Debuts `` . NBC Sports History Page . 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . p. 401 . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . `` AFC - NFC Hall of Fame Game '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2006 . Retrieved September 8 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Legacy Game All - time Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Results <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame_Game&oldid=853888135 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game 1962 establishments in Ohio American football in Ohio Annual sporting events in the United States National Football League competitions National Football League exhibition season Pro Football Hall of Fame Recurring sporting events established in 1962 Sports in Canton , Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 16 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Pro Football Hall of Fame Game 2. Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium 3. NFL preseason 4. Team selection 5. Television and radio coverage

what are the 5 rights protected by the 5th amendment

Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Amendment guaranteeing rights related to trials and due process This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Fifth Amendment ( Amendment V ) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights and , among other things , protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases . `` Pleading the Fifth '' is thus a colloquial term for invoking the right that allows witnesses to decline to answer questions where the answers might incriminate them , and generally without having to suffer a penalty for asserting the right . This evidentiary privilege ensures that defendants can not be compelled to become witnesses at their own trials . If , however , they choose to testify , they are not entitled to the right during cross-examination , where questions are relevant to their testimony on direct examination . The Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury . Federal grand juries can force people to take the witness stand , but defendants in those proceedings have Fifth Amendment privileges until they choose to answer any question . To claim the privilege for failure to answer when being interviewed by police , the interviewee must have explicitly invoked the constitutional right when declining to answer questions . The Amendment 's Double Jeopardy Clause provides the right to be tried only once in federal court for the same offense . The Amendment also has a Due Process Clause ( similar to the one in the 14th Amendment ) as well as an implied equal protection requirement ( Bolling v. Sharpe , 1954 ) . Finally , the Amendment requires that the power of eminent domain be coupled with `` just compensation '' for those whose property is taken . Contents 1 Text 2 Background before adoption 3 Grand jury 3.1 Infamous crime 4 Double jeopardy 4.1 Prosecution after acquittal 4.2 Multiple punishment , including prosecution after conviction 4.3 Prosecution after mistrial 4.4 Prosecution in different States 5 Self - incrimination 5.1 Legal proceedings and congressional hearings 5.2 Statements made to non-governmental entities 5.3 Custodial interrogation 5.3. 1 Explicit invocation 5.4 Production of documents 5.4. 1 By corporations 5.5 Refusal to testify in a criminal case 5.6 Refusal to testify in a civil case 5.7 Federal income tax 5.8 Grants of immunity 5.9 Record keeping 5.10 Combinations and passwords 5.11 Employer coercion 6 Due process 7 Takings clause 7.1 Eminent domain 7.2 `` Just compensation '' 7.3 Civil asset forfeiture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text ( edit ) The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Fifth Amendment Background before adoption ( edit ) Painting of James Madison by Charles Wilson Peale , done in 1792 . On June 8 , 1789 , Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives . His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was as follows : No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment or trial for the same offense ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without just compensation ... ( E ) xcept in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service , in time of war or public danger ... in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary ... This draft was edited by Congress ; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end , and some of the wording was modified . After approval by Congress , the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15 , 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights . Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison 's draft , and in their final order those clauses are the Grand Jury Clause ( which Madison had placed last ) , the Double Jeopardy Clause , the Self Incrimination Clause , the Due Process Clause , and then the Takings Clause . Grand jury ( edit ) Further information : Grand juries in the United States The grand jury is a pre-constitutional common law institution , and a constitutional fixture in its own right exclusively embracing common law . The process applies to the states to the extent that the states have incorporated grand juries and / or common law . Most states have an alternative civil process . `` Although state systems of criminal procedure differ greatly among themselves , the grand jury is similarly guaranteed by many state constitutions and plays an important role in fair and effective law enforcement in the overwhelming ( p688 ) majority of the States . '' Branzburg v. Hayes ( No. 70 - 85 ) 1972 . Grand juries , which return indictments in many criminal cases , are composed of a jury of peers and operate in closed deliberation proceedings ; they are given specific instructions regarding the law by the judge . Many constitutional restrictions that apply in court or in other situations do not apply during grand jury proceedings . For example , the exclusionary rule does not apply to certain evidence presented to a grand jury ; the exclusionary rule states that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth , Fifth or Sixth amendments can not be introduced in court . Also , an individual does not have the right to have an attorney present in the grand jury room during hearings . An individual would have such a right during questioning by the police while in custody , but an individual testifying before a grand jury is free to leave the grand jury room to consult with his attorney outside the room before returning to answer a question . The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Currently , federal law permits the trial of misdemeanors without indictments . Additionally , in trials of non-capital felonies , the prosecution may proceed without indictments if the defendants waive their Fifth Amendment right . Grand jury indictments may be amended by the prosecution only in limited circumstances . In Ex Parte Bain , 121 U.S. 1 ( 1887 ) , the Supreme Court held that the indictment could not be changed at all by the prosecution . United States v. Miller , 471 U.S. 130 ( 1985 ) partly reversed Ex parte Bain ; now , an indictment 's scope may be narrowed by the prosecution . Thus , lesser included charges may be dropped , but new charges may not be added . The Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment does not protect those serving in the armed forces , whether during wartime or peacetime . Members of the state militia called up to serve with federal forces are not protected under the clause either . In O'Callahan v. Parker , 395 U.S. 258 ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court held that only charges relating to service may be brought against members of the militia without indictments . That decision was overturned in 1987 , when the Court held that members of the militia in actual service may be tried for any offense without indictments . The grand jury indictment clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated under the Fourteenth Amendment . This means that the grand jury requirement applies only to felony charges in the federal court system . While many states do employ grand juries , no defendant has a Fifth Amendment right to a grand jury for criminal charges in state court . States are free to abolish grand juries , and many ( though not all ) have replaced them with preliminary hearing . Infamous crime ( edit ) Whether a crime is `` infamous '' , for purposes of the Grand Jury Clause , is determined by the nature of the punishment that may be imposed , not the punishment that is actually imposed ; however , crimes punishable by death must be tried upon indictments . The historical origin of `` infamous crime '' comes from the infamia , a punishment under Roman law by which a citizen was deprived his citizenship . In United States v. Moreland , 258 U.S. 433 ( 1922 ) , the Supreme Court held that incarceration in a prison or penitentiary , as opposed to a correction or reformation house , attaches infamy to a crime . In Mackin v. United States , 117 U.S. 348 ( 1886 ) , the Supreme Court judged that `` ' Infamous crimes ' are thus , in the most explicit words , defined to be those ' punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary . ' '' , while it later in Green v. United States 356 U.S. 165 ( 1957 ) , stated that `` imprisonment in a penitentiary can be imposed only if a crime is subject to imprisonment exceeding one year '' . Therefore , an infamous crime is one that is punished by imprisonment for over one year . Susan Brown , a former defense attorney and Professor of Law at the University of Dayton School of Law , concluded : `` Since this is essentially the definition of a felony , infamous crimes translate as felonies . '' Double jeopardy ( edit ) Main article : Double Jeopardy Clause ... nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ... The Double Jeopardy Clause encompasses four distinct prohibitions : subsequent prosecution after acquittal , subsequent prosecution after conviction , subsequent prosecution after certain mistrials , and multiple punishment in the same indictment . Jeopardy applies when the jury is empaneled in a jury trial , when the first witness is sworn in during a bench trial , or when a plea is rendered . Prosecution after acquittal ( edit ) The government is not permitted to appeal or try again after the entry of an acquittal , whether a directed verdict before the case is submitted to the jury , a directed verdict after a deadlocked jury , an appellate reversal for sufficiency ( except by direct appeal to a higher appellate court ) , or an `` implied acquittal '' via conviction of a lesser included offense . In addition , the government is barred by collateral estoppel from re-litigating against the same defense , a fact necessarily found by the jury in a prior acquittal , even if the jury hung on other counts . This principle does not prevent the government from appealing a pre-trial motion to dismiss or other non-merits dismissal , or a directed verdict after a jury conviction , nor does it prevent the trial judge from entertaining a motion for reconsideration of a directed verdict , if the jurisdiction has so provided by rule or statute . Nor does it prevent the government from retrying the defendant after an appellate reversal other than for sufficiency , including habeas , or `` thirteenth juror '' appellate reversals notwithstanding sufficiency on the principle that jeopardy has not `` terminated . '' There is also an exception for judicial bribery in a bench trial . Multiple punishment , including prosecution after conviction ( edit ) In Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) , the Supreme Court announced the following test : the government may separately try and punish the defendant for two crimes if each crime contains an element that the other does not . Blockburger is the default rule , unless the legislature intends to depart ; for example , Continuing Criminal Enterprise ( CCE ) may be punished separately from its predicates , as can conspiracy . The Blockburger test , originally developed in the multiple punishments context , is also the test for prosecution after conviction . In Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) , the Court held that a double jeopardy violation could lie even where the Blockburger test was not satisfied , but Grady was overruled in United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) . Prosecution after mistrial ( edit ) The rule for mistrials depends upon who sought the mistrial . If the defendant moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial , unless the prosecutor acted in `` bad faith '' , i.e. , goaded the defendant into moving for a mistrial because the government specifically wanted a mistrial . If the prosecutor moves for a mistrial , there is no bar to retrial if the trial judge finds `` manifest necessity '' for granting the mistrial . The same standard governs mistrials granted sua sponte . Prosecution in different States ( edit ) In Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) , the Supreme Court held , that the Fifth Amendment rule against double jeopardy does not prohibit two different states from separately prosecuting and convicting the same individual for the same illegal act . Self - incrimination ( edit ) `` Plead the Fifth '' redirects here . For the album by the band Taproot , see Plead the Fifth ( album ) . The Fifth Amendment protects individuals from being forced to incriminate themselves . Incriminating oneself is defined as exposing oneself ( or another person ) to `` an accusation or charge of crime , '' or as involving oneself ( or another person ) `` in a criminal prosecution or the danger thereof . '' The privilege against compelled self - incrimination is defined as `` the constitutional right of a person to refuse to answer questions or otherwise give testimony against himself ... '' To `` plead the Fifth '' is to refuse to answer any question because `` the implications of the question , in the setting in which it is asked '' lead a claimant to possess a `` reasonable cause to apprehend danger from a direct answer '' , believing that `` a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it can not be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result . '' Historically , the legal protection against compelled self - incrimination was directly related to the question of torture for extracting information and confessions . The legal shift away from widespread use of torture and forced confession dates to turmoil of the late 16th and early 17th century in England . Anyone refusing to take the oath ex officio mero ( confessions or swearing of innocence , usually before hearing any charges ) was considered guilty . Suspected Puritans were pressed to take the oath and then reveal names of other Puritans . Coercion and torture were commonly used to compel `` cooperation . '' Puritans , who were at the time fleeing to the New World , began a practice of refusing to cooperate with interrogations . In the most famous case John Lilburne refused to take the oath in 1637 . His case and his call for `` freeborn rights '' were rallying points for reforms against forced oaths , forced self - incrimination , and other kinds of coercion . Oliver Cromwell 's revolution overturned the practice and incorporated protections , in response to a popular group of English citizens known as the Levellers . The Levellers presented The Humble Petition of Many Thousands to Parliament in 1647 with 13 demands , the third of which was the right against self - incrimination in criminal cases . These protections were brought to America by Puritans , and were later incorporated into the United States Constitution through the Bill of Rights . Protection against compelled self - incrimination is implicit in the Miranda rights statement , which protects the `` right to remain silent . '' This amendment is also similar to Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . In other Commonwealth of Nations countries like Australia and New Zealand , the right to silence of the accused both during questioning and at trial is regarded as an important right inherited from common law , and is protected in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act and in Australia through various federal and state acts and codes governing the criminal justice system . In South African law the right to silence originating from English common law has been entrenched in Section 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , 1996 . The Supreme Court has held that `` a witness may have a reasonable fear of prosecution and yet be innocent of any wrongdoing . The privilege serves to protect the innocent who otherwise might be ensnared by ambiguous circumstances . '' However , Professor James Duane of the Regent University School of Law argues that the Supreme Court , in a 5 -- 4 decision in Salinas v. Texas , significantly weakened the privilege , saying `` our choice to use the Fifth Amendment privilege can be used against you at trial depending exactly how and where you do it . '' In the Salinas case , justices Alito , Roberts , and Kennedy held that `` the Fifth Amendment 's privilege against self - incrimination does not extend to defendants who simply decide to remain mute during questioning . Long - standing judicial precedent has held that any witness who desires protection against self - incrimination must explicitly claim that protection . '' Justice Thomas , siding with Alito , Roberts and Kennedy , in a separate opinion , held that , `` Salinas ' Fifth Amendment privilege would not have been applicable even if invoked because the prosecutor 's testimony regarding his silence did not compel Salinas to give self - incriminating testimony . '' Justice Antonin Scalia joined Thomas ' opinion . '' Legal proceedings and congressional hearings ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self - incrimination applies when an individual is called to testify in a legal proceeding . The Supreme Court ruled that the privilege applies whether the witness is in a federal court or , under the incorporation doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment , in a state court , and whether the proceeding itself is criminal or civil . The right to remain silent was asserted at grand jury or congressional hearings in the 1950s , when witnesses testifying before the House Committee on Un-American Activities or the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee claimed the right in response to questions concerning their alleged membership in the Communist Party . Under the Red Scare hysteria at the time of McCarthyism , witnesses who refused to answer the questions were accused as `` fifth amendment communists '' . They lost jobs or positions in unions and other political organizations , and suffered other repercussions after `` taking the Fifth . '' Senator Joseph McCarthy ( R - Wisc . ) asked , `` Are you now , or have you ever been , a member of the Communist Party , '' while he was chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations . Admitting to a previous Communist Party membership was not sufficient . Witnesses were also required to `` name names , '' to implicate others they knew to be Communists or who had been Communists in the past . Academy Award winning director Elia Kazan testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities that he had belonged to the Communist Party briefly in his youth . He also `` named names , '' which incurred enmity of many in Hollywood . Other entertainers such as Zero Mostel found themselves on a Hollywood blacklist after taking the Fifth , and were unable to find work for a while in show business . Pleading the Fifth in response to such questions was held inapplicable , since being a Communist itself was not a crime . The amendment has also been used by defendants and witnesses in criminal cases involving the American Mafia . Statements made to non-governmental entities ( edit ) The privilege against self - incrimination does not protect an individual from being suspended from membership in a non-governmental , self - regulatory organization ( SRO ) , such as the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) , where the individual refuses to answer questions posed by the SRO . An SRO itself is not a court of law , and can not send a person to jail . SROs , such as the NYSE and the National Association of Securities Dealers ( NASD ) , are generally not considered to be state actors . See United States v. Solomon , D.L. Cromwell Invs. , Inc. v. NASD Regulation , Inc. , and Marchiano v. NASD . SROs also lack subpoena powers . They rely heavily on requiring testimony from individuals by wielding the threat of loss of membership or a bar from the industry ( permanent , if decided by the NASD ) when the individual asserts his Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self - incrimination . If a person chooses to provide statements in testimony to the SRO , the SRO may provide information about those statements to law enforcement agencies , who may then use the statements in a prosecution of the individual . Custodial interrogation ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment limits the use of evidence obtained illegally by law enforcement officers . Originally , at common law , even a confession obtained by torture was admissible . However , by the eighteenth century , common law in England provided that coerced confessions were inadmissible . The common law rule was incorporated into American law by the courts . The Supreme Court has repeatedly overruled convictions based on such confessions , in cases such as Brown v. Mississippi , 297 U.S. 278 ( 1936 ) . Law enforcement responded by switching to more subtle techniques , but the courts held that such techniques , even if they do not involve physical torture , may render a confession involuntary and inadmissible . In Chambers v. Florida ( 1940 ) the Court held a confession obtained after five days of prolonged questioning , during which time the defendant was held incommunicado , to be coerced . In Ashcraft v. Tennessee ( 1944 ) , the suspect had been interrogated continuously for thirty - six hours under electric lights . In Haynes v. Washington , the Court held that an `` unfair and inherently coercive context '' including a prolonged interrogation rendered a confession inadmissible . Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) was a landmark case involving confessions . Ernesto Miranda had signed a statement confessing to the crime , but the Supreme Court held that the confession was inadmissible because the defendant had not been advised of his rights . The Court held `` the prosecution may not use statements ... stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self - incrimination . Custodial interrogation is initiated by law enforcement after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of movement before being questioned as to the specifics of the crime . As for the procedural safeguards to be employed , unless other fully effective means are devised to inform accused persons of their right of silence and to assure a continuous opportunity to exercise it , the following measures are required . Before any questioning , the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent , that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him , and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney , either retained or appointed . '' The warning to which Chief Justice Earl Warren referred is now called the Miranda warning , and it is customarily delivered by the police to an individual before questioning . Miranda has been clarified by several further Supreme Court rulings . For the warning to be necessary , the questioning must be conducted under `` custodial '' circumstances . A person detained in jail or under arrest is , of course , deemed to be in police custody . Alternatively , a person who is under the reasonable belief that he may not freely leave from the restraint of law enforcement is also deemed to be in `` custody . '' That determination of `` reasonableness '' is based on a totality of the objective circumstances . A mere presence at a police station may not be sufficient , but neither is such a presence required . Traffic stops are not deemed custodial . The Court has ruled that age can be an objective factor . In Yarborough v. Alvarado ( 2004 ) , the Court held that `` a state - court decision that failed to mention a 17 - year - old 's age as part of the Miranda custody analysis was not objectively unreasonable '' . In her concurring opinion Justice O'Connor wrote that a suspect 's age may indeed `` be relevant to the ' custody ' inquiry '' ; the Court did not find it relevant in the specific case of Alvarado . The Court affirmed that age could be a relevant and objective factor in J.D.B. v. North Carolina where they ruled that `` so long as the child 's age was known to the officer at the time of police questioning , or would have been objectively apparent to a reasonable officer , its inclusion in the custody analysis is consistent with the objective nature of that test '' . The questioning does not have to be explicit to trigger Miranda rights . For example , two police officers engaging in a conversation designed to elicit an incriminating statement from a suspect would constitute questioning . A person may choose to waive his Miranda rights , but the prosecution has the burden of showing that such a waiver was actually made . A confession not preceded by a Miranda warning where one was necessary can not be admitted as evidence against the confessing party in a judicial proceeding . The Supreme Court , however , has held that if a defendant voluntarily testifies at the trial that he did not commit the crime , his confession may be introduced to challenge his credibility , to `` impeach '' the witness , even if it had been obtained without the warning . In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada ( 2004 ) , the Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 that being required to identify oneself to police under states ' stop and identify statutes is not an unreasonable search or seizure , and is not necessarily self - incrimination . Explicit invocation ( edit ) In June 2010 , the Supreme Court ruled in Berghuis v. Thompkins that a criminal suspect must now invoke the right to remain silent unambiguously . Unless and until the suspect actually states that he is relying on that right , police may continue to interact with ( or question ) him , and any voluntary statement he makes can be used in court . The mere act of remaining silent is , on its own , insufficient to imply the suspect has invoked those rights . Furthermore , a voluntary reply , even after lengthy silence , can be construed as implying a waiver . The new rule will defer to police in cases where the suspect fails to assert the right to remain silent . This standard was extended in Salinas v. Texas in 2013 to cases where individuals not in custody who volunteer to answer officers ' questions and who are not told their Miranda rights . The Court stated that there was no `` ritualistic formula '' necessary to assert this right , but that a person could not do so `` by simply standing mute . '' Production of documents ( edit ) Under the Act of Production Doctrine , the act of an individual in producing documents or materials ( e.g. , in response to a subpoena ) may have a `` testimonial aspect '' for purposes of the individual 's right to assert the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination to the extent that the individual 's act of production provides information not already in the hands of law enforcement personnel about the ( 1 ) existence ; ( 2 ) custody ; or ( 3 ) authenticity , of the documents or materials produced . See United States v. Hubbell . In Boyd v. United States , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` It is equivalent to a compulsory production of papers to make the nonproduction of them a confession of the allegations which it is pretended they will prove '' . By corporations ( edit ) Corporations may also be compelled to maintain and turn over records ; the Supreme Court has held that the Fifth Amendment protections against self - incrimination extend only to `` natural persons . '' The Court has also held that a corporation 's custodian of records can be forced to produce corporate documents even if the act of production would incriminate him personally . The only limitation on this rule is that the jury can not be told that the custodian personally produced those documents in any subsequent prosecution of him , but the jury is still allowed to draw adverse inferences from the content of the documents combined with the position of the custodian in the corporation . Refusal to testify in a criminal case ( edit ) In Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that a prosecutor may not ask the jury to draw an inference of guilt from a defendant 's refusal to testify in his own defense . The Court overturned as unconstitutional under the federal constitution a provision of the California state constitution that explicitly granted such power to prosecutors . Refusal to testify in a civil case ( edit ) While defendants are entitled to assert the right against compelled self - incrimination in a civil court case , there are consequences to the assertion of the right in such an action . The Supreme Court has held that `` the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence offered against them . '' Baxter v. Palmigiano , `` ( A ) s Mr. Justice Brandeis declared , speaking for a unanimous court in the Tod case , ' Silence is often evidence of the most persuasive character . ' '' `` ' Failure to contest an assertion ... is considered evidence of acquiescence ... if it would have been natural under the circumstances to object to the assertion in question . ' '' In Baxter , the state was entitled to an adverse inference against Palmigiano because of the evidence against him and his assertion of the Fifth Amendment right . Some civil cases are considered `` criminal cases '' for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment . In Boyd v. United States , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` A proceeding to forfeit a person 's goods for an offence against the laws , though civil in form , and whether in rem or in personam , is a `` criminal case '' within the meaning of that part of the Fifth Amendment which declares that no person `` shall be compelled , in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself . '' Federal income tax ( edit ) In some cases , individuals may be legally required to file reports that call for information that may be used against them in criminal cases . In United States v. Sullivan , the United States Supreme Court ruled that a taxpayer could not invoke the Fifth Amendment 's protections as the basis for refusing to file a required federal income tax return . The Court stated : `` If the form of return provided called for answers that the defendant was protected from making ( , ) he could have raised the objection in the return , but could not on that account refuse to make any return at all . We are not called on to decide what , if anything , he might have withheld . '' In Garner v. United States , the defendant was convicted of crimes involving a conspiracy to `` fix '' sporting contests and to transmit illegal bets . During the trial the prosecutor introduced , as evidence , the taxpayer 's federal income tax returns for various years . In one return the taxpayer had showed his occupation to be `` professional gambler . '' In various returns the taxpayer had reported income from `` gambling '' or `` wagering . '' The prosecution used this to help contradict the taxpayer 's argument that his involvement was innocent . The taxpayer tried unsuccessfully to keep the prosecutor from introducing the tax returns as evidence , arguing that since the taxpayer was legally required to report the illegal income on the returns , he was being compelled to be a witness against himself . The Supreme Court agreed that he was legally required to report the illegal income on the returns , but ruled that the right against self - incrimination still did not apply . The Court stated that `` if a witness under compulsion to testify makes disclosures instead of claiming the right , the Government has not ' compelled ' him to incriminate himself . '' Sullivan and Garner are viewed as standing , in tandem , for the proposition that on a required federal income tax return a taxpayer would probably have to report the amount of the illegal income , but might validly claim the right by labeling the item `` Fifth Amendment '' ( instead of `` illegal gambling income , '' `` illegal drug sales , '' etc . ) The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has stated : `` Although the source of income might be privileged , the amount must be reported . '' The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has stated : `` ... the amount of a taxpayer 's income is not privileged even though the source of income may be , and Fifth Amendment rights can be exercised in compliance with the tax laws `` by simply listing his alleged ill - gotten gains in the space provided for ' miscellaneous ' income on his tax form . '' In another case , the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated : `` While the source of some of ( the defendant ) Johnson 's income may have been privileged , assuming that the jury believed his uncorroborated testimony that he had illegal dealings in gold in 1970 and 1971 , the amount of his income was not privileged and he was required to pay taxes on it . '' In 1979 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit stated : `` A careful reading of Sullivan and Garner , therefore , is that the self - incrimination privilege can be employed to protect the taxpayer from revealing the information as to an illegal source of income , but does not protect him from disclosing the amount of his income . '' Grants of immunity ( edit ) If the government gives an individual immunity , then that individual may be compelled to testify . Immunity may be `` transactional immunity '' or `` use immunity '' ; in the former , the witness is immune from prosecution for offenses related to the testimony ; in the latter , the witness may be prosecuted , but his testimony may not be used against him . In Kastigar v. United States , the Supreme Court held that the government need only grant use immunity to compel testimony . The use immunity , however , must extend not only to the testimony made by the witness , but also to all evidence derived therefrom . This scenario most commonly arises in cases related to organized crime . Record keeping ( edit ) A statutorily required record - keeping system may go too far such that it implicates a record - keeper 's right against self - incrimination . A three part test laid out by Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board , is used to determine this : 1 . the law targets a highly selective group inherently suspect of criminal activities ; 2 . the activities sought to be regulated are already permeated with criminal statutes as opposed to essentially being non-criminal and largely regulatory ; and 3 . the disclosure compelled creates a likelihood of prosecution and is used against the record - keeper . In this case , the Supreme Court struck down an order by the Subversive Activities Control Board requiring members of the Communist Party to register with the government and upheld an assertion of the privilege against self - incrimination , on the grounds that statute under which the order had been issued was `` directed at a highly selective group inherently suspect of criminal activities . '' In Leary v. United States , the court struck down the Marijuana Tax Act because its record keeping statute required self - incrimination . In Haynes v. United States , the Supreme Court ruled that , because convicted felons are prohibited from owning firearms , requiring felons to register any firearms they owned constituted a form of self - incrimination and was therefore unconstitutional . Combinations and passwords ( edit ) While no such case has yet arisen , the Supreme Court has indicated that a respondent can not be compelled to turn over `` the contents of his own mind '' , e.g. he can not be compelled to reveal the password to a bank account if doing so would prove the existence of the bank account under his control . Lower courts have given conflicting decisions on whether forced disclosure of computer passwords is a violation of the Fifth Amendment . In In re Boucher ( 2009 ) , the US District Court of Vermont ruled that the Fifth Amendment might protect a defendant from having to reveal an encryption password , or even the existence of one , if the production of that password could be deemed a self - incriminating `` act '' under the Fifth Amendment . In Boucher , production of the unencrypted drive was deemed not to be a self - incriminating act , as the government already had sufficient evidence to tie the encrypted data to the defendant . In January 2012 a federal judge in Denver ruled that a bank - fraud suspect was required to give an unencrypted copy of a laptop hard drive to prosecutors . However , in February 2012 the Eleventh Circuit ruled otherwise - finding that requiring a defendant to produce an encrypted drive 's password would violate the Constitution , becoming the first federal circuit court to rule on the issue . In April 2013 , a District Court magistrate judge in Wisconsin refused to compel a suspect to provide the encryption password to his hard drive after FBI agents had unsuccessfully spent months trying to decrypt the data . Employer coercion ( edit ) As a condition of employment , workers may be required to answer their employer 's narrowly defined questions regarding conduct on the job . If an employee invokes the Garrity rule ( sometimes called the Garrity Warning or Garrity Rights ) before answering the questions , then the answers can not be used in criminal prosecution of the employee . This principle was developed in Garrity v. New Jersey , 385 U.S. 493 ( 1967 ) . The rule is most commonly applied to public employees such as police officers . Due process ( edit ) Main article : Due Process Clause Takings Clause ( edit ) Eminent domain ( edit ) Main article : Eminent domain The Supreme Court has held that the federal government and each state has the power of eminent domain -- the power to take private property for `` public use '' . The Takings Clause , the last clause of the Fifth Amendment , limits the power of eminent domain by requiring that `` just compensation '' be paid if private property is taken for public use . The just compensation provision of the Fifth Amendment did not originally apply directly to the states , but since Chicago , B. & Q. Railroad Co. v. Chicago ( 1897 ) , federal courts have held that the Fourteenth Amendment extended the effects of that provision to the states . The federal courts , however , have shown much deference to the determinations of Congress , and even more so to the determinations of the state legislatures , of what constitutes `` public use '' . The property need not actually be used by the public ; rather , it must be used or disposed of in such a manner as to benefit the public welfare or public interest . One exception that restrains the federal government is that the property must be used in exercise of a government 's enumerated powers . The owner of the property that is taken by the government must be justly compensated . When determining the amount that must be paid , the government does not need to take into account any speculative schemes in which the owner claims the property was intended to be used . Normally , the fair market value of the property determines `` just compensation '' . If the property is taken before the payment is made , interest accrues ( though the courts have refrained from using the term `` interest '' ) . The federal courts have not restrained state and local governments from seizing privately owned land for private commercial development on behalf of private developers . This was upheld on June 23 , 2005 , when the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Kelo v. City of New London . This 5 -- 4 decision remains controversial . The majority opinion , by Justice Stevens , found that it was appropriate to defer to the city 's decision that the development plan had a public purpose , saying that `` the city has carefully formulated a development plan that it believes will provide appreciable benefits to the community , including , but not limited to , new jobs and increased tax revenue . '' Justice Kennedy 's concurring opinion observed that in this particular case the development plan was not `` of primary benefit to ... the developer '' and that if that was the case the plan might have been impermissible . In the dissent , Justice Sandra Day O'Connor argued that this decision would allow the rich to benefit at the expense of the poor , asserting that `` Any property may now be taken for the benefit of another private party , but the fallout from this decision will not be random . The beneficiaries are likely to be those citizens with disproportionate influence and power in the political process , including large corporations and development firms . '' She argued that the decision eliminates `` any distinction between private and public use of property -- and thereby effectively delete ( s ) the words ' for public use ' from the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment '' . A number of states , in response to Kelo , have passed laws and / or state constitutional amendments which make it more difficult for state governments to seize private land . Takings that are not `` for public use '' are not directly covered by the doctrine , however such a taking might violate due process rights under the Fourteenth amendment , or other applicable law . The exercise of the police power of the state resulting in a taking of private property was long held to be an exception to the requirement of government paying just compensation . However the growing trend under the various state constitution 's taking clauses is to compensate innocent third parties whose property was destroyed or `` taken '' as a result of police action . `` Just compensation '' ( edit ) The last two words of the amendment promise `` just compensation '' for takings by the government . In United States v. 50 Acres of Land ( 1984 ) , the Supreme Court wrote that `` The Court has repeatedly held that just compensation normally is to be measured by `` the market value of the property at the time of the taking contemporaneously paid in money . '' Olson v. United States , 292 U.S. 246 ( 1934 ) ... Deviation from this measure of just compensation has been required only `` when market value has been too difficult to find , or when its application would result in manifest injustice to owner or public . '' United States v. Commodities Trading Corp. , 339 U.S. 121 , 123 ( 1950 ) . Civil asset forfeiture ( edit ) Main article : Civil forfeiture in the United States Civil asset forfeiture or occasionally civil seizure , is a controversial legal process in which law enforcement officers take assets from persons suspected of involvement with crime or illegal activity without necessarily charging the owners with wrongdoing . While civil procedure , as opposed to criminal procedure , generally involves a dispute between two private citizens , civil forfeiture involves a dispute between law enforcement and property such as a pile of cash or a house or a boat , such that the thing is suspected of being involved in a crime . To get back the seized property , owners must prove it was not involved in criminal activity . Sometimes it can mean a threat to seize property as well as the act of seizure itself . In civil forfeiture , assets are seized by police based on a suspicion of wrongdoing , and without having to charge a person with specific wrongdoing , with the case being between police and the thing itself , sometimes referred to by the Latin term in rem , meaning `` against the property '' ; the property itself is the defendant and no criminal charge against the owner is needed . If property is seized in a civil forfeiture , it is `` up to the owner to prove that his cash is clean '' and the court can weigh a defendant 's use of their 5th amendment right to remain silent in their decision . In civil forfeiture , the test in most cases is whether police feel there is a preponderance of the evidence suggesting wrongdoing ; in criminal forfeiture , the test is whether police feel the evidence is beyond a reasonable doubt , which is a tougher test to meet . In contrast , criminal forfeiture is a legal action brought as `` part of the criminal prosecution of a defendant '' , described by the Latin term in personam , meaning `` against the person '' , and happens when government indicts or charges the property which is either used in connection with a crime , or derived from a crime , that is suspected of being committed by the defendant ; the seized assets are temporarily held and become government property officially after an accused person has been convicted by a court of law ; if the person is found to be not guilty , the seized property must be returned . Normally both civil and criminal forfeiture require involvement by the judiciary ; however , there is a variant of civil forfeiture called administrative forfeiture which is essentially a civil forfeiture which does not require involvement by the judiciary , which derives its powers from the Tariff Act of 1930 , and empowers police to seize banned imported merchandise , as well as things used to import or transport or store a controlled substance , money , or other property which is less than $500,000 value . See also ( edit ) United States constitutional criminal procedure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown v United States 356 U.S. 148 ( 1958 ) . https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/356/148.html ^ Jump up to : `` James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution '' , Annals of Congress ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Jump up ^ Obrien , David . `` Fifth Amendment : Fox Hunters , Old Women , Hermits , and the Burger Court '' , Notre Dame Law Review , Vol. 54 , p. 30 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Duke v. United States , 301 U.S. 492 ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ Solorio v. United States , 483 U.S. 435 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 517 ( 1884 ) Jump up ^ Ex parte Wilson , 114 U.S. 417 ( 1885 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Cox , 342 F. 2d 167 , 187 fn. 7 ( 5th Cir. 1965 ) ( Wisdom , J. , specially concurring ) citing Greenidge , 37 . Jump up ^ Greenidge , Abel Hendy Jones ( 1894 ) . Infamia : Its Place in Roman Public and Private Law . London : Claredon Press . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Susan . `` Federal Grand Jury - `` Infamous crimes '' -- part 1 `` . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Harper , Timothy ( October 2 , 2007 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the U.S. Constitution . Penguin Group . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59257 - 627 - 2 . However , the Fifth Amendment contains several other important provisions for protecting your rights . It is the source of the double jeopardy doctrine , which prevents authorities from trying a person twice for the same crime ... Jump up ^ North Carolina v. Pearce , 395 U.S. 711 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Crist v. Bretz , 437 U.S. 28 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Fong Foo v. United States , 369 U.S. 141 ( 1962 ) ; Sanabria v. United States , 437 U.S. 54 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. , 430 U.S. 564 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Burks v. United States , 437 U.S. 1 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Green v. United States , 355 U.S. 184 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Ashe v. Swenson , 397 U.S. 436 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Yeager v. United States , 557 U.S. 110 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Serfass v. United States , 420 U.S. 377 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Scott , 437 U.S. 82 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson v. United States , 420 U.S. 332 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Smith v. Massachusetts , 543 U.S. 462 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Ball v. United States , 163 U.S. 662 ( 1896 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Tateo , 377 U.S. 463 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Tibbs v. Florida , 457 U.S. 31 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Aleman v. Judges of the Circuit Court of Cook County , 138 F. 3d 302 ( 7th Cir. 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Blockburger v. United States , 284 U.S. 299 ( 1932 ) . See , e.g. , Brown v. Ohio , 432 U.S. 161 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Garrett v. United States , 471 U.S. 773 ( 1985 ) ; Rutledge v. United States , 517 U.S. 292 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Felix , 503 U.S. 378 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Hunter , 459 U.S. 359 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Grady v. Corbin , 495 U.S. 508 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Dixon , 509 U.S. 688 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Kennedy , 456 U.S. 667 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Arizona v. Washington , 434 U.S. 497 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 690 ( 5th ed. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ From `` Self - Incrimination , Privilege Against , '' Barrons Law Dictionary , p. 434 ( 2d ed. 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Ohio v. Reiner , 532 U.S. 17 ( 2001 ) , citing Hoffman v. U.S. , 351 U.S. 479 ( 1951 ) ; cf . Counselman v. Hitchcock , 142 U.S. 547 ( 1892 ) Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08277 - 0 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ( 2005 ) . America 's Constitution . New York : Random House . p. 329 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6262 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Greaves , Richard L. ( 1981 ) . `` Legal Problems '' . Society and religion in Elizabethan England . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . pp. 649 , 681 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1030 - 4 . OCLC 7278140 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . This situation worsened in the 1580s and 1590s when the machinery of ... the High Commission , was turned against Puritans ... in which a key weapon was the oath ex officio mero , with its capacity for self incrimination ... Refusal to take this oath usually was regarded as proof of guilt . Jump up ^ Ohio v. Reiner , 532 U.S. 17 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ 570 U.S. 12 - 246 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Law Professor Explains Why You Should Never Talk to Police '' . Vice.com. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A 5 - 4 Ruling , One of Three , Limits Silence 's Protection '' . New York Times . 2013 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Rule 608 ( b ) , Federal Rules of Evidence , as amended through Dec. 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael J.Z. Mannheimer , `` Ripeness of Self - Incrimination Clause Disputes , '' Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , Vol. 95 , No. 4 , p. 1261 , footnote 1 ( Northwestern Univ . School of Law 2005 ) , citing Malloy v. Hogan , 378 U.S. 1 ( 1964 ) ) . Jump up ^ McCarthy v. Arndstein , 266 U.S. 34 ( 1924 ) ) . Jump up ^ 509 F. 2d 863 ( 2d Cir. 1975 ) . Jump up ^ 132 F. Supp . 2d 248 , 251 - 53 ( S.D.N.Y. 2001 ) , aff 'd , 279 F. 3d 155 , 162 ( 2d Cir. 2002 ) , cert . denied , 537 U.S. 1028 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ 134 F. Supp . 2d 90 , 95 ( D.D.C. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ 373 U.S. 503 ( 1963 ) . ^ Jump up to : J.D.B. v. North Carolina , `` United States Supreme Court '' , June 16 , 2011 , accessed June 20th , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yarborough v. Alvarado , `` United States Supreme Court '' , June 1 , 2004 , accessed June 20th , 2011 . Jump up ^ Justice Kennedy ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Berghuis v. Thompkins '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ See Salinas v. Texas , no . 12 - 246 , U.S. Supreme Court ( June 17 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Mukasey , Marc L. ; Jonathan N. Halpern ; Floren J. Taylor ; Katherine M. Sullivan ; Bracewell & Giuliani LLP ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Salinas v. Texas : Your Silence May Be Used Against You Re : U.S. Supreme Court Litigation '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 116 U.S. 616 ( 1886 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. v. Kordel , 397 U.S. 1 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Braswell v. U.S. , 487 U.S. 99 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ 380 U.S. 609 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ 425 U.S. 308 , 318 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 319 ( quoting United States ex rel . Bilokumsky v. Tod , 263 U.S. 149 , 153 -- 154 ( 1923 ) ) . Jump up ^ Id . ( quoting United States v. Hale , 422 U.S. 171 , 176 ( 1975 ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Boyd v. United States : : 116 U.S. 616 ( 1886 ) : : Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ 274 U.S. 259 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Sullivan , 274 U.S. 259 ( 1927 ) . Jump up ^ 424 U.S. 648 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Garner v. United States , 424 U.S. 648 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Miniter , Frank ( 2011 ) . Saving the Bill of Rights : Exposing the Left 's Campaign to Destroy American Exceptionalism . Regnery Publishing . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 150 - 8 . Jump up ^ United States v. Pilcher , 672 F. 2d 875 ( 11th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 459 U.S. 973 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Wade , 585 F. 2d 573 ( 5th Cir. 1978 ) , cert . denied , 440 U.S. 928 ( 1979 ) ( italics in original ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Johnson , 577 F. 2d 1304 ( 5th Cir. 1978 ) ( italics in original ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Brown , 600 F. 2d 248 ( 10th Cir. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ 406 U.S. 441 ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ 382 U.S. 70 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ 395 U.S. 6 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ 390 U.S. 85 ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Justice Blackmun ( 1988 - 06 - 22 ) . `` John Doe v. United States '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Justice Stevens ( 1988 - 06 - 22 ) . `` John Doe v. United States '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Justice Stevens ( 2000 - 06 - 05 ) . `` United States v. Hubbell '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Sebastien Boucher , No. 2 : 06 - mj - 91 , 2009 WL 424718 ( D. Vt . Feb 19 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ See docket entry 247 , `` ORDER GRANTING APPLICATION UNDER THE ALL WRITS ACT REQUIRING DEFENDANT FRICOSU TO ASSIST IN THE EXECUTION OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED SEARCH WARRANTS '' , United States v. Fricosu , case no . 10 - cr - 00509 - REB - 02 , Jan. 23 , 2012 , U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado , at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Brown , Cybercrime Review ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Fifth Amendment held not violated by forced disclosure of unencrypted drive '' . Jump up ^ In Re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated March 25 , 2011 671 F. 3d 1335 ( 11th Cir. 2012 ) ( the cited reporter is incorrect and leads to Minesen Co. v. McHugh , 671 F. 3d 1332 , 1335 ( Fed . Cir. 2012 ) . ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Brown , Cybercrime Review ( February 25 , 2012 ) . `` 11th Cir . finds Fifth Amendment violation with compelled production of unencrypted files '' . Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Here 's a Good Reason to Encrypt Your Data '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. v Jeffrey Feldman , THE DECRYPTION OF A SEIZED DATA STORAGE SYSTEM ( E.D. Wis . 19 April 2013 ) . Jump up ^ International Association of Fire Chiefs ( 2011 ) . Chief Officer : Principles and Practice . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 7929 - 0 . Jump up ^ See Berman v. Parker . Jump up ^ Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual , City of Minneapolis 479 N.W. 2d 38 ( Minn . 1991 ) and Steele v. City of Houston 603 S.W. 2d 786 ( 1980 ) ^ Jump up to : US Department of Justice ( January 2013 ) . `` Types of federal forfeiture '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 ... ( Source : A Guide to Equitable Sharing of Federally Forfeited Property for State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies , U.S. Department of Justice , March 1994 ) Jump up ^ Brenda J. Buote ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tewksbury motel owner glad to close book on seizure threat '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 ... Motel Caswell ... free from the threat of seizure by US Attorney Carmen Ortiz ... ^ Jump up to : John Burnett ( June 16 , 2008 ) . `` Seized Drug Assets Pad Police Budgets '' . NPR . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 ... Every year , about $12 billion in drug profits returns to Mexico from the world 's largest narcotics market -- the United States ... Jump up ^ Craig Gaumer ; Assistant United States Attorney ; Southern District of Iowa ( November 2007 ) . `` A Prosecutor 's Secret Weapon : Federal Civil Forfeiture Law '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . November 2007 Volume 55 Number 6 `` ... One of the main advantages of civil forfeiture is that it has less stringent standards for obtaining a seizure warrant '' ... see pages 60 , 71 ... Jump up ^ Note : the legal tests used to justify civil forfeiture vary according to state law , but in most cases the tests are looser than in criminal trials where the `` beyond a reasonable doubt '' test is predominant Jump up ^ John R. Emshwiller ; Gary Fields ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Federal Asset Seizures Rise , Netting Innocent With Guilty '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 ... New York businessman James Lieto ... Federal agents seized $392,000 of his cash anyway ... Further reading ( edit ) Amar , Akhil Reed ; Lettow , Renée B. ( 1995 ) . `` Fifth Amendment First Principles : The Self - Incrimination Clause '' . Michigan Law Review . The Michigan Law Review Association . 93 ( 5 ) : 857 -- 928 . doi : 10.2307 / 1289986 . JSTOR 1289986 . Davies , Thomas Y. ( 2003 ) . `` Farther and Farther From the Original Fifth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Tennessee Law Review ( 70 ) : 987 -- 1045 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Fifth Amendment with Annotations External links ( edit ) CRS Annotated Constitution : Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self Incrimination by R. Carter Pittman , 1935 Gun Ban and Fifth Constitutional Amendment 1954 essay on reasons for pleading the 5th by Howard Fast 5th Amendment at the Populist Party -- news and essays related to the Fifth Amendment , at the Populist Party of America Do n't Talk to the Police -- Lecture by Law Professor James Duane of the Regent University School of Law and Officer George Bruch from the Virginia Beach police department . <Th_colspan="2"> United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book <Th_colspan="2"> United States Fifth Amendment case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Jury Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Double Jeopardy Clause <Td_colspan="2"> After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) Currier v. Virginia ( 2018 ) After conviction United States v. Wilson ( 1833 ) United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Dowling v. United States ( 1990 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Self - Incrimination Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) United States v. Hubbell ( 2000 ) Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Due Process Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Dred Scott v. Sanford ( 1857 ) Adair v. United States ( 1908 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford ( 1935 ) United States v. Carolene Products Co. ( 1938 ) Bolling v. Sharpe ( 1954 ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> hide United States Fifth Amendment criminal procedure case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Jury Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Double Jeopardy Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Meaning of `` same offense '' Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Illinois v. Vitale ( 1980 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) One Lot Emerald Cut Stones v. United States ( 1972 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Dowling v. United States ( 1990 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) Evans v. Michigan ( 2013 ) Bravo - Fernandez v. United States ( 2016 ) Currier v. Virginia ( 2018 ) After conviction United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) United States v. Wilson ( 1975 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Jeffers v. United States ( 1977 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) Wade v. Hunter ( 1949 ) Downum v. United States ( 1963 ) United States v. Jorn ( 1971 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereigns doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Self - Incrimination Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) <Th_colspan="2"> hide United States criminal due process case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Reasonable doubt <Td_colspan="2"> Leland v. Oregon ( 1952 ) Holland v. United States ( 1954 ) Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) In re Winship ( 1970 ) Cool v. United States ( 1972 ) Mullaney v. Wilbur ( 1975 ) Patterson v. New York ( 1977 ) Taylor v. Kentucky ( 1978 ) County Court of Ulster Cty . v. Allen ( 1979 ) Sandstrom v. Montana ( 1979 ) Jackson v. Virginia ( 1979 ) Murray v. Carrier ( 1986 ) Cage v. Louisiana ( 1990 ) Sullivan v. Louisiana ( 1993 ) Victor v. Nebraska ( 1994 ) Schlup v. Delo ( 1995 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Brady disclosure <Td_colspan="2"> Brady v. Maryland ( 1963 ) Giglio v. United States ( 1972 ) Moore v. Illinois ( 1972 ) United States v. Agurs ( 1976 ) California v. Trombetta ( 1984 ) United States v. Bagley ( 1985 ) Arizona v. Youngblood ( 1988 ) Kyles v. Whitley ( 1995 ) Wood v. Bartholomew ( 1995 ) Strickler v. Greene ( 1999 ) United States v. Ruiz ( 2002 ) Illinois v. Fisher ( 2004 ) Banks v. Dretke ( 2004 ) Youngblood v. West Virginia ( 2006 ) Cone v. Bell ( 2009 ) Smith v. Cain ( 2012 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Mental competence <Td_colspan="2"> Bishop v. United States ( 1956 ) Dusky v. United States ( 1960 ) Pate v. Robinson ( 1966 ) Drope v. Missouri ( 1975 ) Riggins v. Nevada ( 1992 ) Medina v. California ( 1992 ) Godinez v. Moran ( 1993 ) Cooper v. Oklahoma ( 1996 ) Sell v. United States ( 2003 ) Indiana v. Edwards ( 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Prosecutorial misconduct <Td_colspan="2"> Mooney v. Holohan ( 1935 ) Hysler v. Florida ( 1942 ) Pyle v. Kansas ( 1942 ) New York ex rel . Whitman v. Wilson ( 1943 ) White v. Ragen ( 1945 ) Mesarosh v. United States ( 1956 ) Alcorta v. Texas ( 1957 ) Napue v. Illinois ( 1959 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 4721990 - 7 LCCN : n97009287 VIAF : 174287196 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=865688707 '' Categories : 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 1791 in American politics Eminent domain Hidden categories : Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська اردو 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 14 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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when did the word robotics first appear in print

Robotics - wikipedia Robotics Jump to : navigation , search The Shadow robot hand system Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering , electrical engineering , computer science , and others . Robotics deals with the design , construction , operation , and use of robots , as well as computer systems for their control , sensory feedback , and information processing . These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans . Robots can be used in any situation and for any purpose , but today many are used in dangerous environments ( including bomb detection and de-activation ) , manufacturing processes , or where humans can not survive . Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in appearance . This is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people . Such robots attempt to replicate walking , lifting , speech , cognition , and basically anything a human can do . Many of today 's robots are inspired by nature , contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics . The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back to classical times , but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century . Throughout history , it has been frequently assumed that robots will one day be able to mimic human behavior and manage tasks in a human - like fashion . Today , robotics is a rapidly growing field , as technological advances continue ; researching , designing , and building new robots serve various practical purposes , whether domestically , commercially , or militarily . Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs , finding survivors in unstable ruins , and exploring mines and shipwrecks . Robotics is also used in STEM ( Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics ) as a teaching aid . Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception , design , manufacture , and operation of robots . This field overlaps with electronics , computer science , artificial intelligence , mechatronics , nanotechnology and bioengineering . Science - fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s . In the story , Asimov suggested three principles to guide the behavior of robots and smart machines . Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics , as they are called , have survived to the present : 1 . Robots must never harm human beings . 2 . Robots must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1 . 3 . Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Robotic aspects 4 Applications 5 Components 5.1 Power source 5.2 Actuation 5.2. 1 Electric motors 5.2. 2 Linear actuators 5.2. 3 Series elastic actuators 5.2. 4 Air muscles 5.2. 5 Muscle wire 5.2. 6 Electroactive polymers 5.2. 7 Piezo motors 5.2. 8 Elastic nanotubes 5.3 Sensing 5.3. 1 Touch 5.3. 2 Vision 5.3. 3 Other 5.4 Manipulation 5.4. 1 Mechanical grippers 5.4. 2 Vacuum grippers 5.4. 3 General purpose effectors 5.5 Locomotion 5.5. 1 Rolling robots 5.5. 1.1 Two - wheeled balancing robots 5.5. 1.2 One - wheeled balancing robots 5.5. 1.3 Spherical orb robots 5.5. 1.4 Six - wheeled robots 5.5. 1.5 Tracked robots 5.5. 2 Walking applied to robots 5.5. 2.1 ZMP technique 5.5. 2.2 Hopping 5.5. 2.3 Dynamic balancing ( controlled falling ) 5.5. 2.4 Passive dynamics 5.5. 3 Other methods of locomotion 5.5. 3.1 Flying 5.5. 3.2 Snaking 5.5. 3.3 Skating 5.5. 3.4 Climbing 5.5. 3.5 Swimming ( Piscine ) 5.5. 3.6 Sailing 5.6 Environmental interaction and navigation 5.7 Human - robot interaction 5.7. 1 Speech recognition 5.7. 2 Robotic voice 5.7. 3 Gestures 5.7. 4 Facial expression 5.7. 5 Artificial emotions 5.7. 6 Personality 5.7. 7 Social Intelligence 6 Control 6.1 Autonomy levels 7 Research 7.1 Dynamics and kinematics 7.2 Bionics and biomimetics 8 Education and training 8.1 Career training 8.2 Certification 8.3 Summer robotics camp 8.4 Robotics competitions 8.5 Robotics afterschool programs 9 Employment 10 Occupational safety and health implications 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word robotics was derived from the word robot , which was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. ( Rossum 's Universal Robots ) , which was published in 1920 . The word robot comes from the Slavic word robota , which means labour . The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots , creatures who can be mistaken for humans -- very similar to the modern ideas of androids . Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word . He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother Josef Čapek as its actual originator . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word robotics was first used in print by Isaac Asimov , in his science fiction short story `` Liar ! '' , published in May 1941 in Astounding Science Fiction . Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term ; since the science and technology of electrical devices is electronics , he assumed robotics already referred to the science and technology of robots . In some of Asimov 's other works , he states that the first use of the word robotics was in his short story Runaround ( Astounding Science Fiction , March 1942 ) . However , the original publication of `` Liar ! '' predates that of `` Runaround '' by ten months , so the former is generally cited as the word 's origin . History ( edit ) See also : History of robots In 1942 , the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created his Three Laws of Robotics . In 1948 , Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics , the basis of practical robotics . Fully autonomous only appeared in the second half of the 20th century . The first digitally operated and programmable robot , the Unimate , was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them . Commercial and industrial robots are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply , more accurately and more reliably , than humans . They are also employed in some jobs which are too dirty , dangerous , or dull to be suitable for humans . Robots are widely used in manufacturing , assembly , packing and packaging , mining , transport , earth and space exploration , surgery , weaponry , laboratory research , safety , and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods . Date Significance Robot Name Inventor Third century B.C. and earlier One of the earliest descriptions of automata appears in the Lie Zi text , on a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou ( 1023 -- 957 BC ) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi , an ' artificer ' . The latter allegedly presented the king with a life - size , human - shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork . Yan Shi ( Chinese : 偃 师 ) First century A.D. and earlier Descriptions of more than 100 machines and automata , including a fire engine , a wind organ , a coin - operated machine , and a steam - powered engine , in Pneumatica and Automata by Heron of Alexandria Ctesibius , Philo of Byzantium , Heron of Alexandria , and others c. 420 B.C.E A wooden , steam propelled bird , which was able to fly Flying pigeon Archytas of Tarentum 1206 Created early humanoid automata , programmable automaton band Robot band , hand - washing automaton , automated moving peacocks Al - Jazari 1495 Designs for a humanoid robot Mechanical Knight Leonardo da Vinci 1738 Mechanical duck that was able to eat , flap its wings , and excrete Digesting Duck Jacques de Vaucanson 1898 Nikola Tesla demonstrates first radio - controlled vessel . Teleautomaton Nikola Tesla 1921 First fictional automatons called `` robots '' appear in the play R.U.R. Rossum 's Universal Robots Karel Čapek 1930s Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940 World 's Fairs Elektro Westinghouse Electric Corporation 1946 First general - purpose digital computer Whirlwind Multiple people 1948 Simple robots exhibiting biological behaviors Elsie and Elmer William Grey Walter 1956 First commercial robot , from the Unimation company founded by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger , based on Devol 's patents Unimate George Devol 1961 First installed industrial robot . Unimate George Devol 1967 to 1972 First full - scale humanoid intelligent robot , and first android . Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs , and to grip and transport objects with hands , using tactile sensors . Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors , artificial eyes and ears . And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese , with an artificial mouth . This made it the WABOT - 1 Waseda University 1973 First industrial robot with six electromechanically driven axes Famulus KUKA Robot Group The world 's first microcomputer controlled electric industrial robot , IRB 6 from ASEA , was delivered to a small mechanical engineering company in southern Sweden . The design of this robot had been patented already 1972 . IRB 6 ABB Robot Group Programmable universal manipulation arm , a Unimation product PUMA Victor Scheinman 1978 First object - level robot programming language , allowing robots to handle variations in object position , shape , and sensor noise . Freddy I and II , RAPT robot programming language Patricia Ambler and Robin Popplestone Robotic aspects ( edit ) Robotic construction Electrical aspect A level of programming There are many types of robots ; they are used in many different environments and for many different uses , although being very diverse in application and form they all share three basic similarities when it comes to their construction : Robots all have some kind of mechanical construction , a frame , form or shape designed to achieve a particular task . For example , a robot designed to travel across heavy dirt or mud , might use caterpillar tracks . The mechanical aspect is mostly the creator 's solution to completing the assigned task and dealing with the physics of the environment around it . Form follows function . Robots have electrical components which power and control the machinery . For example , the robot with caterpillar tracks would need some kind of power to move the tracker treads . That power comes in the form of electricity , which will have to travel through a wire and originate from a battery , a basic electrical circuit . Even petrol powered machines that get their power mainly from petrol still require an electric current to start the combustion process which is why most petrol powered machines like cars , have batteries . The electrical aspect of robots is used for movement ( through motors ) , sensing ( where electrical signals are used to measure things like heat , sound , position , and energy status ) and operation ( robots need some level of electrical energy supplied to their motors and sensors in order to activate and perform basic operations ) All robots contain some level of computer programming code . A program is how a robot decides when or how to do something . In the caterpillar track example , a robot that needs to move across a muddy road may have the correct mechanical construction and receive the correct amount of power from its battery , but would not go anywhere without a program telling it to move . Programs are the core essence of a robot , it could have excellent mechanical and electrical construction , but if its program is poorly constructed its performance will be very poor ( or it may not perform at all ) . There are three different types of robotic programs : remote control , artificial intelligence and hybrid . A robot with remote control programing has a preexisting set of commands that it will only perform if and when it receives a signal from a control source , typically a human being with a remote control . It is perhaps more appropriate to view devices controlled primarily by human commands as falling in the discipline of automation rather than robotics . Robots that use artificial intelligence interact with their environment on their own without a control source , and can determine reactions to objects and problems they encounter using their preexisting programming . Hybrid is a form of programming that incorporates both AI and RC functions . Applications ( edit ) As more and more robots are designed for specific tasks this method of classification becomes more relevant . For example , many robots are designed for assembly work , which may not be readily adaptable for other applications . They are termed as `` assembly robots '' . For seam welding , some suppliers provide complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding equipment along with other material handling facilities like turntables etc. as an integrated unit . Such an integrated robotic system is called a `` welding robot '' even though its discrete manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks . Some robots are specifically designed for heavy load manipulation , and are labelled as `` heavy duty robots '' . Current and potential applications include : Military robots Caterpillar plans to develop remote controlled machines and expects to develop fully autonomous heavy robots by 2021 . Some cranes already are remote controlled . It was demonstrated that a robot can perform a herding task . Robots are increasingly used in manufacturing ( since the 1960s ) . In the auto industry , they can amount for more than half of the `` labor '' . There are even `` lights off '' factories such as an IBM keyboard manufacturing factory in Texas that is 100 % automated . Robots such as HOSPI are used as couriers in hospitals ( hospital robot ) . Other hospital tasks performed by robots are receptionists , guides and porters helpers . Robots can serve as waiters and cooks , also at home . Boris is a robot that can load a dishwasher . Rotimatic is a robotics kitchen appliance that cooks flatbreads automatically . Robot combat for sport -- hobby or sport event where two or more robots fight in an arena to disable each other . This has developed from a hobby in the 1990s to several TV series worldwide . Cleanup of contaminated areas , such as toxic waste or nuclear facilities . Agricultural robots ( AgRobots ) . Domestic robots , cleaning and caring for the elderly Medical robots performing low - invasive surgery Household robots with full use . Nanorobots Swarm robotics Components ( edit ) Power source ( edit ) Further information : Power supply and Energy storage At present , mostly ( lead -- acid ) batteries are used as a power source . Many different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots . They range from lead -- acid batteries , which are safe and have relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy compared to silver -- cadmium batteries that are much smaller in volume and are currently much more expensive . Designing a battery - powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety , cycle lifetime and weight . Generators , often some type of internal combustion engine , can also be used . However , such designs are often mechanically complex and need a fuel , require heat dissipation and are relatively heavy . A tether connecting the robot to a power supply would remove the power supply from the robot entirely . This has the advantage of saving weight and space by moving all power generation and storage components elsewhere . However , this design does come with the drawback of constantly having a cable connected to the robot , which can be difficult to manage . Potential power sources could be : pneumatic ( compressed gases ) Solar power ( using the sun 's energy and converting it into electrical power ) hydraulics ( liquids ) flywheel energy storage organic garbage ( through anaerobic digestion ) nuclear Actuation ( edit ) Main article : Actuator A robotic leg powered by air muscles Actuators are the `` muscles '' of a robot , the parts which convert stored energy into movement . By far the most popular actuators are electric motors that rotate a wheel or gear , and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories . There are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators , powered by electricity , chemicals , or compressed air . Electric motors ( edit ) Main article : Electric motor The vast majority of robots use electric motors , often brushed and brushless DC motors in portable robots or AC motors in industrial robots and CNC machines . These motors are often preferred in systems with lighter loads , and where the predominant form of motion is rotational . Linear actuators ( edit ) Main article : Linear actuator Various types of linear actuators move in and out instead of by spinning , and often have quicker direction changes , particularly when very large forces are needed such as with industrial robotics . They are typically powered by compressed and oxidized air ( pneumatic actuator ) or an oil ( hydraulic actuator ) . Series elastic actuators ( edit ) A flexure is designed as part of the motor actuator , to improve safety and provide robust force control , energy efficiency , shock absorption ( mechanical filtering ) while reducing excessive wear on the transmission and other mechanical components . The resultant lower reflected inertia can improve safety when a robot is interacting with humans or during collisions . It has been used in various robots , particularly advanced manufacturing robots and walking humanoid robots . Air muscles ( edit ) Main article : Pneumatic artificial muscles Pneumatic artificial muscles , also known as air muscles , are special tubes that expand ( typically up to 40 % ) when air is forced inside them . They are used in some robot applications . Muscle wire ( edit ) Main article : Shape memory alloy Muscle wire , also known as shape memory alloy , Nitinol ® or Flexinol ® wire , is a material which contracts ( under 5 % ) when electricity is applied . They have been used for some small robot applications . Electroactive Polymers ( edit ) Main article : Electroactive polymers EAPs or EPAMs are a new plastic material that can contract substantially ( up to 380 % activation strain ) from electricity , and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots , and to enable new robots to float , fly , swim or walk . Piezo motors ( edit ) Main article : Piezoelectric motor Recent alternatives to DC motors are piezo motors or ultrasonic motors . These work on a fundamentally different principle , whereby tiny piezoceramic elements , vibrating many thousands of times per second , cause linear or rotary motion . There are different mechanisms of operation ; one type uses the vibration of the piezo elements to step the motor in a circle or a straight line . Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate or to drive a screw . The advantages of these motors are nanometer resolution , speed , and available force for their size . These motors are already available commercially , and being used on some robots . Elastic nanotubes ( edit ) Further information : Nanotube Elastic nanotubes are a promising artificial muscle technology in early - stage experimental development . The absence of defects in carbon nanotubes enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent , with energy storage levels of perhaps 10 J / cm for metal nanotubes . Human biceps could be replaced with an 8 mm diameter wire of this material . Such compact `` muscle '' might allow future robots to outrun and outjump humans . Sensing ( edit ) Main article : Robotic sensing Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment , or internal components . This is essential for robots to perform their tasks , and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response . They are used for various forms of measurements , to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions , and to provide real - time information of the task it is performing . Touch ( edit ) Main article : Tactile sensor Current robotic and prosthetic hands receive far less tactile information than the human hand . Recent research has developed a tactile sensor array that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips . The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin . Electrodes are mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance - measuring device within the core . When the artificial skin touches an object the fluid path around the electrodes is deformed , producing impedance changes that map the forces received from the object . The researchers expect that an important function of such artificial fingertips will be adjusting robotic grip on held objects . Scientists from several European countries and Israel developed a prosthetic hand in 2009 , called SmartHand , which functions like a real one -- allowing patients to write with it , type on a keyboard , play piano and perform other fine movements . The prosthesis has sensors which enable the patient to sense real feeling in its fingertips . Vision ( edit ) Main article : Computer vision See also : Vision processing unit Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see . As a scientific discipline , computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images . The image data can take many forms , such as video sequences and views from cameras . In most practical computer vision applications , the computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task , but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common . Computer vision systems rely on image sensors which detect electromagnetic radiation which is typically in the form of either visible light or infra - red light . The sensors are designed using solid - state physics . The process by which light propagates and reflects off surfaces is explained using optics . Sophisticated image sensors even require quantum mechanics to provide a complete understanding of the image formation process . Robots can also be equipped with multiple vision sensors to be better able to compute the sense of depth in the environment . Like human eyes , robots ' `` eyes '' must also be able to focus on a particular area of interest , and also adjust to variations in light intensities . There is a subfield within computer vision where artificial systems are designed to mimic the processing and behavior of biological system , at different levels of complexity . Also , some of the learning - based methods developed within computer vision have their background in biology . Other ( edit ) Other common forms of sensing in robotics use lidar , radar , and sonar . Manipulation ( edit ) KUKA industrial robot operating in a foundry Puma , one of the first industrial robots Baxter , a modern and versatile industrial robot developed by Rodney Brooks Further information : Mobile manipulator Robots need to manipulate objects ; pick up , modify , destroy , or otherwise have an effect . Thus the `` hands '' of a robot are often referred to as end effectors , while the `` arm '' is referred to as a manipulator . Most robot arms have replaceable effectors , each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks . Some have a fixed manipulator which can not be replaced , while a few have one very general purpose manipulator , for example , a humanoid hand . Learning how to manipulate a robot often requires a close feedback between human to the robot , although there are several methods for remote manipulation of robots . Mechanical grippers ( edit ) One of the most common effectors is the gripper . In its simplest manifestation , it consists of just two fingers which can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects . Fingers can for example , be made of a chain with a metal wire run through it . Hands that resemble and work more like a human hand include the Shadow Hand and the Robonaut hand . Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the Delft hand . Mechanical grippers can come in various types , including friction and encompassing jaws . Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction . Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place , using less friction . Vacuum grippers ( edit ) Vacuum grippers are very simple astrictive devices that can hold very large loads provided the prehension surface is smooth enough to ensure suction . Pick and place robots for electronic components and for large objects like car windscreens , often use very simple vacuum grippers . General purpose effectors ( edit ) Some advanced robots are beginning to use fully humanoid hands , like the Shadow Hand , MANUS , and the Schunk hand . These are highly dexterous manipulators , with as many as 20 degrees of freedom and hundreds of tactile sensors . Locomotion ( edit ) Main articles : Robot locomotion and Mobile robot Rolling robots ( edit ) Segway in the Robot museum in Nagoya For simplicity , most mobile robots have four wheels or a number of continuous tracks . Some researchers have tried to create more complex wheeled robots with only one or two wheels . These can have certain advantages such as greater efficiency and reduced parts , as well as allowing a robot to navigate in confined places that a four - wheeled robot would not be able to . Two - wheeled balancing robots ( edit ) Balancing robots generally use a gyroscope to detect how much a robot is falling and then drive the wheels proportionally in the same direction , to counterbalance the fall at hundreds of times per second , based on the dynamics of an inverted pendulum . Many different balancing robots have been designed . While the Segway is not commonly thought of as a robot , it can be thought of as a component of a robot , when used as such Segway refer to them as RMP ( Robotic Mobility Platform ) . An example of this use has been as NASA 's Robonaut that has been mounted on a Segway . One - wheeled balancing robots ( edit ) Main article : Self - balancing unicycle A one - wheeled balancing robot is an extension of a two - wheeled balancing robot so that it can move in any 2D direction using a round ball as its only wheel . Several one - wheeled balancing robots have been designed recently , such as Carnegie Mellon University 's `` Ballbot '' that is the approximate height and width of a person , and Tohoku Gakuin University 's `` BallIP '' . Because of the long , thin shape and ability to maneuver in tight spaces , they have the potential to function better than other robots in environments with people . Spherical orb robots ( edit ) Main article : Spherical robot Several attempts have been made in robots that are completely inside a spherical ball , either by spinning a weight inside the ball , or by rotating the outer shells of the sphere . These have also been referred to as an orb bot or a ball bot . Six - wheeled robots ( edit ) Using six wheels instead of four wheels can give better traction or grip in outdoor terrain such as on rocky dirt or grass . Tracked robots ( edit ) TALON military robots used by the United States Army Tank tracks provide even more traction than a six - wheeled robot . Tracked wheels behave as if they were made of hundreds of wheels , therefore are very common for outdoor and military robots , where the robot must drive on very rough terrain . However , they are difficult to use indoors such as on carpets and smooth floors . Examples include NASA 's Urban Robot `` Urbie '' . Walking applied to robots ( edit ) Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve . Several robots have been made which can walk reliably on two legs , however , none have yet been made which are as robust as a human . There has been much study on human inspired walking , such as AMBER lab which was established in 2008 by the Mechanical Engineering Department at Texas A&M University . Many other robots have been built that walk on more than two legs , due to these robots being significantly easier to construct . Walking robots can be used for uneven terrains , which would provide better mobility and energy efficiency than other locomotion methods . Hybrids too have been proposed in movies such as I , Robot , where they walk on two legs and switch to four ( arms + legs ) when going to a sprint . Typically , robots on two legs can walk well on flat floors and can occasionally walk up stairs . None can walk over rocky , uneven terrain . Some of the methods which have been tried are : ZMP technique ( edit ) Main article : Zero moment point The zero moment point ( ZMP ) is the algorithm used by robots such as Honda 's ASIMO . The robot 's onboard computer tries to keep the total inertial forces ( the combination of Earth 's gravity and the acceleration and deceleration of walking ) , exactly opposed by the floor reaction force ( the force of the floor pushing back on the robot 's foot ) . In this way , the two forces cancel out , leaving no moment ( force causing the robot to rotate and fall over ) . However , this is not exactly how a human walks , and the difference is obvious to human observers , some of whom have pointed out that ASIMO walks as if it needs the lavatory . ASIMO 's walking algorithm is not static , and some dynamic balancing is used ( see below ) . However , it still requires a smooth surface to walk on . Hopping ( edit ) Several robots , built in the 1980s by Marc Raibert at the MIT Leg Laboratory , successfully demonstrated very dynamic walking . Initially , a robot with only one leg , and a very small foot could stay upright simply by hopping . The movement is the same as that of a person on a pogo stick . As the robot falls to one side , it would jump slightly in that direction , in order to catch itself . Soon , the algorithm was generalised to two and four legs . A bipedal robot was demonstrated running and even performing somersaults . A quadruped was also demonstrated which could trot , run , pace , and bound . For a full list of these robots , see the MIT Leg Lab Robots page . Dynamic balancing ( controlled falling ) ( edit ) A more advanced way for a robot to walk is by using a dynamic balancing algorithm , which is potentially more robust than the Zero Moment Point technique , as it constantly monitors the robot 's motion , and places the feet in order to maintain stability . This technique was recently demonstrated by Anybots ' Dexter Robot , which is so stable , it can even jump . Another example is the TU Delft Flame . Passive dynamics ( edit ) Main article : Passive dynamics Perhaps the most promising approach utilizes passive dynamics where the momentum of swinging limbs is used for greater efficiency . It has been shown that totally unpowered humanoid mechanisms can walk down a gentle slope , using only gravity to propel themselves . Using this technique , a robot need only supply a small amount of motor power to walk along a flat surface or a little more to walk up a hill . This technique promises to make walking robots at least ten times more efficient than ZMP walkers , like ASIMO . Other methods of locomotion ( edit ) Flying ( edit ) Two robot snakes . Left one has 64 motors ( with 2 degrees of freedom per segment ) , the right one 10 . A modern passenger airliner is essentially a flying robot , with two humans to manage it . The autopilot can control the plane for each stage of the journey , including takeoff , normal flight , and even landing . Other flying robots are uninhabited and are known as unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) . They can be smaller and lighter without a human pilot on board , and fly into dangerous territory for military surveillance missions . Some can even fire on targets under command . UAVs are also being developed which can fire on targets automatically , without the need for a command from a human . Other flying robots include cruise missiles , the Entomopter , and the Epson micro helicopter robot . Robots such as the Air Penguin , Air Ray , and Air Jelly have lighter - than - air bodies , propelled by paddles , and guided by sonar . Snaking ( edit ) Several snake robots have been successfully developed . Mimicking the way real snakes move , these robots can navigate very confined spaces , meaning they may one day be used to search for people trapped in collapsed buildings . The Japanese ACM - R5 snake robot can even navigate both on land and in water . Skating ( edit ) A small number of skating robots have been developed , one of which is a multi-mode walking and skating device . It has four legs , with unpowered wheels , which can either step or roll . Another robot , Plen , can use a miniature skateboard or roller - skates , and skate across a desktop . Capuchin , a climbing robot Climbing ( edit ) Several different approaches have been used to develop robots that have the ability to climb vertical surfaces . One approach mimics the movements of a human climber on a wall with protrusions ; adjusting the center of mass and moving each limb in turn to gain leverage . An example of this is Capuchin , built by Dr. Ruixiang Zhang at Stanford University , California . Another approach uses the specialized toe pad method of wall - climbing geckoes , which can run on smooth surfaces such as vertical glass . Examples of this approach include Wallbot and Stickybot . China 's Technology Daily reported on November 15 , 2008 , that Dr. Li Hiu Yeung and his research group of New Concept Aircraft ( Zhuhai ) Co. , Ltd. had successfully developed a bionic gecko robot named `` Speedy Freelander '' . According to Dr. Li , the gecko robot could rapidly climb up and down a variety of building walls , navigate through ground and wall fissures , and walk upside - down on the ceiling . It was also able to adapt to the surfaces of smooth glass , rough , sticky or dusty walls as well as various types of metallic materials . It could also identify and circumvent obstacles automatically . Its flexibility and speed were comparable to a natural gecko . A third approach is to mimic the motion of a snake climbing a pole. . Swimming ( piscine ) ( edit ) It is calculated that when swimming some fish can achieve a propulsive efficiency greater than 90 % . Furthermore , they can accelerate and maneuver far better than any man - made boat or submarine , and produce less noise and water disturbance . Therefore , many researchers studying underwater robots would like to copy this type of locomotion . Notable examples are the Essex University Computer Science Robotic Fish G9 , and the Robot Tuna built by the Institute of Field Robotics , to analyze and mathematically model thunniform motion . The Aqua Penguin , designed and built by Festo of Germany , copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front `` flippers '' of penguins . Festo have also built the Aqua Ray and Aqua Jelly , which emulate the locomotion of manta ray , and jellyfish , respectively . Robotic Fish : iSplash - II In 2014 iSplash - II was developed by PhD student Richard James Clapham and Prof. Huosheng Hu at Essex University . It was the first robotic fish capable of outperforming real carangiform fish in terms of average maximum velocity ( measured in body lengths / second ) and endurance , the duration that top speed is maintained . This build attained swimming speeds of 11.6 BL / s ( i.e. 3.7 m / s ) . The first build , iSplash - I ( 2014 ) was the first robotic platform to apply a full - body length carangiform swimming motion which was found to increase swimming speed by 27 % over the traditional approach of a posterior confined waveform . Sailing ( edit ) The autonomous sailboat robot Vaimos Sailboat robots have also been developed in order to make measurements at the surface of the ocean . A typical sailboat robot is Vaimos built by IFREMER and ENSTA - Bretagne . Since the propulsion of sailboat robots uses the wind , the energy of the batteries is only used for the computer , for the communication and for the actuators ( to tune the rudder and the sail ) . If the robot is equipped with solar panels , the robot could theoretically navigate forever . The two main competitions of sailboat robots are WRSC , which takes place every year in Europe , and Sailbot . Environmental interaction and navigation ( edit ) Main article : Robotic mapping Radar , GPS , and lidar , are all combined to provide proper navigation and obstacle avoidance ( vehicle developed for 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human controlled or operate in a static environment , there is an increasing interest in robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment . These robots require some combination of navigation hardware and software in order to traverse their environment . In particular , unforeseen events ( e.g. people and other obstacles that are not stationary ) can cause problems or collisions . Some highly advanced robots such as ASIMO and Meinü robot have particularly good robot navigation hardware and software . Also , self - controlled cars , Ernst Dickmanns ' driverless car , and the entries in the DARPA Grand Challenge , are capable of sensing the environment well and subsequently making navigational decisions based on this information . Most of these robots employ a GPS navigation device with waypoints , along with radar , sometimes combined with other sensory data such as lidar , video cameras , and inertial guidance systems for better navigation between waypoints . Human - robot interaction ( edit ) Main article : Human - robot interaction Kismet can produce a range of facial expressions . The state of the art in sensory intelligence for robots will have to progress through several orders of magnitude if we want the robots working in our homes to go beyond vacuum - cleaning the floors . If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-industrial environments , the way they are instructed to perform their jobs , and especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance . The people who interact with them may have little or no training in robotics , and so any interface will need to be extremely intuitive . Science fiction authors also typically assume that robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans through speech , gestures , and facial expressions , rather than a command - line interface . Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to communicate , it is unnatural for the robot . It will probably be a long time before robots interact as naturally as the fictional C - 3PO , or Data of Star Trek , Next Generation . Speech Recognition ( edit ) Main article : Speech recognition Interpreting the continuous flow of sounds coming from a human , in real time , is a difficult task for a computer , mostly because of the great variability of speech . The same word , spoken by the same person may sound different depending on local acoustics , volume , the previous word , whether or not the speaker has a cold , etc ... It becomes even harder when the speaker has a different accent . Nevertheless , great strides have been made in the field since Davis , Biddulph , and Balashek designed the first `` voice input system '' which recognized `` ten digits spoken by a single user with 100 % accuracy '' in 1952 . Currently , the best systems can recognize continuous , natural speech , up to 160 words per minute , with an accuracy of 95 % . Robotic voice ( edit ) Other hurdles exist when allowing the robot to use voice for interacting with humans . For social reasons , synthetic voice proves suboptimal as a communication medium , making it necessary to develop the emotional component of robotic voice through various techniques . Gestures ( edit ) Further information : Gesture recognition One can imagine , in the future , explaining to a robot chef how to make a pastry , or asking directions from a robot police officer . In both of these cases , making hand gestures would aid the verbal descriptions . In the first case , the robot would be recognizing gestures made by the human , and perhaps repeating them for confirmation . In the second case , the robot police officer would gesture to indicate `` down the road , then turn right '' . It is likely that gestures will make up a part of the interaction between humans and robots . A great many systems have been developed to recognize human hand gestures . Facial expression ( edit ) Further information : Facial expression Facial expressions can provide rapid feedback on the progress of a dialog between two humans , and soon may be able to do the same for humans and robots . Robotic faces have been constructed by Hanson Robotics using their elastic polymer called Frubber , allowing a large number of facial expressions due to the elasticity of the rubber facial coating and embedded subsurface motors ( servos ) . The coating and servos are built on a metal skull . A robot should know how to approach a human , judging by their facial expression and body language . Whether the person is happy , frightened , or crazy - looking affects the type of interaction expected of the robot . Likewise , robots like Kismet and the more recent addition , Nexi can produce a range of facial expressions , allowing it to have meaningful social exchanges with humans . Artificial emotions ( edit ) Artificial emotions can also be generated , composed of a sequence of facial expressions and / or gestures . As can be seen from the movie Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within , the programming of these artificial emotions is complex and requires a large amount of human observation . To simplify this programming in the movie , presets were created together with a special software program . This decreased the amount of time needed to make the film . These presets could possibly be transferred for use in real - life robots . Personality ( edit ) Many of the robots of science fiction have a personality , something which may or may not be desirable in the commercial robots of the future . Nevertheless , researchers are trying to create robots which appear to have a personality : i.e. they use sounds , facial expressions , and body language to try to convey an internal state , which may be joy , sadness , or fear . One commercial example is Pleo , a toy robot dinosaur , which can exhibit several apparent emotions . Social intelligence ( edit ) The Socially Intelligent Machines Lab of the Georgia Institute of Technology researches new concepts of guided teaching interaction with robots . The aim of the projects is a social robot that learns task and goals from human demonstrations without prior knowledge of high - level concepts . These new concepts are grounded from low - level continuous sensor data through unsupervised learning , and task goals are subsequently learned using a Bayesian approach . These concepts can be used to transfer knowledge to future tasks , resulting in faster learning of those tasks . The results are demonstrated by the robot Curi who can scoop some pasta from a pot onto a plate and serve the sauce on top . Control ( edit ) Puppet Magnus , a robot - manipulated marionette with complex control systems RuBot II can resolve manually Rubik cubes Further information : Control system This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The mechanical structure of a robot must be controlled to perform tasks . The control of a robot involves three distinct phases -- perception , processing , and action ( robotic paradigms ) . Sensors give information about the environment or the robot itself ( e.g. the position of its joints or its end effector ) . This information is then processed to be stored or transmitted and to calculate the appropriate signals to the actuators ( motors ) which move the mechanical . The processing phase can range in complexity . At a reactive level , it may translate raw sensor information directly into actuator commands . Sensor fusion may first be used to estimate parameters of interest ( e.g. the position of the robot 's gripper ) from noisy sensor data . An immediate task ( such as moving the gripper in a certain direction ) is inferred from these estimates . Techniques from control theory convert the task into commands that drive the actuators . At longer time scales or with more sophisticated tasks , the robot may need to build and reason with a `` cognitive '' model . Cognitive models try to represent the robot , the world , and how they interact . Pattern recognition and computer vision can be used to track objects . Mapping techniques can be used to build maps of the world . Finally , motion planning and other artificial intelligence techniques may be used to figure out how to act . For example , a planner may figure out how to achieve a task without hitting obstacles , falling over , etc . Autonomy levels ( edit ) TOPIO , a humanoid robot , played ping pong at Tokyo IREX 2009 . Control systems may also have varying levels of autonomy . Direct interaction is used for haptic or teleoperated devices , and the human has nearly complete control over the robot 's motion . Operator - assist modes have the operator commanding medium - to - high - level tasks , with the robot automatically figuring out how to achieve them . An autonomous robot may go without human interaction for extended periods of time . Higher levels of autonomy do not necessarily require more complex cognitive capabilities . For example , robots in assembly plants are completely autonomous but operate in a fixed pattern . Another classification takes into account the interaction between human control and the machine motions . Teleoperation . A human controls each movement , each machine actuator change is specified by the operator . Supervisory . A human specifies general moves or position changes and the machine decides specific movements of its actuators . Task - level autonomy . The operator specifies only the task and the robot manages itself to complete it . Full autonomy . The machine will create and complete all its tasks without human interaction . Research ( edit ) Further information : Open - source robotics , Evolutionary robotics , Areas of robotics , and Robotics simulator Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks , but on investigations into new types of robots , alternative ways to think about or design robots , and new ways to manufacture them . Other investigations , such as MIT 's cyberflora project , are almost wholly academic . A first particular new innovation in robot design is the open sourcing of robot - projects . To describe the level of advancement of a robot , the term `` Generation Robots '' can be used . This term is coined by Professor Hans Moravec , Principal Research Scientist at the Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute in describing the near future evolution of robot technology . First generation robots , Moravec predicted in 1997 , should have an intellectual capacity comparable to perhaps a lizard and should become available by 2010 . Because the first generation robot would be incapable of learning , however , Moravec predicts that the second generation robot would be an improvement over the first and become available by 2020 , with the intelligence maybe comparable to that of a mouse . The third generation robot should have the intelligence comparable to that of a monkey . Though fourth generation robots , robots with human intelligence , professor Moravec predicts , would become possible , he does not predict this happening before around 2040 or 2050 . The second is evolutionary robots . This is a methodology that uses evolutionary computation to help design robots , especially the body form , or motion and behavior controllers . In a similar way to natural evolution , a large population of robots is allowed to compete in some way , or their ability to perform a task is measured using a fitness function . Those that perform worst are removed from the population and replaced by a new set , which have new behaviors based on those of the winners . Over time the population improves , and eventually a satisfactory robot may appear . This happens without any direct programming of the robots by the researchers . Researchers use this method both to create better robots , and to explore the nature of evolution . Because the process often requires many generations of robots to be simulated , this technique may be run entirely or mostly in simulation , then tested on real robots once the evolved algorithms are good enough . Currently , there are about 10 million industrial robots toiling around the world , and Japan is the top country having high density of utilizing robots in its manufacturing industry . Dynamics and kinematics ( edit ) Further information : Kinematics and Dynamics ( mechanics ) External video <Td_colspan="2"> How the BB - 8 Sphero Toy Works The study of motion can be divided into kinematics and dynamics . Direct kinematics refers to the calculation of end effector position , orientation , velocity , and acceleration when the corresponding joint values are known . Inverse kinematics refers to the opposite case in which required joint values are calculated for given end effector values , as done in path planning . Some special aspects of kinematics include handling of redundancy ( different possibilities of performing the same movement ) , collision avoidance , and singularity avoidance . Once all relevant positions , velocities , and accelerations have been calculated using kinematics , methods from the field of dynamics are used to study the effect of forces upon these movements . Direct dynamics refers to the calculation of accelerations in the robot once the applied forces are known . Direct dynamics is used in computer simulations of the robot . Inverse dynamics refers to the calculation of the actuator forces necessary to create a prescribed end - effector acceleration . This information can be used to improve the control algorithms of a robot . In each area mentioned above , researchers strive to develop new concepts and strategies , improve existing ones , and improve the interaction between these areas . To do this , criteria for `` optimal '' performance and ways to optimize design , structure , and control of robots must be developed and implemented . Bionics and biomimetics ( edit ) Bionics and biomimetics apply the physiology and methods of locomotion of animals to the design of robots . For example , the design of BionicKangaroo was based on the way kangaroos jump . Education and training ( edit ) Main article : Educational robotics The SCORBOT - ER 4u educational robot Robotics engineers design robots , maintain them , develop new applications for them , and conduct research to expand the potential of robotics . Robots have become a popular educational tool in some middle and high schools , particularly in parts of the USA , as well as in numerous youth summer camps , raising interest in programming , artificial intelligence , and robotics among students . First - year computer science courses at some universities now include programming of a robot in addition to traditional software engineering - based coursework . Career training ( edit ) Universities offer bachelors , masters , and doctoral degrees in the field of robotics . Vocational schools offer robotics training aimed at careers in robotics . Certification ( edit ) The Robotics Certification Standards Alliance ( RCSA ) is an international robotics certification authority that confers various industry - and educational - related robotics certifications . Summer robotics camp ( edit ) Several national summer camp programs include robotics as part of their core curriculum . In addition , youth summer robotics programs are frequently offered by celebrated museums and institutions . Robotics competitions ( edit ) Main article : Robot competition There are lots of competitions all around the globe . One of the most important competitions is the FLL or FIRST Lego League . The idea of this specific competition is that kids start developing knowledge and getting into robotics while playing with Legos since they are 9 years old . This competition is associated with Ni or National Instruments . Robotics afterschool programs ( edit ) Many schools across the country are beginning to add robotics programs to their after school curriculum . Some major programs for afterschool robotics include FIRST Robotics Competition , Botball and B.E.S.T. Robotics . Robotics competitions often include aspects of business and marketing as well as engineering and design . The Lego company began a program for children to learn and get excited about robotics at a young age . Employment ( edit ) A robot technician builds small all - terrain robots . ( Courtesy : MobileRobots Inc ) Main article : Technological unemployment Robotics is an essential component in many modern manufacturing environments . As factories increase their use of robots , the number of robotics -- related jobs grow and have been observed to be steadily rising . The employment of robots in industries has increased productivity and efficiency savings and is typically seen as a long term investment for benefactors . Occupational safety and health implications ( edit ) A discussion paper drawn up by EU - OSHA highlights how the spread of robotics presents both opportunities and challenges for occupational safety and health ( OSH ) . The greatest OSH benefits stemming from the wider use of robotics should be substitution for people working in unhealthy or dangerous environments . In space , defence , security , or the nuclear industry , but also in logistics , maintenance , and inspection , autonomous robots are particularly useful in replacing human workers performing dirty , dull or unsafe tasks , thus avoiding workers ' exposures to hazardous agents and conditions and reducing physical , ergonomic and psychosocial risks . For example , robots are already used to perform repetitive and monotonous tasks , to handle radioactive material or to work in explosive atmospheres . In the future , many other highly repetitive , risky or unpleasant tasks will be performed by robots in a variety of sectors like agriculture , construction , transport , healthcare , firefighting or cleaning services . Despite these advances , there are certain skills to which humans will be better suited than machines for some time to come and the question is how to achieve the best combination of human and robot skills . The advantages of robotics include heavy - duty jobs with precision and repeatability , whereas the advantages of humans include creativity , decision - making , flexibility and adaptability . This need to combine optimal skills has resulted in collaborative robots and humans sharing a common workspace more closely and led to the development of new approaches and standards to guarantee the safety of the `` man - robot merger '' . Some European countries are including robotics in their national programmes and trying to promote a safe and flexible co-operation between robots and operators to achieve better productivity . For example , the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( BAuA ) organises annual workshops on the topic `` human - robot collaboration '' . In future , co-operation between robots and humans will be diversified , with robots increasing their autonomy and human - robot collaboration reaching completely new forms . Current approaches and technical standards aiming to protect employees from the risk of working with collaborative robots will have to be revised . See also ( edit ) Robotics portal Anderson Powerpole connector Artificial intelligence Autonomous robot Cloud robotics Cognitive robotics Evolutionary robotics Glossary of robotics Index of robotics articles Mechatronics Multi-agent system Outline of robotics Roboethics Robot rights Robotic governance Soft robotics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nocks , Lisa ( 2007 ) . The robot : the life story of a technology . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Zunt , Dominik . `` Who did actually invent the word `` robot '' and what does it mean ? `` . The Karel Čapek website . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1996 ) ( 1995 ) . `` The Robot Chronicles '' . Gold . London : Voyager . pp. 224 -- 225 . 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Jump up ^ `` A Ping - Pong - Playing Terminator '' . Popular Science . Jump up ^ NOVA conversation with Professor Moravec , October , 1997 . NOVA Online Jump up ^ Sandhana , Lakshmi ( 2002 - 09 - 05 ) . A Theory of Evolution , for Robots . Wired Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Experimental Evolution In Robots Probes The Emergence Of Biological Communication . Science Daily . 2007 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Žlajpah , Leon ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Simulation in robotics '' . Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 79 ( 4 ) : 879 -- 897 . doi : 10.1016 / j. matcom. 2008.02. 017 . Jump up ^ The Latest Technology Research News : Evolution trains robot teams Jump up ^ Agarwal , P.K. Elements of Physics XI . Rastogi Publications . Jump up ^ `` Career : Robotics Engineer '' . Princeton Review . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Saad , Ashraf ; Kroutil , Ryan ( 2012 ) . Hands - on Learning of Programming Concepts Using Robotics for Middle and High School Students . Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southeast Regional Conference of the Association for Computer Machinery . ACM . pp. 361 -- 362 . doi : 10.1145 / 2184512.2184605 . Jump up ^ `` Robotics Degree Programs at Worcester Polytechnic Institute '' . Worcester Polytechnic Institute . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` B.E.S.T. Robotics '' . Jump up ^ `` LEGO ® Building & Robotics After School Programs '' . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Toy , Tommy ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Outlook for robotics and Automation for 2011 and beyond are excellent says expert '' . PBT Consulting . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Focal Points Seminar on review articles in the future of work -- Safety and health at work -- EU - OSHA '' . osha.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Robotics : Redefining crime prevention , public safety and security '' . SourceSecurity.com . Jump up ^ `` Draft Standard for Intelligent Assist Devices -- Personnel Safety Requirements '' Jump up ^ `` ISO / TS 15066 : 2016 -- Robots and robotic devices -- Collaborative robots '' . Further reading ( edit ) R. Andrew Russell ( 1990 ) . Robot Tactile Sensing . New York : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 781592 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRoboticsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Robotics at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) IEEE Robotics and Automation Society Future Robotics -- The Human Algorithm Investigation of social robots -- Robots that mimic human behaviors and gestures . Wired 's guide to the ' 50 best robots ever ' , a mix of robots in fiction ( Hal , R2D2 , K9 ) to real robots ( Roomba , Mobot , Aibo ) . Notable Chinese Firms Emerging in Medical Robots Sector ( GCiS ) <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Robotics Main articles Outline Glossary Index History Future Geography Hall of Fame Ethics Laws AI competitions Types Anthropomorphic Humanoid Android Cyborg Claytronics Animatronic Industrial Articulated arm Domestic Entertainment Juggling Military Medical Service Disability Agricultural Food service Retailing BEAM robotics Soft robotics Uncrewed vehicle Classifications Aerial vehicle Ground vehicle Mobile robot navigation Microbotics Nanorobotics Robotic spacecraft Space probe Swarm Underwater Locomotion Tracks Walking Hexapod Climbing Self - balancing unicycle Research Evolutionary Kits Simulator Suite Open - source Software Adaptable Developmental Paradigms Ubiquitous Related Technological unemployment Fictional robots <Td_colspan="3"> Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Emerging technologies Fields Agriculture Agricultural robot Closed ecological systems Cultured meat Genetically modified food Precision agriculture Vertical farming Architecture Arcology Building printing Contour crafting D - 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neutral fuel Concentrated solar power Fusion power Home fuel cell Hydrogen economy Methanol economy Molten salt reactor Nantenna Photovoltaic pavement Space - based solar power Vortex engine Storage Beltway battery Compressed air energy storage Flywheel energy storage Grid energy storage Lithium -- air battery Molten salt battery Nanowire battery Research in lithium - ion batteries Silicon -- air battery Thermal energy storage Ultracapacitor Other Smart grid Wireless power Information and communications Ambient intelligence Internet of Things Artificial intelligence Applications of artificial intelligence Progress in artificial intelligence Machine translation Mobile translation Machine vision Semantic Web Speech recognition Atomtronics Carbon nanotube field - effect transistor Cybermethodology Fourth - generation optical discs 3D optical data storage Holographic data storage GPGPU Memory CBRAM FRAM Millipede MRAM NRAM PRAM Racetrack memory RRAM SONOS Optical computing RFID Chipless RFID Software - defined radio Three - dimensional integrated circuit Manufacturing 3D printing Claytronics Molecular assembler Utility fog Materials science Aerogel Amorphous metal Artificial muscle Conductive polymer Femtotechnology Fullerene Graphene High - temperature superconductivity High - temperature superfluidity Linear acetylenic carbon Metamaterials Metamaterial cloaking Metal foam Multi-function structures Nanotechnology Carbon nanotubes Molecular nanotechnology Nanomaterials Picotechnology Programmable matter Quantum dots Silicene Superalloy Synthetic diamond Military Antimatter weapon Caseless ammunition Directed - energy weapon Laser Maser Particle - beam weapon Sonic weapon Coilgun Railgun Plasma weapon Pure fusion weapon Stealth technology Vortex ring gun Neuroscience Artificial brain Blue Brain Project Brain -- computer interface Electroencephalography Mind uploading Brain - reading Neuroinformatics Neuroprosthetics Bionic eye Brain implant Exocortex Retinal implant Quantum Quantum algorithms Quantum amplifier Quantum bus Quantum channel Quantum circuit Quantum complexity theory Quantum computing Quantum cryptography Quantum dynamics Quantum electronics Quantum error correction Quantum imaging Quantum information Quantum key distribution Quantum logic Quantum logic gates Quantum machine Quantum machine learning Quantum metamaterial Quantum metrology Quantum network Quantum neural network Quantum optics Quantum programming Quantum sensing Quantum simulator Quantum teleportation Robotics Domotics Nanorobotics Powered exoskeleton Self - reconfiguring modular robot Swarm robotics Uncrewed vehicle Space science Launch Fusion rocket Non-rocket spacelaunch Mass driver Orbital ring Skyhook Space elevator Space fountain Space tether Reusable launch system Propulsion Beam - powered propulsion Ion thruster Laser propulsion Plasma propulsion engine Helicon thruster VASIMR Project Orion Nuclear pulse propulsion Solar sail Other Interstellar travel Propellant depot Transport Aerial Adaptive compliant wing Aeroscraft Backpack helicopter Delivery drone Flying car High - altitude platform Jet pack Pulse detonation engine Scramjet Spaceplane Skylon Supersonic transport Land Airless tire Tweel Alternative fuel vehicle Hydrogen vehicle Driverless car Ground effect train Maglev train Personal rapid transit Vactrain ET3 Global Alliance Hyperloop Vehicular communication systems Pipeline Pneumatic transport Automated vacuum collection Foodtubes Other Anti-gravity Cloak of invisibility Digital scent technology Force field Plasma window Immersive virtual reality VirtuSphere Magnetic refrigeration Phased - array optics Topics Collingridge dilemma Differential technological development Ephemeralization Exploratory engineering Fictional technology Proactionary principle Technological change Technological unemployment Technological convergence Technological evolution Technological paradigm Technology forecasting Accelerating change Moore 's law Technological singularity Technology scouting Technology readiness level Technology roadmap Transhumanism <Td_colspan="2"> Category List LCCN : sh85114628 BNF : cb11983019n ( data ) BNE : XX550609 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robotics&oldid=814991800 '' Categories : Robotics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 02 : 45 . 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1. Robotics engineering 2. Robot construction and operation 3. Applications of robotics 4. Power sources and actuators in robots 5. Advancements in robotic technology

utp cat 5 networking cable uses twisted copper wires to

Category 5 cable - wikipedia Category 5 cable Jump to : navigation , search Partially stripped cable showing the four twisted pairs ( eight wires ) . Category 5 cable , commonly referred to as Cat 5 , is a twisted pair cable for computer networks . The cable standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and is suitable for most varieties of Ethernet over twisted pair . Cat 5 is also used to carry other signals such as telephony and video . This cable is commonly connected using punch - down blocks and modular connectors . Most Category 5 cables are unshielded , relying on the balanced line twisted pair design and differential signaling for noise rejection . The category 5 specification was deprecated in 2001 and is superseded by the category 5e specification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cable standard 2 Termination 3 Variants and comparisons 4 Applications 5 Characteristics 5.1 Insulation 5.2 Bending radius 5.3 Maximum cable segment length 5.4 Conductors 5.5 Individual twist lengths 5.6 Environmental ratings 6 References Cable standard ( edit ) The specification for category 5 cable was defined in ANSI / TIA / EIA - 568 - A , with clarification in TSB - 95 . These documents specify performance characteristics and test requirements for frequencies up to 100 MHz . The cable is available in both stranded and solid conductor forms . The stranded form is more flexible and withstands more bending without breaking . Patch cables are stranded . Permanent wiring used in structured cabling is solid - core . The category and type of cable can be identified by the printing on the jacket . Termination ( edit ) TIA / EIA - 568 - B. 1 - 2001 T568A Wiring Pin Pair Wire Color white / green green white / orange blue 5 white / blue 6 orange 7 white / brown 8 brown TIA / EIA - 568 - B. 1 - 2001 T568B Wiring Pin Pair Wire Color white / orange orange white / green blue 5 white / blue 6 green 7 white / brown 8 brown A Cat 5e Wall outlet showing the two wiring schemes : A for T568A , B for T568B . Category 5 patch cable in T568B wiring Cable types , connector types and cabling topologies are defined by TIA / EIA - 568 - B. Nearly always , 8P8C modular connectors ( often referred to as RJ45 connectors ) are used for connecting category 5 cable . The cable is terminated in either the T568A scheme or the T568B scheme . The two schemes work equally well and may be mixed in an installation so long as the same scheme is used on both ends of each cable . Variants and comparisons ( edit ) The category 5e specification improves upon the category 5 specification by revising and introducing new specifications to further mitigate the amount of crosstalk . The bandwidth ( 100 MHz ) and physical construction are the same between the two , and most Cat 5 cables actually meet Cat 5e specifications , though they are not specifically certified as such . The category 5 was deprecated in 2001 and superseded by the category 5e specification . The category 6 specification improves upon the category 5e specification by improving frequency response and further reducing crosstalk . The improved performance of Cat 6 provides 250 MHz bandwidth and supports 10GBASE - T ( 10 - Gigabit Ethernet ) for distances up to 55 meters . Category 6A cable provides 500 MHz bandwidth and supports 10GBASE - T for distances up to 100 meters . Both variants are backwards compatible with category 5 and 5e cables . Applications ( edit ) Category 5 cable is used in structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet over twisted pair . The cable standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and is suitable for 10BASE - T , 100BASE - TX ( Fast Ethernet ) , and 1000BASE - T ( Gigabit Ethernet ) . 10BASE - T and 100BASE - TX Ethernet connections require two wire pairs . 1000BASE - T Ethernet connections require four wire pairs . Through the use of power over Ethernet ( PoE ) , power can be carried over the cable in addition to Ethernet data . Cat 5 is also used to carry other signals such as telephony and video . In some cases , multiple signals can be carried on a single cable ; Cat 5 can carry two conventional telephone lines as well as 100BASE - TX in a single cable . The USOC / RJ - 61 wiring standard may be used in multi-line telephone connections . Various schemes exist for transporting both analog and digital video over the cable . HDBaseT ( 10.2 Gbit / s ) is one such scheme . Characteristics ( edit ) The use of balanced lines helps preserve a high signal - to - noise ratio despite interference from both external sources and crosstalk from other pairs . Electrical characteristics for Cat 5e UTP Property Nominal Tolerance Unit ref Characteristic impedance , 1 -- 100 MHz 100 ± 15 Ω Characteristic impedance @ 100 MHz 100 ± 5 Ω DC loop resistance ≤ 0.188 Ω / m Propagation speed 0.64 Propagation delay 4.80 -- 5.30 ns / m Delay skew < 100 MHz < 0.20 ns / m Capacitance at 800 Hz 52 pF / m Inductance 525 nH / m Corner frequency ≤ 57 kHz Max tensile load , during installation 100 Wire diameter 24 AWG ( 0.51054 mm ; 0.205 mm ) Insulation thickness 0.245 mm Maximum current per conductor 0.577 Operating temperature − 55 to + 60 ° C Maximum operating voltage ( PoE uses max 57 V DC ) 125 V DC Insulation ( edit ) Outer insulation is typically polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) or low smoke zero halogen ( LSOH ) . Example materials used as insulation in the cable Acronym Material PE Polyethylene FP Foamed polyethylene FEP Teflon / fluorinated ethylene propylene FFEP Foamed Teflon / fluorinated ethylene propylene AD / PE Air dielectric / polyethylene LSZH or LS0H Low smoke , zero halogen LSFZH or LSF0H Low smoke and fume , zero halogen Bending radius ( edit ) Most Category 5 cables can be bent at any radius exceeding approximately four times the outside diameter of the cable . Maximum cable segment length ( edit ) The maximum length for a cable segment is 100 m per TIA / EIA 568 - 5 - A. If longer runs are required , the use of active hardware such as a repeater or switch is necessary . The specifications for 10BASE - T networking specify a 100 - meter length between active devices . This allows for 90 meters of solid - core permanent wiring , two connectors and two stranded patch cables of 5 meters , one at each end . Conductors ( edit ) Since 1995 , solid - conductor UTP cables for backbone cabling is required to be no thicker than 22 American Wire Gauge ( AWG ) and no thinner than 24 AWG , or 26 AWG for shorter - distance cabling . This standard has been retained with the 2009 revision of ANSI TIA / EIA 568 . Although cable assemblies containing 4 pairs are common , category 5 is not limited to 4 pairs . Backbone applications involve using up to 100 pairs . Individual twist lengths ( edit ) The distance per twist is commonly referred to as pitch . Each of the four pairs in a Cat 5 cable has differing precise pitch to minimize crosstalk between the pairs . The pitch of the twisted pairs is not specified in the standard . Measurements on one sample of Cat 5 cable yielded the following results . Pair color ( cm ) per turn Turns per ( m ) Blue 1.38 72 Green 1.53 65 Orange 1.78 56 Brown 1.94 52 Since the pitch of the various colors is not specified in the standard , pitch can vary according to manufacturer and should be measured for the batch being used if cable is being used in non-Ethernet situation where pitch might be critical . Environmental ratings ( edit ) United States and Canada fire certifications Class Phrase Description Standards LSZH Communications low - smoke zero halogen NES ‐ 711 , NES ‐ 713 , MIL ‐ C ‐ 24643 , UL 1685 CMP Communications plenum Insulated with fluorinated ethylene propylene ( FEP ) and polyethylene ( PE ) and jacketed with low - smoke polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) , due to better flame test ratings . CSA FT6 or NFPA 262 ( UL 910 ) CMR Communications riser Insulated with high - density polyolefin and jacketed with low - smoke polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . UL 1666 CMG Communications general purpose CSA FT4 CM Communications Insulated with high - density polyolefin , but not jacketed with PVC and therefore is the lowest of the three in flame resistance . UL 1685 ( UL 1581 , Sec. 1160 ) Vertical - Tray CMX Communications residential UL 1581 , Sec. 1080 ( VW - 1 ) CMH CSA FT1 Some cables are `` UV - rated '' or `` UV - stable '' meaning they can be exposed to outdoor UV radiation without significant destruction . Plenum - rated cables are slower to burn and produce less smoke than cables using a mantle of materials like PVC . Plenum - rated cables may be installed in plenum spaces where PVC is not allowed . Shielded cables ( FTP or STP ) are useful for environments where proximity to RF equipment may introduce electromagnetic interference , and can also be used where eavesdropping likelihood should be minimized . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Additional Transmission Performance Guidelines for 4 - pair 100 v category 5 Cabling '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ethernet Cable Identification and Use '' . Donutey . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ANSI / TIA / EIA - 568 - B. 1 - 2001 Approved : April 12 , 2001 ; Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard Part 1 : General Requirements '' ( PDF ) . 090917 nag.ru Jump up ^ `` Understanding Cat - 5 Cables '' ( PDF ) . Satelliete & Cable TV . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 `` . '' Jump up ^ `` Cat5 Spec , cat6 specs , cat7 spec - Definitions , Comparison , Specifications '' . TEC Datawire . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 `` . '' Jump up ^ `` Comparison between CAT 5 , CAT 5e , CAT 6 , CAT 7 Cables '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Voice and Data Cabling & Wiring Installations '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Transmitting video over CAT 5 cable '' . EE Times . 2005 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hack your House : Run Both Ethernet and Phone Over Existing Cat 5 Cable '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` LAN and Telephones '' . zytrax . October 21 , 2015 . Since 10base - T or 100base - TX wiring uses 2 pairs ( 4 wires ) and each analog phone connection uses a single pair ( 2 wires ) you can , subject to limitations , run 2 telephone connections and LAN traffic on category 5 ( e ) wiring . Jump up ^ `` Cable Sharing in Commercial Building Environments : Reducing Cost , Simplifying Cable Management , and Converging Applications onto Twisted - Pair Media '' . Siemon . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RJ45 / RJ11 Network Cable Splitters for Ethernet and Phone Line Sharing '' . carry one old fashioned analog telephone signal and one 10 / 100Mbps Ethernet signal by the same single network cable . Jump up ^ `` ATS 10 / 100 Base T Splitter Adapters '' . Duxcw.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ HDBaseT Alliance ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` HDBaseT Alliance Shows the Future of Connected Home Entertainment at CES 2013 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` SuperCat OUTDOOR CAT 5e U / UTP '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transmission Line Zo '' . Jump up ^ The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is given by Z 0 = R + j ω L G + j ω C ( \ displaystyle Z_ ( 0 ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( R + j \ omega L ) ( G + j \ omega C ) ) ) ) . There are two important transition frequencies related this equation : f R L = R 2 π L ( \ displaystyle f_ ( RL ) = ( \ frac ( R ) ( 2 \ pi L ) ) ) and f G C = G 2 π C ( \ displaystyle f_ ( GC ) = ( \ frac ( G ) ( 2 \ pi C ) ) ) . Typically we have f R L > f G C ( \ displaystyle f_ ( RL ) > f_ ( GC ) ) and the corner frequency ( or break frequency ) is defined as f R L ( \ displaystyle f_ ( RL ) ) because at frequencies greater than f R L ( \ displaystyle f_ ( RL ) ) the familiar `` lossless '' relation Z 0 = L C ( \ displaystyle Z_ ( 0 ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( L ) ( C ) ) ) ) for characteristic impedance holds true to excellent approximation . Unfortunately neither of the terms corner frequency nor break frequency are consistently used in the literature . Most often these frequencies are not given any special name , and the topic itself is glossed over in most modern texts . Refer to Jim Brown . `` Transmission Lines at Audio Frequencies , and a Bit of History '' ( PDF ) . Audio Systems Group , Inc. and the references given within . ^ Jump up to : `` Wire Gauge and Current Limits Including Skin Depth and Strength '' . PowerStream . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ IEEE 802.3 at - 2009 Table 33 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Copper Data Cables '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` UTP - STP Cable '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Selecting coax and twisted - pair cable '' . Electronic Products . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Category 5 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Copper Cabling Systems from Cat 5 to Cat 5e to Cat 6 '' ( PDF ) . Panduit. 2004 - 02 - 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` UTP technology '' ( PDF ) . Extron Electronics . 2001 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` CAT 5e Cable Wiring Schemes '' . B&B Electronics . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Std 802.3 - 2008 '' . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . 2008 . Table 13 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Horizontal Cabling '' . The Network Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ANSI / TIA / EIA - 568 - B. 2 - 2001 , Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 ¶ 4.3. 2 . Jump up ^ As noted in ANSI / TIA / EIA - 568 - B - 2 standard for backbone applications Jump up ^ Brooke Clarke , `` CAT 5 Wire Measurements '' , Transmission Line Zo vs. Frequency , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 Jump up ^ `` Technical Information '' ( PDF ) . Belden . p. 22.20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CSA Flame Test Ratings '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What are the differences between PVC , riser and plenum - rated cables ? '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . <Th_colspan="2"> Unshielded and shielded twisted pair cabling standards Categories Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5 / 5e Cat 6 / 6a Cat 7 / 7a Cat 8 / 8.1 / 8.2 <Td_colspan="2"> See also TIA / EIA - 568 Ethernet over twisted pair Modular connector Twisted pair <Th_colspan="2"> Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web <Td_colspan="2"> Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category_5_cable&oldid=831634687 '' Categories : Ethernet cables Transmission lines Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 14 : 47 . 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1. Category 5 cable 2. Twisted pair cable 3. Ethernet over twisted pair 4. Termination schemes (T568A and T568B) 5. Cable standards and specifications

what is the primary function of the outer ear

Ear - wikipedia Ear For other uses , see Ear ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ear <Td_colspan="2"> The outer portion of the human ear `` Ear '' pronounced ( British accent ) <Th_colspan="2"> Details System Auditory system <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Auris MeSH D004423 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1062 TA A01. 1.00. 005 A15. 3.00. 001 FMA 52780 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the Human ear Outer ear ( show ) Pinna Tragus Middle ear ( show ) Tympanic membrane Ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes Inner ear ( show ) Vestibules Utricle Saccule Cochlea Semicircular canals The ear is the organ of hearing and , in mammals , balance . In mammals , the ear is usually described as having three parts -- the outer ear , middle ear and the inner ear . The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal . Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals , the word `` ear '' often refers to the external part alone . The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles . The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth , and contains structures which are key to several senses : the semicircular canals , which enable balance and eye tracking when moving ; the utricle and saccule , which enable balance when stationary ; and the cochlea , which enables hearing . The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head , an arrangement that aids sound localisation . The ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and six small swellings that develop in the early embryo called otic placodes , which are derived from ectoderm . The ear may be affected by disease , including infection and traumatic damage . Diseases of the ear may lead to hearing loss , tinnitus and balance disorders such as vertigo , although many of these conditions may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear . The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years , and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Outer ear 1.2 Middle ear 1.3 Inner ear 1.4 Blood supply 2 Function 2.1 Hearing 2.2 Balance 3 Development 3.1 Inner ear 3.2 Middle ear 3.3 Outer ear 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Hearing loss 4.2 Congenital abnormalities 4.3 Vertigo 4.4 Injury 4.5 Tinnitus 5 Society and culture 6 Other animals 6.1 Invertebrates 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure The eardrum as viewed from the outside using an otoscope . The outer ear ends at the eardrum , and the middle ear can be seen in the tympanic cavity behind . The human ear consists of three parts -- the outer ear , middle ear and inner ear . The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air - filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear by the eardrum . The middle ear contains the three small bones -- the ossicles -- involved in the transmission of sound , and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx , via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube . The inner ear contains the otolith organs -- the utricle and saccule -- and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system , as well as the cochlea of the auditory system . Outer ear Main article : Outer ear The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna ( also called the auricle ) , the ear canal , and the outer layer of the eardrum ( also called the tympanic membrane ) . The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix , the inner curved rim called the antihelix , and opens into the ear canal . The tragus protrudes and partially obscures the ear canal , as does the facing antitragus . The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha . The ear canal stretches for about 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) . The first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage , while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by bone . This bony part is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone . The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax . The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum . Two sets of muscles are associated with the outer ear : the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles . In some mammals , these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna . In humans , these muscles have little or no effect . The ear muscles are supplied by the facial nerve , which also supplies sensation to the skin of the ear itself , as well as to the external ear cavity . The great auricular nerve , auricular nerve , auriculotemporal nerve , and lesser and greater occipital nerves of the cervical plexus all supply sensation to parts of the outer ear and the surrounding skin . The pinna consists of a single piece of elastic cartilage with a complicated relief on its inner surface and a fairly smooth configuration on its posterior surface . A tubercle , known as Darwin 's tubercle , is sometimes present , lying in the descending part of the helix and corresponding to the ear - tip of mammals . The earlobe consists of areola and adipose tissue . The symmetrical arrangement of the two ears allows for the localisation of sound . The brain accomplishes this by comparing arrival - times and intensities from each ear , in circuits located in the superior olivary complex and the trapezoid bodies which are connected via pathways to both ears . Middle ear Main article : Middle ear The middle ear The middle ear lies between the outer ear and the inner ear . It consists of an air - filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments ; the auditory tube ; and the round and oval windows . The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive , amplify , and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear . The ossicles are the malleus ( hammer ) , incus ( anvil ) , and the stapes ( stirrup ) . The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body . The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube . The three ossicles transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear . The malleus receives vibrations from sound pressure on the eardrum , where it is connected at its longest part ( the manubrium or handle ) by a ligament . It transmits vibrations to the incus , which in turn transmits the vibrations to the small stapes bone . The wide base of the stapes rests on the oval window . As the stapes vibrates , vibrations are transmitted through the oval window , causing movement of fluid within the cochlea . The round window allows for the fluid within the inner ear to move . As the stapes pushes the secondary tympanic membrane , fluid in the inner ear moves and pushes the membrane of the round window out by a corresponding amount into the middle ear . The ossicles help amplify sound waves by nearly 15 -- 20 times . Inner ear The outer ear receives sound , transmitted through the ossicles of the middle ear to the inner ear , where it is converted to a nervous signal in the cochlear and transmitted along the vestibulocochlear nerve Main article : Inner ear The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the bony labyrinth . A central area known as the vestibule contains two small fluid - filled recesses , the utricle and saccule . These connect to the semicircular canals and the cochlea . There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance . The cochlea is a spiral shell - shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing . These structures together create the membranous labyrinth . The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth , contained within the temporal bone . The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window , which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear . Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called endolymph , which fills the membranous labyrinth . The endolymph is situated in two vestibules , the utricle and saccule , and eventually transmits to the cochlea , a spiral - shaped structure . The cochlea consists of three fluid - filled spaces : the vestibular duct , the cochlear duct , and the tympanic duct . Hair cells responsible for transduction -- changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the organ of Corti in the cochlea . Blood supply The blood supply of the ear differs according to each part of the ear . The outer ear is supplied by a number of arteries . The posterior auricular artery provides the majority of the blood supply . The anterior auricular arteries provide some supply to the outer rim of the ear and scalp behind it . The posterior auricular artery is a direct branch of the external carotid artery , and the anterior auricular arteries are branches from the superficial temporal artery . The occipital artery also plays a role . The middle ear is supplied by the mastoid branch of either the occipital or posterior auricular arteries and the deep auricular artery , a branch of the maxillary artery . Other arteries which are present but play a smaller role include branches of the middle meningeal artery , ascending pharyngeal artery , internal carotid artery , and the artery of the pterygoid canal . The inner ear is supplied by the anterior tympanic branch of the maxillary artery ; the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery ; the petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery ; and the labyrinthine artery , arising from either the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the basilar artery . Function Hearing Main article : Hearing Sound waves travel through the outer ear , are modulated by the middle ear , and are transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear . This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain , where it is registered as sound . Sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum , and causes it to vibrate . The three ossicles bones transmit this sound to a second window ( the oval window ) which protects the fluid - filled inner ear . In detail , the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound , which impacts on the eardrum . The malleus rests on the membrane , and receives the vibration . This vibration is transmitted along the incus and stapes to the oval window . Two small muscles , the tensor tympani and stapedius , also help modulate noise . The two muscles reflexively contract to dampen excessive vibrations . Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of the endolymph within the vestibule and the cochlea . The inner ear houses the apparatus necessary to change the vibrations transmitted from the outside world via the middle ear into signals passed along the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain . The hollow channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid , and contain a sensory epithelium that is studded with hair cells . The microscopic `` hairs '' of these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the fluid . The hair cells are mechanoreceptors that release a chemical neurotransmitter when stimulated . Sound waves moving through fluid flows against the receptor cells of the organ of Corti . The fluid pushes the filaments of individual cells ; movement of the filaments causes receptor cells to become open to receive the potassium - rich endolymph . This causes the cell to depolarise , and creates an action potential that is transmitted along the spiral ganglion , which sends information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain . The human ear can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz ( the audio range ) . Sounds outside this range are considered infrasound ( below 20 Hz ) or ultrasound ( above 20 kHz ) Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the central nervous system as well as a working ear , human deafness ( extreme insensitivity to sound ) most commonly occurs because of abnormalities of the inner ear , rather than in the nerves or tracts of the central auditory system . Balance Main articles : Balance ( ability ) and Equilibrioception Providing balance , when moving or stationary , is also a central function of the ear . The ear facilitates two types of balance : static balance , which allows a person to feel the effects of gravity , and dynamic balance , which allows a person to sense acceleration . Static balance is provided by two ventricles , the utricle and the saccule . Cells lining the walls of these ventricles contain fine filaments , and the cells are covered with a fine gelatinous layer . Each cell has 50 -- 70 small filaments , and one large filament , the kinocilium . Within the gelatinous layer lie otoliths , tiny formations of calcium carbonate . When a person moves , these otoliths shift position . This shift alters the positions of the filaments , which opens ion channels within the cell membranes , creating depolarisation and an action potential that is transmitted to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve . Dynamic balance is provided through the three semicircular canals . These three canals are orthogonal ( at right angles ) to each other . At the end of each canal is a slight enlargement , known as the ampulla , which contains numerous cells with filaments in a central area called the cupula . The fluid in these canals rotates according to the momentum of the head . When a person changes acceleration , the inertia of the fluid changes . This affects the pressure on the cupula , and results in the opening of ion channels . This causes depolarisation , which is passed as a signal to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve . Dynamic balance also helps maintain eye tracking when moving , via the vestibulo -- ocular reflex . Development During embryogenesis the ear develops as three distinct structures : the inner ear , the middle ear and the outer ear . Each structure originates from a different germ layer : the ectoderm , endoderm and mesenchyme . Inner ear The otic placode visible on this sketch of a developing embryo . After implantation , around the second to third week the developing embryo consists of three layers : endoderm , mesoderm and ectoderm . The first part of the ear to develop is the inner ear , which begins to form from the ectoderm around the 22nd day of the embryo 's development . Specifically , the inner ear derives from two thickenings called otic placodes on either side of the head . Each otic placode recedes below the ectoderm , forms an otic pit and then an otic vesicle . This entire mass will eventually become surrounded by mesenchyme to form the bony labyrinth . Around the 33rd day of development , the vesicles begin to differentiate . Closer to the back of the embryo , they form what will become the utricle and semicircular canals . Closer to the front of the embryo , the vesicles differentiate into a rudimentary saccule , which will eventually become the saccule and cochlea . Part of the saccule will eventually give rise and connect to the cochlear duct . This duct appears approximately during the sixth week and connects to the saccule through the ductus reuniens . As the cochlear duct 's mesenchyme begins to differentiate , three cavities are formed : the scala vestibuli , the scala tympani and the scala media . Both the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain an extracellular fluid called perilymph . The scala media contains endolymph . A set of membranes called the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane develop to separate the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct , respectively . Parts of the otic vesicle in turn form the vestibulocochlear nerve . These form bipolar neurons which supply sensation to parts of the inner ear ( namely the sensory parts of the semicircular canals , macular of the utricle and saccule , and organ of Corti ) . The nerve begins to form around the 28th day . Molecular regulation Most of the genes responsible for the regulation of inner ear formation and its morphogenesis are members of the homeobox gene family such as Pax , Msx and Otx homeobox genes . The development of inner ear structures such as the cochlea is regulated by Dlx5 / Dlx6 , Otx1 / Otx2 and Pax2 , which in turn are controlled by the master gene Shh . Shh is secreted by the notochord . Middle ear The middle ear and its components develop from the first and second pharyngeal arches . The tympanic cavity and auditory tube develop from the first part of the pharyngeal pouch between the first two arches in an area which will also go on to develop the pharynx . This develops as a structure called the tubotympanic recess . The ossicles ( malleus , incus and stapes ) normally appear during the first half of fetal development . The first two ( malleus and incus ) derive from the first pharyngeal arch and the stapes derives from the second . All three ossicles develop from the neural crest . Eventually cells from the tissue surrounding the ossicles will experience apoptosis and a new layer of endodermal epithelial will constitute the formation of the tympanic cavity wall . Outer ear The ear develops in the lower neck region and moves upwards as the mandible develops . Unlike structures of the inner and middle ear , which develop from pharyngeal pouches , the ear canal originates from the dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal cleft . It is fully expanded by the end of the 18th week of development . The eardrum is made up of three layers ( ectoderm , endoderm and connective tissue ) . The pinna originates as a fusion of six hillocks . The first three hillocks are derived from the lower part of the first pharyngeal arch and form the tragus , crus of the helix , and helix , respectively . The final three hillocks are derived from the upper part of the second pharyngeal arch and form the antihelix , antitragus , and earlobe . The outer ears develop in the lower neck . As the mandible forms they move towards their final position level with the eyes . Clinical significance Hearing loss Perforation Fluid in the middle ear cavity Complications of otitis media that can lead to hearing loss , as seen on otoscope . Main article : Hearing loss Hearing loss may be either partial or total . This may be a result of injury or damage , congenital disease , or physiological causes . When hearing loss is a result of injury or damage to the outer ear or middle ear , it is known as conductive hearing loss . When deafness is a result of injury or damage to the inner ear , vestibulochoclear nerve , or brain , it is known as sensorineural hearing loss . Causes of conductive hearing loss include an ear canal blocked by ear wax , ossicles that are fixed together or absent , or holes in the eardrum . Conductive hearing loss may also result from middle ear inflammation causing fluid build - up in the normally air - filled space , such as by otitis media . Tympanoplasty is the general name of the operation to repair the middle ear 's eardrum and ossicles . Grafts from muscle fascia are ordinarily used to rebuild an intact eardrum . Sometimes artificial ear bones are placed to substitute for damaged ones , or a disrupted ossicular chain is rebuilt in order to conduct sound effectively . Hearing aids or cochlear implants may be used if the hearing loss is severe or prolonged . Hearing aids work by amplifying the sound of the local environment and are best suited to conductive hearing loss . Cochlear implants transmit the sound that is heard as if it were a nervous signal , bypassing the cochlea . Congenital abnormalities Anomalies and malformations of the pinna are common . These anomalies include chromosome syndromes such as ring 18 . Children may also present cases of abnormal ear canals and low ear implantation . In rare cases no pinna is formed ( atresia ) , or is extremely small ( microtia ) . Small pinnae can develop when the auricular hillocks do not develop properly . The ear canal can fail to develop if it does not channelise properly or if there is an obstruction . Reconstructive surgery to treat hearing loss is considered as an option for children older than five , with a cosmetic surgical procedure to reduce the size or change the shape of the ear is called an otoplasty . The initial medical intervention is aimed at assessing the baby 's hearing and the condition of the ear canal , as well as the middle and inner ear . Depending on the results of tests , reconstruction of the outer ear is done in stages , with planning for any possible repairs of the rest of the ear . Approximately one out of one thousand children suffer some type of congenital deafness related to the development of the inner ear . Inner ear congenital anomalies are related to sensorineural hearing loss and are generally diagnosed with a computed tomography ( CT ) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) scan . Hearing loss problems also derive from inner ear anomalies because its development is separate from that of the middle and external ear . Middle ear anomalies can occur because of errors during head and neck development . The first pharyngeal pouch syndrome associates middle ear anomalies to the malleus and incus structures as well as to the non-differentiation of the annular stapedial ligament . Temporal bone and ear canal anomalies are also related to this structure of the ear and are known to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss . Vertigo Main article : Vertigo Vertigo refers to the inappropriate perception of motion . This is due to dysfunction of the vestibular system . One common type of vertigo is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo , when an otolith is displaced from the ventricles to the semicircular canal . The displaced otolith rests on the cupola , causing a sensation of movement when there is none . Ménière 's disease , labyrinthitis , strokes , and other infective and congenital diseases may also result in the perception of vertigo . Injury Outer ear Injuries to the external ear occur fairly frequently , and can leave minor to major deformity . Injuries include : laceration , avulsion injuries , burn and repeated twisting or pulling of an ear , for discipline or torture . Chronic damage to the ears can cause cauliflower ear , a common condition in boxers and wrestlers in which the cartilage around the ears becomes lumpy and distorted owing to persistence of a haematoma around the perichondrium , which can impair blood supply and healing . Owing to its exposed position , the external ear is susceptible to frostbite as well as skin cancers , including squamous - cell carcinoma and basal - cell carcinomas . Middle ear The ear drum may become perforated in the event of a large sound or explosion , when diving or flying ( called barotrauma ) , or by objects inserted into the ear . Another common cause of injury is due to an infection such as otitis media . These may cause a discharge from the ear called otorrhea , and are often investigated by otoscopy and audiometry . Treatment may include watchful waiting , antibiotics and possibly surgery , if the injury is prolonged or the position of the ossicles is affected . Skull fractures that go through the part of the skull containing the ear structures ( the temporal bone ) can also cause damage to the middle ear . A cholesteatoma is a cyst of squamous skin cells that may develop from birth or secondary to other causes such as chronic ear infections . It may impair hearing or cause dizziness or vertigo , and is usually investigated by otoscopy and may require a CT scan . The treatment for cholesteatoma is surgery . Inner ear There are two principal damage mechanisms to the inner ear in industrialised society , and both injure hair cells . The first is exposure to elevated sound levels ( noise trauma ) , and the second is exposure to drugs and other substances ( ototoxicity ) . A large number of people are exposed to sound levels on a daily basis that are likely to lead to significant hearing loss . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has recently published research on the estimated numbers of persons with hearing difficulty ( 11 % ) and the percentage of those that can be attributed to occupational noise exposure ( 24 % ) . Furthermore , according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) , approximately twenty - two million ( 17 % ) US workers reported exposure to hazardous workplace noise . Workers exposed to hazardous noise further exacerbate the potential for developing noise - induced hearing loss when they do not wear hearing protection . Tinnitus Tinnitus is the hearing of sound when no external sound is present . While often described as a ringing , it may also sound like a clicking , hiss or roaring . Rarely , unclear voices or music are heard . The sound may be soft or loud , low pitched or high pitched and appear to be coming from one ear or both . Most of the time , it comes on gradually . In some people , the sound causes depression , anxiety , or concentration difficulties . Tinnitus is not a disease but a symptom that can result from a number of underlying causes . One of the most common causes is noise - induced hearing loss . Other causes include : ear infections , disease of the heart or blood vessels , Ménière 's disease , brain tumors , emotional stress , exposure to certain medications , a previous head injury , and earwax . It is more common in those with depression . Society and Culture Stretching of the earlobe and various cartilage piercings The ears have been ornamented with jewelry for thousands of years , traditionally by piercing of the earlobe . In ancient and modern cultures , ornaments have been placed to stretch and enlarge the earlobes , allowing for larger plugs to be slid into a large fleshy gap in the lobe . Tearing of the earlobe from the weight of heavy earrings , or from traumatic pull of an earring ( for example , by snagging on a sweater ) , is fairly common . Injury to the ears has been present since Roman times as a method of reprimand or punishment - `` In Roman times , when a dispute arose that could not be settled amicably , the injured party cited the name of the person thought to be responsible before the Praetor ; if the offender did not appear within the specified time limit , the complainant summoned witnesses to make statements . If they refused , as often happened , the injured party was allowed to drag them by the ear and to pinch them hard if they resisted . Hence the French expression `` se faire tirer l'oreille '' , of which the literal meaning is `` to have one 's ear pulled '' and the figurative meaning `` to take a lot of persuading '' . We use the expression `` to tweak ( or pull ) someone 's ears '' to mean `` inflict a punishment '' . '' The pinnae have an effect on facial appearance . In Western societies , protruding ears ( present in about 5 % of ethnic Europeans ) have been considered unattractive , particularly if asymmetric . The first surgery to reduce the projection of prominent ears was published in the medical literature by Ernst Dieffenbach in 1845 , and the first case report in 1881 . Pointy ears are a characteristic of some creatures in folklore such as the French croquemitaine , Brazilian curupira or Japanese earth spider . It has been a feature of characters on art as old as that of Ancient Greece and medieval Europe . Pointy ears are a common characteristic of many creatures in the fantasy genre , including elves , faeries , pixies , hobbits , or orcs . They are a characteristic of creatures in the horror genre , such as vampires . Pointy ears are also found in the science fiction genre ; for example among the Vulcan and Romulan races of the Star Trek universe and the Nightcrawler character from the X-Men universe . Georg von Békésy was a Hungarian biophysicist born in Budapest , Hungary . In 1961 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the function of the cochlea in the mammalian hearing organ . The Vacanti mouse was a laboratory mouse that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back . The `` ear '' was actually an ear - shaped cartilage structure grown by seeding cow cartilage cells into a biodegradable ear - shaped mold and then implanted under the skin of the mouse ; then the cartilage naturally grew by itself . It was developed as an alternative to ear repair or grafting procedures and the results met with much publicity and controversy in 1997 . Other animals Primate ears Human & Crab - eating macaque ( Darwin 's tubercle highlighted ) Pinnae of the bat The pinna helps direct sound through the ear canal to the eardrum . The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of some mammalian ears helps to sharply focus sounds produced by prey , using echolocation signals . These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a fresnel lens , and may be seen in a wide range of animals , including the bat , aye - aye , lesser galago , bat - eared fox , mouse lemur and others . Some large primates such as gorillas and orang - utans ( and also humans ) have undeveloped ear muscles that are non-functional vestigial structures , yet are still large enough to be easily identified . An ear muscle that can not move the ear , for whatever reason , has lost that biological function . This serves as evidence of homology between related species . In humans , there is variability in these muscles , such that some people are able to move their ears in various directions , and it has been said that it may be possible for others to gain such movement by repeated trials . In such primates , the inability to move the ear is compensated for mainly by the ability to easily turn the head on a horizontal plane , an ability which is not common to most monkeys -- a function once provided by one structure is now replaced by another . In some animals with mobile pinnae ( like the horse ) , each pinna can be aimed independently to better receive the sound . For these animals , the pinnae help localise the direction of the sound source . African bush elephant Loxodonta africana Fennec fox ( desert regions ) Vulpes zerda Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus Domestic rabbit -- French Lop breed Oryctolagus cuniculus Half - Lop Rabbit Illustration by Charles Darwin , 1868 The ear , with its blood vessels close to the surface , is an essential thermoregulator in some land mammals , including the elephant , the fox , and the rabbit . There are five types of ear carriage in domestic rabbits , some of which have been bred for exaggerated ear length -- a potential health risk that is controlled in some countries . Abnormalities in the skull of a half - lop rabbit were studied by Charles Darwin in 1868 . In marine mammals , Earless seals are one of three groups of Pinnipedia . Invertebrates Only vertebrate animals have ears , though many invertebrates detect sound using other kinds of sense organs . In insects , tympanal organs are used to hear distant sounds . They are located either on the head or elsewhere , depending on the insect family . The tympanal organs of some insects are extremely sensitive , offering acute hearing beyond that of most other animals . The female cricket fly Ormia ochracea has tympanal organs on each side of her abdomen . They are connected by a thin bridge of exoskeleton and they function like a tiny pair of eardrums , but , because they are linked , they provide acute directional information . The fly uses her `` ears '' to detect the call of her host , a male cricket . Depending on where the song of the cricket is coming from , the fly 's hearing organs will reverberate at slightly different frequencies . This difference may be as little as 50 billionths of a second , but it is enough to allow the fly to home in directly on a singing male cricket and parasitise it . Simpler structures allow other arthropods to detect near - field sounds . Spiders and cockroaches , for example , have hairs on their legs which are used for detecting sound . Caterpillars may also have hairs on their body that perceive vibrations and allow them to respond to sound . See also Righting reflex Hearing Hearing test Hear , hear References Jump up ^ `` Ear '' . Oxford Dictionary . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Standring , Susan ( 2008 ) . Borley , Neil R. , ed . Gray 's Anatomy : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice ( 40 ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. Chapter 36 . `` External and middle ear '' , 615 -- 631 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06684 - 9 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . pp. 855 -- 856 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . 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Corporeality and Culture : Bodies in Movement . Routledge . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 9781317159247 . Jump up ^ Pavey , C.R. ; Burwell , C.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Bat Predation on Eared Moths : A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis '' . Oikos. 81 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 151 . doi : 10.2307 / 3546476 . JSTOR 3546476 . Jump up ^ The Bat 's Ear as a Diffraction Grating Jump up ^ Kuc , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams '' . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 125 ( 5 ) : 3454 -- 3459 . Bibcode : 2009ASAJ ... 125.3454 K . doi : 10.1121 / 1.3097500 . PMID 19425684 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , Charles ( 1871 ) . The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex . John Murray : London . Jump up ^ Mr. St. George Mivart , Elementary Anatomy , 1873 , p. 396 . Two ears provide stereo imaging that the brain can use to develop a 3 - dimensional sound field . Jump up ^ Fayez , I. ; Marai , M. ; Alnaimy , A. ; Habeeb , M. ( 1994 ) . Baselga , M. ; Marai , I.F.M. , eds . `` Thermoregulation in Rabbits '' ( PDF ) . Rabbit Production in Hot Climates . Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes . Zaragoza : CIHEAM - International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies . 8 : 33 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Longest ears on a rabbit '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Bob D. ( October 2004 ) . Domestic Rabbits & Their Histories : Breeds of the World . Leawood KS : Leathers Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1585972753 . Jump up ^ Yack , JE ; Fullard , JH ( 1993 ) . `` What is an insect ear ? '' . Ann . Entomol . Soc . Am. 86 ( 6 ) : 677 -- 682 . Jump up ^ Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) , Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals , Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Scoble , M.J. 1992 . The Lepidoptera : Form , function , and diversity . Oxford University Press External links The dictionary definition of ear at Wiktionary Media related to Ears at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris <Th_colspan="2"> Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché <Td_colspan="2"> General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs GND : 4133604 - 5 NDL : 00567653 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ear&oldid=844747430 '' Categories : Ear Sensory organs Auditory system Human head and neck Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Polski Ποντιακά Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo Kabɩyɛ 153 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 21 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Organ of hearing and balance 2. Structure of the ear 3. Outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear 4. Function of hearing and balance 5. Development of the ear during embryogenesis

who has the most international goals in women's soccer

List of Women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals - wikipedia List of Women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals Abby Wambach is the current top scorer with 184 . She scored her 100th goal on July 20 , 2009 . Mia Hamm held the goal scoring record for women 's international matches from May 1999 , when she surpassed Italy 's Elisabetta Vignotto by scoring her 108th goal for the United States , until June 20 , 2013 when fellow American Abby Wambach passed her with goal 159 . Association football at the professional level is a low scoring sport ( see article Association football for more detail ) . An athlete in association football , or soccer in short , can score 100 goals in international matches by playing a forward position , maintaining a high - level of success in scoring for a long period of usually more than 10 years . This page lists the highly accomplished top all - time female goal scorers in official international football matches for her country . The world governing body FIFA calls this elite group the Century Club . For every soccer player , especially a player not playing in a forward position , a measure of her accomplishment is the number of times she played for her national team , which shows her value to the team as a competitor on the field . See Most capped international women footballers . The world governing body FIFA calls that elite group the Century Club . Contents 1 List of women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals 1.1 Notes 2 Number of women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals by country 3 Number of women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals by Confederation 4 See also 5 References List of Women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals ( edit ) The first player to reach 100 international goals was Italian Elisabetta Vignotto . Abby Wambach scored 100 goals in 9 years , while Christine Sinclair reached the milestone in just under 10 years . Most played exclusively in the forward position , with Kristine Lilly and Michelle Akers having also played as midfielder . All players scored at a high average rate of more than one goal every three matches . International goals in this list should not include goals scored in penalty - shoot - out ; see Penalty shootout ( association football ) . Players who are currently active at international level are indicated in bold type . Indicates the FIFA world top scorer . Indicates the top scorer of the respective confederation . Indicates the top scorer of the respective nation . # Name Position National team Intl goals Caps Goals per match Active years Date of 100th goal Abby Wambach Forward United States 184 256 0.72 2001 -- 2015 2009 - 07 - 20 Christine Sinclair Forward / Midfielder Canada 177 268 0.66 2000 -- 2010 - 02 - 20 Mia Hamm Forward United States 158 275 0.57 1987 -- 2004 1998 - 09 - 18 Kristine Lilly Forward / Midfielder United States 130 352 0.36 1987 -- 2010 2004 - 10 - 03 5 Birgit Prinz Forward Germany 128 214 0.59 1994 -- 2011 2006 - 10 - 25 6 Julie Fleeting Forward Scotland 116 120 0.97 1996 -- 2011 2007 - 10 - 27 7 Patrizia Panico Forward Italy 110 204 0.54 1996 -- 2014 2014 - 03 - 10 8 Marta Forward Brazil 110 120 0.97 2002 -- 2015 - 12 - 13 9 Elisabetta Vignotto Forward Italy 107 110 0.97 1970 -- 1989 unknown 10 Sun Wen Forward China PR 106 152 0.69 1990 -- 2006 unknown 11 Carli Lloyd Midfielder United States 105 262 0.40 2005 -- 2018 - 04 - 08 12 Michelle Akers Forward / Midfielder United States 105 153 0.68 1985 -- 2000 1999 - 01 - 30 13 Carolina Morace Forward Italy 105 153 0.68 1978 -- 1997 unknown 14 Han Duan Forward China PR 101 188 0.53 2000 -- 2011 unknown 15 Portia Modise Forward South Africa 101 124 0.81 2000 -- 2015 2014 - 10 - 18 16 Tiffeny Milbrett Forward United States 100 204 0.49 1991 -- 2006 2005 - 7 - 10 Notes ( edit ) Vignotto reportedly scored 107 , or 108 goals and her record was broken by Mia Hamm . FIFA indicates that she made 110 appearances . The Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) website lists her record as 97 goals in 95 matchers . Morace reportedly scored 105 goals in 153 games . The FIGC website lists Morace 's record as 94 goals in 136 games . Han Duan reportedly scored her one hundredth goal on August 6 , 2008 in China 's opening match against Sweden at Beijing 2008 Olympics . Another source reported that she scored her goal 101 that day . FIFA Match Report shows that she scored only one goal in that match . Some of Marta 's 105 goals include goals scored against the USA u-20 women 's national team in the 2007 Pan Am Games and in other unofficial matches like a friendly against a combined team of Finland & the Umea club from Sweden . Generally only goals scored in full international matches ( senior int'l team v senior int'l team ) count toward international goal totals . Number of women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals by country ( edit ) Footballers Country Confederation 6 United States CONCACAF Italy UEFA China PR AFC Brazil CONMEBOL Canada CONCACAF Germany UEFA Scotland UEFA South Africa CAF Number of women 's footballers with 100 or more international goals by Confederation ( edit ) Footballers Confederation 7 CONCACAF 5 UEFA AFC CAF CONMEBOL 0 OFC 16 Total See also ( edit ) List of women 's footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of international goals scored by Abby Wambach List of international goals scored by Christine Sinclair References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Abby Wambach Scores 100th Career Goal in Hometown As U.S. Women Defeats Canada 1 - 0 '' . U.S. Soccer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lisette Hilton ( 2004 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Feet of Gold '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Canada vs Poland - 2010 - 02 - 20 '' . Canada Soccer . Jump up ^ `` soccer profile : Mia Hamm '' . soccertimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Lilly Scores 100th Career Goal as U.S. Downs New Zealand 5 - 0 '' . U.S. Soccer . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Women 5 - 1 England Women '' . BBC SPORT . Jump up ^ `` JULIE FLEETING 'S 100th INTERNATIONAL GOAL IN WIN AGAINST SLOVAKIA '' . Scottish Football Association . Jump up ^ `` Panico claims 100th Italy goal '' . uefa.com. 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/marta-has-now-scored-100-international-goals/ Jump up ^ `` Carli Lloyd Scores 100TH Goal In Wild 6 - 2 Win vs. Mexico '' . U.S. Soccer . ^ Jump up to : `` Akers Joins Century Club with 100th International Goal as U.S. Women 's National Team Downs Portugal , 6 - 0 '' . U.S. Soccer . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` China celebrates opening victory '' . BBC SPORT . Jump up ^ `` China beats New Zealand Olympic women 's soccer warm - up '' . chinadaily.com.cn . Jump up ^ `` Striker Ma may miss Olympics for injury '' . chinadaily.com.cn . Jump up ^ `` China PR : Fixtures and Results '' . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` Portia Modise : South Africa 's centurion in numbers '' . fifa.com. 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's National Team Earns 7 - 0 Win Against Ukraine ; Tiffeny Milbrett earned her 100th 's career goal '' . U.S. Soccer . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mia Hamm Set to Break All - time International Goal Scoring Mark '' . U.S. Soccer . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : FIFA Century Club '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 2011 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Classifica Marcatori '' . FIGC.it . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kevin Ashby ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) . `` 1997 : Carolina Morace '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 韩端 百 球 ( Han Duan playing 100 ball ) '' . 搜狐 体育 ( SOHU.com ) . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Football Tournaments Beijing 2008 - Women '' . FIFA . Jump up ^ https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2014/03/17/11/44/u-20-wnt-fall-in-pan-am-final-to-full-brazilian-national-team Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_Brazilian_football#Women's_football Jump up ^ `` Carli Lloyd Scores 100th Goal in Wild 6 - 2 Win vs. Mexico '' . www.ussoccer.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_women%27s_footballers_with_100_or_more_international_goals&oldid=864080262 '' Categories : National association football team records and statistics Lists of association football players Lists of women 's association football players Hidden categories : Association football player non-biographical articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 00 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Women's footballers with 100 or more international goals 2. Abby Wambach - top scorer with 184 goals 3. Mia Hamm - previous goal scoring record holder 4. Christine Sinclair - second highest scorer with 177 goals 5. List of women's footballers by country and confederation

who sang waiting for a girl like you

Waiting for a Girl Like You - wikipedia Waiting for a Girl Like You Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' <Td_colspan="2"> Single cover <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Foreigner <Th_colspan="2"> from the album 4 B - side `` I 'm Gonna Win '' Released October 1981 Format 7 - inch Recorded 1981 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 35 ( single ) 4 : 49 ( album ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Mick Jones , Lou Gramm Producer ( s ) Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange , Mick Jones <Th_colspan="2"> Foreigner singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Urgent '' ( 1981 ) `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' ( 1981 ) `` Juke Box Hero '' ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Urgent '' ( 1981 ) `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' ( 1981 ) `` Juke Box Hero '' ( 1982 ) `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' is a 1981 power ballad by the British - American rock band Foreigner . The distinctive synthesizer theme was performed by the then - little - known Thomas Dolby , this song also marked a major departure from their earlier singles because their previous singles were mid to upper tempo rock songs while this song was a softer love song with the energy of a power ballad . It was the second single released from the album 4 ( 1981 ) and was co-written by Lou Gramm and Mick Jones . It has become one of the band 's most successful songs worldwide , peaking at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on Billboard 's Rock Tracks chart . On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , the song reached number 5 . The song peaked at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart . `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' achieved a chart distinction by spending its record - setting 10 weeks in the number 2 position of the Billboard Hot 100 chart , without ever reaching the top . It debuted on the Hot 100 chart dated October 10 , 1981 . It reached the number 2 position in the week of November 28 , where it was held off the number 1 spot by Olivia Newton - John 's single `` Physical '' for nine consecutive weeks , and then by Hall & Oates ' `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' for a tenth week on January 30 , 1982 . Because of its chart longevity , it ended up being the number 19 song on the Top 100 singles of 1982 . The song was the band 's biggest hit until `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' hit number 1 in 1985 . The song lists at number 80 on `` Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 1.1 Foreigner 1.2 Additional personnel 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 In other media 3.1 Films 3.2 Games 3.3 Music 3.4 Stage productions 3.5 Television 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Personnel ( edit ) Foreigner ( edit ) Lou Gramm -- lead vocals Mick Jones -- backing vocals , keyboards Rick Wills -- bass guitar , backing vocals Dennis Elliott -- drums , backing vocals Additional personnel ( edit ) Thomas Dolby -- main synthesizers Bob Mayo -- keyboard textures Ian Lloyd -- backing vocals Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange -- backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 -- 82 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) Germany 29 New Zealand 16 UK Singles Chart 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Billboard Top Rock Tracks US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Position Canada 34 Chart ( 1982 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 21 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 19 In other media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) ( Chronological ) In the original Footloose ( 1984 ) , Ren and Ariel slow dance to this song in a bar . The song was used in Nickelodeon movie Snow Day ( 2000 ) and was featured on the soundtrack . In the movie Swades ( 2004 ) , Shahrukh Khan sings this song while taking a bath . Games ( edit ) ( Alphabetical by game title ) The song was featured on the soundtrack for the videogame Grand Theft Auto : Vice City ( 2002 ) on the in - game radio station Emotion 98.3 The song is featured in Karaoke Revolution Party The song is featured as downloadable content for the Rock Band franchise . Music ( edit ) ( Alphabetical by artist ) Paul Anka released a cover version on his album Classic Songs , My Way ( 2007 ) . Cliff Richard covered the song on his 2007 album , Love ... The Album ( 2007 ) , which reached No. 13 on the UK Album Chart . Rick Springfield recorded a cover version of this song on his covers album , The Day After Yesterday ( 2005 ) . Joe Lynn Turner 's cover version was released via an EP and an official video , in 1999 . Stage productions ( edit ) The song is included in the rock / jukebox musical Rock of Ages and its 2009 original Broadway cast recording . Television ( edit ) ( Alphabetical by series ) The song was featured in `` You 've Come a Long Way , Babysitter '' , a season 4 episode of Doogie Howser , M.D. In the Glee episode `` Pot o ' Gold '' ( November 1 , 2011 ) , the song is covered by Mark Salling ( who plays Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ) . The song is also covered by Glee 's sister show The Glee Project , in its second season . The song is featured in `` Holly , Jolly '' , a season 1 episode of the Netflix original series Stranger Things . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one songs of the 1980s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gig review : Journey / Foreigner / Styx '' . The Scotsman. 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 234 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 333 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 601 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1981 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- 1982 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1982 / Top 100 Songs of 1982 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Full audio of the song at Grooveshark Preceded by `` Start Me Up '' by The Rolling Stones Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks number - one single December 5 -- December 12 , 1981 Succeeded by `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' by The Police <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Foreigner <Td_colspan="2"> Mick Jones Thom Gimbel Jeff Pilson Kelly Hansen Michael Bluestein Chris Frazier Dennis Elliott Lou Gramm Al Greenwood Ian McDonald Ed Gagliardi Rick Wills Jack Allen Smith Johnny Edwards Jeff Jacobs Mark Schulman Bruce Turgon Ron Wikso Brian Tichy Denny Carmassi Jason Bonham Chaz West Paul Mirkovich Jason Sutter Studio albums Foreigner Double Vision Head Games Agent Provocateur Inside Information Unusual Heat Mr. Moonlight Ca n't Slow Down Compilations Records The Very Best ... and Beyond Jukebox Heroes : The Foreigner Anthology Complete Greatest Hits Hot Blooded and Other Hits The Essentials The Definitive Collection No End in Sight : The Very Best of Foreigner Live albums Classic Hits Live / Best of Live Extended Versions Ca n't Slow Down ... When It 's Live ! Singles `` Feels Like the First Time '' `` Starrider '' `` Cold as Ice '' `` Long , Long Way from Home '' `` Hot Blooded '' `` Double Vision '' `` Blue Morning , Blue Day '' `` Dirty White Boy '' `` Head Games '' `` Love on the Telephone '' `` Women '' `` I 'll Get Even with You '' `` Urgent '' `` Juke Box Hero '' `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' `` Night Life '' `` Break It Up '' `` Luanne '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` That Was Yesterday '' `` Tooth and Nail '' `` Reaction to Action '' `` Growing Up the Hard Way '' `` Down on Love '' `` Say You Will '' `` I Do n't Want to Live Without You '' `` Heart Turns to Stone '' `` Ca n't Wait '' `` Lowdown and Dirty '' `` I 'll Fight for You '' `` With Heaven on Our Side '' `` Soul Doctor '' `` White Lie '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Rain '' `` Under the Gun '' `` Too Late '' `` When It Comes to Love '' `` Ca n't Slow Down '' `` In Pieces '' Related articles Discography Shadow King Black Sheep `` Revenge of the Mooninites '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waiting_for_a_Girl_Like_You&oldid=843288040 '' Categories : 1981 singles Foreigner ( band ) songs Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Song recordings produced by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Songs written by Mick Jones ( Foreigner ) Songs written by Lou Gramm 1981 songs 1980s ballads Rock ballads Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 04 : 28 . 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1. "Waiting for a Girl Like You" - Foreigner's power ballad 2. Mick Jones and Lou Gramm - songwriters of "Waiting for a Girl Like You" 3. Chart performance of "Waiting for a Girl Like You" 4. Covers and use of the song in other media 5. Foreigner's discography and related albums/singles

the branch of philosophy that deals with human issues of right and wrong is called

Ethics - wikipedia Ethics Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ethics ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Philosophy Plato Kant Nietzsche Buddha Confucius Averroes Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Social and political philosophers Traditions African Analytic Aristotelian Buddhist Chinese Christian Continental Existentialism Hindu Jain Jewish Pragmatism Eastern Islamic Platonic Western Periods Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary Literature Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Branches Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Legal philosophy Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Lists Index Outline Years Problems Publications Theories Glossary Philosophers Miscellaneous Philosopher Philomath Philalethes Women in philosophy Philosophy portal Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing , defending , and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct . The term ethics derives from Ancient Greek ἠθικός ( ethikos ) , from ἦθος ( ethos ) , meaning ' habit , custom ' . The branch of philosophy axiology comprises the sub-branches of ethics and aesthetics , each concerned with values . Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil , right and wrong , virtue and vice , justice and crime . As a field of intellectual enquiry , moral philosophy also is related to the fields of moral psychology , descriptive ethics , and value theory . Three major areas of study within ethics recognized today are : Meta - ethics , concerning the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions , and how their truth values ( if any ) can be determined Normative ethics , concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action Applied ethics , concerning what a person is obligated ( or permitted ) to do in a specific situation or a particular domain of action Contents ( hide ) 1 Defining ethics 2 Meta - ethics 3 Normative ethics 3.1 Virtue ethics 3.1. 1 Stoicism 3.1. 2 Contemporary virtue ethics 3.2 Hedonism 3.2. 1 Cyrenaic hedonism 3.2. 2 Epicureanism 3.3 State consequentialism 3.4 Consequentialism / teleology 3.4. 1 Utilitarianism 3.5 Deontology 3.6 Pragmatic ethics 3.7 Ethics of care 3.8 Role ethics 3.9 Anarchist ethics 3.10 Postmodern ethics 4 Applied ethics 4.1 Specific questions 4.2 Particular fields of application 4.2. 1 Bioethics 4.2. 2 Business ethics 4.2. 3 Machine ethics 4.2. 4 Military ethics 4.2. 5 Political ethics 4.2. 6 Public sector ethics 4.2. 7 Publication ethics 4.2. 8 Relational ethics 4.2. 9 Animal ethics 5 Moral psychology 5.1 Evolutionary ethics 6 Descriptive ethics 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Defining ethics ( edit ) Rushworth Kidder states that `` standard definitions of ethics have typically included such phrases as ' the science of the ideal human character ' or ' the science of moral duty ' '' . Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as `` a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures '' . The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word ethics is `` commonly used interchangeably with ' morality ' ... and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition , group or individual . '' Paul and Elder state that most people confuse ethics with behaving in accordance with social conventions , religious beliefs and the law and do n't treat ethics as a stand - alone concept . The word ethics in English refers to several things . It can refer to philosophical ethics or moral philosophy -- a project that attempts to use reason to answer various kinds of ethical questions . As the English philosopher Bernard Williams writes , attempting to explain moral philosophy : `` What makes an inquiry a philosophical one is reflective generality and a style of argument that claims to be rationally persuasive . '' And Williams describes the content of this area of inquiry as addressing the very broad question , `` how one should live '' Ethics can also refer to a common human ability to think about ethical problems that is not particular to philosophy . As bioethicist Larry Churchill has written : `` Ethics , understood as the capacity to think critically about moral values and direct our actions in terms of such values , is a generic human capacity . '' Ethics can also be used to describe a particular person 's own idiosyncratic principles or habits . For example : `` Joe has strange ethics . '' The English word ethics is derived from an Ancient Greek word êthikos , which means `` relating to one 's character '' . The Ancient Greek adjective êthikos is itself derived from another Greek word , the noun êthos meaning `` character , disposition '' . Meta - ethics ( edit ) Main article : Meta - ethics Meta - ethics asks how we understand , know about , and what we mean when we talk about what is right and what is wrong . An ethical question fixed on some particular practical question -- such as , `` Should I eat this particular piece of chocolate cake ? '' -- can not be a meta - ethical question . A meta - ethical question is abstract and relates to a wide range of more specific practical questions . For example , `` Is it ever possible to have secure knowledge of what is right and wrong ? '' would be a meta - ethical question . Meta - ethics has always accompanied philosophical ethics . For example , Aristotle implies that less precise knowledge is possible in ethics than in other spheres of inquiry , and he regards ethical knowledge as depending upon habit and acculturation in a way that makes it distinctive from other kinds of knowledge . Meta - ethics is also important in G.E. Moore 's Principia Ethica from 1903 . In it he first wrote about what he called the naturalistic fallacy . Moore was seen to reject naturalism in ethics , in his Open Question Argument . This made thinkers look again at second order questions about ethics . Earlier , the Scottish philosopher David Hume had put forward a similar view on the difference between facts and values . Studies of how we know in ethics divide into cognitivism and non-cognitivism ; this is similar to the contrast between descriptivists and non-descriptivists . Non-cognitivism is the claim that when we judge something as right or wrong , this is neither true nor false . We may , for example , be only expressing our emotional feelings about these things . Cognitivism can then be seen as the claim that when we talk about right and wrong , we are talking about matters of fact . The ontology of ethics is about value - bearing things or properties , i.e. the kind of things or stuff referred to by ethical propositions . Non-descriptivists and non-cognitivists believe that ethics does not need a specific ontology since ethical propositions do not refer . This is known as an anti-realist position . Realists , on the other hand , must explain what kind of entities , properties or states are relevant for ethics , how they have value , and why they guide and motivate our actions . Normative ethics ( edit ) Main article : Normative ethics Normative ethics is the study of ethical action . It is the branch of ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act , morally speaking . Normative ethics is distinct from meta - ethics because it examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions , while meta - ethics studies the meaning of moral language and the metaphysics of moral facts . Normative ethics is also distinct from descriptive ethics , as the latter is an empirical investigation of people 's moral beliefs . To put it another way , descriptive ethics would be concerned with determining what proportion of people believe that killing is always wrong , while normative ethics is concerned with whether it is correct to hold such a belief . Hence , normative ethics is sometimes called prescriptive , rather than descriptive . However , on certain versions of the meta - ethical view called moral realism , moral facts are both descriptive and prescriptive at the same time . Traditionally , normative ethics ( also known as moral theory ) was the study of what makes actions right and wrong . These theories offered an overarching moral principle one could appeal to in resolving difficult moral decisions . At the turn of the 20th century , moral theories became more complex and are no longer concerned solely with rightness and wrongness , but are interested in many different kinds of moral status . During the middle of the century , the study of normative ethics declined as meta - ethics grew in prominence . This focus on meta - ethics was in part caused by an intense linguistic focus in analytic philosophy and by the popularity of logical positivism . In 1971 John Rawls published A Theory of Justice , noteworthy in its pursuit of moral arguments and eschewing of meta - ethics . Virtue ethics ( edit ) Main article : Virtue ethics Socrates Virtue ethics describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior , and is used to describe the ethics of Socrates , Aristotle , and other early Greek philosophers . Socrates ( 469 -- 399 BC ) was one of the first Greek philosophers to encourage both scholars and the common citizen to turn their attention from the outside world to the condition of humankind . In this view , knowledge bearing on human life was placed highest , while all other knowledge was secondary . Self - knowledge was considered necessary for success and inherently an essential good . A self - aware person will act completely within his capabilities to his pinnacle , while an ignorant person will flounder and encounter difficulty . To Socrates , a person must become aware of every fact ( and its context ) relevant to his existence , if he wishes to attain self - knowledge . He posited that people will naturally do what is good , if they know what is right . Evil or bad actions are the results of ignorance . If a criminal was truly aware of the intellectual and spiritual consequences of his actions , he would neither commit nor even consider committing those actions . Any person who knows what is truly right will automatically do it , according to Socrates . While he correlated knowledge with virtue , he similarly equated virtue with joy . The truly wise man will know what is right , do what is good , and therefore be happy . Aristotle ( 384 -- 323 BC ) posited an ethical system that may be termed `` self - realizationism '' . In Aristotle 's view , when a person acts in accordance with his nature and realizes his full potential , he will do good and be content . At birth , a baby is not a person , but a potential person . To become a `` real '' person , the child 's inherent potential must be realized . Unhappiness and frustration are caused by the unrealized potential of a person , leading to failed goals and a poor life . Aristotle said , `` Nature does nothing in vain . '' Therefore , it is imperative for people to act in accordance with their nature and develop their latent talents in order to be content and complete . Happiness was held to be the ultimate goal . All other things , such as civic life or wealth , are merely means to the end . Self - realization , the awareness of one 's nature and the development of one 's talents , is the surest path to happiness . Aristotle asserted that man had three natures : body ( physical / metabolism ) , animal ( emotional / appetite ) and rational ( mental / conceptual ) . Physical nature can be assuaged through exercise and care , emotional nature through indulgence of instinct and urges , and mental through human reason and developed potential . Rational development was considered the most important , as essential to philosophical self - awareness and as uniquely human . Moderation was encouraged , with the extremes seen as degraded and immoral . For example , courage is the moderate virtue between the extremes of cowardice and recklessness . Man should not simply live , but live well with conduct governed by moderate virtue . This is regarded as difficult , as virtue denotes doing the right thing , to the right person , at the right time , to the proper extent , in the correct fashion , for the right reason . Stoicism ( edit ) Main article : Stoicism Epictetus The Stoic philosopher Epictetus posited that the greatest good was contentment and serenity . Peace of mind , or Apatheia , was of the highest value ; self - mastery over one 's desires and emotions leads to spiritual peace . The `` unconquerable will '' is central to this philosophy . The individual 's will should be independent and inviolate . Allowing a person to disturb the mental equilibrium is , in essence , offering yourself in slavery . If a person is free to anger you at will , you have no control over your internal world , and therefore no freedom . Freedom from material attachments is also necessary . If a thing breaks , the person should not be upset , but realize it was a thing that could break . Similarly , if someone should die , those close to them should hold to their serenity because the loved one was made of flesh and blood destined to death . Stoic philosophy says to accept things that can not be changed , resigning oneself to existence and enduring in a rational fashion . Death is not feared . People do not `` lose '' their life , but instead `` return '' , for they are returning to God ( who initially gave what the person is as a person ) . Epictetus said difficult problems in life should not be avoided , but rather embraced . They are spiritual exercises needed for the health of the spirit , just as physical exercise is required for the health of the body . He also stated that sex and sexual desire are to be avoided as the greatest threat to the integrity and equilibrium of a man 's mind . Abstinence is highly desirable . Epictetus said remaining abstinent in the face of temptation was a victory for which a man could be proud . Contemporary virtue ethics ( edit ) Modern virtue ethics was popularized during the late 20th century in large part as a response to G.E.M. Anscombe 's `` Modern Moral Philosophy '' . Anscombe argues that consequentialist and deontological ethics are only feasible as universal theories if the two schools ground themselves in divine law . As a deeply devoted Christian herself , Anscombe proposed that either those who do not give ethical credence to notions of divine law take up virtue ethics , which does not necessitate universal laws as agents themselves are investigated for virtue or vice and held up to `` universal standards '' , or that those who wish to be utilitarian or consequentialist ground their theories in religious conviction . Alasdair MacIntyre , who wrote the book After Virtue , was a key contributor and proponent of modern virtue ethics , although MacIntyre supports a relativistic account of virtue based on cultural norms , not objective standards . Martha Nussbaum , a contemporary virtue ethicist , objects to MacIntyre 's relativism , among that of others , and responds to relativist objections to form an objective account in her work `` Non-Relative Virtues : An Aristotelian Approach '' . However , Nussbaum 's accusation of relativism appears to be a misreading . In Whose Justice , Whose Rationality ? , MacIntyre 's ambition of taking a rational path beyond relativism was quite clear when he stated `` rival claims made by different traditions ( ... ) are to be evaluated ( ... ) without relativism '' ( p. 354 ) because indeed `` rational debate between and rational choice among rival traditions is possible '' ( p. 352 ) . Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century blended the Eastern virtue ethics and the Western virtue ethics , with some modifications to suit the 21st Century , and formed a part of contemporary virtue ethics . Hedonism ( edit ) Main article : Hedonism Hedonism posits that the principal ethic is maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain . There are several schools of Hedonist thought ranging from those advocating the indulgence of even momentary desires to those teaching a pursuit of spiritual bliss . In their consideration of consequences , they range from those advocating self - gratification regardless of the pain and expense to others , to those stating that the most ethical pursuit maximizes pleasure and happiness for the most people . Cyrenaic hedonism ( edit ) Founded by Aristippus of Cyrene , Cyrenaics supported immediate gratification or pleasure . `` Eat , drink and be merry , for tomorrow we die . '' Even fleeting desires should be indulged , for fear the opportunity should be forever lost . There was little to no concern with the future , the present dominating in the pursuit for immediate pleasure . Cyrenaic hedonism encouraged the pursuit of enjoyment and indulgence without hesitation , believing pleasure to be the only good . Epicureanism ( edit ) Main article : Epicureanism Epicurean ethics is a hedonist form of virtue ethics . Epicurus `` ... presented a sustained argument that pleasure , correctly understood , will coincide with virtue . '' He rejected the extremism of the Cyrenaics , believing some pleasures and indulgences to be detrimental to human beings . Epicureans observed that indiscriminate indulgence sometimes resulted in negative consequences . Some experiences were therefore rejected out of hand , and some unpleasant experiences endured in the present to ensure a better life in the future . To Epicurus , the summum bonum , or greatest good , was prudence , exercised through moderation and caution . Excessive indulgence can be destructive to pleasure and can even lead to pain . For example , eating one food too often makes a person lose a taste for it . Eating too much food at once leads to discomfort and ill - health . Pain and fear were to be avoided . Living was essentially good , barring pain and illness . Death was not to be feared . Fear was considered the source of most unhappiness . Conquering the fear of death would naturally lead to a happier life . Epicurus reasoned if there were an afterlife and immortality , the fear of death was irrational . If there was no life after death , then the person would not be alive to suffer , fear or worry ; he would be non-existent in death . It is irrational to fret over circumstances that do not exist , such as one 's state in death in the absence of an afterlife . State consequentialism ( edit ) Main article : State consequentialism State consequentialism , also known as Mohist consequentialism , is an ethical theory that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how much it contributes to the basic goods of a state . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes Mohist consequentialism , dating back to the 5th century BC , as `` a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare '' . Unlike utilitarianism , which views pleasure as a moral good , `` the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... order , material wealth , and increase in population '' . During Mozi 's era , war and famines were common , and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a harmonious society . The `` material wealth '' of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing , and the `` order '' of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi 's stance against warfare and violence , which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability . Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison , in The Cambridge History of Ancient China , writes that the moral goods of Mohism `` are interrelated : more basic wealth , then more reproduction ; more people , then more production and wealth ... if people have plenty , they would be good , filial , kind , and so on unproblematically . '' The Mohists believed that morality is based on `` promoting the benefit of all under heaven and eliminating harm to all under heaven '' . In contrast to Bentham 's views , state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not hedonistic or individualistic . The importance of outcomes that are good for the community outweigh the importance of individual pleasure and pain . Consequentialism / teleology ( edit ) Main article : Consequentialism See also : Ethical egoism Consequentialism refers to moral theories that hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action ( or create a structure for judgment , see rule consequentialism ) . Thus , from a consequentialist standpoint , a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome , or consequence . This view is often expressed as the aphorism `` The ends justify the means '' . The term `` consequentialism '' was coined by G.E.M. Anscombe in her essay `` Modern Moral Philosophy '' in 1958 , to describe what she saw as the central error of certain moral theories , such as those propounded by Mill and Sidgwick . Since then , the term has become common in English - language ethical theory . The defining feature of consequentialist moral theories is the weight given to the consequences in evaluating the rightness and wrongness of actions . In consequentialist theories , the consequences of an action or rule generally outweigh other considerations . Apart from this basic outline , there is little else that can be unequivocally said about consequentialism as such . However , there are some questions that many consequentialist theories address : What sort of consequences count as good consequences ? Who is the primary beneficiary of moral action ? How are the consequences judged and who judges them ? One way to divide various consequentialisms is by the types of consequences that are taken to matter most , that is , which consequences count as good states of affairs . According to utilitarianism , a good action is one that results in an increase in a positive effect , and the best action is one that results in that effect for the greatest number . Closely related is eudaimonic consequentialism , according to which a full , flourishing life , which may or may not be the same as enjoying a great deal of pleasure , is the ultimate aim . Similarly , one might adopt an aesthetic consequentialism , in which the ultimate aim is to produce beauty . However , one might fix on non-psychological goods as the relevant effect . Thus , one might pursue an increase in material equality or political liberty instead of something like the more ephemeral `` pleasure '' . Other theories adopt a package of several goods , all to be promoted equally . Whether a particular consequentialist theory focuses on a single good or many , conflicts and tensions between different good states of affairs are to be expected and must be adjudicated . Utilitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that argues the proper course of action is one that maximizes a positive effect , such as `` happiness '' , `` welfare '' , or the ability to live according to personal preferences . Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are influential proponents of this school of thought . In A Fragment on Government Bentham says ' it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong ' and describes this as a fundamental axiom . In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation he talks of ' the principle of utility ' but later prefers `` the greatest happiness principle '' . Utilitarianism is the paradigmatic example of a consequentialist moral theory . This form of utilitarianism holds that the morally correct action is the one that produces the best outcome for all people affected by the action . John Stuart Mill , in his exposition of utilitarianism , proposed a hierarchy of pleasures , meaning that the pursuit of certain kinds of pleasure is more highly valued than the pursuit of other pleasures . Other noteworthy proponents of utilitarianism are neuroscientist Sam Harris , author of The Moral Landscape , and moral philosopher Peter Singer , author of , amongst other works , Practical Ethics . There are two types of utilitarianism , act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism . In act utilitarianism , the principle of utility applies directly to each alternative act in a situation of choice . The right act is the one that brings about the best results ( or the least amount of bad results ) . In rule utilitarianism , the principle of utility determines the validity of rules of conduct ( moral principles ) . A rule like promise - keeping is established by looking at the consequences of a world in which people break promises at will and a world in which promises are binding . Right and wrong are the following or breaking of rules that are sanctioned by their utilitarian value . Deontology ( edit ) Main article : Deontological ethics Immanuel Kant Deontological ethics or deontology ( from Greek δέον , deon , `` obligation , duty '' ; and - λογία , - logia ) is an approach to ethics that determines goodness or rightness from examining acts , or the rules and duties that the person doing the act strove to fulfill . This is in contrast to consequentialism , in which rightness is based on the consequences of an act , and not the act by itself . In deontology , an act may be considered right even if the act produces a bad consequence , if it follows the rule that `` one should do unto others as they would have done unto them '' , and even if the person who does the act lacks virtue and had a bad intention in doing the act . According to deontology , people have a duty to act in a way that does those things that are inherently good as acts ( `` truth - telling '' for example ) , or follow an objectively obligatory rule ( as in rule utilitarianism ) . For deontologists , the ends or consequences of people 's actions are not important in and of themselves , and people 's intentions are not important in and of themselves . Immanuel Kant 's theory of ethics is considered deontological for several different reasons . First , Kant argues that to act in the morally right way , people must act from duty ( deon ) . Second , Kant argued that it was not the consequences of actions that make them right or wrong but the motives ( maxime ) of the person who carries out the action . Kant 's argument that to act in the morally right way , one must act from duty , begins with an argument that the highest good must be both good in itself , and good without qualification . Something is ' good in itself ' when it is intrinsically good , and ' good without qualification ' when the addition of that thing never makes a situation ethically worse . Kant then argues that those things that are usually thought to be good , such as intelligence , perseverance and pleasure , fail to be either intrinsically good or good without qualification . Pleasure , for example , appears to not be good without qualification , because when people take pleasure in watching someone suffer , they make the situation ethically worse . He concludes that there is only one thing that is truly good : Nothing in the world -- indeed nothing even beyond the world -- can possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualification except a good will . Pragmatic ethics ( edit ) Main article : Pragmatic ethics Associated with the pragmatists , Charles Sanders Peirce , William James , and especially John Dewey , pragmatic ethics holds that moral correctness evolves similarly to scientific knowledge : socially over the course of many lifetimes . Thus , we should prioritize social reform over attempts to account for consequences , individual virtue or duty ( although these may be worthwhile attempts , if social reform is provided for ) . Ethics of care ( edit ) Main article : Ethics of care Care ethics contrasts with more well - known ethical models , such as consequentialist theories ( e.g. utilitarianism ) and deontological theories ( e.g. , Kantian ethics ) in that it seeks to incorporate traditionally feminized virtues and values that -- proponents of care ethics contend -- are absent in such traditional models of ethics . These values include the importance of empathetic relationships and compassion . Care - focused feminism is a branch of feminist thought , informed primarily by ethics of care as developed by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings . This body of theory is critical of how caring is socially assigned to women , and consequently devalued . They write , `` Care - focused feminists regard women 's capacity for care as a human strength , '' that should be taught to and expected of men as well as women . Noddings proposes that ethical caring has the potential to be a more concrete evaluative model of moral dilemma than an ethic of justice . Noddings ' care - focused feminism requires practical application of relational ethics , predicated on an ethic of care . Role ethics ( edit ) Main article : Role ethics Role ethics is an ethical theory based on family roles . Unlike virtue ethics , role ethics is not individualistic . Morality is derived from a person 's relationship with their community . Confucian ethics is an example of role ethics though this is not straightforwardly uncontested . Confucian roles center around the concept of filial piety or xiao , a respect for family members . According to Roger Ames and Henry Rosemont , `` Confucian normativity is defined by living one 's family roles to maximum effect . '' Morality is determined through a person 's fulfillment of a role , such as that of a parent or a child . Confucian roles are not rational , and originate through the xin , or human emotions . Anarchist ethics ( edit ) Main article : Anarchism Anarchist ethics is an ethical theory based on the studies of anarchist thinkers . The biggest contributor to the anarchist ethics is the Russian zoologist , geographer , economist , and political activist Peter Kropotkin . The anarchist ethics is a large , vague field that can depend on different historical situations and different anarchist thinkers -- but as Peter Kropotkin explains , `` any `` bourgeois '' or `` proletarian '' ethics rests , after all , on the common basis , on the common ethnological foundation , which at times exerts a very strong influence on the principles of the class or group morality . '' Still , most of the anarchist ethics schools are based on three fundamental ideas , which are : `` solidarity , equality , and justice '' . Kropotkin argues that Ethics is evolutionary and is inherited as a sort of a social instinct through History , and by so , he rejects any religious and transcendental explanation of ethics . Kropotkin suggests that the principle of equality at the core of anarchism is the same as the Golden rule : This principle of treating others as one wishes to be treated oneself , what is it but the very same principle as equality , the fundamental principle of anarchism ? And how can any one manage to believe himself an anarchist unless he practices it ? We do not wish to be ruled . And by this very fact , do we not declare that we ourselves wish to rule nobody ? We do not wish to be deceived , we wish always to be told nothing but the truth . And by this very fact , do we not declare that we ourselves do not wish to deceive anybody , that we promise to always tell the truth , nothing but the truth , the whole truth ? We do not wish to have the fruits of our labor stolen from us . And by that very fact , do we not declare that we respect the fruits of others ' labor ? By what right indeed can we demand that we should be treated in one fashion , reserving it to ourselves to treat others in a fashion entirely different ? Our sense of equality revolts at such an idea . Postmodern ethics ( edit ) Main article : Postmodernism This article or section possibly contains previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 20th century saw a remarkable expansion and evolution of critical theory , following on earlier Marxist Theory efforts to locate individuals within larger structural frameworks of ideology and action . Antihumanists such as Louis Althusser , Michel Foucault and structuralists such as Roland Barthes challenged the possibilities of individual agency and the coherence of the notion of the ' individual ' itself . This was a on the basis that personal identity was , at least in part , a social construction . As critical theory developed in the later 20th century , post-structuralism sought to problematize human relationships to knowledge and ' objective ' reality . Jacques Derrida argued that access to meaning and the ' real ' was always deferred , and sought to demonstrate via recourse to the linguistic realm that `` there is no outside - text / non-text '' ( `` il n'y a pas de hors - texte '' is often mistranslated as `` there is nothing outside the text '' ) ; at the same time , Jean Baudrillard theorised that signs and symbols or simulacra mask reality ( and eventually the absence of reality itself ) , particularly in the consumer world . Post-structuralism and postmodernism argue that ethics must study the complex and relational conditions of actions . A simple alignment of ideas of right and particular acts is not possible . There will always be an ethical remainder that can not be taken into account or often even recognized . Such theorists find narrative ( or , following Nietzsche and Foucault , genealogy ) to be a helpful tool for understanding ethics because narrative is always about particular lived experiences in all their complexity rather than the assignment of an idea or norm to separate and individual actions . Zygmunt Bauman says postmodernity is best described as modernity without illusion , the illusion being the belief that humanity can be repaired by some ethic principle . Postmodernity can be seen in this light as accepting the messy nature of humanity as unchangeable . David Couzens Hoy states that Emmanuel Levinas 's writings on the face of the Other and Derrida 's meditations on the relevance of death to ethics are signs of the `` ethical turn '' in Continental philosophy that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s . Hoy describes post-critique ethics as the `` obligations that present themselves as necessarily to be fulfilled but are neither forced on one or are enforceable '' ( 2004 , p. 103 ) . Hoy 's post-critique model uses the term ethical resistance . Examples of this would be an individual 's resistance to consumerism in a retreat to a simpler but perhaps harder lifestyle , or an individual 's resistance to a terminal illness . Hoy describes Levinas 's account as `` not the attempt to use power against itself , or to mobilize sectors of the population to exert their political power ; the ethical resistance is instead the resistance of the powerless '' ( 2004 , p. 8 ) . Hoy concludes that The ethical resistance of the powerless others to our capacity to exert power over them is therefore what imposes unenforceable obligations on us . The obligations are unenforceable precisely because of the other 's lack of power . That actions are at once obligatory and at the same time unenforceable is what put them in the category of the ethical . Obligations that were enforced would , by the virtue of the force behind them , not be freely undertaken and would not be in the realm of the ethical . ( 2004 , p. 184 ) In present - day terms , the powerless may include the unborn , the terminally sick , the aged , the insane , and non-human animals . It is in these areas that ethical action in Hoy 's sense applies . Until legislation or the state apparatus enforces a moral order that addresses the causes of resistance , these issues remain in the ethical realm . For example , should animal experimentation become illegal in a society , it is longer be an ethical issue by Hoy 's definition ? Likewise , one hundred and fifty years ago , not having a black slave in America would have been an ethical choice . This latter issue has been absorbed into the fabric of an enforceable social order and is therefore no longer an ethical issue in Hoy 's sense . Applied ethics ( edit ) Main article : Applied ethics Applied ethics is a discipline of philosophy that attempts to apply ethical theory to real - life situations . The discipline has many specialized fields , such as engineering ethics , bioethics , geoethics , public service ethics and business ethics . Specific questions ( edit ) Applied ethics is used in some aspects of determining public policy , as well as by individuals facing difficult decisions . The sort of questions addressed by applied ethics include : `` Is getting an abortion immoral ? '' `` Is euthanasia immoral ? '' `` Is affirmative action right or wrong ? '' `` What are human rights , and how do we determine them ? '' `` Do animals have rights as well ? '' and `` Do individuals have the right of self - determination ? '' A more specific question could be : `` If someone else can make better out of his / her life than I can , is it then moral to sacrifice myself for them if needed ? '' Without these questions , there is no clear fulcrum on which to balance law , politics , and the practice of arbitration -- in fact , no common assumptions of all participants -- so the ability to formulate the questions are prior to rights balancing . But not all questions studied in applied ethics concern public policy . For example , making ethical judgments regarding questions such as , `` Is lying always wrong ? '' and , `` If not , when is it permissible ? '' is prior to any etiquette . People , in general , are more comfortable with dichotomies ( two opposites ) . However , in ethics , the issues are most often multifaceted and the best - proposed actions address many different areas concurrently . In ethical decisions , the answer is almost never a `` yes or no '' , `` right or wrong '' statement . Many buttons are pushed so that the overall condition is improved and not to the benefit of any particular faction . Particular fields of application ( edit ) Bioethics ( edit ) Main article : Bioethics Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine . Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences , biotechnology , medicine , politics , law , and philosophy . It also includes the study of the more commonplace questions of values ( `` the ethics of the ordinary '' ) that arise in primary care and other branches of medicine . Bioethics also needs to address emerging biotechnologies that affect basic biology and future humans . These developments include cloning , gene therapy , human genetic engineering , astroethics and life in space , and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA , RNA and proteins , e.g. - `` three parent baby , where baby is born from genetically modified embryos , would have DNA from a mother , a father and from a female donor . Correspondingly , new bioethics also need to address life at its core . For example , biotic ethics value organic gene / protein life itself and seek to propagate it . With such life - centered principles , ethics may secure a cosmological future for life . Business ethics ( edit ) Main article : Business ethics Business ethics ( also corporate ethics ) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment , including fields like medical ethics . It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations . Business ethics has both normative and descriptive dimensions . As a corporate practice and a career specialization , the field is primarily normative . Academics attempting to understand business behavior employ descriptive methods . The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflect the interaction of profit - maximizing behavior with non-economic concerns . Interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s , both within major corporations and within academia . For example , today most major corporations promote their commitment to non-economic values under headings such as ethics codes and social responsibility charters . Adam Smith said , `` People of the same trade seldom meet together , even for merriment and diversion , but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public , or in some contrivance to raise prices . '' Governments use laws and regulations to point business behavior in what they perceive to be beneficial directions . Ethics implicitly regulates areas and details of behavior that lie beyond governmental control . The emergence of large corporations with limited relationships and sensitivity to the communities in which they operate accelerated the development of formal ethics regimes . Machine ethics ( edit ) Main article : Machine ethics In Moral Machines : Teaching Robots Right from Wrong , Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen conclude that issues in machine ethics will likely drive advancement in understanding of human ethics by forcing us to address gaps in modern normative theory and by providing a platform for experimental investigation . The effort to actually program a machine or artificial agent to behave as though instilled with a sense of ethics requires new specificity in our normative theories , especially regarding aspects customarily considered common - sense . For example , machines , unlike humans , can support a wide selection of learning algorithms , and controversy has arisen over the relative ethical merits of these options . This may reopen classic debates of normative ethics framed in new ( highly technical ) terms . Military ethics ( edit ) See also : Geneva Conventions and Nuremberg Principles Military ethics are concerned with questions regarding the application of force and the ethos of the soldier and are often understood as applied professional ethics . Just war theory is generally seen to set the background terms of military ethics . However individual countries and traditions have different fields of attention . Military ethics involves multiple subareas , including the following among others : what , if any , should be the laws of war . justification for the initiation of military force . decisions about who may be targeted in warfare . decisions on choice of weaponry , and what collateral effects such weaponry may have . standards for handling military prisoners . methods of dealing with violations of the laws of war . Political ethics ( edit ) Main article : Political ethics Political ethics ( also known as political morality or public ethics ) is the practice of making moral judgements about political action and political agents . Public sector ethics ( edit ) Main article : Public sector ethics Public sector ethics is a set of principles that guide public officials in their service to their constituents , including their decision - making on behalf of their constituents . Fundamental to the concept of public sector ethics is the notion that decisions and actions are based on what best serves the public 's interests , as opposed to the official 's personal interests ( including financial interests ) or self - serving political interests . Publication ethics ( edit ) Publication ethics is the set of principles that guide the writing and publishing process for all professional publications . To follow these principles , authors must verify that the publication does not contain plagiarism or publication bias . As a way to avoid misconduct in research these principles can also apply to experiments that are referenced or analyzed in publications by ensuring the data is recorded honestly and accurately . Plagiarism is the failure to give credit to another author 's work or ideas , when it is used in the publication . It is the obligation of the editor of the journal to ensure the article does not contain any plagiarism before it is published . If a publication that has already been published is proven to contain plagiarism , the editor of the journal can retract the article . Publication bias occurs when the publication is one - sided or `` prejudiced against results '' . In best practice , an author should try to include information from all parties involved , or affected by the topic . If an author is prejudiced against certain results , than it can `` lead to erroneous conclusions being drawn '' . Misconduct in research can occur when an experimenter falsifies results . Falsely recorded information occurs when the researcher `` fakes '' information or data , which was not used when conducting the actual experiment . By faking the data , the researcher can alter the results from the experiment to better fit the hypothesis they originally predicted . When conducting medical research , it is important to honor the healthcare rights of a patient by protecting their anonymity in the publication . Respect for autonomy is the principle that decision - making should allow individuals to be autonomous ; they should be able to make decisions that apply to their own lives . This means that individuals should have control of their lives . Justice is the principle that decision - makers must focus on actions that are fair to those affected . Ethical decisions need to be consistent with the ethical theory . There are cases where the management has made decisions that seem to be unfair to the employees , shareholders , and other stakeholders ( Solomon , 1992 , pp49 ) . Such decisions are unethical . Relational ethics ( edit ) Relational ethics are related to an ethics of care . They are used in qualitative research , especially ethnography and autoethnography . Researchers who employ relational ethics value and respect the connection between themselves and the people they study , and `` ... between researchers and the communities in which they live and work . '' ( Ellis , 2007 , p. 4 ) . Relational ethics also help researchers understand difficult issues such as conducting research on intimate others that have died and developing friendships with their participants . Relational ethics in close personal relationships form a central concept of contextual therapy . Animal ethics ( edit ) Main article : Animal ethics Animal ethics is a term used in academia to describe human - animal relationships and how animals ought to be treated . The subject matter includes animal rights , animal welfare , animal law , speciesism , animal cognition , wildlife conservation , the moral status of nonhuman animals , the concept of nonhuman personhood , human exceptionalism , the history of animal use , and theories of justice . Moral psychology ( edit ) Main article : Moral psychology Moral psychology is a field of study that began as an issue in philosophy and that is now properly considered part of the discipline of psychology . Some use the term `` moral psychology '' relatively narrowly to refer to the study of moral development . However , others tend to use the term more broadly to include any topics at the intersection of ethics and psychology ( and philosophy of mind ) . Such topics are ones that involve the mind and are relevant to moral issues . Some of the main topics of the field are moral responsibility , moral development , moral character ( especially as related to virtue ethics ) , altruism , psychological egoism , moral luck , and moral disagreement . Evolutionary ethics ( edit ) Main article : Evolutionary ethics See also : Evolution of morality Evolutionary ethics concerns approaches to ethics ( morality ) based on the role of evolution in shaping human psychology and behavior . Such approaches may be based in scientific fields such as evolutionary psychology or sociobiology , with a focus on understanding and explaining observed ethical preferences and choices . Descriptive ethics ( edit ) Main article : Descriptive ethics Descriptive ethics is on the less philosophical end of the spectrum since it seeks to gather particular information about how people live and draw general conclusions based on observed patterns . Abstract and theoretical questions that are more clearly philosophical -- such as , `` Is ethical knowledge possible ? '' -- are not central to descriptive ethics . Descriptive ethics offers a value - free approach to ethics , which defines it as a social science rather than a humanity . Its examination of ethics does n't start with a preconceived theory but rather investigates observations of actual choices made by moral agents in practice . Some philosophers rely on descriptive ethics and choices made and unchallenged by a society or culture to derive categories , which typically vary by context . This can lead to situational ethics and situated ethics . These philosophers often view aesthetics , etiquette , and arbitration as more fundamental , percolating `` bottom up '' to imply the existence of , rather than explicitly prescribe , theories of value or of conduct . The study of descriptive ethics may include examinations of the following : Ethical codes applied by various groups . Some consider aesthetics itself the basis of ethics -- and a personal moral core developed through art and storytelling as very influential in one 's later ethical choices . Informal theories of etiquette that tend to be less rigorous and more situational . Some consider etiquette a simple negative ethics , i.e. , where can one evade an uncomfortable truth without doing wrong ? One notable advocate of this view is Judith Martin ( `` Miss Manners '' ) . According to this view , ethics is more a summary of common sense social decisions . Practices in arbitration and law , e.g. , the claim that ethics itself is a matter of balancing `` right versus right '' , i.e. , putting priorities on two things that are both right , but that must be traded off carefully in each situation . Observed choices made by ordinary people , without expert aid or advice , who vote , buy , and decide what is worth valuing . This is a major concern of sociology , political science , and economics . See also ( edit ) Ethics portal Contemporary ethics Corporate social responsibility Declaration of Geneva Declaration of Helsinki Deductive reasoning Descriptive ethics Dharma Ethical movement Ethics paper Index of ethics articles -- alphabetical list of ethics - related articles Moral psychology Outline of ethics -- list of ethics - related articles , arranged by sub-topic Practical philosophy Science of morality Theory of justification Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy `` Ethics '' Jump up ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary : Entry on Axiology . Jump up ^ Kidder , Rushworth ( 2003 ) . How Good People Make Tough Choices : Resolving the Diliemmas of Ethical Living . New York : Harper Collins . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17590 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Richard ; Elder , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Miniature Guide to Understanding the Foundations of Ethical Reasoning . United States : Foundation for Critical Thinking Free Press . p. np . ISBN 0 - 944583 - 17 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Deigh in Robert Audi ( ed ) , The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of ethic by Merriam Webster '' . Merriam Webster . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Bernard . Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Williams , Bernard . Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Are We Professionals ? A Critical Look at the Social Role of Bioethicists . '' . Daedalus. 1999 . pp. 253 -- 274 . Jump up ^ David Tanguay ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Buddha and Socrates share Common ground '' . Soul of Wit . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon. 1889 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is ethics ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.iep.utm.edu/non-cogn/ Jump up ^ Miller , C. ( 2009 ) . The Conditions of Moral Realism . The Journal of Philosophical Research , 34 , 123 - 155 . Jump up ^ Cavalier , Robert . `` Meta - ethics , Normative Ethics , and Applied Ethics '' . Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : William S. Sahakian ; Mabel Lewis Sahakian ( 1966 ) . Ideas of the Great Philosophers . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56619 - 271 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Professor Michiel S.S. De De Vries ; Professor Pan Suk Kim ( October 28 , 2011 ) . Value and Virtue in Public Administration : A Comparative Perspective . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 35709 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Martha ( 1987 ) . Non-Relative Virtues : An Aristotelian Approach . ^ Jump up to : John Newton , Ph. D. , Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 9673705 - 7 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ancient Ethical Theory , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ^ Jump up to : Ivanhoe , P.J. ; Van Norden , Bryan William ( 2005 ) . Readings in classical Chinese philosophy . Hackett Publishing . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87220 - 780 - 6. he advocated a form of state consequentialism , which sought to maximize three basic goods : the wealth , order , and population of the state Jump up ^ Fraser , Chris , `` Mohism '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Edward N. Zalta . ^ Jump up to : Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward L. ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge University Press . p. 761 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47030 - 8 . Jump up ^ Van Norden , Bryan W. ( 2011 ) . Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy . Hackett Publishing . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60384 - 468 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jay L. Garfield ; William Edelglass ( June 9 , 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy . Oxford University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532899 - 8 . The goods that serve as criteria of morality are collective or public , in contrast , for instance , to individual happiness or well - being Jump up ^ Anscombe , G.E.M. ( 1958 ) . `` Modern Moral Philosophy '' . Philosophy. 1958 . 33 ( 124 ) : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1017 / S0031819100037943 . Jump up ^ Mackie , J.L. ( 1990 ) ( 1977 ) . Ethics : Inventing Right and Wrong . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 013558 - 8 . Jump up ^ Baqgini , Julian ; Fosl , Peter S. ( 2007 ) . The Ethics Toolkit : A Compendium of Ethical Concepts and Methods . Malden : Blackwell . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bentham , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . The Works of Jeremy Bentham : Published under the Superintendence of His Executor , John Bowring . Volume 1 . Adamant Media Corporation . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4021 - 6393 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart , Utilitarianism ( Project Gutenberg online edition ) Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart ( 1998 ) . Utilitarianism . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875163 - 2 . Jump up ^ Department of Philosophy , CMU Jump up ^ Stanford.edu Jump up ^ Olson , Robert G. 1967 . ' Deontological Ethics ' . In Paul Edwards ( ed . ) The Encyclopedia of Philosophy . London : Collier Macmillan : 343 . Jump up ^ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/ Jump up ^ Orend , Brian . 2000 . War and International Justice : A Kantian Perspective . West Waterloo , Ontario : Wilfrid Laurier University Press : 19 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Eugene . 2006 . The Basics of Western Philosophy . Greenwood Press : 160 . Jump up ^ Kant , Immanuel. 1780 . ' Preface ' . In The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics . Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott ^ Jump up to : Kant , Immanuel. 1785 . ' First Section : Transition from the Common Rational Knowledge of Morals to the Philosophical ' , Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals . Jump up ^ Lafollette , Hugh , ed . ( February 2000 ) . The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory . Blackwell Philosophy Guides ( 1 ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 20119 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tong , Rosemarie ; Williams , Nancy ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Feminist Ethics '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . The Metaphysics Research Lab . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noddings , Nel : Caring : A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education , page 3 - 4 . University of California Press , Berkeley , 1984 . Jump up ^ Noddings , Nel : Women and Evil , page 222 . University of California Press , Berkeley , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Roger T. Ames ( April 30 , 2011 ) . Confucian Role Ethics : A Vocabulary . University of Hawaiʻi Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3576 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Fraser ; Dan Robins ; Timothy O'Leary ( May 1 , 2011 ) . Ethics in Early China : An Anthology . Hong Kong University Press . pp. 17 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 988 - 8028 - 93 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sim , May , 2015 , `` Why Confucius ' Ethics is a Virtue Ethics '' , in Besser - Jones and Slote ( 2015 ) , pp. 63 -- 76 Jump up ^ Wonsuk Chang ; Leah Kalmanson ( November 8 , 2010 ) . Confucianism in Context : Classic Philosophy and Contemporary Issues , East Asia and Beyond . SUNY Press . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 3191 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ethics : Origin and Development '' by Pëtr Kropotkin Jump up ^ `` Anarchist morality '' , chapter VI , Pëtr Kropotkin Jump up ^ `` Astroethics '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Freemont , P.F. ; Kitney , R.I. ( 2012 ) . Synthetic Biology . New Jersey : World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84816 - 862 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mautner , Michael N. ( 2009 ) . `` Life - centered ethics , and the human future in space '' ( PDF ) . Bioethics. 23 : 433 -- 440 . PMID 19077128 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8519.2008. 00688. x . Jump up ^ Mautner , Michael N. ( 2000 ) . Seeding the Universe with Life : Securing Our Cosmological Future ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : Legacy Books ( www.amazon.com ) . ISBN 0 - 476 - 00330 - X . Jump up ^ Smith , A ( 1776 / 1952 ) . An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Berle , A.A. , & Means , G.C. ( 1932 ) . The Modern Corporation and Private Property . New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . In this book , Berle and Means observe , `` Corporations have ceased to be merely legal devices through which the private business transactions of individuals may be carried on . Though still much used for this purpose , the corporate form has acquired a much larger significance . The corporation has , in fact , become both a method of property tenure and a means of organizing economic life . Grown to tremendous proportions , there may be said to have evolved a ' corporate system ' -- as there once was a feudal system -- which has attracted to itself a combination of attributes and powers , and has attained a degree of prominence entitling it to be dealt with as a major social institution ... We are examining this institution probably before it has attained its zenith . Spectacular as its rise has been , every indication seems to be that the system will move forward to proportions which stagger imagination today ... They ( management ) have placed the community in a position to demand that the modern corporation serve not only the owners ... but all society . '' p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jones , Parker & et al. 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Wallach , Wendell ; Allen , Colin ( November 2008 ) . Moral Machines : Teaching Robots Right from Wrong . USA : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537404 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cook , Martin L. ; Syse , Henrik ( 2010 ) . `` What Should We Mean by ' Military Ethics ' ? '' . Journal of Military Ethics. 9 ( 2 ) . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Goffi , Emmanuel ( 2011 ) . Les Armée Françaises Face à la Morale ( The French Army Facing Morale ) ( in French ) . France : L'Harmattan . ISBN 978 - 2296542495 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Dennis F. `` Political Ethics '' . International Encyclopedia of Ethics , ed . Hugh LaFollette ( Blackwell Publishing , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ See , for example , work of Institute for Local Government , at www.ca-ilg.org/trust . ^ Jump up to : Morton , Neil ( October 2009 ) . `` Publication ethics '' . Pediatric Anesthesia. 19 ( 10 ) : 1011 -- 1013 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9592.2009. 03086. x . Jump up ^ Wager , E ; Fiack , S ; Graf , C ; Robinson , A ; Rowlands , I ( 31 March 2009 ) . `` Science journal editors ' views on publication ethics : results of an international survey '' . Journal of Medical Ethics. 35 : 348 -- 353 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 2008.028324 . Jump up ^ Scollon , Ron ( June 1999 ) . `` Plagiarism '' . Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 9 : 188 -- 190 . JSTOR 43102462 . doi : 10.1525 / jlin. 1999.9. 1 - 2.188 . Jump up ^ Wager , Elizabeth ; Williams , Peter ( September 2011 ) . `` Why and how do journals retract articles ? An analysis of Medline retractions 1988 -- 2008 '' . Journal of Medical Ethics. 37 ( 9 ) : 567 -- 570 . JSTOR 23034717 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 2010.040964 . Jump up ^ Sanjeev , Handa ( 2008 ) . `` Plagiarism and publication ethics : Dos and don'ts '' . Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology. 74 ( 4 ) : 301 -- 303 . Jump up ^ Sigelman , Lee ( 2000 ) . `` Publication Bias Reconsidered '' . Political Analysis . 8 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 210 . JSTOR 25791607 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. pan. a029813 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jamie L. ; Sutton , Alex J. ; Jones , David R. ; Abrams , Keith R. ; Rushton , Lesley ; Moreno , Santiago G. ( July 2010 ) . `` Assessing publication bias in meta - analysis in the presence of between - study heterogeneity '' . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . Series A ( Statistics in Society ) . 173 ( 3 ) : 575 -- 591 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 985x. 2009.00629. x . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Richard ( July 26 , 1997 ) . `` Misconduct in Research : Editors Respond : The Committee on Publication Ethics ( COPE ) Is Formed '' . British Medical Journal . 315 ( 7102 ) : 201 -- 202 . JSTOR 25175246 . PMC 2127155 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 315.7102. 201 . Jump up ^ Carol GILLIGAN ( June 30 , 2009 ) . IN A DIFFERENT VOICE . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03761 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ellis , C. ( 2007 ) Telling secrets , revealing lives : Relational ethics in research with intimate others . Qualitative Inquiry , 13 , 3 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ellis , C. ( 1986 ) . Fisher folk . Two communities on Chesapeake Bay . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . Jump up ^ Ellis , C. ( 1995 ). Final negotiations : A story of love , loss , and chronic illness . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . Jump up ^ See , for example , Lapsley ( 2006 ) and `` moral psychology '' ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ See , for example , Doris & Stich ( 2008 ) and Wallace ( 2007 ) . Wallace writes : `` Moral psychology is the study of morality in its psychological dimensions '' ( p. 86 ) . Jump up ^ See Doris & Stich ( 2008 ) , § 1 . Jump up ^ Doris Schroeder . `` Evolutionary Ethics '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hary Gunarto , Ethical Issues in Cyberspace and IT Society , Symposium on Whither The Age of Uncertainty , APU Univ. , paper , Jan. 2003 References ( edit ) Hoy , D. ( 2005 ) . Critical Resistance from Poststructuralism to Postcritique . Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts . Lyon , D. ( 1999 ) . Postmodernity ( 2nd ed . ) . Open University Press , Buckingham . Singer , P. ( 2000 ) . Writings on an Ethical Life . Harper Collins Publishers , London . Further reading ( edit ) Aristotle , Nicomachean Ethics The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read , depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Ethics Encyclopedia of Ethics . Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker , editors . Second edition in three volumes . New York : Routledge , 2002 . A scholarly encyclopedia with over 500 signed , peer - reviewed articles , mostly on topics and figures of , or of special interest in , Western philosophy . Azurmendi , J. 1998 : `` The violence and the search for new values '' in Euskal Herria krisian , ( Elkar , 1999 ) , pp. 11 -- 116 . ISBN 84 - 8331 - 572 - 6 Blackburn , S. ( 2001 ) . Being good : A short introduction to ethics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . De Finance , Joseph , An Ethical Inquiry , Rome , Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana , 1991 . De La Torre , Miguel A. , `` Doing Christian Ethics from the Margins '' , Orbis Books , 2004 . Derrida , J. 1995 , The Gift of Death , translated by David Wills , University of Chicago Press , Chicago . Fagothey , Austin , Right and Reason , Tan Books & Publishers , Rockford , Illinois , 2000 . Levinas , E. 1969 , Totality and infinity , an essay on exteriority , translated by Alphonso Lingis , Duquesne University Press , Pittsburgh . Perle , Stephen ( March 11 , 2004 ) . `` Morality and Ethics : An Introduction '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2007 . , Butchvarov , Panayot . Skepticism in Ethics ( 1989 ) . Jadranka Skorin - Kapov , The Intertwining of Aesthetics and Ethics : Exceeding of Expectations , Ecstasy , Sublimity . Lexington Books , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 2456 - 8 Solomon , R.C. , Morality and the Good Life : An Introduction to Ethics Through Classical Sources , New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company , 1984 . Vendemiati , Aldo , In the First Person , An Outline of General Ethics , Rome , Urbaniana University Press , 2004 . John Paul II , Encyclical Letter Veritatis Splendor , August 6 , 1993 . D'Urance , Michel , Jalons pour une éthique rebelle , Aléthéia , Paris , 2005 . John Newton , Ph. D. Complete Conduct Principles for the 21st Century , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 9673705 - 7 - 4 . Guy Cools & Pascal Gielen , The Ethics of Art . Valiz : Amsterdam , 2014 . Lafollette , Hugh ( ed . ) : Ethics in Practice : An Anthology . Wiley Blackwell , 4th edition , Oxford 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0470671832 An entire issue of Pacific Island Studies devoted to studying `` Constructing Moral Communities '' in Pacific islands , 2002 , vol. 25 : Link Paul R. Ehrlich ( May 2016 ) , Conference on population , environment , ethics : where we stand now ( video , 93 min ) , University of Lausanne External links ( edit ) Find more aboutEthicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Library resources about Ethics Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Meta - Ethics at PhilPapers Normative Ethics at PhilPapers Applied Ethics at PhilPapers Ethics at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project `` Ethics '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . An Introduction to Ethics by Paul Newall , aimed at beginners . Ethics , 2d ed. , 1973 . by William Frankena Ethics Bites , Open University podcast series podcast exploring ethical dilemmas in everyday life . 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when did the constituent assembly become a sovereign body

Constituent Assembly of India - Wikipedia Constituent Assembly of India This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Constituent Assembly of India <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Constituent Assembly . <Th_colspan="2"> Type Type Unicameral <Th_colspan="2"> History Founded 6 December 1946 ( 1946 - 12 - 06 ) Disbanded 24 January 1950 ( 1950 - 01 - 24 ) Preceded by Imperial Legislative Council Succeeded by Parliament of India <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership Temporary Chairman Sachchidananda Sinha , INC President Dr. Rajendra Prasad , INC Chairman of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , SCF Vice Presidents Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari <Th_colspan="2"> Structure Seats 389 ( Dec. 1946 - June 1947 ) 299 ( June 1947 - Jan. 1950 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Political groups INC : 208 seats AIML : 73 seats Others : 15 seats Princely States : 93 seats <Th_colspan="2"> Elections Voting system First past the post <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> House of Parliament , New Delhi The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India . Following India 's independence from Great Britain in 1947 , its members served as the nation 's first Parliament . An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M.N. Roy , a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy . It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935 , C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a Constituent Assembly on 15 November 1939 based on adult franchise , and was accepted by the British in August 1940 . On 8 August 1940 , a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor - General 's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council . This offer , known as the August Offer , included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution . Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 , elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly . The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946 . The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single , transferable - vote system of proportional representation . The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 : 292 were representatives of the states , 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi , Ajmer - Merwara , Coorg ( Near Madikeri ) and British Baluchistan . The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946 . Congress won 208 seats , and the Muslim League 73 . After this election , the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress , and the political situation deteriorated . Hindu - Muslim riots began , and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India . On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten , the last British Governor - General of India , announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan ; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan . The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and , although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948 , this event led to independence on 15 August 1947 . The Constituent Assembly ( elected for an undivided India ) met for the first time on 9 December 1946 , reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament 's authority in India . As a result of the partition , under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947 . The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India . New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal ( which became part of Pakistan , although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh ) ; the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization , and it met on 31 December 1947 . Contents 1 Description 2 Background and election 3 Constitution and elections 4 Organization 4.1 Timeline 5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly 6 Prominent members 7 Members ( by province / state ) 7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading Description ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly , consisting of indirectly elected representatives , was established to draft a constitution for India ( including the now - separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) . It existed for approximately three years , the first parliament of India after independence in 1947 . The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage , and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities . The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation . Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one - party environment , the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions -- from conservative industrialists to radical Marxists , to Hindu revivalists . The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946 , and its last session was held on 24 January 1950 . The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru : The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution , to feed the starving people , and to clothe the naked masses , and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity . This is certainly a great task . Look at India today . We , are sitting here and there in despair in many places , and unrest in many cities . The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances , and unfortunately we sometimes can not avoid them . But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving . Wherever we turn , we are confronted with this problem . If we can not solve this problem soon , all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless . Keeping this aspect in view , who could suggest to us to postpone and wait ? -- Jawaharlal Nehru , Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) , Vol. II Background and election ( edit ) India was still under British rule when the Constituent Assembly was established following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom . Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946 . Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies , and initially included representatives for those provinces that formed part of Pakistan ( some of which are now in Bangladesh ) . The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives , including nine women . The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly . The Congress Party held a large majority in the Assembly ( 69 percent of the seats ) , and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims . There were also members of smaller parties , such as the Scheduled Caste Federation , the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party . In June 1947 delegations from Sindh , East Bengal , Baluchistan , West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan , meeting in Karachi . On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations , and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India 's Parliament . Twenty - eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly , and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states ; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent . Constitution and elections ( edit ) See also : Constitution of India At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session , with 208 members attending . By early 1947 , representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined , and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949 . On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect ( commemorated as Republic Day ) , and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India ( continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952 ) . Organization ( edit ) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman ( temporary ) of Constituent Assembly . Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University . Also chairing the assembly 's Minorities Committee , Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic . Jurist B.N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly ; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution , and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague . The assembly 's work had five stages : Committees presented reports on issues . B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations . The drafting committee , chaired by B.R. Ambedkar , presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion . The draft constitution was discussed , and amendments proposed and enacted . The constitution was adopted , with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party ( known as the Congress Assembly Party ) played a pivotal role . Timeline ( edit ) 9 December 1946 : The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall ( now the Central Hall of Parliament House ) . Demanding a separate state , the Muslim League boycotted the meeting . Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly , in accordance with French practice . 11 December 1946 : Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H.C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly . B.N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser . 13 December 1946 : An ' Objective Resolution ' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly , laying down the underlying principles of the constitution . It finally became the Preamble of the constitution . 22 January 1947 : Objective resolution unanimously adopted . 22 July 1947 : National flag adopted . 15 August 1947 : Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India . 29 August 1947 : Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman . 16 July 1948 : Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly . 26 November 1949 : Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly . 24 January 1950 : `` Jana Gana Mana '' adopted as the national anthem , with the first two verses of `` Vande Mataram '' the national song . Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India . The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body , and by G.V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body . It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years , eleven months and eighteen days , at a total expenditure of ₹ 6.4 million . Committees of the Constituent Assembly ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution - making . Out of these , eight were major committees and the others were minor committees . Major Committees Drafting Committee -- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Union Powers Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Union Constitution Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Provincial Constitution Committee -- Sardar Patel Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights , Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas -- Sardar Patel . This committee had the following subcommittees : Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee -- J.B. Kripalani Minorities Sub-Committee -- Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , North - East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee -- Gopinath Bardoloi Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas ( Other than those in Assam ) Sub-Committee -- AV Thakkar Rules of Procedure Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad States Committee ( Committee for Negotiating with States ) -- Jawaharlal Nehru Steering Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Prominent members ( edit ) B.R. Ambedkar , Minister for Law ; Chairman of Drafting Committee . B.N. Rau , Constitutional Advisor Jawaharlal Nehru , first Prime Minister of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Minister for Education Rajendra Prasad , President of Constituent Assembly C. Rajagopalachari , Governor - General of India Sarat Chandra Bose , Barrister and Indian independence activist Krishna Sinha , first Chief Minister , Bihar Binodanand Jha , Minister , Bihar Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister , Bihar Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Asaf Ali Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Industries Minister , President , Hindu Mahasabha Moturi Satyanarayana , Freedom Fighter Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , Health Minister Hansa Mehta , President , All India Women 's Conference N.G. Ranga Deep Narayan Singh , Minister , Bihar Gopinath Bordoloi , Prime Minister of Assam Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla , Assam P. Subbarayan Kailashnath Katju N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar T.T. Krishnamachari Rameshwar Prasad Sinha Durgabai Deshmukh K.M. Munshi Krishana Ballabh Sahay Frank Anthony , Anglo - Indian representative Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan John Mathai , first railway minister of India Pratap Singh Kairon L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province Chidambaram Subramaniam Jaipal Singh Munda , Former Indian Hockey captain , and Tribal leader Members ( by province / state ) ( edit ) Madras : Annie Mascarene , O.V. Alagesan , Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan , M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar , Moturi Satyanarayana , Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan , Mrs. G. Durgabai , Kala Venkatarao , N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar , D. Govinda Das , Revd . Jerome D'Souza , P. Kakkan , T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder , K. Kamaraj , V.C. Kesava Rao , T.T. Krishnamachari , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi , P. Kunhiraman , Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao , V.I. Munuswamy Pillai , M.A. Muthiah Chettiar , V. Nadimuthu Pillai , S. Nagappa , P.L. Narasimha Raju , B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya , C. Perumalswamy Reddy , T. Prakasam , S.H. Prater , Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili , R.K. Shanmukham Chetty , T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar , Ramnath Goenka , O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiar , N.G. Ranga , Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy , Sheik Galib Sahib , K. Santhanam , B. Shiva Rao , Kallur Subba Rao , U. Srinivasa Mallya , P. Subbarayan , C. Subramaniam , V Subramaniam , M.C. Veerabahu Pillai , P.M. Velayudapani , A.K. Menon , T.J.M. Wilson , Mohamed Ismail Sahib , K.T.M. Ahmed Ibrahim , Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur , B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur , pattam Tanupillai Bombay : Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte , Hansa Mehta , Hari Vinayak Pataskar , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , Joseph Alban D'Souza , Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai , Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe , Khandubhai Kasanji Desai , Bal Gangadhar Kher , M.R. Masani , K.M. Munshi , Narahar Vishnu Gadgil , S. Nijalingappa , S.K. Patil , Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade , R.R. Diwakar , Shankarrao Deo , G.V. Mavalankar , Vallabhbhai Patel , Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh , A.A. Khan West Bengal : Monomohan Das , Arun Chandra Guha , Lakshmi Kanta Maitra , Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay , Satis Chandra Samanta , Suresh Chandra Majumdar , Upendranath Barman , Prabhudayal Himatsingka , Basanta Kumar Das , Renuka Ray , H.C. Mukherjee , Surendra Mohan Ghose , Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Ari Bahadur Gurung , R.E. Platel , K.C. Neogy , Raghib Ahsan , Somnath Lahiri , Jasimuddin Ahmad , Naziruddin Ahmad , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Halim Ghuznavi United Provinces : Ajit Prasad Jain , Algu Rai Shastri , Balkrishna Sharma , Banshi Dhar Misra , Bhagwan Din , Damodar Swarup Seth , Dayal Das Bhagat , Dharam Prakash , A. Dharam Dass , R.V. Dhulekar , Feroz Gandhi , Gopal Narain , Krishna Chandra Sharma , Govind Ballabh Pant , Govind Malviya , Har Govind Pant , Harihar Nath Shastri , Hriday Nath Kunzru , Jaspat Roy Kapoor , Jagannath Baksh Singh , Jawaharlal Nehru , Jogendra Singh , Jugal Kishore , Jwala Prasad Srivastava , B.V. Keskar , Kamala Chaudhry , Kamalapati Tripathi , J.B. Kripalani , Mahavir Tyagi , Khurshed Lal , Masurya Din , Mohan Lal Saksena , Padampat Singhania , Phool Singh , Paragi Lal , Purnima Banerjee , Purushottam Das Tandon , Hira Vallabha Tripathi , Ram Chandra Gupta , Shibban Lal Saxena , Satish Chandra , John Matthai , Sucheta Kripalani , Sunder Lall , Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari , Mohanlal Gautam , Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi , Vishnu Sharan Dublish , Begum Aizaz Rasul , Hyder Hussain , Hasrat Mohani , Abul Kalam Azad , Muhammad Ismail Khan , Rafi Ahmad Kidwai , Mohd . Hifzur Rahman , ZH Lari East Punjab : Bakshi Tek Chand , Jairamdas Daulatram , Thakurdas Bhargava , Bikramlal Sondhi , Yashwant Rai , Ranbir Singh Hooda , Lala Achint Ram , Nand Lal , Baldev Singh , Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir , Sardar Hukam Singh , Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann , Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal Bihar : Nasif Arafat , Amiyo Kumar Ghosh , Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala , Bhagwat Prasad , Boniface Lakra , Brajeshwar Prasad , Chandika Ram , K.T. Shah , Devendra Nath Samanta , Dip Narain Sinha , Guptanath Singh , Jadubans Sahay , Jagat Narain Lal , Jagjivan Ram , Jaipal Singh Munda , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga , Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav , Mahesh Prasad Sinha , Krishna Ballabh Sahay , Raghunandan Prasad , Rajendra Prasad , Rameshwar Prasad Sinha , Ramnarayan Singh , Sachchidananda Sinha , Sarangdhar Sinha , Satyanarayan Sinha , Binodanand Jha , P.K. Sen , Sri Krishna Sinha , Sri Narayan Mahtha , Syamanandan Mishra , Hussain Imam , Syed Jafar Imam , Latifur Rahman , Mohammad Tahir , Tajamul Hussain , Choudhry Abid Hussain . Hargovind Mishra Central Provinces and Berar : Ambica Charan Shukla , Raghu Vira , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , B.A. Mandloi , Brijlal Nandlal Biyani , Thakur Cheedilal , Seth Govind Das , Hari Singh Gour , Hari Vishnu Kamath , Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar , Ghanshyam Singh Gupta , Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar , Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh , Ravi Shankar Shukla , R.K. Sidhva , Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari , Frank Anthony , Kazi Syed Karimuddin , Ganpatrao Dani Assam : Nibaran Chandra Laskar , Dharanidhar Basu - Matari , Gopinath Bardoloi , J.J.M. Nichols - Roy , Kuladhar Chaliha , Rohini Kumar Chaudhury , Muhammad Saadulla , Abdur Rouf Orissa : Biswanath Das , Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev , Harekrushna Mahatab , Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra , Nandkishore Das , Rajkrishna Bose , Santanu Kumar Das , Yudhishir Mishra Delhi : Deshbhandhu Gupta Ajmer - Merwara : Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava Coorg : C.M. Poonacha Mysore : K.C. Reddy , T. Siddalingaiya , H.R. Guruv Reddy , S.V. Krishnamurthy Rao , K. Hanumanthaiya , H. Siddaveerappa , T. Channiah Jammu and Kashmir : Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah , Motiram Baigra , Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg , Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi Travancore - Cochin : Pattom A. Thanu Pillai , R. Sankar , P.T. Chacko , Panampilly Govinda Menon , Annie Mascarene , P.S. Nataraja Pillai , K.A. Mohamed Madhya Bharat : Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate , Brijraj Narain , Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya , Ram Sahai , Kusum Kant Jain , Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya , Sitaram S. Jajoo Saurashtra : Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta , Jaisukhlal Hathi , Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar , Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah , Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi Rajasthan : V.T. Krishnamachari , Hiralal Shastri , Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri , Jaswant Singhji , Raj Bhadur , Manikya Lal Varma , Gokul Lal Asava , Ramchandra Upadhyaya , Balwant Sinha Mehta , Dalel Singh , Jainarain Vyas Patiala and East Punjab States Union : Ranjit Singh , Sochet Singh , Bhagwant Roy Bombay States : Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya , B.N. Munavalli , Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt , Jivraj Narayan Mehta , Gopaldas A. Desai , Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi , B.H. Khardekar , Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar Orissa States : Lal Mohan Pati , N. Madhava Rau , Raj Kunwar , Sarangadhar Das , Yudhishthir Mishra Central Provinces States : R.L. Malaviya , Kishorimohan Tripathi , Ramprasad Potai United Provinces States : B.H. Zaidi , Krishna Singh Madras States : V. Ramaiah , Ramakrishna Ranga Rao Vindhya Pradesh : Avdesh Pratap Singh , Shambu Nath Shukla , Ram Sahai Tiwari , Mannulalji Dwidedi Cooch Behar : Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari Tripura and Manipur : Girja Shankar Guha Bhopal : Lal Singh Kutch : Bhawani Arjun Khimji Himachal Pradesh : Yashwant Singh Parmar Members who later withdrew after partition ( edit ) East Bengal : Abdullah al Mahmood , Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Kasem Khan , Mohammad Akram Khan , A. Hamid , Azizuddin Ahmad , Muhammad Habibullah Bahar , Prem Hari Barma , Raj Kumar Chakraverty , Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya , Abdul Matin Chaudhary , Murtaza Raza Choudhry , Hamidul Haq Chowdhury , Akhay Kumar Das , Dhirendra Nath Datta , Bhupendra Kumar Datta , Ebrahim Khan , Fazlul Huq , Fazlur Rahman , Ghayasuddin Pathan , Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah , Liaquat Ali Khan , Mafizuddin Ahmad , Mahmud Hussain , Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar , A.M. Malik , Birat Chandra Mandal , Jogendra Nath Mandal , Mohammed Ali , Khwaja Nazimuddin , M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed , Nurul Amin , Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi , Sri Dhananjoy M.A.B.L. Roy , Maudi Bhakesh Chanda , B.L. Serajul Islam , Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani , Shahabudin Khwaja , H.S. Suhrawardy , Harendra Kumar Sur , Tamizuddin Khan , Kawivi Kerwar Datta , Ghulam Mohammed West Punjab : Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana , Ganga Saran , Zafarullah Khan , Iftikhar Hussain Khan , Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Sheikh Karamat Ali , Nazir Ahmad Khan , Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar , Feroz Khan Noon , Omar Hayat Malik , Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara , Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan , Northwest Frontier Province : Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan , Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan , Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan Sindh : Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman , Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder , M.A. Khuhro Balochistan : S.B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai Gallery ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman , Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29 , 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November , 1949 . B.R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India . Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth , Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations , 3rd ed. , ( New Delhi : Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited , 2011 ) , p. 2.3 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Baruah , L.M. ( 1992 ) . Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi , an Architect of Modern India . Gyan Publishing House . ISBN 81 - 212 - 0404 - 6 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Granville . The Indian Constitution , Cornerstone of a Nation . New Delhi : OUP India , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564959 - 1 . Bipan Chandra , Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee . India Since Independence : Revised Edition . New Delhi : Penguin Books India , 2008 . An Indian 10 - episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called `` SAMVIDHAN '' described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made . <Th_colspan="2"> Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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1. Constituent Assembly of India 2. Drafting of the Constitution 3. Independence from Great Britain 4. Political parties and representation 5. Role of key members in the Assembly

what was the shortest battle in the civil war

Battle of Dranesville - wikipedia Battle of Dranesville Coordinates : 38 ° 59 ′ 43.7 '' N 77 ° 20 ′ 13.9 '' W  /  38.995472 ° N 77.337194 ° W  / 38.995472 ; - 77.337194 <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of Dranesville <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the American Civil War <Td_colspan="2"> Battle of Dranesville <Td_colspan="2"> Date December 20 , 1861 ( 1861 - 12 - 20 ) Location Fairfax County , Virginia Result Union victory <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Edward O.C. Ord J.E.B. Stuart <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 5,000 4,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 71 230 <Th_colspan="2"> McClellan 's Operations in Northern Virginia <Td_colspan="2"> Ball 's Bluff Dranesville The Battle of Dranesville was a small battle during the American Civil War that took place between Confederate forces under Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart and Union forces under Brigadier General Edward O.C. Ord on December 20 , 1861 , in Fairfax County , Virginia , as part of Major General George B. McClellan 's operations in northern Virginia . The two forces on similar winter - time patrols encountered and engaged one another in the crossroads village of Dranesville . The battle resulted in a Union victory . Contents 1 Background 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 4 Results 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Approximate site of the battle , seen in 2017 Following the Battle of Ball 's Bluff on October 21 , major offensive action was halted in the eastern theater , as both armies went into winter quarters . Small detachments were still occasionally sent out to probe the enemy 's position and to obtain forage . Such was the case early on the morning of December 20 when General Stuart , with a mixed brigade of infantry comprising the regiments of the 6th South Carolina , 1st Kentucky , 10th Alabama , and 11th Virginia , 150 of his cavalry troopers and Allen S. Cutts 's four - gun Georgia battery , set out north from their position near Centreville to escort the army 's wagons trains on a foraging expedition into Loudoun County . Meanwhile , General Ord , leading the 10,000 strong 3rd Brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves set out west from Langley to clear the south bank of the Potomac River of Confederate pickets and partisans in Fairfax and Loudoun . At Colvin Run Mill , Ord left half his force to protect his rear and prevent his force from being cut off from their base at Langley . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Brigadier General Edward O.C. Ord Commander : Brigadier General Edward O.C. Ord Regiments 6th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 35th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. William M. Penrose 9th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 38th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Col. Conrad Feger Jackson 10th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 39th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Col. John S. McCalmont 12th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 41st Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Col. John H. Taggart Kane 's 1st Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment ( a.k.a. 42nd Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. l Thomas L. Kane 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry ( a.k.a. 44th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. Jacob C. Higgins 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Artillery ( a.k.a. 43rd Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. Charles T. Campbell Battery A : Cpt . Hezekiah Easton Battery F : Cpt . Ezra Matthews Confederate ( edit ) Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart Commander : Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart Regiments 11th Virginia Volunteers : Col. Samuel Garland , Jr . 6th South Carolina Volunteers : Lt. Col. Andrew J. Secrest 10th Alabama Volunteers : Col. John Horace Forney 1st Kentucky Volunteers : Col. Thomas A Taylor 1st North Carolina Cavalry ( 100 man detachment ) : Maj . James B. Gordon 2nd Virginia Cavalry , Company C : Cpt . Andrew L. Pitzer Sumter Flying Artillery ( Georgia ) : Capt . Allen S. Cutts Battle ( edit ) Sketch of the Affair at Dranesville , Va . Matz , Otto H. , 1895 At about noon , Ord arrived at the intersection of the Georgetown Pike and Leesburg Pike in the village of Dranesville , where he encountered Stuart 's advance cavalry pickets , which were quickly driven off by the Union force . Ord then began to lead his command west , down the Leesburg Pike . At around 1 p.m. Stuart , with the main body of his force approached Dranesville from the south , whereupon he encountered the rear of the Union detachment . Ord halted his infantry and wheeled it around to meet the Confederate threat , forming a line on the north side of the Leesburg Pike . He then deployed his artillery on an eminence near the intersection . Stuart deployed his infantry on the south side of the pike and his artillery 300 yards south of the federal position . While the Confederate infantry was deploying , the 6th South Carolina mistook the 1st Kentucky for Union troops and opened fire , which was quickly returned by the Kentuckians . Hearing the sound of gunfire , the 9th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment charged across the turnpike but were quickly driven back . The artillery then began to duel , but owing to the strength of the Union position , the Confederate guns were quickly knocked out . Ord deployed his infantry in a skirmish line and sent it across the Pike at Stuart and the two sides squared off for nearly 2 hours . At 3 p.m. , with his wagons safely away and secure from capture , Stuart ordered a withdrawal . Ord pursued for a half mile , ensuring his line of retreat was safe , before breaking off the attack and returning to Langley . The following day Stuart returned with reinforcements , but the battle was already over . Results ( edit ) Though the battle was small , of no strategic importance and resulted in only light casualties , it marked the first time in the east that a Union force had bested their Confederate enemy , inflicting 230 casualties while suffering only 71 , and was able to drive them from the field . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ' dual names ' of Pennsylvania Reserve Regiments are employed by Samuel P. Bates . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CWSAC Report Update Jump up ^ Bates , Samuel P. ( 1869 ) . History of Pennsylvania Volunteers , 1861 - 1865 , Volume I. Harrisburg , PA : B. Singerly , State Printer . pp. 539 -- 544 , 692 -- 719 , 784 -- 875 , 907 -- 1056 . ASIN B002FK988S . Jump up ^ Stuart , J.E.B. `` Official Report '' . Shotgun 's Home of the American Civil War . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Stackpole Books ; Mechanicsburg , Pa. 2001 . Evans , Thomas J and James M. Moyer . Mosby 's Confederacy : A Guide to the Roads and Sites of Colonel John Singleton Mosby . White Mane Publishing Company , Inc . Shippensburg , Pa. 1991 . p. 46 . External links ( edit ) History of the Dranesville , Virginia , area ( includes information about the battle ) National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update <Th_colspan="3"> Loudoun County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Ball 's Bluff Battle of Dranesville Battle of Harpers Ferry Battle of Aldie Battle of Middleburg Battle of Upperville Skirmishes The Fight at Waterford Battle of Mile Hill The Affair at Glenmore Farm Battle of Unison Fight at Aldie Skirmish at Miskel Farm Blackleys Grove Second Dranesville Action at Mount Zion Church Battle of Loudoun Heights Heaton 's Crossroads The Harmony Skirmish Raids The Burning Raid George 's Schoolhouse Raid Units Confederate 35th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 7th Virginia Cavalry 8th Virginia Infantry Union Loudoun Rangers People John Janney Elijah V. White Robert H. Chilton Samuel C. Means John Mobberly Sites Ball 's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Fort Johnston Fort Evans Fort Beauregard <Th_colspan="3"> Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. Mosby Edwin H. Stoughton Robert H. Anderson Sites Clarens ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Centreville Military Railroad Colvin Run Mill Fort Lyon ( Virginia ) Fort Marcy Park Hope Park Huntley ( plantation ) Fort O'Rourke Oak Hill ( Annandale , Virginia ) Okeley Manor Ossian Hall ( plantation ) Ox Hill Battlefield Park Ravensworth ( plantation ) St. Mary 's Church ( Fairfax Station , Virginia ) Taylor 's Tavern William Gunnell House ( Fairfax , Virginia ) Mason 's Hill Minor 's Hill Munson 's Hill Upton 's Hill Bailey 's Crossroads Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dranesville&oldid=844908810 '' Categories : Loudoun County in the American Civil War Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles for McClellan 's Operations in Northern Virginia of the American Civil War Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Union victories of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia 1861 in Virginia 1861 in the American Civil War December 1861 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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1. Battle of Dranesville 2. American Civil War 3. Union victory 4. Confederate forces 5. Fairfax County, Virginia

when did they start building the cn tower

CN Tower - Wikipedia CN Tower Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the CN Tower in Toronto , Ontario . For the tower in Edmonton , Alberta , see CN Tower ( Edmonton ) . <Th_colspan="2"> CN Tower <Td_colspan="2"> Tour CN <Td_colspan="2"> CN Tower is the world 's 9th tallest free - standing structure . <Td_colspan="2"> Location within Toronto Alternative names Canadian National Tower , Canada 's National Tower <Th_colspan="2"> Record height <Td_colspan="2"> Tallest in the world from 1975 to 2007 Preceded by Ostankino Tower Surpassed by Burj Khalifa <Th_colspan="2"> General information Status Complete Type Mixed use : Observation , telecommunications , attraction , restaurant Location 301 Front Street West Toronto , Ontario M5V 2T6 Coordinates 43 ° 38 ′ 33.36 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.56 '' W  /  43.6426000 ° N 79.3871000 ° W  / 43.6426000 ; - 79.3871000 Coordinates : 43 ° 38 ′ 33.36 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.56 '' W  /  43.6426000 ° N 79.3871000 ° W  / 43.6426000 ; - 79.3871000 Construction started 1973 Completed 1976 Opening June 26 , 1976 Cost CDN $ 63,000,000 Owner Canada Lands Company <Th_colspan="2"> Height Antenna spire 553.3 m ( 1,815.3 ft ) Roof 457.2 m ( 1,500.0 ft ) Top floor 446.5 m ( 1,464.9 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details Floor count Equivalent of a 147 story building Lifts / elevators 9 <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction Architect WZMH Architects : John Andrews , Webb Zerafa , Menkes Housden <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> www.cntower.ca <Th_colspan="2"> References <Td_colspan="2"> The CN Tower ( French : Tour CN ) is a 553.3 m - high ( 1,815.3 ft ) concrete communications and observation tower in downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Built on the former Railway Lands , it was completed in 1976 , and held the record for the world 's tallest free - standing structure for 32 years from 1975 -- 2007 and was the world 's tallest tower until 2009 being overtaken by Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower , respectively . It is now the ninth tallest tower in the world and remains the tallest free - standing structure in the Western Hemisphere , a signature icon of Toronto 's skyline , attracting more than two million international visitors annually . Its name `` CN '' originally referred to Canadian National , the railway company that built the tower . Following the railway 's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company 's privatization in 1995 , it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company , a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development . In 1995 , the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.1. 1 Phases of construction 1.1. 2 Architects 1.2 Opening 2 Events 3 Structure 3.1 EdgeWalk 3.2 Falling ice danger 3.3 Safety features 4 Lighting 5 Height comparisons 5.1 Height distinction debate 5.1. 1 `` World 's Tallest Tower '' title 5.1. 2 Height records 6 Use 6.1 Television broadcasters 6.2 Radio 6.3 Cellular and paging providers 6.4 Communications 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History The CN Tower illuminated , as seen from the Toronto Islands The idea of the CN Tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway wanted to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area , as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular . These plans evolved over the next few years , and the project became official in 1972 . The tower would have been part of Metro Centre ( see CityPlace ) , a large development south of Front Street on the Railway Lands , a large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by newer yards outside the city . Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer ; John Andrews Architects ; Webb , Zerafa , Menkes , Housden Architects ; Foundation Building Construction ; and Canron ( Eastern Structural Division ) . As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s , multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core , most notably First Canadian Place . The reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new , higher antennas that were at least 300 m ( 980 ft ) tall . At the time , most data communications took place over point - to - point microwave links , whose dish antennae covered the roofs of large buildings . As each new skyscraper was added to the downtown , former line - of - sight links were no longer possible . CN intended to rent `` hub '' space for microwave links , visible from almost any building in the Toronto area . The CN Tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy Street in Aurora , Ontario , approximately 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the north , 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Toronto , in Oshawa , and from several points on the south shore of Lake Ontario , 48 km ( 30 mi ) to the south in the U.S. state of New York . The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical `` pillars '' linked at various heights by structural bridges . Had it been built , this design would have been considerably shorter , with the metal antenna located roughly where the concrete section between the main level and the SkyPod lies today . As the design effort continued , it evolved into the current design with a single continuous hexagonal core to the SkyPod , with three support legs blended into the hexagon below the main level , forming a large Y - shape structure at the ground level . The idea for the main level in its current form evolved around this time , but the Space Deck ( now named SkyPod ) was not part of the plans until some time later . One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for , and the costs in terms of construction were not prohibitive . It was also some time around this point that it was realized that the tower could become the world 's tallest structure , and plans were changed to incorporate subtle modifications throughout the structure to this end . Construction Map showing the location of the CN Tower and nearby buildings and structures Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6 , 1973 , with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation . By the time the foundation was complete , 56,000 t ( 61,729 short tons ; 55,116 long tons ) of earth and shale were removed to a depth of 15 m ( 49.2 ft ) in the centre , and a base incorporating 7,000 m ( 9,156 cu yd ) of concrete with 450 t ( 496 short tons ; 443 long tons ) of rebar and 36 t ( 40 short tons ; 35 long tons ) of steel cable had been built to a thickness of 6.7 m ( 22.0 ft ) . This portion of the construction was fairly rapid , with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top . To create the main support pillar , workers constructed a hydraulically raised slipform at the base . This was a fairly unprecedented engineering feat on its own , consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) per day as the concrete below set . Concrete was poured continuously by a team of 1,532 people until February 22 , 1974 , during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada , surpassing the recently built Inco Superstack in Sudbury , which was built using similar methods . In total , the tower contains 40,500 m ( 52,972 cu yd ) of concrete , all of which was mixed on - site in order to ensure batch consistency . Through the pour , the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip form 's location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it , observed by small telescopes from the ground . Over the height of the tower , it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm ( 1.1 in ) . Skycrane `` Olga '' lifting antenna segment In August 1974 , construction of the main level commenced . Using 45 hydraulic jacks attached to cables strung from a temporary steel crown anchored to the top of the tower , twelve giant steel and wooden bracket forms were slowly raised , ultimately taking about a week to crawl up to their final position . These forms were used to create the brackets that support the main level , as well as a base for the construction of the main level itself . The Space Deck ( currently named SkyPod ) was built of concrete poured into a wooden frame attached to rebar at the lower level deck , and then reinforced with a large steel compression band around the outside . The antenna was originally to be raised by crane as well , but during construction the Sikorsky S - 64 Skycrane helicopter became available when the United States Army sold one to civilian operators . The helicopter , named `` Olga '' , was first used to remove the crane , and then flew the antenna up in 36 sections . The flights of the antenna pieces were a minor tourist attraction of their own , and the schedule was printed in the local newspapers . Use of the helicopter saved months of construction time , with this phase taking only three and a half weeks instead of the planned six months . The tower was topped - off on April 2 , 1975 , after 26 months of construction , officially capturing the height record from Moscow 's Ostankino Tower , and bringing the total mass to 118,000 t ( 130,073 short tons ; 116,136 long tons ) . Two years into the construction , plans for Metro Centre were scrapped , leaving the tower isolated on the Railway Lands in what was then a largely abandoned light - industrial space . This caused serious problems for tourists to access the tower . Ned Baldwin , project architect with John Andrews , wrote at the time that `` All of the logic which dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset , '' and that `` Under such ludicrous circumstances Canadian National would hardly have chosen this location to build . '' Phases of construction Constructing the base , July 1973 Brackets being raised , August 1974 Helicopter lifting part of antenna , March 1975 Main pod construction , April 1975 Nearing completion , December 1975 Two months after opening , August 1976 Architects WZMH Architects John Hamilton Andrews Webb Zerafa Menkes Housden with the help of E.R. Baldwin Opening View of Toronto 's Financial District from the CN Tower in 2008 The CN Tower opened to the public on June 26 , 1976 . The construction costs of approximately CA $ 63 million ( $260 million in 2016 dollars ) were repaid in fifteen years . Canadian National Railway sold the tower prior to taking the company private in 1995 , when it decided to divest all operations not directly related to its core freight shipping businesses . From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s , the CN Tower was practically the only development along Front Street West ; it was still possible to see Lake Ontario from the foot of the CN Tower due to the expansive parking lots and lack of development in the area at the time . As the area around the tower was developed , particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in 1984 and the SkyDome in 1989 ( renamed Rogers Centre in 2005 ) , the former Railway Lands were redeveloped and the tower became the centre of a newly developing entertainment area . Access was greatly improved with the construction of the SkyWalk in 1989 , which connected the tower and SkyDome to the nearby Union Station railway and subway station , and , in turn , to the city 's PATH underground pedestrian system . By the mid-1990s , it was the centre of a thriving tourist district . The entire area continues to be an area of intense building , notably a boom in condominium construction in the first two decades of the 21st century , as well as the 2013 opening of the Ripley 's Aquarium by the base of the tower . Events Fireworks display on the CN Tower during the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . While still under construction , the CN Tower officially became the world 's tallest free - standing structure on March 31 , 1975 . When the CN Tower opened in 1976 , there were three public observation points : the SkyPod ( then known as the Space Deck ) that stands at 447 m ( 1,467 ft ) , the Indoor Observation Level ( later named Indoor Lookout Level ) at 346 m ( 1,135 ft ) , and the Outdoor Observation Terrace ( at the same level as the Glass Floor ) at 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) . One floor above the Indoor Observation Level was the Top of Toronto Restaurant , which completed a revolution once every 90 minutes . Stuntman Dar Robinson jumped off of the CN Tower on two occasions in 1979 and 1980 . The first was for a scene from the movie Highpoint , in which Robinson received $250,000 for the stunt . The second was for a personal documentary . Both stunts used a wire decelerator attached to his back . On June 26 , 1986 , the ten - year anniversary of the tower 's opening , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin , in a sponsored publicity event , used his hands and feet to climb the outside of the tower , a feat he performed twice on the same day . Following both ascents , he used multiple rappels to descend to the ground . The Glass Floor , at an elevation of 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) , opened to the public on June 26 , 1994 . From 1997 to January 2004 , TrizecHahn Corporation managed the tower and instituted several expansion projects including a C $ 26 million entertainment expansion and revitalization that included the 1997 addition of two new elevators ( to a total of six ) and the consequential relocation of the staircase from the north side leg to inside the core of the building , a conversion that also added nine stairs to the climb . TrizecHahn also owned the Willis Tower ( Sears Tower at the time ) in Chicago approximately at the same time . In 2007 , light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights replaced the incandescent lights that lit the CN Tower at night , the reason cited that LED lights are more cost and energy efficient than the incandescent lights . The colour of the LED lights can change , compared to the constant white colour of the incandescent lights . On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , then under construction , surpassed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure . In 2008 , glass panels were installed in one of the CN Tower elevators , which established a world record ( 346 m ) for highest glass floor panelled elevator in the world . The CN Tower was closed during the G20 summit on June 26 -- 27 , 2010 , for security reasons , given its proximity to the Metro Toronto Convention Centre . In 2011 , EdgeWalk ( where at an elevation of 356 metres ( 1,168 ft ) , visitors tethered to an overhead rail system can walk on the roof of the main pod ) opened to the public . On July 10 , 2015 , the CN Tower was incorporated into the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . A pre-recorded segment featured Bruny Surin passing the flame to Donovan Bailey on the EdgeWalk and parachuting into Rogers Centre . A fireworks display off the tower served as the ceremony 's finale . On July 1 , 2017 , as part of the nationwide celebrations for Canada 150 , fireworks were once again shot from the tower , in a five - minute display coordinated with the tower lights and music broadcast on a local radio station . Structure Play media Elevator going up Play media View from 360 Restaurant The CN Tower consists of several substructures . The main portion of the tower is a hollow concrete hexagonal pillar containing the stairwells and power and plumbing connections . The Tower 's six elevators are located in the three inverted angles created by the Tower 's hexagonal shape ( two elevators per angle ) . Each of the three elevator shafts is lined with glass , allowing for views of the city as the glass - windowed elevators make their way through the Tower . The stairwell was originally located in one of these angles ( the one facing north ) , but was moved into the central hollow of the Tower ; the Tower 's new fifth and sixth elevators were placed in the hexagonal angle that once contained the stairwell . On top of the main concrete portion of the Tower is a 102 - metre ( 334.6 ft ) tall metal broadcast antenna , carrying TV and radio signals . There are three visitor areas : the Glass Floor and Outdoor Observation Terrace which are both located at an elevation of 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) , the Indoor Lookout Level ( formerly known as `` Indoor Observation Level '' ) located at 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) , and the higher SkyPod ( formerly known as `` Space Deck '' ) at 446.5 metres ( 1,465 ft ) , just below the metal antenna . The hexagonal shape can be seen between the two areas ; however , below the main deck , three large supporting legs give the tower the appearance of a large tripod . The main deck level is seven storeys , some of which are open to the public . Below the public areas -- at 338 m ( 1,108.9 ft ) -- is a large white donut - shaped radome containing the structure 's microwave receivers . The glass floor and outdoor observation deck are at 342 metres ( 1,122.0 ft ) . The glass floor has an area of 24 m ( 258 sq ft ) and can withstand a pressure of 4,100 kilopascals ( 595 psi ) . The floor 's thermal glass units are 64 mm ( 2.5 in ) thick , consisting of a pane of 25 - millimetre ( 1.0 in ) laminated glass , 25 mm ( 1.0 in ) airspace and a pane of 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) laminated glass . Some people experience acrophobia when standing on the glass floor and looking down at the ground 342 m ( 1,122.0 ft ) below . In 2008 , one elevator was upgraded to add a glass floor panel , believed to have the highest vertical rise of any elevator equipped with this feature . The Horizons Cafe and the lookout level are at 346 metres ( 1,135.2 ft ) . The 360 Restaurant , a revolving restaurant that completes a full rotation once every 72 minutes , is at 351 m ( 1,151.6 ft ) . When the tower first opened , it also featured a disco named Sparkles ( at the Indoor Observation Level ) , billed as the highest disco and dance floor in the world . The SkyPod was once the highest public observation deck in the world until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center in 2008 . A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps , and the SkyPod 100 m ( 328 ft ) above after 2,579 steps ; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth . These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public , except for twice per year for charity stair - climb events . The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome , but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy , an Ontario Provincial Police officer . In 2002 , Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair . The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower ( facing north ) , with a glass view , but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core . Top climbs on the new , windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes . Inside 360 Restaurant Main Pod Cross-section of Main Pod Standing on glass floor View though glass floor EdgeWalk The EdgeWalk On August 1 , 2011 , the CN Tower opened the EdgeWalk , an amusement in which thrill - seekers can walk on and around the roof of the main pod of the tower at 356 m ( 1,168.0 ft ) , which is directly above the 360 Restaurant . It is the world 's highest full - circle , hands - free walk . Visitors are tethered to an overhead rail system and walk around the edge of the CN Tower 's main pod above the 360 Restaurant on a 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) metal floor . The attraction is closed throughout the winter season and during periods of electrical storms and high winds . One of the notable guests who visited EdgeWalk includes Canadian comedian Rick Mercer , as featured on his CBC Television news satire show , Rick Mercer Report . He was accompanied by Canadian pop singer Jann Arden . Falling ice danger Looking east at the CN Tower from the Gardiner Expressway A freezing rain storm on March 2 , 2007 , resulted in a layer of ice several centimetres thick forming on the side of the tower and other downtown buildings . The sun thawed the ice , and winds of up to 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) blew some of it away from the structure . There were fears that cars and windows of nearby buildings would be smashed by large chunks of ice . In response , police closed some streets surrounding the tower . During morning rush hour on March 5 of the same year , police expanded the area of closed streets to include the Gardiner Expressway 310 metres ( 1,017 ft ) away from the tower , as increased winds blew the ice farther away , as far north as King Street , 490 m ( 1,608 ft ) away , where a taxicab window was shattered . Subsequently , on March 6 , 2007 , the Gardiner Expressway reopened after winds abated . Safety features In August 2000 , a fire broke out at the Ostankino Tower in Moscow killing three people and causing extensive damage . The fire was blamed on poor maintenance and outdated equipment . The failure of the fire - suppression systems and the lack of proper equipment for firefighters allowed the fire to destroy most of the interior and spark fears the tower might even collapse . The Ostankino Tower was completed nine years before the CN Tower , and is only 13 m ( 43 ft ) shorter . The parallels between the towers led to some concern that the CN Tower could be at risk of a similar tragedy . However , Canadian officials subsequently stated that it is `` highly unlikely '' that a similar disaster could occur at the CN Tower , as it has important safeguards that were not present in the Ostankino Tower . Specifically , officials cited : the fireproof building materials used in the tower 's construction , frequent and stringent safety inspections , an extensive sprinkler system , a 24 - hour emergency monitoring operation , two 68,160 - litre ( 15,000 - imperial gallon ; 18,006 - US gallon ) water reservoirs at the top , which are automatically replenished , a fire hose at the base of the structure capable of sending 2725 litres ( 600 imperial gallons ; 720 US Gallon ) a minute to any location in the tower , a ban on natural gas appliances anywhere in the tower ( including the restaurant in the main pod ) , an elevator that can be used during a fire as it runs up the outside of the building and can be powered by three emergency generators at the base of the structure ( unlike the elevator at the Ostankino Tower , which malfunctioned ) . Officials also noted that the CN Tower has an excellent safety record , although there was an electrical fire in the antennae on August 16 , 2017 -- the tower 's first fire . Moreover , other supertall structures built between 1967 and 1976 -- such as the Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) , the World Trade Center ( until its destruction on September 11 , 2001 ) , the Fernsehturm Berlin , the Aon Center , 875 North Michigan Avenue ( formerly the John Hancock Center ) , and First Canadian Place -- also have excellent safety records , which suggests that the Ostankino Tower accident was a rare safety failure , and that the likelihood of similar events occurring at other supertall structures is extremely low . Panoramic view from the CN Tower . The Toronto Islands and the island airport on Lake Ontario are visible on the left side of the image while buildings of Toronto 's Financial District are visible on the right . Lighting The CN Tower illuminated in the colours of the French flag in memoriam to the November 2015 Paris attacks The CN Tower was originally lit at night with incandescent lights , which were removed in 1997 , because they were inefficient and expensive to repair . In June 2007 , the tower was outfitted with 1,330 super-bright LED lights inside the elevator shafts , shooting over the main pod and upward to the top of the tower 's mast to light the tower from dusk until 2 a.m. The official opening ceremony took place on June 28 before the Canada Day holiday weekend . The tower changes its lighting scheme on holidays and to commemorate major events . After the 95th Grey Cup in Toronto , the tower was lit in green and white to represent the colours of the Grey Cup champion Saskatchewan Roughriders . From sundown on August 27 , 2011 , to sunrise the following day , the tower was lit in orange , the official colour of the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , to commemorate the death of federal NDP leader and leader of the official opposition Jack Layton . When former South African president Nelson Mandela died , the tower was lit in the colours of the South African flag . When former federal finance minister under Stephen Harper 's Conservatives Jim Flaherty died , the tower was lit in green to reflect his Irish Canadian heritage . On the night of the attacks on Paris on November 13 , 2015 , the tower displayed the colours of the French flag . Programmed from a desktop computer with a wireless network interface controller in Burlington , Ontario , the LEDs use less energy to light than the previous incandescent lights ( 10 % less energy than the dimly lit version and 60 % less than the brightly lit version ) . The estimated cost to use the LEDs is $1,000 per month . During the spring and autumn bird migration seasons , the lights would be turned off to comply with the voluntary Fatal Light Awareness Program , which `` encourages buildings to dim unnecessary exterior lighting to mitigate bird mortality during spring and summer migration . '' Date Colour Occasion Ongoing Red and White Top of the hour CN Tower light show January 26 Light Blue and Yellow World Alzheimer Day February 4 Orange and Blue World Cancer Day February 14 Red Valentine 's Day March 17 Green Saint Patrick 's Day March 21 -- June 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during spring bird migration September 23 -- December 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during autumn bird migration December Red and Green Season 's Greetings December 1 Red World AIDS Day December 6 Purple White Ribbon Day December 10 Yellow Human Rights Day December 21 Blue and White First Day of Winter December 31 Countdown to 2019 and Light Show New Year 's Eve Height comparisons CN Tower as seen from its base . Burj Khalifa , Dubai CN Tower , Toronto Willis Tower , Chicago Comparison of the CN Tower with the world 's seven tallest towers The CN Tower is the tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere . As of 2013 , there are only two other freestanding structures in the Western Hemisphere which exceed 500 m ( 1,640.4 ft ) in height ; the Willis Tower in Chicago , which stands at 527 m ( 1,729.0 ft ) when measured to its pinnacle ; and the topped - out One World Trade Center in New York City , which has a pinnacle height of 541.33 m ( 1,776.0 ft ) , or approximately 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . Due to the symbolism of the number 1776 ( the year of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence ) , the height of One World Trade Center is unlikely to be increased . The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower , but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession , and was eventually cancelled in 2010 . Height distinction debate `` World 's tallest Tower '' title Guinness World Records has called the CN Tower `` the world 's tallest self - supporting tower '' and `` the world 's tallest free - standing tower '' . Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading `` tallest building '' at least once , it has also listed it under `` tallest tower '' , omitting it from its list of `` tallest buildings . '' In 1996 , Guinness changed the tower 's classification to `` World 's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure '' . Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure on land , and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building , thereby awarding the title of world 's tallest building to Taipei 101 , which is 44 metres ( 144 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa , then under construction , exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 ( see below ) . Although the CN Tower contains a restaurant , a gift shop and multiple observation levels , it does not have floors continuously from the ground , and therefore it is not considered a building by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) or Emporis . CTBUH defines a building as `` a structure that is designed for residential , business , or manufacturing purposes . An essential characteristic of a building is that it has floors . '' The CN Tower and other similar structures -- such as the Ostankino Tower in Moscow , Russia ; the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai , China ; the Stratosphere Tower in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA ; and the Eiffel Tower in Paris , France -- are categorized as `` towers '' , which are free - standing structures that may have observation decks and a few other habitable levels , but do not have floors from the ground up . The CN Tower was the tallest tower by this definition , until 2010 ( see below ) . Taller than the CN Tower are numerous radio masts and towers , which are held in place by guy - wires , the tallest being the KVLY - TV mast in Blanchard , North Dakota , USA at 628 metres ( 2,060 ft ) tall , leading to a distinction between these and `` free - standing '' structures . Additionally , the Petronius Platform stands 610 metres ( 2,001 ft ) above its base on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico , but only the top 75 metres ( 246 ft ) of this oil and natural gas platform are above water , and the structure is thus partially supported by its buoyancy . Like the CN Tower , none of these taller structures are commonly considered buildings . On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , which is a hotel , residential and commercial building in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , and was formerly known as Burj Dubai before opening , passed the CN Tower 's 553.33 - metre height . The CN Tower held the record of tallest free - standing structure on land for over 30 years . After Burj Khalifa had been formally recognized by the Guinness World Records as the world 's tallest freestanding structure , Guinness re-certified CN Tower as the world 's tallest freestanding tower . The tower definition used by Guinness was defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as ' a building in which less than 50 % of the construction is usable floor space ' . Guinness World Records editor - in - chief Craig Glenday announced that Burj Khalifa was not classified as a tower because it has too much usable floor space to be considered to be a tower . CN Tower still held world records for highest above ground wine cellar ( in 360 Restaurant ) at 351 metres , highest above ground restaurant at 346 metres ( Horizons Restaurant ) , and tallest free - standing concrete tower during Guinness 's recertification . The CN Tower was surpassed in 2009 by the Canton Tower in Guangzhou , China , which stands at 604 metres ( 1,982 ft ) tall , as the world 's tallest tower ; which in turn was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2011 , which currently is the tallest tower at 634.0 metres ( 2,080.1 ft ) in height . The CN Tower , as of 2018 , stands as the ninth - tallest free - standing structure on land and remains the tallest free - standing structure in the Western Hemisphere . Height records The CN Tower as seen from the interior of the Rogers Centre stadium Since the construction of the tower had been completed , it has gained the following world height records : Record Owner Value Time period Succeeded by World 's tallest free - standing structure CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) March 31 , 1975 to September 12 , 2007 Burj Khalifa World 's tallest tower CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) 1975 to 2009 Canton Tower World 's highest public observation gallery SkyPod 447 metres ( 1,467 ft ) World 's highest glass floor paneled elevator CN Tower 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) 2008 to present -- World 's longest metal staircase CN Tower 2,579 steps World 's highest glass floor CN Tower 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) 2008 to July 2 , 2009 Willis Tower World 's highest and largest revolving restaurant 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) World 's highest bar Horizons Restaurant 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) September 21 , 2009 to present -- World 's highest wine cellar 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) Use This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) Main Pod and broadcast antennas The CN Tower has been and continues to be used as a communications tower for a number of different media and by numerous companies . Television broadcasters VHF UHF Virtual Callsign Affiliation Branding 9 -- 9.1 CFTO - DT CTV CTV Toronto -- 19 19.1 CICA - DT TVOntario TVO -- 20 5.1 CBLT - DT CBC Television CBC Toronto -- 25 25.1 CBLFT - DT Ici Radio - Canada Télé ICI Toronto -- 40 40.1 CJMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 2 -- 41 41.1 CIII - DT - 41 Global Global Toronto -- 44 57.1 CITY - DT City City Toronto -- 47 47.1 CFMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 1 Radio There is no AM broadcasting on the CN Tower . The FM antennas are situated 421 metres ( 1,381 ft ) above ground . Frequency kW Callsign Branding Notes 91.1 MHz 40 CJRT JAZZ. FM91 94.1 MHz 38 CBL CBC Radio 2 97.3 MHz 28.9 CHBM boom 97.3 98.1 MHz 44 CHFI 98.1 CHFI 99.9 MHz 40 CKFM Virgin Radio 99.9 FM 100.7 MHz CHIN CHIN Radio Primarily in Italian and Portuguese 102.1 MHz 35 CFNY 102.1 the Edge 104.5 MHz 40 CHUM 104.5 CHUM FM 107.1 MHz 40 CILQ Classic Rock Q 107 Cellular and paging providers Bell Mobility Motorola Rogers Wireless Communications Bell Canada Toronto Transit Commission Amateur radio repeaters `` 2 - Tango '' ( VHF ) and `` 4 - Tango '' ( 440 / 70 cm UHF ) -- owned and operated by the Toronto FM Communications Society , under callsign VE3TWR In popular culture Highpoint is a Canadian 1982 action film starring Richard Harris , Christopher Plummer and Beverly D'Angelo . It features a shot of stuntman Dar Robinson jumping off of the Toronto CN Tower in 1979 . The stunt used a parachute hidden under his coat . Views is a 2016 studio album released on April 29 , 2016 by Canadian rapper Drake . The cover artwork for , which features Drake sitting atop the CN Tower in Toronto . Drake appeared significantly larger than life - size on the cover , and CN Tower 's Twitter account later confirmed it to be photo shopped . The album cover and booklet were shot by Toronto - based photographer Caitlin Cronenberg . Rookie Blue is a Canadian police drama television series that depicts the CN Tower and the Toronto skyline in its title sequence . SimCity 2000 has the CN Tower as an alternate skin for a reward structure Civilization V : Gods & Kings includes the CN Tower as a world wonder Tormenta en el paraíso is a Mexican soap opera that had an episode featuring the CN Tower Rick Mercer Report featured Rick Mercer visiting the CN Tower The CN Tower has its own mascot , which resembles the tower itself . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to CN Tower . Architecture of Toronto List of tallest buildings in Toronto List of tallest structures in Canada List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest towers List of tallest buildings and structures List of tallest structures Views , album cover by Canadian rapper Drake featuring the CN Tower 's Main Pod Architecture portal Toronto portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Compare Data : Results '' . The Skyscraper Center . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower retains world record as tallest ' tower ' '' . Toronto Star . September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tower , according to Guinness World Records '' . CN Tower . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower no longer world 's tallest '' . Toronto Star . September 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . ^ Jump up to : CN Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : `` Facts and visitor information on the CN Tower in Canada '' . The World Federation of Great Towers . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's Wonder of the World '' . CN Tower . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's tallest structures through history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Modern World Wonders - CN Tower '' . www.theworldwonders.com . Jump up ^ Mollins , Julie ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` CN Tower 's glass - floored lift not for faint - hearted '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton Tower , Guangzhou '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Plummer , Kevin ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` The CN Tower is Dead . Long Live The CN Tower ! '' . The Torontoist . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ CN Tower celebrates 30th birthday , Broadcast News / canada.com , June 26 , 2006 Archived June 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` World Wonders and Facts at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . CN Tower . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Matt ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Seven Wonders of the World '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : TrizecHahn . `` A Brief Overview of the CN Tower '' . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fulford , Robert ( March 13 , 1996 ) . Accidental city : the transformation of Toronto . MacFarlane , Walter & Ross . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0395773079 . Jump up ^ Botelho - Urbanski , Jessica ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` CN Tower celebrates 40 years as a tourist magnet and lightning rod '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada . `` Consumer Price Index , historical summary '' . CANSIM , table ( for fee ) 326 - 0021 and Catalogue nos. 62 - 001 - X , 62 - 010 - X and 62 - 557 - X . And Consumer Price Index , by province ( monthly ) ( Canada ) Last modified 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kupferman , Steve ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Man Jumps From CN Tower With No Parachute ( Thirty Years Ago ) '' . Torontoist . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Dan . `` Dan Goodwin 's Building Climbs '' . Skyscraperdefense.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building '' . CBC News . September 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Skyscraper Source Media . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` CN Tower 's glass - floor elevator aims for record '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Both linked pages include a video of the elevator with glass floor in operation . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Andrew . `` A New High for Disco in Toronto 's Tower '' , The New York Times , October 10 , 1979 . Accessed February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shanghai World Financial Center '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man climbs CN Tower steps in wheelchair '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 18th Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF Canada '' . World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ferenc , Leslie ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Corporate climbers ready to step up for charity '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF - Canada '' . WWF . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New CN Tower attraction offers a walk on the outside '' . Toronto Star . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's Most Extreme Attraction '' . CN Tower . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . It is the world 's highest full circle hands - free walk on a 5 ft ( 1.5 metres ) wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower 's main pod , 356m / 1168ft ( 116 storeys ) above the ground . Jump up ^ `` Season 9 - Episode 1 '' . Rick Mercer Report . CBC. April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Falling CN Tower Ice '' . CITY - DT . March 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Womackin , Helen ( August 29 , 2000 ) . `` Fire in 1,800 ft TV tower adds to Russians ' feeling of doom '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` What if the CN Tower Caught Fire ? '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 10 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brennan ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire crews tackle smouldering fire at CN Tower antenna '' . Toronto Star . The Canadian Press . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Amara ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire inside broadcasting antenna atop CN Tower now extinguished '' . CBC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Codi ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` CN Tower open for business after early morning fire in antenna mast '' . CTV Toronto News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the CN Tower -- Testing of Innovative Illumination Technology Begins Early June 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . CN Tower . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Layton 's ' passion , civility ' honoured at funeral '' . CBC News . August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Black , Debra ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Come Canada Day , CN Tower will once again light up the night '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower in Toronto receives LED lighting treatment '' . LEDs Magazine . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calatrava Dances onto a New Stage '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McWhirter , Norris ( 1981 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1982 . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 704 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 0225 - 8 . OCLC 7902975 . Reference is on page 275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of World Records 2005 -- Science and Technology < < Buildings '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Tall Building Database '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daubs , Katie ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` CN tower now the ' world 's tallest freestanding tower ' '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower remains world 's tallest tower , Guinness says '' . National Post . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower still world 's tallest : Guinness '' . CBC News . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Owen , James ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` World 's Tallest Tower Rises in Tokyo '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` AM Query & AM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query & FM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto ARES Channels '' . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Robyn ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Toronto a hot spot for Mexican tourists '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fearon , Emily ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A new mascot for the CN Tower is a mini CN Tower '' . Toronto Star . External links CBC Archives -- CN Tower opens to the public . ( Multimedia ) Official CN Tower Website Edgewalk The Design , Engineering and Construction of the CN Tower -- 1972 through to 1976 A visual construction history of the CN Tower -- at 40th year anniversaries <Th_colspan="3"> Records Preceded by Ostankino Tower World 's tallest free - standing structure 553.33 m ( 1,815 ft 5 in ) 1975 -- 2007 Succeeded by Burj Khalifa <Th_colspan="2"> Landmarks in Toronto Sports venues Air Canada Centre BMO Field Maple Leaf Gardens Rogers Centre Woodbine Racetrack Cultural Art Gallery of Ontario Canada 's Walk of Fame Canadian Broadcasting Centre ( CBC Museum ) Hockey Hall of Fame Italian Walk of Fame Ripley 's Aquarium Ontario Science Centre Riverdale Farm Royal Ontario Museum Toronto Zoo Casa Loma Amusement Canadian National Exhibition Centreville Amusement Park CN Tower Exhibition Place Canada 's Wonderland Ontario Place Sunnyside Amusement Park Parks and squares Toronto Islands High Park Guild Park and Gardens Yonge - Dundas Square Nathan Phillips Square ( 3D Toronto sign ) Shopping Eaton Centre Harbourfront Centre Kensington Market St. Lawrence Market Yorkdale Yorkville Institutional and infrastructure City Hall Old City Hall Ontario Legislative Building Union Station By type Attractions National Historic Sites Oldest buildings Parks and ravines Shopping centres Skyscrapers <Td_colspan="2"> Italics indicate structures now defunct or demolished . <Th_colspan="2"> Toronto skyscrapers and towers Over 150 metres ( by height ) CN Tower First Canadian Place Scotia Plaza The Adelaide Hotel Aura Brookfield Place Commerce Court Toronto - 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1. CN Tower - Toronto, Ontario 2. Tallest free-standing structure in the world 3. Construction and design of the tower 4. Observation decks and attractions 5. History and events at the CN Tower

what does saying hear no evil see no evil speak no evil mean

Three wise monkeys - wikipedia Three wise monkeys Jump to : navigation , search For the Turkish film , see Three Monkeys . `` Sanzaru '' redirects here . For the game company , see Sanzaru Games . `` See no evil hear no evil '' redirects here . For the 1989 comedy film , see See No Evil , Hear No Evil . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The three wise monkeys at the Tōshō - gū shrine in Nikkō , Japan The three wise monkeys ( Japanese : 三猿 , Hepburn : san'en or sanzaru , alternatively 三 匹 の 猿 sanbiki no saru , literally `` three monkeys '' ) , sometimes called the three mystic apes , are a pictorial maxim . Together they embody the proverbial principle `` see no evil , hear no evil , speak no evil '' . The three monkeys are Mizaru , covering his eyes , who sees no evil ; Kikazaru , covering his ears , who hears no evil ; and Iwazaru , covering his mouth , who speaks no evil . There are various meanings ascribed to the monkeys and the proverb including associations with being of good mind , speech and action . In the Western world the phrase is often used to refer to those who deal with impropriety by turning a blind eye . Outside Japan the monkeys ' names are sometimes given as Mizaru , Mikazaru , and Mazaru , as the last two names were corrupted from the Japanese originals . The monkeys are Japanese macaques , a common species in Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Meaning of the proverb 3 Variations 4 Cultural influences 5 Unicode characters 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origin ( edit ) Kōshin scroll with the three monkeys A World War II poster directed at participants in the Manhattan Project The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th - century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō - gū shrine in Nikkō , Japan . The carvings at Toshogu Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro , and believed to have incorporated Confucius 's Code of Conduct , using the monkey as a way to depict man 's life cycle . There are a total of eight panels , and the iconic three wise monkeys picture comes from panel 2 . The philosophy , however , probably originally came to Japan with a Tendai - Buddhist legend , from China in the 8th century ( Nara Period ) . It has been suggested that the figures represent the three dogmas of the so - called middle school of the sect . In Chinese , a similar phrase exists in the late Analects of Confucius from 2nd to 4th century B.C. : `` Look not at what is contrary to propriety ; listen not to what is contrary to propriety ; speak not what is contrary to propriety ; make no movement which is contrary to propriety '' ( 非禮 勿 視 , 非禮 勿 聽 , 非禮 勿 言 , 非禮 勿 動 ) . It may be that this phrase was shortened and simplified after it was brought into Japan . It is through the Kōshin rite of folk religion that the most significant examples are presented . The Kōshin belief or practice is a Japanese folk religion with Chinese Taoism origins and ancient Shinto influence . It was founded by Tendai Buddhist monks in the late 10th century . A considerable number of stone monuments can be found all over the eastern part of Japan around Tokyo . During the later part of the Muromachi period , it was customary to display stone pillars depicting the three monkeys during the observance of Kōshin . Though the teaching had nothing to do with monkeys , the concept of the three monkeys originated from a simple play on words . The saying in Japanese is mizaru , kikazaru , iwazaru ( 見 ざる , 聞か ざる , 言わ ざる ) `` see not , hear not , speak not '' , where the - zaru is a negative conjugation on the three verbs , matching zaru , the modified form of saru ( 猿 ) `` monkey '' used in compounds . Thus the saying ( which does not include any specific reference to `` evil '' ) can also be interpreted as referring to three monkeys . The shrine at Nikko is a Shinto shrine , and the monkey is an extremely important being in the Shinto religion . The monkey is believed to be the messenger of the Hie Shinto shrines , which also have connections with Tendai Buddhism . There are even important festivals that are celebrated during the year of the Monkey ( occurring every twelve years ) and a special festival is celebrated every sixteenth year of the Kōshin . `` The Three Mystic Apes '' ( Sambiki Saru ) were described as `` the attendants of Saruta Hito no Mikoto or Kōshin , the God of the Roads '' . The Kōshin festival was held on the 60th day of the calendar . It has been suggested that during the Kōshin festival , according to old beliefs , one 's bad deeds might be reported to heaven `` unless avoidance actions were taken ... '' . It has been theorized that the three Mystic Apes , Not Seeing , Hearing , or Speaking , may have been the `` things that one has done wrong in the last 59 days '' . According to other accounts , the monkeys caused the Sanshi and Ten - Tei not to see , say or hear the bad deeds of a person . The Sanshi ( 三 尸 ) are the Three Corpses living in everyone 's body . The Sanshi keep track of the good deeds and particularly the bad deeds of the person they inhabit . Every 60 days , on the night called Kōshin - Machi ( 庚申待 ) , if the person sleeps , the Sanshi will leave the body and go to Ten - Tei ( 天帝 ) , the Heavenly God , to report about the deeds of that person . Ten - Tei will then decide to punish bad people , making them ill , shortening their time alive , and in extreme cases putting an end to their lives . Those believers of Kōshin who have reason to fear will try to stay awake during Kōshin nights . This is the only way to prevent the Sanshi from leaving their body and reporting to Ten - Tei . An ancient representation of the `` no see , no hear , no say , no do '' can be found in four golden figurines in the Zelnik Istvan Southeast Asian Gold Museum . These golden statues date from the 6th to 8th century . The figures look like tribal human people with not very precise body carvings and strong phallic symbols . This set indicates that the philosophy comes from very ancient roots . It is not clear how or when the saying travelled ; in Ethiopia the Ge'ez language has the saying `` Let the eye fast , let the mouth fast , let the ears fast . '' Meaning of the proverb ( edit ) Three wise monkeys on the beach in Barcelona Just as there is disagreement about the origin of the phrase , there are differing explanations of the meaning of `` see no evil , hear no evil , speak no evil '' . In Buddhist tradition , the tenets of the proverb are about not dwelling on evil thoughts . In the Western world both the proverb and the image are often used to refer to a lack of moral responsibility on the part of people who refuse to acknowledge impropriety , looking the other way or feigning ignorance . It may also signify a code of silence in gangs , or organized crime . Variations ( edit ) Sometimes there is a fourth monkey depicted , Shizaru , who symbolizes the principle of `` do no evil '' . He may be shown crossing his arms or covering his genitals . Yet another variation has the fourth monkey hold its nose to avoid a stench and has been dubbed `` smell no evil '' accordingly . Sculpture of four monkeys , the additional one resting its hands in its lap According to Osho Rajneesh , the monkey symbolism originated in ancient Hindu tradition and Buddhist monks spread this symbolism across Asia . The original Hindu and Buddhist version contains 4 monkeys and the fourth monkey covers his genitals. The Buddhist version means this as `` Do n't do anything evil '' . In Hindu original version the meaning of the fourth monkey is totally different from the popular Buddhist version . It means , `` Hide your pleasures . Hide your enjoyment , do n't show it to anybody . '' Osho Rajneesh gave his own meaning regarding this . The first monkey denotes ' Do n't listen to the truth because it will disturb all your consoling lies ' . The second monkey denotes ' Do n't look at the truth ; otherwise your God will be dead and your heaven and hell will disappear ' . The third monkey denotes ' Do n't speak the truth , otherwise you will be condemned , crucified , poisoned , tortured by the whole crowd , the unconscious people . You will be condemned , do n't speak the truth ! ' The fourth monkey denotes `` Keep your pleasures , your joys , hidden . Do n't let anybody know that you are a cheerful man , a blissful man , an ecstatic man , because that will destroy your very life . It is dangerous '' . Cultural influences ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brass casting The three wise monkeys , and the associated proverb , are known throughout Asia and in the Western world . They have been a motif in pictures , such as the ukiyo - e ( Japanese woodblock printings ) by Keisai Eisen , and are frequently represented in modern culture . Mahatma Gandhi 's one notable exception to his lifestyle of non-possession was a small statue of the three monkeys - Bapu , Ketan and Bandar . Today , a larger representation of the three monkeys is prominently displayed at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad , Gujarat , where Gandhi lived from 1915 to 1930 and from where he departed on his famous salt march . Gandhi 's statue also inspired a 2008 artwork by Subodh Gupta , Gandhi 's Three Monkeys . The three monkeys are depicted in the trial scene in the 1968 Planet of the Apes . An example of semiotics , as the judges mimic the see no evil , hear no evil , speak no evil monkeys . The maxim inspired an award - winning 2008 Turkish film by director Nuri Bilge Ceylan called Three Monkeys ( Üç Maymun ) . Unicode characters ( edit ) Unicode provides emoji representations of the monkeys in the Emoticons block as follows : Mizaru : U + 1F648 🙈 SEE - NO - EVIL MONKEY Kikazaru : U + 1F649 🙉 HEAR - NO - EVIL MONKEY Iwazaru : U + 1F64A 🙊 SPEAK - NO - EVIL MONKEY See also ( edit ) Japan portal Culture portal Animals portal Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path : Right speech and right action Humata , Hukhta , Hvarshta , `` good thoughts , good words , good deeds '' in Zoroastrianism Lashon hara , prohibition of gossip in Judaism Manasa , vacha , karmana , three Sanskrit words referring to mind , speech and actions Three Vajras , a formulation in Tibetan Buddhism referring to body , speech and mind The colloquial expression `` brass monkey '' , a possible reference to the three monkeys Willful blindness , knowingly refraining from pursuing available information , or knowingly sheltering oneself from information Plausible deniability , being able to convincingly claim ignorance of something incriminating Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Three Mystic Apes '' term ( 1894 ) predates `` Three Wise Monkeys '' ( 1900 ) in Google Books Jump up ^ Wolfgang Mieder. 1981 . `` The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys , '' Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore , 7 : 5 - 38 . Jump up ^ Oldest reference to the correct monkey names in English . Source : Japan Society of London ( 1893 ) . Transactions and proceedings of the Japan Society , London , Volume 1 . Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner and Co. p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Pornpimol Kanchanalak ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Searching for the fourth monkey in a corrupted world '' . The Nation . Thailand . Archived from the original on 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Oldest references ( 1926 -- 1984 ) for Mikazaru in Google Books Jump up ^ Oldest reference of the incorrect Mazaru in Google Books . Source : Anderson , Isabel ( 1920 ) . The spell of Japan . Page . p. 379 . Jump up ^ Worth , Fred L. ( 1974 ) . The Trivia Encyclopedia . Brooke House . p. 262 . ISBN 0 - 912588 - 12 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shipley , Joseph Twadell ( 2001 ) . The Origins of English Words : A Discursive Dictionary of Indo - European Roots . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 249 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6784 - 3 . Jump up ^ Original text : 論語 ( in Chinese ) , Analects ( in English ) Jump up ^ Joly , Henri L. ( 1908 ) . `` Legend in Japanese Art '' . London , New York : J. Lane . p. 10 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Cultures and Civilisations in Southeast Asia . Private museum in Budapest , Hungary . Jump up ^ Afeworq Tareqeny. 2008 ( Ethiopian calendar ) . Anəggarä məsale zägə'əz . Addis Ababa . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Tom Oleson ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` How about monkey see , monkey DON 'T do next time ? '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Osho , Chandra Mohan Jain . `` I Celebrate Myself : God Is No Where : Life Is Now Here '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Osho on zen . `` I celebrate myself : God is no where , Life is now here '' . Chapter 1 : The grand Rebellion . Question 1 . Jump up ^ `` QMA unveils Gandhi 's ' Three Monkeys ' at Katara '' . Qatar Tribune . 28 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063442/trivia Jump up ^ Unicode 6.0. 0 characters in Emoticons block : SEE - NO - EVIL MONKEY `` 🙈 '' , HEAR - NO - EVIL MONKEY `` 🙉 '' and SPEAK - NO - EVIL MONKEY `` 🙊 '' . References ( edit ) Titelman , Gregory Y. ( 2000 ) . Random House Dictionary of America 's Popular Proverbs and Sayings ( second ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70584 - 8 . Archer Taylor , `` Audi , Vidi , Tace '' and the three monkeys A.W. Smith , Folklore , Vol. 104 , No . 1⁄2 pp. 144 -- 150 `` On the Ambiguity of the Three Wise Monkeys '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three monkeys . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Japanese proverbs Wikiquote has quotations related to : List of proverbs Collector 's picture gallery Information compiled by collectors Monkey ( saru ) - Kōshin on onmarkproductions.com More Information compiled by Collectors GND : 4998974 - 1 NDL : 01183836 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_wise_monkeys&oldid=824116347 '' Categories : Japanese folklore Metaphors referring to animals Monkeys Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Chinese - language external links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2011 Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 12 : 17 . 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1. Three wise monkeys 2. Pictorial maxim 3. See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil 4. Japanese macaques 5. Cultural influences

who founded an airline in 1932 that became air indian in 1946

JRD Tata - wikipedia JRD Tata Not to be confused with Indian industrialist and founder of Tata Group , Jamsetji Tata . <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.D. Tata <Td_colspan="2"> Tata at an event in 1955 ( 1904 - 07 - 29 ) 29 July 1904 Paris , France 29 November 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 29 ) ( aged 89 ) Geneva , Switzerland Citizenship French ( 1904 - 1935 ) Indian ( 1936 - 1993 ) Occupation Industrialist Net worth $45 billion ( 1993 ) Spouse ( s ) Thelma Vicaji Tata Parent ( s ) Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata Suzanne `` Sooni '' Brière Relatives See Tata family Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata ( 29 July 1904 -- 29 November 1993 ) was a French - born Indian aviator , entrepreneur , chairman of Tata Group and the shareholder of Tata Sons . Born into the Tata family of India , he was the son of noted businessman Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and his wife Suzanne Brière . His mother was the first woman in India to drive a car and , in 1929 , he became the first licensed pilot in India . He is also best known for being the founder of several industries under the Tata Group , including Tata Consultancy Services , Tata Motors , Titan Industries , Tata Salt , Voltas and Air India . In 1983 , he was awarded the French Legion of Honour and in 1955 and 1992 , he received two of India 's highest civilian awards the Padma Vibhushan and the Bharat Ratna . These honors were bestowed on him for his contributions to Indian industry . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Awards and honours 3 Death 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Early life ( edit ) See also : Tata family JRD Tata was born as Jehangir on 29 July 1904 into a Parsi family . He was the second child of businessman Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and his French wife , Suzanne `` Sooni '' Brière . His father was a first cousin of Jamsetji Tata , a pioneer industrialist in India . He had one elder sister Sylla , a younger sister Rodabeh and two younger brothers Darab and Jamshed ( called Jimmy ) Tata . His sister , Sylla , was married to Dinshaw Maneckji Petit , the third baronet of Petits . His sister 's sister in - law , Rattanbai Petit , was the wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who later became the founder of Pakistan in August 1947 . Their daughter , Dina Jinnah , was married to Neville Wadia , a notable businessman . As his mother was French , he spent much of his childhood in France and as a result , French was his first language . He attended the Janson De Sailly School in Paris . One of the teachers at that school used to call him L'Egyptian for some strange reason . Tata also served for one year in a Spahis regiment during the Second World War . After he left the service the whole regiment perished on an expedition in Morocco . He attended the Cathedral and John Connon School , Bombay . Tata got educated in London , Japan , France and India . When his father joined the Tata company he moved the whole family to London . During this time , J.R.D 's mother died at an early age of 43 while his father was in India and his family was in France . After his mother 's death , Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata decided to move his family to India and sent J.R.D to England for higher studies in October 1923 . He was enrolled in a Grammar school , and was interested in studying Engineering at Cambridge . Just as the Grammar course was ending and he was hoping to enter Cambridge , a law was passed in France to draft into the army , for two years , all French boys at the age of 20 . As a citizen of France J.R.D had to enlist in the army for at least 1 year . In between the Grammar school and his time in the army , he spent a brief spell at home in Bombay . After joining the French Army he was posted into the regiment called Spahis ( The Sepoys ) . Soon the Colonel of the regiment found that there was a member of his Squadron who could not only read and write French and English , but could type as well ; so he assigned him as a secretary in his office . Tata was once again transferred to the more luxurious office of a colonel . After a 12 - month period of conscription in the French Army he wanted to proceed to Cambridge for further education , but his father decided to bring him back to India and he joined the Tata Company . In 1929 , JRD renounced his French citizenship and became an Indian citizen , and started working at Tata . In 1930 JRD married Thelma Vicaji , the niece of Jack Vicaji , a colourful lawyer whom he hired to defend him on a charge of driving his Bugatti too fast along Bombay 's main promenade , Marine Drive . Previously he had been engaged to Dinbai Mehta , the future mother of The Economist editor Shapur Kharegat . Career ( edit ) When J.R.D. Tata was in tour , he was inspired by his friend 's father , pioneer Louis Blériot , the first Man to fly across the English Channel , and took to flying . On 10 February 1929 , Tata obtained the first pilot licence issued in India . He later came to be known as the father of Indian civil aviation . He founded India 's first commercial airline , Tata Airlines in 1932 , which became Air India in 1946 , now India 's national airline . He and Nevill Vintcent worked together in building Tata Airlines . They were also good friends . In 1929 , J.R. D became one of the first Indians to be granted a commercial pilot 's license . In 1932 Tata Aviation Service , the forerunner to Tata Airline and Air India , took to the skies . The first flight in the history of Indian aviation lifted off from Drigh Road in Karachi with J.R. D at the controls of a Puss Moth . J.R. D nourished and nurtured his airline baby through to 1953 , when the government of Jawaharlal Nehru nationalized Air India . It was a decision J.R. D had fought against tooth and nail . He joined Tata Sons as an unpaid apprentice in 1925 . In 1938 , at the age of 34 , JRD was elected Chairman of Tata Sons making him the head of the largest industrial group in India . He took over as Chairman of Tata Sons from his second cousin Nowroji Saklatwala . For decades , he directed the huge Tata Group of companies , with major interests in steel , engineering , power , chemicals and hospitality . He was famous for succeeding in business while maintaining high ethical standards -- refusing to bribe politicians or use the black market . Under his chairmanship , the assets of the Tata Group grew from US $100 million to over US $5 billion . He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988 , when he left , Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had controlling interest . He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century . Under his guidance , this Trust established Asia 's first cancer hospital , the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer , Research and Treatment , in Bombay in 1941 . He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences ( TISS , 1936 ) , the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR , 1945 ) , and the National Center for Performing Arts . In 1945 , he founded Tata Motors . In 1948 , JRD Tata launched Air India International as India 's first international airline . In 1953 , the Indian Government appointed JRD Tata as Chairman of Air India and a director on the Board of Indian Airlines -- a position he retained for 25 years . For his crowning achievements in aviation , he was bestowed with the title of Honorary Air Commodore of India . JRD Tata cared greatly for his workers . In 1956 , he initiated a programme of closer ' employee association with management ' to give workers a stronger voice in the affairs of the company . He firmly believed in employee welfare and espoused the principles of an eight - hour working day , free medical aid , workers ' provident scheme , and workmen 's accident compensation schemes , which were later , adopted as statutory requirements in India . Tata was also controversially supportive of the declaration of emergency powers by Prime Minister , Indira Gandhi , in 1975 . He is quoted to have told a reporter of the New York Times , `` things had gone too far . You ca n't imagine what we 've been through here -- strikes , boycotts , demonstrations . Why , there were days I could n't walk out of my office into the street . The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs . '' He was also a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER , the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi , India 's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956 . In 1968 , he founded Tata Consultancy Services as Tata Computer Centre . In 1979 , Tata Steel instituted a new practice : a worker being deemed to be `` at work '' from the moment he leaves home for work till he returns home from work . This made the company financially liable to the worker for any mishap on the way to and from work . In 1987 , he founded Titan Industries . Jamshedpur was also selected as a UN Global Compact City because of the quality of life , conditions of sanitation , roads and welfare that were offered by Tata Steel . Awards and honours ( edit ) JRD Tata received a number of awards . He was conferred the honorary rank of group captain by the Indian Air Force in 1948 , was promoted to the Air Commodore rank ( equivalent to Brigadier in army ) , and was further promoted on 1 April 1974 to the Air Vice Marshal rank . Several international awards for aviation were given to him -- The Tony Jannus Award in March 1979 , the Gold Air Medal of the Federation Aeronautique International in 1985 , the Edward Warner Award of the International Civil Aviation Organisation , Canada in 1986 and the Daniel Guggenheim Medal in 1988 . He received the Padma Vibhushan in 1955 . The French Legion of Honour was bestowed on him in 1983 . In 1992 , because of his selfless humanitarian endeavours , JRD Tata was awarded India 's highest civilian honour , the Bharat Ratna . In the same year , JRD Tata was also bestowed with the United Nations Population Award for his crusading endeavours towards initiating and successfully implementing the family planning movement in India , much before it became an official government policy . In his memory , the Government of Maharashtra named its first double - decker bridge the Bharatratna JRD Tata Overbridge at Kasarwadi Phata , Pune . Death ( edit ) JRD Tata died in Geneva , Switzerland on 29 November 1993 at the age of 89 of a kidney infection . Upon his death , the Indian Parliament was adjourned in his memory -- an honour not usually given to persons who are not members of parliament . He was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . See also ( edit ) The Greatest Indian R.M. Lala Jamsetji Tata Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata Rattanbai Petit Dorabji Tata References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shyam Swaraj : `` Happy Birthday J.R.D Tata : The Father Of Indian Aviation '' , dazeinfo.com , July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ A report in Vohuman.org Amalsad , Meher Dadabhoy . `` Vohuman '' . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.R.D. TATA '' . Tata Central Archives . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pai 2004 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Pai 2004 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Pai 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` 29 NOVEMBER 1993 ... '' unitedstatesofindia.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Shafali . `` Biography of jrd tata - Essay - Shafali '' . studymode.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Pai 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ R.M. Lala : Beyond the last Blue Mountains , Life of J.R.D Tata Jump up ^ `` Bombay Flying Club First Annual Report '' . Flight Global . 1 August 1929 . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Guha , Ramachandran ( 25 July 2013 ) . The glory of J.R. D ( 2007 ed . ) . India : Pan Books . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 54022 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The glory of J.R. D '' , UN Global Compact Cities Programme , retrieved 25 July 2013 Jump up ^ Sachin in IAF blues ( 2010 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Blog : Honorary commissions in the IAF '' . StratPost . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Industrialists : JRD Tata -- Made Tatas the largest Business House in India of his times '' . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Pai 2004 , p. 32 . 15 . ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100205064010/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/family_tree/family_tree.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Pai , Anant ( 2004 ) . JRD Tata : The Quiet Conqueror . Mumbai : India Book House . ISBN 8175084200 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : J.R.D. Tata Brief Lifestory of JRD Tata Lala , R.M. ( 1992 ) . Beyond the Last Blue Mountain : the Authorised Biography of J.R.D. Tata . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 84430 - 6 Mambro , Arvind , ed. ( 2004 ) . J.R.D. Tata Letters . Rupa . ISBN 81 - 291 - 0513 - 6 Biography at newindiadigest.com Biography at tata.com Lala , R.M. ( 1993 ) . Beyond the last blue mountain : a life of J.R.D. Tata ( New & updated ed . ) . New Delhi , India : Viking . ISBN 9780140169010 . <Th_colspan="2"> Chairmen of Tata Group <Td_colspan="2"> Jamsetji Tata Dorabji Tata Nowroji Saklatwala J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Cyrus Mistry Natarajan Chandrasekaran <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="3"> Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao V.K.R.V. Rao Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra Literature and Education V.S.R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D.P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Kuvempu O.N.V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidanda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R.K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K.N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi Medicine Jasbir Singh Bajaj B.K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S.I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M.S. Valiathan Other Sunderlal Bahuguna B.K.S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Jaggi Vasudev Public Affairs L.K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P.N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C.D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee P.B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin Gilman Zakir Husain V.R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V.N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V.K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N.G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y . Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P.A. Sangma M.C. Setalvad Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M.N. Venkatachaliah Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Science and Engineering V.K. Aatre Salim Ali Norman Borlaug Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Rajagopala Chidambaram Charles Correa Satish Dhawan Anil Kakodkar A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I.G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K.R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C.R. Rao C.N.R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M.R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M.S. Swaminathan Social Work Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U.N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar Trade and Industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N.R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Category WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Tata Group Divisions and subsidiaries Cromā Indian Hotels Company Limited Ginger Hotels Taj Hotels TajAir Vivanta Tata Advanced Systems Tata Business Support Services Tata Chemicals British Salt Tata Chemicals Europe Tata Chemicals Magadi Tata Communications VSNL International Canada Tata Consultancy Services CMC Tata Research Development and Design Centre Tata Elxsi Tata Global Beverages Eight O'Clock Coffee Good Earth Tea Tata Coffee Tetley Tata Housing Development Company Tata Interactive Systems Tata Investment Corp Tata Motors Jaguar Land Rover Tata Daewoo Tata Hispano Tata Power Tata Power Solar Tata Power SED Tata Steel Tata Steel Europe Tayo Rolls Tata Technologies Tata Teleservices Titan Company Tanishq Trent Star Bazaar Westside Voltas Joint ventures AirAsia India ( 41 % ) Tata AIA ( 74 % ) TATA AIG ( 74 % ) Tata McGraw - Hill Vistara ( 51 % ) Tata Sky ( 80 % ) Tata Starbucks ( 50 % ) Tata DoCoMo ( 74 % ) Virgin Mobile India ( 74 % ) Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery ( 40 % ) Shareholdings Piaggio Aerospace ( 33.3 % ) People Jamsetji Tata Ratanji Dadabhoy R Gopalakrishnan Dorabji Tata Nowroji Saklatwala J.R.D. 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Krishna Kumar Natarajan Chandrasekaran Other Bombay House Tata Centre Tata - Dhan Academy Tata family Tata Football Academy Tata Management Training Centre Tata Sons TCS Amsterdam Marathon TCS NYC Marathon <Td_colspan="2"> Category WorldCat Identities GND : 133803481 ISNI : 0000 0000 8311 1435 LCCN : n85211366 SNAC : w63g7m2k SUDOC : 094536899 VIAF : 112743884 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._R._D._Tata&oldid=866391006 '' Categories : 1904 births 1993 deaths Aviation history of India Aviation pioneers Indian people of French descent Indian aviators Indian chief executives Parsi people from Mumbai Businesspeople from Mumbai Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion Tata family Businesspeople in steel Businesspeople in information technology Businesspeople in coffee Chief executives in the automobile industry Bessemer Gold Medal Tata Group people Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery People from Paris Cathedral and John Connon School alumni French people of Indian descent Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Infobox person using certain parameters when dead Articles with hCards Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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1. JRD Tata - Indian industrialist and founder of Tata Group 2. Tata Group - conglomerate of companies founded by JRD Tata 3. Tata Consultancy Services - IT services and consulting company founded by JRD Tata 4. Air India - national airline of India founded by JRD Tata 5. Bharat Ratna - highest civilian award in India, received by JRD Tata

how many players in kabaddi in one team

Kabaddi - Wikipedia Kabaddi Kabaddi <Td_colspan="2"> Kabaddi game Highest governing body International Kabaddi Federation Nicknames Kaudi , Pakaada , Hadudu , Bhavatik , Saadukuda , Hu - Tu - Tu , Himoshika , sadugudu <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics Contact Permitted Team members 7 ( per side ) Mixed gender Yes , separate competitions Type Team sport , Contact sport Equipment None Venue Kabaddi court <Th_colspan="2"> Presence Country or region Indian Subcontinent Olympic Demonstration sport : 1936 Olympics Kabaddi is a contact team sport . Played between two teams of seven players , the object of the game is for a single player on offence , referred to as a `` raider '' , to run into the opposing team 's half of a court , tag out as many of their defenders as possible , and return to their own half of the court , all without being tackled by the defenders , and in a single breath . Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider , while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider . Players are taken out of the game if they are tagged or tackled , but can be `` revived '' for each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle . Two major disciplines of kabaddi exist ; Punjabi kabaddi , also known as `` circle style '' , refers to traditional styles of the sport that are played on a circular field outdoors . The `` standard style '' , played on a rectangular court indoors , is a discipline primarily played in major professional leagues , as well as international competitions such as the Asian Games . It is popular in the Indian subcontinent and other surrounding and South Asian countries , such as Pakistan and Central Asian such as Iran . Although ancient accounts of kabaddi appear in the histories of both modern - day India and Iran , the game was popularized as a competitive sport in the 20th century by India ; it is the state game of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Haryana , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , Punjab , Tamil Nadu , Telangana , and Uttar Pradesh . It is also the national sport of Bangladesh . The game is known by its regional names in different parts of the Indian subcontinent , such as kabaddi or chedugudu in Andhra Pradesh , kabaddi in Karnataka , Kerala and Telangana , hadudu in Bangladesh , bhavatik in Maldives , kauddi or kabaddi in the Punjab region , hu - tu - tu in Western India , hu - do - do in Eastern India , chadakudu in South India , kapardi in Nepal and kabaddi or saduguda in Tamil nadu . The word `` kabaddi '' is derived from the Tamil word `` kai - pidi '' ( கைபிடி , `` to hold hands '' ) . Contents 1 History 2 Variations 2.1 Standard style 2.2 Circle Style 3 International competitions 3.1 Kabaddi World Cup 3.2 Asian Games 3.3 Pro Kabaddi League 3.4 Super Kabaddi League 3.5 Women 's Kabaddi Challenge 3.6 Asian Kabaddi Championship 3.7 Kabaddi Masters 3.8 Neo Kabaddi league 4 Popularity 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The exact origins of Kabaddi are disputed , with theories suggesting that Kabaddi originated from Tamil Nadu of Indian history . The first ever kabbadi match is held in Tamil nadu ( madras ) ( renamed chennai ). The game was said to have been popular among the Yadava people , an abhang by Tukaram stated that the god Krishna played the game in his youth , while the Mahabharata contains an account of Arjuna similarly being able to sneak into hostile areas and take out enemies unscathed . There are also accounts of Gautama Buddha having played the game recreationally . Despite these conflicting claims , India has been credited with having helped to popularize Kabaddi as a competitive sport , with the first organized competitions occurring in the 1920s , their introduction to the programme of the Indian Olympic Games in 1938 , the establishment of the All - India Kabaddi Federation in 1950 , and being played as a demonstration sport at the inaugural 1951 Asian Games in New Delhi . These developments helped to formalize the sport , which had traditionally been played in villages , for legitimate international competition . After being demonstrated again at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi , kabaddi was added to the Asian Games ' programme beginning in 1990 . Variations ( edit ) Standard style ( edit ) A standard kabaddi court , during the 2006 Asian Games . In the international team version of kabaddi , two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a court of 10 by 13 metres ( 33 ft × 43 ft ) in case of men and 8 by 12 metres ( 26 ft × 39 ft ) in case of women . Each has three supplementary players held in reserve . The game is played with 20 - minute halves , with a 5 - minute half break in which the teams exchange sides . During each play , known as a `` raid '' , a player from the attacking side , known as the `` raider '' , runs into the opposing team 's side of the court and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible . For a raid to be eligible for points , the raider must cross the bob line in the defending team 's territory , and return to their half of the field without being tackled . Whilst doing so , the raider must also loudly chant the word `` kabaddi '' , confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single breath without inhaling . A 30 - second shot clock is also enforced on each raid . A point is scored for each defender tagged . If the raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in the defending team 's territory , they earn an additional point . If the raider is successfully stopped , the opposing team earns a point instead . All players tagged are taken out of the game , but one is `` revived '' for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle ( bonus points do not revive players ) . Players who step out of the boundary or lobbies are also out . A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an `` empty raid '' . By contrast , a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a `` super raid '' . If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once ( `` All Out '' ) , they earn three additional points , and the players are placed back in the game . Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi League ; if a team has two empty raids in a row , the next raider must score a point on their next raid or else they will be out ( `` do - or - die raid '' ) . Additionally , when a defending team has fewer than four players left on the field , tackles are worth 2 points ( `` super tackle '' ) . Circle style ( edit ) Circle Kabaddi There are four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation . In Sanjeevani kabaddi , one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out . The game is played over 40 min with a 5 min break between halves . There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent 's side scores four extra points . In Gaminee style , seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out . The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent 's side secures a point . The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration . Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule . But , a player who is declared out does n't leave the court , but instead stays inside , and the play goes along . For every player of the opposition touched `` out '' , a team earns a point . Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres ( 72 ft ) . International competitions ( edit ) The following competitions are played in standard format , for that of circle style kabaddi , see Punjabi kabaddi . Kabaddi World Cup ( edit ) Main article : Kabaddi World Cup ( Standard style ) The standard style Kabaddi World Cup is an outdoor international kabaddi competition conducted by the International Kabaddi Federation ( IKF ) , contested by men 's and women 's national teams . The competition has been previously contested in 2004 , 2007 and 2016 . All the tournaments have been won by India . India defeated Iran by 38 - 29 in the final of the championship game to clinch the title of 2016 . Asian Games ( edit ) Main article : Kabaddi at the Asian Games Pictogram of kabaddi Play media ( video ) Kabaddi being played in Japan , 2015 Kabaddi has been played at the Asian Games since 1990 . The Indian team has won seven Gold medals , with Iran being second most successful at the game with one gold medal . Pro Kabaddi league ( edit ) Main article : Pro Kabaddi The Pro Kabaddi League was established in 2014 . The league modeled its business upon that of the Indian Premier League of Twenty20 cricket , with a large focus on marketing , the backing of local broadcaster Star Sports , and changes to the sport 's rules and presentation to make it more suitable for a television audience . The Pro Kabaddi League quickly became a ratings success ; the 2014 season was watched by at least 435 million viewers over the course of the season , and the inaugural championship match was seen by 86.4 million viewers . Super Kabaddi league ( edit ) Main article : Super Kabaddi League The Super Kabaddi League is a professional standard style kabaddi league in Pakistan . It was established in 2018 , with 10 clubs based on city franchise structure . SKL boasts as being the second biggest kabaddi league in the world . Its first season was a resounding success . Women 's Kabaddi Challenge ( edit ) Main article : Women 's Kabaddi Challenge Women 's Kabaddi Challenge is a Kabaddi league in India started like Pro Kabaddi League for women 's . Three teams took part in the inaugural season in 2016 and the league was played across seven cities in India . The first season was played in 2016 , from 28 June to 31 July and was broadcast by Star Sports in India . The final was scheduled along with men 's version on 31 July . Final was conducted between Storm Queen and Fire Birds . Storm Queens produced a last - second turnaround to defeat Fire Birds 24 - 23 in the final . Asian Kabaddi championship ( edit ) AKC 's tenth season was played in Gorgan , Iran in 2017 in which India won 10th gold by defeating Pakistan in the finals . Kabaddi Masters ( edit ) The inaugural edition of the Kabaddi Masters was held in Dubai from 22nd to 30th June 2018 . It was the first Kabaddi tournament to be held in the UAE . It featured 6 teams . India won the tournament by defeating Iran in the final with a scoreline of 44 - 26 . Neo Kabaddi league ( edit ) An Indian 2nd professional kabaddi tournament . Popularity ( edit ) Kabaddi is a popular sport in India and surrounding nations . The Kabaddi Federation of India ( KFI ) was founded in 1950 , and it compiled a standard set of rules . The governing body for kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation . In Bangladesh , a variation of kabaddi called ha - du - du is popular . Ha - du - du has no definite rules and is played with different rules in different areas . Kabaddi is the National Game of Bangladesh and the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973 . In Iran , the Community of Kabaddi was formed in 1996 , in the same year they joined the Asian Kabaddi Federation and in 2001 they joined the International Kabaddi Federation . The Iran Amateur Kabaddi Federation was formed in 2004 . Kabaddi is one of the national sports of Nepal . Kabaddi is played and taught at a very early age in most primary schools beginning in the third grade or so in most Nepali schools . Kabaddi was also played by the British Army for fun , to keep fit and as an enticement to recruit soldiers from the British Asian community . Kabaddi was brought to the United Kingdom by Indian and Pakistani immigrants . The governing body for kabaddi in the United Kingdom is the England Kabaddi Federation UK . In popular culture ( edit ) Films depicting kabaddi Kudumba Thalaivan ( 1962 ) Little Buddha ( 1993 ) Pardes ( 1997 ) Hu Tu Tu ( 1999 ) Kabaddi Kabaddi ( 2003 ) Okkadu ( 2003 ) Ghilli ( 2004 ) Ajay ( 2006 ) Kabaddi ( 2009 ) Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu ( 2009 ) Bheemli Kabadi Jattu ( 2010 ) Chal Dhar Pakad ( 2010 ) Kabaddi Ik Mohabbat ( 2010 ) Kabaddi Once Again ( 2012 ) Badlapur Boys ( 2014 ) Tevar ( 2015 ) Thoppil Joppan ( 2016 ) Georgettan 's Pooram ( 2017 ) `` bathhi kabaddi league `` ( 2017 ) Anime and manga depicting kabaddi Full Metal Panic ? Fumoffu ( 2003 ) Gintama ( 2006 ) Teekyu ( 2013 ) Durarara ! ! × 2 Shō ( 2015 ) Chio 's School Road ( 2016 , manga ; 2018 , anime ) Uwagaki ( 2009 ) Dramas depicting kabaddi Bitter Sweet ( 2015 ) Azhagiya Tamil Magal ( 2017 ) `` Varanasi kabbadi league `` ( 2017 ) Super Kabaddi League Pakistan ( 2017 ) See also ( edit ) Punjabi Kabaddi Kabaddi in India Boli Khela References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Faroqi , Gofran ( 2012 ) . `` Kabadi '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Ha - du - du was given the name kabadi and the status of National Game in 1972 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything you need to know about Kabaddi '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The kabaddi question - whose game is it anyway ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sen , Ronojoy ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) . Nation at Play : A History of Sport in India . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231539937 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of kabaddi , Bangladesh 's national sport '' . Dhaka Tribune . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pioneer . `` Kabaddi goes international '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rules of Kabaddi '' . International Kabaddi Federation ( IKF ) . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabaddi World Cup 2016 : A handy guide to the format , rules and how the sport works '' . Firstpost. 2016 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kabaddi 101 : Raid , defend , revive , repeat '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Kabaddi In India : Origins , success and current pitiable state '' . Sportskeeda.com. 7 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissa 2 Kabaddi da . Sarwan Singh Sangam Publications . ISBN 93 - 83654 - 65 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Kabaddi league viewership second only to IPL '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simple , visceral , fun : why the ancient sport of kabaddi is enjoying a resurgence '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.geo.tv/latest/194785-faisalabad-sherdils-face-gujrat-warriors-in-super-kabaddi-league-final External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kabaddi . - World International Kabaddi Federation official website Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation official website Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India ( AKFI ) official website A Game Called Kabbadi -- slideshow by The New York Times <Th_colspan="2"> International kabaddi <Td_colspan="2"> International Kabaddi Federation National Teams Men 's Teams Afghanistan Argentina Australia Bangladesh Canada China Denmark England Germany India Iran Italy Japan South Korea Kenya Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Nepal Norway New Zealand Pakistan Poland Scotland Sierra Leone Spain Sri Lanka Thailand Turkmenistan United States Vietnam West Indies Women 's Teams Azerbaijan Bangladesh Canada England India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Kenya South Korea Malaysia Mexico Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Turkmenistan United States International Tournaments Men 's Kabaddi World Cup ( Standard style ) 2007 2016 Men 's Kabaddi World Cup ( Circle style ) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Women 's Kabaddi World Cup ( Circle style ) 2012 2013 2014 2016 Others Asian Kabaddi Championship Asia Kabaddi Cup ( Circle style ) Asian Games Asian Beach Games Asian Indoor Games World Kabaddi League Pro Kabaddi UK Kabaddi Cup 2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters Multi Sport event Asian Games 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Asian Indoor Games 2007 2009 2013 South Asian Games 1985 1995 1999 2006 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Indian martial arts Category : Indian martial arts Adithada Ankathattu Gatka Guruttara Huyen langlon Inbuan wrestling Kabaddi Kalari Kalaripayat Kalarippayattu stick - fighting Lathi khela Malla - yuddha Mardani khel Mukna Musti - yuddha Paika akhada Pehlwani Puttara Silambam Sqay Vajra - mushti Vatakkiruttal Famous examples Ramayana Kurukshetra War Hiranyakashipu vadh Jarasandha vadh Kansa vadh Vali vadh Vyuha formations Ardha - chandra - vyūha Chakravyuha Garbha - vyūha Garuda Vyuh Mandala vyuha Makara - vyuha Oormi vyuha Sarvatobhadra - vyūha Shakata - vyūha Suchi - vyūha Vajra - vyūha Notable practitioners Abhimanyu Arjun Bhima Dara Singh Deva Raya II Guru Hargobind Guru Hanuman Hanuman Jarasandha Jatindra Charan Guho Jasmine Simhalan Kittur Chennamma Maruthu Pandiyar Pandava Phogat sisters Rani of Jhansi Sakshi Malik Shivaji Siddhartha Gautama The Great Gama Vidyut Jamwal Traditional and mythological weapons Aara Ankusha Arrow of Brahma Aruval Asi Astra Ayudhapurusha Ayudha katti Bagh naka Barccha Bichuwa Bhuj ( weapon ) Brahmashirsha astra Brahmastra Chandrahas Chakram Chentu Elephant goad Firangi ( sword ) Gada Gandiva Kaumodaki Kara Katara Kayamkulam vaal Khanda Khaṭvāṅga Kripan Kukri Maru Malappuram Kathi Moplah ( sword ) Nandaka Narayanastra Narayanastra Otta ( weapon ) Parashu Pashupatastra Pata Pesh - 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Green ( national flag ) Pakistani Instrument of Surrender ( national document ) Bengali ( national language ) Monuments and Memorials Shaheed Minar ( 1952 , martyr monument ) National Martyrs ' Memorial ( 1971 , national monument ) Martyred Intellectuals Memorial ( 1971 , martyr monument ) Column of Independence ( 1971 , independence monument ) People Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ( Father of the Nation ) Kazi Nazrul Islam ( National poet ) M.A.G. 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1. Kabaddi game 2. Contact sport 3. International competitions 4. Pro Kabaddi League 5. Popularity in India and surrounding nations

what is the song kill a word about

Kill a Word - wikipedia Kill a Word <Th_colspan="2"> `` Kill a Word '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Eric Church featuring Rhiannon Giddens <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Mr. Misunderstood Released August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 3 : 20 Label EMI Nasvhille Songwriter ( s ) Eric Church Luke Dick Jeff Hyde Producer ( s ) Jay Joyce <Th_colspan="2"> Eric Church singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Record Year '' ( 2016 ) `` Kill a Word '' ( 2016 ) `` Round Here Buzz '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Record Year '' ( 2016 ) `` Kill a Word '' ( 2016 ) `` Round Here Buzz '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Rhiannon Giddens singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lay Your Money Down '' ( 2012 ) Lay Your Money Down2012 `` Kill a Word '' ( 2016 ) Kill a Word2016 `` Come Sunday '' ( 2016 ) Come Sunday2016 <Td_colspan="2"> `` Kill a Word '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eric Church as a duet with American musician Rhiannon Giddens . It was released in August 2016 as the third single from Church 's 2015 album Mr. Misunderstood . Church wrote this song with Luke Dick and Jeff Hyde . Contents 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Covers 6 Chart performance 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 References Content ( edit ) The song is about the power and importance of words , and wanting to `` kill '' words with negative meanings , such as `` hate . '' The album version features Andrea Davidson and Rhiannon Giddens , the latter a member of the Carolina Chocolate Drops , on backing vocals . For the single edit , Giddens sings some lines of the song by herself . Church told Rolling Stone that the 2016 presidential election was influential in picking `` Kill a Word '' as a single : `` I would have regretted not putting out ' Kill a Word , ' and let this season pass , not knowing if I would get a chance again where it was this relevant , this timely . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered on CMT , GAC , and Vevo in 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) Billy Dukes of Taste of Country wrote that `` Soulful production and the addition of Rhiannon Giddens gives ( sic ) a more casual listener something to enjoy if he or she chooses not to dive into Church 's statement . '' Giving it an `` A '' , Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe wrote that `` Songs that aim for utopia usually stumble along the way because they are either too preachy or too woefully naive . Church avoids this trap by zeroing in on the obstacles rather than the goal , and personalizes the proceedings by tackling what gets in the way of individual pursuit of happiness . '' Church and Giddens were nominated for Musical Event of the Year at the 51st Annual Country Music Association Awards in 2017 . Commercial performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Country Airplay chart at No. 58 for the chart dated September 10 , 2016 , and entered the Hot Country Songs chart three weeks later at No. 41 . The song has sold 194,000 copies in the United States as of March 2017 . Covers ( edit ) The band No Idea released a new version of the song as the B - side to their single , `` Reduced to Flames '' . The song featured the entire lyrics from the original song , but with heavy metal music . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 71 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 17 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 48 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horton , Carrie ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Hear Eric Church 's ' Relevant ' , ' Timely ' New Single , ' Kill a Word ' '' . The Boot . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dukes , Billy ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Eric Church ( Feat . Rhiannon Giddens ) , ' Kill a Word ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudak , Joseph ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` See Eric Church 's Thought - Provoking ' Kill a Word ' From Amazing Solo Show '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Kevin John ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Single Review : Eric Church featuring Rhiannon Giddens , `` Kill a Word '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Single Sales Chart : March 22 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Eric Church Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Church Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Church Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Church Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Church Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canada Year - End Country Airplay of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Eric Church Studio albums Sinners Like Me ( 2006 ) Carolina ( 2009 ) Chief ( 2011 ) The Outsiders ( 2014 ) Mr. Misunderstood ( 2015 ) Notable singles `` How ' Bout You '' `` Two Pink Lines '' `` Guys Like Me '' `` Love Your Love the Most '' `` Hell on the Heart '' `` Smoke a Little Smoke '' `` Homeboy '' `` Drink in My Hand '' `` Springsteen '' `` Creepin ' '' `` Like Jesus Does '' `` The Outsiders '' `` Give Me Back My Hometown '' `` Cold One '' `` Talladega '' `` Like a Wrecking Ball '' `` Mr. Misunderstood '' `` Record Year '' `` Kill a Word '' ( w / Rhiannon Giddens ) `` Round Here Buzz '' Guest songs `` The Only Way I Know '' ( w / Jason Aldean and Luke Bryan ) `` Raise ' Em Up '' ( w / Keith Urban ) `` Are You Ready for the Country '' ( w / Hank Williams , Jr . ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kill_a_Word&oldid=854324990 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles Eric Church songs Vocal duets Songs written by Eric Church Songs written by Jeff Hyde EMI Records singles Song recordings produced by Jay Joyce Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 14 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Kill a Word" - Eric Church featuring Rhiannon Giddens 2. Country music 3. Power of words 4. Eric Church discography 5. Music video

who wrote the first play containing an early form of mime

Mime artist - wikipedia Mime artist Jump to : navigation , search `` Mime '' redirects here . For Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions , see MIME . For other uses , see Mime ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mime artists Jean Soubeyran and Brigitte Soubeyran in 1950 . A mime or mime artist ( from Greek μῖμος , mimos , `` imitator , actor '' ) is a person who uses mime as a theatrical medium or as a performance art . Miming involves acting out a story through body motions , without use of speech . In earlier times , in English , such a performer would typically be referred to as a mummer . Miming is distinguished from silent comedy , in which the artist is a seamless character in a film or sketch . Jacques Copeau , strongly influenced by Commedia dell'arte and Japanese Noh theatre , used masks in the training of his actors . Étienne Decroux , a pupil of his , was highly influenced by this and started exploring and developing the possibilities of mime and developed corporeal mime into a highly sculptural form , taking it outside the realms of naturalism . Jacques Lecoq contributed significantly to the development of mime and physical theatre with his training methods . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In Western theatre traditions 1.1. 1 Greek and Roman mime 1.2 In non-Western theatre traditions 2 Formats 2.1 In film 2.2 On stage and street 2.3 In literature 3 Mime artists 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In Western theatre traditions ( edit ) The performance of mime originates at its earliest in Ancient Greece ; the name is taken from a single masked dancer called Pantomimus , although performances were not necessarily silent . In Medieval Europe , early forms of mime such as mummer plays and later dumbshows evolved . In early nineteenth century Paris , Jean - Gaspard Deburau solidified the many attributes that have come to be known in modern times -- the silent figure in whiteface . Greek and Roman mime ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Greek comedy Mime Pablo Zibes . The first recorded mime was Telestēs in the play Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus . Tragic mime was developed by Puladēs of Kilikia ; comic mime was developed by Bathullos of Alexandria . Main article : Theatre of ancient Rome § Roman comedy The Roman emperor Trajan banished mime artists ; Caligula favored them ; Marcus Aurelius made them priests of Apollo . Nero himself acted as a mime . In non-western theatre traditions ( edit ) While most of this article has treated mime as a constellation of related and historically linked Western theatre genres and performance techniques , analogous performances are evident in the theatrical traditions of other civilizations . Classical Indian musical theatre , although often erroneously labeled a `` dance , '' is a group of theatrical forms in which the performer presents a narrative via stylized gesture , an array of hand positions , and mime illusions to play different characters , actions , and landscapes . Recitation , music , and even percussive footwork sometimes accompany the performance . The Natya Shastra , an ancient treatise on theatre by Bharata Muni , mentions silent performance , or mukabhinaya . In Kathakali , stories from Indian epics are told with facial expressions , hand signals and body motions . Performances are accompanied by songs narrating the story while the actors act out the scene , followed by actor detailing without background support of narrative song . The Japanese Noh tradition has greatly influenced many contemporary mime and theatre practitioners including Jacques Copeau and Jacques Lecoq because of its use of mask work and highly physical performance style . Butoh , though often referred to as a dance form , has been adopted by various theatre practitioners as well . Formats ( edit ) In film ( edit ) A Dog 's Life ( 1918 ) . Charlie Chaplin . Prior to the work of Étienne Decroux there was no major treatise on the art of mime , and so any recreation of mime as performed prior to the twentieth century is largely conjecture , based on interpretation of diverse sources . However , the twentieth century also brought a new medium into widespread usage : the motion picture . The restrictions of early motion picture technology meant that stories had to be told with minimal dialogue , which was largely restricted to intertitles . This often demanded a highly stylized form of physical acting largely derived from the stage . Thus , mime played an important role in films prior to advent of talkies ( films with sound or speech ) . The mimetic style of film acting was used to great effect in German Expressionist film . Silent film comedians like Charlie Chaplin , Harold Lloyd , and Buster Keaton learned the craft of mime in the theatre , but through film , they would have a profound influence on mimes working in live theatre decades after their deaths . Indeed , Chaplin may be the best - documented mime in history . The famous French comedian , writer , and director Jacques Tati achieved his initial popularity working as a mime , and indeed his later films had only minimal dialogue , relying instead on many subtle expertly choreographed visual gags . Tati , like Chaplin before him , would mime out the movements of every single character in his films and ask his actors to repeat them . On stage and street ( edit ) Whitefaced mime on Boston Common in 1980 Mime has been performed on stage , with Marcel Marceau and his character `` Bip '' being the most famous . Mime is also a popular art form in street theatre and busking . Traditionally , these sorts of performances involve the actor / actress wearing tight black and white clothing with white facial makeup . However , contemporary mimes often perform without whiteface . Similarly , while traditional mimes have been completely silent , contemporary mimes , while refraining from speaking , sometimes employ vocal sounds when they perform . Mime acts are often comical , but some can be very serious . On the stage , Mime Artist Nithor Mahbub from Bangladesh introduced the first practice of teaching through humor with group Mimo Drama troupe Mime Art . In literature ( edit ) Canadian author Michael Jacot 's first novel , The Last Butterfly , tells the story of a mime artist in Nazi - occupied Europe who is forced by his oppressors to perform for a team of Red Cross observers . Nobel laureate Heinrich Böll 's The Clown relates the downfall of a mime artist , Hans Schneir , who has descended into poverty and drunkenness after being abandoned by his beloved . Jacob Appel 's Pushcart short - listed story , Coulrophobia , depicts the tragedy of a landlord whose marriage slowly collapses after he rents a spare apartment to an intrusive mime artist . Mime artists ( edit ) Dick Van Dyke Rowan Atkinson Samuel Avital Nithor Mahbub Steven Banks Jean - Louis Barrault Blue Man Group Wolfe Bowart Tony Brown Janet Carafa Charlie Chaplin Michel Courtemanche Adam Darius Jean - Gaspard Debureau Étienne Decroux Ryan Drummond Jogesh Dutta Ladislav Fialka Dario Fo George L. Fox Chris Harris Bill Irwin Alejandro Jodorowsky Zillur Rahman John Buster Keaton Lindsay Kemp Stan Laurel Thomas Leabhart Jacques Lecoq Paul Legrand Tina Lenert Partha Pratim Majumder Marcel Marceau Ennio Marchetto Kari Margolis Carlos Martínez Harpo Marx Samy Molcho Tony Montanaro Mummenschanz Stefan Niedziałkowski Adrian Pecknold Lenka Pichlíková - Burke Slava Polunin Oleg Popov Nola Rae Gene Sheldon Richmond Shepard Shields and Yarnell Red Skelton Steam Powered Giraffe Daniel Stein Jacques Tati Pan Tau Modris Tenisons Tik and Tok Henryk Tomaszewski Sam Wills Vahram Zaryan Achille Zavatta See also ( edit ) Busking Corporeal mime Dumbshow Lip sync Liquid and digits Mummers Play Pantomime Popping Physical theatre Turfing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ μῖμος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Callery , Dympha ( 2001 ) . Through the Body : A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre . London : Nick Hern Books . ISBN 1 - 85459 - 630 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lust , Annette . `` The Origins and Development of the Art of Mime '' . From the Greek Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond : Mimes , Actors , Pierrots and Clowns : A Chronicle of the Many Visages of Mime in the Theatre . 9 March 2000 . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Broadbent , R.J. ( 1901 ) A History of Pantomime , Chapter VI . London . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Broyard , Anatole . `` A Laugh Before Dying . '' The New York Times . 7 March 1974 . p. 37 Jump up ^ Stern , Daniel . `` Without Shmerz . '' The New York Times . 4 January 1965 . Book Review . p. 4 Jump up ^ Bellevue Literary Review , Vol 5 , No. 2 , Fall 2005 . Jump up ^ Scpr.org Retrieved 29 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Mime wizard 's final act '' , The Times of India . 22 August 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Modris Tenisons : Režisors un scenogrāfs , dizaina mākslinieks , profesionāla pantomīmas teātra izveidotājs Kauņā . '' 2003 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category : Mimes . External links ( edit ) Look up mime in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . World Mime Index International mime theatre information MOVEO International school of corporeal mime and physical theatre in Barcelona . International Theatre School Jacques Lecoq London International School of Performing Arts Innovo Conservatory of Physical Theatre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mime_artist&oldid=835435294 '' Categories : Mime Pantomime Theatrical genres Theatrical occupations Silence Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Latina Македонски 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 18 : 11 . 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1. Mime as a theatrical medium 2. History of mime in Western and non-Western theatre traditions 3. Mime in film and on stage 4. Mime artists and their contributions 5. Contemporary forms and variations of mime

my anaconda don't want none original song

Baby Got Back - Wikipedia Baby Got Back Jump to : navigation , search `` My Anaconda Do n't '' redirects here . For the song by Nicki Minaj , see Anaconda ( Nicki Minaj song ) . Not to be confused with Baby Got Black . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Baby Got Back '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Sir Mix - a-Lot <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Mack Daddy B - side `` Cake Boy '' / `` You Ca n't Slip '' Released May 7 , 1992 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl cassette single CD single Recorded 1991 Genre Hip hop dirty rap bounce Length 4 : 22 Label Def American Songwriter ( s ) Anthony Ray Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin Sir Mix - a-Lot <Th_colspan="2"> Sir Mix - a-Lot singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` One Time 's Got No Case '' ( 1991 ) `` Baby Got Back '' ( 1992 ) `` Swap Meet Louie '' ( 1992 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` One Time 's Got No Case '' ( 1991 ) `` Baby Got Back '' ( 1992 ) `` Swap Meet Louie '' ( 1992 ) Baby Got Back Sir Mix - a-Lot 's `` Baby Got Back '' from Mack Daddy <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Baby Got Back '' , also known as `` I Like Big Butts '' , is a hit song written and recorded by American rapper Sir Mix - a-Lot , from his album Mack Daddy . The song samples the 1986 Detroit techno single `` Technicolor '' by Channel One . At the time of its original release , the song caused controversy with its outspoken and blatantly sexual lyrics about women , as well as specific references to the female buttocks which some people found objectionable . The video was briefly banned by MTV . `` Baby Got Back '' has remained popular and even anthemic since it was originally featured on the album Mack Daddy in 1992 . It was the second best - selling song in the US in 1992 , behind Whitney Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' , with sales of 2,392,000 physical copies that year . In 2008 , it was ranked number 17 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . The song debuted at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated April 11 , 1992 and hit number one twelve weeks later . The single spent five weeks at the top of the chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Track listing 3 Chart performance and awards 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Decade - end charts 4 Jonathan Coulton cover / Glee cover 5 Related songs and allusions 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Further reading 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The first verse begins with `` I like big butts and I can not lie '' and most of the song is about the rapper 's attraction to large buttocks . The second and third verse challenge mainstream norms of beauty : `` I ai n't talkin ' ' bout Playboy / ' Cause silicone parts are made for toys '' and `` So Cosmo says you 're fat / Well I ai n't down with that ! '' The song came from a meeting between Sir Mix - A-Lot and Amylia Dorsey who saw little representation of full figured women in media . The idea came from the 1980s Budweiser commercial featuring very thin , valley girl-esque models . They decided to dedicate a song to the very opposite , featuring curvy women of color . Mix and Dorsey sought to , `` broaden ... the definition of beauty . '' Sir Mix - a-Lot commented in a 1992 interview : `` The song does n't just say I like large butts , you know ? The song is talking about women who damn near kill themselves to try to look like these beanpole models that you see in Vogue magazine . '' He explains that most women respond positively to the song 's message , especially black women : `` They all say , ' About time . ' '' In the song 's prelude there is a conversation between two ( presumably ) thin , white valley girls . One girl named Linda ( dubbed by Amylia Dorsey ) remarks to her friend , `` Oh , my God , Becky , look at her butt ! It is so big ( ... ) She 's just so ... black ! '' , at which point Sir Mix - a-Lot begins rapping of his love for big - bottomed girls . The dialogue of British actress Papillon Soo Soo saying `` Me so horny '' is sampled from the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket to complete Sir Mix - a-Lot's lyric , `` that butt you got makes ... '' It is one of two popular rap songs of the era ( with 2 Live Crew 's `` Me So Horny '' ) in which her dialogue from the film is featured . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Baby Got Back '' ( album version ) 4 : 25 2 . `` Cake Boy '' 4 : 12 3 . `` You Ca n't Slip '' 5 : 05 4 . `` Baby Got Back '' ( Tekno - Metal Edit ) 4 : 20 5 . `` Baby Got Back '' ( Hard B.W.B. Hip Hop Mix ) 4 : 35 6 . `` Baby Got Back '' ( Hurricane Mix ) 5 : 04 Chart Performance and awards ( edit ) Sir Mix - a-Lot's best known song , `` Baby Got Back '' reached number 1 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks in the summer of 1992 , and won a 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance . In the years following the song 's release on the album Mack Daddy , it has continued to appear in many movies , television shows , and commercials , as detailed below . It was number 6 on VH1 's Greatest Songs of the ' 90s , and number 1 on VH1 's Greatest One Hit Wonders of the ' 90s . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 89 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 39 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 56 US Billboard Hot 100 US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 27 US Dance / Club Play Songs 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 47 US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 30 Jonathan Coulton cover / Glee cover ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2018 ) Jonathan Coulton released a cover of `` Baby Got Back '' during his Thing a Week project in October 2005 , with the song being released as part of the first Thing A Week compilation album the next year . In late January 2013 , a preview of the television show Glee included a cover of `` Baby Got Back '' that would be part of an upcoming episode . Many , including Coulton , noted that the backing music was extremely similar to his recorded version ; Coulton reported that he had not been contacted by the Fox Broadcasting Network about this song , but at the time could only suppose that the Glee version was similar to his own . Coulton had tried to contact Fox for additional details prior to the episode 's airing . The episode with the song , `` Sadie Hawkins '' , aired unchanged on January 24 , 2013 ; further analysis of the aired version showed the Glee cover appeared to use Coulton 's original musical arrangement as it included Coulton 's original melody and a changed line in Coulton 's version ( `` Johnny C 's in trouble '' instead of the original `` Mix - a-Lot's in trouble '' ) . Coulton 's agents were later contacted by Fox , claiming , in his words , `` they 're within their legal rights to do this , and that ( Coulton ) should be happy for the exposure '' , even though Coulton is not credited within the episode . Coulton has been exploring legal options ; while musical covers do not have copyright legal protection in the United States , Coulton may have legal rights if the Glee version is found to have used his audio track or original composition directly . Coulton has since released his cover of `` Baby Got Back '' to iTunes , what he calls `` a cover of Glee 's cover of my cover of Sir Mix - a-Lot's song '' , with proceeds going to charity . Coulton 's experience has led other artists who believe that Glee used their cover arrangements as backing within the show to step forward with similar claims . Related songs and allusions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a 2000 interview , Sir Mix - a-Lot reflected : `` There 's always butt songs . Hell , I got the idea sitting up here listening to old Parliament records : Motor Booty Affair . Black men like butts . That 's the bottom line . '' The song is part of a tradition of 1970s -- 90s African - American music celebrating the female posterior , including `` Da Butt '' , `` Rump Shaker '' , and `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Spoken word duo Athens Boys Choir has a parody of the song on their album Rhapsody in T called `` Tranny Got Pack '' . An alternative version was performed at a 2006 Washington Mutual retreat in Hawaii . A 2009 Burger King commercial promoting SpongeBob SquarePants Kids ' Meal toys featured a parody called `` I Like Square Butts '' . The song is played during the credit sequence of the video game Fat Princess while the player is attacking the staff with a scythe . The song in the main theme for the Are We There Yet ? series episode `` The Viral Video Episode '' . This song was used in a The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ' sketch aired on June 16 , 2014 . It consisted of clips of NBC Nightly News anchor Brian Williams , edited to create the illusion of him performing the song . The chorus of Nicki Minaj 's 2014 single `` Anaconda '' heavily samples the song , including the beat , the lyric `` My anaconda do n't want none unless you got buns hun '' as well as `` Oh my god , look at her butt '' in the beginning of the song . The song 's closing line , `` little in the middle but she got much back '' , is also sampled . Sir Mix - a-Lot stated his approval for Minaj 's song , saying that he had gained `` a whole new level of respect for her '' and that he had become a `` fan for life '' of Minaj . In June 2014 , the Seattle Symphony performed an orchestral rendition of the song , arranged by composer Gabriel Prokofiev , and performed by Sir - Mix - A-Lot . Country music artist Joe Nichols had been performing a honky - tonk style cover of `` Baby Got Back '' in concerts since 2012 . In 2017 , Nichols decided to record his rendition and include it on his album Never Gets Old . On July 31 , 2017 , Nichols released a music video for his cover , in which he performs the song for Sir Mix - A-Lot . The song featured in an episode of Apple Music 's Carpool Karaoke starring Game of Thrones ' Maisie Williams and Sophie Turner . Together they parody the beginning of the song using Sean Bean 's distinctive Yorkshire accent . A The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episode has a rerecorded version of the song when Homer becomes a humongus fat blob , changing the lyrics to `` I like big gutts and I can not lie '' and making the song about overeating rather than big butts . See also ( edit ) 1992 in music Hot 100 number - one hits of 1992 ( USA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Baby Got Back Songfacts '' . Songfacts . Archived from the original on 19 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ King , M.C. ( 1 November 2007 ) . 101 Reasons the ' 90s Ruled : Ten Years of Living La Vida Loca . Simon and Schuster . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9212 - 9 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending May 5 , 2013 . Songs : Macklemore Pulls A Gaga '' . Yahoo Music ( Chart Watch ) . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Winistorfer ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) . `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Hip - Hop Songs '' . Prefixmag . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Spuds McKenzie '' . youtube.com . August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OMG , meet the real ' Becky ' from ' Baby Got Back ' '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Brian ( September 1992 ) . `` Big Buts '' . Spin. 8 ( 6 ) : 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ `` ' And I Cannot Lie ' : The Oral History of Sir Mix - a-Lot's ' Baby Got Back ' Video '' . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Sir Mix - A-Lot -- Baby Got Back '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Canadian peak Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Sir Mix - A-Lot Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Sir Mix - A-Lot '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Sir Mix - A-Lot -- Baby Got Back '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Sir Mix - A-Lot -- Baby Got Back '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 - 1992 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Decade - End 1990 - 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Doctorow , Cory ( 2005 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Nerd folksinger covers Baby Got Back '' . Boing Boing . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Jonathan Coulton says Glee ripped off his cover of `` Baby Got Back '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Landau , Elizabeth ( 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Singer alleges ' Glee ' ripped off his cover song '' . CNN . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Musician Claims ' Glee ' Stole His Version of ' Baby Got Back ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cantalano , Michele ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Jonathan Coulton vs. Glee : It 's About the Ethics '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Jonathan Coulton Explains How Glee Ripped Off His Cover Song -- And Why He 's Not Alone '' . Wired . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Sir Mix - a-Lot ; Caramanica , Jon ( October 2000 ) . `` Still Bumpin ' '' . Vibe. 8 ( 8 ) : 82 Jump up ^ Aubry , Erin J. ( 2003 ) . `` The butt : its politics , its profanity , its power '' . In Edut , Ophira . Body outlaws : rewriting the rules of beauty and body image ( 2nd ed . ) . Seal Press . p. 30 . ISBN 1 - 58005 - 108 - 1 Jump up ^ EAMON JAVERS . `` WaMu lenders sang ' I like big bucks ' - Eamon Javers '' . Politico.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Claudia ( 16 April 2009 ) . `` Burger King 's whopper of an ad '' . Houston Chronicle Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Fat Princess Credits '' . Youtube.com. 2009 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ YBF Chic ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` YBF EXCLUSIVE : UNSEEN TBS ' `` Are We There Yet ? '' Clip '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Brian Williams Raps `` Baby Got Back '' `` . Youtube.com. 2014 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Nicki Minaj 's `` Anaconda '' Dubbed New & Improved `` Baby Got Back '' By Sir Mix - A-Lot `` . HipHopDX. 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Miriam Coleman , Rolling Stone ( June 8 , 2014 ) , Sir Mix - a-Lot Takes ' Baby Got Back ' Classical With Seattle Symphony Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( August 1 , 2017 ) , Watch Joe Nichols Sing for Sir Mix - a-Lot in New ' Baby Got Back ' Video Jump up ^ `` Carpool Karaoke : The Series -- Sophie Turner & Maisie Williams Preview -- Apple Music '' . Youtube.com. 2017 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Further reading ( edit ) Kemp , Rob ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) . `` ' And I Cannot Lie ' : The Oral History of Sir Mix - a-Lot's ' Baby Got Back ' Video '' . Vulture . New York Media . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I 'll Be There '' by Mariah Carey Billboard Hot 100 number - one single July 4 , 1992 -- August 1 , 1992 Succeeded by `` This Used to Be My Playground '' by Madonna <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Sir Mix - a-Lot Studio albums Swass Seminar Mack Daddy Chief Boot Knocka Return of the Bumpasaurus Daddy 's Home Singles `` Square Dance Rap '' `` Posse on Broadway '' `` Rippn ' '' ( with Kid Sensation ) / `` Attack on the Stars '' `` Iron Man '' ( featuring Metal Church ) `` Beepers '' `` My Hooptie '' `` I Got Game '' `` National Anthem '' `` One Time 's Got No Case '' `` Baby Got Back '' `` Swap Meet Louie '' `` Put ' em on the Glass '' `` Ride '' `` Sleepin ' Wit My Fonk '' `` Jump on It '' `` Batter Up '' `` Big Johnson '' `` ' Til da Sun Cums Up '' Videography Music videos `` Posse on Broadway '' `` Iron Man '' ( featuring Metal Church ) `` Beepers '' `` My Hooptie '' `` One Time 's Got No Case '' `` Baby Got Back '' `` Swap Meet Louie '' `` Put ' em on the Glass '' `` Ride '' `` Sleepin ' Wit My Fonk '' `` Jump on It '' `` Carz '' VHS & DVD Maconomics Shhh ... Do n't Tell ' em That Compilations Beepers , Benzos & Booty : The Best of Sir Mix - a-Lot Playlist Super Hits Related articles Judgment Night Subset `` Anaconda '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Got_Back&oldid=843378477 '' Categories : 1992 songs 1992 singles Sir Mix - a-Lot songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin Dirty rap songs Songs about sexuality Songs about buttocks American Recordings ( record label ) singles Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 19 : 27 . 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1. "Baby Got Back" - hit song by Sir Mix-a-Lot 2. Controversial lyrics and banned video 3. Popularity and sales of the song 4. Jonathan Coulton cover and Glee controversy 5. Related songs and allusions to "Baby Got Back"

when does the crisis of a shakespearean romance occur

Shakespeare 's late romances - wikipedia Shakespeare 's late romances Miranda in The Tempest by John William Waterhouse The late romances , often simply called the romances , are a grouping of William Shakespeare 's last plays , comprising Pericles , Prince of Tyre ; Cymbeline ; The Winter 's Tale ; and The Tempest . The Two Noble Kinsmen , of which Shakespeare was co-author , is sometimes also included in the grouping . The term `` romances '' was first used for these late works in Edward Dowden 's Shakespeare : A Critical Study of His Mind and Art ( 1875 ) . Later writers have generally been content to adopt Dowden 's term . Shakespeare 's plays can not be precisely dated , but it is generally agreed that these comedies followed a series of tragedies including Othello , King Lear and Macbeth . Shakespeare wrote tragedies because they were successful at the box office , but he returned to comedy towards the end of his career , mixing it with tragic and mystical elements . Shakespeare 's late romances were also influenced by the development of tragicomedy and the extreme elaboration of the courtly masque as staged by Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones . The subjects and style of these plays were also influenced by the preference of the monarch , by Shakespeare 's ageing company and by their more upper class audiences . The romances call for spectacular effects to be shown onstage , including storms at sea , opulent interior and exterior scenery , dream settings and the illusion of time passing . Scholars have argued that the late plays deal with faith and redemption , and are variations on themes of rewarding virtue over vice . Contents 1 Plays 2 Labelling and structure 3 Defining characteristics 4 Tragicomic influence 5 History 6 Performances 7 Criticism 8 Film adaptations 9 See also 10 Notes , references and sources 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 10.3 Sources 10.4 Further reading 11 External links Plays ( edit ) Shakespeare 's late romances are : Pericles , Prince of Tyre , ca . 1603 -- 08 Cymbeline , ca . 1608 -- 10 The Winter 's Tale , ca . 1609 -- 11 The Tempest , ca . 1603 -- 11 The Two Noble Kinsmen , ca . 1612 -- 14 ( co-written with John Fletcher ) Sources : FE Halliday ( 1964 ) , AL Rowse ( 1978 ) and Stanley Wells ( 1986 ) The Norton Shakespeare describes Henry VIII ( ca . 1612 -- 13 ) as being characteristic of the late romances , but still considers it one of the histories , as does Rowse . Labelling and structure ( edit ) Title page of the First Folio ( 1623 ) The category of Shakespearean romance arises from a desire among critics for the late plays to be recognised as a more complex kind of comedy ; the labels of romance and tragicomedy are preferred by the majority of modern critics and editors . In the First Folio of 1623 , John Heminges and Henry Condell , its editors , listed The Tempest and The Winter 's Tale as comedies , and Cymbeline as a tragedy . Pericles did not appear in it at all . In 1875 , when Dowden argued that Shakespeare 's late comedies should be called `` romances , '' he did so because they resemble late medieval and early modern `` romances , '' a genre in which stories were set across the immensity of space and time . The romances have grand plot points which are combined with humour , dramatic action and internal struggles . They also feature broader characters , larger spectacles and a different handling of the themes of appearance and reality . The late romances differed from early Shakespearean comedies by relying on grand themes , rather than specific moments . The romances are Shakespearean tragedies that end happily , instead of a moment of danger that moves rapidly to a solution . They also focus on the relationships between father and daughter . Defining characteristics ( edit ) The final plays share some common traits : Tragic or potentially tragic elements at the beginning of the play that are then resolved by the end , such as Leontes 's jealousy in The Winter 's Tale , or the shipwreck and drownings in The Tempest ; Older men are more prominently featured ; Young lovers are a part of each play , but are not central to the plot ; A redemptive plotline with a happy ending reuniting long - separated family members ; Magic and other fantastical elements ; The presence of pre-Christian , masque - like figures , like Jupiter in Cymbeline and the goddesses whom Prospero summons in The Tempest ; A mixture of `` courtly '' and `` pastoral '' scenes ( such as the gentry and the island residents in The Tempest and the pastoral and courtly contrasts of The Winter 's Tale ) . Tragicomic influence ( edit ) Shakespeare 's romances were also influenced by two major developments in theatre in the early years of the seventeenth century . The first was the innovation of tragicomedy initiated by John Fletcher and developed in the early Beaumont and Fletcher collaborations . Tragicomedies made a pretence at `` grave stuff , '' but invariably provided a happy ending with light entertainment . Shakespeare 's romances are more sharply tragicomic than his comedies : threats of death and scenes of suffering are more acute . Encounters with the supernatural are also more direct and emphatic . The other influence was the extreme elaboration of the courtly masque being stage in the same period by Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones . Key scenes in the late romances are closely related to court masques : They embrace the visual magnificence but also the shallowness of such a display . History ( edit ) The popular drama during the Renaissance was subject to external influences , specifically what the ruler wanted to see . Elizabeth I enjoyed watching what the people liked , which were the tragedies . Elizabeth reigned until her death in 1603 . James I succeeded her , and he preferred the romances . Shakespeare 's health was impaired , and he died about five years after The Tempest , the last play he wrote by himself . The shift indicates that he was giving up composition . He retired to Stratford following completion of his final play . The scholar Catherine Alexander has suggested that the plays were not specifically autobiographical in respect of Shakespeare 's advancing old age , but reflected the fact that the actors themselves were older . The King 's Men occupied a second playhouse , the Blackfriars , which had been out of use for several years . The playhouse had been shut down because of objections by local residents , but was reopened during the second half of 1608 . In the interim the actors had aged , and Shakespeare adjusted the age of his characters . The King 's Men were allowed to change their name from the Lord Chamberlain 's Men in 1603 , when James I came to the throne . They would put on as many as two new plays a week . Many plays had only a few performances , and there was no director : actors were expected to know fairly standard blocking patterns . Audiences at the Blackfriars were generally upper class , as the cost of admission was so high that the lower classes were unlikely to attend many performances . Because of the sophistication of the audience , the romances leaned more toward aesthetics and culture . Performances ( edit ) Henry Irving and Ellen Terry in Irving 's elaborate 1896 production of Cymbeline The romances create a challenge for directors , as they require spectacular effects to be shown onstage . For Pericles , in 1854 , Samuel Phelps created the effect of a storm by using rowers manning oars to carry Pericles from one location to another while a panorama moved behind them to create the illusion of travel . Cymbeline often offers two different directions for staging : grand and simple . In the spring of 1896 , Henry Irving staged the play at the Lyceum Theatre , London with elaborate Celtic sets for Cymbeline 's palace gardens and interior rooms , a Roman banqueting hall for Posthumus 's visit to Rome , a handsomely decorated bedchamber for Imogen , and a spectacular dream setting for the descent of Jupiter . Ben Greet at the Old Vic in 1918 , on the other hand , chose a simple , Elizabethan approach . The Winter 's Tale poses the challenges of time passing and a bear pursuing Antigonus off stage . In 1976 , Trevor Nunn and John Barton cast John Nettles as both Time and the bear . At Stratford - upon - Avon in 1986 , Terry Hands used a bearskin rug , which rose off the ground to chase Antigonus off . The Tempest opens with a scene inspired by the shipwreck of The Sea Venture in 1609 . This scene has allowed for different stagings , from William Charles Macready in 1842 at Covent Garden featuring a huge sea vessel , fully rigged and manned , to Robert Falls 's production at the Goodman Theatre in 1987 , where the scene was set on a cruiseship , with tourist passengers in deck chairs or playing shuffleboard until disaster struck . Criticism ( edit ) Because of the shift in style , as well as Shakespeare 's physical state , there has been much debate about why the late plays were written as they were . Dowden created a biographical view that suggested that Shakespeare was suffering from depression when he wrote his tragedies , and had worked his way out of it to create the romances . Sir Edmund Chambers suggested that he suffered a breakdown while writing Timon of Athens , and the romances reflect a kind of psychological convalescence . Clifford Leech viewed the romances as infected with a kind of fantastical puritanism that came from Shakespeare 's personal revulsion from sex . DG James believed that Shakespeare ran out of poetic energy as he got older . Raphael Lyne comments that it is impossible to show that Shakespeare managed his career to this extent , and there is no pressing need to consider these works as anything other than coincidentally `` late . '' There is a belief among some scholars that the late plays deal with faith and redemption , and are variations on themes of rewarding virtue over vice . G. Wilson Knight was among those critics to argue that the late romances embody , together with the high tragedies or even above them , Shakespeare 's greatest achievement . Harold Bloom says of The Winter 's Tale that in it Shakespeare returns to his full talent and genius with full force . Film adaptations ( edit ) A film version of Cymbeline was released in 2014 , starring Milla Jovovich , Ethan Hawke , Penn Badgely , John Leguizamo and Ed Harris . The Tempest has been adapted most often . A silent film version was made in 1908 . Later adaptations include , Yellow Sky ( 1948 ) -- set in the wild west , with Gregory Peck and Anne Baxter ; Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) -- a science fiction classic set in outer space ; Derek Jarman 's 1979 version relocated to a crumbling mansion off the Scottish coast ; Tempest ( 1982 ) -- set on a Greek isle , with John Cassavetes , Molly Ringwald , Gena Rowlands and Susan Sarandon ; Prospero 's Books ( 1991 ) starring John Gielgud -- which is not so much an adaptation as a reading of the play , combining film , dance , opera , and animation ; and a 2010 version with Prospero recast as Prospera , played by Helen Mirren . See also ( edit ) Shakespearean problem play Notes , references and sources ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See also Hallett Smith on the `` many links between this and the previous plays ... '' Jump up ^ See : The Masque of Blackness ; The Masque of Queens . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halliday , pp. 419 and 507 -- 508 ; Wells , p. xx ; and Rowse , Volume III , pp. 670 , 724,796 and 860 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Hallett `` Shakespeare 's Romances '' Huntington Library Quarterly , Vol. 27 , No. 3 , Shakespeare ( May 1964 ) , pp. 279 -- 287 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Greenblatt , page ? Jump up ^ Rowse , Volume II , pp. 600 -- 605 Jump up ^ Thorne , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` The Brotherton First Folio Digital Resource '' , University of Leeds , retrieved 9 December 2014 Jump up ^ Lyne , pp. 6 and 99 Jump up ^ Bevington , p. 191 Jump up ^ Lyne , p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Bieman , p. 1 ; Jump up ^ Bieman , p. 4 Jump up ^ Rowse , Volume III , p. 11 Jump up ^ Rowse , Volume III , pp. 784 and 896 -- 897 Jump up ^ Schmidgall , p. 180 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 414 Jump up ^ Lyne , p. 4 Jump up ^ Lyne , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 411 -- 412 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 422 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 429 Jump up ^ Alexander , p. 8 Jump up ^ Bevington , pp. 17 -- 20 Jump up ^ Hildy and Brockett , p. 126 Jump up ^ Thorne , p. 14 Jump up ^ Bevington , pp. 212 Jump up ^ Bevington , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bevington , pp. 200 -- 201 Jump up ^ Bevington , pp. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Alexander , p. xiv ; and Rowse , Volume III , p. 860 Jump up ^ Bevington , p. 215 Jump up ^ Lyne , p. ? Jump up ^ Semon , Kenneth J. `` Review : Time , Tide , and Tempest : A Study of Shakespeare 's Romances '' , Modern Language Quarterly , December 1974 35 ( 4 ) , pp. 423 -- 426 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Tempest On Screen '' , British Film Institute , retrieved 9 December 2014 Sources ( edit ) Adams , Joseph Quincy ( 1923 ) . A Life of Shakespeare . Cambridge : Riverside Press . OCLC 1070329 . Alexander , Catherine M.S. ( ed ) ( 2009 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare 's Last Plays . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88178 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bevington , David ( 2007 ) . This Wide and Universal Theater : Shakespeare in Performance : Then and Now . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 04478 - 1 . Bieman , Elizabeth ( 1990 ) . William Shakespeare : The Romances . Boston : Twayne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8057 - 6995 - 1 . Greenblatt , Stephen ( ed ) ( 2008 ) . The Norton Shakespeare . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92991 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Halliday , FE ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion , 1564 - 1964 . New York : Schocken Books . OCLC 359916 . Hildy , Oscar G ; Brockett , Franklin J ( 2007 ) . History of the Theatre . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 47360 - 1 . Lyne , Raphael ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare 's Late Work . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926595 - 4 . Rowse , AL ( 1978 ) . The Annotated Shakespeare Volume II . London : Orbis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85613 - 086 - 1 . Rowse , AL ( 1978 ) . The Annotated Shakespeare Volume III . London : Orbis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85613 - 087 - 8 . Schmidgall , Gary ( 1981 ) . Shakespeare and the Courtly Aesthetic . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04130 - 1 . Thorne , Alison ( 2003 ) . Shakespeare 's Romances . Basingstoke and New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 67974 - 6 . Wells , Stanley ( 1986 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26737 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Evans , G. Blakemore ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 04402 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Literary Romance in a larger context is a genre related to Comedy <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Scenes Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Will Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) <Td_colspan="3"> * Shakespeare and other authors Lost <Th_colspan="2"> Shakespearean late romances <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare 's Pericles , Prince of Tyre Characters John Gower Diana Sources Confessio Amantis ( 1390 ) The Pattern of Painful Adventures ( 1576 ) Adaptations Pericles , Prince of Tyre ( 1984 ; TV ) Related George Wilkins Shakespeare 's late romances Shakespeare Apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures ( 2008 ; radio ) First water <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare 's Cymbeline Characters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus Jupiter Sources Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) The Decameron ( c. 1353 ) Holinshed 's Chronicles ( 1577 ) Adaptations Cymbeline ( 1982 ; TV ) Cymbeline ( 2014 ) Related Shakespeare 's late romances Philaster ( c. 1609 ) Deus ex machina Milford Haven <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare 's The Winter 's Tale Characters Leontes Perdita Florizel Sources The Countess of Pembroke 's Arcadia ( c. 1580 ) Pandosto ( 1588 ) Oberon , the Faery Prince ( 1611 ) Adaptations The Winter 's Tale ( 1910 ) The Winter 's Tale ( 1967 ) The Winter 's Tale ( 1981 ) `` The Winter 's Tale '' ( 1994 ) Operas The Winter 's Tale ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare 's The Tempest Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates , Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne 's Essays Ovid 's Metamorphoses Erasmus 's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1911 1963 1979 1980 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs ( Vaughan Williams ) The Tempest ( Sullivan ) The Tempest ( Sibelius ) The Tempest ( Tchaikovsky ) The Tempest ( ballet ) ( Nordheim ) `` Do n't Pay the Ferryman '' ( 1982 ) Screen Yellow Sky ( 1948 ) Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) Tempest ( 1982 ) The Journey to Melonia ( 1989 ) Prospero 's Books ( 1991 ) Painting Scene from Shakespeare 's The Tempest ( Hogarth ) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel ( Millais ) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest ( Dryden ) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest ( 1674 Duffet ) Une Tempête ( 1969 Césaire ) The Sea ( play ) ( 1973 ) I 'll Be The Devil ( 2008 ) Opera The Tempest ( 1756 Smith ) Die Geisterinsel ( libretto 1796 ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1798 Reichardt ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1805 Zumsteeg ) Der Sturm ( 1955 Martin ) Noises , Sounds & Sweet Airs ( 1991 Nyman ) The Tempest ( Adès 2004 ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 Sams ) Poetry and prose fiction `` Caliban upon Setebos '' ( Browning ) `` The Sea and the Mirror '' ( Auden ) Indigo ( Warner ) A Midsummer Tempest ( Anderson ) Island ( Rogers ) Hag - Seed ( Atwood ) Phrases `` Ariel 's Song '' `` Brave new world '' `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Full fathom five '' `` Sea change '' `` What 's past is prologue '' Sculpture The Tempest ( 1966 ) <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare 's The Two Noble Kinsmen Characters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell Timothy Sources `` The Knight 's Tale '' The Canterbury Tales Related Shakespeare Apocrypha Shakespeare 's late romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray 's Inn ( 1613 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare%27s_late_romances&oldid=808464933 '' Categories : Romance ( genre ) William Shakespeare Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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1. Shakespeare's late romances 2. Themes of faith and redemption 3. Tragicomic influence 4. Spectacular effects in performances 5. Influence of monarch and upper class audiences

who recorded all mathematical discoveries made in greece

Greek mathematics - wikipedia Greek mathematics An illustration of Euclid 's proof of the Pythagorean theorem . Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and advances written in Greek , developed from the 7th century BC to the 4th century AD around the shores of the Eastern Mediterranean . Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the entire Eastern Mediterranean from Italy to North Africa but were united by culture and language . Greek mathematics of the period following Alexander the Great is sometimes called Hellenistic mathematics . The word `` mathematics '' itself derives from the ancient Greek μάθημα ( mathema ) , meaning `` subject of instruction '' . The study of mathematics for its own sake and the use of generalized mathematical theories and proofs is the key difference between Greek mathematics and those of preceding civilizations . Contents 1 Origins of Greek mathematics 2 Classical period 3 Hellenistic and Roman periods 4 Achievements 5 Transmission and the manuscript tradition 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins of Greek mathematics ( edit ) The origin of Greek mathematics is not well documented . The earliest advanced civilizations in Greece and in Europe were the Minoan and later Mycenaean civilizations , both of which flourished during the 2nd millennium BC . While these civilizations possessed writing and were capable of advanced engineering , including four - story palaces with drainage and beehive tombs , they left behind no mathematical documents . Though no direct evidence is available , it is generally thought that the neighboring Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations had an influence on the younger Greek tradition . Between 800 BC and 600 BC , Greek mathematics generally lagged behind Greek literature , and there is very little known about Greek mathematics from this period -- nearly all of which was passed down through later authors , beginning in the mid-4th century BC . Classical period ( edit ) Historians traditionally place the beginning of Greek mathematics proper to the age of Thales of Miletus ( ca . 624 -- 548 BC ) . Little is known about the life and work of Thales , so little indeed that his date of birth and death are estimated from the eclipse of 585 BC , which probably occurred while he was in his prime . Despite this , it is generally agreed that Thales is the first of the seven wise men of Greece . The two earliest mathematical theorems , Thales ' theorem and Intercept theorem are attributed to Thales . The former , which states that an angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle , may have been learned by Thales while in Babylon but tradition attributes to Thales a demonstration of the theorem . It is for this reason that Thales is often hailed as the father of the deductive organization of mathematics and as the first true mathematician . Thales is also thought to be the earliest known man in history to whom specific mathematical discoveries have been attributed . Although it is not known whether or not Thales was the one who introduced into mathematics the logical structure that is so ubiquitous today , it is known that within two hundred years of Thales the Greeks had introduced logical structure and the idea of proof into mathematics . Statue of Euclid in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History Another important figure in the development of Greek mathematics is Pythagoras of Samos ( ca . 580 -- 500 BC ) . Like Thales , Pythagoras also traveled to Egypt and Babylon , then under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar , but settled in Croton , Magna Graecia . Pythagoras established an order called the Pythagoreans , which held knowledge and property in common and hence all of the discoveries by individual Pythagoreans were attributed to the order . And since in antiquity it was customary to give all credit to the master , Pythagoras himself was given credit for the discoveries made by his order . Aristotle for one refused to attribute anything specifically to Pythagoras as an individual and only discussed the work of the Pythagoreans as a group . One of the most important characteristics of the Pythagorean order was that it maintained that the pursuit of philosophical and mathematical studies was a moral basis for the conduct of life . Indeed , the words philosophy ( love of wisdom ) and mathematics ( that which is learned ) are said to have been coined by Pythagoras . From this love of knowledge came many achievements . It has been customarily said that the Pythagoreans discovered most of the material in the first two books of Euclid 's Elements . Distinguishing the work of Thales and Pythagoras from that of later and earlier mathematicians is difficult since none of their original works survive , except for possibly the surviving `` Thales - fragments '' , which are of disputed reliability . However many historians , such as Hans - Joachim Waschkies and Carl Boyer , have argued that much of the mathematical knowledge ascribed to Thales was developed later , particularly the aspects that rely on the concept of angles , while the use of general statements may have appeared earlier , such as those found on Greek legal texts inscribed on slabs . The reason it is not clear exactly what either Thales or Pythagoras actually did is that almost no contemporary documentation has survived . The only evidence comes from traditions recorded in works such as Proclus ' commentary on Euclid written centuries later . Some of these later works , such as Aristotle 's commentary on the Pythagoreans , are themselves only known from a few surviving fragments . Thales is supposed to have used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids based on the length of shadows , and the distance of ships from the shore . He is also credited by tradition with having made the first proof of two geometric theorems -- the `` Theorem of Thales '' and the `` Intercept theorem '' described above . Pythagoras is widely credited with recognizing the mathematical basis of musical harmony and , according to Proclus ' commentary on Euclid , he discovered the theory of proportionals and constructed regular solids . Some modern historians have questioned whether he really constructed all five regular solids , suggesting instead that it is more reasonable to assume that he constructed just three of them . Some ancient sources attribute the discovery of the Pythagorean theorem to Pythagoras , whereas others claim it was a proof for the theorem that he discovered . Modern historians believe that the principle itself was known to the Babylonians and likely imported from them . The Pythagoreans regarded numerology and geometry as fundamental to understanding the nature of the universe and therefore central to their philosophical and religious ideas . They are credited with numerous mathematical advances , such as the discovery of irrational numbers . Historians credit them with a major role in the development of Greek mathematics ( particularly number theory and geometry ) into a coherent logical system based on clear definitions and proven theorems that was considered to be a subject worthy of study in its own right , without regard to the practical applications that had been the primary concern of the Egyptians and Babylonians . Hellenistic and Roman periods ( edit ) The Hellenistic period began in the 4th century BC with Alexander the Great 's conquest of the eastern Mediterranean , Egypt , Mesopotamia , the Iranian plateau , Central Asia , and parts of India , leading to the spread of the Greek language and culture across these areas . Greek became the language of scholarship throughout the Hellenistic world , and Greek mathematics merged with Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics to give rise to a Hellenistic mathematics . Greek mathematics and astronomy reached a rather advanced stage during the Hellenistic and Roman period , represented by scholars such as Hipparchus , Apollonius and Ptolemy , to the point of constructing simple analogue computers such as the Antikythera mechanism . The most important centre of learning during this period was Alexandria in Egypt , which attracted scholars from across the Hellenistic world , mostly Greek and Egyptian , but also Jewish , Persian , Phoenician and even Indian scholars . Most of the mathematical texts written in Greek have been found in Greece , Egypt , Asia Minor , Mesopotamia , and Sicily . The Antikythera mechanism , an ancient mechanical calculator . Archimedes was able to use infinitesimals in a way that is similar to modern integral calculus . Using a technique dependent on a form of proof by contradiction he could give answers to problems to an arbitrary degree of accuracy , while specifying the limits within which the answer lay . This technique is known as the method of exhaustion , and he employed it to approximate the value of π ( Pi ) . In The Quadrature of the Parabola , Archimedes proved that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4 / 3 times the area of a triangle with equal base and height . He expressed the solution to the problem as an infinite geometric series , whose sum was 4 / 3 . In The Sand Reckoner , Archimedes set out to calculate the number of grains of sand that the universe could contain . In doing so , he challenged the notion that the number of grains of sand was too large to be counted , devising his own counting scheme based on the myriad , which denoted 10,000 . Achievements ( edit ) Greek mathematics constitutes a major period in the history of mathematics , fundamental in respect of geometry and the idea of formal proof . Greek mathematics also contributed importantly to ideas on number theory , mathematical analysis , applied mathematics , and , at times , approached close to integral calculus . Euclid , fl. 300 BC , collected the mathematical knowledge of his age in the Elements , a canon of geometry and elementary number theory for many centuries . The most characteristic product of Greek mathematics may be the theory of conic sections , largely developed in the Hellenistic period . The methods used made no explicit use of algebra , nor trigonometry . Eudoxus of Cnidus developed a theory of real numbers strikingly similar to the modern theory of the Dedekind cut developed by Richard Dedekind , who indeed acknowledged Eudoxus as inspiration . Transmission and the manuscript tradition ( edit ) Although the earliest Greek language texts on mathematics that have been found were written after the Hellenistic period , many of these are considered to be copies of works written during and before the Hellenistic period . The two major sources are Byzantine codices written some 500 to 1500 years after their originals Syriac or Arabic translations of Greek works and Latin translations of the Arabic versions . Nevertheless , despite the lack of original manuscripts , the dates of Greek mathematics are more certain than the dates of surviving Babylonian or Egyptian sources because a large number of overlapping chronologies exist . Even so , many dates are uncertain ; but the doubt is a matter of decades rather than centuries . See also ( edit ) Chronology of ancient Greek mathematicians History of mathematics Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heath . A Manual of Greek Mathematics . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Boyer , C.B. ( 1991 ) , A History of Mathematics ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Wiley , ISBN 0 - 471 - 09763 - 2 . p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Hodgkin , Luke ( 2005 ) . `` Greeks and origins '' . A History of Mathematics : From Mesopotamia to Modernity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 852937 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer & Merzbach ( 1991 ) pp. 43 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Heath ( 2003 ) pp. 36 -- 111 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Waschkies , `` Introduction '' to `` Part 1 : The Beginning of Greek Mathematics '' in Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ George G. Joseph ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock , p. 7 - 8 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8 . Jump up ^ JJ O'Connor and EF Robertson ( April 1999 ) . `` Eudoxus of Cnidus '' . The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . University of St. Andrews . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ JJ O'Connor and EF Robertson ( October 1999 ) . `` How do we know about Greek mathematics ? '' . The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . University of St. Andrews . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . References ( edit ) Boyer , Carl B. ( 1985 ) , A History of Mathematics , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 02391 - 3 Boyer , Carl B. ; Merzbach , Uta C. ( 1991 ) , A History of Mathematics ( 2nd ed . ) , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 471 - 54397 - 7 Jean Christianidis , ed. ( 2004 ) , Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics , Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0081 - 2 Cooke , Roger ( 1997 ) , The History of Mathematics : A Brief Course , Wiley - Interscience , ISBN 0 - 471 - 18082 - 3 Derbyshire , John ( 2006 ) , Unknown Quantity : A Real And Imaginary History of Algebra , Joseph Henry Press , ISBN 0 - 309 - 09657 - X Stillwell , John ( 2004 ) , Mathematics and its History ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer Science + Business Media Inc. , ISBN 0 - 387 - 95336 - 1 Burton , David M. ( 1997 ) , The History of Mathematics : An Introduction ( 3rd ed . ) , The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 07 - 009465 - 9 Heath , Thomas Little ( 1981 ) ( First published 1921 ) , A History of Greek Mathematics , Dover publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 24073 - 8 Heath , Thomas Little ( 2003 ) ( First published 1931 ) , A Manual of Greek Mathematics , Dover publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 43231 - 9 Szabo , Arpad ( 1978 ) ( First published 1978 ) , The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics , Reidel & Akademiai Kiado , ISBN 963 - 05 - 1416 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ancient Greek mathematics Vatican Exhibit Famous Greek Mathematicians <Th_colspan="2"> Ancient Greek mathematics Mathematicians Anaxagoras Anthemius Archytas Aristaeus the Elder Aristarchus Apollonius Archimedes Autolycus Bion Bryson Callippus Carpus Chrysippus Cleomedes Conon Ctesibius Democritus Dicaearchus Diocles Diophantus Dinostratus Dionysodorus Domninus Eratosthenes Eudemus Euclid Eudoxus Eutocius Geminus Heron Hipparchus Hippasus Hippias Hippocrates Hypatia Hypsicles Isidore of Miletus Leon Marinus Menaechmus Menelaus Metrodorus Nicomachus Nicomedes Nicoteles Oenopides Pappus Perseus Philolaus Philon Porphyry Posidonius Proclus Ptolemy Pythagoras Serenus Simplicius Sosigenes Sporus Thales Theaetetus Theano Theodorus Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Thymaridas Xenocrates Zeno of Elea Zeno of Sidon Zenodorus Treatises Almagest Archimedes Palimpsest Arithmetica Conics ( Apollonius ) Elements ( Euclid ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Moving Sphere ( Autolycus ) The Sand Reckoner Problems Problem of Apollonius Squaring the circle Doubling the cube Angle trisection Centers Cyrene Library of Alexandria Platonic Academy <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline of Ancient Greek mathematicians Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_mathematics&oldid=837251875 '' Categories : Greek mathematics Hidden categories : Articles needing pronunciation Articles needing IPA cleanup Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Català Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 17 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Greek mathematics 2. Euclid's proof of the Pythagorean theorem 3. Thales of Miletus 4. Pythagoras of Samos 5. Hellenistic mathematics

which side of the road to drive on

Left - and right - hand traffic - wikipedia Left - and right - hand traffic ( Redirected from Right - and left - hand traffic ) Jump to : navigation , search Countries by handedness of traffic , c. 2017 Right - hand traffic Left - hand traffic Change of traffic directions at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge The terms left - hand traffic ( LHT ) and right - hand traffic ( RHT ) refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic , unless otherwise directed , to keep to the right or to the left side of the road , respectively . This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road . One hundred and sixty - three countries and territories use RHT , with the remaining seventy - six countries and territories using LHT . Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world 's area and a quarter of its roads . In the early 1900s some countries including Canada , Spain , and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country . During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions , and changed from LHT to RHT , mostly to conform with regional custom . In 1919 , 104 of the world 's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT . From 1919 to 1986 , 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT . Many of the countries with LHT are former British colonies in the Caribbean , Southern Africa , Southeast Asia , South Asia , Australia , and New Zealand . Japan , Thailand , Nepal , Bhutan , Mozambique , Suriname , East Timor , and Indonesia are among those LHT countries outside the former British Empire . In Europe , only four countries still drive on the left : the United Kingdom , Ireland , Malta , and Cyprus , all of which are on islands that have no direct road connections with countries driving on the right . Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory . Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and / or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country . China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong and Macau . The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands . The United Kingdom is LHT , but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT . According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , water traffic is RHT . For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right , both in the air and on water . Light rail vehicles generally operate on the same side as road traffic in a country . Some countries use RHT for automobiles but LHT for trains , often because of the influence of the British on early railway systems . There is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other . In healthy populations , traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness , although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . Contents 1 History 1.1 Changing sides 1.1. 1 Europe 1.1. 2 Asia and the Pacific 1.1. 3 Africa 2 Changing sides at borders 3 Road vehicle configurations 3.1 Driver seating position 3.2 Headlamps 4 Worldwide distribution by country 5 Traffic behaviour 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Left - hand traffic in Vienna , Austria circa 1930 . Ancient Greek , Egyptian , and Roman troops kept to the left when marching . In 1998 , archaeologists found a well - preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon , in southern England . The grooves in the road on the left side ( viewed facing down the track away from the quarry ) were much deeper than those on the right side , suggesting LHT , at least at this location , since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded , and enter it empty . The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756 , with regard to London Bridge . Hong Kong drivers on the left . Mainland China drives on the right . Some historians , such as C. Northcote Parkinson , believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left , since most people were right handed . If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight , each would edge toward the left . In the year 1300 , Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left . In the late 1700s , traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters ' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses . The wagons had no driver 's seat , so the ( typically right - handed ) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse . Seated on the left , the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons . In France , traditionally foot traffic had kept right , while carriage traffic kept left . Following the French Revolution , all traffic kept right . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe . During the colonial period , RHT was introduced by the French in New France , French West Africa , the Maghreb , French Indochina , the West Indies , French Guiana and the Réunion , among others . Meanwhile , LHT traffic was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the East Africa Protectorate , British India , Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony ( now Zimbabwe and South Africa ) , British Malaya ( now Malaysia , Brunei and Singapore ) , British Guiana , and British Hong Kong . LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau , Colonial Brazil , East Timor , Portuguese Mozambique , and Angola . The first keep - right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike . New York formalized RHT in 1804 , New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821 . Changing sides ( edit ) Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm , Sweden , on 3 September 1967 Europe ( edit ) Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention , which advised driving on the right - hand side of the road , in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders . This was despite the fact that left - hand traffic was still widespread : in 1915 for example , LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . However , three years later the Empire was split up into several countries , and they all changed eventually to RHT , notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938 - 39 . Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967 , despite having land borders with RHT countries , and approximately 90 percent of cars being left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . A referendum was held in 1955 , with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT . Nevertheless , some years later the government ordered a conversion , which took place at 5 am on Sunday , 3 September 1967 . The accident rate dropped sharply after the change , but soon rose back to near its original level . The day was known as Dagen H ( `` H - Day '' ) , the ' H ' being for Högertrafik or right traffic . When Iceland switched the following year , it was known as H - dagurinn , again meaning `` H - Day '' . In the late 1960s , the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT , but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built - up nation . Road building standards , for motorways in particular , allow asymmetrically designed road junctions , where merge and diverge lanes differ in length . Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) China adopted RHT in 1946 . Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time . Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT . Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies . Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970 . Samoa , a former German colony , had been RHT for more than a century . It switched to LHT in 2009 , being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch . The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive ( RHD ) vehicles imported from Australia , New Zealand or Japan , and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations . A political party , The People 's Party , was formed to try to protest against the change , a protest group which launched a legal challenge , and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it . The motor industry was also opposed , as 14,000 of Samoa 's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion . After months of preparation , the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration . There were no reported incidents . At 05 : 50 local time , Monday 7 September , a radio announcement halted traffic , and an announcement at 6 : 00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT . The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat - belt laws . That day and the following day were declared public holidays , to reduce traffic . The change included a three - day ban on alcohol sales , while police mounted dozens of checkpoints , warning drivers to drive slowly . The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods , the latter despite United States switch to RHT in the 1930s ( see above ) ; as well as during the Commonwealth era . During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT , also because LHT had been required by the Japanese ; but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement . RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945 . Africa ( edit ) A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries . Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971 , Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974 . Before this period The Gambia , a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal , had officially switched to RHT in 1965 . Rwanda , a former Belgian colony in central Africa , is RHT but is considering switching to LHT , to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community ( EAC ) . A survey , carried out in 2009 , indicated that 54 % of Rwandans were in favour of the switch . Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model , easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries . The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents . In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT . In 2015 , the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted ; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe . Changing sides at borders ( edit ) A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right - hand side of the road . Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934 Although many LHT jurisdictions are on islands , there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area . The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic regulates the use of foreign registered vehicles in the 72 countries that are parties to the 1968 agreement . Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel , the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high ; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year between the UK and France . Some countries have borders where drivers must switch from LHT to RHT and vice versa . LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours : Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar . Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch , but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic . There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China . In 2006 , the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100 . The next largest is Man Kam To , where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one - way streets with a main road . The Takutu River Bridge ( which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil ) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides . Road vehicle configurations ( edit ) Driver seating position ( edit ) Bolivia is RHT , with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel . In RHT jurisdictions , vehicles are configured with LHD , with the driver sitting on the left side . In LHT jurisdictions , the reverse is true . The driver 's side , the side closest to the centre of the road , is sometimes called the offside , while the passenger side , the side closest to the side of the road , is sometimes called the nearside . Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic . Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD . In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America , arguing that with RHD and RHT , the passenger was obliged to `` get out on the street side and walk around the car '' and that with steering from the left , the driver `` is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger . '' By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford 's lead , due to the popularity of the Model T . In specialised cases , the driver will sit on the nearside , or kerbside . Examples include : Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside , e.g. street sweepers , or vehicles driven along unstable road edges . Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside , e.g. delivery vehicles . The Grumman LLV is widely in used on RHD configurations in RHT North America . Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck . Generally , the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left , and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT . Headlamps ( edit ) Low beam light pattern for RHT The projection of light from low - beam headlamps is asymmetrical . The kerbside lamp projects light forwards , while the other headlamp dips the beam down and away from oncoming traffic , so as not to dazzle drivers coming in the opposite direction . In Europe , headlamps approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road . This is done by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded . Some cars have a built - in adjustment to adapt the projection mechanically . Worldwide distribution by country ( edit ) Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations , 139 use RHT and 54 use LHT . A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once . Country Road traffic Road switched sides Multi-track rail traffic generally Notes Afghanistan RHT LHT Was LHT until the 1950s , in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan . Albania RHT RHT Algeria RHT Andorra RHT Angola RHT 1928 Antigua and Barbuda LHT Argentina RHT 10 June 1945 LHT The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial ( road safety day ) . The Metrotranvía Mendoza uses RHT . Armenia RHT Australia LHT LHT Commonwealth . Includes Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island Austria RHT 1921 in Vorarlberg , 1930 in North Tyrol , 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol , 1938 in the rest of the country . RHT Originally LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Azerbaijan RHT RHT Bahamas LHT Bahrain RHT 1967 Former British protectorate . Switched to same side as neighbours . Bangladesh LHT LHT Barbados LHT Belgium RHT 1899 LHT The Brussels Metro uses RHT . Belarus RHT RHT Belize RHT 1961 Former British colony . Switched to same side as neighbours . Benin RHT Bhutan LHT Under British protection before 1949 . Bolivia RHT Botswana LHT Brazil RHT 1928 LHT A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century , switched some states still using LHT to RHT in 1928 . Most metro systems use RHT . Brunei LHT Bosnia and Herzegovina RHT Switched sides after the collapse of Austria - Hungary . Bulgaria RHT RHT Burkina Faso RHT Burundi RHT Considering switching to LHT in line with neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Cambodia RHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . RHD cars , many of which were smuggled from Thailand , were banned from 2001 , even though they accounted for 80 % of vehicles in the country . Cameroon RHT 1961 Canada RHT 1920s RHT Territories now in Canada have always been RHT , except British Columbia , which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923 , and New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 respectively . Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire , two years before joining Canada . Cape Verde RHT 1928 Central African Republic RHT Chad RHT Chile RHT LHT The Santiago Metro uses RHT . China RHT / LHT 1946 LHT / RHT At one time , northern provinces were RHT due to American influence , while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence . LHT was uniform in the 1930s . China includes LHT Hong Kong and Macau , former colonies of Britain and Portugal , respectively . Most metro systems use RHT , with the exception of the Hong Kong MTR . Colombia RHT Comoros RHT Congo RHT Democratic Republic of Congo RHT Costa Rica RHT Côte d'Ivoire RHT Croatia RHT RHT Istria and Dalmatia were RHT , while Croatia - Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria - Hungary . The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Cuba RHT Cyprus LHT Former British colony . Czech Republic RHT 1939 RHT Was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary , switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Denmark RHT RHT Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland Djibouti RHT Dominica LHT Former British colony . Dominican Republic RHT East Timor LHT 1976 Originally LHT , like its colonial power Portugal . Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928 . Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , changed back to LHT in 1976 . Ecuador RHT LHT Egypt RHT LHT Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence , but railway system was built by British companies . El Salvador RHT Equatorial Guinea RHT Eritrea RHT 1964 Estonia RHT RHT Ethiopia RHT 1964 LHT Fiji LHT Finland RHT 1858 RHT Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden , switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree . France RHT 1792 LHT / RHT Includes French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Guiana , Réunion , Saint Barthélemy , Collectivity of Saint Martin , Guadeloupe , Mayotte . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Lyon Metro . Gabon RHT Gambia RHT 1965 Georgia RHT RHT Germany RHT RHT Ghana RHT Former British colony . When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was `` Nifa , Nifa Enan '' or `` Right , Right , Fourth '' . Greece RHT RHT Grenada LHT Guatemala RHT Guinea RHT Guinea - Bissau RHT 1928 Guyana LHT Haiti RHT Honduras RHT Hungary RHT 1941 RHT Originally LHT , like most of Austria - Hungary . Iceland RHT 1968 The day of the switch was known as H - dagurinn . Most passenger cars were already LHD . Iran RHT RHT Iraq RHT India LHT LHT Former British colony . Indonesia LHT RHT The Jakarta MRT will use LHT . Ireland LHT LHT Former British Dominion . Israel RHT RHT Italy RHT 1920s LHT Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT . Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926 . Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively , as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls . The metro systems in Brescia , Genoa , Milan , and Turin use RHT , as well as all tram systems . Jamaica LHT Japan LHT LHT Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT . It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978 . The conversion operation was known as 730 ( Nana - San - Maru , which means Nana ( 7 ) - San ( 3 ) - Maru ( 0 ) ) . Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century . Jordan RHT RHT , despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946 . Kazakhstan RHT RHT Kenya LHT British colony until 1963 . Kiribati LHT North Korea and South Korea RHT 1946 LHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT ( exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line ) . Kuwait RHT Kyrgyzstan RHT RHT Former part of RHT Soviet Union . In 2012 , over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan . Laos RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . Latvia RHT RHT Lebanon RHT Former French mandate . Lesotho LHT Liberia RHT Libya RHT Liechtenstein RHT Lithuania RHT RHT Luxembourg RHT RHT Macedonia RHT Madagascar RHT Malawi LHT Malaysia LHT LHT Former British colony . Maldives LHT Mali RHT Malta LHT British colony until 1964 . Marshall Islands RHT Mauritania RHT Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT . Mauritius LHT Former British colony . Island nation . Mexico RHT RHT Micronesia RHT RHT Moldova RHT RHT Monaco RHT LHT Mongolia RHT RHT Montenegro RHT RHT Morocco RHT Mozambique LHT Myanmar RHT 1970 LHT Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT , most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles , imported from Japan . Netherlands RHT 1906 RHT Rotterdam was LHT until 1917 . Includes Curaçao , Sint Maarten , and Aruba Namibia LHT 1918 RHT as a German colony . After South Africa occupied German South - West Africa during World War I , switched to LHT . South - West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations , and the new rule of the road was established in law . Nauru LHT 1918 Nepal LHT New Zealand LHT LHT Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands Nicaragua RHT Niger RHT Nigeria RHT 1972 Former British colony . Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies . Norway RHT RHT Oman RHT Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign - registered RHD vehicles . Palau RHT RHT Palestine RHT Pakistan LHT LHT Panama RHT 1943 Papua New Guinea LHT Paraguay RHT 1945 Peru RHT LHT Philippines RHT 1946 RHT LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945 Poland RHT RHT Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT . Partitions that were part of Austria - Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s . Portugal RHT 1928 LHT Colonies Goa , Macau and Mozambique , which had land borders with LHT countries , did not switch and continue to drive on the left . Qatar RHT Romania RHT RHT Russia RHT RHT In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan . Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT . Sormovskaya line in Metro of Nizhny Novgorod is LHT . Rwanda RHT Former Belgian mandate . Considering switching to LHT like its neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis LHT Saint Lucia LHT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LHT Samoa LHT 2009 Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia , New Zealand and Japan . San Marino RHT São Tomé and Príncipe RHT 1928 Saudi Arabia RHT Senegal RHT Serbia RHT RHT Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria - Hungary . Seychelles LHT Sierra Leone RHT 1971 Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013 . Singapore LHT Former British colony . Slovakia RHT 1939 -- 41 RHT Slovenia RHT LHT Solomon Islands LHT Somalia RHT 1968 South Africa LHT LHT Former British colony . South Sudan RHT 1973 Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule . Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence . Spain RHT 1924 RHT Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT , and Madrid was LHT until 1924 . The Madrid Metro is LHT . Sri Lanka LHT LHT Former British Colony . Sudan RHT 1973 Former British Colony . Suriname LHT Swaziland LHT Sweden RHT 1967 LHT The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD . The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT ; the tram system in Stockholm uses a mixture of LHT and RHT . Switzerland RHT LHT Syria RHT Taiwan RHT 1946 LHT Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule . The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China . Tajikistan RHT RHT Tanzania LHT Thailand LHT LHT One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony . Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia . Togo RHT Tonga LHT Trinidad and Tobago LHT Former British colony . Tunisia RHT French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881 . Turkey RHT RHT Turkmenistan RHT RHT Tuvalu LHT Uganda LHT Ukraine RHT 1922 RHT West Ukraine was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary . The rest of Ukraine , having been part of the Russian Empire , already drove on the right . United Arab Emirates RHT RHT United Kingdom LHT LHT / RHT Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man , Guernsey , Jersey , Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Channel Islands , Falkland Islands , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands , Turks and Caicos Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension , Tristan da Cunha . Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain . The Channel Islands ( Jersey and Guernsey ) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945 . The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982 . United States RHT RHT / LHT Includes American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico . U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT , like much of the Caribbean . Uruguay RHT 1945 Became LHT in 1918 , but as in some other countries in South America , changed to RHT on 2 September 1945 . A speed limit of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) was observed until 30 September for safety . Uzbekistan RHT RHT Vanuatu RHT Venezuela RHT LHT Vietnam RHT LHT Became RHT as French Indochina . Yemen RHT 1977 South Yemen , formerly the British colony of Aden , changed to RHT 1977 . A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued . North Yemen was already RHT . Zambia LHT Zimbabwe LHT LHT Former British colony . In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles . Traffic behaviour ( edit ) LHT RHT Manoeuvre LHT RHT Unless overtaking stay on the left right In roundabouts traffic rotates clockwise anticlockwise Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the right left Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning right left Most traffic signs are on the left right Pedestrians crossing a two - way road look first for traffic from their right left Dual carriageway ramps are on the left right After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn left right Gallery ( edit ) Gibraltar is RHT ( since 1929 ) A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge . Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland The entrance to the Channel Tunnel in France . See also ( edit ) Hook turn Traffic - light signalling and operation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations References ( edit ) ^ Draper , Geoff ( 1993 ) . `` Harmonized Headlamp Design for Worldwide Application '' . Motor Vehicle Lighting . Society of Automotive Engineers . pp. 23 -- 36 . ^ Kincaid , Peter ( December 1986 ) . The Rule of the Road : An International Guide to History and Practice . Greenwood Press . pp. 50 , 86 -- 88 , 99 -- 100 , 121 -- 122 , 198 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25249 - 1 . ^ Barta , Patrick . `` Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ( subscription required ) ^ Watson , Ian . `` The rule of the road , 1919 - 1986 : A case study of standards change '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ `` Travel Tips US Virgin Islands '' . Usvitourism.vi . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ FAR Sec . 91.115 ( c ) : `` When aircraft , or an aircraft and a vessel , are approaching head - on , or nearly so , each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear . '' ^ Weingroff , Richard . `` On The Right Side of the Road '' . United States Department of Transportation . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ Foerch , C ; Steinmetz , H ( 2009 ) . `` Left - sided traffic directionality may be the safer `` rule of the road '' for ageing populations `` . Med Hypotheses. 73 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 3 . PMID 19327893 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.01. 044 . ^ `` Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Anderson , Charles ( 2003 ) . Puzzles and Essays from the Exchange Essays . Haworth Information Press . pp. 2 -- 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Walters , Bryn . `` Huge Roman Quarry found in North Wiltshire '' ( PDF ) . ARA The Bulletin of The Association for Roman Archaeology . Autumn 1998 ( Six ) : 8 -- 9 . ISSN 1363 - 7967 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Hamer , Mike . `` Left is right on the road '' . New Scientist ( 20 December 1986 / 1 January 1987 ) : 16 -- 18 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Why We Drive on the Right of the Road , ' ' Popular Science Monthly ' ' , Vol. 126 , No. 1 , ( January 1935 ) , p. 37 . Books.google.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ `` An Act Establishing the Law of the Road '' . Massachusetts General Court . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . ^ Vasold , Manfred ( 2010 ) . `` Obacht ! Linksverkehr '' ( PDF ) . Kultur & Technik . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` Seventy - five years of driving on the right '' . Radio Prague. 18 March 2014 . ^ `` Högertrafik '' ( in Swedish ) . vardo.aland.fi . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . ^ Réalités , Issues 200 - 205 , Société d'études et publications économiques , 1967 , page 95 ^ TIME ( 15 September 1967 ) . `` Sweden : Switch to the Right '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . ^ Mieszkowski , Katharine ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` Salon News : Whose side of the road are you on ? '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ 45 ár frá hægri umferð , Morgunblaðið , 26 May 2013 English translation ^ Tom Geoghegan ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Could the UK drive on the right ? '' . BBC News Magazine . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ `` Layout of Grade Separated Junctions '' ( PDF ) . The Highways Agency . 2006 : 4.9 ff . ^ `` The Unique World of Burmese Driving '' . a minor diversion . 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Bryant , Nick ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Samoan cars ready to switch sides '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Askin , Pauline ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Outcry as Samoa motorists prepare to drive on left '' . Reuters . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Right - to - life plea fails to sway Samoan court in road appeal '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . ^ Dobie , Michael ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Samoa drivers brace for left turn '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ `` Samoan drivers change from right - hand side of the road to the left '' . Heraldsun.com.au . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . ^ Jackson , Cherelle ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Samoa announces driving switch date '' . Nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Plaza Mayor de Manila , by José Honorato Lozano ( 1815 / 21 ( ? ) - 1885 ) , in the album Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes , published 1847 . Collection of the Biblioteca Nacional de España . ^ `` ESCOLTA MANILA PHILIPPINES - YEAR 1903 '' . YouTube . March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Manila - Castillian Memoirs 1930s '' . YouTube . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Manila , Queen of the Pacific 1938 '' . YouTube . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Goupal , Lou ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Manila Nostalgia : Dewey Boulevard during the Japanese occupation . '' . YouTube . Manila Nostalgia . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Original video clips from a Japanese propaganda film shot in early 1942 . ^ Tadeo , Patrick Everett ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` How the Philippines became a left - hand - drive country '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Executive Order No. 34 , s . 1945 '' . www.gov.ph . ^ `` Rwanda wants to drive on the left '' . Independent.co.ug. 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ `` East Africa : Rwanda Looks to the Left '' . allAfrica.com. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Bari , Dr Mahabubul ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda '' . European Transport Research Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 453 . doi : 10.1007 / s12544 - 014 - 0144 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Right - hand - drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads , The East African , March 13 , 2015 ^ Tumwebaze , Peterson ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Govt okays importation of RHD trucks , to decide on other vehicle categories in October '' . The New Times . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jennings , Ken . `` What Happens When Left - Hand Roads Meet Right - Hand Roads '' . Conde Nast Traveler . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . ^ `` Hong Kong 2006 -- Transport -- Cross-Boundary Traffic '' . Yearbook.gov.hk. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Takutu bridge opens to traffic '' . Stabroeknews.com. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Nearside ( dictionary definition ) '' . Dictionary.reverso.net . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Miller , Wayne ( 2015 ) . 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Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH Publishing . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ `` Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` 10 de Junio : Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` Right - Hand Traffic versus Left - Hand Traffic '' . The Basement Geographer . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ derStandard.at ( 2012 - 07 - 18 ) . `` ÖBB stellten um 16 Millionen Euro auf Rechtsverkehr um '' . Derstandard.at . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports , Times of India Press , 1968 , page 158 ^ `` História '' . Touring Club do Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . `` '' Já na década de 1920 ( ... ) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão - inglesa '' ( Translation : In the 1920s ( ... ) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left - hand traffic . ) ^ `` Decreto 18.323 / 1928 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . `` Art . 31 . São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos : a ) conservar sua direita , trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada , e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario . '' ( Translation : article 31 : The common obligations to vehicle drivers are ; a ) Keep to the right , driving the closest as possible to the roadside , letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic . ) , the first nationwide traffic legislation , cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country . ^ Nkwame , Marc ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Burundi , Rwanda to start driving on the left '' . DailyNews Online . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ `` Cambodia bans right - hand drive cars '' . BBC News . 1 January 2001 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . ^ `` Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 '' ( PDF ) . The British Columbia Road Runner . March 1966 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Griffin , Kevin ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Week In History : Switching from the left was the right thing to do '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Smith , Ivan . `` Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides '' . History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia , 1899 - 1949 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` A triumph for left over right '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1900 ) . `` Austria , including Hungary , Transylvania , Dalmatia and Bosnia '' . p. xiii - xiv . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . In Styria , Upper and Lower Austria , Salzburg , Carniola , Croatia , and Hungary we keep to the left , and pass to the right in overtaking ; in Carinthia , Tyrol , and the Austrian Littoral ( Adriatic coast : Trieste , Gorizia and Gradisca , Istria and Dalmatia ) we keep to the right and overtake to the left . Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road , so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them , keep to the left . ^ `` ; Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side ? ( Why do some countries drive on the right side ? ) '' . videnskab.dk . 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Retrieved 11 August 2006 . ^ Andrew H. Malcolm ( 5 July 1978 ) . `` U-Turn for Okinawa : From Right - Hand Driving to Left ; Extra Policemen Assigned '' . The New York Times . p . A2 . ^ `` Customs Services Department -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . KRA . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 '' . The Gazette of Central Asia . Satrapia. 8 May 2013 . ^ `` Photo of All Change . Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! '' . Panoramio . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Mozambique : memoirs of a revolution , John Paul , Penguin , 1975 , page 41 ^ Myanmar 's car market set to take new direction , Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa , Financial Times , 2 January 2017 ^ Peter van Ammelrooy . `` De Claim links rijden '' ( in Dutch ) . Volkskrant.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ `` De geschiedenis van het linksrijden '' . Engelfriet.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ The Laws of South West Africa , Volume 2 , J. Meibert , 1961 ^ `` 2.1 `` Keeping Left '' -- Land Transport ( Road User ) Rule 2004 -- New Zealand Legislation `` . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . ^ THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF STEERING CONVERSION OF VEHICLES FROM RIGHT TO LEFT HAND DRIVE , Federal Road Safety Commission ^ `` Travel advice by country , Oman '' . Foreign & Commonwealth Office ( fco.gov.uk ) . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . ^ Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars , Chicago Tribune , April 25 , 1943 ^ `` Paraguay Decree 6956 of 25 January 1945 '' . Glin.gov . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ `` Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska -- autobusy , tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe -- History of the Cracow tram network '' . Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl. 28 November 1982 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . ^ `` Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars '' . Russia behind the headlines . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . ^ Peter . `` Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards '' . Rwanda Transport . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . ^ The Rising Sun : A History of the All People 's Congress Party of Sierra Leone , A.P.C. Secretariat , 1982 , page 396 ^ Sierra Leone Bans Right - Hand Vehicles as Hazards , Voice of America , Nina de Vries , 17 September 2013 ^ `` Somalia -- Visa service and travel information '' . Travcour . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ `` Road Rules '' . SACarRental.com . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ `` Driving in South Africa Information '' . drivesouthafrica.co.za . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Moya , Aurora . `` Metro de Madrid , 1919 -- 1989 . Setenta años de historia '' , Chapter 1 ^ Taplin , Michael ( 1995 ) . Light Rail in Europe . Capital Transport . pp. 126 , 128 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 180 - 5 . ^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan ( 1946 ) . `` 違 警 罰 法 ( Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences ) '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide , Kathleen O'Donnell , Stassi Pefkaros , Hunter Publishing , Inc , 2000 , page 53 ^ Colonial Reports , Annual , Volumes 1480 - 1499 , 1930 , page 76 ^ The Channel Islands War : 1940 - 1945 , Peter King , Hale , 1991 , page 31 ^ Tobar , Hector ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` ' 82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy , Hope '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . ^ `` Which side of the road do they drive on ? '' . brianlucas.ca . ^ `` RHD / LHD Country Guide '' . toyota-gib.com . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . ^ `` South Yemen -- Postage stamps -- 1977 '' . stampworld.com . ^ Left - hand vehicles to stay , NewsDay , 30 January 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left - and right - hand traffic . Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides ( browser - based ) , also available as a Google Earth placemarks file ( requires Google Earth ) The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción , Paraguay <Th_colspan="2"> Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero <Th_colspan="3"> Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway By country Brazil Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - separated ) Cloverleaf Diamond Free - flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single - point urban ( SPUI ) Stack Three - level diamond Trumpet Intersections ( at - grade ) 3 - way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T - intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Traffic circle Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road hazards Aquaplaning Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man 's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Washboarding Washout Whiteout Space and time allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High - occupancy toll lane High - occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts ' dots Cable barrier Cat 's eye ( road ) Concrete step barrier Constant - slope barrier Curb F - Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel <Td_colspan="3"> Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Template : Road accidents Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left-_and_right-hand_traffic&oldid=801202205 '' Categories : Chirality Driving Lists of countries Road transport Rules of the road Traffic law Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Soomaaliga کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 08 : 39 . 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1. Left-hand traffic and right-hand traffic 2. Traffic regulations and road rules 3. Historical changes in traffic direction 4. Countries and territories using left-hand traffic 5. Impact of traffic direction on road safety

the faravahar is one of the best known symbol of

Faravahar - wikipedia Faravahar Jump to : navigation , search Faravahar Faravahar relief in Persepolis . Part of a series on Zoroastrianism Atar ( fire ) , a primary symbol of Zoroastrianism Primary topics Ahura Mazda Zarathustra aša ( asha ) / arta Persia / Iran Faravahar Angels and demons Amesha Spentas Yazatas Ahuras Daevas Angra Mainyu Scripture and worship Avesta Gathas Yasna Vendidad Visperad Yashts Khordeh Avesta Ab - Zohr The Ahuna Vairya Invocation Fire Temples Names of Ahura - Mazda Accounts and legends Dēnkard Bundahišn Book of Arda Viraf Book of Jamasp Story of Sanjan Chinvat Bridge Zoroastrian cosmology History and culture Zurvanism Mazdakism Calendar Festivals Marriage Burial Eschatology Adherents Zoroastrians in India Zoroastrians in Iran Parsis Zoroastrianism in the United States Iranis Persecution of Zoroastrians Zoroastrianism portal The Faravahar ( Persian : فروهر ‬ ‎ ) , also known as Farr - e Kiyani ( فر کیانی ‬ ) , is one of the best - known symbols of Iran . It symbolizes Zoroastrianism , the main religion of pre-Islamic Persia , and Iranian nationalism . The Faravahar is the most worn pendant among Iranians and has become a secular national symbol , rather than a religious symbol . It symbolizes good thoughts ( پندار نیک ‬ pendār - e nik ) , good words ( گفتار نیک ‬ goftār - e nik ) and good deeds ( کردار نیک ‬ kerdār - e nik ) , which are the basic tenets and principles of Zoroastrianism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 In Iranian culture 3 Gallery 4 References Etymology ( edit ) The New Persian word فروهر is read as forouhar or faravahar ( it was pronounced as furōhar in Classical Persian ) . The Middle Persian forms were frawahr ( Book Pahlavi : plwʾhl , Manichaean : prwhr ) , frōhar ( recorded in Pazend as 𐬟𐬭𐬋𐬵𐬀𐬭 ‎ ; it is a later form of the previous form ) , and fraward ( Book Pahlavi : plwlt ' , Manichaean : frwrd ) , which was directly from Old Persian * fravarti - . The Avestan language form was fravaṣ̌i ( 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌 ) . In Iranian culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Faravahar symbol in a Fire Temple in Yazd Even after the Arab conquest of Iran , Zoroastrianism continued to be part of Iranian culture . Throughout the year , festivities are celebrated such as the Iranian New Year or Nowruz , Mehregan , and Chaharshanbe Suri . These are remnants of Zoroastrian traditions . From the start of the 20th century , the Farvahar icon found itself in public places and became a known icon amongst all Iranians . The Shahnameh by Ferdowsi is Iran 's national epic and contains stories ( partly historical and partly mythical ) from pre-Islamic Zoroastrian times . The tomb of Ferdowsi ( built early 1930 ) , which is visited by numerous Iranians every year , contains the Faravahar icon as well . The Sun Throne , the imperial seat of Persia , has strong relations from the Farahavar . The sovereign would be seated in the middle of the throne , which is shaped like a platform or bed that is raised from the ground . This religious - cultural symbol was adapted by the Pahlavi dynasty to represent the Iranian nation . In present - day Zoroastrianism , the Faravahar is said to be a reminder of one 's purpose in life , which is to live in such a way that the soul progresses towards frashokereti , or union with Ahura Mazda , the supreme divinity in Zoroastrianism . Although there are a number of interpretations of the individual elements of the symbol , none of them are older than the 20th century . After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 , the Lion and Sun , which was part of Iran 's original national flag , was banned by the government from public places in order to prevent people from being reminded of life prior to the revolution . Nevertheless , Faravahar icons were not removed . As a result , the Faravahar icon became a national symbol amongst the people , and it became somewhat tolerated by the government as opposed to the Lion and Sun . The Faravahar is the most worn pendant amongst Iranians and has become a national symbol , rather than a religious icon because it has been absconded with by non-Zoroastrians , although its Zoroastrian roots should not be ignored . It 's the symbol of the state religion of the Persian Empire : Zoroastrianism . Nowadays , it is a common symbol of both the modern and ancient Iranian state ( which used to be Persia ) . Although Zoroastrianism is no longer Iran 's state religion , it is an important , customary and traditional symbol . The winged discs has a long history in the art and culture of the ancient Near and Middle East . In Neo-Assyrian times , a human bust is added to the disk , the `` feather - robed archer '' interpreted as symbolizing Ashur. and the winged disc - Anshar Egyptian Horbehutet ( Horus of Behdet ) , holding Shen rings in his grasp ( Louvre Museum ) While the symbol is currently thought to represent a Fravashi ( approximately a guardian angel ) , from which it derives its name ( see below ) , what it represented in the minds of those who adapted it from earlier Mesopotamian and Egyptian reliefs is unclear . Because the symbol first appears on royal inscriptions , it is also thought to represent the ' Divine Royal Glory ' ( Khvarenah ) , or the Fravashi of the king , or represented the divine mandate that was the foundation of a king 's authority . This relationship between the name of the symbol and the class of divine entities it represents , reflects the current belief that the symbol represents a Fravashi . However , there is no physical description of the Fravashis in the Avesta , the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism , and in Avestan the entities are grammatically feminine . Gallery ( edit ) Persepolis , Iran . A Neo-Assyrian `` feather robed archer '' figure , symbolizing Ashur . The right hand is extended similar to the Faravahar figure , while the left hand holds a bow instead of a ring ( 9th - or 8th - century BC relief ) . The Faravahar portrayed in the Behistun Inscription National bank of Iran ( 1946 ) containing the Farvahar icon . Stone carved Faravahar in Persepolis . Imperial coat of arms prior to the Revolution , containing Faravahar icon . It was a symbol of the state religion of the Persian Empire : Zoroastrianism . Nowadays , it is a common symbol of both the modern and ancient Iranian state ( whose name used to be Persia ) . Although Zoroastrianism is no longer Iran 's state religion , it is an important , customary and traditional symbol . Faravahar icon at top of the Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What Does the Winged Symbol of Zoroastrianism Mean ? '' . About.com Religion & Spirituality . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sacred Symbols '' . Zoroastrianism for beginners . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Mary ( 15 December 2000 ) . `` FRAVAŠI '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , David Neil ( 1986 ) . A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 713559 - 5 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faravahar . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faravahar&oldid=837507781 '' Categories : Zoroastrian symbols National symbols of Iran Persian words and phrases Kurdish mythology Hidden categories : Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Middle Persian - language text Articles containing Avestan - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina کوردی Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 08 : 09 . 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1. Faravahar symbol 2. Zoroastrianism 3. Iranian nationalism 4. Persian Empire 5. National symbol of Iran

star wars the clone wars tv show in order

Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) - Wikipedia Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) Not to be confused with Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 TV series ) or Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars : The Clone Wars <Td_colspan="2"> Title card of the show Genre Military science fiction Action / Adventure Created by George Lucas Based on Star Wars by George Lucas Developed by Dave Filoni Written by Dave Filoni Steven Melching Katie Lucas Christian Taylor Drew Z . Greenberg Henry Gilroy Cameron Litvack Matt Michnovetz Paul Dini Directed by Dave Filoni ( supervising ) Voices of Tom Kane Matt Lanter James Arnold Taylor Ashley Eckstein Dee Bradley Baker Narrated by Tom Kane Composer ( s ) Kevin Kiner John Williams ( themes ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 121 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) George Lucas Catherine Winder Producer ( s ) Cary Silver Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Lucasfilm Lucasfilm Animation Lucasfilm Animation Singapore Distributor Trifecta Entertainment & Media ( 2012 -- 13 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( since 2013 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Cartoon Network ( 2008 -- 13 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) Disney streaming service ( 2019 ) Original release October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Star Wars : Clone Wars Followed by Star Wars Rebels <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Star Wars : The Clone Wars is an American 3D CGI animated television series created by George Lucas and produced by Lucasfilm Animation with the division Lucasfilm Animation Singapore , Lucasfilm and CGCG Inc . The series debuted on Cartoon Network on October 3 , 2008 . It is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy during the three years between the prequel films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , the same time period as the previous 2D 2003 TV series Star Wars : Clone Wars . Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes to fill a half - hour time slot . In 2007 , Star Wars creator George Lucas stated `` there will be at least 100 episodes produced ( about five seasons ) '' . Dave Filoni is the supervising director of the series . Genndy Tartakovsky , director of the first Clone Wars series , was not involved with the production , but character designer Kilian Plunkett referred to the character designs from the 2D series when designing the characters for the 3D series . There is also an online comic , depicting story - snippets between the single episodes . The first trailer for the series was released on the official Star Wars website on May 8 , 2007 . The series was launched with an animated feature film , which was released in theaters on August 15 , 2008 . Season 2 ended on April 30 , 2010 . Season 3 premiered on September 17 , 2010 , with the complete second season releasing on Blu - ray Disc and DVD October 26 , 2010 . Season 4 premiered on September 16 , 2011 with the Complete Season 3 on Blu - ray and DVD released October 18 , 2011 . The fourth season was released for Blu - ray and DVD release on October 23 , 2012 . Season 5 premiered on September 29 , 2012 with a new time slot of 9 : 30 A.M. PT / ET . Season 5 and the entire series in the `` Collector 's Edition '' box set were both released on October 15 , 2013 . On March 11 , 2013 , Lucasfilm announced that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be `` winding down '' . Super RTL , a German TV network , began airing the episodes on February 15 , 2014 . The sixth - season episodes were made available in the U.S. for streaming on Netflix , along with the entirety of the series , beginning March 7 , 2014 . A project known as The Clone Wars Legacy adapted unproduced story arcs into other formats , such as comics and novels , beginning in August 2014 . On July 19 , 2018 , Lucasfilm announced at San Diego Comic - Con that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be revived with 12 new episodes to be released on Disney 's direct - to - consumer streaming service . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Home media 4.2. 1 Special episode compilations 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 The Clone Wars Legacy 6.1 Comic Books 6.1. 1 Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir 6.2 Novels 6.2. 1 Dark Disciple 6.3 Story reels 6.3. 1 Crystal Crisis on Utapau 6.3. 2 Bad Batch 7 Video games 8 Unproduced spin - off 9 References 10 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main articles : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( film ) and List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="3"> Originally aired First aired Last aired Network <Td_colspan="3"> Film <Td_colspan="2"> August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) N / A <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) March 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) Cartoon Network <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> September 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 20 <Td_colspan="1"> September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="2"> March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) Netflix After viewing some of the completed footage of the early episodes on a big screen , the production team decided to weave the first few planned episodes together to form a theatrical release . Christopher Lee , Anthony Daniels , and Samuel L. Jackson reprised their roles as Count Dooku , C - 3PO , and Mace Windu , respectively , from the live - action films ( although Lee and Jackson did not reprise their roles in the series ) . Season 1 shows a wide variety of battles and adventures with Grievous and Dooku as the lead antagonists . Many of the episodes are stand - alone , but a common thread throughout the season is that the Republic and the Separatists attempt to convince various planets and races to side with them . In Season 2 , the Sith resort to hiring bounty hunters and mercenaries to steal objects and intel or to assassinate targets for them . Meanwhile , the Jedi lead the Republic forces in an assault on the primary battle droid manufacturing facility . The first half of both Season 3 and Season 4 are diplomatic in nature ; Season 3 , in particular , has many stories that take place away from the battlefield . How different races and planets are affected by the galaxy - wide war are shown , as well as how the Republic Senate can make a bigger difference than even the Jedi Council at times . The first half of Season 3 is used mainly to make the Clone Wars series more cohesive as these first episodes created better chronology , setting themselves in and among the previous two seasons ' episodes . The second half of both seasons , Anakin steps a little closer to the dark side . Meanwhile , the Sith experience turmoil among themselves . Season 5 is unique in that it consists of 5 four - part story arcs , 3 of which center on Ahsoka 's character development . Meanwhile , the Separatists gain more ground , and the story of an old villain who has returned concludes . Season 6 explores topics that are crucial in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , namely the creation of the clones and the details behind Order 66 . Chancellor Palpatine gains even more power , and Yoda delves deeper into the nature of the Force . On December 5 , 2011 , a full - length feature cut of one of the Season 3 trilogies of episodes ( the one composed by `` Nightsisters , '' `` Monster , '' and `` Witches of the Mist '' ) was released for download on iTunes as an uninterrupted movie that was previously shown at selected screenings in 2010 . The three episodes were written by Katie Lucas , who had previously written the Season 1 episode `` Jedi Crash '' as well as the Season 3 episodes `` Sphere of Influence '' and `` Assassin . '' A repeat of season one aired in `` decoded '' episode format . Each installment contained unobtrusive text windows giving supplemental information about the characters and events playing out on screen . On July 19 , 2018 , Lucasfilm announced at San Diego Comic - Con that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would return with 12 new episodes of Season 7 to be released on Disney 's direct - to - consumer streaming service . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars cast members Main ( edit ) Matt Lanter as Anakin Skywalker , Additional voices James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi , Plo Koon , Additional voices Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano , Additional voices Dee Bradley Baker as Clone Troopers , Saesee Tiin , Onaconda Farr , Bossk , Arok the Hutt , Additional voices Tom Kane as Narrator , Yoda , Admiral Wullf Yularen , Additional voices Recurring ( edit ) Ian Abercrombie as Chancellor Palpatine / Darth Sidious ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Tim Curry as Chancellor Palpatine / Darth Sidious ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks Clancy Brown as Savage Opress Corey Burton as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus , Cad Bane , Ziro the Hutt , Chairman Papanoida , Additional voices Terrence C. Carson as Mace Windu Jim Cummings as Hondo Ohnaka Olivia d'Abo as Luminara Unduli Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO Robin Atkin Downes as Castas , Cham Syndulla , Cin Drallig , Ima - Gun Di , Rush Clovis Dave Filoni as Embo , Jakoli Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress , Chi Eekway Papanoida , Gardulla the Hutt , Sy Snootles , TC - 70 Brian George as King Katuunko , Chi Cho , Ki - Adi - Mundi Anna Graves as Satine Kryze , Sugi , Meena Tills , Tiplar , Tiplee , Additional voices Jennifer Hale as Aayla Secura , Riyo Chuchi Tom Kenny as Nute Gunray Phil LaMarr as Bail Organa , Kit Fisto , Orn Free Taa Daniel Logan as Boba Fett , Clone Cadets James C. Mathis III as Gregar Typho Angelique Perrin as Adi Gallia , Mama the Hutt Meredith Salenger as Barriss Offee , Che Amanwe Papanoida , Ione Marcy , Pluma Sodi Kath Soucie as Mon Mothma , Jek Lawquane , Mina Bonteri Jason Spisak as Lux Bonteri , Zinn Paulness Stephen Stanton as Mas Amedda , Tarkin , Colonel Meebur Gascon , Moralo Eval , Additional voices Catherine Taber as Padmé Amidala , Additional voices Tasia Valenza as Shaak Ti Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Matthew Wood as General Grievous , Battle Droids , Poggle the Lesser , Wat Tambor Production ( edit ) At April 2005 's Star Wars Celebration III , Lucas stated that `` we are working on a 3 - D continuation of the pilot series that was on the Cartoon Network ; we probably wo n't start that project for another year . '' In July 2005 , pre-production had begun on the series , according to Steve Sansweet , head of Lucasfilm fan relations . Sansweet referred to the series as `` the next generation of the Star Wars saga , a cutting edge 30 - minute , 3 - D computer - animation series based on the Clone Wars that take place between Episode II ... and Episode III . '' Sansweet described the look of the new series as `` a melding of Asian anime with unique 3 - D animation styling . '' Primary production will take place at the Lucasfilm Animation facility in Singapore . According to another statement by Sansweet , `` Lucasfilm Animation will be hiring a total of about 300 digital artists and others in both California and Singapore locations to produce not only the series , but animated feature films in the years ahead . '' He said about the series , `` to get the series underway , Lucasfilm Animation has hired key production and creative talent to lead the development of its first animation project . '' Sansweet has said that `` a large component of the future of Star Wars and Lucasfilm is CGI animation . '' Lucasfilm Ltd. and Lucasfilm Animation used Autodesk software to animate both the film and the series . The Maya 3D modeling program was used to create the highly detailed worlds , characters and creatures . Animators also reviewed designs from the original 2003 Clone Wars series when creating the animation style for the film and the new series . Anthony Daniels , who portrayed C - 3PO in all seven films as well as the Star Wars Holiday Special , Star Wars radio adaptations , Star Wars : Droids and Star Wars : Clone Wars , confirmed in June 2006 that he had been contracted for the series . In a video interview with Rob Coleman from Imagina 2007 divulged that there were 15 episodes in production , one episode was complete , he was going to direct 5 of the first 22 episodes , reaction from licensees was very positive , and that final assembly of shows is done at Skywalker Ranch . At Lucas 's March 3 , 2007 appearance at the 2007 PaleyFest , Lucas revealed the series is episodic , and as such will not focus on Anakin Skywalker 's story ; with episodes dedicated to clone troopers and other characters . Lucas revealed further information in a fan interview , a new character named Ahsoka Tano , over 100 episodes and a possible appearance by Boba Fett . In an interview in the September 24 , 2007 issue of TV Guide , Lucas confirmed that 39 episodes of the series have been completed . On April 8 , 2007 , Ai n't It Cool News reported that musician Eric Rigler had recorded music for the series . Rigler disclosed that each planet in the Star Wars galaxy would have its own theme music . The episode Mr. Rigler performed on was based on Bulgarian music and played on Uilleann pipes . Kevin Kiner composed the original score for each episode . Stuart Snyder , who oversaw Cartoon Network and other Turner Broadcasting System cable networks from 2007 to 2014 , said he became interested in the new Clone Wars series immediately upon starting the job in May 2007 . Snyder flew out to San Francisco , California to screen several episodes , and told Lucas the only place he wanted to see the show was on Cartoon Network . Snyder wished to create an action / adventure block of shows on Friday night in an attempt to rejuvenate Cartoon Network . Snyder expressed confidence that the shows would help boost ratings : `` You catch me at a time where I have a smile on my face because of our internal results '' . `` I can say there 's a little bit of bragging on the third quarter for us . '' Seasons 6 , 7 , and 8 , were in some form of production at the time of the show 's cancellation in March 2013 , shortly after Lucasfilm was purchased by Disney . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Clone Wars premiered on October 3 , 2008 at 9 p.m. on Cartoon Network . The Clone Wars on Cartoon Network is shown in a 16 : 9 ( 1.77 : 1 ) aspect ratio , cropped from its original aspect ratio ( OAR ) of 2.35 : 1 ( as seen in the UK Sky Premiere screenings ) . The show began airing on Adult Swim on March 14 , 2009 , making the series the first Cartoon Network series to simultaneously air on both Cartoon Network and Adult Swim . Star Wars : The Clone Wars also aired from January 15 , 2009 to March 26 , 2009 on TNT . This show was the first animation aired on that channel in over a decade . On March 11 , 2013 , it was announced that Star Wars : The Clone Wars would be `` winding down '' to focus on the Star Wars sequel trilogy and a new series , Star Wars Rebels . On February 13 , 2014 , Netflix announced that starting on March 7 , 2014 they would begin the US distribution of all five seasons of the TV series , including some previously unreleased director 's cut episode versions . Netflix also released the previously unreleased `` sixth - season '' episodes , which also became available for purchase on digital video stores , such as iTunes . For the 2019 revival , the remaining episodes of the series will be exclusively available on Disney 's streaming service . Home Media ( edit ) DVD / Blu - ray name Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 A Galaxy Divided ( DVD only ) March 24 , 2009 March 24 , 2009 July 1 , 2009 Clone Commandos ( DVD only ) September 15 , 2009 September 15 , 2009 September 23 , 2009 Season 1 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) November 3 , 2009 November 16 , 2009 November 18 , 2009 Season 2 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 26 , 2010 November 15 , 2010 November 10 , 2010 Season 3 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 18 , 2011 October 17 , 2011 October 19 , 2011 Darth Maul Returns ( DVD only ) September 11 , 2012 Season 4 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 23 , 2012 October 22 , 2012 October 31 , 2012 Season 5 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 15 , 2013 October 14 , 2013 October 30 , 2013 Seasons 1 - 5 Boxset ( DVD & Blu - ray ) October 15 , 2013 October 14 , 2013 November 13 , 2013 Season 6 ( DVD & Blu - ray ) November 11 , 2014 TBA April 29 , 2015 Warner Bros. Home Entertainment distributed the videodisc releases of the first five seasons , while Walt Disney Home Entertainment handled the videodisc release of the sixth season as Star Wars : The Clone Wars - The Lost Missions . Special episode compilations ( edit ) Apart from the season - by - season videodisc sets , there were also three special DVD releases consisting of four episodes from a particular season that reflected a certain story arc or theme : A Galaxy Divided , an early DVD release of the series which included the four season 1 episodes ( `` Ambush '' , `` Shadow of Malevolence '' , `` Destroy Malevolence '' , `` Downfall of a Droid '' ) Clone Commandos , another DVD compilation that includes episode five `` Rookies '' as well as episodes 19 through 21 ( `` Storm over Ryloth '' , `` Innocents of Ryloth '' and `` Liberty on Ryloth '' ) . Darth Maul Returns , a feature - length `` director 's cut '' edited together from Season 4 episodes `` Massacre '' , `` Bounty '' , `` Brothers '' and `` Revenge '' and was initially available exclusively at Target . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season received an approval rating of 83 % based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 6.04 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an agreeably entertaining first season , Star Wars : The Clone Wars opens a fun , kid - friendly chapter of the franchise 's sprawling mythology . '' The third and fourth seasons received an approval rating of 100 % based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 8.0 / 10 and 7.85 / 10 respectively . The sixth season received an approval rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews , with an average rating of 8.92 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sophisticated storytelling and quality animation make the sixth season of Star Wars : The Clone Wars a fitting end to the series . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 based on 9 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On July 11 , 2008 , television critics were shown a completed episode of the series . The Hollywood Reporter 's Live Feed blog called the footage `` likely the most photo - realistic animated TV series ever produced . '' On August 31 , 2008 , a sneak peek of the new series was shown on Cartoon Network . IGN named it the 89th best animated series . They specifically praised the episodes `` Rookies '' , `` Cloak of Darkness '' , and `` Lair of Grievous '' saying that their storylines stood out as some of the best in the Star Wars expanded universe . Star Wars : The Clone Wars became the most - watched series premiere in Cartoon Network history . The series averaged 3 million total viewers in its debut , according to Nielsen Media Research . Cartoon Network said the Star Wars spin - off ranked as the number one channel among all major animated networks in the time slot among total viewers ( the largest in the demographic for any premiere telecast of an original Cartoon series ) . On July 23 , 2010 , at the San Diego Comic - Con , Craig Glenday , editor of the Guinness World Records , presented Star Wars : The Clone Wars supervising director Dave Filoni , CG supervisor Joel Aron , and lead designer Kilian Plunkett a certificate proclaiming the cartoon series `` the highest rated sci - fi animation currently on television '' . In 2014 , WatchMojo.com ranked Star Wars : The Clone Wars as the seventh - best cartoon to have gotten cancelled . Tech Times said that , `` while the Star Wars prequel films fail to make audiences care about characters like Anakin Skywalker , The Clone Wars succeeds . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipient Result 36th Annie Awards Music in an Animated Television Production or Short Form Kevin Kiner for `` Rising Malevolence '' Nominated 37th Annie Awards Music in a Television Production Kevin Kiner for `` Weapons Factory '' 38th Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production `` ARC Troopers '' Voice Acting in a Television Production Corey Burton as Baron Papanoida Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Writing in a Television Production Daniel Arkin for `` Heros On Both Sides '' 2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Animated Show `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' 2011 BTVA Awards Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Corey Burton as Count Dooku Tom Kane as Yoda Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Barbara Goodson as Mother Talzin Won Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Nominated Best Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Liam Neeson as Qui - Gon Jinn Best Vocal Cast in a Television Series `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' 39th Annie Awards Best General Audience Animated TV Production Animated Effects in an Animated Production Joel Aron Voice Acting in a Television Production Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Dee Bradley Baker as Clone Troopers Editing in Television Production Jason W.A. Tucker 2nd Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' 3rd Critics ' Choice Television Awards PAAFTJ Television Awards 2012 Best Directing for an Animated Series Brian Kalin O'Connell in `` Slaves of the Republic '' 40th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in an Animated Production Joel Aron Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in an Animated Television or other Broadcast Venue Production Keith Kellogg Outstanding Achievement , Voice Acting in an Animated Television or other Broadcast Venue Production Samuel Witwer as Darth Maul Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated Television or other Broadcast Venue Production Jason Tucker 40th Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' Won Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Jim Cummings as Hondo Onhaka Nominated David Tennant as Huyang Won Samuel Witwer as Darth Maul Nominated Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program Dave Filoni , Kyle Dunlevy , Brian Kalin O'Connell , Steward Lee , Bosco Ng Outstanding Music Direction and Composition Kevin Kiner Outstanding Sound Mixing - Animation David Acord & Cameron Davis 2012 BTVA Awards Best New Vocal Interpretation of an Established Character Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Won Best Performance in a Narrating Role Tom Kane as Narrator Nominated Best Vocal Creation of a New Character ( First Time being Animated ) David Tennant as Huyang Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Corey Burton as Cad Bane Clancy Brown as Savage Oppress Nominated Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Won Best Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role David Tennant as Huyang Nominated Best Vocal Cast in a Television Series - Action / Drama `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' Neox Fan Awards 2013 Best Neox Kidz Series 41st Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Christopher Voy for Color Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Animation Cameron Davis , David Acord , Frank Rinella , and Mark Evans Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Animation Matthew Wood , Dean Menta , Jeremy Bowker , Erik Foreman , Pascal Garneau , Steve Slanec , Frank Rinella , Dennie Thorpe , Jana Vance , and David Acord 2013 BTVA Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Sam Witwer as Darth Maul Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Katee Sackhoff as Bo - Katan Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Ian Abercrombie as Darth Sidious Won Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Kari Wahlgren as Letta Turmond Nominated 41st Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production Keith Kellogg Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Jason W.A. Tucker 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Star Wars : The Clone Wars Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Mark Hamill as Darth Bane Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Christian Taylor Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program Dave Filoni , Brian Kalin O'Connell , Danny Keller , Steward Lee Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Cameron Davis , David Acord , Frank Rinella , Mark Evans Outstanding Sound Editing -- Animation Matthew Wood , David Acord , Dean Menta , Jeremy Bowker , Steve Slanec , Andrea Gard , Kevin Sellers , Dennie Thorpe , Jana Vance Outstanding Music Direction and Composition Kevin Kiner 2014 BTVA Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series - Action / Drama Dee Bradley Baker as Fives Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role - Action / Drama Tom Kane as Yoda Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role - Action / Drama Bob Bergen as Lama Su Mark Hamill as Darth Bane Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role - Action / Drama Jaime King as Force Priestesses Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series - Action / Drama Star Wars : The Clone Wars The Clone Wars Legacy ( edit ) At the time of cancellation in March 2013 , 65 more episodes were in development . Thirteen of these episodes were finished to become part of Season 6 : The Lost Missions , but there were still additional arcs that were never released . In September 2014 , StarWars.com released details of three story arcs from the unfinished episodes . Comic books ( edit ) Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( edit ) Main article : Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir A four - episode arc continued the story of Darth Maul following the events from the season 5 episode `` The Lawless '' . The story gave reason as to why Darth Maul was resurrected in the season 4 episode `` Brothers '' . The four episodes were titled : ' `` The Enemy Of My Enemy '' , `` A Tale Of Two Apprentices '' , `` Proxy War '' , and `` Showdown On Dathomir ' '' . The arc was adapted into a four - part comic book , Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir , which debuted in May 2014 . Novels ( edit ) Dark Disciple ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Dark Disciple An 8 - episode arc with Asajj Ventress and Jedi Quinlan Vos was adapted into a novel by Christie Golden titled Dark Disciple , released on July 7 , 2015 . The eight episodes were titled : Lethal Alliance , The Mission , Conspirators , Dark Disciple , Saving Vos , Part I , Saving Vos , Part II , Traitor and The Path . Story reels ( edit ) Two arcs consisting each of 4 episodes were released on the official Star Wars website for free in the form of complete animatics , albeit with unfinished animation as those episodes only went through the earliest stages of production . Both were fully voiced by the cast . Crystal Crisis on Utapau ( edit ) In September 2014 , four unfinished episodes were released on Star Wars ' official website . The four episodes released were titled : A Death On Utapau , In Search Of The Crystal , Crystal Crisis and The Big Bang . The arc took place on Utapau with Obi - Wan and Anakin investigating an arms deal involving the Separatists and a Kyber crystal . The arc also dealt with Anakin 's feelings after the departure of Ahsoka . It was also included in the season 6 Blu - ray . Bad Batch ( edit ) The unfinished animatics for Bad Batch , a four - episode arc , were screened at the Star Wars Celebration convention in Anaheim , California on April 17 , 2015 . Scripted by Brent Friedman , it is a four - part story arc focusing on a ragtag unit of clone commandos of the same name . The arc was subsequently released on StarWars.com for free shortly after on April 29 , 2015 . The four episodes were titled : The Bad Batch , A Distant Echo , On The Wings Of Keeradaks , and Unfinished Business . Video games ( edit ) Seven video games have been released , which are based on the style and character designs of the series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels , a fighting game released on November 11 , 2008 for Wii . Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance , an action - adventure game released on November 11 , 2008 for Nintendo DS . Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes , another action - adventure game taking place between Season 1 and Season 2 , released on October 9 , 2009 for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS . Lego Star Wars III : The Clone Wars , released in March 2011 by TT Games for PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Xbox 360 , Wii , Nintendo DS , PC , Mac , and Nintendo 3DS , which further stylizes the characters as part of the Lego Star Wars theme and is mostly based on the first two seasons . Clone Wars Adventures , an online PC game launched on September 15 , 2010 online by Sony Online Entertainment and shut down on March 31 , 2014 . Disney Infinity 3.0 , released in September 2015 by Disney Interactive for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , Wii U , Microsoft Windows , iOS and Android , which stylizes select major characters from the show as action figures that become playable only via a toys - to - life NFC system . Each copy of the game comes with the playset , `` Twilight of the Republic '' , which is an alternate storyline set during the Clone Wars era , along with two starting characters , Anakin and Ahsoka . Other characters from the show also appear , although most of them are not playable or are fought as bosses . Characters and / or locations from the show have also appeared in the following Star Wars games listed below : Star Wars : Galactic Defense , a now - defunct tower defense game released on iOS and Android by DeNA , in which a number of playable champions include characters from the show . Several levels in the main campaign also take place on the planet Felucia , a major Clone Wars hotspot featured in some episodes . Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , a turn - based RPG also released on iOS and Android by Electronic Arts , where some levels take place on planets depicted in the show ( such as Dathomir ) and a number of collectible , playable characters are from the show . Star Wars : Force Arena , an online MOBA game released on iOS and Android by Netmarble , where an August 2017 update allowed players to recruit characters , vehicles and battle units from the series , as well as battle on planets like Felucia . Star Wars Battlefront II , a video game available on Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , in which players can battle on or directly above planets like Ryloth and Kamino , where some battles in the series were fought . Wood , Taylor , Lanter and Burton are also expected to reprise their voice roles for four new playable heroes ( General Grievous , Obi - Wan Kenobi , Anakin Skywalker and Count Dooku , respectively ) being added to the game 's upcoming third season in late 2018 , themed after the Clone Wars . Unproduced spin - off ( edit ) In November 2016 , Pablo Hidalgo from the Lucasfilm story group revealed that the `` Young Padawans '' arc from Season 5 was intended to be aired separately from The Clone Wars , as the pilot for a spin - off show that never materialized . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - The Lost Missions Now on Netflix '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` index '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network 's official page '' . Cartoonnetwork.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` IESB Video Portal '' . IESB.net . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Community Meet the Producer and Director Of The Clone Wars at Celebration IV '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` IESB.net -- Movie News , Reviews , Interviews and More ! -- NEW Animated Star Wars : Clone Wars Series Fully in Production ! '' . Web.archive.org . January 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Vilmur , Pete ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` Clone Wars Character Designer Kilian Plunkett '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Clone Wars Comic on www.starwars.com '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . Star Wars . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . 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Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paley Fest : George Lucas Gives Details on the Star Wars TV Shows '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas on his two Star Wars TV series , Heroes and HBO 's Rome - Celebrity and Entertainment News - TVGuide.com '' . archive.org . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ merrick . `` A Teeny Tidbit About One Of Those Nutty Little STAR WARS TV Series We Keep Hearing About ! ! -- Ai n't It Cool News : The best in movie , TV , DVD , and comic book news '' . Aintitcool.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Kristi E. `` Cartoon Network is eager to use the force . '' The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , 2008 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnH1JKr4o_8 http://makingstarwars.net/2014/05/brent-friedman-writer-clone-wars-talks-season-7-8/ Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' Hits Theaters , TV -- Animated Saga Will Air on Cartoon Network , TNT , Zap2It.com , February 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Force is with Netflix '' . Netflix . February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Darth Maul Returns '' . Target . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Clone Wars - ' The Complete Season 4 ' on DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - The Complete Season Four DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars - Season 4 '' . Ezy DVD . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SWCE 2013 : Star Wars : The Clone Wars The Complete Season Five and Seasons 1 - 5 Box Sets Coming This Fall '' . StarWars.com . July 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JB Hi - Fi - Star Wars : The Clone Wars - The Lost Missions 2 Blu - Ray '' . jbhifi.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Darth Maul Returns to Target - exclusive DVD in Director 's Cut of The Clone Wars '' . Club Jade . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . 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when was dna first discovered and by whom

DNA - wikipedia DNA Jump to : navigation , search For a non-technical introduction to the topic , see Introduction to genetics . For other uses , see DNA ( disambiguation ) . The structure of the DNA double helix . The atoms in the structure are colour - coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right . The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid ( / diˈɒksiˌraɪboʊnjʊˌkliːɪk , - ˌkleɪɪk / ( listen ) ; DNA ) is a thread - like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses . DNA and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ) , they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix . The two DNA strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides . Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen - containing nucleobases ( cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) , adenine ( A ) or thymine ( T ) ) , a sugar called deoxyribose , and a phosphate group . The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next , resulting in an alternating sugar - phosphate backbone . The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together , according to base pairing rules ( A with T and C with G ) , with hydrogen bonds to make double - stranded DNA . The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups , pyrimidines and purines . In a DNA molecule , the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine , the purines are adenine and guanine . DNA stores biological information . The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage , and both strands of the double - stranded structure store the same biological information . This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate . A large part of DNA ( more than 98 % for humans ) is non-coding , meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences . The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel . Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases ( informally , bases ) . It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information . RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription . Under the genetic code , these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation . Within eukaryotic cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes . During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes . Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants , fungi and protists ) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . In contrast prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the eukaryotic chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA . These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed . DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 . Its molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge in 1953 , whose model - building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling , who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin . DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories , such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity . The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro - and nano - fabrication . Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA - based hybrid materials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Nucleobase classification 1.2 Non canonical bases 1.3 Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA 1.4 Grooves 1.5 Base pairing 1.6 Sense and antisense 1.7 Supercoiling 1.8 Alternative DNA structures 1.9 Alternative DNA chemistry 1.10 Quadruplex structures 1.11 Branched DNA 2 Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging 2.1 Base modifications and DNA packaging 2.2 Damage 3 Biological functions 3.1 Genes and genomes 3.2 Transcription and translation 3.3 Replication 3.4 Extracellular nucleic acids 4 Interactions with proteins 4.1 DNA - binding proteins 4.2 DNA - modifying enzymes 4.2. 1 Nucleases and ligases 4.2. 2 Topoisomerases and helicases 4.2. 3 Polymerases 5 Genetic recombination 6 Evolution 7 Uses in technology 7.1 Genetic engineering 7.2 DNA profiling 7.3 DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA 7.4 Bioinformatics 7.5 DNA nanotechnology 7.6 History and anthropology 7.7 Information storage 8 History of DNA research 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Properties Chemical structure of DNA ; hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides . The structure of DNA is dynamic along its length , being capable of coiling into tight loops , and other shapes . In all species it is composed of two helical chains , bound to each other by hydrogen bonds . Both chains are coiled round the same axis , and have the same pitch of 34 ångströms ( 3.4 nanometres ) . The pair of chains has a radius of 10 ångströms ( 1.0 nanometre ) . According to another study , when measured in a different solution , the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 ångströms wide ( 2.2 to 2.6 nanometres ) , and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å ( 0.33 nm ) long . Although each individual nucleotide repeating unit is very small , DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions to hundreds of millions of nucleotides . For instance , the DNA in the largest human chromosome , chromosome number 1 , consists of approximately 220 million base pairs and would be 85 mm long if straightened . In living organisms , DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule , but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together . These two long strands entwine like vines , in the shape of a double helix . The nucleotide contains both a segment of the backbone of the molecule ( which holds the chain together ) and a nucleobase ( which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix ) . A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide . A polymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides ( as in DNA ) is called a polynucleotide . The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues . The sugar in DNA is 2 - deoxyribose , which is a pentose ( five - carbon ) sugar . The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings . These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction . In a double helix , the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand : the strands are antiparallel . The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are said to have a directionality of five prime ( 5 ′ ) and three prime ( 3 ′ ) , with the 5 ′ end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3 ′ end a terminal hydroxyl group . One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar , with the 2 - deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA . A section of DNA . The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands . ( animated version ) . The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces : hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base - stacking interactions among aromatic nucleobases . In the aqueous environment of the cell , the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule , minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell . The four bases found in DNA are adenine ( A ) , cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) and thymine ( T ) . These four bases are attached to the sugar - phosphate to form the complete nucleotide , as shown for adenosine monophosphate . Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine . It was represented by A-T base pairs and G-C base pairs . Nucleobase classification The nucleobases are classified into two types : the purines , A and G , being fused five - and six - membered heterocyclic compounds , and the pyrimidines , the six - membered rings C and T. A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase , uracil ( U ) , usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring . In addition to RNA and DNA , many artificial nucleic acid analogues have been created to study the properties of nucleic acids , or for use in biotechnology . Non canonical bases Uracil is not usually found in DNA , occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine . However , in several bacteriophages , Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and Yersinia bacteriophage piR1 - 37 , thymine has been replaced by uracil . Another phage - Staphylococcal phage S6 - has been identified with a genome where thymine has been replaced by uracil . 5 - hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil ( dU ) is also known to replace thymidine in several genomes including the Bacillus phages SPO1 , φe , SP8 , H1 , 2C and SP82 . Another modified uracil - 5 - dihydroxypentauracil -- has also been described . Base J ( beta - d - glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil ) , a modified form of uracil , is also found in several organisms : the flagellates Diplonema and Euglena , and all the kinetoplastid genera . Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps : in the first step , a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine ; in the second , HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified . These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia . J appears to act as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II . In 1976 a bacteriophage - S - 2L - which infects species of the genus Synechocystis was found to have all the adenosine bases within its genome replaced by 2 , 6 - diaminopurine . In 2016 deoxyarchaeosine was found to be present in the genomes of several bacteria and the Escherichia phage 9g . Modified bases also occur in DNA . The first of these recognised was 5 - methylcytosine which was found in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1925 . The complete replacement of cytosine by 5 - glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine in T even phages ( T2 , T4 and T6 ) was observed in 1953 In the genomes of Xanthomonas oryzae bacteriophage Xp12 and halovirus FH the full complement of cystosine has been replaced by 5 - methylcytosine . 6N - methyadenine was discovered to be present in DNA in 1955 . N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine was described in 1975 . 7 - methylguanine was described in 1976 . N4 - methylcytosine in DNA was described in 1983 . In 1985 5 - hydroxycytosine was found in the genomes of the Rhizobium phages RL38JI and N17 . α - putrescinylthymine occurs in both the genomes of the Delftia phage ΦW - 14 and the Bacillus phage SP10 . α - glutamythymidine is found in the Bacillus phage SP01 and 5 - dihydroxypentyluracil is found in the Bacillus phage SP15 . The reason for the presence of these non canonical bases in DNA is not known . It seems likely that at least part of the reason for their presence in bacterial viruses ( phages ) is to avoid the restriction enzymes present in bacteria . This enzyme system acts at least in part as a molecular immune system protecting bacteria from infection by viruses . This does not appear to be the entire story . Four modifications to the cytosine residues in human DNA have been reported . These modifications are the addition of methyl ( CH ) - , hydroxymethyl ( CH OH ) - , formyl ( CHO ) - and carboxyl ( COOH ) - groups . These modifications are thought to have regulatory functions . Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA Seventeen non canonical bases are known to occur in DNA . Most of these are modifications of the canonical bases plus uracil . Modified Adenosine N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine N6 - methyadenine Modified Guanine 7 - Methylguanine Modified Cytosine N4 - Methylcytosine 5 - Carboxylcytosine 5 - Formylcytosine 5 - Glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine 5 - Hydroxycytosine 5 - Methylcytosine Modified Thymidine α - Glutamythymidine α - Putrescinylthymine Uracil and modifications Base J Uracil 5 - Dihydroxypentauracil 5 - Hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil Others Deoxyarchaeosine 2 , 6 - Diaminopurine DNA major and minor grooves . The latter is a binding site for the Hoechst stain dye 33258 . Grooves Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone . Another double helix may be found tracing the spaces , or grooves , between the strands . These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site . As the strands are not symmetrically located with respect to each other , the grooves are unequally sized . One groove , the major groove , is 22 Å wide and the other , the minor groove , is 12 Å wide . The width of the major groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove than in the minor groove . As a result , proteins such as transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double - stranded DNA usually make contact with the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove . This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell ( see below ) , but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form . Base pairing Further information : Base pair In a DNA double helix , each type of nucleobase on one strand bonds with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand . This is called complementary base pairing . Here , purines form hydrogen bonds to pyrimidines , with adenine bonding only to thymine in two hydrogen bonds , and cytosine bonding only to guanine in three hydrogen bonds . This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a Watson - Crick base pair . Another type of base pairing is Hoogsteen base pairing where two hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine . As hydrogen bonds are not covalent , they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily . The two strands of DNA in a double helix can thus be pulled apart like a zipper , either by a mechanical force or high temperature . As a result of this base pair complementarity , all the information in the double - stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand , which is vital in DNA replication . This reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms . Top , a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds . Bottom , an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds . Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines . The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds , AT forming two hydrogen bonds , and GC forming three hydrogen bonds ( see figures , right ) . DNA with high GC - content is more stable than DNA with low GC - content . As noted above , most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands , bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds ; this double - stranded ( dsDNA ) structure is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions , which are strongest for G , C stacks . The two strands can come apart -- a process known as melting -- to form two single - stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) molecules . Melting occurs at high temperature , low salt and high pH ( low pH also melts DNA , but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination , low pH is rarely used ) . The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC - content ( % G , C basepairs ) but also on sequence ( since stacking is sequence specific ) and also length ( longer molecules are more stable ) . The stability can be measured in various ways ; a common way is the `` melting temperature '' , which is the temperature at which 50 % of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules ; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA . As a result , it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determines the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA . Long DNA helices with a high GC - content have stronger - interacting strands , while short helices with high AT content have weaker - interacting strands . In biology , parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily , such as the TATAAT Pribnow box in some promoters , tend to have a high AT content , making the strands easier to pull apart . In the laboratory , the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature necessary to break the hydrogen bonds , their melting temperature ( also called T value ) . When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt , the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules . These single - stranded DNA molecules have no single common shape , but some conformations are more stable than others . Sense and antisense Further information : Sense ( molecular biology ) A DNA sequence is called `` sense '' if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein . The sequence on the opposite strand is called the `` antisense '' sequence . Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA ( i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences ) . In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes , antisense RNA sequences are produced , but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear . One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA - RNA base pairing . A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and more in plasmids and viruses , blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes . In these cases , some DNA sequences do double duty , encoding one protein when read along one strand , and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand . In bacteria , this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription , while in viruses , overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome . Supercoiling Further information : DNA supercoil DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called DNA supercoiling . With DNA in its `` relaxed '' state , a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs , but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound . If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix , this is positive supercoiling , and the bases are held more tightly together . If they are twisted in the opposite direction , this is negative supercoiling , and the bases come apart more easily . In nature , most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by enzymes called topoisomerases . These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as transcription and DNA replication . From left to right , the structures of A , B and Z DNA Alternative DNA structures Further information : Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids : A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid , Molecular models of DNA , and DNA structure DNA exists in many possible conformations that include A-DNA , B - DNA , and Z - DNA forms , although , only B - DNA and Z - DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms . The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level , DNA sequence , the amount and direction of supercoiling , chemical modifications of the bases , the type and concentration of metal ions , and the presence of polyamines in solution . The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns -- and also B - DNA -- used analyses based on Patterson transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA . An alternative analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al. , in 1953 , for the in vivo B - DNA X-ray diffraction - scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of Bessel functions . In the same journal , James Watson and Francis Crick presented their molecular modeling analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double - helix . Although the B - DNA form is most common under the conditions found in cells , it is not a well - defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells . Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular paracrystals with a significant degree of disorder . Compared to B - DNA , the A-DNA form is a wider right - handed spiral , with a shallow , wide minor groove and a narrower , deeper major groove . The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partly dehydrated samples of DNA , while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands , and in enzyme - DNA complexes . Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the Z form . Here , the strands turn about the helical axis in a left - handed spiral , the opposite of the more common B form . These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z - DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription . Alternative DNA chemistry For many years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a shadow biosphere , a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life . One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA . A report in 2010 of the possibility in the bacterium GFAJ - 1 , was announced , though the research was disputed , and evidence suggests the bacterium actively prevents the incorporation of arsenic into the DNA backbone and other biomolecules . Quadruplex structures Further information : G - quadruplex At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres . The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme telomerase , as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA can not copy the extreme 3 ′ ends of chromosomes . These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends , and stop the DNA repair systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected . In human cells , telomeres are usually lengths of single - stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence . DNA quadruplex formed by telomere repeats . The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix . The green spheres in the center represent potassium ions . These guanine - rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four - base units , rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules . Here , four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four - base units then stack on top of each other , to form a stable G - quadruplex structure . These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and chelation of a metal ion in the centre of each four - base unit . Other structures can also be formed , with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases , or several different parallel strands , each contributing one base to the central structure . In addition to these stacked structures , telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops , or T - loops . Here , the single - stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere - binding proteins . At the very end of the T - loop , the single - stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double - stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double - helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands . This triple - stranded structure is called a displacement loop or D - loop . Single branch Multiple branches Branched DNA can form networks containing multiple branches . Branched DNA Further information : Branched DNA and DNA nanotechnology In DNA , fraying occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double - strand of DNA . However , branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double - strand . Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA , complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible . Branched DNA can be used in nanotechnology to construct geometric shapes , see the section on uses in technology below . Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging cytosine 5 - methylcytosine thymine Structure of cytosine with and without the 5 - methyl group . Deamination converts 5 - methylcytosine into thymine . Base modifications and DNA packaging Further information : DNA methylation and Chromatin remodeling The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes , in a structure called chromatin . Base modifications can be involved in packaging , with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of methylation of cytosine bases . DNA packaging and its influence on gene expression can also occur by covalent modifications of the histone protein core around which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes ( see Chromatin remodeling ) . There is , further , crosstalk between DNA methylation and histone modification , so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression . For one example , cytosine methylation produces 5 - methylcytosine , which is important for X-inactivation of chromosomes . The average level of methylation varies between organisms -- the worm Caenorhabditis elegans lacks cytosine methylation , while vertebrates have higher levels , with up to 1 % of their DNA containing 5 - methylcytosine . Despite the importance of 5 - methylcytosine , it can deaminate to leave a thymine base , so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to mutations . Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria , the presence of 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine in the brain , and the glycosylation of uracil to produce the `` J - base '' in kinetoplastids . Damage Further information : DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) , Mutation , and DNA damage theory of aging A covalent adduct between a metabolically activated form of benzo ( a ) pyrene , the major mutagen in tobacco smoke , and DNA DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens , which change the DNA sequence . Mutagens include oxidizing agents , alkylating agents and also high - energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays . The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen . For example , UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers , which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases . On the other hand , oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage , including base modifications , particularly of guanosine , and double - strand breaks . A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage . Of these oxidative lesions , the most dangerous are double - strand breaks , as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations , insertions , deletions from the DNA sequence , and chromosomal translocations . These mutations can cause cancer . Because of inherent limits in the DNA repair mechanisms , if humans lived long enough , they would all eventually develop cancer . DNA damages that are naturally occurring , due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species , the hydrolytic activities of cellular water , etc. , also occur frequently . Although most of these damages are repaired , in any cell some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes . These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues . This accumulation appears to be an important underlying cause of aging . Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs , this is called intercalation . Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules ; examples include ethidium bromide , acridines , daunomycin , and doxorubicin . For an intercalator to fit between base pairs , the bases must separate , distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix . This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication , causing toxicity and mutations . As a result , DNA intercalators may be carcinogens , and in the case of thalidomide , a teratogen . Others such as benzo ( a ) pyrene diol epoxide and aflatoxin form DNA adducts that induce errors in replication . Nevertheless , due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication , other similar toxins are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells . Biological functions Location of eukaryote nuclear DNA within the chromosomes . DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes , and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes . The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome ; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes . The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes . Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing . For example , in transcription , when a cell uses the information in a gene , the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides . Usually , this RNA copy is then used to make a matching protein sequence in a process called translation , which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides . In alternative fashion , a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication . The details of these functions are covered in other articles ; here the focus is on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome . Genes and genomes Further information : Cell nucleus , Chromatin , Chromosome , Gene , and Noncoding DNA Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation , to fit the small available volumes of the cell . In eukaryotes , DNA is located in the cell nucleus , with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts . In prokaryotes , the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . The genetic information in a genome is held within genes , and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype . A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism . Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed , and regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers , which control transcription of the open reading frame . In many species , only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein . For example , only about 1.5 % of the human genome consists of protein - coding exons , with over 50 % of human DNA consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences . The reasons for the presence of so much noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in genome size , or C - value , among species , represent a long - standing puzzle known as the `` C - value enigma '' . However , some DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional non-coding RNA molecules , which are involved in the regulation of gene expression . T7 RNA polymerase ( blue ) producing an mRNA ( green ) from a DNA template ( orange ) . Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes . Telomeres and centromeres typically contain few genes but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes . An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are pseudogenes , which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation . These sequences are usually just molecular fossils , although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of gene duplication and divergence . Transcription and translation Further information : Genetic code , Transcription ( genetics ) , and Protein biosynthesis A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism . Within a gene , the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a messenger RNA sequence , which then defines one or more protein sequences . The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino - acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation , known collectively as the genetic code . The genetic code consists of three - letter ' words ' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides ( e.g. ACT , CAG , TTT ) . In transcription , the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase . This RNA copy is then decoded by a ribosome that reads the RNA sequence by base - pairing the messenger RNA to transfer RNA , which carries amino acids . Since there are 4 bases in 3 - letter combinations , there are 64 possible codons ( 4 combinations ) . These encode the twenty standard amino acids , giving most amino acids more than one possible codon . There are also three ' stop ' or ' nonsense ' codons signifying the end of the coding region ; these are the TAA , TGA , and TAG codons . DNA replication . The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase . Next , one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy . Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand . This enzyme makes discontinuous segments ( called Okazaki fragments ) before DNA ligase joins them together . Replication Further information : DNA replication Cell division is essential for an organism to grow , but , when a cell divides , it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent . The double - stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication . Here , the two strands are separated and then each strand 's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase . This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing and bonding it onto the original strand . As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction , different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix . In this way , the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand , and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA . Extracellular nucleic acids Naked extracellular DNA ( eDNA ) , most of it released by cell death , is nearly ubiquitous in the environment . Its concentration in soil may be as high as 2 μg / L , and its concentration in natural aquatic environments may be as high at 88 μg / L. Various possible functions have been proposed for eDNA : it may be involved in horizontal gene transfer ; it may provide nutrients ; and it may act as a buffer to recruit or titrate ions or antibiotics . Extracellular DNA acts as a functional extracellular matrix component in the biofilms of several bacterial species . It may act as a recognition factor to regulate the attachment and dispersal of specific cell types in the biofilm ; it may contribute to biofilm formation ; and it may contribute to the biofilm 's physical strength and resistance to biological stress . Cell - free fetal DNA is found in the blood of the mother , and can be sequenced to determine a great deal of information about the developing fetus . Interactions with proteins All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins . These protein interactions can be non-specific , or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence . Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these , the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important . DNA - binding proteins Further information : DNA - binding protein Interaction of DNA ( in orange ) with histones ( in blue ) . These proteins ' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA . Structural proteins that bind DNA are well - understood examples of non-specific DNA - protein interactions . Within chromosomes , DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins . These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin . In eukaryotes , this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones , while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved . The histones form a disk - shaped complex called a nucleosome , which contains two complete turns of double - stranded DNA wrapped around its surface . These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones , making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar - phosphate backbone of the DNA , and are thus largely independent of the base sequence . Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation , phosphorylation , and acetylation . These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones , making the DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors and changing the rate of transcription . Other non-specific DNA - binding proteins in chromatin include the high - mobility group proteins , which bind to bent or distorted DNA . These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes . A distinct group of DNA - binding proteins is the DNA - binding proteins that specifically bind single - stranded DNA . In humans , replication protein A is the best - understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated , including DNA replication , recombination , and DNA repair . These binding proteins seem to stabilize single - stranded DNA and protect it from forming stem - loops or being degraded by nucleases . The lambda repressor helix - turn - helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target In contrast , other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences . The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors , which are proteins that regulate transcription . Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters . The transcription factors do this in two ways . Firstly , they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription , either directly or through other mediator proteins ; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription . Alternatively , transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter . This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase . As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism 's genome , changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes . Consequently , these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development . The specificity of these transcription factors ' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases , allowing them to `` read '' the DNA sequence . Most of these base - interactions are made in the major groove , where the bases are most accessible . The restriction enzyme EcoRV ( green ) in a complex with its substrate DNA DNA - modifying enzymes Nucleases and ligases Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds . Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases , while endonucleases cut within strands . The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases , which cut DNA at specific sequences . For instance , the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6 - base sequence 5 ′ - GATATC - 3 ′ and makes a cut at the horizontal line . In nature , these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell , acting as part of the restriction modification system . In technology , these sequence - specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting . Enzymes called DNA ligases can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands . Ligases are particularly important in lagging strand DNA replication , as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the replication fork into a complete copy of the DNA template . They are also used in DNA repair and genetic recombination . Topoisomerases and helicases Topoisomerases are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity . These proteins change the amount of supercoiling in DNA . Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate , thereby reducing its level of supercoiling ; the enzyme then seals the DNA break . Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break , before rejoining the helix . Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA , such as DNA replication and transcription . Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor . They use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates , predominantly adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands . These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases . Polymerases Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates . The sequence of their products is created based on existing polynucleotide chains -- which are called templates . These enzymes function by repeatedly adding a nucleotide to the 3 ′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing polynucleotide chain . As a consequence , all polymerases work in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction . In the active site of these enzymes , the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base - pairs to the template : this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template . Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use . In DNA replication , DNA - dependent DNA polymerases make copies of DNA polynucleotide chains . To preserve biological information , it is essential that the sequence of bases in each copy are precisely complementary to the sequence of bases in the template strand . Many DNA polymerases have a proofreading activity . Here , the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides . If a mismatch is detected , a 3 ′ to 5 ′ exonuclease activity is activated and the incorrect base removed . In most organisms , DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the replisome that contains multiple accessory subunits , such as the DNA clamp or helicases . RNA - dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA . They include reverse transcriptase , which is a viral enzyme involved in the infection of cells by retroviruses , and telomerase , which is required for the replication of telomeres . For example , HIV reverse transcriptase is an enzyme for AIDS virus replication . Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure . It synthesizes telomeres at the ends of chromosomes . Telomeres prevent fusion of the ends of neighboring chromosomes and protect chromosome ends from damage . Transcription is carried out by a DNA - dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA . To begin transcribing a gene , the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands . It then copies the gene sequence into a messenger RNA transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the terminator , where it halts and detaches from the DNA . As with human DNA - dependent DNA polymerases , RNA polymerase II , the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome , operates as part of a large protein complex with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits . Genetic recombination Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in genetic recombination . The four separate DNA strands are coloured red , blue , green and yellow . Further information : Genetic recombination Recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of two chromosomes ( M and F ) to produce two rearranged chromosomes ( C1 and C2 ) . A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA , and in human cells , the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called `` chromosome territories '' . This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information , as one of the few times chromosomes interact is in chromosomal crossover which occurs during sexual reproduction , when genetic recombination occurs . Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break , swap a section and then rejoin . Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes , which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins . Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair , particularly in the cell 's response to double - strand breaks . The most common form of chromosomal crossover is homologous recombination , where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences . Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells , as it can produce chromosomal translocations and genetic abnormalities . The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as recombinases , such as RAD51 . The first step in recombination is a double - stranded break caused by either an endonuclease or damage to the DNA . A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one Holliday junction , in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes , swapping one strand for another . The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA . Only strands of like polarity exchange DNA during recombination . There are two types of cleavage : east - west cleavage and north - south cleavage . The north - south cleavage nicks both strands of DNA , while the east - west cleavage has one strand of DNA intact . The formation of a Holliday junction during recombination makes it possible for genetic diversity , genes to exchange on chromosomes , and expression of wild - type viral genomes . Evolution Further information : RNA world hypothesis DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function , grow and reproduce . However , it is unclear how long in the 4 - billion - year history of life DNA has performed this function , as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material . RNA may have acted as the central part of early cell metabolism as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out catalysis as part of ribozymes . This ancient RNA world where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the evolution of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases . This would occur , since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade - off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes . However , there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems , as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible because DNA survives in the environment for less than one million years , and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution . Claims for older DNA have been made , most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old , but these claims are controversial . Building blocks of DNA ( adenine , guanine , and related organic molecules ) may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space . Complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life , including uracil , cytosine , and thymine , have also been formed in the laboratory under conditions mimicking those found in outer space , using starting chemicals , such as pyrimidine , found in meteorites . Pyrimidine , like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , the most carbon - rich chemical found in the universe , may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar cosmic dust and gas clouds . Uses in technology Genetic engineering Further information : Molecular biology , Nucleic acid methods , and Genetic engineering Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms , such as phenol - chloroform extraction , and to manipulate it in the laboratory , such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction . Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology . Recombinant DNA is a man - made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences . They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format , by using a viral vector . The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins , used in medical research , or be grown in agriculture . DNA profiling Further information : DNA profiling Forensic scientists can use DNA in blood , semen , skin , saliva or hair found at a crime scene to identify a matching DNA of an individual , such as a perpetrator . This process is formally termed DNA profiling , but may also be called `` genetic fingerprinting '' . In DNA profiling , the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA , such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites , are compared between people . This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA . However , identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people . DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys , and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988 Enderby murders case . The development of forensic science and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood , skin , saliva , or hair has led to re-examining many cases . Evidence can now be uncovered that was scientifically impossible at the time of the original examination . Combined with the removal of the double jeopardy law in some places , this can allow cases to be reopened where prior trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury . People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes . The most obvious defense to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has occurred . This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime . DNA profiling is also used successfully to positively identify victims of mass casualty incidents , bodies or body parts in serious accidents , and individual victims in mass war graves , via matching to family members . DNA profiling is also used in DNA paternity testing to determine if someone is the biological parent or grandparent of a child with the probability of parentage is typically 99.99 % when the alleged parent is biologically related to the child . Normal DNA sequencing methods happen after birth , but there are new methods to test paternity while a mother is still pregnant . DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA Further information : Deoxyribozyme Deoxyribozymes , also called DNAzymes or catalytic DNA , are first discovered in 1994 . They are mostly single stranded DNA sequences isolated from a large pool of random DNA sequences through a combinatorial approach called in vitro selection or systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment ( SELEX ) . DNAzymes catalyze variety of chemical reactions including RNA - DNA cleavage , RNA - DNA ligation , amino acids phosphorylation - dephosphorylation , carbon - carbon bond formation , and etc . DNAzymes can enhance catalytic rate of chemical reactions up to 100,000,000,000-fold over the uncatalyzed reaction . The most extensively studied class of DNAzymes is RNA - cleaving types which have been used to detect different metal ions and designing therapeutic agents . Several metal - specific DNAzymes have been reported including the GR - 5 DNAzyme ( lead - specific ) , the CA1 - 3 DNAzymes ( copper - specific ) , the 39E DNAzyme ( uranyl - specific ) and the NaA43 DNAzyme ( sodium - specific ) . The NaA43 DNAzyme , which is reported to be more than 10,000-fold selective for sodium over other metal ions , was used to make a real - time sodium sensor in living cells . Bioinformatics Further information : Bioinformatics Bioinformatics involves the development of techniques to store , data mine , search and manipulate biological data , including DNA nucleic acid sequence data . These have led to widely applied advances in computer science , especially string searching algorithms , machine learning , and database theory . String searching or matching algorithms , which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters , were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides . The DNA sequence may be aligned with other DNA sequences to identify homologous sequences and locate the specific mutations that make them distinct . These techniques , especially multiple sequence alignment , are used in studying phylogenetic relationships and protein function . Data sets representing entire genomes ' worth of DNA sequences , such as those produced by the Human Genome Project , are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome . Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein - or RNA - coding genes can be identified by gene finding algorithms , which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular gene products and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally . Entire genomes may also be compared , which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events . DNA nanotechnology The DNA structure at left ( schematic shown ) will self - assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right . DNA nanotechnology is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules . Image from Strong , 2004 . Further information : DNA nanotechnology DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self - assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties . DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information . This has led to the creation of two - dimensional periodic lattices ( both tile - based and using the DNA origami method ) and three - dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra . Nanomechanical devices and algorithmic self - assembly have also been demonstrated , and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins . History and anthropology Further information : Phylogenetics and Genetic genealogy Because DNA collects mutations over time , which are then inherited , it contains historical information , and , by comparing DNA sequences , geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms , their phylogeny . This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology . If DNA sequences within a species are compared , population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations . This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology ; For example , DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel . Information storage Main article : DNA digital data storage In a paper published in Nature in January 2013 , scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute and Agilent Technologies proposed a mechanism to use DNA 's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage . The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code , synthesize the actual DNA , then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form , with a reported 100 % accuracy . The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files . A prior experiment was published in August 2012 . It was conducted by researchers at Harvard University , where the text of a 54,000 - word book was encoded in DNA . Moreover , in living cells , the storage can be turned active by enzymes . Light - gated protein domains fused to DNA processing enzymes are suitable for that task in vitro . Fluorescent exonucleases can transmit the output according to the nucleotide they have read . History of DNA Research Further information : History of molecular biology James Watson and Francis Crick ( right ) , co-originators of the double - helix model , with Maclyn McCarty ( left ) . Pencil sketch of the DNA double helix by Francis Crick in 1953 DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who , in 1869 , discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages . As it resided in the nuclei of cells , he called it `` nuclein '' . In 1878 , Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of `` nuclein '' , nucleic acid , and later isolated its five primary nucleobases . In 1919 , Phoebus Levene identified the base , sugar , and phosphate nucleotide unit . Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups . Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order . In 1937 , William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure . In 1927 , Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a `` giant hereditary molecule '' made up of `` two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template '' . In 1928 , Frederick Griffith in his experiment discovered that traits of the `` smooth '' form of Pneumococcus could be transferred to the `` rough '' form of the same bacteria by mixing killed `` smooth '' bacteria with the live `` rough '' form . This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information -- the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment -- when Oswald Avery , along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty , identified DNA as the transforming principle in 1943 . DNA 's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey -- Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage . A blue plaque outside The Eagle pub commemorating Crick and Watson Late in 1951 , Francis Crick started working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge . In 1953 , Watson and Crick suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double - helix model of DNA structure in the journal Nature . Their double - helix , molecular model of DNA was then based on one X-ray diffraction image ( labeled as `` Photo 51 '' ) taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 , and the information that the DNA bases are paired . On 28 February 1953 Crick interrupted patrons ' lunchtime at The Eagle pub in Cambridge to announce that he and Watson had `` discovered the secret of life '' . Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature . Of these , Franklin and Gosling 's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model ; this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues , whose analysis and in vivo B - DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double - helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double - helix molecular model of DNA in the prior two pages of Nature . In 1962 , after Franklin 's death , Watson , Crick , and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients . A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery . In an influential presentation in 1957 , Crick laid out the central dogma of molecular biology , which foretold the relationship between DNA , RNA , and proteins , and articulated the `` adaptor hypothesis '' . 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Archived from the original on 24 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Comment by Dandekar , T. , Lopez , D. , Schaack , D. ( 2013 ) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v494/n7435/abs/nature11875.html#comment-57415 Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Emerging Technology Final , Dandekar T. , Lopez , D. , Programmable bacterial membranes with active DNA storage ; presentation for the University of Würzburg for the Royal Society for Chemistry , London , 29 June 2016 Jump up ^ Patent `` Molecular highly integrated data storage via active control DNA '' , DE102013004584 A1 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . `` Jump up ^ Miescher , Friedrich ( 1871 ) `` Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen '' Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ( On the chemical composition of pus cells ) , Medicinisch - chemische Untersuchungen , 4 : 441 -- 460 . From p. 456 : Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . `` Ich habe mich daher später mit meinen Versuchen an die ganzen Kerne gehalten , die Trennung der Körper , die ich einstweilen ohne weiteres Präjudiz als lösliches und unlösliches Nuclein bezeichnen will , einem günstigeren Material überlassend . '' ( Therefore , in my experiments I subsequently limited myself to the whole nucleus , leaving to a more favorable material the separation of the substances , that for the present , without further prejudice , I will designate as soluble and insoluble nuclear material ( `` Nuclein '' ) . ) Jump up ^ Dahm R ( January 2008 ) . `` Discovering DNA : Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research '' . Human Genetics . 122 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0433 - 0 . PMID 17901982 . Jump up ^ See : Albrect Kossel ( 1879 ) `` Ueber Nucleïn der Hefe '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On nuclein in yeast ) Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 3 : 284 -- 291 . Albrect Kossel ( 1880 ) `` Ueber Nucleïn der Hefe II '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On nuclein in yeast , Part 2 ) Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 4 : 290 -- 295 . Albrect Kossel ( 1881 ) `` Ueber die Verbreitung des Hypoxanthins im Thier - und Pflanzenreich '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On the distribution of hypoxanthins in the animal and plant kingdoms ) Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 5 : 267 -- 271 . Albrect Kossel , Untersuchungen über die Nucleine und ihre Spaltungsprodukte ( Investigations into nuclein and its cleavage products ) ( Strassburg , Germany : K.J. Trübne , 1881 ) , 19 pages . Albrect Kossel ( 1882 ) `` Ueber Xanthin und Hypoxanthin '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On xanthin and hypoxanthin ) , Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 6 : 422 -- 431 . Albrect Kossel ( 1883 ) `` Zur Chemie des Zellkerns '' Archived 17 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( On the chemistry of the cell nucleus ) , Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie , 7 : 7 -- 22 . Albrect Kossel ( 1886 ) `` Weitere Beiträge zur Chemie des Zellkerns '' ( Further contributions to the chemistry of the cell nucleus ) , Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie , 10 : 248 -- 264 . Available on - line at : Max Planck Institute for the History of Science , Berlin , Germany Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... On p. 264 , Kossel remarked presciently : `` Der Erforschung der quantitativen Verhältnisse der vier stickstoffreichen Basen , der Abhängigkeit ihrer Menge von den physiologischen Zuständen der Zelle , verspricht wichtige Aufschlüsse über die elementaren physiologisch - chemischen Vorgänge . '' ( The study of the quantitative relations of the four nitrogenous bases -- ( and ) of the dependence of their quantity on the physiological states of the cell -- promises important insights into the fundamental physiological - chemical processes . ) Jump up ^ Jones ME ( September 1953 ) . `` Albrecht Kossel , a biographical sketch '' . The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . National Center for Biotechnology Information . 26 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 97 . PMC 2599350 . PMID 13103145 . Jump up ^ Levene P ( 1919 ) . `` The structure of yeast nucleic acid '' . J Biol Chem. 40 ( 2 ) : 415 -- 24 . Jump up ^ See : Astbury WT , Bell FO ( 1938 ) . `` Some recent developments in the X-ray study of proteins and related structures '' ( PDF ) . Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology . 6 : 109 -- 121 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 July 2014 . Astbury WT ( 1947 ) . `` X-ray studies of nucleic acids '' . Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology ( 1 ) : 66 -- 76 . PMID 20257017 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Koltsov proposed that a cell 's genetic information was encoded in a long chain of amino acids . See : Н . К . Кольцов , `` Физико - химические основы морфологии '' ( The physical - chemical basis of morphology ) -- speech given at the 3rd All - Union Meeting of Zoologist , Anatomists , and Histologists at Leningrad , U.S.S.R. , 12 December 1927 . Reprinted in : Успехи экспериментальной биологии ( Advances in Experimental Biology ) , series B , 7 ( 1 ) : ? - ? ( 1928 ) . Reprinted in German as : Nikolaj K. Koltzoff ( 1928 ) `` Physikalisch - chemische Grundlagen der Morphologie '' ( The physical - chemical basis of morphology ) , Biologisches Zentralblatt , 48 ( 6 ) : 345 -- 369 . In 1934 , Koltsov contended that the proteins that contain a cell 's genetic information replicate . See : N.K. Koltzoff ( 5 October 1934 ) `` The structure of the chromosomes in the salivary glands of Drosophila , '' Science , 80 ( 2075 ) : 312 -- 313 . From page 313 : `` I think that the size of the chromosomes in the salivary glands ( of Drosophila ) is determined through the multiplication of genonemes . By this term I designate the axial thread of the chromosome , in which the geneticists locate the linear combination of genes ; ... In the normal chromosome there is usually only one genoneme ; before cell - division this genoneme has become divided into two strands . '' Jump up ^ Soyfer VN ( September 2001 ) . `` The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science '' . Nature Reviews . Genetics . 2 ( 9 ) : 723 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / 35088598 . PMID 11533721 . Jump up ^ Griffith F ( January 1928 ) . `` The Significance of Pneumococcal Types '' . The Journal of Hygiene. 27 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 59 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022172400031879 . PMC 2167760 . PMID 20474956 . Jump up ^ Lorenz MG , Wackernagel W ( September 1994 ) . `` Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment '' . Microbiological Reviews . 58 ( 3 ) : 563 -- 602 . PMC 372978 . PMID 7968924 . Jump up ^ Avery OT , Macleod CM , McCarty M ( February 1944 ) . `` Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types : Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 79 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 58 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 79.2. 137 . PMC 2135445 . PMID 19871359 . Jump up ^ Hershey AD , Chase M ( May 1952 ) . `` Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 36 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 56 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 36.1. 39 . PMC 2147348 . PMID 12981234 . Jump up ^ The B - DNA X-ray pattern on the right of this linked image Archived 25 May 2012 at Archive.is was obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 at high hydration levels of DNA and it has been labeled as `` Photo 51 '' Jump up ^ Regis , Ed ( 2009 ) What Is Life ? : investigating the nature of life in the age of synthetic biology . Oxford : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 538341 - 9 ; p. 52 Jump up ^ Nature Archives Double Helix of DNA : 50 Years Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Original X-ray diffraction image '' . Oregon State Library . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 '' . Nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ Maddox B ( January 2003 ) . `` The double helix and the ' wronged heroine ' '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 407 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 407M . doi : 10.1038 / nature01399 . PMID 12540909 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Crick F ( 1955 ) . A Note for the RNA Tie Club ( PDF ) ( Speech ) . Cambridge , England . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Meselson M , Stahl FW ( July 1958 ) . `` THE REPLICATION OF DNA IN ESCHERICHIA COLI '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 44 ( 7 ) : 671 -- 82 . Bibcode : 1958PNAS ... 44 ... 671M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 44.7. 671 . PMC 528642 . PMID 16590258 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 '' . Nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ Pray L ( 2008 ) . `` Discovery of DNA structure and function : Watson and Crick '' . Nature Education . 1 ( 1 ) : 100 . Further reading Berry A , Watson J ( 2003 ) . DNA : the secret of life . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41546 - 7 . Calladine CR , Drew HR , Luisi BF , Travers AA ( 2003 ) . Understanding DNA : the molecule & how it works . Amsterdam : Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 155089 - 3 . Carina D , Clayton J ( 2003 ) . 50 years of DNA . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1479 - 6 . Judson HF ( 1979 ) . The Eighth Day of Creation : Makers of the Revolution in Biology ( 2nd ed . ) . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 . Olby RC ( 1994 ) . The path to the double helix : the discovery of DNA . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 68117 - 3 . , first published in October 1974 by MacMillan , with foreword by Francis Crick ; the definitive DNA textbook , revised in 1994 with a 9 - page postscript Micklas D ( 2003 ) . DNA Science : A First Course . Cold Spring Harbor Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87969 - 636 - 8 . Ridley M ( 2006 ) . Francis Crick : discoverer of the genetic code . Ashland , OH : Eminent Lives , Atlas Books . ISBN 0 - 06 - 082333 - X . Olby RC ( 2009 ) . Francis Crick : A Biography . Plainview , N.Y : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 798 - 9 . Rosenfeld I ( 2010 ) . DNA : A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14271 - 7 . Schultz M , Cannon Z ( 2009 ) . The Stuff of Life : A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA . Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 8947 - 5 . Stent GS , Watson J ( 1980 ) . The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95075 - 1 . Watson , James ( 2004 ) . DNA : The Secret of Life . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945184 - 6 . Wilkins M ( 2003 ) . The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins . Cambridge , England : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860665 - 6 . External links Library resources about DNA Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : DNA Wikiversity has learning resources about DNA Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` DNA '' dated 2007 - 02 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles DNA at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) DNA binding site prediction on protein DNA the Double Helix Game From the official Nobel Prize web site DNA under electron microscope Dolan DNA Learning Center Double Helix : 50 years of DNA , Nature Proteopedia DNA Proteopedia Forms_of_DNA ENCODE threads explorer ENCODE home page . Nature Double Helix 1953 -- 2003 National Centre for Biotechnology Education Genetic Education Modules for Teachers -- DNA from the Beginning Study Guide PDB Molecule of the Month DNA Clue to chemistry of heredity found The New York Times June 1953 . First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure Olby R ( January 2003 ) . `` Quiet debut for the double helix '' . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 402 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 402O . doi : 10.1038 / nature01397 . PMID 12540907 . DNA from the Beginning Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA , genes , and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project . The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938 -- 2007 at Mandeville Special Collections Library , University of California , San Diego Seven - page , handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12 - year - old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA . See Crick 's medal goes under the hammer , Nature , 5 April 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod <Th_colspan="2"> Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human <Th_colspan="2"> Genetics <Td_colspan="2"> Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy <Td_colspan="2"> List of genetics research organizations Genetics Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=827053150 '' Categories : DNA Genetics Helices Biotechnology Nucleic acids Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Spoken articles Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 14 : 11 . 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1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. DNA structure and composition 3. Base pairing and complementary base pairs 4. DNA replication and genetic information 5. DNA functions and applications

what do you call a car without a roof

Convertible - wikipedia Convertible Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Convertible ( disambiguation ) . `` Cabriolet '' redirects here . For the horse carriage , see cabriolet ( carriage ) . For the armchair , see cabriolet ( furniture ) . 1959 Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz with zipper openable clear plastic rear window Porsche 911 Turbo convertible ( Type 997 ) with retractable windows and fully retracted soft top Alvis TF 21 drophead coupé , 1967 A convertible or cabriolet ( / ˌkæbriːoʊˈleɪ / ; KA - bree - oh - LAY ) is an automobile body style that can convert between an open - air mode and an enclosed one , varying in degree and means by model . Convertibles evolved from the earlier phaeton , an open vehicle without glass side windows that sometimes had removable panels of fabric or other material for protection from the elements . Historically , a retractable roof consisted of an articulated frame covered with a folding , textile - based fabric similar to that on an open carriage evolved into the most common form . A lesser seen detachable hardtop provided a more weatherproof and secure alternative . As technology improved , a retractable hardtop which removes and stows its own rigid roof in its trunk appeared , increasingly becoming the most popular form . A semiconvertible also known as a cabrio coach has a retractable or removable top which retains fully framed windows on its doors and side glass . A landaulet is a semienclosed convertible with a fully enclosed front cabin and an open rear , typically with a folding fabric top and roll - down glass all round . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other terms 2 Folding textile roof 2.1 Pros and cons 2.1. 1 Pros 2.1. 2 Cons 2.2 Tonneau cover 2.3 Material 2.4 Windows 2.5 Windblocker 2.6 Safety 2.7 Variations 2.8 History 3 Detachable hardtop 4 Retractable hardtop 4.1 Construction 5 Galleries 5.1 Open car and roadster 5.2 Convertibles 5.3 Retractable hardtop 6 See also 6.1 Nonautomotive 7 References 7.1 Further reading 8 External links Other terms ( edit ) In British English : all - weather tourer , a four - door car , and for a two - door car drophead coupé were used for high - quality , fully enclosed versions of the body style known as the `` convertible '' in the United States . Other common terms include cabriolet , cabrio , soft top , and drop top , and where the roof is little more than emergency weather protection , open two - seater , rag top , spider , and spyder . Consistency is rare about the ( current ) use of cabriolet in preference to convertible , and the former term can not be equated with the cabrio coach term mentioned above that originates from `` a light , two - wheeled , one - horse carriage with a folding top , capable of seating two persons . '' Folding textile roof ( edit ) The collapsible textile roof section ( of cloth or vinyl ) over an articulated folding frame may include linings such as a sound - deadening layer or interior cosmetic headliner ( to hide the frame ) -- or both -- and may have electrical or electrohydraulic mechanisms for raising the roof . The erected top secures to the windshield frame header with manual latches , semimanual latches , or fully automatic latches . The folded convertible top is called the stack . A 1967 AMC Ambassador convertible with its fabric top folded Pros and cons ( edit ) Pros ( edit ) Among the advantages of fabric convertible tops are : All - round visibility Maximized ventilation Ease of entry and exit Ability to transport large objects Cons ( edit ) Disadvantages of fabric top convertibles include : Potentially reduced safety Poor break - in protection Deterioration and shrinkage of the sun - exposed textile fabric over time Problems with trunk floor pan rust - through due to leakage of an improperly maintained top A heavier vehicle and higher curb weight were due to additional structure required to restore both torsion and flexure stiffness normally provided by a metal roof and ( in some cases ) door window frames , and additional weight from motorized mechanisms ( where provided ) , and body - on - frame styles usually included an entire X-brace within the conventional ladder frame . A narrower rear seat due to space required by the folded side rails Potential diminished rear visibility due to smaller rear window or UV deterioration of plastic pane Potential diminished structural rigidity , requiring significant engineering and modification to counteract the effects of removing a car 's roof Potential scuttle shake , where an insufficiently rigid bulkhead between engine and passenger compartment can impact ride or handling Potential reduced aerodynamics compared to an equivalent coupe , especially with the top down Potential increased wind noise and moisture intrusion with the top up Potential reduced cargo space Tonneau cover ( edit ) Main article : Tonneau cover MG TD open two - seater with tonneau cover over passenger seat and luggage well Folding textile convertible tops often fail to completely hide their internal mechanism or can expose their vulnerable underside to sun exposure and fading . A tonneau cover provides a solution . Material ( edit ) A range of materials is available for soft tops . Early convertibles used canvas . Automakers had problems in securing raw materials to fulfill orders after World War II , including canvas in various shades for convertible tops and limiting their manufacture . By 1955 , the most popular materials were latex and butyl rubber fabrics that each accounted for around 35 % of the convertible top weight , with others included vinyl ( 12 % ) , jute ( 8 % ) , and rayon and acrylic fibers ( Orlon ) , amounting to about 1 % each in the compositions . Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) material was used for many convertible tops . The material consists of two layers : a top layer made of PVC , which has a specific structure depending on the vehicle model , and a lower layer made of fabric ( usually cotton ) . Almost all automakers currently use one of a variety of fabric construction and designs produced by the Haartz Corporation , a major supplier of soft - top fabrics , for their new and more expensive convertibles . Windows ( edit ) Side windows were not existent in open cars , which may have detachable side screens , or manually or power - operated glass side windows as in a saloon or sedan . Rear windows have evolved similarly , with plastic rear windows appearing as late as the first - generation Porsche Boxster . Contemporary convertibles and retractable hardtops feature heatable glass rear windows to maximize visibility -- though rear windows often can compromise visibility by their size , as with the case of the very small rear window and restricted visibility of the Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder . Plastic windows can degrade , fade , yellow , and crack over time , diminishing visibility . Windblocker ( edit ) A windblocker or wind deflector minimizes noise and rushing air reaching the occupants . Mazda pioneered a version on the RX7 convertible which featured an integral rigid opaque panel that folded up from behind the front seats . Current convertibles feature windblockers of various designs including detachable fold - up designs ( e.g. , Toyota Solara ) , vertically retractable glass ( e.g. , Audi TT ) , minimal flaps ( e.g. , Mazda Miata ) -- or other integrated wind controlling systems . According to the engineer responsible for the 2008 Chrysler Sebring , its windblocker reduces wind noise by roughly 11 to 12 dB . Mercedes and Audi currently offer a heating duct to the neck area of the seat on SLK , SL , and A5 / S5 models marketed as an `` Air Scarf '' . Windblockers are also available on the aftermarket for use on convertibles that do not have them . Safety ( edit ) Contemporary convertible design may include such features as electrically heated glass rear window ( for improved visibility ) , seat belt tensioners , boron steel - reinforced A-pillars , front and side airbags , safety cage construction -- a horseshoe like structure around the passenger compartment -- and rollover protection structures ( ROPS ) with pyrotechnically charged roll hoops hidden behind the rear seats that deploy under rollover conditions whether the roof is retracted or not . The Volvo C70 retractable hardtop includes a door - mounted side - impact protection inflatable curtain which inflates upward from the interior belt - line -- vs. downward like the typical curtain airbag . The curtain has an extra stiff construction with double rows of slats that are slightly offset from each other . This allows them to remain upright and offer effective head protection even with an open window . The curtain also deflates slowly to provide protection should the car roll over . Variations ( edit ) Convertibles have offered numerous iterations that fall between the first mechanically simple but attention - demanding fabric tops to highly complex modern retractable hardtops : Roadster : A roadster was an open two - seater possibly with a frame that required actual assembly ( i.e. , not retracting ) and separately installable soft side `` window '' panels -- offering little protection from inclement weather and often requiring time - consuming , apparently complicated installation . Examples range from the first cars to the vintage Porsche Speedster introduced in 1955 , and the Jaguar XK120 Roadster unveiled in 1948 right up to the most recent Porsche Spyders . For most in the U.S. , a contemporary roadster is a two - seater convertible such as the Jaguar F - Type , BMW Z8 , Aston Martin V8 Vantage , and Dodge Viper . Fixed - profile : In contrast to convertibles where the entire bodywork above the beltline ( doors , roof , side pillars , side bodywork ) is replaced with a folding or retractable roof , the fixed profile convertible retain portions of fixed bodywork including the doors , side pillars , and side elements of the roof -- while a center fabric portion slides back and accordions at the rear . As an example , Citroën 's 1948 Citroën 2CV featured rigid bodysides and two doors on each side , along with a sunroof that rolled back on itself and extended to the rear bumper in place of a separate boot / trunk lid . Other fixed - profile convertibles include the 1950 Nash Rambler Landau Convertible Coupe , the Nissan Figaro ( 1991 ) , and the 1957 Fiat 500 and its 2007 Fiat 500 successor . The 1984 Heuliez - designed Citroen Visa Decapotable used elements of a fixed - profile convertible . Four - door : Buick advertised a Series 60 `` Convertible Phaeton '' body style in the 1934 model year , which was actually a four - door convertible , 1938 - 39 Roadmaster , and 1940 - 41 Super . Oldsmobile in the 98 Series 1941 - 47 , and Cadillac in 1939 Series 61 , and 1940 - 41 Series 62 models . The Lincoln Continental was available as a four - door convertible in model years 1961 to 1967 . Current production four - door convertibles include the Jeep Wrangler Unlimited . Peugeot presented a concept four - door retractable hardtop convertible , the Peugeot 407 Macarena in 2006 . Produced by French coachbuilding specialist Heuliez , the Macarena 's top can be folded in 60 seconds , with a steel reinforcing beam behind the front seats incorporating LCD screens for the rear passengers into the crossmember . Drophead coupe , coupé cabriolet or coupé cabrio : A type of convertible with only two doors , and thereby recalling the cabriolet carriage . With its Mazda RX - 7 convertible , Mazda introduced a two - seater convertible with a removable rigid section over the passengers , removable independently of power - operated textile section behind with heatable glass rear window . During the 1980s , Jaguar produced an XJ - SC with two removable panels over the front seats and a partial fold - down convertible section in the back . It retained the rear side windows of the coupe and had fixed cant rails above these and the door glass . This allowed an almost full convertible with rollover safety . Going back in Jaguar history , during the 1950s , the XK 120 Drophead Coupe and later variants provided open - air motoring with quite civilized , fully lined , insulated tops with the weather protection of the hardtop models . Off - road : Another type of convertibles is the off - road vehicles with removable soft tops such as Jeep Wrangler , Suzuki Escudo , Suzuki Samurai , Ford Bronco , Land Rover Defender , Mercedes - Benz G - Class , early models of Toyota Land Cruiser , Land Rover Defender , etc . All these models are available with various types of soft tops that attach to the roll cage or to the installation points on the vehicle 's body . Soft tops with glass , plastic or flexible vinyl windows are used . The common off - road soft top types are : full soft top ( covers the interior , doors , and includes windows ) , halftops ( cover the space above the front seats , doors with windows , backdrop behind the front seats and stretch over the rear seats and cargo area ) , bikini tops ( cover the roof area above the interior and cargo compartment , or just the space above the front seats ) . Other : Citroën marketed the C3 Pluriel ( 2003 - 2010 ) , configurable into five open - top variations , hence the name . Pluriel is a cognate with the English `` plural '' . The Pluriel can be configured as a hatchback with a multilayer insulated top ; a full - length landaulet , operable partially or to the back window or any stage in between , with a buffet - minimizing wind deflector over the windshield ; a fixed - profile convertible , with the roof open to the back window , the roof assembly folds into a well in the trunk floor ; a full convertible where roof side rails are unlatched and removed , and as a roadster pick - up , where the back seats fold to a pickup - like bed with a drop - down tailgate . History ( edit ) A 1929 Ford getting gas in 1975 The earliest automobiles were all open . By the end of the 19th century , folding textile or leather roofs , as had been used on victoria or landau carriages , were being used on some automobile bodies . The first automobile offered with an enclosed body was the Renault Type B from 1899 . An early car built for comfortable transportation was likely to have an enclosed passenger compartment at the rear for the owner and his guests while the driver sat in front either in the open ( in a brougham or a coupé de ville ) or under an extension of the roof of the passenger compartment ( in a limousine ) . In some versions , the passenger compartment would have a folding roof ; these cars were called landaulets . Less expensive cars were usually open . Whether these were economical runabouts , sporting roadsters or phaetons , or sturdy touring cars , their weather protection was similar , varying from none at all to a rudimentary folding top and detachable side curtains . In the 1920s , when steel bodies began to be mass - produced , closed cars became available to the average buyer and fully open cars began their disappearance from the mainstream market . Convertibles , being cars that could convert from being open to being fully closed , entered the market in the mid-1920s . United States automakers manufactured a broad range of models during the 1950s and 1960s -- from economical compact - sized models such as the Rambler American and the Studebaker Lark , to the more expensive models such as the Packard Caribbean , Oldsmobile 98 , and Imperial by Chrysler . Proposed major safety standards suggested during the mid-1970s for the 1980 model year included a 50 - mile - per - hour ( 80 km / h ) crash to the front , at 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) on the sides , as well as a rollover at 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) , a test that open - top convertibles would unlikely be able to pass . Although the requirements were reduced , sales of convertible body styles were falling during the early 1970s . Automobile air conditioning systems were also becoming popular . In 1976 , Cadillac marketed the Eldorado as `` the last of the American Convertibles '' . During this period of low convertible production , T - tops became an alternative for a few models . Elsewhere globally , convertible production continued throughout this era with models such as the Mercedes SL , the VW Beetle Cabriolet , and the VW Golf Cabriolet . In the 1980s , convertibles such as the Chrysler LeBaron and Saab 900 revived the body style in the United States -- followed by models such as the Mazda Miata , Porsche Boxster , Audi TT , and later retractable hardtop models . Detachable hardtop ( edit ) A 1959 Daimler SP250 with detachable hardtop Rigid removable hardtops , many of which store in a car 's trunk , have been around at least since the 1950s . These normally provide superior weatherproofing , soundproofing , and durability compared to fabric - based tops , some with integrated rear - window defrosters and windscreens . Examples include the first - and 11th - generation Ford Thunderbird , second - and third - generation Mercedes SL , Porsche Boxster , Jeep Wrangler , and Mazda MX - 5 . Many of the rigidity concerns of a standard convertible are present , even with the roof attached , although in the case of the early Daimler SP250s , the hardtop does give some extra rigidity . However , weatherproofing , climate control , and cabin security are improved . Retractable hardtop ( edit ) Main article : Retractable hardtop Peugeot 402 ( 1938 ) A Volvo C70 with retractable hardtop A retractable hardtop , also known as coupé convertible or coupé cabriolet , employs an automatically operated , multipart , self - storing hardtop . American Ben P. Ellerbeck created a manually operated retractable hardtop prototype in 1922 -- for a Hudson coupe that never went into production . The first French version was the Georges Paulin - designed 1934 Peugeot 601 Éclipse By 2006 , advances in electronics , hydraulics , and weatherproofing materials had made the modern retractable hardtop increasingly popular . Pros and cons include ease , enclosed car quality climate control with the top up , improved crash resistance , and passenger compartment storage security on the plus side , and increased mechanical complexity and expense , and more often than not , reduced luggage capacity on the minus . A 2006 New York Times article suggested the retractable hardtop may herald the demise of the textile - roofed convertible , and a 2007 Wall Street Journal article suggested `` more and more convertibles are eschewing soft cloth tops in favor of sophisticated folding metal roofs , making them practical in all climates , year - round . '' Construction ( edit ) Retractable hardtops can vary in material ( steel , plastic , or aluminum ) , can vary from two to five in the number of rigid sections , and often rely on complex dual - hinged trunk ( British : boot ) lids that enable the trunk lid to both receive the retracting top from the front and also receive parcels or luggage from the rear -- along with complex trunk divider mechanisms to prevent loading of luggage that would conflict with the operation of the hardtop . Galleries ( edit ) Open car and roadster ( edit ) Ford Model T circa 1925 , with minimal weather protection Bentley 41⁄2 Litre 1929 with luxury snap - on and thumbscrew sidescreens Ford Phaeton 1934 open four - door touring car MG TD circa 1953 , with manual soft top and manually detachable sidescreens with clear plastic windows and Perspex rear window Lancia D23 Spyder 1953 1955 Porsche 550 Spyder Convertibles ( edit ) fixed - profile Nash Rambler Convertible `` Landau '' Coupe circa 1950 Jaguar XK circa 2008 , with heatable glass rear window and fully automatic cloth top with integral top - concealing rigid tonneau Mercedes SL 1964 , available with a detachable hardtop Lincoln Continental circa 1966 , four - door with integral automatically operating , self - storing tonneau Jaguar E-type 1963 , with vinyl foldable tonneau installed and snap - secured Cadillac Eldorado 1972 , with detachable , two - part , fully rigid `` parade boot '' tonneau cover Citroen 2CV circa 1975 , with roll - back roof and rigid doors Rolls Royce Corniche circa 1986 , a high - end prestige marque with a manually installed tonneau cover Cadillac Allanté circa 1993 , with detachable , rigid plastic tonneau cover , built in Italy by Pininfarina , completed bodies were flown to the U.S. 56 at a time in specially equipped Boeing 747 with final assembly at Hamtramck , Michigan Volkswagen New Beetle circa 2003 , with raised textile ( cloth ) convertible top featuring interior headliner , an acoustic insulation layer , and heatable glass rear window Porsche Boxster circa 2004 , with detachable clear plastic windblocker and a Z-fold top , automatically raiseable in 12 seconds and optional 51 lb ( 23 kg ) detachable aluminum hardtop ( not shown ) Citroën C3 Pluriel circa 2007 , a multiconfigurable convertible with roll - back textile roof and removable rigid sidebars A Fiat 500 ( 2007 ) fixed - profile convertible 1966 Rolls - Royce Phantom V landaulet Mercedes - Benz 300d landaulet in operation Retractable hardtop ( edit ) 1959 Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner Mazda Miata Power Retractable Hard Top ( PRHT ) circa 2007 , with 77 lb ( 35 kg ) polycarbonate hardtop and identical cargo capacity to the soft - top version Cadillac XLR circa 2007 , with fully retracted aluminum ( i.e. , lightweight ) hardtop concealed by self - storing tonneau cover , the hardtop manufactured by a supplier joint venture of Mercedes - Benz and Porsche Daihatsu Copen circa 2001 with retracted hardtop , qualifying for the ultra-compact Japanese kei class Ford Focus CC circa 2006 with its roof retracted , its final assembly performed by Pininfarina Chevrolet SSR circa 2004 , a retractable hardtop convertible pickup truck , its top engineered by American Specialty Cars Volkswagen Eos circa 2007 , the five - segment top features an independently sliding sunroof , made by OASys See also ( edit ) Carson top Roadster ( automobile ) Targa top NASCAR Convertible Division Hardtop Vinyl roof Sunroof Nonautomotive ( edit ) `` Rag Top Down '' , a 2012 rock song `` Red Rag Top '' , a 2002 country song References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beattie , Ian ( 1977 ) . The Complete Book of Automobile Body Design . Haynes Publishing Group . pp. 36 , 42 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 85429 - 217 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Convertible and Cabriolet what 's the difference ? '' . Convertible Car Magazine . February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cabriolet '' . Dictionary.com . Random House . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Jerry ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` 2007 Volkswagen Eos : In Praise of a Convertible Goddess '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . To neutralize the loss of torsional rigidity inherent in any convertible , VW engineers took the basket - handle roll bar of the VW Cabrio , inverted it and placed it under the rear seat pedestal . A beefed - up windshield frame of hot - stamped ultra-high - strength steel is connected directly to the floorpan 's reinforced frame rails . Steel tubing provides more stiffness behind the doors for an extra layer of safety . Partly as a consequence , rear seat passengers have about 10 inches less shoulder room than in the smaller Rabbit . Jump up ^ `` What You Should Know Before Buying a Convertible '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Roadster '' . Cars and Parts . 43 : 42 . 2000 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Milton ( 1957 ) . Fabrics and Fibers for Passenger Cars : Automobile Manufacturers ' Views , 1955 Compared with 1950 , Issue 152 of Marketing research report . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Marketing Service , Marketing Research Division . pp. 8 , 40 -- 41 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stroll , Daniel ( 2009 ) . `` Muscle Car Interior Restoration Guide '' . CarTech . p. 120 . ISBN 9781932494983 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chrysler Group ( 30 March 2007 ) . `` 2008 Chrysler Sebring Convertible 's Solid Structure and Systems Deliver Smooth Driving , Tight Handling and a Quiet Ride '' ( Press release ) . prnewswire.com . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Volvo C70 - safety , the next generation '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ File : 1934 Buick Series 60 Convertible Phaeton. JPG Jump up ^ Cars of the Sizzling ' 60s , by the auto editors of Consumer Guide ( Publications International , Ltd. , Lincolnwood , IL , 1997 ) , pages 68 to 69 , and 307 . ^ Jump up to : `` ¡ Hey , Macarena ! Heuliez Creates an Open - Top Peugeot 407 '' . Edmunds. 28 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cabriolet definition '' . Reverso Online Dictionary . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citroen C3 Pluriel ( 2003 -- ) Review '' . Archived from the original on 5 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citroen C3 Pluriel '' . honestjohn.co. 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All new ( AMC advertisement ) '' . Life . 50 ( 22 ) . 2 June 1962 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Nerad , Jack . `` Ford Skyliner '' . DrivingToday.com . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disappearing Top On Auto Worked By Push Button '' . Popular Mechanics. 63 ( 2 ) : 253 . February 1935 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Foreign Auto Has Disappearing Top '' . Popular Mechanics. 65 ( 1 ) : 53 . January 1936 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sass , Rob ( 10 December 2006 ) . `` New Again : The Hideaway Hardtop '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Vella , Matt ( 26 April 2007 ) . `` Convertibles with Hard Tops '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Schuon , Marshall ( 19 April 1987 ) . `` The few , the rich , Pininfarina '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Porsche Boxster news , pictures , and information '' . Conceptcarz.com . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Vaughn , Mark ( 10 September 2006 ) . `` 2007 Mazda MX - 5 Miata Power Retractable Hardtop '' . Autoweek . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Keebler , Jack ( August 2002 ) . `` 2004 Cadillac XLR '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Adler , Dennis ( 2011 ) . Convertibles . First Gear series . Minneapolis , MN : Motorbooks . ISBN 9780760340202 . Benson , Michael ( 1997 ) . Convertibles : Sun , Wind & Speed . London : Tiger Books International . ISBN 1855019507 . Georgano , Nick ( 2001 ) . Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 367 - 5 . Hirsch , Jay ; Weith , Warren ( 1979 ) . The Last American Convertibles . New York : Collier Books ; London : Collier Macmillan . ISBN 002080010X . Holmes , Mark ( 2007 ) . Ultimate Convertibles : Roofless Beauty . London : Kandour . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905741 - 62 - 5 . Langworth , Richard M ( 1988 ) . The Great American Convertible . New York : Beekman House . ISBN 0517655810 . Wieder , Robert ; Hall , George ( 1977 ) . The Great American Convertible : An Affectionate Guide . Garden City , NY : Doubleday . ISBN 0385131232 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to convertibles . Convertible Car Magazine <Th_colspan="2"> Car design Car classification By size Microcar City car Kei Subcompact Supermini Family car Compact Mid-size Full - size Custom Hot rod Lead sled Lowrider Street rod T - bucket Luxury Compact executive Executive Personal luxury car Minivan / Multi-purpose vehicle ( MPV ) Compact MPV Mini MPV Sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) Compact SUV Crossover SUV Mini SUV Sports car Grand tourer Hot hatch Muscle Pony Sport compact Supercar Antique Classic Economy Leisure activity vehicle Ute Van Voiturette Body styles 2 + 2 Baquet Barchetta Berlinetta Brougham Cabrio coach Cabriolet / Convertible Coupé Coupé de Ville Coupé utility Drophead coupe ( Convertible ) Fastback Hardtop Hatchback Landaulet Liftback Limousine Multi-stop truck Notchback Panel van Phaeton Pickup truck Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster Runabout Saloon / Sedan Sedan delivery Sedanca de Ville ( Coupé de Ville ) Shooting - brake Spider / Spyder ( Roadster ) Station wagon Targa top Torpedo Touring car Town car ( Coupé de Ville ) T - top Vis - à - vis Specialized vehicles Amphibious Driverless ( autonomous ) Hearse Gyrocar Roadable aircraft Taxicab Tow truck Propulsion Alternative fuel Autogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric ( battery NEV ) Ethanol ( E85 ) Fuel cell Gasoline / petrol ( direct injection ) Homogeneous charge compression ignition Hybrid ( plug - in ) Hydrogen Internal combustion Liquid nitrogen Steam Drive wheels Front - wheel Rear - wheel Two - wheel Four - wheel Six - wheel Eight - wheel Twelve - wheel Engine position Front Mid Rear Layout ( engine / drive ) Front / front Front mid / front Rear / front Front / rear Rear mid / rear Rear / rear Front / four - wheel Mid / four - wheel Rear / four - wheel Engine configuration ( internal combustion ) Boxer Flat Four - stroke H - block Reciprocating Single - cylinder Straight Two - stroke V ( Vee ) W engine Wankel <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convertible&oldid=802244040 '' Categories : Convertibles Automotive styling features Car body styles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles containing non-English - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 22 : 15 . 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1. Convertible car body style 2. Folding textile roof 3. Detachable hardtop 4. Retractable hardtop 5. Pros and cons of convertibles

how many percentage of laterite soil in india

Laterite - wikipedia Laterite Monument of laterite brickstones at Angadipuram , Kerala , India , which commemorates where laterite was first described and discussed by Buchanan - Hamilton in 1807 . Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium , and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas . Nearly all laterites are of rusty - red coloration , because of high iron oxide content . They develop by intensive and prolonged weathering of the underlying parent rock . Tropical weathering ( laterization ) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness , grade , chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils . The majority of the land area containing laterites is between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn . Laterite has commonly been referred to as a soil type as well as being a rock type . This and further variation in the modes of conceptualizing about laterite ( e.g. also as a complete weathering profile or theory about weathering ) has led to calls for the term to be abandoned altogether . At least a few researchers specializing in regolith development have considered that hopeless confusion has evolved around the name . There is no likelihood , however , that the name will ever be abandoned ; for material that looks highly similar to the Indian laterite occurs abundantly worldwide , and it is reasonable to call such material laterite . Historically , laterite was cut into brick - like shapes and used in monument - building . After 1000 CE , construction at Angkor Wat and other southeast Asian sites changed to rectangular temple enclosures made of laterite , brick and stone . Since the mid-1970s , some trial sections of bituminous - surfaced , low - volume roads have used laterite in place of stone as a base course . Thick laterite layers are porous and slightly permeable , so the layers can function as aquifers in rural areas . Locally available laterites have been used in an acid solution , followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy metals at sewage - treatment facilities . Laterites are a source of aluminium ore ; the ore exists largely in clay minerals and the hydroxides , gibbsite , boehmite , and diaspore , which resembles the composition of bauxite . In Northern Ireland they once provided a major source of iron and aluminium ores . Laterite ores also were the early major source of nickel . Contents 1 Definition and physical description 2 Formation 3 Locations 4 Uses 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Building blocks 4.3 Road building 4.4 Water supply 4.5 Waste water treatment 4.6 Ores 4.6. 1 Bauxite 4.6. 2 Iron 4.6. 3 Nickel 5 See also 6 References Definition and physical description ( edit ) Laterite in Sơn Tây , Hanoi , Vietnam . Francis Buchanan - Hamilton first described and named a laterite formation in southern India in 1807 . He named it laterite from the Latin word later , which means a brick ; this highly compacted and cemented soil can easily be cut into brick - shaped blocks for building . The word laterite has been used for variably cemented , sesquioxide - rich soil horizons . A sesquioxide is an oxide with three atoms of oxygen and two metal atoms . It has also been used for any reddish soil at or near the Earth 's surface . Laterite covers are thick in the stable areas of the Western Ethiopian Shield , on cratons of the South American Plate , and on the Australian Shield . In Madhya Pradesh , India , the laterite which caps the plateau is 30 m ( 100 ft ) thick . Laterites can be either soft and easily broken into smaller pieces , or firm and physically resistant . Basement rocks are buried under the thick weathered layer and rarely exposed . Lateritic soils form the uppermost part of the laterite cover . Very good water holding capacity : - Because the particles are so small , the water is trapped between them . - After rain , the water moves into the soil slowly . - Palms are less likely to suffer from drought because the rain water is held in the soil . - However , flooding after heavy rains is more likely . - Nutrient leaching is not likely because the water moves down very slowly . - Nutrients can be washed away from the soil surface easily because the water stays on top of the soil and does n't move inside . Large surface of soil particles : - Small clay particles have a large surface area compared to sand particles . - Nutrients stick to clay soils more strongly . - Most clay soils are quite fertile and oil palms need relatively small amounts of fertiliser . Heavy structure : - Because of the tiny particles , the soil sticks together very easily ( see Figure 3 ) . - Digging holes or other soil management activities are difficult and should be carried out only on dry soils . - Soil compaction happens easily , especially when the soil is wet . Once compacted , the soil becomes very hard and the oil palm roots can not grow well . Therefore , it is important to be careful with cattle grazing and with allowing machines such as trucks and excavators into the plantation , especially after rain . Formation ( edit ) Laterite is often located under residual soils . Soil layers , from soil down to bedrock : A represents soil ; B represents laterite , a regolith ; C represents saprolite , a less - weathered regolith ; below C is bedrock Tropical weathering ( laterization ) is a prolonged process of chemical weathering which produces a wide variety in the thickness , grade , chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils . The initial products of weathering are essentially kaolinized rocks called saprolites . A period of active laterization extended from about the mid-Tertiary to the mid-Quaternary periods ( 35 to 1.5 million years ago ) . Statistical analyses show that the transition in the mean and variance levels of O during the middle of the Pleistocene was abrupt . It seems this abrupt change was global and mainly represents an increase in ice mass ; at about the same time an abrupt decrease in sea surface temperatures occurred ; these two changes indicate a sudden global cooling . The rate of laterization would have decreased with the abrupt cooling of the earth . Weathering in tropical climates continues to this day , at a reduced rate . Laterites are formed from the leaching of parent sedimentary rocks ( sandstones , clays , limestones ) ; metamorphic rocks ( schists , gneisses , migmatites ) ; igneous rocks ( granites , basalts , gabbros , peridotites ) ; and mineralised proto - ores ; which leaves the more insoluble ions , predominantly iron and aluminium . The mechanism of leaching involves acid dissolving the host mineral lattice , followed by hydrolysis and precipitation of insoluble oxides and sulfates of iron , aluminium and silica under the high temperature conditions of a humid sub-tropical monsoon climate . An essential feature for the formation of laterite is the repetition of wet and dry seasons . Rocks are leached by percolating rain water during the wet season ; the resulting solution containing the leached ions is brought to the surface by capillary action during the dry season . These ions form soluble salt compounds which dry on the surface ; these salts are washed away during the next wet season . Laterite formation is favoured in low topographical reliefs of gentle crests and plateaus which prevents erosion of the surface cover . The reaction zone where rocks are in contact with water -- from the lowest to highest water table levels -- is progressively depleted of the easily leached ions of sodium , potassium , calcium and magnesium . A solution of these ions can have the correct pH to preferentially dissolve silicon oxide rather than the aluminium oxides and iron oxides . The mineralogical and chemical compositions of laterites are dependent on their parent rocks . Laterites consist mainly of quartz , zircon , and oxides of titanium , iron , tin , aluminium and manganese , which remain during the course of weathering . Quartz is the most abundant relic mineral from the parent rock . Laterites vary significantly according to their location , climate and depth . The main host minerals for nickel and cobalt can be either iron oxides , clay minerals or manganese oxides . Iron oxides are derived from mafic igneous rocks and other iron - rich rocks ; bauxites are derived from granitic igneous rock and other iron - poor rocks . Nickel laterites occur in zones of the earth which experienced prolonged tropical weathering of ultramafic rocks containing the ferro - magnesian minerals olivine , pyroxene , and amphibole . Locations ( edit ) Yves Tardy , from the French Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , calculated that laterites cover about one - third of the Earth 's continental land area . Lateritic soils are the subsoils of the equatorial forests , of the savannas of the humid tropical regions , and of the Sahelian steppes . They cover most of the land area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn ; areas not covered within these latitudes include the extreme western portion of South America , the southwestern portion of Africa , the desert regions of north - central Africa , the Arabian peninsula and the interior of Australia . Some of the oldest and most highly deformed ultramafic rocks which underwent laterization are found in the complex Precambrian shields in Brazil and Australia . Smaller highly deformed Alpine - type intrusives have formed laterite profiles in Guatemala , Colombia , Central Europe , India and Burma . Large thrust sheets of Mesozoic island arcs and continental collision zones underwent laterization in New Caledonia , Cuba , Indonesia and the Philippines . Laterites reflect past weathering conditions ; laterites which are found in present - day non-tropical areas are products of former geological epochs , when that area was near the equator . Present - day laterite occurring outside the humid tropics are considered to be indicators of climatic change , continental drift or a combination of both . Uses ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Laterite soils have a high clay content , which mean they have higher Cation Exchange Capacity and water - holding capacity than sandy soils . It is because the particles are so small , the water is trapped between them. After rain , the water moves into the soil slowly. Palms are less likely to suffer from drought because the rain water is held in the soil . However , if the structure of lateritic soils becomes degraded , a hard crust can form on the surface , which hinders water infiltration , the emergence of seedlings , and leads to increased runoff . It is possible to rehabilitate such soils , using a system called the ' bio-reclamation of degraded lands ' . This involves using indigenous water - harvesting methods ( such as planting pits and trenches ) , applying animal and plant residues , and planting high - value fruit trees and indigenous vegetable crops that are tolerant of drought conditions . They are good for oil palm , tea , coffee and cashew cultivation . The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) has employed this system to rehabilitate degraded laterite soils in Niger and increase smallholder farmers ' incomes . Building blocks ( edit ) Cutting laterite bricks in Angadipuram , India Example of construction with laterite in Pre Rup , Angkor , Cambodia . When moist , laterites can easily be cut with a spade into regular - sized blocks . Laterite is mined while it is below the water table , so it is wet and soft . Upon exposure to air it gradually hardens as the moisture between the flat clay particles evaporates and the larger iron salts lock into a rigid lattice structure and become resistant to atmospheric conditions . The art of quarrying laterite material into masonry is suspected to have been introduced from the Indian subcontinent . After 1000 CE Angkorian construction changed from circular or irregular earthen walls to rectangular temple enclosures of laterite , brick and stone structures . Geographic surveys show areas which have laterite stone alignments which may be foundations of temple sites that have not survived . The Khmer people constructed the Angkor monuments -- which are widely distributed in Cambodia and Thailand -- between the 9th and 13th centuries . The stone materials used were sandstone and laterite ; brick had been used in monuments constructed in the 9th and 10th centuries . Two types of laterite can be identified ; both types consist of the minerals kaolinite , quartz , hematite and goethite . Differences in the amounts of minor elements arsenic , antimony , vanadium and strontium were measured between the two laterites . Angkor Wat -- located in present - day Cambodia -- is the largest religious structure built by Suryavarman II , who ruled the Khmer Empire from 1112 to 1152 . It is a World Heritage site . The sandstone used for the building of Angkor Wat is Mesozoic sandstone quarried in the Phnom Kulen Mountains , about 40 km ( 25 mi ) away from the temple . The foundations and internal parts of the temple contain laterite blocks behind the sandstone surface . The masonry was laid without joint mortar . Road building ( edit ) Laterite road near Kounkane , Upper Casamance , Senegal The French surfaced roads in the Cambodia , Thailand and Viet Nam area with crushed laterite , stone or gravel . Kenya , during the mid-1970s , and Malawi , during the mid-1980s , constructed trial sections of bituminous - surfaced low - volume roads using laterite in place of stone as a base course . The laterite did not conform with any accepted specifications but performed equally well when compared with adjoining sections of road using stone or other stabilized material as a base . In 1984 US $40,000 per 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) was saved in Malawi by using laterite in this way . Water supply ( edit ) Bedrock in tropical zones is often granite , gneiss , schist or sandstone ; the thick laterite layer is porous and slightly permeable so the layer can function as an aquifer in rural areas . One example is the Southwestern Laterite ( Cabook ) Aquifer in Sri Lanka . This aquifer is on the southwest border of Sri Lanka , with the narrow Shallow Aquifers on Coastal Sands between it and the ocean . It has considerable water - holding capacity , depending on the depth of the formation . The aquifer in this laterite recharges rapidly with the rains of April -- May which follow the dry season of February -- March , and continues to fill with the monsoon rains . The water table recedes slowly and is recharged several times during the rest of the year . In some high - density suburban areas the water table could recede to 15 m ( 50 ft ) below ground level during a prolonged dry period of more than 65 days . The Cabook Aquifer laterites support relatively shallow aquifers that are accessible to dug wells . Waste water treatment ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , phosphorus enrichment of lakes due to agriculture is a significant problem . Locally available laterite -- a low - grade bauxite rich in iron and aluminium -- is used in acid solution , followed by precipitation to remove phosphorus and heavy metals at several sewage treatment facilities . Calcium - , iron - and aluminium - rich solid media are recommended for phosphorus removal . A study , using both laboratory tests and pilot - scale constructed wetlands , reports the effectiveness of granular laterite in removing phosphorus and heavy metals from landfill leachate . Initial laboratory studies show that laterite is capable of 99 % removal of phosphorus from solution . A pilot - scale experimental facility containing laterite achieved 96 % removal of phosphorus . This removal is greater than reported in other systems . Initial removals of aluminium and iron by pilot - scale facilities have been up to 85 % and 98 % respectively . Percolating columns of laterite removed enough cadmium , chromium and lead to undetectable concentrations . There is a possible application of this low - cost , low - technology , visually unobtrusive , efficient system for rural areas with dispersed point sources of pollution . Ores ( edit ) Cretaceous iron - rich laterite ( the dark unit ) in Hamakhtesh Hagadol , southern Israel . Ores are concentrated in metalliferous laterites ; aluminium is found in bauxites , iron and manganese are found in iron - rich hard crusts , nickel and copper are found in disintegrated rocks , and gold is found in mottled clays . Bauxite ( edit ) Bauxite on white kaolinitic sandstone at Pera Head , Weipa , Australia Bauxite ore is the main source for aluminium . Bauxite is a variety of laterite ( residual sedimentary rock ) , so it has no precise chemical formula . It is composed mainly of hydrated alumina minerals such as gibbsite ( Al ( OH ) or Al O . 3H O ) ) in newer tropical deposits ; in older subtropical , temperate deposits the major minerals are boehmite ( γ - AlO ( OH ) or Al O. H O ) and some diaspore ( α - AlO ( OH ) or Al O. H O ) . The average chemical composition of bauxite , by weight , is 45 to 60 % Al O and 20 to 30 % Fe O . The remaining weight consists of silicas ( quartz , chalcedony and kaolinite ) , carbonates ( calcite , magnesite and dolomite ) , titanium dioxide and water . Bauxites of economical interest must be low in kaolinite . Formation of lateritic bauxites occurs worldwide in the 145 - to 2 - million - year - old Cretaceous and Tertiary coastal plains . The bauxites form elongate belts , sometimes hundreds of kilometers long , parallel to Lower Tertiary shorelines in India and South America ; their distribution is not related to a particular mineralogical composition of the parent rock . Many high - level bauxites are formed in coastal plains which were subsequently uplifted to their present altitude . Iron ( edit ) The dark veins are precipitated iron within kaolinized basalt near Hungen , Vogelsberg , Germany . The basaltic laterites of Northern Ireland were formed by extensive chemical weathering of basalts during a period of volcanic activity . They reach a maximum thickness of 30 m ( 100 ft ) and once provided a major source of iron and aluminium ore . Percolating waters caused degradation of the parent basalt and preferential precipitation by acidic water through the lattice left the iron and aluminium ores . Primary olivine , plagioclase feldspar and augite were successively broken down and replaced by a mineral assemblage consisting of hematite , gibbsite , goethite , anatase , halloysite and kaolinite . Nickel ( edit ) Main article : Lateritic nickel ore deposits Irregular weathering of grey serpentinite to greyish - brown nickel - containing laterite with a high iron percentage ( nickel limonite ) , near Mayagüez , Puerto Rico . Laterite ores were the major source of early nickel . Rich laterite deposits in New Caledonia were mined starting the end of the 19th century to produce white metal . The discovery of sulfide deposits of Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , during the early part of the 20th century shifted the focus to sulfides for nickel extraction . About 70 % of the Earth 's land - based nickel resources are contained in laterites ; they currently account for about 40 % of the world nickel production . In 1950 laterite - source nickel was less than 10 % of total production , in 2003 it accounted for 42 % , and by 2012 the share of laterite - source nickel was expected to be 51 % . The four main areas in the world with the largest nickel laterite resources are New Caledonia , with 21 % ; Australia , with 20 % ; the Philippines , with 17 % ; and Indonesia , with 12 % . See also ( edit ) Oxisol References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thurston , Edgar ( 1913 ) . The Madras Presidency , With Mysore , Coorg and the Associated States , Provincial Geographies of India . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Helgren , David M. ; Butzer , Karl W. Butzer ( October 1977 ) . `` Paleosols of the Southern Cape Coast , South Africa : Implications for Laterite Definition , Genesis , and Age '' . Geographical Review . American Geographical Society . 67 ( 4 ) : 430 . JSTOR 213626 . ^ Jump up to : Tardy , Yves ( 1997 ) . Petrology of Laterites and Tropical Soils . ISBN 90 - 5410 - 678 - 6 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , M.K. Roy ; Venkatesh , V. ; Anandalwar , M.A. ; Paul , D.K. ( May 11 , 1965 ) . Recent Concepts on the Origin of Indian Laterite ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Geological Survey of India , Calcutta . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dalvi , Ashok D. ; Bacon , W. Gordon ; Osborne , Robert C. ( March 7 -- 10 , 2004 ) . The Past and the Future of Nickel Laterites ( PDF ) ( Report ) . PDAC 2004 International Convention , Trade Show & Investors Exchange . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Schellmann , W. `` An Introduction in Laterite '' . ^ Jump up to : Maasch , K.A. ( February 1988 ) . `` Statistical Detection of the mid-Pleistocene Transition '' . Climate Dynamics . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 2 ( 3 ) : 133 -- 143 . Bibcode : 1988ClDy ... 2 ... 133M . doi : 10.1007 / BF01053471 . ISSN 0930 - 7575 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Whittington , B.I. ; Muir , D. ( October 2000 ) . `` Pressure Acid Leaching of Nickel Laterites : A Review '' . Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review . 21 ( 6 ) : 527 -- 599 . doi : 10.1080 / 08827500008914177 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , I.G. ; Worden , R.H. ; Meighan , I.G. ( May 1 , 2000 ) . `` Geochemical evolution of a palaeolaterite : the Interbasaltic Formation , Northern Ireland '' . Chemical Geology. 166 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 65 -- 84 . Bibcode : 2000ChGeo. 166 ... 65H . doi : 10.1016 / S0009 - 2541 ( 99 ) 00179 - 5 . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Yamaguchi , Kosei E. ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Iron isotope compositions of Fe - oxide as a measure of water - rock interaction : An example from Precambrian tropical laterite in Botswana ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Frontier Research on Earth Evolution. 2 . p. 3 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bourman , R.P. ( August 1993 ) . `` Perennial problems in the study of laterite : A review '' . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences . 40 ( 4 ) : 387 -- 401 . Bibcode : 1993AuJES ... 40 ... 387B . doi : 10.1080 / 08120099308728090 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bio-reclamation -- Converting degraded lateritic soils into productive land , Rural 21 , March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Engelhardt , Richard A. New Directions for Archaeological Research on the Angkor Plain : The Use of Remote Sensing Technology for Research into Ancient Khmer Environmental Engineering ( Report ) . UNESCO . p. 8 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rocks , David ( May 2009 ) . `` Ancient Khmer Quarrying of Arkose Sandstone for Monumental Architecture and Sculpture '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History : 1235 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , David . `` Archaelological Evidence of Khmer State Political and Economic Organisation '' . International Archaeological Research Institute . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Uchinda , E. ; Cunin , O. ; Shimoda , I. ; Suda , C. ; Nakagawa , T. ( 2003 ) . `` The Construction Process of the Angkor Monuments Elucidated by the Magnetic Susceptibility of Sandstone '' ( PDF ) . Archaeometry. 45 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 232 . doi : 10.1111 / 1475 - 4754.00105 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Waragai , Tetsuya ; Katagiri , Masao ; Miwa , Satoru ( 2006 ) . A Preliminary Study on the Direction Dependence of Sandstone Column Deterioration in the First Gallery of Angkor Wat ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Proceedings of the Institute of Natural Sciences , Nihon University . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Siedel , H. ; Plehwe - Leisen , E. v. ; Leisen , H. ( 2008 ) . Salt Load and Deterioration of Sandstone at the Temple of Angkor Wat , Cambodia ( PDF ) ( Report ) . 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone , Torun , Poland . I. p. 268 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sari , Betti Rosita ( 2004 ) . `` The Trade Route in the Cambodian / Thai Border Areas : Challenges and Opportunities '' . Journal of Masyarakat Indonesia : 6 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grace , Henry ( September 1991 ) . `` Investigations in Kenya and Malawi using as - dug laterite as bases for bituminous surfaced roads '' . Journal Geotechnical and Geological Engineering . Springer Netherlands . 9 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 183 -- 195 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00881740 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Panabokke , C.R. ; Perera , A.P.G.R.L. ( January 2005 ) . Groundwater Resources of Sri Lanka ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Water Resources Board . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , R.B. ; McAtamney , C.F. ( December 1996 ) . `` Constructed wetlands for waste water treatment : the use of laterite in the bed medium in phosphorus and heavy metal removal '' . Hydrobiologia . Springer Netherlands . 340 ( 1 - 3 ) : 323 -- 331 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00012776 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cardarelli , Francois ( 2008 ) . Material Handbook : A Concise Desktop Reference . Springer . p. 601 . ISBN 9781846286681 . ^ Jump up to : Valeton , Ida ( 1983 ) . `` Palaeoenvironment of lateritic bauxites with vertical and lateral differentiation '' . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . Geological Society of London . 11 : 77 -- 90 . Bibcode : 1983GSLSP ... 11 ... 77V . doi : 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 1983.011. 01.10 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . <Th_colspan="2"> Soil classification USDA soil taxonomy Alfisols Andisols Aridisols Entisols Gelisols Histosols Inceptisols Mollisols Oxisols Spodosols Ultisols Vertisols World Reference Base for Soil Resources ( 1998 -- ) Acrisols Albeluvisols Alisols Andosols Anthrosols Arenosols Calcisols Cambisols Chernozem Cryosols Durisols Ferralsols Fluvisols Gleysols Gypsisols Histosol Kastanozems Leptosols Lixisols Luvisols Nitisols Phaeozems Planosols Plinthosols Podzols Regosols Solonchaks Solonetz Stagnosol Technosols Umbrisols Vertisols Other systems FAO soil classification ( 1974 -- 98 ) Unified Soil Classification System AASHTO Soil Classification System Référentiel pédologique ( French classification system ) Canadian system of soil classification Australian Soil Classification Polish Soil Classification 1938 USDA soil taxonomy List of U.S. state soils List of vineyard soil types <Td_colspan="2"> Types of soil NDL : 00569320 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laterite&oldid=850862167 '' Categories : Sedimentology Weathering Ore deposits Aluminium minerals Pedology Building materials Regolith Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 12 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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1. Laterite formation and characteristics 2. Uses of laterite in agriculture and construction 3. Laterite as a base material for road building 4. Laterite as a source of water supply in rural areas 5. Laterite as a potential solution for wastewater treatment

what does gr stand for in tour de france

General classification in the Tour de France - wikipedia General classification in the Tour de France `` Yellow Jersey '' redirects here . For the publisher Yellow Jersey Press , see Random House . See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics <Th_colspan="2"> Yellow jersey <Td_colspan="2"> The 2013 yellow jersey , worn by Simon Gerrans Sport Road bicycle racing Competition Tour de France Given for Overall best time Local name Maillot jaune ( French ) <Th_colspan="2"> History First award 1903 Editions 105 ( as of 2018 ) First winner Maurice Garin ( FRA ) Most wins Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 5 wins Most recent Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) The general classification is the most important classification , the one by which the winner of the Tour de France is determined . Since 1919 , the leader of the general classification wears the yellow jersey ( French : maillot jaune pronounced ( majo ʒon ) ) . Contents 1 History 2 Rules 3 More than one rider leading the general classification 4 No riders in yellow 5 Scandal in yellow 6 Record days in yellow 7 The man who refused the yellow jersey 8 `` Elegance in yellow '' 9 Sponsorship 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The winner of the first Tour de France wore a green armband , not a yellow jersey . After the second Tour de France , the rules were changed , and the general classification was no longer calculated by time , but by points . This points system was kept until 1912 , after which it changed back into the time classification . At that time , the leader still did not wear a yellow jersey . There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began . The Belgian rider Philippe Thys , who won the Tour in 1913 , 1914 and 1920 , recalled in the Belgian magazine Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser , Henri Desgrange , asked him to wear a coloured jersey . Thys declined , saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him . He said : `` He then made his argument from another direction . Several stages later , it was my team manager at Peugeot , ( Alphonse ) Baugé , who urged me to give in . The yellow jersey would be an advertisement for the company and , that being the argument , I was obliged to concede . So a yellow jersey was bought in the first shop we came to . It was just the right size , although we had to cut a slightly larger hole for my head to go through . '' He spoke of the next year 's race , when `` I won the first stage and was beaten by a tyre by Bossus in the second . On the following stage , the maillot jaune passed to Georget after a crash . '' The Tour historian Jacques Augendre called Thys `` a valorous rider ... well - known for his intelligence '' and said his claim `` seems free from all suspicion '' . But : `` No newspaper mentions a yellow jersey before the war . Being at a loss for witnesses , we ca n't solve this enigma . '' According to the official history , the first yellow jersey was worn by the Frenchman Eugène Christophe in the stage from Grenoble to Geneva on July 18 , 1919 . The colour was chosen either to reflect the yellow newsprint of the organising newspaper , L'Auto , or because yellow was an unpopular colour and therefore the only one available with which a manufacturer could create jerseys at late notice . The two possibilities have been promoted equally but the idea of matching the colour of Desgrange 's newspaper seems more probable because Desgrange wrote : `` This morning I gave the valiant Christophe a superb yellow jersey . You already know that our director decided that the man leading the race ( de tête du classement général ) should wear a jersey in the colours of L'Auto . The battle to wear this jersey is going to be passionate . '' Christophe disliked wearing it , anyway , and complained that spectators imitated canaries whenever he passed . It was a habit encouraged by his nickname of Cri - Cri ( from `` Christophe '' ) which is French babytalk for a bird . Christophe remembered riders and spectators teasing : `` Ah , the yellow jersey ! Is n't he beautiful , the canary ? What are you doing , Madame Cri - Cri '' , adding , `` And that lasted the whole course . '' There was no formal presentation when Christophe wore his first yellow jersey in Grenoble , from where the race left at 2am for the 325 km to Geneva . He was given it the night before and tried it on later in his hotel . In the next Tour de France in 1920 , the yellow jersey was initially not awarded , but after the ninth stage , it was introduced again . Winner of the 1965 Tour 's general classification Felice Gimondi wearing the yellow jersey with the initials of Henri Desgrange , the first organiser of the Tour de France After Desgrange 's death , his stylized initials were added to the yellow jersey , originally on the chest . They moved in 1969 to the sleeve to make way for a logo advertising Virlux . A further advertisement for the clothing company Le Coq Sportif appeared at the bottom of the zip fastener at the neck , the first supplementary advertisement on the yellow jersey . Desgrange 's initials returned to the front of the jersey in 1972 , some years on the left , others on the right . They were removed in 1984 to make way for a commercial logo but Nike added them again in 2003 as part of the Tour 's centenary celebrations . One set of initials is now worn on the upper right chest of the jersey . In 2013 , a nighttime finish on the Champs - Élysées for the final stage was done to commemorate the race 's 100th edition . Race leader Chris Froome wore a special yellow jersey covered in small translucent sequins into Paris as well as on the podium to allow him to be more visible under the lights . The original yellow jerseys were of conventional style . Riders had to pull them over their head on the rostrum . For many years the jersey was made in only limited sizes and many riders found it a struggle to pull one on , especially when tired or wet . The presentation jersey is now made with a full - length zip at the back and the rider pulls it on from the front , sliding his hands through the sleeves rather like a strait - jacket . He then receives three further jerseys each day , plus money ( referred to as the `` rent '' ) for each day he leads the race . There is no copyright on the yellow jersey and it has been imitated by many other races , although not always for the best rider overall : in the Tour of Benelux yellow is worn by the best young rider . In professional surf , the current male and female leaders of the World Surf League get to wear a yellow jersey on all the heats of a tour stop . In American English it is sometimes referred to as the mellow johnny , a mispronunciation of its French name originally by Lance Armstrong , who wore it many times while riding in the 1999 - 2005 races . Armstrong also uses the name `` Mellow Johnny '' for his Texas - based bike shop . The Lance Armstrong Foundation donated the yellow jersey from Armstrong 's fourth Tour de France win ( 2002 ) to the National Museum of American History . Rules ( edit ) The Tour de France , and other bicycle stage races , are decided by totalling the time each rider takes on the daily stages . Time can be added or subtracted from this total time as bonuses or penalties for winning individual stages or being first to the top of a climb or for infractions of the rules . The rider with the lowest overall time at the end of each stage receives a ceremonial yellow bicycling jersey and the right to start the next stage , usually the next day , of the Tour in the yellow jersey . The rider to receive the yellow jersey after the last stage in Paris , is the overall ( or ultimate ) winner of the Tour . Similar leader 's jerseys exist in other cycling races , but are not always yellow ( the color being chosen by the individual race organizers ) . The Tour of California uses gold , the Giro d'Italia uses pink and the Tour Down Under uses an ochre - coloured jersey , as ochre is a colour strongly associated with Australia , particularly its desert regions . Until 2009 the Vuelta a España used gold ; since 2010 the leader 's jersey is red . More than one rider leading the general classification ( edit ) In the early years of the Tour de France , the time was measured in minutes . Although usually cyclists were seconds apart , sometimes several cyclists shared the same time . In 1914 , before the introduction of the yellow jersey , this had happened with the two leaders , Philippe Thys and Jean Rossius . After the introduction of the yellow jersey in 1919 , the situation occurred twice . The first time was in 1929 , when three riders had the same time when the race reached Bordeaux . Nicolas Frantz of Luxembourg and the Frenchmen Victor Fontan and André Leducq all rode in yellow , although none held it to the finish in Paris . In 1931 , Charles Pélissier and Rafaele di Paco were both leading with the same time . The problem of joint leaders was resolved in later Tours by giving the jersey to whichever rider had the best daily finishing places earlier in the race . The introduction of a short time trial at the start of the race in 1967 - the prologue time trial -- meant riders have since been divided by fractions of seconds recorded in that race , excepting the 2008 , 2011 and 2013 editions . According to the ASO rules `` In the event of a tie in the general ranking , the hundredth of a second recorded by the timekeepers during the individual time trial stages will be included in the total times in order to decide the overall winner and who takes the yellow jersey . If a tie should still result from this , then the places achieved for each stage are added up and , as a last resort , the place obtained in the final stage is counted . '' No riders in yellow ( edit ) Riders who became race leader through the misfortune of others have ridden next day without the yellow jersey . In 1950 , Ferdi Kubler of Switzerland rode in his national jersey rather than yellow when the race leader , Fiorenzo Magni abandoned the race along with the Italian team in protest at threats said to have been made by spectators . Eddy Merckx declined the jersey in 1971 after its previous wearer , Luis Ocaña , crashed on the col de Mente in the Pyrenees . The Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk did not wear the yellow jersey that passed to him in 1980 when his rival , Bernard Hinault retired with tendonitis . In 1991 , Greg LeMond rode without the jersey after a crash eliminated Rolf Sørensen of Denmark . In 2005 , Lance Armstrong refused to start in the yellow jersey after the previous owner , David Zabriskie , was eliminated by a crash , but put it on after the neutral zone on request of the race organizers . In 2015 , there was no yellow jersey in stage 7 after Tony Martin had crashed in the previous stage . Martin had finished the previous stage after the crash ( and officially retained the yellow jersey as a result ) , but had broken his collarbone in the crash and did not start stage 7 . Chris Froome became the overall leader with Martin 's non-start . The yellow jersey on the first day of the Tour is traditionally permitted to be worn by the winner of the previous year 's race ; however , wearing it is a choice left to the rider , and in recent years has gone out of fashion . If the winner does not ride , the jersey is not worn . The previous year 's winner traditionally has race number `` 1 '' ( with his teammates given the other single - digit racing numbers ) , with subsequent sets of numbers determined by the highest classified riders for that team in the previous Tour . The lead riders for a particular team will often wear the first number in the series ( 11 , 21 , 31 and so forth ) , but these riders are not necessarily contenders for the general classification -- teams led by sprinters will often designate the points classification contender as their lead rider . In 2007 there was neither a yellow jersey at the start of the race nor a number 1 ; the previous winner , Floyd Landis of the United States failed a doping control after the race and organisers declined to declare an official winner pending arbitration of the Landis case . On September 20 , 2007 , Landis was officially stripped of his title following the arbitration court 's guilty verdict , and the 2006 title passed to Óscar Pereiro ; in 2008 , the runner - up in 2007 , Cadel Evans was given the race number `` 1 '' when the 2007 winner , Alberto Contador was unable to defend his title due to a dispute between the organisers ASO and his new team Astana barring that team from riding the Tour . Scandal in yellow ( edit ) In 1978 the Belgian rider Michel Pollentier became race leader after attacking on the Alpe d'Huez . He was disqualified the same day after trying to cheat a drug test . In 1988 , Pedro Delgado of Spain won the Tour despite a drug test showing he had taken a drug that could be used to hide the use of steroids . News of the test was leaked to the press by the former organiser of the Tour , Jacques Goddet . Delgado was allowed to continue because the drug , probenecid , was not banned by the Union Cycliste Internationale . The 1996 winner Bjarne Riis of Denmark said , in 2007 , that he used drugs during the race . He was asked to stay away from the 2007 Tour in his role as directeur sportif of the Danish Team CSC ( now called Team Saxo - Tinkoff ) . The 2006 winner Floyd Landis was disqualified more than a year after the race . After he failed a doping control test following his stunning Stage 17 victory , an arbitration panel declared him guilty of doping in September 2007 ; the official title for the 2006 Tour passed to Óscar Pereiro . Landis appealed his case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , but lost this appeal at the end of June 2008 allowing Oscar Pereiro to start the 2008 edition of Le Tour de France as the unqualified 2006 Tour champion . In 2007 , the Danish rider Michael Rasmussen was withdrawn from the race by his team after complaints that he had not made himself available for drug tests earlier in the year . Rasmussen said that he was in Mexico but there were reports that he was seen training in Italy . He later admitted doping for more than a decade . Maurice Garin won the Tour de France before yellow jerseys were awarded ; but in 1904 , he was disqualified as winner after complaints that he and other riders cheated . The allegations disappeared with the Tour de France 's other archives , when they were taken south in 1940 to avoid the German invasion . But a man , who knew Garin as a small boy , recalled that the Garin admitted catching a train part of the way . In 2012 , Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles by UCI , following a report by the United States Anti-Doping Agency revealing that Armstrong had systematically used performance - enhancing drugs for much of his career , including all seven Tour victories . Record days in yellow ( edit ) The rider who has most worn the yellow jersey is the Belgian Eddy Merckx , who wore it 96 days . The greatest number of riders to wear the jersey in a single edition of Le Tour de France is eight , which happened in 1958 and 1987 . The man who refused the yellow jersey ( edit ) The yellow jersey was made for decades , like all other cycling jerseys , from wool . No synthetic fibres existed which had both the warmth and the absorption of wool . Embroidery was expensive and so the only lettering to appear on the jersey was the H.D. of Desgrange 's initials . Riders added the name of the team for which they were riding or the professional team for which they normally rode ( in the years when the Tour was for national rather than sponsored teams ) by attaching a panel of printed cloth to the front of the jersey by pins . While synthetic material did n't exist in a way to create whole jerseys , synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947 , following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor . Sofil made artificial yarn . Riders , especially the Frenchman Louison Bobet ( Louis Bobet as he was still known ) , believed in the pureness of wool . Bobet insisted that cyclists needed wool for their long days of sweating in the heat and dust . It was a matter of hygiene . Artificial fabrics made riders sweat too much . And , in his first Tour de France , he refused to wear the jersey with which he had been presented . Goddet recalled : `` It produced a real drama . Our contract with Sofil was crumbling away . If the news had got out , the commercial effect would have been disastrous for the manufacturer . I remember debating it with him a good part of the night . Louison was always exquisitely courteous but his principles were as hard as the granite blocks of his native Brittany coast . '' No compromise was possible . Goddet had to get Sofil to produce another jersey overnight , its logo still visible but artificial fabric absent . `` Elegance in yellow '' ( edit ) For the veteran writer and television broadcaster Jean - Paul Ollivier , the woollen yellow jersey ... `` ... gave the riders a rare elegance , even if the way it caught the air left something to be desired . In wool , then in Rhovyl -- a material used for making underwear -- it entered into legend for the quality of those who wore it . Those were the years of national teams . In 1930 Henri Desgrange , the organiser , decided that commercially - sponsored teams were contriving to spoil his race and opted instead for teams representing countries . The Tour de France stayed that way until 1962 , when it reverted to commercial teams with the exception of 1967 and 1968 and the riders knotted on their jerseys a spare tyre ( across the shoulders ) A narrow slip of white cotton placed on the chest showed discreetly the name of the sponsor outside the Tour : La Perle , Mercier , Helyett ... '' The advent of printing by flocking , a process in which cotton fluff is sprayed on to stencilled glue , and then of screen printing , combined with the domination of synthetic materials to increase the advertising on jerseys : the domination which Ollivier regrets . `` All sorts of fantasies such as fluorescent jerseys or shorts , '' he said . Such was the quantity of advertising when Bernard Thévenet accepted the yellow jersey when the Tour finished for the first time on the Champs Elysées in 1975 that the French sports minister counted all the logos and protested to broadcasters . Since then the number of people with access to the podium has been restricted . Sponsorship ( edit ) The French bank , Crédit Lyonnais , has sponsored the maillot jaune since 1987 . The company has been a commercial partner of the Tour since 1981 . It awards a toy lion - le lion en peluche - to each day 's winner as a play on its name . In 2007 , sponsorship of the jersey was credited to LCL , the new name for Crédit Lyonnais following its takeover by another bank , Crédit Agricole . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Woodland , Les ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . Yellow Jersey Companion to the Tour de France . Yellow Jersey , UK . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chany , Pierre ( 1997 ) La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France , Ed . de la Martinière , France . Jump up ^ Chany , Pierre : La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme , Nathan , France Jump up ^ `` C'était en 1913 . J'étais leader du classement général . Une nuit , Desgrange rêva d'un maillot couleur or et me proposa de le porter . Je refusais , car je me sentais déjà le point de mire de tous . Il insista , mais je me montrais intraitable . Têtu , H.D. revint à la charge par la tangente . En effet , quelques étapes plus loin , ce fut mon directeur sportif de la marque Peugeot , M. Baugé , qui me conseilla de céder . On acheta donc dans le premier magasin venu , un maillot jaune . Il était juste aux dimensions nécessaires . Trop juste même , puisqu'il fallut découper une encolure plus grande pour le passage de la tête et c'est ainsi que je fis plusieurs étapes en décolleté de grande dame . Ce qui ne m'empêcha pas de gagner mon premier Tour ! '' Jump up ^ Augendre , Jacques : Tour de France , panorama d'un siècle , Soc . du Tour de France , 1996 ^ Jump up to : Ollivier , Jean - Paul ( 2001 ) L'ABCdaire du Tour de France , Flammarion , France . Jump up ^ Desgrange , Henri , L'Auto , 1919 Jump up ^ Ollivier , Jean - Paul : Maillot Jaune , Selection Readers Digest , France , 1999 Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour de France . Dog Ear Publishing . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong , The Healing Cyclist and Tour de France Champion '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the race '' ( PDF ) . ASO / letour.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 1914 '' ( in German ) . www.radsport-seite.de . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Velo - news online , US , June 29 , 2003 Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour De France . Dog Ear Publishing . p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . Frantz , André Leducq and Victor Fontan , who were in that winning stage 17 break , were exactly tied in time . Today the judges would go back to the time trial and look at the fractions - of - a-second differences . If that does n't resolve the tie , then a look at placings solves the problem . The Tour did n't have rules to take care of ties , so 3 Yellow Jerseys were awarded . Jump up ^ McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour De France . Dog Ear Publishing . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . Leading up to the Pyrenees , Italy 's ace sprinter Rafaelo di Paco dueled with France 's Charles Pélissier for stage wins and the lead . After stage 5 they shared the lead for a single day . ^ Jump up to : VeloNews.com ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` Froome in yellow on Friday ? It 's his choice '' . VeloNews . Competitor Group , Inc . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2011 : Armstrong declines yellow jersey , organizers insist '' . Jump up ^ `` New Tour de France leader is n't wearing a yellow jersey on Friday '' . 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goddet , Jacques , L'Équipée Belle , Laffont , France Jump up ^ `` Landis ban appeal is turned down '' . BBC News . June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Magnay , Jacquelin ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Danish cyclist Michael Rasmussen admits doping for more than a decade and quits the sport '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Woodland , Les : The Unknown Tour de France , van de Plas Publishing , US Jump up ^ `` Lance Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Le maillot jaune LCL a 20 ans Archived 2007 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 2007 . External links ( edit ) Media related to General classification in the Tour de France at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Tour de France general classification winners 1903 -- 1919 1903 : Maurice Garin 1904 : Henri Cornet 1905 : Louis Trousselier 1906 : René Pottier 1907 -- 08 : Lucien Petit - Breton 1909 : François Faber 1910 : Octave Lapize 1911 : Gustave Garrigou 1912 : Odile Defraye 1913 -- 14 : Philippe Thys 1915 -- 18 : World War I 1919 : Firmin Lambot 1920 -- 1939 1920 : Philippe Thys 1921 : Léon Scieur 1922 : Firmin Lambot 1923 : Henri Pélissier 1924 -- 25 : Ottavio Bottecchia 1926 : Lucien Buysse 1927 -- 28 : Nicolas Frantz 1929 : Maurice De Waele 1930 : André Leducq 1931 : Antonin Magne 1932 : André Leducq 1933 : Georges Speicher 1934 : Antonin Magne 1935 : Romain Maes 1936 : Sylvère Maes 1937 : Roger Lapébie 1938 : Gino Bartali 1939 : Sylvère Maes 1940 -- 1959 1940 -- 46 : World War II 1947 : Jean Robic 1948 : Gino Bartali 1949 : Fausto Coppi 1950 : Ferdinand Kübler 1951 : Hugo Koblet 1952 : Fausto Coppi 1953 -- 55 : Louison Bobet 1956 : Roger Walkowiak 1957 : Jacques Anquetil 1958 : Charly Gaul 1959 : Federico Bahamontes 1960 -- 1979 1960 : Gastone Nencini 1961 -- 64 : Jacques Anquetil 1965 : Felice Gimondi 1966 : Lucien Aimar 1967 : Roger Pingeon 1968 : Jan Janssen 1969 -- 72 : Eddy Merckx 1973 : Luis Ocaña 1974 : Eddy Merckx 1975 : Bernard Thévenet 1976 : Lucien Van Impe 1977 : Bernard Thévenet 1978 -- 79 : Bernard Hinault 1980 -- 1998 1980 : Joop Zoetemelk 1981 -- 82 : Bernard Hinault 1983 -- 84 : Laurent Fignon 1985 : Bernard Hinault 1986 : Greg LeMond 1987 : Stephen Roche 1988 : Pedro Delgado 1989 -- 90 : Greg LeMond 1991 -- 95 : Miguel Indurain 1996 : Bjarne Riis 1997 : Jan Ullrich 1998 : Marco Pantani 2006 -- present 1999 -- 2005 : results voided because of doping 2006 : Óscar Pereiro 2007 : Alberto Contador 2008 : Carlos Sastre 2009 : Alberto Contador 2010 : Andy Schleck 2011 : Cadel Evans 2012 : Bradley Wiggins 2013 : Chris Froome 2014 : Vincenzo Nibali 2015 -- 2017 : Chris Froome 2018 : Geraint Thomas <Th_colspan="2"> Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1997 1998 2017 2018 2019 2020 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current <Td_colspan="2"> General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées final stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Émilien Amaury Amaury Sport Organisation Pierre Dumas Géo Lefèvre Didi Senft La Course by Le Tour de France L'Étape du Tour <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Grand Tour <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Tour ( cycling ) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France&oldid=854226019 '' Categories : Tour de France classifications and awards Cycling jerseys Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 20 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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1. Tour de France general classification 2. Yellow jersey 3. History of the yellow jersey 4. Rules of the general classification 5. Scandals and controversies in the yellow jersey

what is unique about villa of the mysteries frescoes

Villa of the Mysteries - wikipedia Villa of the Mysteries Jump to : navigation , search `` Villa dei Misteri '' redirects here . For the Pompeiian wine , see Villa dei Misteri ( wine ) . Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii seen from above Location ( top left ) within Pompeii A wall of the triclinium , traditionally interpreted to represent the stages of initiation to the cult Fresco depicting a Bacchian rite Fresco depicting the reading of the rituals of the bridal mysteries The Villa of the Mysteries ( Italian : Villa dei Misteri ) is a well - preserved suburban Roman villa on the outskirts of Pompeii , southern Italy , famous for the series of frescos in one room , which are usually thought to show the initiation of a young woman into a Greco - Roman mystery cult . These are now probably the best known of the relatively rare survivals of Ancient Roman painting . Like the rest of the Roman city of Pompeii , the villa was buried in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 and excavated from 1909 onwards ( long after much of the main city ) . It is now a popular part of tourist visits to Pompeii , and forms part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Pompeii . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Interpretation of the Frescoes 3 See also 4 Videos 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Although covered with metres of ash and other volcanic material , the villa sustained only minor damage in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD , and the majority of its walls , ceilings , and most particularly its frescoes survived largely undamaged . Since its excavation the roofing and other parts of the house have been maintained as necessary . The Villa is named for the paintings in one room of the residence . This space may have been a triclinium , and is decorated with very fine frescoes , believed to be painted in the early - middle 1st century . Although the actual subject of the frescoes is hotly debated , the most common interpretation of the images is scenes of the initiation of a woman into a special cult of Dionysus , a mystery cult that required specific rites and rituals to become a member . One of the defining features that help identify this as a Dionysian - related mural is the depiction of maenads . These devotees are often depicted dancing with swirling drapery and were found first on Greek pottery , many of which were made before the cult spread to Italy . Of all other interpretations , the most notable is that of Paul Veyne , who believes that it depicts a young woman undergoing the rites of marriage . Though often believed to be a triclinium , the room with the frescoes could have also been a cubiculum of the matriarch , which would indicate that the matriarch was a member of the cult . The Villa had both very fine rooms for dining and entertaining and more functional spaces . A wine - press was discovered when the Villa was excavated and has been restored in its original location . It was not uncommon for the homes of the very wealthy to include areas for the production of wine , olive oil , or other agricultural products , especially since many elite Romans owned farmland or orchards in the immediate vicinity of their villas . The Villa may be easily accessed from Pompeii , lying some 400 metres northwest of the town walls , separated from it by a road with funerary monuments on either side . The Villa of the Mysteries was a suburban villa ( Latin : villa suburbana ) with a close relationship to the city but not of it . The ownership of the Villa is unknown , as is the case with many private homes in the city of Pompeii . However , certain artifacts give tantalizing clues . A bronze seal found in the villa names L. Istacidius Zosimus , a freedman of the powerful Istacidii family . Scholars have proposed him as the owner of the Villa or overseer of reconstruction after the earthquake of 62 . The presence of a statue of Livia , wife of Augustus , has caused some historians to instead declare her to have been the owner . As in other areas of Pompeii and Herculaneum , a number of bodies were found in this villa , and plaster - of - Paris casts were made of them . Interpretation of the frescoes ( edit ) There are many different interpretations of the frescoes , but they are commonly believed to depict a religious rite . Another common theory is that the frescoes depict a bride initiating into the Dionysian Mysteries in preparation for marriage . In this hypothesis , the elaborate costume worn by the main figure is believed to be wedding apparel . Based on the subject matter and order of each fresco , they are intended to be read as a single narrative . Women and satyrs are featured prominently . Because of the widely accepted theory of the mural depicting an initiation from the cult of Dionysus , some think that the room with the frescoes was used to conduct rituals and celebrations related to the god . The first mural shows a noble Roman woman ( possibly the initiate 's mother , who can cross no further ) approaching a priestess or matron seated on a throne , by which stands a small boy reading a scroll -- presumably the declaration of the initiation . On the other side of the throne the young initiate is shown in a purple robe and myrtle crown , holding a sprig of laurel and a tray of cakes . She appears to have been transformed into a serving girl , but may be bringing an offering to the god or goddess . The second mural depicts another priestess ( or senior initiate ) and her assistants preparing the liknon basket ; at her feet are mysterious mushroom - shaped objects . At one side a sileni ( a horse element ) is playing a lyre . ( Silenus was the tutor and companion of Dionysus . ) The third mural shows a satyr playing the panpipes and a nymph suckling a goat , in an Arcadian scene . To their right , the initiate is in a panic . This is the last time we see her for a few scenes ; when she appears again , she has changed . Some scholars think katabasis has occurred . In the direction to which she stares in horror , another mural shows a young satyr being offered a bowl of wine by Silenus while behind him , another satyr holds up a frightening mask which the drinking satyr sees reflected in the bowl ( this may parallel the mirror into which young Dionysus stares in the Orphic rites ) . Next to them sits a goddess , ( Ariadne or Semele ) , with Dionysus / Bacchus lying across her lap . The next mural shows the initiate returning . She now carries a staff and wears a cap , items often presented after the successful completion of an initiation ordeal . She kneels before the priestess , and appears to be whipped by a winged female figure . Next to her is a dancing figure ( a Maenad or Thyiad ) and a gowned figure with a thyrsus ( an initiation symbol of Dionysus ) made of long stalks of wrapped fennel , with a pine cone on top . In her penultimate appearance we see her being prepared with new clothes , while Eros holds up a mirror to her . After this scene , there is another image of Eros . Finally , the initiate is shown enthroned and in an elaborate costume . This is all we know of the Roman rites of initiation . See also ( edit ) External video <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Dionysiac frieze , Villa of Mystsdaasdaseries , Pompeii , Smarthistory Roman architecture List of Roman domes Pompei Scavi - Villa dei Misteri railway station Videos ( edit ) ( 1 ) von Stefan F. Wirth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Diotima '' . www.stoa.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Antonio Virgili , Culti misterici ed orientali a Pompei , Gangemi , Roma , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Villa of the Mysteries Pompeii by Raichel Le Goff '' . www.raichel.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pompeii. html '' . umich.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dionysian Mysteries '' . www.hellenica.de . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Linda Fierz - David , Katherine Bradway , Nor Hall , and Mary Beard and others have interpreted these murals . Jump up ^ http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/rome/empire/vm/villaofthemysteries.html Jump up ^ `` Dionysiac frieze , Villa of Mysteries , Pompeii '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Converto , Claudia . Campania , civilisation and art . Milan : Kina Italia . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villa of the Mysteries ( Pompeii ) . Preservation of the Villa featured on archaeology.org Villa of the Mysteries on www.art-and-archaeology.com Romano - Campanian Wall - Painting ( English , Italian , Spanish and French introduction ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Pompeii History Pompei Mount Vesuvius 62 Pompeii earthquake Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Villas of Pompeii ‎ Villa of the Mysteries Domus of Pompeii ‎ House of the Faun House of Sallust House of the Centenary House of Julia Felix House of Loreius Tiburtinus House of Menander House of the surgeon House of the Silver Wedding House of the Tragic Poet House of the Vettii Lupanar Public buildings of Pompeii ‎ Aqua Augusta Macellum of Pompeii Recreational buildings of Pompeii ‎ Amphitheatre Suburban Baths Temples of Pompeii Temple of Apollo Temple of Isis Temple of Jupiter Other sites destroyed in the 79 Eruption Herculaneum Villa of the Papyri Oplontis Villa Poppaea Stabiae Villa Boscoreale Archaeological Museum Naples National Archaeological Museum Art in Pompeii Achilles and Briseis Alexander Mosaic Portrait of Paquius Proculo Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeian Styles Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum Pompeii in popular culture Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 13.3 '' N 14 ° 28 ′ 38.8 '' E  /  40.753694 ° N 14.477444 ° E  / 40.753694 ; 14.477444 VIAF : 137788723 LCCN : sh88001461 GND : 4271063 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_of_the_Mysteries&oldid=765278523 '' Categories : Ancient Roman religion Roman villas in Italy Cult of Dionysus Villas of Pompeii Greco - Roman mysteries Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latina Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2017 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii 2. Frescoes depicting initiation into a mystery cult 3. Roman villa buried in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius 4. Interpretation of the frescoes and their subject matter 5. Relationship between the villa and the city of Pompeii

where in paris was the devil wears prada filmed

The Devil Wears Prada ( film ) - wikipedia The Devil Wears Prada ( film ) 2006 film of 2003 Lauren Weisberger novel <Th_colspan="2"> The Devil Wears Prada <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by David Frankel Produced by Wendy Finerman Screenplay by Aline Brosh McKenna Based on The Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger Starring Meryl Streep Anne Hathaway Emily Blunt Stanley Tucci Adrian Grenier Simon Baker Music by Theodore Shapiro Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $326.5 million The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 American comedy - drama film based on Lauren Weisberger 's 2003 novel of the same name . This screen adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly , a powerful fashion magazine editor , and Anne Hathaway as Andrea ( Andy ) Sachs , a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands a job as Priestly 's co-assistant . Emily Blunt and Stanley Tucci co-star as co-assistant Emily Charlton and art director Nigel , respectively . Adrian Grenier , Simon Baker , and Tracie Thoms play key supporting roles . Wendy Finerman produced and David Frankel directed the film , which was distributed by 20th Century Fox . Streep 's performance drew critical acclaim and earned her many award nominations , including her record - setting 14th Oscar bid , as well as the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical . Blunt also drew favorable reviews and nominations for her performance , as did many of those involved in the film 's production . The film was well received by both film critics and the public and became a surprise summer box - office hit following its June 30 North American release . The commercial success and critical praise for Streep 's performance continued in foreign markets with the film leading the international box office for most of October . Likewise , the U.S. DVD release was the top rental during December . The film finished in 2006 's Top 20 both in the U.S. and overseas and grossed over $300 million , mostly from its international run . Although the movie is set in the fashion world , most designers and other fashion notables avoided appearing as themselves for fear of displeasing U.S. Vogue editor Anna Wintour , who is widely believed to have been the inspiration for Priestly . Still , many allowed their clothes and accessories to be used in the film , making it one of the most expensively costumed films in history . Wintour later overcame her initial skepticism , saying she liked the film and Streep in particular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.1. 1 Writing 3.1. 1.1 Cerulean sweater speech 3.1. 2 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.2. 1 Acting 3.2. 2 Costuming 3.2. 3 Production design 3.2. 4 Products 3.2. 5 Locations 3.2. 5.1 New York 3.2. 5.2 Paris 3.3 Post-production 3.3. 1 Editing 3.3. 2 Music 4 Pre-release and marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Depiction of fashion industry 5.2 Commercial 5.3 Anna Wintour 5.4 International 5.5 Awards and nominations 6 In other media 7 Home media 7.1 Reception 7.2 Deleted scenes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 8.1 Cast 8.2 Audience demographics 8.3 Popular culture and society 9 Possible sequel 10 Musical adaptation 11 See also 11.1 Films with similar plot elements 11.2 Lists 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Book 14 External links Plot ( edit ) Andy is an aspiring journalist fresh out of Northwestern University . Despite her ridicule for the shallowness of the fashion industry , she lands a job as junior personal assistant to Miranda Priestly , the editor - in - chief of Runway magazine . Andy plans to put up with Miranda 's excessive demands and humiliating treatment for one year in the hopes of getting a job as a reporter or writer somewhere else . At first , Andy fumbles with her job and fits in poorly with her gossipy , fashion - conscious co-workers , especially Miranda 's senior assistant , Emily Charlton . However , she does find an ally in art director Nigel , and gradually learns her responsibilities and begins to dress more stylishly to show her effort and commitment to the position . She also meets an attractive young writer , Christian Thompson , who offers to help her with her career . As she spends increasing amounts of time at Miranda 's beck and call , problems arise in her relationships with her college friends and her live - in boyfriend , Nate , a chef working his way up the career ladder . Miranda is impressed by Andy and allows her to be the one to bring the treasured `` Book '' , a mock - up of the upcoming edition , to her home , along with her dry cleaning . She is given instructions by Emily about where to leave the items and is told not to speak with anyone in the home . Andy arrives at Miranda 's home only to discover that the instructions she received are vague . As she tries to figure out what to do , Andy begins to panic . Miranda 's twins , Caroline and Cassidy , falsely tell her she can leave the book at the top of the stairs just as Emily has done on many occasions . At the top of the stairs , Andy interrupts Miranda and her husband having an argument . Mortified , Andy leaves the book and runs out of the home . The next day , Miranda tells Andy that she wants the new unpublished Harry Potter book for her daughters and , if Andy can not find a copy , she will be fired . Andy desperately attempts to find the book and nearly gives up , but ultimately obtains it through Christian 's contacts . She surprises Miranda by not only finding the book but having copies sent to the girls at the train station , leaving no doubt that she accomplished Miranda 's `` impossible '' task , thus saving her job . Andy gradually begins to outperform Emily at her job , and slowly but surely becomes more glamorous and begins aligning herself , unwittingly at first , to the Runway philosophy . One day , Andy saves Miranda from being embarrassed at a charity benefit , and Miranda rewards her by offering to take her to the fall fashion shows in Paris instead of Emily . Andy hesitates to take this privilege away from Emily but is forced to accept the offer after being told by Miranda that she will lose her job if she declines . Andy tries to tell Emily on her way to work , but Emily gets hit by a car . Andy later breaks the news to a hospitalized Emily . When Andy tells Nate she is going to Paris , he is angered by her refusal to admit that she 's become what she once ridiculed , and they break up . Once there , Miranda , without makeup , opens up to Andy about the effect Miranda 's impending divorce will have on her daughters . Later that night , Nigel tells Andy that he has accepted a job as Creative Director with rising fashion star James Holt at Miranda 's recommendation . Andy finally succumbs to Christian 's charms and , after spending the night with him , learns from him about a plan to replace Miranda with Jacqueline Follet as editor of Runway . Despite the suffering she has endured at her boss 's behest , she attempts to warn Miranda . At a luncheon later that day , however , Miranda announces that it is Jacqueline instead of Nigel who will leave Runway for Holt . Nigel remarks to a stunned Andy that , though disappointed , he has to believe that his loyalty to Miranda will one day pay off . Later , when Miranda and Andy are being driven to a show , she explains to a still - stunned Andy that she was grateful for the warning but already knew of the plot to replace her and sacrificed Nigel to keep her own job . Pleased by this display of loyalty , she tells Andy that she sees a great deal of herself in her . Andy , repulsed , says she could never do that to anyone . Miranda replies that she already did , stepping over Emily when she agreed to go to Paris . When they stop , Andy gets out and throws her cell phone into the fountain of the Place de la Concorde , leaving Miranda , Runway , and fashion behind . Some time later , Andy meets up with Nate , who is moving to Boston because he got a new job as the sous chef of a restaurant . They agree to start dating again and see what the future holds . The same day , Andy is interviewed and is accepted to work at a major New York publication company . The editor recounts how he called Runway for a reference on Andy , and got a response from Miranda herself . Miranda described Andy as `` her biggest disappointment '' - and said that the editor would be `` an idiot '' if he did n't hire her . Emily is offered her Paris wardrobe by Andy and the two leave on good terms . Andy passes the `` Runway '' office building and sees Miranda get into a car . Andy gives a wave , but Miranda does not acknowledge her . Andy is used to this and instead walks further into the crowd . Once inside the car , however , Miranda smiles and then orders her chauffeur to drive . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly Anne Hathaway as Andrea `` Andy '' Sachs Emily Blunt as Emily Charlton Stanley Tucci as Nigel Kipling Simon Baker as Christian Thompson Adrian Grenier as Nate Cooper Gisele Bündchen as Serena Tracie Thoms as Lily Rich Sommer as Doug Daniel Sunjata as James Holt Colleen Dengel as Caroline Priestly Suzanne Dengel as Cassidy Priestly David Marshall Grant as Richard Sachs Tibor Feldman as Irv Ravitz Rebecca Mader as Jocelyn Alyssa Sutherland as Clacker Ines Rivero as Clacker at elevator Stephanie Szostak as Jacqueline Follet David Callegati as Massimo Paul Keany as St. Regis Doorman Cameos ( edit ) Valentino Garavani Giancarlo Giammetti Carlos de Souza Bridget Hall Lauren Weisberger as the twins ' nanny Robert Verdi as a fashion journalist in Paris who interviews Miranda Heidi Klum Ivanka Trump Nigel Barker Production ( edit ) `` When we made it I was naive . I know now how rare it is to find situations where the stars align . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Aline Brosh McKenna , Director David Frankel and producer Wendy Finerman had originally read The Devil Wears Prada in book proposal form . It would be Frankel 's second theatrical feature , and his first in over a decade . He , cinematographer Florian Ballhaus and costume designer Patricia Field , drew heavily on their experience in making Sex and the City . Frankel recalls the whole experience as having high stakes for those involved , since for himself and the others behind the camera it was the biggest project they had yet attempted , with barely adequate resources . `` We knew we were on very thin ice , '' he told Variety for a 2016 article on the film 's 10th anniversary . `` It was possible this could be the end of the road for us . '' Pre-production ( edit ) Fox bought the rights to Weisberger 's novel before it was not only published in 2003 , but even finished . Carla Hecken , then the studio 's executive vice president , had only seen the first hundred pages of manuscript and an outline for how the rest of the plot was to go . But for her that was enough . `` I thought Miranda Priestly was one of the greatest villains ever , '' she recalled in 2016 . `` I remember we aggressively went in and scooped it up . '' Writing ( edit ) Work on a screenplay started promptly , before Weisberger had even finished her work . When it became a bestseller upon publication , elements of the plot were incorporated into the screenplay in progress . Most took their inspiration from the 2001 Ben Stiller film Zoolander and primarily satirized the fashion industry . But it was still not ready to film . Elizabeth Gabler , later head of production at Fox , noted that the finished novel did not have a strong narrative . `` Since there was n't a strong third act in the book , '' she said later , `` we needed to invent that . '' In the meantime , the studio and producer Wendy Finerman sought a director . Out of many candidates with experience in comedy , David Frankel was hired despite his limited experience , having only made one feature , Miami Rhapsody , along with some episodes of Sex and the City and Entourage . He was unsure about the property , calling it `` undirectable ... a satire rather than a love story . '' Later , he cited Unzipped , the 1995 documentary about designer Isaac Mizrahi , as his model for the film 's attitude towards fashion : `` ( It ) revels in some of the silliness of the fashion world , but is also very serious . '' At a meeting with Finerman , Frankel told her that he thought the story unnecessarily punished Miranda . `` My view was that we should be grateful for excellence . Why do the excellent people have to be nice ? '' He prepared to move on and consider more scripts . Two days later his manager persuaded him to reconsider and look for something he liked that he could shape the film into . He took the job , giving Finerman extensive notes on the script and laying out a detailed vision for the film . Four screenwriters worked on the property . Peter Hedges wrote the first draft , but did n't think he could do more ; another writer passed . Paul Rudnick did some work on Miranda 's scenes , followed by a Don Roos rewrite . After that , Aline Brosh McKenna , who was able to relate her own youthful experiences attempting to launch a journalism career in New York to the story , produced a draft after a month 's work that struck the right balance for Finerman and Frankel , whose notes were incorporated into a final version , rearranging the plot significantly , following the book less closely and focusing the story on the conflict between Andrea and Miranda . She found the experience of writing a story with female protagonists that did not center around a relationship `` very liberating ... I felt I was allowed to do what the movie wanted to be , a Faust story , a Wall Street for ladies . '' McKenna also initially toned down Miranda 's meanness at the request of Finerman and Frankel , only to restore it later for Streep . She later cited Don Rickles as her main influence for the insults in the dialogue ; before even starting work on the screenplay she had come up with Miranda 's `` Take a chance . Hire the smart fat girl '' line , which she felt summed up the disparity between Andy and the world she found herself in . McKenna consulted with acquaintances who worked in fashion to make her screenplay more realistic . In a 2010 British Academy of Film and Television Arts lecture , she told of a scene that was changed after one of these reviews , where Nigel told Andy not to complain so much about her job . Originally , she had made his speech more of a supportive pep talk ; however one of those acquaintances said that would not happen : `` ( N ) o - one in that world is nice to each other ... There 's no reason to be , and they do n't have time . '' she quoted him as saying . Cerulean sweater speech ( edit ) The `` cerulean speech '' , where Miranda draws the connection between the designer fashion in Runway 's pages and Andy 's cerulean sweater , criticizing Andy 's snobbishness about fashion and explaining the trickle - down effect , had its origins in a scene cut from earlier drafts that Streep had asked to have restored . It slowly grew from a few lines where the editor disparaged her assistant 's fashion sense to a speech about `` why she thought fashion was important ... She is so aware that she is affecting billions of people , and what they pick off the floor and what they are putting on their bodies in the morning . '' Streep said in 2016 she was interested in `` the responsibility lying on the shoulders of a woman who was the head of a global brand ... That scene was n't about the fun of fashion , it was about marketing and business . '' McKenna recalls that she kept expanding it to suit Streep and Frankel , but even a few days before it was scheduled to be filmed she was unsure if it would be used or even shot . She was revising it at a nearby Starbucks when she realized that Miranda would describe something not as just blue -- chosen as the color for Andy 's sweater since it would work best on screen -- but would instead use an exact shade . From a list of shades McKenna sent , Streep picked cerulean ; the final speech takes up almost a page of the script , long for a mainstream film . `` I was like , it 'd be cool if half of that ended up in the movie , '' the writer says . `` Every word is in the movie . '' The references to past designer collections are entirely fictional , McKenna explains , since the speech was written around the sweater 's color ( however , the Huffington Post later pointed out , designers often take their fashion inspiration from the streets ) . The speech has become one of the film 's most memorable moments ; `` Miranda 's signature monologue '' to The Ringer . `` ' Cerulean ' ( has never ) sounded more sinister , '' the Huffington Post wrote in 2016 , Liz Jones , former editor of British Marie Claire , said it was `` a rare glimpse at the way in which even the most outlandish and extreme exponents of fashion ... influence and enrich all our lives , even if we only ever shop at Marks & Spencer or Gap . '' Casting ( edit ) Once the script was finished , the filmmakers and Fox focused on getting Meryl Streep to play Miranda ; Hacken recalled she was seen as so perfect for the part that no one had discussed any alternatives ( although McKenna recalls writing provisional dialogue should the producers have had to settle for another actress ) . Weisberger , who initially could not imagine Streep playing the part , recalled that after seeing her on set it was `` crystal clear '' that she was perfect for the role . The news that Streep would meet with Frankel was celebrated at Fox . But while Streep , for her part , knew the movie could be very successful , she felt the pay she was being offered for playing Miranda was `` slightly , if not insulting , not perhaps reflective of my actual value to the project . '' The producers doubled it to around $4 million , and she signed on , allowing Fox to greenlight the film . According to Frankel , Streep saw the film as a chance to `` skewer the doyennes of the fashion world . '' She has three daughters , and as an ardent feminist , felt that fashion magazines `` twisted the minds of young women around the world and their priorities . This was an interesting way to get back at them . '' Also , she said , the film passed the Bechdel test . She insisted on the scenes where she explains to Andy the connection between the blue sweater she is wearing and the haute couture industry , and the scene where Miranda briefly opens up to Andy , without makeup , about her divorce . `` I wanted '' , she explained , `` to see that face without its protective glaze , to glimpse the woman in the businesswoman . '' Casting Andy was less clear - cut . Fox wanted an A-list younger actress , and felt Rachel McAdams , then coming off successes in The Notebook and Mean Girls , would help the film 's commercial prospects . However , she declined several offers to play Andy , telling the studio she was trying to avoid mainstream projects for a while . Hathaway , by contrast , actively sought the part , tracing `` Hire me '' in the sand of the zen garden on Hacken 's desk when she talked about the project with the executive . While Frankel liked her enough to not require her to audition , she knew she was not the studio 's first choice and had to be patient ( other accounts say that she was the only actress considered for the lead ) . Fox production chief Elizabeth Gabler says the studio did not realize how strong her audience was after the Princess Diaries movies . She took the part to work with Streep , but also due to some personal aspects . She celebrated when she learned she had gotten the part . Over a hundred actresses had been considered for Emily before one of the casting agents taped Emily Blunt reading some of the lines elsewhere on the Fox lot as she was leaving for her flight to London following her audition for Eragon . Although she read them in her native British accent despite the character being written as American as she is in the novel , Frankel was interested ; Finerman liked her for her sense of humor . After the makers of Eragon cast Sienna Guillory , Frankel called her in the bathroom of `` some dive club '' in London , where she was consoling herself with her sister . He told her that while he would have cast her just from the tape , the studio wanted to see another audition with her dressed more in character . She insisted on continuing to play the character as British ; Both Hathaway and Emily Blunt lost weight for their roles , with Hathaway later recounting that `` ( she ) and I would clutch at each other and cry because we were so hungry . '' Blunt later denied rumors she did this at the filmmakers ' request . Colleen and Suzanne Dengel , the twins who played Miranda 's daughters , were cast two weeks after auditioning for Frankel and Finerman . The director and producer laughed , which the sisters believed help them get the part . They recalled in 2017 that they were excited both by being able to work together on camera for the first time , as well as the chance to act opposite Hathaway since they were big fans of the Princess Diaries movies as well . Tucci was one of the last actors cast ; he agreed to play Nigel only three days before shooting started . The filmmakers reportedly had auditioned Barney 's creative director Simon Doonan and E ! 's Robert Verdi , both openly gay men highly visible as media fashion commentators , for the part ; the BBC 's Graham Norton also auditioned . Verdi would later say there was no intention to actually hire him and the producers had just used him and Doonan to give whoever they ultimately did cast some filmed research to use in playing a gay character ( he would end up with a walk - on part as a fashion journalist in Paris ) . Tucci says he was unaware of this : `` All I know is that someone called me and I realized this was a great part . '' He based the character on various people he was acquainted with , insisting on the glasses he ultimately wore . Daniel Sunjata had originally read for Tucci 's part , rather unenthusiastically since he had just finished playing a similar character , but then read the Holt part and asked if he could audition for it . Simon Baker auditioned by sending a video of himself , wearing the same self - designed green jacket he has on when he and Andrea meet for the first time . Weisberger is widely believed to have based Miranda on Anna Wintour , the powerful editor of Vogue . Wintour reportedly warned major fashion designers who had been invited to make cameo appearances as themselves in the film that they would be banished from the magazine 's pages if they did so . Vogue and other major women 's and fashion magazines have avoided reviewing or even mentioning the book in their pages . Wintour 's spokespeople deny the claim , but costume designer Patricia Field says many designers told her they did not want to risk Wintour 's wrath . Only Valentino Garavani , who had designed the black evening gown Streep wears in the museum benefit scene , chose to make an appearance . Coincidentally , he was in New York during production and Finerman dared Field , an acquaintance , to ask him personally . Much to her surprise , he accepted . Other cameos of note include Heidi Klum as herself and Weisberger as the twins ' nanny . Streep 's daughter 's film debut as a barista at Starbucks was cut . Gisele Bündchen agreed to be in the movie only if she did not play a model . Filming ( edit ) Hathaway between takes while shooting a scene in Midtown Manhattan Principal photography took place over 57 days in New York and Paris between October and December 2005 . The film 's budget was $41 million . It was originally lower , which caused problems with some locations -- the crew could not get permission to shoot at the Museum of Modern Art or Bryant Park . Ballhaus , at Finerman and Frankel 's suggestion , composed as many shots as possible , whether interiors or exteriors , to at least partially take in busy New York street scenes in the background , to convey the excitement of working in a glamorous industry in New York . He also used a handheld camera during some of the busier meeting scenes in Miranda 's office , to better convey the flow of action , and slow motion for Andrea 's entrance into the office following her makeover . A few process shots were necessary , mainly to put exterior views behind windows on sets and in the Mercedes where Miranda and Andrea are having their climactic conversation . Fox originally refused permission to let Frankel shoot some scenes from the third act in Paris , where it is set , due to the low budget . But after six `` nightmarish '' weeks of shooting , he had an editor cut a `` sizzle reel '' of highlights . That convinced the studio to increase the budget to allow for limited shooting overseas ( Streep did not go as Fox believed it would be too expensive ) . Acting ( edit ) Several weeks after all the major parts had been cast , the actors gathered in New York for a table read . Hathaway was nervous and goofy , she recalls , since she still had not developed her idea of the part ; she described her performance at that point as `` ( nothing ) particularly impressive . '' Blunt , by contrast , found Streep 's laugh relaxed her enough to keep her focused on playing a nervous , distracted Emily . The highlight of the session was Streep 's first line as Miranda . Instead of the `` strident , bossy , barking voice '' everyone expected , Hathaway says , Streep silenced the room by speaking in a near whisper . `` It was so unexpected and brilliant . '' At the reading Streep also changed Miranda 's last line to `` everybody wants to be us '' from the original `` me '' . Streep made a conscious decision not to play the part as a direct impression of Wintour , right down to not using an accent and making the character American rather than English ( `` I felt it was too restricting '' ) . `` I think she wanted people not to confuse the character of Miranda Priestly with Anna Wintour at all , '' said Frankel . `` And that 's why early on in the process she decided on a very different look for her and a different approach to the character . '' The `` that 's all , '' `` please bore someone else ... '' catchphrases ; her coat - tossing on Andrea 's desk and discarded steak lunch are retained from the novel . Streep prepared by reading a book by Wintour protégé Liz Tilberis and the memoirs of Vogue editor Diana Vreeland . She lost so much weight during shooting that the clothes had to be taken in . During the movie 's press tour she also said her performance as Miranda was inspired by different men she knew , but did not say which ones . In 2016 she disclosed to Variety that she took Miranda 's soft speaking style from Clint Eastwood : `` He never , ever , ever raises his voice and everyone has to lean in to listen , and he is automatically the most powerful person in the room . '' However , she said , Eastwood does not make jokes , so instead she modeled that aspect of the character on theatrical and film director Mike Nichols , whose delivery of a cutting remark , she said , made everyone laugh , including the target . `` The walk , I 'm afraid , is mine , '' Streep added . For Miranda 's actual look , Streep looked to two women . The bouffant hairstyle was inspired by model and actress Carmen Dell'Orefice , which Streep said she wanted to blend with `` the unassailable elegance and authority of ( French politician ) Christine Lagarde . '' The costumes Field designed for that look resulted in numerous blown takes during the montage where Miranda repeatedly throws her overcoat on Andrea 's desk when she arrives in the morning . When McKenna saw Streep as Miranda for the first time on set , she recalls being so terrified she threw her arm in front of Frankel `` like we were in a car wreck . '' Hathaway prepared for the part by volunteering for a week as an assistant at an auction house where she was `` put through the wringer '' according to Weisberger , who adds that Hathaway supplemented that by asking her many questions about working for Wintour . Frankel recalls that she was nervous through most of the shooting , particularly when working late , since Raffaello Follieri , her boyfriend at that time , preferred strongly that she not do so ; she was also having health issues due to a cyst . The director said she was `` terrified '' before starting her first scene with Streep , who had begun her working relationship with Hathaway by saying first `` I think you 're perfect for the role and I 'm so happy we 're going to be working on this together '' then warning her that was the last nice thing she would say . Streep applied this philosophy to everyone else on set as well , keeping her distance from the cast and crew members unless it was necessary to discuss something with them . That scene , where Andi delivers the Book , the mockup of the magazine in progress , to Miranda 's apartment , was , according to the Dengels , who played Miranda 's twin daughters , totally improvised . `` That was just something we did with Anne and it made the cut , '' Colleen Dengel told BuzzFeed in 2017 . Nevertheless , it took three more days of filming to get the shot of the girls up in the stairwell the way Frankel wanted it , a look she believes was inspired by a similar scene with twin girls in The Shining . Streep is the one who suggested the editorial meeting scene , which does not advance the plot but shows Miranda at work without Andrea present . It was also her idea that Miranda not wear makeup in the scene where she opens up to Andrea and worries about the effect on her daughters of her divorce becoming public knowledge . Blunt , for her part , contributed the line where she tells Andy `` I 'm hearing this '' , while opening and closing her hand , `` and I want to hear this '' keeping it closed . In 2015 she told Howard Stern that she had overheard a mother saying that to a child in a supermarket during production . Costuming ( edit ) Frankel , who had worked with Patricia Field on his feature - film debut Miami Rhapsody as well as Sex and the City , knew that what the cast wore would be of utmost importance in a movie set in the fashion industry . `` My approach was to hire her and then leave the room , '' he joked later . While only Valentino Garavani appeared onscreen , many other designers were helpful to Field . Her $100,000 budget for the film 's costumes was supplemented by help from friends throughout the industry . Ultimately , she believes , at least $1 million worth of clothing was used in the film , making it one of the most expensively costumed movies in cinema history . The single priciest item was a $100,000 Fred Leighton necklace on Streep . When Hathaway enters the office after Nigel gives her access to Runway 's closet , she is dressed entirely in Chanel . Field explained in 2016 that `` I felt Annie Hathaway was a Chanel girl organically , as opposed to let 's say a Versace ( or Roberto Cavalli ) girl . '' When she called the company to ask for assistance , they were delighted because `` they wanted to see Chanel on a young girl to give it another point of view , '' showing it as a brand for `` not just middle - aged women in suits , but youthful and funky . '' Calvin Klein rounds out Andrea 's wardrobe . Dolce & Gabbana and Calvin Klein helped Field as well , with some contributions from Lebanese designer Georges Chakra . Although Field avoids making Streep look like Wintour , she dresses her in generous helpings of Prada ( By Field 's own estimate , 40 % of the shoes on Streep 's feet are Prada ) . `` I know her character was originally based on Anna Wintour , '' Field said , `` but I did n't want to copy someone 's style . '' But , like Wintour and her Vogue predecessor Diana Vreeland , the two realized that Miranda needed a signature look , which was provided primarily by the white wig and forelock she wore as well as the clothes the two spent much time poring over look - books for . `` ( I ) n choosing her wardrobe my idea was that she 's a chief fashion editor , she has her own style , '' Fields told Women 's Wear Daily in 2016 . `` We 're creating an original character . '' Field said she avoided prevailing fashion trends for Miranda during production in favor of a more timeless look based on Donna Karan archives and pieces by Michaele Vollbracht for Bill Blass . She did not want people to easily recognize what Miranda was wearing . Emily Blunt in the outfit Field created for her character . She contrasted Andrea and Emily by giving Andrea a sense of style , without much risk - taking , that would suggest clothing a fashion magazine would have on hand for shoots , clothing a recent college graduate with little sense of style would feel comfortable wearing in a fashion - conscious workplace . Blunt , on the other hand was `` so on the edge she 's almost falling off . '' For her , Field chose pieces by Vivienne Westwood and Rick Owens to suggest a taste for funkier , more `` underground '' clothing . After the film 's release , some of the looks Field chose became popular , to the filmmakers ' amusement . Tucci praised Field 's skill in putting ensembles together that were not only stylish but helped him develop his character : She just sort of sits there with her cigarette and her hair , and she would pull stuff -- these very disparate elements -- and put them together into this ensemble , and you 'd go , `` Come on , Pat , you ca n't wear that with that . '' She 'd say , `` Eh , just try it on . '' So you 'd put it on , and not only did it work , but it works on so many different levels -- and it allows you to figure out who the guy is . Those outfits achieve exactly what I was trying to achieve . There 's flamboyance , there 's real risk - taking , but when I walk into the room , it 's not flashy . It 's actually very subtle . You look at it and you go , `` That shirt , that tie , that jacket , that vest ? What ? '' But it works . He found one Dries van Noten tie he wore during the film to his liking and kept it . Production Design ( edit ) After touring some offices of real fashion magazines , Jess Gonchor gave the Runway offices a clean , white look meant to suggest a makeup compact ( `` the chaste beiges and whites of impervious authority , '' Denby called it ) . Miranda 's office bears some strong similarities to the real office of Anna Wintour , down to an octagonal mirror on the wall , photographs and a floral arrangement on the desk Gonchor later told Women 's Wear Daily that he had based the set on a photo of Wintour 's office he found online ; the similarity led Wintour to have her office redecorated after the movie 's release . The magazine itself is very similar to Vogue , and one of the covers on the wall of the office , showing three models , is a direct homage to the August 2004 cover of that magazine . She even chose separate computer wallpaper to highlight different aspects of Blunt 's and Hathaway 's character : Paris 's Arc de Triomphe on Blunt 's suggests her aspirations to accompany Miranda to the shows there , while the floral image on Andy 's suggests the natural , unassuming qualities she displays at the outset of her tenure with the magazine . For the photo of Andrea with her parents , Hathaway posed with her own mother and David Marshall Grant . The Dengel twins recalled being asked every day for three years straight if the Harry Potter advance copies were real ; to their great disappointment they were not and in fact were `` all gibberish '' . They eventually auctioned them for $586 on eBay , along with various clothing used in the film , to benefit Dress for Success , a charity which provides business clothing to help women transition into the workforce . Products ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aside from the clothing and accessories , some other well - known brands are conspicuous in the film . Apple computers are used in the Runway offices , consistent with many real publishing companies . Bottles of Italian San Pellegrino mineral water are seen in the Runway offices . Mitel IP telephones are used in the office of RUNWAY Magazine -- including both reception desks outside the office of Miranda Priestly ( played by Meryl Streep ) , Magazine Editor . Miranda drinks coffee from a nearby Starbucks . Andrea uses a Danger Hiptop 2 ( or a T - Mobile Sidekick 2 ) mobile phone , and Miranda a Motorola RAZR V3 in silver , same as Nigel 's . The two are frequently driven around in Lincoln Town Cars and Mercedes - Benz S - Class S550 ( without vehicle registration plate ) sedans . In one of the scenes Anne Hathaway is driving a Porsche 911 Carrera Cabriolet . Andrea gives her friend a Bang & Olufsen phone . The McGraw - Hill Building , home to Elias - Clarke in the film Locations ( edit ) New York ( edit ) The McGraw - Hill building on Sixth Avenue was used for the exteriors and lobby of Elias - Clarke 's headquarters . The Runway offices are partially corridors in the neighboring Fox building and partially sets . The Elias - Clarke cafeteria is the one at the Reuters office in Manhattan . Nate and Andy 's apartment is on the Lower East Side . Andy gets on the subway at the Spring Street station and gets off at 51st Street , both on the Lexington Avenue Line . Bubby 's , the restaurant Nate works at ( and where Andrea , Doug and Lily eat dinner on occasion ) is in TriBeCa . The Smith & Wollensky steakhouse and its kitchen were used . The Calvin Klein showroom is used in the deleted scenes . Holt 's studio is a loft used by an actual designer . The American Museum of Natural History was used for the exterior of the museum benefit , while the lobby of one of the Foley Square courthouses is used for the interior . The Priestly townhouse is on the Upper East Side and belongs to a friend of Finerman 's . It had to be dressed on short notice after another one could not be used . Christian gives Andy the unpublished Harry Potter manuscript at the St. Regis Hotel 's King Cole Bar . The Amtrak train the twins are taking is going up the Hudson River at Haverstraw Bay . Streep exits her limousine , supposedly in Paris , at 77th Street and Central Park West . The New York Mirror newsroom where Andrea gets hired at the end of the film is that of the now - defunct New York Sun . The café where Andy apologizes to Nate was the Mayrose at 920 Broadway ( near the Flatiron Building ) , which has since closed . On its site is a Flying Tiger Copenhagen store . Paris ( edit ) The crew were in Paris for only two days , and used only exteriors . Streep did not make the trip . The fountain Andy throws her phone into is on the Place de la Concorde . All the hotel interiors are actually the St. Regis in Manhattan . The fashion shows were filmed on a soundstage in Queens . Likewise , Christian 's hotel is the Times Square W Hotel . Post-production ( edit ) Editing ( edit ) Mark Livolsi realized , as McKenna had on the other end , that the film worked best when it focused on the Andrea - Miranda storyline . Accordingly , he cut a number of primarily transitional scenes , such as Andrea 's job interview and the Runway staff 's trip to Holt 's studio . He also took out a scene early on where Miranda complimented Andrea . Upon reviewing them for the DVD , Frankel admitted he had n't even seen them before , since Livolsi did n't include them in any prints he sent to the director . Frankel praised Livolsi for making the film 's four key montages -- the opening credits , Miranda 's coat - tossing , Andrea 's makeover and the Paris introduction -- work . The third was particularly challenging as it uses passing cars and other obstructions to cover Hathaway 's changes of outfit . Some scenes were also created in the editing room , such as the reception at the museum , where Livolsi wove B - roll footage in to keep the action flowing . Music ( edit ) Further information : The Devil Wears Prada ( soundtrack ) Composer Theodore Shapiro relied heavily on guitar and percussion , with the backing of a full orchestra , to capture a contemporary urban sound . He ultimately wrote 35 minutes of music for the film , which were performed and recorded by the Hollywood Studio Symphony , conducted by Pete Anthony . His work was balanced with songs by U2 ( `` City of Blinding Lights '' , Miranda and Andrea in Paris ) , Madonna ( `` Vogue '' & `` Jump '' , Andrea 's fashion montage & her first day on the job , respectively ) , KT Tunstall ( `` Suddenly I See '' , female montage during opening credits ) , Alanis Morissette ( `` Crazy '' , Central Park photo shoot ) , Bitter : Sweet ( `` Our Remains , '' Andrea picks up James Holt 's sketches for Miranda ; Bittersweet Faith , Lily 's art show ) , Azure Ray ( `` Sleep , '' following the breakdown of her relationship with Nate ) , Jamiroquai ( `` Seven Days in Sunny June , '' Andrea and Christian meet at James Holt 's party ) among others . Frankel had wanted to use `` City of Blinding Lights '' in the film after he had used it as a soundtrack to a video montage of Paris scenes he had put together after scouting locations there . Likewise , Field had advocated just as strongly for `` Vogue . '' The soundtrack album was released on July 11 by Warner Music . It includes all the songs mentioned above ( except Madonna 's `` Jump '' ) as well as a suite of Shapiro 's themes . Among the tracks not included is `` Suddenly I See , '' which disappointed many fans . It became popular as a result of the film . Pre-release and marketing ( edit ) Originally intended just to convince Fox to fund some shooting in Paris , Frankel 's sizzle reel led the studio to put a stronger marketing push behind the movie . It moved the release date from February to summer , scheduling it as a lighter alternative audiences could consider to Superman Returns at the end of June 2006 , and began to position it as an event movie in and of itself . Two decisions by the studio 's marketing department that were meant to be preliminary wound up being integral to promoting the film . The first was the creation of the red stiletto heel ending in a pitchfork as the film 's teaser poster . It was so successful and effective , becoming almost `` iconic '' ( in Finerman 's words ) , that it was used for the actual release poster as well . It became a brand , and was eventually used on every medium related to the film -- the tie - in reprinting of the novel and the soundtrack and DVD covers as well . The studio also put together a trailer of scenes and images strictly from the first three minutes of the film , in which Andrea meets Miranda for the first time , to be used at previews and film festivals until they could create a more standard trailer drawing from the whole film . But , again , this proved so effective with early audiences it was retained as the main trailer , since it created anticipation for the rest of the film without giving anything away . Gabler credits the studio 's marketing team for being `` really creative '' . Fox saw the film as `` counterprogramming '' on the weekend Superman Returns was released . While they knew that the material and Hathaway would help draw a younger female audience that would not be as interested in seeing that film , `` ( w ) e did n't want it to just seem like a chick flick coming out . '' Reception ( edit ) The stars of The Devil Wears Prada at the Venice premiere , front row : ( left to right ) Anne Hathaway , Stanley Tucci , Lisa Tucci and Meryl Streep . Valentino can be seen behind and between Stanley and Lisa Tucci , and Beatrice Borromeo is partly visible to Stanley Tucci 's left . Critical response ( edit ) The Devil Wears Prada received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 75 % , based on 191 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reads , `` A rare film that surpasses the quality of its source novel , this Devil is a witty expose of New York 's fashion scene , with Meryl Streep in top form and Anne Hathaway more than holding her own . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Initial reviews of the film focused primarily on Streep 's performance , praising her for making an extremely unsympathetic character far more complex than she had been in the novel . `` With her silver hair and pale skin , her whispery diction as perfect as her posture , Ms. Streep 's Miranda inspires both terror and a measure of awe , '' wrote A.O. Scott in The New York Times . `` No longer simply the incarnation of evil , she is now a vision of aristocratic , purposeful and surprisingly human grace . '' Kyle Smith agreed at the New York Post : `` The snaky Streep wisely chooses not to imitate Vogue editrix Anna Wintour , the inspiration for the book , but creates her own surprisingly believable character . '' David Edelstein , in New York magazine , criticized the film as `` thin '' , but praised Streep for her `` fabulous minimalist performance . '' J. Hoberman , Edelstein 's onetime colleague at The Village Voice , called the movie an improvement on the book and said Streep was `` the scariest , most nuanced , funniest movie villainess since Tilda Swinton 's nazified White Witch ( in 2005 's The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ) . '' Blunt , too , earned some favorable notice . `` ( She ) has many of the movie 's best lines and steals nearly every scene she 's in , '' wrote Clifford Pugh in the Houston Chronicle . Other reviewers and fans concurred . While all critics were in agreement about Streep and Blunt , they pointed to other weaknesses , particularly in the story . Reviewers familiar with Weisberger 's novel assented to her judgment that McKenna 's script greatly improved upon it . An exception was Angela Baldassare at The Microsoft Network Canada , who felt the film needed more of the nastiness others had told her was abundant in the novel . David Denby summed up this response in his New Yorker review : `` The Devil Wears Prada tells a familiar story , and it never goes much below the surface of what it has to tell . Still , what a surface ! '' Reactions to Hathaway 's performance were not as unanimous as for many of her costars . Denby said `` she suggests , with no more than a panicky sidelong glance , what Weisberger takes pages to describe . '' On the other hand , according to Baldassare , she `` barely carrie ( d ) the load . '' Depiction of fashion industry ( edit ) Some media outlets allowed their present or former fashion reporters to weigh in on how realistic the movie was . Their responses varied widely . Booth Moore at Los Angeles Times chided Field for creating a `` fine fashion fantasy with little to do with reality , '' a world that reflects what outsiders think fashion is like rather than what the industry actually is . Unlike the movie , in her experience fashionistas were less likely to wear makeup and more likely to value edgier dressing styles ( that would not include toe rings ) . `` If they want a documentary , they can watch the History Channel '' , retorted Field . Another newspaper fashion writer , Hadley Freeman of The Guardian , likewise complained the film was awash in the sexism and clichés that , to her , beset movies about fashion in general . Charla Krupp , the executive editor of SHOP , Inc. , says `` It 's the first film I 've seen that got it right ... ( It ) has the nuances of the politics and the tension better than any film -- and the backstabbing and sucking - up . '' Joanna Coles , the editor of the U.S. edition of Marie Claire , agreed : The film brilliantly skewers a particular kind of young woman who lives , breathes , thinks fashion above all else ... those young women who are prepared to die rather than go without the latest Muse bag from Yves Saint Laurent that costs three times their monthly salary . It 's also accurate in its understanding of the relationship between the editor - in - chief and the assistant . Ginia Bellefante , former fashion reporter for The New York Times , called it `` easily the truest portrayal of fashion culture since Unzipped '' and giving it credit for depicting the way fashion had changed in the early 21st century . Her colleague Ruth La Ferla found a different opinion from industry insiders after a special preview screening . Most found the fashion in the movie too safe and the beauty too overstated , more in tune with the 1980s than the 2000s . `` My job is to present an entertainment , a world people can visit and take a little trip , '' responded Field . Liz Jones , former editor of British Marie Claire , wrote in the Daily Mail that the movie was `` a chilling reminder of the most surreal three years of my life . '' The only detail she found inaccurate was the absence of flowers in Miranda 's Paris hotel room -- during her tenure as editor , her rooms there or in Milan received so many flowers from designers that she thought she `` had died prematurely . '' She personally vouched for Miranda 's personality : `` It took only a few weeks in the job for me to mutate into that strangely exotic and spoilt creature : the magazine maven , whose every whim , like those of Miranda ... must be pandered to . '' Commercial ( edit ) On its June 30 opening weekend , right before the Independence Day holiday , the film was on 2,847 screens . Through that Sunday , July 2 , it grossed $27 million , second only to the much bigger - budget Superman Returns , breaking The Patriot 's six - year - old record for the largest take by a movie released that holiday weekend that did not win the weekend ; a record that stood until Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs broke it in 2009 . During its first week it added $13 million . This success led Fox to add 35 more screens the next weekend , the widest domestic distribution the film enjoyed . Although it was never any week 's top - grossing film , it remained in the top 10 through July . Its theatrical run continued through December 10 , shortly before the DVD release . `` The core marketing was definitely to women , '' Gabler recalls , `` but the men did n't resist going to the movie . '' She felt that male viewers responded favorably to the movie because they sought a glimpse inside fashion , and because Miranda `` was enjoyable to watch . '' The release date helped generate word of mouth when people who had seen it discussed it at holiday gatherings . `` They were talking about it , like a summer reading book , '' said Gabler . It had a very successful run in theaters , making nearly $125 million in the United States and Canada and over $325 million worldwide , a career high for all three top - billed actresses at that time . Streep would surpass it two years later with Mamma Mia while Hathaway exceeded it with 2010 's Alice in Wonderland . Blunt would not be in a higher - grossing film until the 2014 movie adaptation of the Broadway musical Into the Woods ( also starring Streep ) . Anna Wintour , on whom Miranda is supposedly based , was at first skeptical of the film but later came to appreciate it . It was also Tucci 's highest - grossing film until Captain America : The First Avenger in 2011 . Anna Wintour ( edit ) Anna Wintour attended the film 's New York premiere , wearing Prada . Her friend Barbara Amiel reported that she said shortly afterward that the movie would go straight to DVD . But in an interview with Barbara Walters that aired the day the DVD was released , she called the film `` really entertaining '' and said she appreciated the `` decisive '' nature of Streep 's portrayal . `` Anything that makes fashion entertaining and glamorous and interesting is wonderful for our industry . So I was 100 percent behind it . '' Streep said Wintour was `` probably more upset by the book than the film '' . Anna Wintour 's popularity skyrocketed after her portrayal in The Devil Wears Prada . She was happy with the portrayal she got from Meryl Streep that did not place her in a position of complete villainy in which she felt was an unfair representation of her . Meryl Streep said she did n't base her character in The Devil Wears Prada on Anna Wintour , instead saying she was inspired by men she had known previously : `` Unfortunately you do n't have enough women in power , or at least I do n't know them , to copy . '' International ( edit ) The movie title in Spanish America ( El diablo viste a la moda ) , English and Spanish ( El diablo viste de Prada ) in the same typeface as that used on the poster Weisberger 's novel had been translated into 37 different languages , giving the movie a strong potential foreign audience . The international box office would ultimately deliver 60 % of the film 's gross . `` We did our European premiere at the Venice Film Festival '' , Gabler says , where the city 's gondoliers wore red T - shirts with the film 's logo . `` So many people around the world were captivated by the glossy fashion world . It was sexy and international . '' The Devil Wears Prada topped the charts on its first major European release weekend on October 9 , after a strong September Oceania and Latin America opening . It would be the highest - grossing film that weekend in Britain , Spain and Russia , taking in $41.5 million overall . Continued strong weekends as it opened across the rest of Europe helped it remain atop the overseas charts for the rest of the month . By the end of the year only its Chinese opening remained ; it was released there at the end of February 2007 and took in $2.4 million . The greatest portion of the $201.8 million total international box office came from the United Kingdom , with $26.5 million . Germany was next with $23.1 million , followed by Italy at $19.3 million and France at $17.9 million . Outside Europe , Japanese box office was the highest at $14.6 million , followed by Australia at $12.6 million . Most reviews from the international press echoed the domestic response , heaping praise on Streep and the other actors , but calling the whole film `` predictable . '' The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw , who found the film `` moderately entertaining , '' took Blunt to task , calling her a `` real disappointment ... strained and awkward . '' In The Independent , Anthony Quinn said Streep `` may just have given us a classic here '' and concluded that the film as a whole was `` as snappy and juicy as fresh bubblegum . '' In most markets the title remained unchanged ; either the English was used or a translation into the local language . The only exceptions were Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Mexico and Venezuela , where it was El diablo que viste Prada and El diablo se viste a la moda . In Poland , the title was Diabeł ubiera się u Prady which roughly means `` The Devil dresses ( itself ) at Prada '' rather than `` The Devil Wears Prada . '' In Italian the title was '' Il diavolo veste Prada '' which roughly means `` The devil wears Prada '' . In Turkey , the title was `` Şeytan Marka Giyer , '' roughly translated as `` The Devil Wears Brand - Names . '' In Romania , the title was `` Diavolul se îmbracă de la Prada , '' which roughly means `` The Devil Dresses itself from Prada '' , the same construction being found in the French title , `` Le Diable s'habille en Prada '' . The Japanese version is titled `` プラダ を 着 た 悪魔 '' , which translates as `` The devil wearing Prada '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Three months after the film 's North American release ( October 2006 ) , Frankel and Weisberger jointly accepted the first Quill Variety Blockbuster Book to Film Award . A committee of staffers at the magazine made the nominations and chose the award winner . Editor Peter Bart praised both works . ' The Devil Wears Prada ' is an energetically directed , perfect - fit of a film that has surprised some in the industry with its box - office legs . It has delighted the country , much as did Lauren Weisberger 's book , which is still going strong on several national bestseller lists . The film was honored by the National Board of Review as one of the year 's ten best . The American Film Institute gave the film similar recognition . The film received ample attention from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association when its Golden Globe Award nominations were announced in December . The film itself was in the running for Best Picture ( Comedy / Musical ) and Supporting Actress ( for Blunt ) . Streep later won the Globe for Best Actress ( Musical / Comedy ) . In January 2007 , Streep 's fellow members of the Screen Actors Guild nominated her for Best Actress as well . Four days later , at the National Society of Film Critics awards , Streep won Best Supporting Actress for her work both in Devil and A Prairie Home Companion . McKenna earned a nomination from the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . When the British Academy of Film and Television Arts announced its 2006 nominations , Blunt , Field , McKenna and Streep were all among the nominees . Makeup artist and hairstylists Nicki Ledermann and Angel de Angelis also were nominated . At the end of January , Streep received her 14th Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , lengthening her record from 13 for most nominations by any actor male or female . Field received a Costume Design nomination as well . Neither won , but Blunt and Hathaway presented the last mentioned award , amusing the audience by slipping into their characters for a few lines , nervously asking which of them had gotten Streep her cappuccino . Streep played along with a stern expression before smiling . Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Academy Awards February 25 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Costume Design Patricia Field Nominated ACE Eddie Awards February 18 , 2007 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Mark Livolsi Nominated AFI Awards January 12 , 2007 Movie of the Year The Devil Wears Prada Won African - American Film Critics Association Awards December 22 , 2006 Top 10 Films The Devil Wears Prada Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists ' EDA Awards December 2006 Best Comedy by or About Women David Frankel Nominated Best Actress in a Comedic Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Screenplay Written by a Woman Aline Brosh McKenna Nominated Awards Circuit Community Awards December 2006 Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Emily Blunt Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards May 16 , 2007 BMI Film Music Theodore Shapiro Won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards December 11 , 2006 Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 11 , 2007 Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Emily Blunt Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Aline Brosh McKenna Nominated Best Costume Design Patricia Field Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Nicki Ledermann Angel De Angelis Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards January 11 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards December 28 , 2006 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 2007 Excellence in Costume Design for a Contemporary Film Patricia Field Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards January 20 , 2007 Best Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards December 19 , 2006 Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Emily Blunt Nominated Dublin Film Critics ' Circle Awards December 2006 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 15 , 2007 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Emily Blunt Nominated Golden Schmoes Awards December 2006 Best Supporting Actress of the Year Emily Blunt Nominated International Online Film Critics ' Poll Awards January 9 , 2011 Best Actress of the Decade Meryl Streep Nominated Italian Online Movie Awards May 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won Jupiter Awards March 2007 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Anne Hathaway Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Awards February 8 , 2007 Actress of the Year Meryl Streep Won British Supporting Actress of the Year Emily Blunt Won MTV Movie Awards June 3 , 2007 Best Breakthrough Performance Emily Blunt Nominated Best Villain Meryl Streep Nominated Best Comedic Performance Emily Blunt Nominated MTV Russia Movie Awards April 19 , 2007 Best International Movie The Devil Wears Prada Nominated National Board of Review Awards January 9 , 2007 Top Ten Films The Devil Wears Prada Won National Society of Film Critics Awards January 6 , 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won New York Film Critics Circle Awards December 11 , 2006 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated North Texas Film Critics Association Awards January 21 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Won Online Film & Television Association Awards February 10 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Costume Design Patricia Field Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards January 8 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 9 , 2007 Favorite Song from a Movie `` Crazy '' -- Alanis Morissette Nominated Rembrandt Awards March 2007 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won Satellite Awards December 18 , 2006 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep Won Satellite Award for Best Costume Design Patricia Field Won Screen Actors Guild Awards January 28 , 2007 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards January 7 , 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 20 , 2006 Choice Summer Movie : Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Meryl Streep Anne Hathaway Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star -- Female Emily Blunt Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Meryl Streep Nominated USC Scripter Awards February 18 , 2007 Best Screenplay Aline Brosh McKenna Lauren Weisberger Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards January 9 , 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards December 14 , 2006 Best Comedic Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Woman Storyteller Aline Brosh McKenna Won Writers Guild of America Awards February 11 , 2007 Best Adapted Screenplay Aline Brosh McKenna Nominated In other media ( edit ) The success of the film led to a proposed , but unrealized , American dramedy series that was in contention to air for the 2007 -- 08 television season on Fox . It was to be produced by Fox Television Studios , with the premise adjusted for the confines of a traditional half - hour or one - hour dramedy with a single camera set - up . However , it never reached the point of even producing a pilot episode . With the video release came renewed interest in Weisberger 's novel . It ranked eighth on USA Today s list of 2006 best sellers and was the second most borrowed book in American libraries . The audiobook version was released in October 2006 and quickly made it to third on that medium 's fiction best seller list . In 2015 , it was reported that Broadway producer Kevin McCollum had signed a deal two years earlier with Fox to develop some of the films from its back catalog into musicals for the stage . Two he expressed particular interest in were Mrs. Doubtfire and The Devil Wears Prada . Early in 2017 , McCollum announced that in partnership with Fox Stage Productions , he was developing a musical version of The Devil Wears Prada ( based on both the film and the book ) . Sir Elton John will be composing the score for the project with playwright Paul Rudnick , who had written some early scenes for the screenplay , mostly with Miranda , writing the book and lyrics . McCollum did not say when he expected it to premiere but hoped it would eventually play on Broadway . Home media ( edit ) The DVD was released on December 12 , 2006 and has , in addition to the film , the following extras : Audio commentary from Frankel , editor Mark Livolsi , Field , screenwriter Aline Brosh McKenna , producer Wendy Finerman and cinematographer Florian Ballhaus . A five - minute blooper reel featuring , among other shots , unintentional pratfalls by Hathaway due to the high stiletto heels she had to wear . It also includes gag shots such as a chubby crewmember in loose - fitting clothing walking along the runway at the fashion show , and Streep announcing `` I have some nude photographs to show you '' at the Paris brunch scene . Unlike most blooper reels , it is not a collection of sequential takes but rather a fast - paced montage set to music from the film with many backstage shots and a split screenshot allowing the viewer to compare the actual shot with the blooper . The many shots of actors touching their noses are , Rich Sommer says , a game played to assign blame for ruined takes . Five featurettes `` Trip to the Big Screen '' , a 12 - minute look at the film 's pre-production , discussing the changes made from the novel , how Frankel was chosen to direct and other issues . `` NYC and Fashion '' , a look at the real New York fashion scene and how it is portrayed in the film . `` Fashion Visionary Patricia Field '' , a profile of the film 's costume designer . `` Getting Valentino '' , covering how the designer was persuaded to appear as himself in the film . `` Boss from Hell '' , a short segment on difficult , nightmarish superiors like Priestly . Fifteen deleted scenes , with commentary from Frankel and Livolsi available ( see below ) . The theatrical trailer , and promotional spots for the soundtrack album and other releases . Closed captions in French and Spanish are also available . The DVD is available in both full screen and widescreen versions . Pictures of the cast and the tagline `` Hell on Heels '' were added to the red - heel image for the cover . It was released in the UK on February 5 , 2007 . A Blu - ray Disc of the film was released simultaneously with the DVD . The Blu - ray maintains the same features as the DVD ; however , the featurettes were dropped and replaced with a subtitle pop - up trivia track that can be watched by itself or along with the audio commentary . Reception ( edit ) Immediately upon its December 12 release , it became the top rental in the United States . It held that spot through the end of the year , adding another $26.5 million to the film 's grosses ; it dropped out of the top 50 at the end of March , with its grosses almost doubling . The following week it made its debut on the DVD sales charts in third position . By the end of 2007 it had sold nearly 5.6 million units , for a total of $94.4 million in sales . Deleted scenes ( edit ) Among the deleted scenes are some that added more background information to the story , with commentary available by the editor and director . Most were deleted by Livolsi in favor of keeping the plot focused on the conflict between Miranda and Andrea , often without consulting Frankel . Frankel generally approved of his editor 's choices , but differed on one scene , showing more of Andrea on her errand to the Calvin Klein showroom . He felt that scene showed Andrea 's job was about more than running personal errands for Miranda . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) In 2016 , around the 10th anniversary of the film 's release , Vanity Fair did a rundown of some Independence Day weekend movie box results from the previous 15 years , noting how some better - remembered films had been bested by films that have not stood the test of time . It called Superman Returns ' win over The Devil Wears Prada the `` most ironic '' of these victories . `` ( T ) he degree to which ( it ) has penetrated pop culture needs no explanation -- as does the degree to which Superman Returns did n't . '' The cast 's opinions on why the movie has endured differ . Hathaway told Variety that she thinks many people relate to Andy 's predicament of working for someone who seems impossible to please . `` Everybody has had an experience like this . '' Tucci did not believe specific explanations were necessary . `` It 's a fucking brilliant movie ... The brilliant movies become influential , no matter what they are about . '' Cast ( edit ) The cast members bonded tightly on the set , and remained close afterwards . Blunt invited them to her wedding to John Krasinski in 2010 . There , Tucci met her sister Felicity , whom he later married . `` Ten years after The Devil Wears Prada , Stanley is in my actual family , '' she told Variety . `` How frightening is that ? '' In its anniversary story , Variety argued that it had benefited all three of its lead actresses . In addition to Streep 's record - setting Oscar nomination , the magazine observed , it had proven that she could be a box - office draw by herself , opening doors up for her to be cast as a lead in later summer movies such as Julie & Julia and Mamma Mia ! . For Hathaway , it was her first leading role in a film intended for an adult audience . Subsequent producers were impressed that she had held her own playing opposite Streep , which led eventually to her being cast in more serious roles like Rachel Getting Married and Les Misérables , for which she won an Oscar . `` I think what people saw was promising -- it made people want to see more . '' Hathaway believes that Blunt 's career took off because of her role . `` I 've never witnessed a star being born before , '' Hathaway says . `` That 's the first time I watched it happen . '' Blunt agrees that it was `` a night and day change '' for her -- the day after the film was released , she told Variety , the staff at the coffee shop she had been going to for breakfast every morning in Los Angeles suddenly recognized her . Even ten years later , people still quote her lines from the film back to her at least once a week , she says . Audience demographics ( edit ) `` ( The film ) definitely paved the way for the filmmakers and distributors of the world to know that there was a female audience that was really strong out there '' , Gabler recalls , one that was not segmented by age . She pointed to later movies , such as Mamma Mia ! , 27 Dresses ( written by McKenna ) and Me Before You , that appeared to her to be trying to replicate The Devil Wears Prada 's success with that demographic . However , Gabler feels they did not do so as well . `` Prada reminds me of movies that we do n't have a lot of now -- it harkens back to classic movies that had so much more than just one kind of plot line ... You just keep wanting to find something that can touch upon the same zeitgeist as this film . '' For Streep , the most significant thing about the film was that `` ( t ) his was the first time , on any movie I have ever made , where men came up to me and said , ' I know what you felt like , this is kind of like my life . ' That was for me the most ground - breaking thing about Devil Wears Prada -- it engaged men on a visceral level , '' she told Indiewire . Popular culture and Society ( edit ) The film has made a lasting impact on popular culture . Although a TV series based on it was not picked up , in the years after its release The Simpsons titled an episode `` The Devil Wears Nada '' and parodied some scenes . The American version of The Office began an episode with Steve Carell as Michael Scott imitating Miranda after watching the film on Netflix . In 2008 , The New York Times wrote that the movie had defined the image of a personal assistant in the public mind . Seven years later , Dissent 's Francesca Mari wrote about `` the assistant economy '' by which many creative professionals rely on workers so titled to do menial personal and professional tasks for them ; she pointed to The Devil Wears Prada as the best - known narrative of assistantship . The next year , writing about a proposed change in U.S. federal overtime regulations that was seen as threatening to that practice , the Times called it the ' Devil Wears Prada ' economy `` , a term other news outlets also used . On the film 's 10th anniversary , Alyssa Rosenberg wrote in The Washington Post that Miranda anticipated female antiheroines of popular television series of the later 2000s and 2010s such as Scandal 's Olivia Pope and Cersei Lannister in Game of Thrones . Like them , she observes , Miranda competently assumes a position of authority often held by male characters , despite her moral failings , that she must defend against attempts to use her personal life to remove her from it , to `` prov ( e ) , as a creature of sentiment , that she never belonged there in the first place . '' In doing so , however successfully to herself and others , `` she has zipped herself into a life as regimented and limited as a skintight pencil skirt . '' `` Like many instant classics , Prada benefited from perfect timing '' , Variety 's 2016 article observed , attempting to explain the film 's enduring appeal . `` It marked the beginning of the democratization of the fashion industry -- when the masses started to pay attention to the business of what they wore . '' It credited the movie with helping stir interest in the American adaptation of the Colombian television series Ugly Betty , which debuted months after its release . The film also has been credited with increasing interest in R.J. Cutler 's documentary The September Issue , which followed Wintour and other Vogue editors as they prepared the issue for that month of 2007 . Writing in The Ringer on the tenth anniversary , Alison Herman observed that `` The Devil Wears Prada transformed Wintour 's image from that of a mere public figure into that of a cultural icon . '' Once known primarily as a fashion editor , she was now `` every overlord you 'd ever bitched about three drinks deep at happy hour , only to dutifully fetch her coffee the next day . '' Ultimately , the film had effected a positive change in Wintour 's image , Herman argued , `` from a tyrant in chinchilla to an idol for the post-Sandberg age . '' Possible sequel ( edit ) In 2013 , Weisberger wrote a sequel , Revenge Wears Prada . However , it does not seem likely that a film version of it , or any sequel , will be made , as two of the film 's stars are not eager to do so . Streep has reportedly said that she is not interested in making a sequel for this film in particular . And while Hathaway admits she 'd be interested in working with the same people , it would have to be `` something totally different . '' The Devil Wears Prada , she told Variety `` might have just hit the right note . It 's good to leave it as it is . '' Musical adaptation ( edit ) In 2015 , it was announced that a musical adaptation of the film was in the works . In 2017 , it was announced that Elton John and Paul Rudnick were teaming up to write the show , with no timeline being set . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Comedy portal Fashion portal Film in the United States portal New York City portal Paris portal 2006 in film Films with similar plot elements ( edit ) The Intern , 2000 comedy about an overworked and mistreated low - level employee at a New York fashion magazine Swimming with Sharks , 1994 film starring Kevin Spacey as a tyrannical movie producer and Frank Whaley as his beleaguered assistant Lists ( edit ) List of 2006 box office number - one films in Australia List of 2006 box office number - one films in Japan List of 2006 box office number - one films in South Korea List of 2006 box office number - one films in the United Kingdom List of American comedy films List of American films of 2006 List of awards and nominations received by Anne Hathaway List of awards and nominations received by Emily Blunt List of awards and nominations received by Meryl Streep List of comedy films of the 2000s List of fiction works made into feature films ( D -- J ) List of film director and composer collaborations List of films set in New York City List of films set in Paris Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Helen Mirren 's hair has also been cited as an inspiration Jump up ^ To qualify that record slightly , Ice Age narrowly lost that opening weekend to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , which unlike Superman Returns had opened the previous week . The following year , The Last Airbender also exceeded The Devil Wears Prada 's July 4 opening weekend take without winning the weekend , as did The Purge : Election Year in 2016 , but neither film broke Ice Age 's record . Jump up ^ In 2008 , Get Smart outdid Devil 's domestic box office but took in far less overseas . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Devil Wears Prada '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' At 10 : Meryl Streep and More on How Their Risky Project Became a Massive Hit '' . Indiewire . p. 2 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : French , Serena ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` The $1 Million Wardrobe '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Walters , Barbara ( December 12 , 2006 ) . `` The 10 Most Fascinating People of 2006 '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' At 10 : Meryl Streep and More on How Their Risky Project Became a Massive Hit '' . IndieWire . p. 3 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , Martin A. ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Oscar - Worthy ' Devil Wears Prada ' Most Enjoyable Film in Long Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Turns 10 : Meryl Streep , Anne Hathaway and Emily Blunt Tell All '' . Variety . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' At 10 : Meryl Streep and More on How Their Risky Project Became a Massive Hit '' . IndieWire . p. 1 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merin , Jennifer ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Jennifer Merin interviews David Frankel re ' The Devil Wears Prada ' '' . New York Press . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 -- via Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Dylan ( 2006 ) . `` Clothes Encounters '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finerman , Wendy ( 2006 ) . `` Trip to the Big Screen '' on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` How Meryl Streep Terrified The Devil Wears Prada 's Screenwriter '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Aline Brosh ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Aline Brosh McKenna : Screenwriters '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Alison ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Everybody Wants to Be Us '' . The Ringer . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Kase ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The most iconic ' Devil Wears Prada ' scene almost did n't make it into the movie '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Krupnick , Ellie ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` What That Famous ' Devil Wears Prada ' Scene Actually Gets Wrong '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Liz ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Liz Jones : Diary of a magazine editor '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Sage ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` What Meryl Streep Was Like On ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Set , According To Author Lauren Weisberger '' . Bustle . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ; July 29 , 2007 ; `` Growing up in public '' ; The Star - Ledger , Section 4 , page 2 . `` I wanted to illustrate how dangerous it was to not make your own choices ... I had been doing that for far too long '' ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hugh ( September 9 , 2006 ) . `` Meryl Streep plays the Devil her own way '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tan , Michelle ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Anne Hathaway Gets Fit for Get Smart '' . People . Jump up ^ Celebrity Stink ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Devil Wears Prada Forced Emily Blunt To Emaciate Herself '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Blunt Biography '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmon , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` 12 Things You Need To Know About The Twins From `` The Devil Wears Prada '' `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanley Tucci on Graham Norton ; `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . 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Pacific Magazines . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . I wanted the freedom to make this person up Jump up ^ Weisberger 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Weisberger 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Weisberger 2003 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Weisberger 2003 , p. 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Hill , Amelia ; October 8 , 2006 ; `` The secret of success ? Kindness '' ; The Observer ; retrieved January 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Aline Brosh ( 2006 ) . Commentary track on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Miller , Judy ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Emily Blunt Stole Her Most Vicious Devil Wears Prada Insult from an Awful Mom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frankel , David ( 2006 ) . `` NYC and Fashion '' on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the acid queen of New York fashion '' . The Guardian . June 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , C. Molly ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Makeover Ensemble '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Field , Patricia ( 2006 ) . Commentary track on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Flirting with the ' 20s '' . Lucire . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fields , Patricia ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` 10 Years After ' The Devil Wears Prada , ' Patricia Field Explains How the Costumes Came Together '' . Racked.com . Interviewed by Elana Fishman . Vox Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Leigh ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Turns Ten : Talking With Costumer Patricia Field '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Field , Patricia ( 2006 ) . `` NYC and Fashion '' on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Denby , David ( July 3 , 2006 ) . `` Dressed to Kill `` The Devil Wears Prada '' `` . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ See photos here Archived November 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lee , Helen ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` Anna Wintour Redecorates Her Office Because of The Devil Wears Prada '' . Sassybella.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivia for The Devil Wears Prada , retrieved from imdb.com December 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` DEVIL WEARS PRADA Hero Faux `` Harry Potter Book 7 '' ! `` . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2009 . ; retrieved from Ebay.com January 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Yandoli , Krystie Lee ; Rackham , Casey ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` This Is What ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Looks Like in Real Life '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Theodore Shapiro scores The Devil Wears Prada '' . Scoring-sessions.net . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Customer reviews , as of December 12 , 2006 ; The Devil Wears Prada soundtrack ; amazon.com ; retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Devil Wears Prada at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster Jump up ^ `` The Devil Wears Prada : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` In ' The Devil Wears Prada , ' Meryl Streep Plays the Terror of the Fashion World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` Wintour Wonderland -- It May Not Be in Vogue , but It 's in Fashion ; For Fashion , a Model Movie '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` The Devil Wears Prada '' . New York . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ; June 27 , 2006 ; Myths American ; The Village Voice ; retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Clifford ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` The Devil Wears Prada More about runaway egos than runway ensembles '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Michael . `` A Movie Parable : The Devil Wears Prada '' . ChristianCritic . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( August 11 , 2006 ) . `` Who 's your favorite summer - movie scene stealer ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Baldassare , Angela . `` The Devil Wears Predictability '' . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , Booth ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` This fashion world exists only in the movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : La Ferla , Ruth ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` The Duds of ' The Devil Wears Prada ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( October 23 , 2006 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Prada ' Struts to Third Victory '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bresnan , Conor ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` Around the World Roundup : ' Prada ' Still in Vogue '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Devil Wears Prada By Country '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( October 8 , 2006 ) . `` The Devil Wears Prada '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` The Devil Wears Prada '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Anthony ( October 6 , 2006 ) . `` The Devil Wears Prada ( PG ) Claws out , dressed to kill '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Quill Awards Announce The Devil Wears Prada as First Recipient of Its Variety Blockbuster Book to Film Award '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : The Quills Literacy Foundation . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Archives '' . National Board of Review . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2006 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Nominations and Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominations '' . Screen Actors Guild . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` National Society picks ' Pan ' as best pic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 WGA Award nominations '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 2007 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Oscar 's best moments were n't in the script '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( October 11 , 2006 ) ; subscrpition req '' . `` Variety '' . October 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blais , Jacqueline ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Hollywood connection makes for best sellers '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Books Most Borrowed in U.S. Libraries '' . Library Journal . 132 ( 1 ) : 176 . January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maughan , S. ( October 2 , 2006 ) . `` Audio bestsellers / Fiction '' . Publishers Weekly . p. 19 . , cited at Spiker . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Is Aiming for Broadway , as a Musical '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : The Devil Wears Prada '' . Current Film . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blooper reel. ( 2006 ) . The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Sommer , Rich ( January 3 , 2007 ) . `` Fun '' . Vox . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Devil Wears Prada Blu - ray Review '' . Highdef Digest . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) -- DVD / Home Video rentals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Devil Wears Prada : Weekly US DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Independence Day Weekend Is for Blockbusters , Except When It Is n't '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rozhon , Tracie ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Upstairs , Downstairs and Above the Garage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . The term ' personal assistant ' has been degraded over the years and is now almost synonymous with the overworked , underpaid heroine of the movie and book The Devil Wears Prada . Jump up ^ Mari , Francesca ( Spring 2015 ) . `` The Assistant Economy '' . Dissent . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scheiber , Noam ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` President Obama 's Overtime Pay Plan Threatens the ' Prada ' Economy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Timberg , Scott ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Good riddance to the ' Devil Wears Prada ' economy : It 's not just exploitative , it 's a diversity killer '' . Salon . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` How ' The Devil Wears Prada ' foreshadowed an age of antiheroines '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Book ( edit ) Weisberger , Laura ( 2003 ) . The Devil Wears Prada . New York : Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1476 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Devil Wears Prada Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Devil wears Prada ( film ) . The Devil Wears Prada on IMDb The Devil Wears Prada at AllMovie The Devil Wears Prada at Rotten Tomatoes The Devil Wears Prada at Metacritic The Devil Wears Prada at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> hide Films directed by David Frankel <Td_colspan="2"> Miami Rhapsody ( 1995 ) Dear Diary ( 1996 ) The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) Marley & Me ( 2008 ) The Big Year ( 2011 ) Hope Springs ( 2012 ) One Chance ( 2013 ) Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Devil_Wears_Prada_(film)&oldid=845342826 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 20th Century Fox films American comedy - drama films American films Dune Entertainment films Films about fashion Films about journalists Films based on American novels Films directed by David Frankel Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films shot in New York City Films shot in Paris Vogue ( magazine ) Works about fashion magazine publishing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with short description Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 04 : 45 . 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1. The Devil Wears Prada film 2. Plot summary 3. Cast and characters 4. Production and behind-the-scenes 5. Critical reception and awards

what principle of the constitution is being discussed in this passage

Preamble to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Preamble to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` We the People '' redirects here . For other uses , see We the People ( disambiguation ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Preamble to the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution 's fundamental purposes and guiding principles . It states in general terms , and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of the Founding Fathers ' intentions regarding the Constitution 's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Drafting 3 Meaning and application 3.1 Judicial relevance 3.2 Examples 3.3 Interpretation 3.3. 1 Aspects of national sovereignty 3.3. 2 People of the United States 3.3. 3 The popular nature of the Constitution 3.3. 4 Where the Constitution is legally effective 3.3. 5 To form a more perfect Union 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Text We the People of the United States , in Order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America . Drafting The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style , which wrote its final draft , with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort . It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention beforehand . The initial wording of the preamble did not refer to the people of the United States , rather , it referred to people of the various states , which was the norm . In earlier documents , including the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France , the Articles of Confederation , and the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence , the word `` people '' was not used , and the phrase the United States was followed immediately by a listing of the states , from north to south . The change was made out of necessity , as the Constitution provided that whenever the popularly elected ratifying conventions of nine states gave their approval , it would go into effect for those nine , irrespective of whether any of the remaining states ratified . Meaning and application The Preamble serves solely as an introduction , and does not assign powers to the federal government , nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . Due to the Preamble 's limited nature , no court has ever used it as a decisive factor in case adjudication , except as regards frivolous litigation . Judicial relevance The courts have shown interest in any clues they can find in the Preamble regarding the Constitution 's meaning . Courts have developed several techniques for interpreting the meaning of statutes and these are also used to interpret the Constitution . As a result , the courts have said that interpretive techniques that focus on the exact text of a document should be used in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution . Balanced against these techniques are those that focus more attention on broader efforts to discern the meaning of the document from more than just the wording ; the Preamble is also useful for these efforts to identify the `` spirit '' of the Constitution . Additionally , when interpreting a legal document , courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating it ; as a result , the courts have cited the Preamble for evidence of the history , intent and meaning of the Constitution as it was understood by the Founders . Although revolutionary in some ways , the Constitution maintained many common law concepts ( such as habeas corpus , trial by jury , and sovereign immunity ) , and courts deem that the Founders ' perceptions of the legal system that the Constitution created ( i.e. , the interaction between what it changed and what it kept from the British legal system ) are uniquely important because of the authority `` the People '' invested them with to create it . Along with evidence of the understandings of the men who debated and drafted the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention , the courts are also interested in the way that government officials have put into practice the Constitution 's provisions , particularly early government officials , although the courts reserve to themselves the final authority to determine the Constitution 's meaning . However , this focus on historical understandings of the Constitution is sometimes in tension with the changed circumstances of modern society from the late 18th century society that drafted the Constitution ; courts have ruled that the Constitution must be interpreted in light of these changed circumstances . All of these considerations of the political theory behind the Constitution have prompted the Supreme Court to articulate a variety of special rules of construction and principles for interpreting it . For example , the Court 's rendering of the purposes behind the Constitution have led it to express a preference for broad interpretations of individual freedoms . Examples An example of the way courts utilize the Preamble is Ellis v. City of Grand Rapids . Substantively , the case was about eminent domain . The City of Grand Rapids wanted to use eminent domain to force landowners to sell property in the city identified as `` blighted '' , and convey the property to owners that would develop it in ostensibly beneficial ways : in this case , to St. Mary 's Hospital , a Catholic organization . This area of substantive constitutional law is governed by the Fifth Amendment , which is understood to require that property acquired via eminent domain must be put to a `` public use '' . In deciding whether the proposed project constituted a `` public use '' , the court pointed to the Preamble 's reference to `` promot ( ing ) the general Welfare '' as evidence that `` ( t ) he health of the people was in the minds of our forefathers '' . `` ( T ) he concerted effort for renewal and expansion of hospital and medical care centers , as a part of our nation 's system of hospitals , is as a public service and use within the highest meaning of such terms . Surely this is in accord with an objective of the United States Constitution : ' * * * promote the general Welfare . ' '' On the other hand , courts will not interpret the Preamble to give the government powers that are not articulated elsewhere in the Constitution . United States v. Kinnebrew Motor Co. is an example of this . In that case , the defendants were a car manufacturer and dealership indicted for a criminal violation of the National Industrial Recovery Act . The Congress passed the statute in order to cope with the Great Depression , and one of its provisions purported to give to the President authority to fix `` the prices at which new cars may be sold '' . The dealership , located in Oklahoma City , had sold an automobile to a customer ( also from Oklahoma City ) for less than the price for new cars fixed pursuant to the Act . Substantively , the case was about whether the transaction in question constituted `` interstate commerce '' that Congress could regulate pursuant to the Commerce Clause . Although the government argued that the scope of the Commerce Clause included this transaction , it also argued that the Preamble 's statement that the Constitution was created to `` promote the general Welfare '' should be understood to permit Congress to regulate transactions such as the one in this case , particularly in the face of an obvious national emergency like the Great Depression . The court , however , dismissed this argument as erroneous and insisted that the only relevant issue was whether the transaction that prompted the indictment actually constituted `` interstate commerce '' under the Supreme Court 's precedents that interpreted the scope of the Commerce Clause . Interpretation Aspects of national sovereignty The Preamble 's reference to the `` United States of America '' has been interpreted over the years to explain the nature of the governmental entity that the Constitution created ( i.e. , the federal government ) . In contemporary international law , the world consists of sovereign states ( or `` sovereign nations '' in modern equivalent ) . A state is said to be `` sovereign , '' if any of its ruling inhabitants are the supreme authority over it ; the concept is distinct from mere land - title or `` ownership . '' While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself , the Supreme Court held that the `` United States of America '' consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations ; the individual states may not conduct foreign relations . Although the Constitution expressly delegates to the federal government only some of the usual powers of sovereign governments ( such as the powers to declare war and make treaties ) , all such powers inherently belong to the federal government as the country 's representative in the international community . Domestically , the federal government 's sovereignty means that it may perform acts such as entering into contracts or accepting bonds , which are typical of governmental entities but not expressly provided for in the Constitution or laws . Similarly , the federal government , as an attribute of sovereignty , has the power to enforce those powers that are granted to it ( e.g. , the power to `` establish Post Offices and Post Roads '' includes the power to punish those who interfere with the postal system so established ) . The Court has recognized the federal government 's supreme power over those limited matters entrusted to it . Thus , no state may interfere with the federal government 's operations as though its sovereignty is superior to the federal government 's ( discussed more below ) ; for example , states may not interfere with the federal government 's near absolute discretion to sell its own real property , even when that real property is located in one or another state . The federal government exercises its supreme power not as a unitary entity , but instead via the three coordinate branches of the government ( legislative , executive , and judicial ) , each of which has its own prescribed powers and limitations under the Constitution . In addition , the doctrine of separation of powers functions as a limitation on each branch of the federal government 's exercise of sovereign power . One aspect of the American system of government is that , while the rest of the world now views the United States as one country , domestically American constitutional law recognizes a federation of state governments separate from ( and not subdivisions of ) the federal government , each of which is sovereign over its own affairs . Sometimes , the Supreme Court has even analogized the States to being foreign countries to each other to explain the American system of State sovereignty . However , each state 's sovereignty is limited by the U.S. Constitution , which is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state ; in the event of a conflict , a valid federal law controls . As a result , although the federal government is ( as discussed above ) recognized as sovereign and has supreme power over those matters within its control , the American constitutional system also recognizes the concept of `` State sovereignty , '' where certain matters are susceptible to government regulation , but only at the State and not the federal level . For example , although the federal government prosecutes crimes against the United States ( such as treason , or interference with the postal system ) , the general administration of criminal justice is reserved to the States . Notwithstanding sometimes broad statements by the Supreme Court regarding the `` supreme '' and `` exclusive '' powers the State and Federal governments exercise , the Supreme Court and State courts have also recognized that much of their power is held and exercised concurrently . People of the United States The phrase `` People of the United States '' has sometimes been understood to mean `` citizens . '' This approach reasons that , if the political community speaking for itself in the Preamble ( `` We the People '' ) includes only citizens , by negative implication it specifically excludes non-citizens in some fashion . It has also been construed to mean something like `` all under the sovereign jurisdiction and authority of the United States . '' The phrase has been construed as affirming that the national government created by the Constitution derives its sovereignty from the people , ( whereas `` United Colonies '' had identified external monarchical sovereignty ) as well as confirming that the government under the Constitution was intended to govern and protect `` the people '' directly , as one society , instead of governing only the states as political units . The Court has also understood this language to mean that the sovereignty of the government under the U.S. Constitution is superior to that of the States . Stated in negative terms , the Preamble has been interpreted as meaning that the Constitution was not the act of sovereign and independent states . The popular nature of the Constitution The Constitution claims to be an act of `` We the People . '' However , because it represents a general social contract , there are limits on the ability of individual citizens to pursue legal claims allegedly arising out of the Constitution . For example , if a law was enacted which violated the Constitution , not just anybody could challenge the statute 's constitutionality in court ; instead , only an individual who was negatively affected by the unconstitutional statute could bring such a challenge . For example , a person claiming certain benefits that are created by a statute can not then challenge , on constitutional grounds , the administrative mechanism that awards them . These same principles apply to corporate entities , and can implicate the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies . In this same vein , courts will not answer hypothetical questions about the constitutionality of a statute . The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws solely because they are unconstitutional , but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person 's interests . For example , creditors who lose some measure of what they are owed when a bankrupt 's debts are discharged can not claim injury , because Congress ' power to enact bankruptcy laws is also in the Constitution and inherent in it is the ability to declare certain debts valueless . Similarly , while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused of violating , once charged , a person may challenge the law 's validity , even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime . Where the Constitution is legally effective The Preamble has been used to confirm that the Constitution was made for , and is binding only in , the United States of America . For example , in Casement v. Squier , a serviceman in China during World War II was convicted of murder in the United States Court for China . After being sent to prison in the State of Washington , he filed a writ of habeas corpus with the local federal court , claiming he had been unconstitutionally put on trial without a jury . The court held that , since his trial was conducted by an American court and was , by American standards , basically fair , he was not entitled to the specific constitutional right of trial by jury while overseas . Since the Preamble declares the Constitution to have been created by the `` People of the United States '' , `` there may be places within the jurisdiction of the United States that are no part of the Union . '' The following examples help demonstrate the meaning of this distinction : Geofroy v. Riggs , 133 U.S. 258 ( 1890 ) : the Supreme Court held that a certain treaty between the United States and France which was applicable in `` the States of the Union '' was also applicable in Washington , D.C. , even though it is not a state or a part of a state . De Lima v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 1 ( 1901 ) : the Supreme Court ruled that a customs collector could not , under a statute providing for taxes on imported goods , collect taxes on goods coming from Puerto Rico after it had been ceded to the United States from Spain , reasoning that although it was not a State , it was under the jurisdiction of U.S. sovereignty , and thus the goods were not being imported from a foreign country . However , in Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) , the Court held that the Congress could constitutionally enact a statute taxing goods sent from Puerto Rico to ports in the United States differently from other commerce , in spite of the constitutional requirement that `` all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States , '' on the theory that although Puerto Rico could not be treated as a foreign country , it did not count as part of the `` United States '' and thus was not guaranteed `` uniform '' tax treatment by that clause of the Constitution . This was not the only constitutional clause held not to apply in Puerto Rico : later , a lower court went on to hold that goods brought from Puerto Rico into New York before the enactment of the tax statute held constitutional in Downes , could retroactively have the taxes applied to them notwithstanding the Constitution 's ban on ex post facto laws , even if at the time they were brought into the United States no tax could be applied to the goods because Puerto Rico was not a foreign country . Ochoa v. Hernandez y Morales , 230 U.S. 139 ( 1913 ) : the Fifth Amendment 's requirement that `` no person shall ... be deprived of ... property , without due process of law '' was held , by the Supreme Court , to apply in Puerto Rico , even though it was not a State and thus not `` part '' of the United States . To form a more perfect Union The phrase `` to form a more perfect Union '' has been construed as referring to the shift to the Constitution from the Articles of Confederation . In this transition , the `` Union '' was made `` more perfect '' by the creation of a federal government with enough power to act directly upon citizens , rather than a government with narrowly limited power that could act on citizens ( e.g. , by imposing taxes ) only indirectly through the states . Although the Preamble speaks of perfecting the `` Union , '' and the country is called the `` United States of America , '' the Supreme Court has interpreted the institution created as a government over the people , not an agreement between the States . The phrase has also been interpreted to confirm that state nullification of any federal law , dissolution of the Union , or secession from it , are not contemplated by the Constitution . See also Preamble Liberty Notes Jump up ^ In the handwritten engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the spelling `` defence , '' now considered British , is used in the preamble ; in addition the `` d '' is lower case , unlike the other use of `` defence '' in the Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 ) and unlike most of the other nouns in the Preamble . ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Retrieved both web pages on April 17 , 2016 . ) References Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest . `` Essay on the Preamble '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schütze , Robert . European Constitutional Law , p. 50 ( Cambridge University Press 2012 ) . Jump up ^ See Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( `` Although th ( e ) preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution , it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States , or on any of its departments . '' ) ; see also United States v. Boyer , 85 F. 425 , 430 -- 31 ( W.D. Mo . 1898 ) ( `` The preamble never can be resorted to , to enlarge the powers confided to the general government , or any of its departments . It can not confer any power per se . It can never amount , by implication , to an enlargement of any power expressly given . It can never be the legitimate source of any implied power , when otherwise withdrawn from the constitution . Its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the constitution , and not substantively to create them . '' ( quoting 1 JOSEPH STORY , COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES § 462 ( 1833 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ It is difficult to prove a negative , but courts have at times acknowledged this apparent truism . See , e.g. , Boyer , 85 F. at 430 ( `` I venture the opinion that no adjudicated case can be cited which traces to the preamble the power to enact any statute . '' ) . Jump up ^ In Jacobs v. Pataki , 68 F. App'x 222 , 224 ( 2d Cir. 2003 ) , the plaintiff made the bizarre argument that `` the ' United States of America ' that was granted Article III power in the Constitution is distinct from the ' United States ' that currently exercises that power '' ; the court dismissed this contention with 3 words ( `` it is not '' ) and cited a comparison of the Preamble 's reference to the `` United States of America '' with Article III 's vesting of the `` judicial Power of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases , 79 U.S. ( 12 Wall . ) 457 , 531 -- 32 ( 1871 ) ( `` ( I ) t ( can not ) be questioned that , when investigating the nature and extent of the powers , conferred by the Constitution upon Congress , it is indispensable to keep in view the objects for which those powers were granted . This is a universal rule of construction applied alike to statutes , wills , contracts , and constitutions . If the general purpose of the instrument is ascertained , the language of its provisions must be construed with reference to that purpose and so as to subserve it . In no other way can the intent of the framers of the instrument be discovered . And there are more urgent reasons for looking to the ultimate purpose in examining the powers conferred by a constitution than there are in construing a statute , a will , or a contract . We do not expect to find in a constitution minute details . It is necessarily brief and comprehensive . It prescribes outlines , leaving the filling up to be deduced from the outlines . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by Pa . Coal Co. v. Mahon , 260 U.S. 393 ( 1922 ) , as recognized in Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council , 505 U.S. 1003 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Badger v. Hoidale , 88 F. 2d 208 , 211 ( 8th Cir. 1937 ) ( `` Rules applicable to the construction of a statute are equally applicable to the construction of a Constitution . '' ( citing Taylor v. Taylor , 10 Minn . 107 ( 1865 ) ) ) . Jump up ^ Examples include the `` plain meaning rule , '' Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 158 U.S. 601 , 619 ( 1895 ) ( `` The words of the Constitution are to be taken in their obvious sense , and to have a reasonable construction . '' ) , superseded on other grounds by U.S. CONST . amend . XVI , as recognized in Brushaber v. Union Pac . R.R. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) ; McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 , 27 ( 1892 ) ( `` The framers of the Constitution employed words in their natural sense ; and where they are plain and clear , resort to collateral aids to interpretation is unnecessary and can not be indulged in to narrow or enlarge the text ... `` ) , and noscitur a sociis , Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 , 519 ( 1893 ) ( '' It is a familiar rule in the construction of terms to apply to them the meaning naturally attaching to them from their context . Noscitur a sociis is a rule of construction applicable to all written instruments . Where any particular word is obscure or of doubtful meaning , taken by itself , its obscurity or doubt may be removed by reference to associated words . And the meaning of a term may be enlarged or restrained by reference to the object of the whole clause in which it is used. `` ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt , 324 U.S. 652 , 663 ( 1945 ) ( `` ( I ) n determining the meaning and application of ( a ) constitutional provision , we are concerned with matters of substance , not of form . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Limbach v. Hooven & Allison Co. , 466 U.S. 353 ( 1984 ) ; South Carolina v. United States , 199 U.S. 437 , 451 ( 1905 ) ( `` ( I ) t is undoubtedly true that that which is implied is as much a part of the Constitution as that which is expressed . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Garcia v. San Antonio Metro . Transit Auth. , 469 U.S. 528 ( 1985 ) ; Ex parte Yarbrough , 110 U.S. 651 , 658 ( 1884 ) ( `` ( I ) n construing the Constitution of the United States , ( courts use ) the doctrine universally applied to all instruments of writing , that what is implied is as much a part of the instrument as what is expressed . This principle , in its application to the Constitution of the United States , more than to almost any other writing , is a necessity , by reason of the inherent inability to put into words all derivative powers ... `` ) ; Packet Co. v. Keokuk , 95 U.S. 80 , 87 ( 1877 ) ( '' A mere adherence to the letter ( of the Constitution ) , without reference to the spirit and purpose , may ( sometimes ) mislead. `` ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Illinois , 180 U.S. 208 , 219 ( 1901 ) ( `` ( W ) hen called upon to construe and apply a provision of the Constitution of the United States , ( courts ) must look not merely to its language but to its historical origin , and to those decisions of this court in which its meaning and the scope of its operation have received deliberate consideration . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. S. - E. Underwriters Ass'n , 322 U.S. 533 , 539 ( 1944 ) ( `` Ordinarily courts do not construe words used in the Constitution so as to give them a meaning more narrow than one which they had in the common parlance of the times in which the Constitution was written . '' ) , superseded on other grounds by statute , McCarran - Ferguson Act , ch. 20 , 59 Stat. 33 ( 1945 ) ( codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. § § 1011 -- 1015 ( 2006 ) ) , as recognized in U.S. Dep 't of the Treasury v. Fabe , 508 U.S. 491 ( 1993 ) ; Ex parte Bain , 121 U.S. 1 , 12 ( 1887 ) ( `` ( I ) n the construction of the language of the Constitution ... , we are to place ourselves as nearly as possible in the condition of the men who framed that instrument . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by United States v. Miller , 471 U.S. 130 ( 1985 ) , and United States v. Cotton , 535 U.S. 625 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Sanges , 144 U.S. 310 , 311 ( 1892 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution ... is to be read in the light of the common law , from which our system of jurisprudence is derived . '' ( citations omitted ) ) ; Smith v. Alabama , 124 U.S. 465 , 478 ( 1888 ) ( `` The interpretation of the Constitution of the United States is necessarily influenced by the fact that its provisions are framed in the language of the English common law , and are to be read in the light of its history . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Wood , 299 U.S. 123 , 142 ( 1936 ) ( `` Whether a clause in the Constitution is to be restricted by a rule of the common law as it existed when the Constitution was adopted depends upon the terms or nature of the particular clause . '' ( citing Cont'l Ill . Nat'l Bank & Trust Co. v. Chi. , Rock Island & Pac . Ry. Co. , 294 U.S. 648 ( 1935 ) ) ) ; Mattox v. United States , 156 U.S. 237 , 243 ( 1895 ) ( `` We are bound to interpret the Constitution in the light of the law as it existed at the time it was adopted , not as reaching out for new guaranties of the rights of the citizen , but as securing to every individual such as he already possessed as a British subject -- such as his ancestors had inherited and defended since the days of Magna Charta . '' ) . Jump up ^ Veazie Bank v. Fenno , 75 U.S. ( 8 Wall . ) 533 , 542 ( 1869 ) ( `` We are obliged ... to resort to historical evidence , and to seek the meaning of the words ( in the Constitution ) in the use and in the opinion of those whose relations to the government , and means of knowledge , warranted them in speaking with authority . '' ) . Jump up ^ McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 , 27 ( 1892 ) ( `` ( W ) here there is ambiguity or doubt ( in the meaning of constitutional language ) , or where two views may well be entertained , contemporaneous and subsequent practical construction are entitled to the greatest weight . '' ) ; Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. , 59 U.S. ( 18 How . ) 272 , 279 -- 80 ( 1856 ) ( `` ( A ) legislative construction of the constitution , commencing so early in the government , when the first occasion for ( a ) manner of proceeding arose , continued throughout its existence , and repeatedly acted on by the judiciary and the executive , is entitled to no inconsiderable weight upon the question whether the proceeding adopted by it was ' due process of law . ' '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Fairbank v. United States , 181 U.S. 283 , 311 ( 1901 ) ( `` ( A ) practical construction ( of the Constitution ) is relied upon only in cases of doubt ... Where there was obviously a matter of doubt , we have yielded assent to the construction placed by those having actual charge of the execution of the statute , but where there was no doubt we have steadfastly declined to recognize any force in practical construction . Thus , before any appeal can be made to practical construction , it must appear that the true meaning is doubtful . '' ) ; see Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 , 177 ( 1803 ) ( `` It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . '' ) . Jump up ^ In re Debs , 158 U.S. 564 , 591 ( 1895 ) ( `` Constitutional provisions do not change , but their operation extends to new matters as the modes of business and the habits of life of the people vary with each succeeding generation . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Bloom v. Illinois , 391 U.S. 194 ( 1968 ) ; R.R. Co. v. Peniston , 85 U.S. ( 18 Wall . ) 5 , 31 ( 1873 ) ( `` ( T ) he Federal Constitution must receive a practical construction . Its limitations and its implied prohibitions must not be extended so far as to destroy the necessary powers of the States , or prevent their efficient exercise . '' ) ; In re Jackson , 13 F. Cas. 194 , 196 ( C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1877 ) ( No. 7124 ) ( `` ( I ) n construing a grant of power in the constitution , it is to be construed according to the fair and reasonable import of its terms , and its construction is not necessarily to be controlled by a reference to what existed when the constitution was adopted . '' ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Richfield Oil Corp. v. State Bd. of Equalization , 329 U.S. 69 , 77 , 78 ( 1946 ) ( `` ( T ) o infer qualifications does not comport with the standards for expounding the Constitution ... We can not , therefore , read the prohibition against ' any ' tax on exports as containing an implied qualification . '' ) ; Fairbank , 181 U.S. at 287 ( `` The words expressing the various grants ( of power ) in the Constitution are words of general import , and they are to be construed as such , and as granting to the full extent the powers named . '' ) ; Shreveport v. Cole , 129 U.S. 36 , 43 ( 1889 ) ( `` Constitutions ... are construed to operate prospectively only , unless , on the face of the instrument or enactment , the contrary intention is manifest beyond reasonable question . '' ) Jump up ^ Boyd v. United States , 116 U.S. 616 , 635 ( 1886 ) ( `` ( C ) onstitutional provisions for the security of person and property should be liberally construed . A close and literal construction deprives them of half their efficacy , and leads to gradual depreciation of the right , as if it consisted more in sound than in substance . It is the duty of courts to be watchful for the constitutional rights of the citizen , and against any stealthy encroachments thereon . '' ) , recognized as abrogated on other grounds in Fisher v. United States , 425 U.S. 391 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ 257 F. Supp. 564 ( W.D. Mich . 1966 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Id . at 572 . Jump up ^ Id . at 574 ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ 8 F. Supp. 535 ( W.D. Okla . 1934 ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 535 . Jump up ^ U.S. CONST . art . I , § 8 , cl. 3 . ( `` The Congress shall have power ... ( t ) o regulate commerce ... among the several states ... `` ) . Jump up ^ Kinnebrew Motor Co. , 8 F. Supp . at 539 ( `` Reference has been made in the government 's brief to the ' Welfare Clause ' of the Constitution as if certain powers could be derived by Congress from said clause . It is not necessary to indulge in an extended argument on this question for the reason that there is no such thing as the ' Welfare Clause ' of the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 544 ( `` The only question which this court pretends to determine in this case is whether or not the sale of automobiles , in a strictly retail business in the vicinity of Oklahoma City , constitutes interstate commerce , and this court , without hesitation , finds that there is no interstate commerce connected with the transactions described in this indictment , and if there is no interstate commerce , Congress has no authority to regulate these transactions . '' ) Jump up ^ See Shapleigh v. Mier , 299 U.S. 468 , 470 , 471 ( 1937 ) ( when certain land passed from Mexico to the United States because of a shift in the Rio Grande 's course , `` ( s ) overeignty was thus transferred , but private ownership remained the same '' ; thus , a decree of a Mexican government official determining title to the land , `` if lawful and effective under the Constitution and laws of Mexico , must be recognized as lawful and effective under the laws of the United States , the sovereignty of Mexico at the time of that decree being exclusive of any other '' ) Jump up ^ Chae Chan Ping v. United States , 130 U.S. 581 , 604 , 606 ( 1889 ) ( `` ( T ) he United States , in their relation to foreign countries and their subjects or citizens , are one nation , invested with powers which belong to independent nations , the exercise of which can be invoked for the maintenance of its absolute independence and security throughout its entire territory . The powers to declare war , make treaties , suppress insurrection , repel invasion , regulate foreign commerce , secure republican governments to the states , and admit subjects of other nations to citizenship are all sovereign powers , restricted in their exercise only by the Constitution itself and considerations of public policy and justice which control , more or less , the conduct of all civilized nations ... For local interests , the several states of the union exist , but for national purposes , embracing our relations with foreign nations , we are but one people , one nation , one power . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. , 299 U.S. 304 , 318 ( 1936 ) ( `` ( T ) he investment of the federal government with the powers of external sovereignty did not depend upon the affirmative grants of the Constitution . The powers to declare and wage war , to conclude peace , to make treaties , to maintain diplomatic relations with other sovereignties , if they had never been mentioned in the Constitution , would have vested in the federal government as necessary concomitants of nationality ... As a member of the family of nations , the right and power of the United States in that field are equal to the right and power of the other members of the international family . Otherwise , the United States is not completely sovereign . '' ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Bradley , 35 U.S. ( 10 Pet . ) 343 , 359 ( 1836 ) ( `` ( T ) he United States being a body politic , as an incident to its general right of sovereignty , has a capacity to enter into contracts and take bonds in cases within the sphere of its constitutional powers and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers , ... whenever such contracts or bonds are not prohibited by law , although the making of such contracts or taking such bonds may not have been prescribed by any preexisting legislative act . '' ) ; United States v. Tingey , 30 U.S. ( 5 Pet . ) 115 , 128 ( 1831 ) ( `` ( T ) he United States has ... ( the ) capacity to enter into contracts ( or to take a bond in cases not previously provided for by some law ) . It is in our opinion an incident to the general right of sovereignty , and the United States being a body politic , may , within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it , and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which those powers are confided , enter into contracts not prohibited by law and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers ... To adopt a different principle would be to deny the ordinary rights of sovereignty not merely to the general government , but even to the state governments within the proper sphere of their own powers , unless brought into operation by express legislation . '' ) Jump up ^ U.S. CONST . art . I , § 8 , cl. 7 Jump up ^ In re Debs , 158 U.S. 564 , 578 , 582 ( 1895 ) ( `` While , under the dual system which prevails with us , the powers of government are distributed between the State and the Nation , and while the latter is properly styled a government of enumerated powers , yet within the limits of such enumeration , it has all the attributes of sovereignty , and , in the exercise of those enumerated powers , acts directly upon the citizen , and not through the intermediate agency of the State ... The entire strength of the nation may be used to enforce in any part of the land the full and free exercise of all national powers and the security of all rights entrusted by the Constitution to its care . The strong arm of the national government may be put forth to brush away all obstructions to the freedom of interstate commerce or the transportation of the mails . If the emergency arises , the army of the Nation , and all its militia , are at the service of the Nation to compel obedience to its laws . '' ) Jump up ^ In re Quarles , 158 U.S. 532 , 535 ( 1895 ) ( `` The United States are a nation , whose powers of government , legislative , executive and judicial , within the sphere of action confided to it by the Constitution , are supreme and paramount . Every right , created by , arising under or dependent upon the Constitution , may be protected and enforced by such means , and in such manner , as Congress , in the exercise of the correlative duty of protection , or of the legislative powers conferred upon it by the Constitution , may in its discretion deem most eligible and best adapted to attain the object . '' ( citing Logan v. United States , 144 U.S. 263 , 293 ( 1892 ) ) ) ; Dobbins v. Comm'rs of Erie Cnty. , 41 U.S. ( 16 Pet . ) 435 , 447 ( 1842 ) ( `` The government of the United States is supreme within its sphere of action . '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Graves v. New York ex rel . O'Keefe , 306 U.S. 466 ( 1939 ) , and superseded on other grounds by statute , Public Salary Tax Act of 1939 , ch. 59 , 53 Stat. 574 ( codified as amended at 4 U.S.C. § 111 ( 2006 ) ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Butler , 297 U.S. 1 , 68 ( 1936 ) ( `` From the accepted doctrine that the United States is a government of delegated powers , it follows that those not expressly granted , or reasonably to be implied from such as are conferred , are reserved to the states or to the people . To forestall any suggestion to the contrary , the Tenth Amendment was adopted . The same proposition , otherwise stated , is that powers not granted are prohibited . None to regulate agricultural production is given , and therefore legislation by Congress for that purpose is forbidden . '' ( footnote omitted ) ) ; Pac . Ins. Co. v. Soule , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 433 , 444 ( 1869 ) ( `` The national government , though supreme within its own sphere , is one of limited jurisdiction and specific functions . It has no faculties but such as the Constitution has given it , either expressly or incidentally by necessary intendment . Whenever any act done under its authority is challenged , the proper sanction must be found in its charter , or the act is ultra vires and void . '' ) ; Briscoe v. President of the Bank of Ky. , 36 U.S. ( 11 Pet . ) 257 , 317 ( 1837 ) ( `` The federal government is one of delegated powers . All powers not delegated to it , or inhibited to the states , are reserved to the states , or to the people . '' ) Jump up ^ See U.S. CONST . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ; United States v. Bd. of Com'rs , 145 F. 2d 329 , 330 ( 10th Cir. 1944 ) ( `` Congress is vested with the absolute right to designate the persons to whom real property belonging to the United States shall be transferred , and to prescribe the conditions and mode of the transfer ; and a state has no power to interfere with that right or to embarrass the exercise of it . Property owned by the United States is immune from taxation by the state or any of its subdivisions . '' ) Jump up ^ Dodge v. Woolsey , 59 U.S. ( 18 How . ) 331 , 347 ( 1885 ) ( `` The departments of the government are legislative , executive , and judicial . They are co ordinate in degree to the extent of the powers delegated to each of them . Each , in the exercise of its powers , is independent of the other , but all , rightfully done by either , is binding upon the others . The constitution is supreme over all of them , because the people who ratified it have made it so ; consequently , anything which may be done unauthorized by it is unlawful . '' ) Jump up ^ See Loan Ass'n v. Topeka , 87 U.S. ( 20 Wall . ) 655 , 663 ( 1875 ) ( `` The theory of our governments , state and national , is opposed to the deposit of unlimited power anywhere . The executive , the legislative , and the judicial branches of these governments are all of limited and defined powers . '' ) ; Hepburn v. Griswold , 75 U.S. ( 8 Wall . ) 603 , 611 ( 1870 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution is the fundamental law of the United States . By it the people have created a government , defined its powers , prescribed their limits , distributed them among the different departments , and directed in general the manner of their exercise . No department of the government has any other powers than those thus delegated to it by the people . All the legislative power granted by the Constitution belongs to Congress , but it has no legislative power which is not thus granted . And the same observation is equally true in its application to the executive and judicial powers granted respectively to the President and the courts . All these powers differ in kind , but not in source or in limitation . They all arise from the Constitution , and are limited by its terms . '' ) Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Ex'r v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 , 629 -- 30 ( 1935 ) ( `` The fundamental necessity of maintaining each of the three general departments of government entirely free from the control or coercive influence , direct or indirect , of either of the others has often been stressed , and is hardly open to serious question . So much is implied in the very fact of the separation of the powers of these departments by the Constitution , and in the rule which recognizes their essential coequality . '' ) ; e.g. , Ainsworth v. Barn Ballroom Co. , 157 F. 2d 97 , 100 ( 4th Cir. 1946 ) ( judiciary has no power to review a military order barring servicemen from patronizing a certain dance hall due to separation of powers concerns because `` the courts may not invade the executive departments to correct alleged mistakes arising out of abuse of discretion ( ; ) ... to do so would interfere with the performance of governmental functions and vitally affect the interests of the United States '' ) Jump up ^ Tarble 's Case , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 397 , 406 ( 1872 ) ( `` There are within the territorial limits of each state two governments , restricted in their spheres of action but independent of each other and supreme within their respective spheres . Each has its separate departments , each has its distinct laws , and each has its own tribunals for their enforcement . Neither government can intrude within the jurisdiction , or authorize any interference therein by its judicial officers with the action of the other . '' ) Jump up ^ Bank of Augusta v. Earle , 38 U.S. ( 13 Pet . ) 519 , 590 ( 1839 ) ( `` It has ... been supposed that the rules of comity between foreign nations do not apply to the states of this Union , that they extend to one another no other rights than those which are given by the Constitution of the United States , and that the courts of the general government are not at liberty to presume ... that a state has adopted the comity of nations towards the other states as a part of its jurisprudence or that it acknowledges any rights but those which are secured by the Constitution of the United States . The Court thinks otherwise . The intimate union of these states as members of the same great political family , the deep and vital interests which bind them so closely together , should lead us , in the absence of proof to the contrary , to presume a greater degree of comity and friendship and kindness towards one another than we should be authorized to presume between foreign nations ... They are sovereign states , and the history of the past and the events which are daily occurring furnish the strongest evidence that they have adopted towards each other the laws of comity in their fullest extent . '' ) ; Bank of U.S. v. Daniel , 37 U.S. ( 12 Pet . ) 32 , 54 ( 1838 ) ( `` The respective states are sovereign within their own limits , and foreign to each other , regarding them as local governments . '' ) ; Buckner v. Finley , 27 U.S. ( 2 Pet . ) 586 , 590 ( 1829 ) ( '' For all national purposes embraced by the federal Constitution , the states and the citizens thereof are one , united under the same sovereign authority and governed by the same laws . In all other respects , the states are necessarily foreign to and independent of each other . Their constitutions and forms of government being , although republican , altogether different , as are their laws and institutions. `` ) Jump up ^ Angel v. Bullington , 330 U.S. 183 , 188 ( 1947 ) ( `` The power of a state to determine the limits of the jurisdiction of its courts and the character of the controversies which shall be heard in them is , of course , subject to the restrictions imposed by the Federal Constitution . '' ( quoting McKnett v. St. Louis & S.F. Ry. Co. , 292 U.S. 230 , 233 ( 1934 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) ; Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. ( 21 How . ) 506 , 516 ( 1856 ) ( `` ( A ) lthough the State ( s ) ... ( are ) sovereign within ( their ) territorial limits to a certain extent , yet that sovereignty is limited and restricted by the Constitution of the United States . '' ) Jump up ^ United Pub . Workers v. Mitchell , 330 U.S. 75 , 95 -- 96 ( 1947 ) ( `` The powers granted by the Constitution to the Federal Government are subtracted from the totality of sovereignty originally in the states and the people . Therefore , when objection is made that the exercise of a federal power infringes upon rights reserved by the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , the inquiry must be directed toward the granted power under which the action of the Union was taken . If granted power is found , necessarily the objection of invasion of those rights , reserved by the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , must fail . '' ) ; Tarble 's Case , 80 U.S. at 406 ( `` The two governments in each state stand in their respective spheres of action in the same independent relation to each other , except in one particular , that they would if their authority embraced distinct territories . That particular consists in the supremacy of the authority of the United States when any conflict arises between the two governments . '' ) . Jump up ^ Worcester v. Georgia , 31 U.S. ( 6 Pet . ) 515 , 570 ( 1832 ) ( `` The powers given ( to the federal government ) are limited ; and no powers , which are not expressly given , can be exercised by ( it ) : but , where given , they are supreme . Within the sphere allotted to them , the co - ordinate branches of the general government revolve , unobstructed by any legitimate exercise of power by the state governments . The powers exclusively given to the federal government are limitations upon the state authorities . But , with the exception of these limitations , the states are supreme ; and their sovereignty can be no more invaded by the action of the general government , than the action of the state governments in arrest or obstruct the course of the national power . '' ) , recognized as abrogated on other grounds in New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe , 462 U.S. 324 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Screws v. United States , 325 U.S. 91 , 109 ( 1945 ) ( `` Our national government is one of delegated powers alone . Under our federal system , the administration of criminal justice rests with the States except as Congress , acting within the scope of those delegated powers , has created offenses against the United States . '' ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Kohl v. United States , 91 U.S. 367 , 372 ( 1876 ) ( `` Th ( e federal ) government is as sovereign within its sphere as the states are within theirs . True , its sphere is limited . Certain subjects only are committed to it ; but its power over those subjects is as full and complete as is the power of the states over the subjects to which their sovereignty extends . '' ) . Taken very literally , statements like this could be understood to suggest that there is no overlap between the State and Federal governments . Jump up ^ Ex parte McNiel , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 236 , 240 ( 1872 ) ( `` In the complex system of polity which prevails in this country , the powers of government may be divided into four classes . ( 1 ) Those which belong exclusively to the states . ( 2 ) Those which belong exclusively to the national government . ( 3 ) Those which may be exercised concurrently and independently by both . ( 4 ) Those which may be exercised by the states , but only until Congress shall see fit to act upon the subject . The authority of the state then retires and lies in abeyance until the occasion for its exercise shall recur . '' ) ; People ex rel . Woll v. Graber , 68 N.E. 2d 750 , 754 ( Ill . 1946 ) ( `` The laws of the United States are laws in the several States , and just as binding on the citizens and courts thereof as the State laws are . The United States is not a foreign sovereignty as regards the several States but is a concurrent , and , within its jurisdiction , a paramount authority . '' ) ; Kersting v. Hargrove , 48 A. 2d 309 , 310 ( N.J. Cir . Ct. 1946 ) ( `` The United States government is not a foreign sovereignty as respects the several states but is a concurrent , and within its jurisdiction , a superior sovereignty . Every citizen of New Jersey is subject to two distinct sovereignties ; that of New Jersey and that of the United States . The two together form one system and the two jurisdictions are not foreign to each other . '' ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . ) 393 , 410 -- 11 ( 1857 ) ( `` The brief preamble sets forth by whom ( the Constitution ) was formed , for what purposes , and for whose benefit and protection . It declares that ( the Constitution ) ( was ) formed by the people of the United States ; that is to say , by those who were members of the different political communities in the several States ; and its great object is declared to be to secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity . It speaks in general terms of the people of the United States , and of citizens of the several States , when it is providing for the exercise of the powers granted or the privileges secured to the citizen . It does not define what description of persons are intended to be included under these terms , or who shall be regarded as a citizen and one of the people . It uses them as terms so well understood , that no further description or definition was necessary . But there are two clauses in the Constitution which point directly and specifically to the negro race as a separate class of persons , and show clearly that they were not regarded as a portion of the people or citizens of the Government then formed . '' ( emphasis added ) ) , superseded by constitutional amendment , U.S. CONST . amend . XIV , § 1 , as recognized in Slaughter - House Cases , 83 U.S. ( 16 Wall . ) 36 ( 1873 ) . But see Dredd Scott 60 U.S. 581 -- 82 ( Curtis , J. , dissenting ) ( arguing that `` the Constitution has recognized the general principle of public law , that allegiance and citizenship depend on the place of birth '' and that the `` necessary conclusion is , that those persons born within the several States , who , by force of their respective Constitutions and laws , are citizens of the State , are thereby citizens of the United States '' ) . Jump up ^ Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( using this particular phrasing ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Carter v. Carter Coal Co. , 298 U.S. 238 , 296 ( 1936 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution itself is in every real sense a law -- the lawmakers being the people themselves , in whom under our system all political power and sovereignty primarily resides , and through whom such power and sovereignty primarily speaks . It is by that law , and not otherwise , that the legislative , executive , and judicial agencies which it created exercise such political authority as they have been permitted to possess . The Constitution speaks for itself in terms so plain that to misunderstand their import is not rationally possible . ' We the People of the United States , ' it says , ' do ordain and establish this Constitution . ' Ordain and establish ! These are definite words of enactment , and without more would stamp what follows with the dignity and character of law . '' ) ; Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) ( `` Sovereignty itself is , of course , not subject to law , for it is the author and source of law ; but in our system , while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government , sovereignty itself remains with the people , by whom and for whom all government exists and acts . '' ( emphasis added ) ) ; Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 , 176 ( 1803 ) ( `` That the people have an original right to establish , for their future government , such principles as , in their opinion , shall most conduce to their own happiness , is the basis on which the whole American fabric has been erected ... The principles ... so established are deemed fundamental ... This original and supreme will organizes the government , and assigns to different departments their respective powers . '' ( emphases added ) ) . Jump up ^ Cf . League v. De Young , 52 U.S. ( 11 How . ) 184 , 203 ( 1851 ) ( `` The Constitution of the United States was made by , and for the protection of , the people of the United States . '' ) ; Barron v. Mayor of Balt. , 32 U.S. ( 7 Pet . ) 243 , 247 ( 1833 ) ( `` The constitution was ordained and established by the people of the United States for themselves , for their own government , and not for the government of the individual states ... The people of the United States framed such a government for the United States as they supposed best adapted to their situation and best calculated to promote their interests . '' ) , superseded on other grounds by constitutional amendment , U.S. CONST . amend . XIV , as recognized in Chi. , Burlington & Quincy R.R. v. Chicago , 166 U.S. 226 ( 1897 ) . While the Supreme Court did not specifically mention the Preamble in these cases , it seems apparent that it was expounding on the implications of what it understood reference to `` the People '' in the Preamble to mean . Jump up ^ Chisholm v. Georgia , 2 U.S. ( 2 Dall . ) 419 , 471 ( 1793 ) ( opinion of Jay , C.J. ) ( `` ( I ) n establishing ( the Constitution ) , the people exercised their own rights , and their own proper sovereignty , and conscious of the plenitude of it , they declared with becoming dignity , ' We the people of the United States , do ordain and establish this Constitution . ' Here we see the people acting as sovereigns of the whole country ; and in the language of sovereignty , establishing a Constitution by which it was their will , that the State Governments should be bound , and to which the State Constitutions should be made to conform . Every State Constitution is a compact made by and between the citizens of a State to govern themselves in a certain manner ; and the Constitution of the United States is likewise a compact made by the people of the United States to govern themselves as to general objects , in a certain manner . '' ( emphasis added ) ) . abrogated by constitutional amendment , U.S. CONST . amend . XI , as recognized in Hollingsworth v. Virginia , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 378 ( 1798 ) , and abrogated by Hans v. Louisiana , 134 U.S. 1 , 12 ( 1890 ) ; see also United States v. Cathcart , 25 F. Cas. 344 , 348 ( C.C.S.D. Ohio 1864 ) ( No . 14,756 ) ( `` ( The Supreme Court has ) den ( ied ) the assumption that full and unqualified sovereignty still remains in the states or the people of a state , and affirm ( ed ) , on the contrary , that , by express words of the constitution , solemnly ratified by the people of the United States , the national government is supreme within the range of the powers delegated to it ; while the states are sovereign only in the sense that they have an indisputable claim to the exercise of all the rights and powers guarantied to them by the constitution of the United States , or which are expressly or by fair implication reserved to them . '' ) . Jump up ^ See White v. Hart , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 646 , 650 ( 1872 ) ( `` The National Constitution was , as its preamble recites , ordained and established by the people of the United States . It created not a confederacy of States , but a government of individuals . '' ) ; Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 , 324 -- 25 ( 1816 ) ( `` The constitution of the United States was ordained and established , not by the states in their sovereign capacities , but ... , as the preamble of the constitution declares , by ' the people of the United States . ' ... The constitution was not , therefore , necessarily carved out of existing state sovereignties , nor a surrender of powers already existing in state institutions ... `` ) ; cf . M'Culloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 , 402 -- 03 ( 1819 ) ( rejecting a construction of the Constitution that would interpret it `` not as emanating from the people , but as the act of sovereign and independent states . The powers of the general government ... are delegated by the states , who alone are truly sovereign ; and must be exercised in subordination to the states , who alone possess supreme dominion ; '' instead , `` the ( Constitution ) was submitted to the people . They acted upon it ... by assembling in convention ... ( It ) d ( id ) not , on ... account ( of the ratifying conventions assembling in each state ) , cease to be the ( action ) of the people themselves , or become ( an action ) of the state governments . '' ) . Jump up ^ Ala . State Fed'n of Labor v. McAdory , 325 U.S. 450 , 463 ( 1945 ) ( `` Only those to whom a statute applies and who are adversely affected by it can draw in question its constitutional validity in a declaratory judgment proceeding as in any other . '' ) ; Premier - Pabst Sales Co. v. Grosscup , 298 U.S. 226 , 227 ( 1936 ) ( `` One who would strike down a state statute as obnoxious to the Federal Constitution must show that the alleged unconstitutional feature injures him . '' ) ; Buscaglia v. Fiddler , 157 F. 2d 579 , 581 ( 1st Cir. 1946 ) ( `` It is a settled principle of law that no court will consider the constitutionality of a statute unless the record before it affords an adequate factual basis for determining whether the challenged statute applies to and adversely affects the one who draws it in question . '' ) ; Liberty Nat'l Bank v. Collins , 58 N.E. 2d 610 , 614 ( Ill . 1944 ) ( `` The rule is universal that no one can raise a question as to the constitutionality of a statute unless he is injuriously affected by the alleged unconstitutional provisions . It is an established rule in this State that one may not complain of the invalidity of a statutory provision which does not affect him . This court will not determine the constitutionality of the provisions of an act which do not affect the parties to the cause under consideration , or where the party urging the invalidity of such provisions is not in any way aggrieved by their operation . '' ( citation omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Ison v. W. Vegetable Distribs. , 59 P. 2d 649 , 655 ( Ariz . 1936 ) ( `` It is the general rule of law that when a party invokes the benefit of a statute , he may not , in one and the same breath , claim a right granted by it and reject the terms upon which the right is granted . '' ) ; State ex rel . Sorensen v. S. Neb . Power Co. , 268 N.W. 284 , 285 ( Neb . 1936 ) ( `` ( In this case , ) defendants ... invoked the statute , ... relied upon and t ( ook ) advantage of it , and are now estopped to assail the statute as unconstitutional . '' ) . It is important not to read these too broadly . For example , in In re Auditor Gen. , 266 N.W. 464 ( Mich . 1936 ) , certain property had been foreclosed upon for delinquent payment of taxes . A statute changed the terms by which foreclosure sales had to be published and announced in the community . The Michigan Supreme Court held that it was not necessary to question the validity of the taxes whose nonpayment led to the foreclosure , to have standing to question the validity of the procedure by which the foreclosure sale was being conducted . Jump up ^ E.g. , Am. Power & Light Co. v. SEC , 329 U.S. 90 , 107 ( 1946 ) ( a claim that the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 `` is void in the absence of an express provision for notice and opportunity for hearing as to security holders regarding proceedings under that section ( is groundless ) . The short answer is that such a contention can be raised properly only by a security holder who has suffered injury due to lack of notice or opportunity for hearing . No security holder of that type is now before us . The management ( ) of American ... admittedly w ( as ) notified and participated in the hearings ... and ... possess ( es ) no standing to assert the invalidity of that section from the viewpoint of the security holders ' constitutional rights to notice and hearing '' ) ; Virginian Ry. Co. v. Sys . Fed'n No. 40 , Ry . Employees Dep 't , 300 U.S. 515 , 558 ( 1937 ) ( under the Railway Labor Act , a `` railroad can complain only of the infringement of its own constitutional immunity , not that of its employees '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , Anniston Mfg. Co. v. Davis , 301 U.S. 337 , 353 ( 1937 ) ( `` Constitutional questions are not to be decided hypothetically . When particular facts control the decision they must be shown . Petitioner 's contention as to impossibility of proof is premature ... For the present purpose it is sufficient to hold , and we do hold , that the petitioner may constitutionally be required to present all the pertinent facts in the prescribed administrative proceeding and may there raise , and ultimately may present for judicial review , any legal question which may arise as the facts are developed . '' ( citation omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ United Pub . Workers v. Mitchell , 330 U.S. 75 , 89 -- 90 ( 1947 ) ( `` The power of courts , and ultimately of this Court , to pass upon the constitutionality of acts of Congress arises only when the interests of litigants require the use of this judicial authority for their protection against actual interference . A hypothetical threat is not enough . '' ) . Jump up ^ Sparks v. Hart Coal Corp. , 74 F. 2d 697 , 699 ( 6th Cir. 1934 ) ( `` It has long been settled that courts have no power per se to review and annul acts of Congress on the ground that they are unconstitutional . That question may be considered only when the justification for some direct injury suffered or threatened , presenting a justiciable issue , is made to rest upon such act . '' ) ; e.g. , Manne v. Comm'r , 155 F. 2d 304 , 307 ( 8th Cir. 1946 ) ( `` A taxpayer alleging unconstitutionality of an act must show not only that the act is invalid , but that he has sustained some direct injury as the result of its enforcement . '' ( citing Massachusetts v. Mellon , 262 U.S. 447 ( 1923 ) ) . Jump up ^ Kuehner v. Irving Trust Co. , 299 U.S. 445 , 452 , 453 ( 1937 ) ( `` While , therefore , the Fifth Amendment forbids the destruction of a contract it does not prohibit bankruptcy legislation affecting the creditor 's remedy for its enforcement against the debtor 's assets , or the measure of the creditor 's participation therein , if the statutory provisions are consonant with a fair , reasonable , and equitable distribution of those assets . The law under consideration recognizes the petitioners ' claim and permits it to share in the consideration to be distributed in reorganization ... It is incorrect to say that Congress took away all remedy under the lease . On the contrary , it gave a new and more certain remedy for a limited amount , in lieu of an old remedy inefficient and uncertain in its result . This is certainly not the taking of the landlord 's property without due process . '' ) ; In re 620 Church St. Bldg . Corp. , 299 U.S. 24 , 27 ( 1936 ) ( `` Here the controlling finding is not only that there was no equity in the property above the first mortgage but that petitioners ' claims were appraised by the court as having ' no value . ' There was no value to be protected . This finding ... ( renders ) the constitutional argument ( that petitioners were deprived of property without due process of law ) unavailing as petitioners have not shown injury . '' ) . Jump up ^ Mauk v. United States , 88 F. 2d 557 , 559 ( 9th Cir. 1937 ) ( `` Since appellant is not indicted under or accused of violating this provision , he has no interest or standing to question its validity . That question is not before us and will not be considered . '' ) . Jump up ^ Morgan v. Virginia , 328 U.S. 373 , 376 -- 77 ( 1946 ) ( person arrested for violating laws segregating buses was `` a proper person to challenge the validity of th ( e ) statute as a burden on commerce '' ; even though she was a mere passenger and not , for example , a bus operator concerned about burdens on interstate commerce , `` ( i ) f it is an invalid burden , the conviction under it would fail . The statute affects appellant as well as the transportation company . Constitutional protection against burdens on commerce is for her benefit on a criminal trial for violation of the challenged statute '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 251 ( 1901 ) ( `` The Constitution was created by the people of the United States , as a union of states , to be governed solely by representatives of the states . '' ) ; In re Ross , 140 U.S. 453 , 464 ( 1891 ) ( `` By the constitution a government is ordained and established ' for the United States of America , ' and not for countries outside of their limits . The guaranties it affords against accusation of capital or infamous crimes , except by indictment or presentment by a grand jury , and for an impartial trial by a jury when thus accused , apply only to citizens and others within the United States , or who are brought there for trial for alleged offenses committed elsewhere , and not to residents or temporary sojourners abroad . '' ) . Jump up ^ 46 F. Supp. 296 ( W.D. Wash. 1942 ) , aff 'd , 138 F. 2d 909 ( 9th Cir. 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 296 ( `` Upon his arraignment the ( trial ) court appointed counsel for the petitioner who was without funds and was a member of the armed forces of the United States at Shanghai . The petitioner entered a plea of not guilty and demanded a trial before a jury of Americans , which motion was denied , and he was thereupon tried by the court . The petitioner contends that his constitutional rights were violated by his being denied a jury trial . '' ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 299 ( `` The petitioner does not claim that he was not afforded a fair trial aside from the denial of his demand for a jury . Inasmuch as unquestionably he obtained a trial more to his liking than he would have obtained in Shanghai in other than an American court sitting in Shanghai , and since the Supreme Court of this country has determined that the right of trial by jury does not obtain in an American court sitting in another country pursuant to treaty , it must be held that the allegations of petitioner 's petition do not entitle him to release . '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes , 182 U.S. at 251 ( emphases added ) . Compare , e.g. , Dooley v. United States , 182 U.S. 222 , 234 ( 1901 ) ( `` ( A ) fter the ratification of the treaty ( with Spain ) and the cession of the island to the United States ( , ) Porto Rico then ceased to be a foreign country ... `` ) , and Municipality of Ponce v. Roman Catholic Apostolic Church , 210 U.S. 296 , 310 ( 1908 ) ( '' ( I ) n case of cession to the United States ; laws of the ceded country inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States , so far as applicable , would cease to be of obligatory force ; but otherwise the municipal laws of the acquired country continue . '' ( quoting Ortega v. Lara , 202 U.S. 339 , 342 ( 1906 ) ) ) , with Downes , 182 U.S. at 287 ( `` ( T ) he island of Porto Rico is a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States , but not a part of the United States ... `` ) . Jump up ^ The fact that this discussion happens to talk mainly about Puerto Rico should not be understood to imply that the Supreme Court held that Puerto Rico was some sort of sui generis jurisdiction . For example , in Goetze v. United States , 182 U.S. 221 ( 1901 ) , the Supreme Court held that this same reasoning ( that a place could be under the jurisdiction of the United States , without being `` part '' of the United States ) applied to Hawaii before it was admitted into the Union as a State . Jump up ^ U.S. CONST . art . I , § 8 , cl. 1 . Jump up ^ De Pass v. Bidwell , 124 F. 615 ( C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1903 ) . Jump up ^ See United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 549 -- 50 ( 1876 ) ( `` The separate governments of the separate States , bound together by the articles of confederation alone , were not sufficient for the promotion of the general welfare of the people in respect to foreign nations , or for their complete protection as citizens of the confederated States . For this reason , the people of the United States ... ordained and established the government of the United States , and defined its powers by a constitution , which they adopted as its fundamental law ... '' ( emphasis added ) ) ; Texas v. White , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 700 , 724 -- 25 ( 1869 ) ( `` ( The Union , which had existed since colonial times , ) received definite form , and character , and sanction from the Articles of Confederation . By these the Union was solemnly declared to ' be perpetual . ' And when these Articles were found to be inadequate to the exigencies of the country , the Constitution was ordained ' to form a more perfect Union . ' '' ) , overruled on other grounds by Morgan v. United States , 113 U.S. 476 ( 1885 ) ; Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 , 332 ( 1816 ) ( `` The constitution was for a new government , organized with new substantive powers , and not a mere supplementary charter to a government already existing . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Lane Cnty . v. Oregon , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 71 , 76 ( 1869 ) ( `` The people , through ( the Constitution ) , established a more perfect union by substituting a national government , acting , with ample power , directly upon the citizens , instead of the Confederate government , which acted with powers , greatly restricted , only upon the States . '' ) . Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases , 79 U.S. ( 12 Wall . ) 457 , 545 ( 1871 ) ( `` The Constitution was intended to frame a government as distinguished from a league or compact , a government supreme in some particulars over States and people . '' ) ; id . at 554 -- 55 ( Bradley , J. , concurring ) ( `` The Constitution of the United States established a government , and not a league , compact , or partnership . It was constituted by the people . It is called a government . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Bush v. Orleans Parish Sch . Bd. , 188 F. Supp. 916 , 922 -- 23 ( E.D. La . 1960 ) ( `` Interposition is ... based on the proposition that the United States is a compact of states , any one of which may interpose its sovereignty against the enforcement within its borders of any decision of the Supreme Court or act of Congress , irrespective of the fact that the constitutionality of the act has been established by decision of the Supreme Court ... In essence , the doctrine denies the constitutional obligation of the states to respect those decisions of the Supreme Court with which they do not agree . The doctrine may have had some validity under the Articles of Confederation . On their failure , however , ' in Order to form a more perfect Union , ' the people , not the states , of this country ordained and established the Constitution . Thus the keystone of the interposition thesis , that the United States is a compact of states , was disavowed in the Preamble to the Constitution . '' ( emphasis added ) ( footnote omitted ) ( citation omitted ) ) , aff 'd mem. , 365 U.S. 569 ( 1961 ) . Although the State of Louisiana in Bush invoked a concept it called `` interposition , '' it was sufficiently similar to the concept of `` nullification '' that the court used the latter , more familiar term in a fashion that clearly indicated it viewed the concepts as functionally interchangeable . See id . at 923 n. 7 ( `` ( E ) ven the ' compact theory ' ( of the Constitution ) does not justify interposition . Thus , Edward Livingston , ... though an adherent of th ( e ' compact ) theory ( ' ) , strongly denied the right of a state to nullify federal law or the decisions of the federal courts . '' ( emphases added ) ) . Compare Martin , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) at 332 ( `` The confederation was a compact between states ; and its structure and powers were wholly unlike those of the national government . '' ) , with id . ( `` The constitution was an act of the people of the United States to supersede the confederation , and not to be ingrafted on it , as a stock through which it was to receive life and nourishment . '' ) . Jump up ^ White v. Hart , 80 U.S. ( 13 Wall . ) 646 , 650 ( 1871 ) ( `` ( The Constitution ) assumed that the government and the Union which it created , and the States which were incorporated into the Union , would be indestructible and perpetual ; and as far as human means could accomplish such a work , it intended to make them so . '' ) Jump up ^ Texas , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) at 725 -- 26 ( `` ( W ) hen the ( ) Articles ( of Confederation ) were found to be inadequate to the exigencies of the country , the Constitution was ordained ' to form a more perfect Union . ' It is difficult to convey the idea of indissoluble unity more clearly than by these words . What can be indissoluble if a perpetual Union , made more perfect , is not ? ... The Constitution , in all its provisions , looks to an indestructible Union , composed of indestructible States . When , therefore , Texas became one of the United States , she entered into an indissoluble relation . All the obligations of perpetual union , and all the guaranties of republican government in the Union , attached at once to the State . The act which consummated her admission into the Union was something more than a compact ; it was the incorporation of a new member into the political body . And it was final . The union between Texas and the other States was as complete , as perpetual , and as indissoluble as the union between the original States . There was no place for reconsideration , or revocation , except through revolution , or through consent of the States . '' ) ; United States v. Cathcart , 25 F. Cas. 344 , 348 ( C.C.S.D. Ohio 1864 ) ( No . 14,756 ) ( `` The ( Supreme Court has ) repudiate ( d ) emphatically the mischievous heresy that the union of the states under the constitution is a mere league or compact , from which a state , or any number of states , may withdraw at pleasure , not only without the consent of the other states , but against their will . '' ) . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Preamble to the United States Constitution . 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1. United States Constitution 2. Preamble 3. Founding Fathers 4. Fundamental purposes 5. Guiding principles

if a punt is blocked is the ball live

Punt ( gridiron football ) - wikipedia Punt ( gridiron football ) Jump to : navigation , search St. Louis Post-Dispatch photograph ( 1905 ) , of Bradbury Robinson , football 's first triple threat man , preparing to punt In American and Canadian football , a punt is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground . The most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team , usually on the final down , with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more advantageous to the kicking team when possession changes . The result of a typical punt , barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances , is a first down for the receiving team . The type of punt leads to different motion of the football . Alex Moffat invented the now - common spiral punt , as opposed to end - over-end . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Rules 2.1 Common to American and Canadian football 2.2 American football 2.3 Canadian football 3 Types of punts 3.1 End - over-end punt 3.2 Spiral punt 3.3 Pooch punt 3.4 Fake punts 3.5 Rugby - style punt 4 Record punts 5 Return 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) A punt in gridiron football is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground . In football , the offense has a limited number of downs , or plays , in which to move the ball at least ten yards . The team in possession of the ball will typically punt the ball to the opposing team when they are on their final down ( fourth down in American football , third down in Canadian football ) , do not want to risk a turnover on downs by not gaining enough yardage to make a first down and are in such a field position that they do not believe they can successfully make a field goal . The purpose of the punt is for the team in possession , or `` kicking team '' , to move the ball as far as possible towards the opponent 's end zone ; this maximizes the distance the receiving team must advance the ball in order to score a touchdown upon taking possession . Thus , the most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team , usually on the final down , with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more advantageous to the kicking team when possession changes . A punt play involves the kicking team lining up at the line of scrimmage with the kicker , or punter , typically lined up about 15 yards behind the center ( in American football , where the end zone is only ten yards deep as opposed to twenty yards in Canadian football , this distance must be shortened if the ball is on a spot such that the kicker 's normal position is on or beyond the end line ) . The receiving team lines up with one or two players downfield to catch the ball . The center makes a long snap to the kicker who then drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground . The player who catches the ball is then entitled to attempt to advance the ball . The result of a typical punt , barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances , is a first down for the receiving team at the spot where : the receiver or subsequent receiving team ball carrier is downed or goes Out of bounds ; the ball crosses out of bounds , whether in flight or after touching the ground ; there is `` illegal touching '' , defined as when a player from the kicking team is the first player to touch the ball after it has been punted beyond the line of scrimmage ; or a ball which is allowed to land comes to rest in - bounds without being touched ( American football only ) . Other possible results include the punt being blocked behind the line of scrimmage , and the ball being touched , but not caught or possessed , downfield by the receiving team . In both cases the ball is then `` free '' and `` live '' and will belong to whichever team recovers it . Rules ( edit ) The Baylor Bears punting against the Texas A&M Aggies in 2007 Common to American and Canadian football ( edit ) If the kicked ball is blocked and fails to cross the line of scrimmage , it may be picked up and advanced by either team . However , if it is picked up by the kicking team , the play is treated as any other play from scrimmage ; i.e. , if it is the team 's final down , it must advance the ball beyond the first down marker in order to avoid a turnover on downs . The official rules regulate when and how the receiving team may hit the kicker before , during , and after the kick . If the receiving team drops the ball or touches the ball beyond the line of scrimmage without catching it then it is considered a live ball and may be recovered by either team . If the receiving team never had full possession , it is considered to be a muffed punt rather than a fumble . However , the receiving player must be actively pursuing the ball . If the receiving player is blocked into the ball , it is not considered `` touching '' the ball . A field goal can not be scored on a punt kick . The 2007 Virginia Tech Hokies football team blocks a punt against the Duke Blue Devils American football ( edit ) The player attempting to catch the kicked ball may attempt a fair catch . If caught , the ball becomes dead and the receiving team gets the ball at the spot of the catch . A touchback may be called if the kicked ball enters the receiving team 's end zone without first touching any player , whether in flight or on a bounce ; or if the receiving team catches the ball in its own end zone and downs it before advancing the ball out of the end zone ; or if the ball enters then exits the end zone behind the goal line . ( In high school football , the ball automatically becomes dead when it crosses the goal line and can not be returned out of the end zone . ) The receiving team gets the ball at its own 20 - yard line . If a player from the kicking team is the first to touch the ball after it crosses the line of scrimmage , `` illegal touching '' is called and the receiving team gains possession at the spot where the illegal touching occurred . This is often not considered to be detrimental to the kicking team ; for example , it is common for a player on the kicking team deliberately to make contact with the ball near the goal line before it enters the end zone to prevent a touchback . Since there is no further yardage penalty awarded , the kicking team is often said to have `` downed the ball '' when this occurs ( and the NFL does not count it as an official penalty ) . While the ball is not automatically dead upon an illegal touch , and can be advanced by the receiving team ( who would then have the choice of accepting the result of the play or taking the ball at the spot of the illegal touch ) , this rarely happens in practice , as illegal touching typically occurs when members of the kicking team are closer to the ball than members of the receiving team . The length of the punt , referred to as punting yards or gross punting yards , is measured from the line of scrimmage ( not the spot where the punter punts ) to whichever of the following points applies : ( 1 ) the spot that a punt is caught ; ( 2 ) the spot that a punt goes out of bounds ; ( 3 ) the spot that a punt is declared dead because of illegal touching ; or ( 4 ) the goal line , for punts that are ruled touchbacks . The net punting yardage is taken by calculating the total punting yardage and subtracting any yardage earned by the receiving team on returns , and subtracting 20 yards for each touchback . Under no circumstance can the kicking team score points as the direct result of a punt . ( It can score indirectly if the receiving team loses possession of the ball or runs back into its own end zone and gets tackled . ) Canadian football ( edit ) The kicker and any players behind him at the time of the kick are considered `` onside '' ; any other players on the kicking team are considered `` offside '' . A player who is onside may recover the kicked ball , while a player who is offside may not be the first to touch the kicked ball and is required to remain at least 5 yards from an opposing player attempting to catch the ball . Violations of these restrictions on an offside player are called `` no yards '' infractions , with various penalties associated with them . The ball remains in play if it enters the goal area ( end zone ) until it is downed by a player on either team or goes out of bounds : If a member of the receiving team downs it in the goal area or the ball goes out of bounds before being brought back into the field of play , a single is awarded to the kicking team and the receiving team gains possession at their own 35 - yard line . If an onside player downs the ball in the goal area the kicking team is awarded a touchdown . If an offside player downs the ball in the goal area the receiving team gains possession after a `` no yards '' penalty is applied from their own 10 - yard line . If the ball strikes the goalpost assembly while in flight the receiving team gains possession at their own 25 - yard line . The length of the punt is measured from the line of scrimmage to the spot of the catch or the point where the kick goes out of bounds . The punt return is measured independently , though the value of the punt to the kicking team is determined by distance from the line of scrimmage to the end of the return . Canadian rules also allow a punt when the punter is not behind the line of scrimmage , which is not permitted in American rules . This tactic ( termed an `` open - field kick '' in the rule book ) is usually reserved for last - second desperation : for example , a player , after receiving a forward pass with no time left on the clock and with no hope of evading tacklers , may punt the ball in the hope that it will score a single or be recovered by an onside teammate . After recovering a ball kicked by the other team a player can also punt out of his own end zone in order to avoid a single . On at least two occasions in the CFL , a last - second missed field goal attempt was followed by three punts , all on one play , as the teams alternately tried to avoid a single and score a single . Types of punts ( edit ) The type of punt leads to different motion of the football . End - over-end punt ( edit ) See also : drop punt Spiral punt ( edit ) See also : torpedo punt Alex Moffat is generally recognized as the creator of the spiral punt , having developed it during his time as a college athlete in the early 1880s . It is the longest type of punt kick . In flight , the ball spins about its long axis , instead of end over end ( like a drop punt ) or not at all ( like a regular punt kick ) . This makes the flight of the ball more aerodynamic , and the pointy ends of gridiron footballs mitigate the difficulty to catch . Pooch punt ( edit ) Main article : quick kick Teams may line up in a normal offensive formation and have the quarterback perform a pooch punt , also known as a quick kick . This usually happens in situations where the offense is in a 4th and long situation in their opponent 's territory , but are too close to the end zone for a traditional punt and ( depending on weather conditions ) too far for a field goal try . Like fake punt attempts , these are rarely tried , although Randall Cunningham , Tom Brady , Matt Cassel and Ben Roethlisberger have successfully executed pooch punts in the modern NFL era . Some pooch punts occur on third down and long situations in American football to fool the defense , which is typically not prepared to return a punt on third down . Fake punts ( edit ) On very rare occasions , a punting team will elect to attempt a `` fake punt '' -- line up in punt formation and begin the process as normal , but instead do one of the following : The punter may choose to run with the ball . The ball may be snapped to the upback , who then runs with the ball . The punter ( or another back , who is standing nearby ) may decide to pass to a pre-designated receiver . The ball may be snapped to the upback , who then passes the ball to a receiver . Although teams sometimes use fake punts to exploit a weakness in the opposing team 's defense , a fake punt is very rare , and often used in desperate situations , such as to keep a drive alive when a team is behind and needs to catch up quickly , or to spark an offense in a game where the defense dominates . The high risk of `` fake punts '' , and the need to maintain an element of surprise when the play is actually called , explains why this play is seldom seen . Fake punts are more likely to occur when there is short yardage remaining to secure a first down , and / or the line of scrimmage is inside the opponent 's territory . One of the most famous fake punts was by New York Giants linebacker Gary Reasons during the 1990 NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers , in which he rushed for 30 yards on a fourth down conversion via a direct snap to him instead of the punter , Sean Landeta , which was a critical difference in a 15 -- 13 victory . The Giants went on to win Super Bowl XXV . Rugby - style punt ( edit ) Similar to spiral punt , rugby punt is done with a running start before punting while remaining behind the line of scrimmage . Bill Putich punting on the run . Record punts ( edit ) The longest punt in North American pro football history is a 108 - yarder by Zenon Andrusyshyn of the CFL 's Toronto Argonauts ( at Edmonton , October 23 , 1977 ) . This record was also tied by Christopher Milo of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on October 29 , 2011 , at a home game at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field in Regina , during which winds gusted above 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) ( this is also the site of the three longest field goals in CFL history and one of the windiest fields in professional football ) . The longest punt in NFL play was a 98 - yarder by Steve O'Neal of the New York Jets in an American Football League game played against the Denver Broncos on September 21 , 1969 . Jeff Feagles is the all - time NFL career punts and punt yards leader with 1,713 punts and 71,211 punt yards over 352 games . Bob Cameron is the all - time CFL career punts and punt yards leader with 3,129 punts and 134,301 punt yards over 394 games . Shane Lechler holds the NFL record for career punting average at 47.29 yards per punt ( 855 punts for 40,429 yards ) over the 2000 -- 2010 seasons . Sammy Baugh averaged 51.40 yards per punt in 1940 ( 35 punts for 1,799 yards ) . Lechler holds the modern single - season record with a 51.14 yards per punt average in 2009 ( 96 punts for 4,909 yards ) The record for college football is held by the University of Nevada 's Pat Brady , who booted the longest possible punt on a 100 - yard field at 99 yards against Loyola University on October 28 , 1950 . Joe Theismann punted for one yard against the Chicago Bears in 1985 . Return ( edit ) A punt return is one of the receiving team 's options to respond to a punt . A player positioned about 35 -- 45 yards from the line of scrimmage ( usually a wide receiver or return specialist ) will attempt to catch or pick up the ball after it is punted by the opposing team 's punter . He then attempts to carry the ball as far as possible back in the direction of the line of scrimmage , without being tackled or running out of bounds . He may also lateral the ball to teammates in order to keep the play alive should he expect to be tackled or go out of bounds . DeSean Jackson , then playing for the Philadelphia Eagles in the `` Miracle at the New Meadowlands '' , is the only NFL player to return a punt for a game - winning touchdown on the final play of regulation . The NFL record holder for the number of punt returns for a touchdown in a career is Devin Hester with 14 . See also ( edit ) Glossary of American football Punter ( football ) Short punt formation American Football Kicking Hall of Fame References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Crazy ending lifts Alouettes over Argonauts '' . archive.org. 1 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ blackknight101066 ( 30 October 2010 ) . `` Crazy Argonauts -- Alouettes CFL ending. mp4 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ CFLfan # 31 ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` SC : Top 10 Crazy CFL Moments '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Nov. 19 , 1972 Abendschan boots Blue in stadium 's greatest game '' . winnipegfreepress.com . Jump up ^ David M. Nelson . The Anatomy of a Game : Football , the Rules , and the Men who Made the Game . p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Randall Cunningham Past Stats , Statistics , History , and Awards -- databaseFootball.com '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's talk about Brady 's punt '' . go.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Roethlisberger Past Stats , Statistics , History , and Awards -- databaseFootball.com '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ First Sporting Production ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) , Aussie punter Blake O'Neill's Punts 80 yard Rugby Style Punt , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Regular Season All - Time Records -- Individual Records -- Punting '' Archived 2009 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Canadian Football League . ( The CFL 's field is ten yards longer than the NFL 's . ) Jump up ^ `` Bouncing ... bouncing -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Punting Leaders ( All Time ) '' . PlayerFilter.com . Jump up ^ Regular Season All - Time Records Archived 2010 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Canadian Football League ^ Jump up to : 2011 NFL Record and Fact Book Jump up ^ National Football Foundation Jump up ^ Joe Theismann NFL & AFL Statistics . pro-football-reference.com . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ UPI ( September 30 , 1985 ) . Bears Show Redskins a Team on the Rise . Lodi News - Sentinel , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Frank , Reuben ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Miracle at the Meadowlands III : Eagles 38 , Giants 31 '' . CSN Philly . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Media related to American football punts at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Gridiron football plays <Td_colspan="2"> Play from scrimmage Play calling system Offense Rush Keeper Bootleg Sneak Dive Power Counter Off - tackle End Option Sweep Toss Trap Veer Zone Pass Incomplete Checkdown Screen Drop - back Hail Mary Alley - oop Defense Man - to - man Zone Blitz Zone blitz Special teams Touchback Kickoff Kickoff return Punt Punt return Drop kick Place kick Fair catch Fair catch kick Onside kick Squib kick Other Trick play Quick kick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punt_(gridiron_football)&oldid=824231593 '' Categories : American football plays Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 02 : 51 . 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1. Punt in gridiron football 2. Types of punts 3. Punt return 4. Record punts 5. Fake punts

how is feedback regulation of enzyme reaction related to allosteric regulation of enzyme function

Allosteric regulation - wikipedia Allosteric regulation Jump to : navigation , search Allosteric regulation of an enzyme In biochemistry , allosteric regulation ( or allosteric control ) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme 's active site . The site to which the effector binds is termed the allosteric site or regulatory site . Allosteric sites allow effectors to bind to the protein , often resulting in a conformational change involving protein dynamics . Effectors that enhance the protein 's activity are referred to as allosteric activators , whereas those that decrease the protein 's activity are called allosteric inhibitors . Allosteric regulations are a natural example of control loops , such as feedback from downstream products or feedforward from upstream substrates . Long - range allostery is especially important in cell signaling . Allosteric regulation is also particularly important in the cell 's ability to adjust enzyme activity . The term allostery comes from the Greek allos ( ἄλλος ) , `` other '' , and stereos ( στερεὀς ) , `` solid ( object ) '' . This is in reference to the fact that the regulatory site of an allosteric protein is physically distinct from its active site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Models 1.1 Concerted model 1.2 Sequential model 1.3 Morpheein model 1.4 Ensemble models 2 Allosteric modulation 3 Energy sensing model 3.1 Positive modulation 3.2 Negative modulation 4 Types 4.1 Homotropic 4.2 Heterotropic 4.3 Essential activators 5 Non-regulatory allostery 6 Pharmacology 6.1 Allosteric sites as drug targets 7 Synthetic allosteric systems 8 Online resources 8.1 Allosteric database 8.2 Allosteric residues and their prediction using the STRESS web server 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Models ( edit ) A -- Active site B -- Allosteric site C -- Substrate D -- Inhibitor E -- Enzyme This is a diagram of allosteric regulation of an enzyme . Many allosteric effects can be explained by the concerted MWC model put forth by Monod , Wyman , and Changeux , or by the sequential model described by Koshland , Nemethy , and Filmer . Both postulate that protein subunits exist in one of two conformations , tensed ( T ) or relaxed ( R ) , and that relaxed subunits bind substrate more readily than those in the tense state . The two models differ most in their assumptions about subunit interaction and the preexistence of both states . For proteins in which subunits exist in more than two conformations , the allostery landscape model described by Cuendet , Weinstein , and LeVine , can be used . Concerted model ( edit ) The concerted model of allostery , also referred to as the symmetry model or MWC model , postulates that enzyme subunits are connected in such a way that a conformational change in one subunit is necessarily conferred to all other subunits . Thus , all subunits must exist in the same conformation . The model further holds that , in the absence of any ligand ( substrate or otherwise ) , the equilibrium favors one of the conformational states , T or R . The equilibrium can be shifted to the R or T state through the binding of one ligand ( the allosteric effector or ligand ) to a site that is different from the active site ( the allosteric site ) . Sequential model ( edit ) The sequential model of allosteric regulation holds that subunits are not connected in such a way that a conformational change in one induces a similar change in the others . Thus , all enzyme subunits do not necessitate the same conformation . Moreover , the sequential model dictates that molecules of a substrate bind via an induced fit protocol . In general , when a subunit randomly collides with a molecule of substrate , the active site , in essence , forms a glove around its substrate . While such an induced fit converts a subunit from the tensed state to relaxed state , it does not propagate the conformational change to adjacent subunits . Instead , substrate - binding at one subunit only slightly alters the structure of other subunits so that their binding sites are more receptive to substrate . To summarize : subunits need not exist in the same conformation molecules of substrate bind via induced - fit protocol conformational changes are not propagated to all subunits Morpheein model ( edit ) The morpheein model of allosteric regulation is a dissociative concerted model . A morpheein is a homo - oligomeric structure that can exist as an ensemble of physiologically significant and functionally different alternate quaternary assemblies . Transitions between alternate morpheein assemblies involve oligomer dissociation , conformational change in the dissociated state , and reassembly to a different oligomer . The required oligomer disassembly step differentiates the morpheein model for allosteric regulation from the classic MWC and KNF models . Porphobilinogen synthase ( PBGS ) is the prototype morpheein . Ensemble models ( edit ) Ensemble models of allosteric regulation enumerate an allosteric system 's statistical ensemble as a function of its potential energy function , and then relate specific statistical measurements of allostery to specific energy terms in the energy function ( such as an intermolecular salt bridge between two domains ) . Ensemble models like the ensemble allosteric model and allosteric Ising model assume that each domain of the system can adopt two states similar to the MWC model . The allostery landscape model introduced by Cuendet , Weinstein , and LeVine . allows for the domains to have any number of states and the contribution of a specific molecular interaction to a given allosteric coupling can be estimated using a rigorous set of rules . Molecular dynamics simulations can be used to estimate a system 's statistical ensemble so that it can be analyzed with the allostery landscape model . Allosteric modulation ( edit ) Main article : Allosteric modulator Allosteric modulation is commonly used to alter the activity of molecules and enzymes in biochemistry and pharmacology . For example , drugs are made to bind to the active site of the enzyme which inhibit the substrates to bind to the enzyme and perform the reaction . Allosteric modulation occurs when a specific ligand binds to the allosteric site ( also known as the regulatory site ) of the enzyme and alters the drugs ' effects on the substrates by either activating or inhibiting the enzyme activity . Allosteric modulators are designed to fit the allosteric site to cause conformational changes of the enzyme by changing the shape of the active site which causes a change in its activity . They work regardless of the fact that the enzyme substrate was able to bind to the active site or not . They can be positive , ( activating ) causing an increase of the enzyme activity , or they can be negative ( inhibiting ) causing a decrease of the enzyme activity . The use of allosteric modulation allows the control of the effects of specific enzyme activities , as a result , allosteric modulators are very effective in pharmacology . Energy sensing model ( edit ) An example of this model is seen with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis , a bacterium that is perfectly suited to adapt to living in the macrophages of humans . The enzyme 's sites serve as a communication between different substrates . Specifically between AMP and G6P . Sites like these also serve as a sensing mechanism for the enzyme 's performance . Positive modulation ( edit ) Positive allosteric modulation ( also known as allosteric activation ) occurs when the binding of one ligand enhances the attraction between substrate molecules and other binding sites . An example is the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin , where oxygen is effectively both the substrate and the effector . The allosteric , or `` other '' , site is the active site of an adjoining protein subunit . The binding of oxygen to one subunit induces a conformational change in that subunit that interacts with the remaining active sites to enhance their oxygen affinity . Another example of allosteric activation is seen in cytosolic IMP - GMP specific 5 ' - nucleotidase II ( cN - II ) , where the affinity for substrate GMP increases upon GTP binding at the dimer interface Negative modulation ( edit ) Negative allosteric modulation ( also known as allosteric inhibition ) occurs when the binding of one ligand decreases the affinity for substrate at other active sites . For example , when 2 , 3 - BPG binds to an allosteric site on hemoglobin , the affinity for oxygen of all subunits decreases . This is when a regulator is absent from the binding site . Direct thrombin inhibitors provides an excellent example of negative allosteric modulation . Allosteric inhibitors of thrombin have been discovered which could potentially be used as anticoagulants . Another example is strychnine , a convulsant poison , which acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the glycine receptor . Glycine is a major post-synaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian spinal cord and brain stem . Strychnine acts at a separate binding site on the glycine receptor in an allosteric manner ; i.e. , its binding lowers the affinity of the glycine receptor for glycine . Thus , strychnine inhibits the action of an inhibitory transmitter , leading to convulsions . Another instance in which negative allosteric modulation can be seen is between ATP and the enzyme phosphofructokinase within the negative feedback loop that regulates glycolysis . Phosphofructokinase ( generally referred to as PFK ) is an enzyme that catalyses the third step of glycolysis : the phosphorylation of fructose - 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphate . PFK can be allosterically inhibited by high levels of ATP within the cell . When ATP levels are high , ATP will bind to an allosteoric site on phosphofructokinase , causing a change in the enzyme 's three - dimensional shape . This change causes its affinity for substrate ( fructose - 6 - phosphate and ATP ) at the active site to decrease , and the enzyme is deemed inactive . This causes glycolysis to cease when ATP levels are high , thus conserving the body 's glucose and maintaining balanced levels of cellular ATP . In this way , ATP serves as a negative allosteric modulator for PFK , despite the fact that it is also a substrate of the enzyme . Types ( edit ) Homotropic ( edit ) A homotropic allosteric modulator is a substrate for its target enzyme , as well as a regulatory molecule of the enzyme 's activity . It is typically an activator of the enzyme . For example , O and CO are homotropic allosteric modulators of hemoglobin . Heterotropic ( edit ) A heterotropic allosteric modulator is a regulatory molecule that is not the enzyme 's substrate . It may be either an activator or an inhibitor of the enzyme . For example , H , CO , and 2 , 3 - bisphosphoglycerate are heterotropic allosteric modulators of hemoglobin . Some allosteric proteins can be regulated by both their substrates and other molecules . Such proteins are capable of both homotropic and heterotropic interactions . Essential activators ( edit ) Some allosteric activators are referred to as `` essential '' , or `` obligate '' activators , in the sense that in their absence , the activity of their target enzyme activity is very low or negligible , as is the case with N - acetylglutamate 's activity on carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I , for example . Non-regulatory allostery ( edit ) A non-regulatory allosteric site is any non-regulatory component of an enzyme ( or any protein ) , that is not itself an amino acid . For instance , many enzymes require sodium binding to ensure proper function . However , the sodium does not necessarily act as a regulatory subunit ; the sodium is always present and there are no known biological processes to add / remove sodium to regulate enzyme activity . Non-regulatory allostery could comprise any other ions besides sodium ( calcium , magnesium , zinc ) , as well as other chemicals and possibly vitamins . Pharmacology ( edit ) Allosteric modulation of a receptor results from the binding of allosteric modulators at a different site ( a `` regulatory site '' ) from that of the endogenous ligand ( an `` active site '' ) and enhances or inhibits the effects of the endogenous ligand . Under normal circumstances , it acts by causing a conformational change in a receptor molecule , which results in a change in the binding affinity of the ligand . In this way , an allosteric ligand modulates the receptor 's activation by its primary ( orthosteric ) ligand , and can be thought to act like a dimmer switch in an electrical circuit , adjusting the intensity of the response . For example , the GABA receptor has two active sites that the neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) binds , but also has benzodiazepine and general anaesthetic agent regulatory binding sites . These regulatory sites can each produce positive allosteric modulation , potentiating the activity of GABA . Diazepam is an agonist at the benzodiazepine regulatory site , and its antidote flumazenil is an antagonist . More recent examples of drugs that allosterically modulate their targets include the calcium - mimicking cinacalcet and the HIV treatment maraviroc . Allosteric sites as drug targets ( edit ) Allosteric sites may represent a novel drug target . There are a number of advantages in using allosteric modulators as preferred therapeutic agents over classic orthosteric ligands . For example , G protein - coupled receptor ( GPCR ) allosteric binding sites have not faced the same evolutionary pressure as orthosteric sites to accommodate an endogenous ligand , so are more diverse . Therefore , greater GPCR selectivity may be obtained by targeting allosteric sites . This is particularly useful for GPCRs where selective orthosteric therapy has been difficult because of sequence conservation of the orthosteric site across receptor subtypes . Also , these modulators have a decreased potential for toxic effects , since modulators with limited co-operativity will have a ceiling level to their effect , irrespective of the administered dose . Another type of pharmacological selectivity that is unique to allosteric modulators is based on co-operativity . An allosteric modulator may display neutral co-operativity with an orthosteric ligand at all subtypes of a given receptor except the subtype of interest , which is termed `` absolute subtype selectivity '' . If an allosteric modulator does not possess appreciable efficacy , it can provide another powerful therapeutic advantage over orthosteric ligands , namely the ability to selectively tune up or down tissue responses only when the endogenous agonist is present . Oligomer - specific small molecule binding sites are drug targets for medically relevant morpheeins . Synthetic allosteric systems ( edit ) There are many synthetic compounds containing several noncovalent binding sites , which exhibit conformational changes upon occupation of one site . Cooperativity between single binding contributions in such supramolecular systems is positive if occupation of one binding site enhances the affinity ΔG at a second site , and negative if the affinity is lowered . Most synthetic allosteric complexes rely on conformational reorganization upon the binding of one effector ligand which then leads to either enhanced or weakened association of second ligand at another binding site . Conformational coupling between several binding sites is in artificial systems usually much larger than in proteins with their usually larger flexibility . The parameter which determines the efficiency ( as measured by the ratio of equilibrium constants Krel = KA ( E ) / KA in presence and absence of an effector E ) is the conformational energy needed to adopt a closed or strained conformation for the binding of a ligand A . In many multivalent supramolecular systems direct interaction between bound ligands can occur , which can lead to large cooperativities . Most common is such a direct interaction between ions in receptors for ion - pairs . This cooperatitiy is often also referred to as allostery , even though conformational changes here are not necessarily triggering binding events . Online resources ( edit ) Allosteric Database ( edit ) Allostery is a direct and efficient means for regulation of biological macromolecule function , produced by the binding of a ligand at an allosteric site topographically distinct from the orthosteric site . Due to the often high receptor selectivity and lower target - based toxicity , allosteric regulation is also expected to play an increasing role in drug discovery and bioengineering . The AlloSteric Database ( ASD , http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD ) provides a central resource for the display , search and analysis of the structure , function and related annotation for allosteric molecules . Currently , ASD contains allosteric proteins from more than 100 species and modulators in three categories ( activators , inhibitors , and regulators ) . Each protein is annotated with detailed description of allostery , biological process and related diseases , and each modulator with binding affinity , physicochemical properties and therapeutic area . Integrating the information of allosteric proteins in ASD should allow the prediction of allostery for unknown proteins , to be followed with experimental validation . In addition , modulators curated in ASD can be used to investigate potential allosteric targets for a query compound , and can help chemists to implement structure modifications for novel allosteric drug design . Allosteric residues and their prediction using the STRESS web server ( edit ) Not all protein residues play equally important roles in allosteric regulation . The identification of residues that are essential to allostery ( so - called `` allosteric residues '' ) has been the focus of many studies , especially within the last decade . In part , this growing interest is a result of their general importance in protein science , but also because allosteric residues may be exploited in biomedical contexts . Pharmacologically important proteins with difficult - to - target sites may yield to approaches in which one alternatively targets easier - to - reach residues that are capable of allosterically regulating the primary site of interest . These residues can broadly be classified as surface - and interior - allosteric amino acids . Allosteric sites at the surface generally play regulatory roles that are fundamentally distinct from those within the interior ; surface residues may serve as receptors or effector sites in allosteric signal transmission , whereas those within the interior may act to transmit such signals . STRucturally - identified ESSential residues ( STRESS , http://stress.molmovdb.org ) is a web tool that enables users to submit their own protein structures of interest in order to predict both surface - and interior - allosteric residues in an algorithmically efficient manner . The software behind this server employs 3D structures to build models of conformational change in order to perform predictions . See also ( edit ) ASD database Competitive inhibition Cooperative binding Enzyme kinetics Protein dynamics Receptor theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bu Z , Callaway DJ ( 2011 ) . `` Proteins move ! Protein dynamics and long - range allostery in cell signaling '' . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology . 83 : 163 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 381262 - 9.00005 - 7 . ISBN 9780123812629 . PMID 21570668 . Jump up ^ Monod J , Wyman J , Changeux JP ( May 1965 ) . `` On the nature of allosteric transitions : A plausible model '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 12 : 88 -- 118 . PMID 14343300 . Jump up ^ Koshland DE , Némethy G , Filmer D ( January 1966 ) . `` Comparison of experimental binding data and theoretical models in proteins containing subunits '' . Biochemistry . 5 ( 1 ) : 365 -- 85 . PMID 5938952 . ^ Jump up to : Cuendet MA , Weinstein H , LeVine MV ( December 2016 ) . `` The Allostery Landscape : Quantifying Thermodynamic Couplings in Biomolecular Systems '' . Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 12 ( 12 ) : 5758 -- 5767 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jctc. 6b00841 . PMC 5156960 . PMID 27766843 . Jump up ^ Jaffe EK ( September 2005 ) . `` Morpheeins -- a new structural paradigm for allosteric regulation '' . Trends in Biochemical Sciences . 30 ( 9 ) : 490 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tibs. 2005.07. 003 . PMID 16023348 . Jump up ^ Motlagh HN , Wrabl JO , Li J , Hilser VJ ( April 2014 ) . `` The ensemble nature of allostery '' . Nature . 508 ( 7496 ) : 331 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13001 . PMC 4224315 . PMID 24740064 . Jump up ^ Hilser VJ , Wrabl JO , Motlagh HN ( 2012 ) . `` Structural and energetic basis of allostery '' . Annual Review of Biophysics. 41 : 585 -- 609 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - biophys - 050511 - 102319 . PMC 3935618 . PMID 22577828 . Jump up ^ LeVine MV , Weinstein H ( May 2015 ) . `` AIM for Allostery : Using the Ising Model to Understand Information Processing and Transmission in Allosteric Biomolecular Systems '' . Entropy. 17 ( 5 ) : 2895 -- 2918 . doi : 10.3390 / e17052895 . PMID 26594108 . Jump up ^ Abdel - Magid AF ( February 2015 ) . `` Allosteric modulators : an emerging concept in drug discovery '' . ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 6 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 7 . doi : 10.1021 / ml5005365 . PMC 4329591 . PMID 25699154 . Jump up ^ Allosteric pyruvate kinase - based `` logic gate '' synergistically senses energy and sugar levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Wenhe Zhong , Liang Cui , Boon Chong Goh , Qixu Cai , Peiying Ho , Yok Hian Chionh , Meng Yuan , Abbas El Sahili , Linda A. Fothergill - Gilmore , Malcolm D. Walkinshaw , Julien Lescar & Peter C. Dedon http://rdcu.be/A44I Jump up ^ Srinivasan B , Forouhar F , Shukla A , Sampangi C , Kulkarni S , Abashidze M , Seetharaman J , Lew S , Mao L , Acton TB , Xiao R , Everett JK , Montelione GT , Tong L , Balaram H ( March 2014 ) . `` Allosteric regulation and substrate activation in cytosolic nucleotidase II from Legionella pneumophila '' . The FEBS Journal . 281 ( 6 ) : 1613 -- 1628 . doi : 10.1111 / febs. 12727 . PMC 3982195 . PMID 24456211 . Jump up ^ Edelstein SJ ( 1975 ) . `` Cooperative interactions of hemoglobin '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 44 : 209 -- 32 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 44.070175. 001233 . PMID 237460 . Jump up ^ Shi D , Allewell NM , Tuchman M ( June 2015 ) . `` The N - Acetylglutamate Synthase Family : Structures , Function and Mechanisms '' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 16 ( 6 ) : 13004 -- 22 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms160613004 . PMID 26068232 . Jump up ^ de Cima S , Polo LM , Díez - Fernández C , Martínez AI , Cervera J , Fita I , Rubio V ( November 2015 ) . `` Structure of human carbamoyl phosphate synthetase : deciphering the on / off switch of human ureagenesis '' . Scientific Reports . 5 ( 1 ) : 16950 . doi : 10.1038 / srep16950 . PMID 26592762 . ^ Jump up to : A. Christopoulos , L.T. May , V.A. Avlani and P.M. Sexton ( 2004 ) G protein - coupled receptor allosterism : the promise and the problem ( s ) . Biochemical Society Transactions Volume 32 , part 5 ^ Jump up to : May LT , Leach K , Sexton PM , Christopoulos A ( 2007 ) . `` Allosteric modulation of G protein - coupled receptors '' . Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 47 : 1 -- 51 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. pharmtox. 47.120505. 105159 . PMID 17009927 . Jump up ^ Jaffe EK ( 2010 ) . `` MORPHEEINS - A NEW PATHWAY FOR ALLOSTERIC DRUG DISCOVERY '' . The Open Conference Proceedings Journal . 1 : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.2174 / 2210289201001010001 . PMC 3107518 . PMID 21643557 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi M , Ikeda M , Sugasaki A , Shinkai S ( November 2001 ) . `` Molecular design of artificial molecular and ion recognition systems with allosteric guest responses '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 34 ( 11 ) : 865 -- 73 . doi : 10.1021 / ar0000410 . PMID 11714258 . Jump up ^ Kremer C , Lützen A ( May 2013 ) . `` Artificial allosteric receptors '' . Chemistry . 19 ( 20 ) : 6162 -- 96 . doi : 10.1002 / chem. 201203814 . PMID 23463705 . Jump up ^ Kovbasyuk L , Krämer R ( June 2004 ) . `` Allosteric supramolecular receptors and catalysts '' . Chemical Reviews . 104 ( 6 ) : 3161 -- 87 . doi : 10.1021 / cr030673a . PMID 15186190 . Jump up ^ Schneider HJ ( September 2016 ) . `` Efficiency parameters in artificial allosteric systems '' . Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry . 14 ( 34 ) : 7994 -- 8001 . doi : 10.1039 / c6ob01303a . PMID 27431438 . Jump up ^ Badjić JD , Nelson A , Cantrill SJ , Turnbull WB , Stoddart JF ( September 2005 ) . `` Multivalency and cooperativity in supramolecular chemistry '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 38 ( 9 ) : 723 -- 32 . doi : 10.1021 / ar040223k . PMID 16171315 . Jump up ^ Kim SK , Sessler JL ( October 2010 ) . `` Ion pair receptors '' . Chemical Society Reviews . 39 ( 10 ) : 3784 -- 809 . doi : 10.1039 / c002694h . PMC 3016456 . PMID 20737073 . Jump up ^ McConnell AJ , Beer PD ( May 2012 ) . `` Heteroditopic receptors for ion - pair recognition '' . Angewandte Chemie. 51 ( 21 ) : 5052 -- 61 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 201107244 . PMID 22419667 . Jump up ^ Huang Z , Zhu L , Cao Y , Wu G , Liu X , Chen Y , Wang Q , Shi T , Zhao Y , Wang Y , Li W , Li Y , Chen H , Chen G , Zhang J ( January 2011 ) . `` ASD : a comprehensive database of allosteric proteins and modulators '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 39 ( Database issue ) : D663 -- 9 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkq1022 . PMC 3013650 . PMID 21051350 . Jump up ^ Panjkovich A , Daura X ( October 2012 ) . `` Exploiting protein flexibility to predict the location of allosteric sites '' . BMC Bioinformatics. 13 : 273 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 13 - 273 . PMC 3562710 . PMID 23095452 . Jump up ^ Süel GM , Lockless SW , Wall MA , Ranganathan R ( January 2003 ) . `` Evolutionarily conserved networks of residues mediate allosteric communication in proteins '' . Nature Structural Biology . 10 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 69 . doi : 10.1038 / nsb881 . PMID 12483203 . Jump up ^ Mitternacht S , Berezovsky IN ( September 2011 ) . `` Binding leverage as a molecular basis for allosteric regulation '' . PLoS Computational Biology . 7 ( 9 ) : e1002148 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pcbi. 1002148 . PMC 3174156 . PMID 21935347 . Jump up ^ Gasper PM , Fuglestad B , Komives EA , Markwick PR , McCammon JA ( December 2012 ) . `` Allosteric networks in thrombin distinguish procoagulant vs. anticoagulant activities '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 52 ) : 21216 -- 22 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1218414109 . PMC 3535651 . PMID 23197839 . Jump up ^ Ghosh A , Vishveshwara S ( November 2008 ) . `` Variations in clique and community patterns in protein structures during allosteric communication : investigation of dynamically equilibrated structures of methionyl tRNA synthetase complexes '' . Biochemistry . 47 ( 44 ) : 11398 -- 407 . doi : 10.1021 / bi8007559 . PMID 18842003 . Jump up ^ Sethi A , Eargle J , Black AA , Luthey - Schulten Z ( April 2009 ) . `` Dynamical networks in tRNA : protein complexes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 106 ( 16 ) : 6620 -- 5 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0810961106 . PMC 2672494 . PMID 19351898 . Jump up ^ Vanwart AT , Eargle J , Luthey - Schulten Z , Amaro RE ( August 2012 ) . `` Exploring residue component contributions to dynamical network models of allostery '' . Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 8 ( 8 ) : 2949 -- 2961 . doi : 10.1021 / ct300377a . PMC 3489502 . PMID 23139645 . Jump up ^ Rivalta I , Sultan MM , Lee NS , Manley GA , Loria JP , Batista VS ( May 2012 ) . `` Allosteric pathways in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 22 ) : E1428 -- 36 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1120536109 . PMC 3365145 . PMID 22586084 . Jump up ^ Clarke D , Sethi A , Li S , Kumar S , Chang RW , Chen J , Gerstein M ( May 2016 ) . `` Identifying Allosteric Hotspots with Dynamics : Application to Inter - and Intra-species Conservation '' . Structure . 24 ( 5 ) : 826 -- 837 . doi : 10.1016 / j. str. 2016.03. 008 . PMID 27066750 . External links ( edit ) Instant insight introducing a classification system for protein allostery mechanisms from the Royal Society of Chemistry <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allosteric_regulation&oldid=842800738 '' Categories : Proteins Enzyme kinetics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 19 : 00 . 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1. Allosteric regulation of enzymes 2. Allosteric activators and inhibitors 3. Concerted and sequential models of allosteric regulation 4. Allosteric modulation in pharmacology 5. Allosteric sites as drug targets

when did manna stop falling from the sky for the israelites

Manna - wikipedia Manna Jump to : navigation , search For the Polynesian word , see mana . For other uses , see Manna ( disambiguation ) . The Gathering of the Manna by James Tissot Manna ( Hebrew : מָן ‎ ‎ ) or al - Mann ( Arabic : المَنّ ‎ ‎ , Kurdish : gezo ‎ , Persian : گزانگبین ‎ ‎ ) , sometimes or archaically spelled mana , is an edible substance which , according to the Bible and the Quran , God provided for the Israelites during their travels in the desert during the forty - year period following the Exodus and prior to the conquest of Canaan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Biblical / canonical description 1.2 Manna in the Qurʾān 1.3 Identification 1.4 Potential discrepancies 2 Origin 3 Use and function 4 Gathering 4.1 Sabbath 5 Duration of supply 6 Later cultural references 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Biblical / canonical description ( edit ) Manna is described as having the appearance of bdellium . Manna is described as white and comparable to hoarfrost in size . Hoarfrost on grass lawn . According to the book of Exodus , manna is like a coriander seed that is white ( this is explained by ancient commentaries as a comparison to the round shape of the coriander seed ) . In the Hebrew Bible , manna is described twice : once in Exodus 16 : 1 - 36 with the full narrative surrounding it , and once again in Numbers 11 : 1 - 9 as a part of a separate narrative . In the description in the Book of Exodus , manna is described as being `` a fine , flake - like thing '' like the frost on the ground . It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night . Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in size , similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun , and was like a coriander seed that is white . Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium , adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes , which were then baked , resulting in something that tasted like cakes baked with oil . Exodus states that raw manna tasted like wafers that had been made with honey . The Israelites were instructed to eat only the manna they had gathered for each day . Stored manna `` bred worms and stank '' : the exception being that stored the day before the Sabbath ( Preparation Day ) , when twice the amount of manna was gathered . This manna did not spoil overnight , because , Exodus 16 : 23 - 24 states : This is what the Lord commanded : `` Tomorrow is to be a day of rest , a holy Sabbath to the Lord . So bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil . Save whatever is left and keep it until morning . '' So they saved it until morning , as Moses commanded , and it did not stink or get maggots in it . In the Bread of Life Discourse in John 's Gospel , the evangelist refers three times to the manna which the Jews ' ancestors ate in the desert : the Jews refer to the manna given to them by Moses as a sign of God 's promised covenant , and Jesus asserts that the manna was from God and not from Moses , and that the people who ate it were nourished on their journey but ultimately died . In contrast , according to the gospel , Jesus offered living bread , and whoever ate this bread would never die . Manna in the Quran ( edit ) The word mana appears three times in the Qurʾān , in Quran 2 : 57 , 7 : 160 and 20 : 80 . It is narrated in the hadith Sahih Muslim that the Prophet Mohammad said `` Truffles are part of the ' manna ' which Allah sent to the people of Israel through Moses , and its juice is a medicine for the eye . '' Identification ( edit ) Some scholars have proposed that manna is cognate with the Egyptian term mennu , meaning `` food '' , a term that has never been attested to in history . At the turn of the twentieth century , Arabs of the Sinai Peninsula were selling resin from the tamarisk tree as man es - simma , roughly meaning `` heavenly manna '' . Tamarisk trees ( particularly Tamarix gallica ) were once comparatively extensive throughout the southern Sinai , and their resin is similar to wax , melts in the sun , is sweet and aromatic ( like honey ) , and has a dirty - yellow color , fitting somewhat with the Biblical descriptions of manna . However , this resin is mostly composed of sugar , so it would be unlikely to provide sufficient nutrition for a population to survive over long periods of time , and it would be very difficult for it to have been compacted into cakes . Other researchers have believed manna to be a form of lichen - a plant colony that often has a low mass per unit volume density and a large `` sail area . '' In particular , Lecanora esculenta has been postulated . Known natural aerial falls of various lichens have been described as occurring in accounts separate from that in the bible . `` In some parts of Asia Lecanora esculenta covers the soil to such a degree that , according to Parrot , it forms beds 15 to 20 centimetres thick . '' Pine branch with Marchalina hellenica honeydew In the Biblical account , the name manna is said to derive from the question man hu , seemingly meaning `` What is it ? '' ; this is perhaps an Aramaic etymology , not a Hebrew one . Man is possibly cognate with the Arabic term man , meaning plant lice , with man hu thus meaning `` this is plant lice '' , which fits one widespread modern identification of manna , the crystallized honeydew of certain scale insects . In the environment of a desert , such honeydew rapidly dries due to evaporation of its water content , becoming a sticky solid , and later turning whitish , yellowish , or brownish ; honeydew of this form is considered a delicacy in the Middle East , and is a good source of carbohydrates . In particular , there is a scale insect that feeds on tamarisk , the Tamarisk manna scale ( Trabutina mannipara ) , which is often considered to be the prime candidate for biblical manna . Another type is turkey oak manna , also called Persian gezengevi - gezo , men , Turkish Kudret helvasi , man - es - simma , also Diarbekir manna , or Kurdish manna . It is formed by aphids and appears white . It was common in western Iran , northern Iraq and eastern Turkey . When dried it forms into crystalline lumps which are hard and look like stone . They are pounded before inclusion in breads . Psilocybe cubensis A tamarisk tree in the Negev Desert A number of ethnomycologists , including Terence McKenna , have suggested that most characteristics of manna are similar to that of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms , notorious breeding grounds for insects , which decompose rapidly . These peculiar fungi naturally produce a number of molecules that resemble human neurochemicals , and first appear as small fibres ( mycelia ) that resemble hoarfrost . Psilocybin , the primary psychoactive molecule in the `` Psilocybe cubensis '' mushroom , has been shown to produce spiritual experiences , with `` personal meaning and spiritual significance '' when test subjects were evaluated 14 months later . The speculation that manna was an entheogen , also paralleled in Philip K. Dick 's posthumously published The Transmigration of Timothy Archer , is supported in a wider cultural context when compared with the praise of soma in the Rigveda , Mexican praise of teonanácatl , the peyote sacrament of the Native American Church , and the holy ayahuasca used in the ritual of the União do Vegetal and Santo Daime churches . Other minority identifications of manna are that it was a kosher species of locust , or that it was the sap of certain succulent plants ( such as those of the genus Alhagi , which have an appetite - suppressing effect ) . Potential discrepancies ( edit ) Some form critics posit conflicting descriptions of manna as derived from different lore , with the description in Numbers being from the Jahwist tradition , and the description in Exodus being from the later Priestly tradition . The Babylonian Talmud states that the differences in description were due to the taste varying depending on who ate it , with it tasting like honey for small children , like bread for youths , and like oil for the elderly . Similarly , classical rabbinical literature rectifies the question of whether manna came before or after dew , by holding that the manna was sandwiched between two layers of dew , one falling before the manna , and the other after . Origin ( edit ) Manna is from Heaven , according to the Hebrew Bible and to Jesus in the New Testament , but the various identifications of manna are naturalistic . In the Mishnah , manna is treated as a natural but unique substance , `` created during the twilight of the sixth day of Creation '' , and ensured to be clean , before it arrives , by the sweeping of the ground by a northern wind and subsequent rains . According to classical rabbinical literature , manna was ground in a heavenly mill for the use of the righteous , but some of it was allocated to the wicked and left for them to grind themselves . Use and function ( edit ) Until they reached Canaan , the Israelites are implied by some passages in the Bible to have eaten only manna during their desert sojourn , despite the availability of milk and meat from the livestock with which they traveled , and the references to provisions of fine flour , oil , and meat , in parts of the journey 's narrative . As a natural food substance , manna would produce waste products ; but in classical rabbinical literature , as a supernatural substance , it was held that manna produced no waste , resulting in no defecation among the Israelites until several decades later , when the manna had ceased to fall . Modern medical science suggests the lack of defecation over such a long period of time would cause severe bowel problems , especially when other food later began to be consumed again . Classical rabbinical writers say that the Israelites complained about the lack of defecation , and were concerned about potential bowel problems . Many Christian vegetarians say that God had originally intended man would not eat meat because plants can not move and killing them would not be sinful : manna , a nonmeat substance , is used to support this theory . Further , when the people complained and wished for quail , God gave it to them , but they apparently still complained and some greedily gathered the quail . `` While the meat was still between their teeth , before it was chewed , the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people . '' Food was not manna 's only use ; one classical rabbinical source states that the fragrant odor of manna was used in an Israelite perfume . Gathering ( edit ) The Gathering of the Manna , c. 1460 - 1470 . Exodus says each day one omer of manna was gathered per family member ( about 3.64 litres ) , and may imply this was regardless of how much effort was put into gathering it ; a midrash attributed to Rabbi Tanhuma remarks that although some were diligent enough to go into the fields to gather manna , others just lay down lazily and caught it with their outstretched hands . The Talmud states that this factor was used to solve disputes about the ownership of slaves , since the number of omers of manna each household could gather would indicate how many people were legitimately part of the household ; the omers of manna for stolen slaves could be gathered only by legitimate owners , and therefore legitimate owners would have spare omers of manna . According to the Talmud , manna was found near the homes of those with strong belief in God , and far from the homes of those with doubts ; indeed , one classical midrash says that manna was intangible to Gentiles , as it would inevitably slip from their hands . The Midrash Tanhuma holds that manna melted , formed liquid streams , was drunk by animals , flavored the animal flesh , and was thus indirectly eaten by Gentiles , this being the only way that Gentiles could taste manna . Despite these hints of uneven distribution , classical rabbinical literature expresses the view that manna fell in very large quantities each day . It holds that manna was layered out over 2,000 cubits square , between 50 and 60 cubits in height , enough to nourish the Israelites for 2,000 years and to be seen from the palaces of every king in the East and West . This is probably a metaphorical statement . Sabbath ( edit ) According to Exodus , Shabbat ( Sabbath ) was reinstituted the first week manna appeared . It states that twice as much manna as usual was available on the sixth morning of the week , and none at all could be found on the seventh day ; although manna usually rotted and became maggot - infested after a single night , that which had been collected on the sixth day remained fresh until the second night . Moses stated that the double portion of Preparation Day was to be consumed on Shabbat ; and that God instructed him that no one should leave his place on Shabbat , so that the people could rest during it . Form critics regard this part of the manna narrative to be spliced together from the Yahwist and Priestly traditions , with the Yahwist tradition emphasizing rest during Shabbat , while the Priestly tradition merely states that Shabbat exists , implying that the meaning of `` Shabbat '' was already known . These critics regard this part of the manna narrative as an etiological supernature story designed to explain the origin of Shabbat observance , which in reality was probably pre-Mosaic . Duration of supply ( edit ) Exodus states that the Israelites consumed the manna for forty years , starting from the fifteenth day of the second month ( Iyar 15 ) , but that it then ceased to appear once they had reached a settled land , and once they had reached the borders of Canaan ( inhabited by the Canaanites ) . Form critics attribute this variation to the view that each expression of the manna ceasing derives from different lore ; the `` settled land '' is attributed to the Priestly tradition , and `` Canaan 's borders '' to the Yahwist tradition , or to a hypothetical later redaction to synchronize the account with that of the Book of Joshua , which states that the manna ceased to appear on the day after the annual Passover festival ( Nisan 14 ) , when the Israelites had reached Gilgal . The duration from Iyar 15 to Nisan 14 , taken literally , is forty years less one month . There is also a disagreement among classical rabbinical writers as to when the manna ceased , particularly in regard to whether it remained after the death of Moses for a further forty days , seventy days , or fourteen years ; indeed , according to Joshua ben Levi , the manna ceased to appear at the moment that Moses died . Despite the eventual termination of the supply of manna , Exodus states that a small amount of it survived within an omer - sized pot or jar , which was kept facing the Testimony ( possibly , adjacent to the Ark of the Covenant ) ; it indicates that God instructed this of Moses , who delegated it to Aaron . The Epistle to the Hebrews states that the pot was stored inside the Ark . Classical rabbinical sources believe the pot was made of gold ; some say it was only there for the generation following Moses , and others that it survived at least until the time of Jeremiah . However , the First Book of Kings states that it was absent earlier than Jeremiah , during Solomon 's reign in the tenth century B.C. Form critics attribute the mention of the pot to the Priestly tradition , concluding that the pot existed in the early sixth century B.C. Later cultural references ( edit ) Manna ash By extension , `` manna '' has been used to refer to any divine or spiritual nourishment . At the Basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari , Italy , there is an annual ceremony of collecting a clear liquid from the tomb of Saint Nicholas ; legend credits the pleasant perfume of this liquid with warding off evil , and it is sold to pilgrims as `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas '' . The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb , but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb , or from the marble itself ; since the town of Bari is a harbor , and the tomb is below sea level , there are several natural explanations for the manna fluid , including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action . In the seventeenth century , a woman marketed a clear , tasteless product as a cosmetic , `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas of Bari '' . After the deaths of some 600 men , Italian authorities discovered that the alleged cosmetic was a preparation of arsenic , used by their wives . In a modern botanical context , manna is often used to refer to the secretions of various plants , especially of certain shrubs and trees , and in particular the sugars obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash , extracted by making small cuts in the bark . The manna ash , native to southern Europe and southwest Asia , produces a blue - green sap , which has medicinal value as a mild laxative , demulcent , and weak expectorant . The names of both the sugar mannose and its hydrogenated sugar alcohol , mannitol , are derived from manna . Robert Nozick references `` manna from heaven '' in a thought experiment about distributive justice . Further reading ( edit ) Arthur , James ( 2000 ) . Mushrooms and Mankind : The Impact of Mushrooms on Human Consciousness and Religion . Escondido , CA : Book Tree . ISBN 1 - 58509 - 151 - 0 . Heinrich , Clark ( 2002 ) . Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy . Rochester , VT : Park Street Press . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 997 - 9 . Merkur , Dan ( 2000 ) . The Mystery of Manna : The Psychedelic Sacrament of the Bible . Rochester , VT : Park Street Press . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 772 - 0 . McKenna , Terence ( 1993 ) . Food of the Gods : The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge , A Radical History of Plants , Drugs , and Human Evolution . New York , NY : Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 37130 - 4 . See also ( edit ) Food portal Ambrosia Golden Calf Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe , `` flesh of the Gods '' / teonanacatl Soma and Haoma , sacraments of the Rigveda and Zoroastrian canons , respectively References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Quran 2 : 57 '' . Jump up ^ Rashi on Exodus 16 : 31 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 14 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 9 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 21 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 31 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 7 However , commentators such as John Gill prefer to interpret the word translated `` bdellium '' as `` bdeloah '' , meaning a white precious stone ( John Gill , Commentary on Numbers 11 : 7 ) . Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 8 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 20 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ John 6 : 30 - 58 Jump up ^ Rippin , Andrew ( 24 April 2017 ) . Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an . John Wiley & Sons . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 96480 - 4 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 23 : 5084 Jump up ^ George Ebers , Durch Gosen zum Sinai , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Cheyne and Black , Encyclopedia Biblica ^ Jump up to : Peake 's commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/diyarbakir-manna.html Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/manna-lichens.html Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Manna Sinai '' . Jump up ^ `` tamarisk manna scale - insect '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ http://www.carpescriptura.com/?tag=trabutina-mannipara Jump up ^ `` Sherbet&Spice : The complete story of Turkish sweets & deserts '' by Mary Isin , publisher I.B. Tauris , ISBN 9781848858985 Jump up ^ `` Manna From Heaven '' . deoxy.org . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Roland R. `` Mystical - type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later '' . Jump up ^ Terence McKenna , Food of the Gods , New York , Harper Collins , p. 84 Jump up ^ `` Pancakes or Locusts '' . gottnotes.com . Jump up ^ `` Plants For A Future Search Error '' . Jump up ^ Peake 's Commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Book of Exodus '' , `` Book of Numbers '' Jump up ^ Yoma 75b Jump up ^ Psalm 78 : 24 - 25 , 105 : 40 Jump up ^ John 6 : 31 Jump up ^ Pirkei Avot 5 : 9 Jump up ^ Mekhilta , Beshalah , Wayassa , 3 Jump up ^ Numbers 21 : 5 ^ Jump up to : Sifre ( on Numbers ) 87 - 89 Jump up ^ Soler , Jean , The Semiotics of Food in the Bible Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 4 - 11 : 35 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Tanhuma , Beshalah 22 ^ Jump up to : Yoma 75a Jump up ^ Midrash Abkir ( on Exodus ) 258 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanhuma Jump up ^ Yoma 76a ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 23 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 5 , 16 : 22 , 16 : 26 - 27 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 24 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 27 - 29 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 30 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Book of Exodus '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 35 Jump up ^ Joshua 5 : 10 - 12 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Manna '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 34 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 32 - 33 Jump up ^ Hebrews 9 : 4 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 9 Jump up ^ Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas , St. Nicholas Center Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory , 2000 - 12 - 22 , Bones of contention , The Guardian Jump up ^ Girling , Richard , 2004 - 12 - 12 , Talking Point : Now do you believe in Santa Claus ? , The Times ^ Jump up to : Manna , Time magazine , 1927 - 08 - 29 Jump up ^ Rushforth , K. , 1999 , Trees of Britain and Europe , Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 220013 - 9 Jump up ^ Grieve , Mrs. M. , Ash , Manna Jump up ^ Cooley 's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts , 6th ed. ( 1880 ) Jump up ^ Feser , Edward . `` Robert Nozick ( 1938 -- 2002 ) '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . External links ( edit ) Media related to Manna at Wikimedia Commons Jewish Encyclopedia , Manna chabad.org , The Manna Catholic Encyclopedia , Manna Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas Lycaeum , Manna as a mushroom ( psilocybe ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manna&oldid=804898340 '' Categories : Hebrew words and phrases Mythological substances Hebrew Bible topics Breads Fungi and humans Book of Exodus Book of Numbers Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Kurdish - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 20 : 05 . 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1. Manna in the Bible and Quran 2. Description and identification of manna 3. Gathering and use of manna 4. Duration and cultural references of manna 5. Potential discrepancies in the manna narrative

what is the name of the silver bean in chicago

Cloud Gate - wikipedia Cloud Gate Public sculpture by Sir Anish Kapoor in Chicago , Illinois , United States This article is about the sculpture in Chicago . For the modern dance group , see Cloud Gate Dance Theatre . Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 57.67 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 23.97 '' W  /  41.8826861 ° N 87.6233250 ° W  / 41.8826861 ; - 87.6233250 <Th_colspan="2"> Cloud Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Artist Anish Kapoor Year 2006 Medium Stainless steel sculpture 10 m × 13 m × 20 m ( 33 ft × 42 ft × 66 ft ) Location Millennium Park , Chicago , Illinois , United States Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian - born British artist Sir Anish Kapoor , that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois . The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill , between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink . Constructed between 2004 and 2006 , the sculpture is nicknamed The Bean because of its shape . Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together , its highly polished exterior has no visible seams . It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) , and weighs 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . Kapoor 's design was inspired by liquid mercury and the sculpture 's surface reflects and distorts the city 's skyline . Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate 's 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) high arch . On the underside is the `` omphalos '' ( Greek for `` navel '' ) , a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections . The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor 's artistic themes , and it is popular with tourists as a photo - taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties . The sculpture was the result of a design competition . After Kapoor 's design was chosen , numerous technological concerns regarding the design 's construction and assembly arose , in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture 's upkeep and maintenance . Various experts were consulted , some of whom believed the design could not be implemented . Eventually , a feasible method was found , but the sculpture 's construction fell behind schedule . It was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration in 2004 , before being concealed again while it was completed . Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15 , 2006 , and has since gained considerable popularity , both domestically and internationally . Contents 1 Design 2 Construction and maintenance 3 Reception 4 Artistic themes 4.1 Relevant Kapoor themes 4.2 Cloud Gate themes 5 In popular culture 5.1 Lawsuit Against National Rifle Association 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Design ( edit ) Image map of Millennium Park ; east is at the top . Each feature or label is linked . Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's front yard since the mid-19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . For 2007 , the park was Chicago 's second largest tourist attraction , trailing only Navy Pier . In 1999 , Millennium Park officials and a group of art collectors , curators and architects reviewed the artistic works of 30 different artists and asked two for proposals . American artist Jeff Koons submitted a proposal to erect a permanent 150 - foot ( 46 m ) sculpture of a playground slide ; his glass and steel design featured an observation deck 90 feet ( 27 m ) above the ground that was accessible via an elevator . The committee chose the second design by internationally acclaimed artist Anish Kapoor . Measuring 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 by 20 by 13 m ) and weighing 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) , the proposal featured a seamless , stainless steel surface inspired by liquid mercury . This mirror - like surface would reflect the Chicago skyline , but its elliptical shape would distort and twist the reflected image . As visitors walk around the structure , its surface acts like a fun - house mirror as it distorts their reflections . Anish Kapoor 's design proposal was chosen over works by thirty different artists . In the underside of the sculpture is the omphalos , an indentation whose mirrored surface provides multiple reflections of any subject situated beneath it . The apex of the omphalos is 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) above the ground . The concave underside allows visitors to walk underneath to see the omphalos , and through its arch to the other side so that they view the entire structure . During the grand opening week in July 2004 , press reports described the omphalos as the `` spoon - like underbelly '' . The stainless steel sculpture was originally envisioned as the centerpiece of the Lurie Garden at the southeast corner of the park . However , Park officials believed the piece was too large for the Lurie Garden and decided to locate it at AT&T Plaza , despite Kapoor 's objections . Skyscrapers to the north along East Randolph Street , including The Heritage , the Smurfit - Stone Building , Two Prudential Plaza , One Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center are visible , reflected on both the east and west sides of the sculpture . Although Kapoor does not draw with computers , computer modeling was essential to the process of analyzing the complex form , which created numerous issues . Since the sculpture was expected to be outdoors , concerns arose that it might retain and conduct heat in a way that would make it too hot to touch during the summer and so cold that one 's tongue might stick to it during the winter . The extreme temperature variation between seasons was also feared to weaken the structure . Graffiti , bird droppings and fingerprints were also potential problems , as they would affect the aesthetics of the surface . The most pressing issue was the need to create a single seamless exterior for the external shell , a feat architect Norman Foster once believed to be nearly impossible . While the sculpture was being constructed , public and media outlets nicknamed it `` The Bean '' because of its shape , a name that Kapoor described as `` completely stupid '' . Months later , Kapoor officially named the piece `` Cloud Gate '' . ( Kapoor eventually accepted the nickname of `` The Bean '' . ) Critical reviews describe the sculpture as a passage between realms . Three - quarters of the sculpture 's external surface reflects the sky and the name refers to it acting as a type of gate that helps bridge the space between the sky and the viewer . The sculpture and plaza are sometimes referred to jointly as `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . It is Kapoor 's first public outdoor work in the United States , and is the work by which he is best known in the country according to the Financial Times . Construction and maintenance ( edit ) The first of two internal support rings for the sculpture is erected in Millennium Park at AT&T Plaza . The British engineering firm Atelier One and freelance engineer Chris Hornzee - Jones ( who later went on to form the engineering firm Aerotrope in 2005 ) provided the sculpture 's structural design , and Performance Structures , Inc . ( PSI ) was chosen to fabricate it because of their ability to produce nearly invisible welds . The project began with PSI attempting to recreate the design in miniature . A high - density polyurethane foam model was selected by Kapoor , which was then used to design the final structure , including the interior structural components . Initially , PSI planned to build and assemble the sculpture in Oakland , California , and ship it to Chicago through the Panama Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway . However , this plan was discarded after park officials deemed it too risky , so the decision was made to transport the individual panels by truck and to assemble the structure on - site , a task undertaken by MTH Industries . The sculpture 's weight raised concerns . Estimating the thickness of the steel needed to create the sculpture 's desired aesthetics before fabrication was difficult . Cloud Gate was originally estimated to weigh 60 short tons ( 54 t ; 54 long tons ) when completed . However , the final figure was almost twice as heavy at 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) . This extra weight required engineers to reconsider the sculpture 's supporting structures . The roof of the Park Grill , upon which Cloud Gate sits , had to be built strong enough to bear the weight . The large retaining wall separating Chicago 's Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage supports much of the weight of the sculpture and forms the back side of the restaurant . This wall , along with the rest of the garage 's foundation , required additional bracing before the piece was erected . Cloud Gate is further buttressed by lateral members underneath the plaza that are anchored to the sculpture 's interior structure by tie rods . Inside Cloud Gate 's polished exterior shell are several steel structures that keep the sculpture standing . The first structural pieces , two type 304 stainless steel rings , were put into place in February 2004 . As construction continued , crisscrossing pipe trusses were assembled between the two rings . The trusses and supporting structures were only present for the construction phases . The finished sculpture has no inner bracing . The supporting structural components were designed and constructed to ensure that no specific point was overloaded , and to avoid producing unwanted indentations on the exterior shell . The frame was also designed to expand and contract with the sculpture as temperatures fluctuate . As a result , the two large rings supporting the sculpture move independently of each other , allowing the shell to move independently of the rings . When Cloud Gate 's interior components were completed , construction crews prepared to work on the outer shell ; this comprises 168 stainless steel panels , each ⁄ inch ( 10 mm ) thick and weighing 1,000 to 2,000 pounds ( 450 to 910 kg ) . They were fabricated using three - dimensional modeling software . Computers and robots were essential in the bending and shaping of the plates , which was performed by English wheel and a robotic scanning device . Metal stiffeners were welded to each panel 's interior face to provide a small degree of rigidity . About a third of the plates , along with the entire interior structure , were fabricated in Oakland . The plates were polished to 98 percent of their final state and covered with protective white film before being sent to Chicago via trucks . Once in Chicago , the plates were welded together on - site , creating 2,442 linear feet ( 744 m ) of welded seams . Welders used keyhole welding machines rather than traditional welding guns . The plates were fabricated so precisely that no on - site cutting or filing was necessary when lifting and fitting them into position . When construction of the shell began in June 2004 , a large tent was erected around the piece to shield it from public view . Construction began with the omphalos , where plates were attached to the supporting internal steel structure , from the inside ( underside ) of the sculpture downward to the outermost surfaces . This sequence caused the structure to resemble a large sombrero when the bottom was complete . The shell of Cloud Gate was fully erected for the grand opening of Millennium Park on July 15 , 2004 , although it was unpolished and thus unfinished , because its assembly had fallen behind schedule . The piece was temporarily uncovered on July 8 for the opening , although Kapoor was unhappy with this as it allowed the public to see the sculpture in an unfinished state . The original plan was to re-erect the tent around the sculpture for polishing on July 24 , but public appreciation for the piece convinced park officials to leave it uncovered for several months . The tent was again erected in January 2005 as a 24 - person crew from Ironworkers Local 63 polished the seams between each plate . In order to grind , sand and polish the seams , six levels of scaffolding were erected around the sides of the sculpture , while climbing ropes and harnesses were used to polish harder - to - reach areas . When the upper and side portions of the shell were completed , the tent was once again removed in August 2005 . On October 3 , the omphalos was closed off as workers polished the final section . Every weld on the Cloud Gate underwent a five - stage process , required to produce the sculpture 's mirror - like finish . Stage Name Equipment used Sandpaper type Purpose Rough cut 5 - pound ( 2.3 kg ) , 41⁄2 - inch ( 110 mm ) electric grinder 40 - grit Removed welded seams Initial contour 15 - pound ( 6.8 kg ) , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) , air - driven belt sander 80 - grit , 100 - grit and 120 - grit Shaped the weld contours Sculpting air - driven 10 - pound ( 4.5 kg ) , 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) belt sander 80 - grit , 120 - grit , 240 - grit and 400 - grit Smoothed the weld contours Refining double action sander 400 - grit , 600 - grit and 800 - grit Removed the fine scratches that were left from the sculpting stage 5 Polishing 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) electric buffing wheel 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) of rouge Buffed and polished the surface to a mirror - like finish The sculpture was finally completed on August 28 , 2005 , and officially unveiled on May 15 , 2006 . The cost for the piece was first estimated at $6 million ; this had escalated to $11.5 million by the time the park opened in 2004 , with the final figure standing at $23 million in 2006 . No public funds were involved ; all funding came from donations from individuals and corporations . Kapoor 's contract states that the constructed piece should be expected to survive for 1,000 years . The lower 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of Cloud Gate is wiped down twice a day by hand , while the entire sculpture is cleaned twice a year with 40 U.S. gallons ( 33 imp gal ; 150 L ) of liquid detergent . The daily cleanings use a Windex - like solution , while the semi-annual cleanings use Tide . A notable February 2009 rare incident saw two names etched in letters about 1 inch ( 25 mm ) tall on the northeast side of the curved sculpture . The graffiti was removed by the same firm that did the original polishing . Reception ( edit ) A tent was erected to cover Cloud Gate while it was being polished in 2004 and 2005 . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day of the sculpture 's dedication , May 15 , 2006 , to be `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Kapoor attended the celebration , while local jazz trumpeter and bandleader Orbert Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic played `` Fanfare for Cloud Gate '' , which Davis composed . The public took an instant liking to the sculpture , affectionately referring to it as `` The Bean '' . Cloud Gate has become a popular piece of public art and is now a fixture on many souvenirs such as postcards , sweatshirts , and posters . The sculpture has attracted a large number of locals , tourists , and art aficionados from around the world . The sculpture is now the piece by which Kapoor is most identified in the United States . Time describes the piece as an essential photo opportunity , and more of a destination than a work of art. The New York Times writes that it is both a `` tourist magnet '' and an `` extraordinary art object '' , while USA Today refers to the sculpture as a monumental abstract work . Chicago art critic Edward Lifson considers Cloud Gate to be among the greatest pieces of public art in the world . The American Welding Society recognized Cloud Gate , MTH Industries and PSI with the group 's Extraordinary Welding Award . Time named Millennium Park one of the ten best architectural achievements of 2004 , citing Cloud Gate as one of the park 's major attractions . What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline ... so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in , with those very tall buildings reflected in the work . And then , since it is in the form of a gate , the participant , the viewer , will be able to enter into this very deep chamber that does , in a way , the same thing to one 's reflection as the exterior of the piece is doing to the reflection of the city around . -- Anish Kapoor When the park first opened in 2004 , Metra police stopped a Columbia College Chicago journalism student who was working on a photography project in Millennium Park and confiscated his film because of fears of terrorism . In 2005 , the sculpture attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece . As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law , the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture . This allows the public to freely photograph Cloud Gate , but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago ( which has licensed the art ) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs . The city first set a policy of collecting permit fees for photographs . These permits were initially set at $350 per day for professional still photographers , $1,200 per day for professional videographers and $50 per hour for wedding photographers . The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large - scale film , video and photography requiring ten - person crews and equipment . In addition to restricting photography of public art , closing a public park for a private event has also been controversial . In 2005 and 2006 , almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events . On both occasions , as one of the park 's primary attractions , Cloud Gate was the focus of controversy . On September 8 , 2005 , Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent most venues in the park including Cloud Gate on AT&T Plaza from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. On August 7 , 2006 , Allstate paid $700,000 to rent the park . For this price , Allstate acquired the visitation rights to a different set of features and only had exclusive access to Cloud Gate after 4 p.m. These corporate closures denied tourists access to Kapoor 's public sculpture , and commuters who walk through the park were forced to take alternative routes . City officials stated that the money would help finance free public programs in Millennium Park . In 2015 , a sculpture similar to Cloud Gate was reported in Karamay , China at the site of an oil discovery , which according to Eduardo Peñalver , the Dean of Cornell Law School , `` very probably '' is a copyright infringement against Cloud Gate . Though designed to resemble an oil bubble , Kapoor hoped that legal action would be taken against what he termed a Chinese knockoff . Mayor Rahm Emanuel was less concerned and said that it was a flattering imitation . Artistic themes ( edit ) Relevant Kapoor themes ( edit ) I hope what I have done is make a serious work , which deals with serious questions about form , public space and an object in space . You can capture the popular imagination and hold other points of interest , but that is not what I set out to do , although there is inevitably a certain spectacular in an object like this . -- Anish Kapoor Anish Kapoor has a reputation for creating spectacles in urban settings by producing works of extreme size and scale . Before creating Cloud Gate , Kapoor had created art that distorted images of the viewer instead of portraying images of its own . In so doing , he acquired experience blurring the boundary between the limit and the limitless . Kapoor drew on past experience to design Cloud Gate , in particular the designing of Sky Mirror ( 2001 ) , a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) 10 - short - ton ( 9 t ; 9 - long - ton ) concave stainless steel mirror that also used a theme of distorted perception on a grand scale . Kapoor 's objects often aim to evoke immateriality and the spiritual , an outcome he achieves either by carving dark voids into stone pieces , or more recently , through the sheer shine and reflectivity of his objects . This Indian artist 's works have no fixed identity , but rather occupy an illusionary space that is consistent with eastern theologies shared by Buddhism , Hinduism and Taoism , as well as Albert Einstein 's views of a non-three - dimensional world . Kapoor explores the theme of ambiguity with his works that place the viewer in a state of `` in - betweenness '' . The artist often questions and plays with such dualities as solidity -- emptiness or reality -- reflection , which in turn allude to such paired opposites as flesh -- spirit , the here -- the beyond , east -- west , sky -- earth , etc. that create the conflict between internal and external , superficial and subterranean , and conscious and unconscious . Kapoor also creates a tension between masculine and feminine within his art by having concave points of focus that invite the entry of visitors and multiplies their images when they are positioned correctly . Cloud Gate themes ( edit ) Kapoor often speaks of removing both the signature of the artist from his works as well as any traces of their fabrication , or what he refers to as `` traces of the hand '' . He aspires to make his works look like they have independent realities that he reveals rather than creates . For him , removing all the seams from Cloud Gate was necessary in order to make the sculpture seem as though it was `` perfect '' and ready - made . These effects increase the viewer 's fascination with it and makes them wonder what it is and where it came from . His attempts to hide his works ' seams as an artist stand in contrast to Frank Gehry 's architectural designs in the park , Jay Pritzker Pavilion and BP Pedestrian Bridge , which display their seams prominently . Cloud Gate is described as a transformative , iconic work . It is similar to many of Kapoor 's previous works in the themes and issues it addresses . While the sculpture 's mirror effects are reminiscent of fun - house fairground mirrors , they also have a more serious intent ; they help dematerialize this very large object , making it seem light and almost weightless . Cloud Gate is considered Kapoor 's most ambitious use of complex mirrored form dynamics . Kapoor challenges his viewers to internalize his work through intellectual and theoretical exercise . By reflecting the sky , visiting and non-visiting pedestrians and surrounding architecture , Cloud Gate limits its viewers to partial comprehension at any time . The interaction with the viewer who moves to create his own vision gives it a spiritual dimension . The sculpture is described as a disembodied , luminous form , which is also how his earlier 1000 Names ( 1979 -- 80 ) was described when it addressed the metaphysical and mystical . The viewer physically enters the art when he walks underneath it into its `` navel '' . The omphalos is a `` warped dimension of fluid space '' . In this dimension , solid is transformed into fluid in a disorienting multiplicative manner that intensifies the experience . It is emblematic of Kapoor 's work to deconstruct empirical space and venture into manifold possibilities of abstract space . The experience is described as a displaced or virtual depth that is composed of multiplied surfaces . According to project manager Lou Cerny of MTH Industries , `` When the light is right , you ca n't see where the sculpture ends and the sky begins . '' The sculpture challenges perception by distorting and deforming the surrounding architecture . The skyscrapers along East Randolph Street to the northeast ( Two Prudential Plaza , and Aon Center ) , north ( One Prudential Plaza ) and northwest ( The Heritage , Crain Communications Building ) are reflected on Cloud Gate 's surface when viewed from either the east or the west . The sculpture also warps viewers ' perception of time by changing the speed of movements such as the passing of clouds . Although in the conventional sense Cloud Gate is not an opening that leads anywhere in the same way that monumental gates do , it frames a view and is celebratory in the way it creates a ceremonial place . The work is credited with achieving a new level or understanding described as a transubstantiation of material , reminiscent of that which the artist experienced during a 1979 trip to India . Kapoor 's 1000 Names evolved immediately after this trip ; twenty - five years later he created Cloud Gate , an object that emerged from material forms to become immaterial . Kapoor often relies on tenets of Hinduism in his art and says that `` The experience of opposites allows for the expression of wholeness . '' Primal dualities that are one , such as the lingam and yoni , are important to Indian culture , and Cloud Gate represents both the male and female in one entity by symbolizing both the vagina and testicles . Thus , it represents the tension between the masculine and the feminine . In popular culture ( edit ) The sculpture has been used as a backdrop in commercial films , notably in the 2006 Hollywood film The Break - Up , which had to reshoot several scenes because the sculpture was under cover for the initial filming . It is also prominently featured in the ending scene of Source Code . Director Duncan Jones felt the structure was a metaphor for the movie 's subject matter and aimed for it to be shown at the beginning and end of the movie . The sculpture served as an aesthetic and symbolic setting for the 2012 film The Vow when the lead characters share a kiss under it . It also appears in the video to `` Homecoming '' , a song by Chicago native Kanye West , featuring Chris Martin of the band Coldplay . The sculpture is also featured in the 2008 mumblecore film Nights and Weekends . It was also featured in the Bollywood film Dhoom 3 and the 2014 movie , Transformers : Age of Extinction , the fourth installment in the Transformers series . A modified reproduction of Cloud Gate is also included in Watch Dogs , a video game released in 2014 that takes place in Chicago . Unlike the real sculpture , the in - game replica is a curved , white torus . A movement to Windex the Bean was started in 2017 , gaining the attention of over thirty thousand people on Facebook . The event took place on November 15th , 2017 , because of a consensus that the Bean is dirty and needs to be cleaned . Lawsuit against national rifle association ( edit ) A June 2017 NRA video entitled `` The Clenched Fist of Truth '' used an image of `` The Bean '' sculpture . Anish Kapoor sued the NRA to stop running the video , pay any profits gained as a result of the video , compensate him for statutory damages equivalent to $150,000 per infringement , and attorney fees . See also ( edit ) List of public art in Chicago References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` Millennium Park '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crain 's List Largest Tourist Attractions ( Sightseeing ) : Ranked by 2007 attendance '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Crain Communications Inc . June 23 , 2008 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Schulze , Franz ( November 2004 ) . `` Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park : the city 's new greensward features Frank Gehny 's latest , plus `` interactive '' sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor `` . Art in America : 66 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` Bean 's gleam has creator beaming -- Artist Anish Kapoor admits being surprised by aspects of ` Cloud Gate ' at Monday 's dedication ceremony in Millennium Park '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ( April 25 , 2004 ) . `` Arts & Entertainment '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 61 Jump up ^ Daniel , Caroline ; Jeremy Grant ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` Classical city soars above Capone clichés '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . ( registration required for entire article ) ^ Jump up to : Lacayo , Richard ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Anish Kapoor : Past , Present , Future '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 203 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 261 Jump up ^ `` News '' . Journal Gazette ( Mattoon , IL ) . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bean , fountain highlight park opening '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Newsbank . July 17 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nance , Kevin ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` The Bean 's bone of contention '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Fred A. ( July 18 , 2004 ) . `` Art / Architecture ; Big Shoulders , Big Donors , Big Art '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Hedy ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Anish Kapoor , ' Cloud Gate ' artist : ' I call it `` The Bean , '' too ' `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , pp. 123 -- 132 Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 263 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza '' . Millennium Park . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Budick , Ariella ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Innies and outies '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` aerotrope profile '' . Aerotrope . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Jeffrey . `` Special Project -- Chicago 's Millennium Park Project '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sharoff , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 402 . Jump up ^ `` Making Metal Gleam '' . USGlass. 42 ( 4 ) . April 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Nunn , Emily ( August 24 , 2005 ) . `` Making it shine '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Becker , Lynn . `` A photo essay on the making of Anish Kapoor 's Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago 's Millennium Park '' . Repeat . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , p. 206 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Gate '' . Chicago Architecture Info . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A place to reflect in Chicago '' . Los Angeles Times . January 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Karen ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday , August 28 '' ( PDF ) . Millennium Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yates , Jon ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` Chicago finds ' bean ' meets taste test -- Sculpture reflects positively on city '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean Unveiled '' . Chicago Tonight . Chicago . May 15 , 2006 . WTTW . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Liam ( July 11 , 2004 ) . `` City to finally open its new front yard -- Millennium Park 's price tag tripled '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Caroline ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride '' . The Financial Times . The Financial Times Ltd . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bange , Jackie ( August 18 , 2005 ) . `` Clean the Bean '' . WGN - TV . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Artner , Alan G. ; Rex W. Huppke ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Someone scratched the Bean 's surface -- Authorities say vandalism rare , and this instance is easy to fix '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lifson , Edward ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Cloud Gate Day '' . Chicago Public Radio . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` A Most Public Artist Polishes a New York Image '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Roberta ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Sculptor as Magician '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , John ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Chicago 's architectural razzmatazz : New or old , skyscrapers reflect city 's brash and playful character '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy ( May 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Week Ahead : May 25 -- 31 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Thinking Way Out of the Box '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( July 13 , 2004 ) . `` Letter From Chicago ; A Prized Project , a Mayor and Persistent Criticism '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What have artists wrought from 9 / 11 ? '' . USA Today . September 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AWS Honors MTH and Others for Work on Cloud Gate Project '' . USGlass Magazine . Key Communications , Inc. / The USGlass News Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacayo , Richard ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` The Best Architecture '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gina ( 2004 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Cops seize college photographer 's film '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kleiman , Kelly ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Who owns public art ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Storch , Charles ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Millennium Park loosens its photo rules '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed - Ullah , Noreen S. ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` No Walk In The Park -- Toyota VIPs receive Millennium Park ' s red - carpet treatment ; everyone else told to just keep on going '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( May 6 , 2005 ) . `` This Sept. 8 , No Bean For You -- Unless you 're a Toyota dealer . In that case , feel free to frolic because the carmaker paid $800,000 to own the park for the day '' . Chicago Tribune . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Andrew ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Allstate pays $200,000 to book Millennium Park for one day '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Bean and the Bubble '' . The Economist. 1 Aug 2015 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Plucinska , Joanna ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` A New Public Sculpture in China Looks Just Like Chicago 's Iconic Cloud Gate '' . Time . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cloud Gate ' - Gate : Artist Refutes Chicago Mayor over China Art '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Gilfoyle , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Gilfoyle , pp. 271 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Baume , p. 9 Jump up ^ Roston , Eric ( October 11 , 2004 ) . `` Windy City Redux '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Baume , p. 18 Jump up ^ Baume , p. 26 Jump up ^ Sharoff , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Jodidio , pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( March 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vaughn , Aniston frolic under Cloud cover '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Newsbank . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dean ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Gyllenhaal says the ' Bean ' could be metaphor for ' Source Code ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Virtusio , Jessi ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Movies : ' The Vow ' and films for hopeless romantics '' . SouthtownStar . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cave , Anthony ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` ' The Vow ' is real , defining '' . Sun - Sentinel . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bey , Lee ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Hip - hop 's view of Chicago architecture '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago takes starring role in ' Dhoom 3 ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2013 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Grammer stars in huge weekend hit '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 31 ) . `` ' Watch Dogs ' review : Ubisoft techno thriller compels until guns drawn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Sehran ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Dogs vs Real Life Chicago Comparison Screens Shows Astonishing Replica Of Real World In Video Games '' . Gamepur . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Erika June ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Are these Chicagoans really going to Windex the Bean ? '' . WGN . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kozlarz , Jay ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Artist Anish Kapoor sues NRA for using ' The Bean ' in promotional video '' . VOX Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baume , Nicholas ( 2008 ) . Anish Kapoor : Past Present Future . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02659 - 8 . Gilfoyle , Timothy J. ( 2006 ) . Millennium Park : Creating a Chicago Landmark . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29349 - 3 . Jodidio , Philip ( 2005 ) . Architecture : Art . Prestel . ISBN 3 - 7913 - 3279 - 1 . Sharoff , Robert ( 2004 ) . Better than Perfect : The Making of Chicago 's Millennium Park . Walsh Construction Company . Thomas , Neil ; Chadwick , Aran ( 2009 ) . Liquid Threshold . Atelier One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562563 - 0 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cloud Gate . Cloud Gate on Anish Kapoor 's website City of Chicago Millennium Park Millennium Park map City of Chicago Loop Community Map Cloud Gate at Millennium Park , City of Chicago -- Images and description of Kapoor 's public sculpture Cloud Gate articles in the archive of the Chicago Tribune <Th_colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Cloud Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Wrigley Square Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink Cloud Gate Chase Promenade Crown Fountain Boeing Gallery Chase Promenade <Th_colspan="2"> Anish Kapoor Sculptures ArcelorMittal Orbit Cloud Column Cloud Gate Marsyas Sky Mirror Tees Valley Giants <Th_colspan="3"> Grant Park Features and attractions Art Institute of Chicago Auditorium Building BP Pedestrian Bridge Buckingham Fountain Burnham Pavilions Chicago Lakefront Trail Grant Park Symphony Orchestra Maggie Daley Park Millennium Park Monroe Harbor Museum Campus Adler Planetarium Field Museum of Natural History Shedd Aquarium Soldier Field Nichols Bridgeway Petrillo Music Shell Public art 8th Street Fountain Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State Agora Big Beaver Totem Pole The Bowman and The Spearman Bust of Sir Georg Solti Chicago Stock Exchange Arch Cloud Gate Christopher Columbus Crown Fountain Cubi VII Flying Dragon Fountain of the Great Lakes Fountain of the Tritons General John Logan Memorial Joseph Rosenberg Fountain Large Interior Form Lions Magdalene Man Enters the Cosmos Man with Fish Olmec Head , Number 8 Spiral Galaxy Spirit of Music Events Bike The Drive Festival Chicago Blues Festival Chicago Jazz Festival Chicago Marathon Grant Park Music Festival Lollapalooza Taste of Chicago 1968 Democratic National Convention protests Barack Obama election victory speech ( 2008 ) Area streets Balbo Drive Columbus Drive Congress Parkway Historic Michigan Boulevard District Jackson Boulevard Lake Shore Drive Michigan Avenue Monroe Street Randolph Street Roosevelt Road Other Burnham Plan of Chicago Metra Electric District Millennium Station Municipal Grant Park Stadium South Shore Line <Th_colspan="3"> Millennium Park Features and attractions AT&T Plaza Boeing Galleries BP Pedestrian Bridge Chase Promenade Cloud Gate Crown Fountain Exelon Pavilions Harris Theater Jay Pritzker Pavilion Lurie Garden McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink McDonald 's Cycle Center Millennium Station Nichols Bridgeway Park Grill Wrigley Square Surrounding streets Columbus Drive Historic Michigan Boulevard District Michigan Avenue Randolph Street Influences Frank Gehry Kathryn Gustafson Robert Israel Anish Kapoor Piet Oudolf Renzo Piano Jaume Plensa Skidmore , Owings & Merrill Related Burnham Pavilions Grant Park Grant Park Music Festival Petrillo Music Shell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_Gate&oldid=855373855 '' Categories : 2006 sculptures British contemporary works of art Buildings and structures celebrating the third millennium Buildings and structures completed in 2006 Millennium Park Outdoor sculptures in Chicago Sculptures by Anish Kapoor Stainless steel sculptures in the United States Steel sculptures in Illinois 2006 establishments in Illinois Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles with short description Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 20 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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1. Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago 2. Anish Kapoor's public artwork 3. Millennium Park in Chicago 4. The Bean nickname for Cloud Gate 5. Construction and design of Cloud Gate

which has been proposed about this ancient sculpture located at the top of the lion gate

Lion Gate - wikipedia Lion Gate Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lions ' Gate ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Lion Gate <Td_colspan="2"> Native name Greek : Πύλη των Λεόντων <Td_colspan="2"> Location Mycenae Area Argolid , Greece Formed 13th century BC Built for Main entrance of the citadel Architectural style ( s ) Conglomerate Ashlar The Lion Gate was the main entrance of the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae , southern Greece . It was erected during the 13th century BC in the northwest side of the acropolis and is named after the relief sculpture of two lionesses or lions in a heraldic pose that stands above the entrance . The Lion Gate is the sole surviving monumental piece of Mycenaean sculpture , as well as the largest sculpture in the prehistoric Aegean . It is the only monument of Bronze Age Greece to bear an iconographic motif that survived without being buried underground , and the only relief image which was described in the literature of classical antiquity , such that it was well known prior to modern archaeology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Entrance 2 Construction 3 Excavations 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Sources 6 Further reading Entrance ( edit ) Further information : Fortifications of Mycenae Stereoscopic image of the gate from 1897 . The greater part of the cyclopean wall in Mycenae , including the Lion Gate itself , was built during the second extension of the citadel which occurred in the Late Helladic period IIIB ( 13th century BC ) . At that time , the extended fortifications also included Grave Circle A , the burial place of the 16th - century BC royal families inside the city wall . This grave circle was found east of the Lion Gate , where a peribolos wall was also built . After the expansion , Mycenae could be entered by two gates , a main entrance and a postern , while the most extensive feature was undoubtedly the remodeling of the main entrance to the citadel , known as the Lion Gate , in the northwestern side built circa 1250 BC . The Lion Gate was approached by a natural , partly engineered ramp on a northwest - southeast axis . The eastern side of the approach is flanked by the steep smooth slope of the earlier enceinte . This was embellished with a new facade of conglomerate . On the western side a rectangular bastion was erected , 14.80 m ( 49 ft ) long and 7.23 m ( 24 ft ) wide , built in pseudo-ashlar style of enormous blocks of conglomerate . The term `` Cyclopean '' was therefore applied to imply that the ancient structures had been built by the legendary race of giants whose culture was presumed to have preceded that of the Classical Greeks , as described in their myths . Between the wall and the bastion , the approach narrows to a small open courtyard measuring 15 m × 7.23 m ( 49 ft × 24 ft ) , possibly serving to limit the numbers of attackers on the gate . The bastion on the right side of the gate facilitated defensive actions against the attackers ' right hand side , which would normally be vulnerable as they would carry their shields on their left arms . At the end of the approach stands the Lion Gate . Construction ( edit ) The confronting lionesses or lions posing on both sides of a pillar above the lintel . The Lion Gate is a massive and imposing construction , standing 3.10 m ( 10 ft ) wide and 2.95 m ( 10 ft ) high at the threshold . It narrows as it rises , measuring 2.78 m ( 9 ft ) below the lintel . The opening was closed by a double door mortised to a vertical beam that acted as a pivot around which the door revolved . The gate itself consists of two great monoliths capped with a huge lintel that measures 4.5 × 2.0 × 0.8 m ( 15 × 7 × 3 ft ) . Above the lintel , the masonry courses form a corbelled arch , leaving an opening that lightens the weight carried by the lintel . This relieving triangle is a great limestone slab on which two confronted lionesses or lions carved in high relief stand on either sides of a central pillar . The heads of the animals were fashioned separately and are missing . The pillar , specifically , is a Minoan - type column that is placed on top of an altar - like platform that the lionesses or lions rest their front legs on . An interesting note is that lions were not actually present in Greece at the time showing some sort of hierarchy in power with them fashioned on this monumental gate . Another view is that the figures were male lions . The Mycenaean artist did not indicate the sex of lions by the genital organs on any artifact known to have been recovered from an excavation . Neither were teats indicated on the body of the lions to indicate they were female . Furthermore , on the Lion Gate relief , cuttings on the side of the neck of the lion to the left of the spectator indicate that the animal represented is male , for the cuttings were where the ends of the mane of the animal were fitted to provide additional support to the block , perhaps of steatite , on which the head , face , and mane of the animal were carved . The same section of the lion to the right has weathered badly . However , there too we have at least the remnants of one cutting which would indicate that a similar provision was made for the head of that lion . Consequently , both animals can be considered lions and not lionesses . Griffins or sphinxes have also been depicted on opposite sides of a column on gems and gold rings but always with wings . The absence of wings also indicates that the animals were probably lions . Reconstruction of the Lion Gate . The imposing gate of the citadel with the representation of the lionesses or lions was an emblem of the Mycenaean kings and a symbol of their power to both subjects and foreigners . It also has been argued that the lionesses ( assuming they are not male lions ) are a symbol of the goddess Hera . The Lion Gate may be compared to the gates of the Hittite Bronze Age citadel of Hattusa , in Asia Minor . Since the heads of the animals were of a different material from their bodies and originally were fashioned to look toward those approaching below , a number of scholars have suggested that they were composite beasts , probably sphinxes , in the typical Middle Eastern tradition . On the top of the pillar is a row of four discs , apparently representing rafters supporting a further piece of sculpture that has since been lost . Another view is as follows : above the head of the column and what is probably a slab supporting an architrave is a row of discs ( ends of transverse beams ) and another slab the same size as the slab on top of the column . The beams and the block above them represent a more extended superstructure shortened here because of the diminishing space in the triangle . Thus , no further piece of sculpture has been lost . The design of the gate had precedents in other surviving artworks of the time ; a similar design was depicted on 15th - century Minoan seals and a gem found at Mycenae . Many other pieces of Mycenaean artwork share the same basic pattern of two opposed animals separated by a vertical divider , such as two lambs facing a column and two sphinxes facing a sacred tree representing a deity . The architectural design in the gate relief may reflect an entrance of a type characterized by a central support , commonly a single column . More specifically , the gate relief may allude to the propylon ( structure which forms the entrance ) that provides the main direct access to the palace . The lions acted as guardians to the entrance of the palace . If so , the symbol of a sanctified palace entrance would have appeared above the gate of the fortifications : a double blessing . Beyond the gate and inside the citadel was a covered court with a small chamber , which probably functioned as a guard post . On the right , adjacent to the wall , was a building that has been identified as a granary because of the pithoi found there containing carbonized wheat . Excavations ( edit ) External video <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lion Gate , Mycenae , c. 1300 - 1250 B.C.E. , Smarthistory The Lion Gate stood in full view of visitors to Mycenae for centuries . It was mentioned by the ancient geographer Pausanias in the 2nd century AD ... The first correct identification of the Lion Gate in modern literature was during a survey conducted by Francesco Grimani , commissioned by the Provveditore Generale of the Kingdom of the Morea in 1700 , who used Pausanias 's description of the Lion Gate to identify the ruins of Mycenae . In 1840 , the Greek Archaeological Society undertook the initial clearing of the site from debris and soil that had accumulated to bury it , and in 1876 Heinrich Schliemann , guided by Pausanias 's accounts , excavated the area south of the Lion Gate . See also ( edit ) Cyclopean masonry Grave Circle A , Mycenae Mycenaean civilization References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Gates 2003 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Hampe & Simon 1981 , p. 49 : `` The lions , who looked out over the land , served to protect the gate and the city . They also show that the city , and the king who ruled it , stood under the protection of the goddess Hera . The Lion relief is the sole monumental piece of Mycenaean sculpture which has come down to us . '' ^ Jump up to : Kleiner 2009 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Blakolmer 2010 , p. 49 : `` The Lion Gate and its relief block are particularly prominent and stand out amongst all other well - known monuments of Bronze Age Greece for several reasons . It is the only monument of this period bearing an iconographic motif which , since its construction in the 13th century b.C. was never buried underground , but stood continuously in the open and could be seen by visitors . Therefore , it neither had to be discovered nor unearthed and thus can not be connected to any famous discoverer 's name such as Heinrich Schliemann , Christos Tsountas , Alan Wace or other excavators at Mycenae . Furthermore , the triangular stone block above the door lintel represents the most monumental sculpture known to date from the Aegean Bronze Age , with a base line of 3.60 m and a height of more than 3 m . There probably never existed any larger sculpture in prehistoric Greece . Moreover , this monument presents the only relief image of Bronze Age Greece which is described in the literature of classical antiquity . It is a reasonable assumption that Homer had this image in mind when he described the entrance to the Phaeacian palace of Alkinoos as flanked by golden and silver guardian dogs , a work created by the god Hephaistos . More accurate are the references to this gate and its relief decoration made by Pausanias and others ascribing to them a workmanship by the Cyclopes . On the contrary , Strabo erroneously stated that no traces of the capital of the Mycenaeans survived . '' Jump up ^ Mylonas 1957 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mylonas 1957 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Mylonas 1957 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Iakovidis 1983 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland : Mycenaean Greece -- Mycenae '' . Foundation of the Hellenic World . 1999 -- 2000 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Neer , Richard ( 2012 ) . Greek Art and Archaeology . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 9780500288771 . Jump up ^ Mylonas 1966 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ O'Brien 1993 , p. 125 : `` Finally , there is Mycenae where the famous Lion Gate may have been inspired by a Heraian symbol and where the iconography provides evidence consistent with the view that `` Hera '' had cultic hegemony there . '' Jump up ^ Neer , Richard ( 2012 ) . Greek Art and Archaeology : A New History , c. 2500 - c. 150 BCE . New York , New York : Thames & Hudson Inc . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28877 - 1 . Jump up ^ Younger 1978 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Castleden 2005 , pp. 126 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Maria C. ( 1986 ) . `` The Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae Reconsidered '' ( PDF ) . TSpace ( University of Toronto ) . Archaeological Society of Athens , Greece . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mylonas 1957 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Beaudouin 1880 , pp. 206 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Pausanias . Description of Greece , 2.16. 5 . Jump up ^ Blakolmer 2010 , p. 50 : `` Thus it is no wonder that the Lion Gate attracted the attention of European scholars who visited this prominent city-gate in the Argolid - a region constituting not only a focal point of antiquity but also the heart - land of early modern Greece and thus presenting good preconditions for foreign travellers and scholars in the 19th century . Mycenae 's first identification by a European traveller was by M. de Monceaux in 1669 , while the first mention of the Lion Gate is due to the Venetian engineer Francesco Vandeyk in 1700 . '' ( Note : The interpretation of the 1669 visit is contradicted by Moore , Rowlands & Karadimas 2014 where de Monceaux had not visited Mycenae , having mistakenly identified an acropolis as Mycenae on his travels to Tiryns . ) Jump up ^ Moore , Rowlands & Karadimas 2014 , p. 4 : `` The first modern , correct , identification of Mycenae seems to have been made in 1700 , when the government of Venice ordered Francesco Grimani , Proveditor General of the Armies in Morea , to register all their properties in the Peloponnese . The record was completed under the direction of the engineer , Francesco Vandeyk , who not only made detailed plans for each village , but also studied and described ancient monuments . Among them was the ancient site of Mycenae which he was able to identify on the basis of Pausanias ' description . Vandeyk reported a monumental entrance where a triangular relief was sculpted with two lions disposed heraldically against a column . He noted that these lions stepped their forepaws on two altars and , as a result , the entrance is known today as the Lion Gate . Indeed , Pausanias ' own description of the Lion Gate was so accurate that it did not leave any doubt that the monumental acropolis , close to the modem village of Charvati , was the site identified by the ancient author as Agamemnon 's citadel . '' Sources ( edit ) Beaudouin , Mondry ( 1880 ) . `` Fragments d'une description de l'Argolide faite en 1700 par un ingénieur italien '' . Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. 4 : 206 -- 210 . doi : 10.3406 / bch. 1880.4318 . Blakolmer , Fritz ( 2010 ) . `` Images and Perceptions of the Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae during the 19th Century '' . In F. Buscemi . The Representation of Ancient Architecture in the XIXth Century . Cogitata . pp. 49 -- 66 . Castleden , Rodney ( 2005 ) . Mycenaeans . London , United Kingdom : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24923 - 2 . Gates , Charles ( 2003 ) . Ancient Cities : The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt , Greece , and Rome . New York , New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12182 - 5 . Hampe , Roland ; Simon , Erika ( 1981 ) . The Birth of Greek Art : From the Mycenaean to the Archaic Period . New York : Oxford University Press . Iakovidis , Spyros E. ( 1983 ) . Late Helladic Citadels on Mainland Greece . Leiden , The Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 06571 - 7 . Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2009 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : A Global History . Cengage Learning Incorporated . ISBN 0 - 495 - 11549 - 5 . Moore , Dudley ; Rowlands , Edward ; Karadimas , Nektarios ( 2014 ) . In Search of Agamemnon : Early Travellers to Mycenae . Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 5776 - 5 . Mylonas , George Emmanuel ( 1957 ) . Ancient Mycenae : The Capital City of Agamemnon . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Mylonas , George Emmanuel ( 1966 ) . Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . O'Brien , Joan V. ( 1993 ) . The Transformation of Hera : A Study of Ritual , Hero , and the Goddess in the Iliad . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7808 - 2 . Younger , John G. ( 1978 ) . `` The Mycenae - Vapheio Lion Group '' . American Journal of Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America . 82 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 299 . JSTOR 504459 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lion Gate . Aström , P. ; Blomé , B. ( 1964 ) . `` A Reconstruction of the Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae '' . Opuscula Atheniensia ( OpAth ) . 5 : 159 -- 191 . Blackwell , Nicholas G. ( July 2014 ) . `` Making the Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae : Tool Marks and Foreign Influence '' . American Journal of Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America . 118 ( 3 ) : 451 -- 488 . doi : 10.3764 / aja. 118.3. 0451 . JSTOR 10.3764 / aja. 118.3. 0451 . Coordinates : 37 ° 43 ′ 51 '' N 22 ° 45 ′ 22.2 '' E  /  37.73083 ° N 22.756167 ° E  / 37.73083 ; 22.756167 <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture of Greece Styles Ancient Minoan architecture Mycenaean architecture Ancient Greek architecture ( Aeolic / Doric / Ionic / Corinthian order ) Ancient Roman architecture Medieval Byzantine architecture Gothic architecture Venetian architecture Baroque architecture Ottoman architecture Modern Italianate architecture Byzantine Revival architecture Modern Greek architecture ( Cycladic architecture Epirotic architecture Macedonian architecture Mycenaean Revival architecture ) Neoclassical architecture ( Greek revival ) Art Nouveau Fascist architecture Modernist architecture Buildings and structures Minoan sites Mycenaean sites Ancient Greek sites ( temples , stoae ) Roman sites Byzantine sites Venetian sites Castles Gates Fountains Museums Theatres Squares Airports Football stadiums Indoor arenas Tallest buildings and structures Notable Knossos Palace Lion Gate Treasury of Atreus Parthenon Grand Master 's Palace Related Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki Tower houses Architects Urban planners <Th_colspan="3"> World Heritage Sites in Greece North Aigai Mount Athos Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki City Walls Rotunda Church of the Acheiropoietos Church of Saint Demetrios Latomou Monastery Church of Hagia Sophia Church of Panagia Chalkeon Church of Saint Panteleimon Church of the Holy Apostles Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos Church of Saint Catherine Church of the Saviour Vlatades Monastery Church of Prophet Elijah Byzantine Bath Philippi Central Delphi Hosios Loukas Meteora Old Town of Corfu Attica Acropolis of Athens Daphni Monastery South Epidaurus Mycenae and Tiryns Lion Gate Treasury of Atreus Mystras Olympia Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae Aegean Islands Delos Medieval city of Rhodes Grand Master 's Palace Fortifications Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse Nea Moni of Chios Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion_Gate&oldid=816163982 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Greece Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century BC Mycenaean architecture Lions in art Mycenae Gates in Greece Ancient Greek fortifications in Greece Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский සිංහල Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 18 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Lion Gate - main entrance of Mycenae citadel 2. Bronze Age sculpture - relief of lionesses or lions 3. Mycenaean civilization - ancient Greek culture 4. Cyclopean masonry - construction technique using large stones 5. Archaeological excavations - uncovering the Lion Gate and Mycenae site

where is possum kingdom lake located in texas

Possum Kingdom lake - wikipedia Possum Kingdom lake Jump to : navigation , search `` Possum Kingdom '' redirects here . For other uses , see Possum Kingdom ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Possum Kingdom Lake <Td_colspan="2"> Location Palo Pinto / Stephens / Young counties , Texas Coordinates 32 ° 52.00 ′ N 98 ° 26.00 ′ W  /  32.86667 ° N 98.43333 ° W  / 32.86667 ; - 98.43333 Coordinates : 32 ° 52.00 ′ N 98 ° 26.00 ′ W  /  32.86667 ° N 98.43333 ° W  / 32.86667 ; - 98.43333 Type reservoir Primary inflows Brazos River Primary outflows Brazos River Basin countries United States <Th_colspan="2"> Surface area 19,800 acres ( 8,000 ha ) Max . depth 100 ft ( 30 m ) Water volume 724,700 acre ft ( 893,900 ML ) Shore length 310 miles ( 500 km ) Surface elevation 998 ft ( 304 m ) <Td_colspan="2"> Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Possum Kingdom Lake ( popularly known as P.K. ) , is a reservoir on the Brazos River located primarily in Palo Pinto County Texas . It was the first water supply reservoir constructed in the Brazos River basin . The lake has an area of approximately 17,000 acres ( 6,900 ha ) with 310 miles ( 500 km ) of shoreline . It holds 750,000 acre feet ( 930,000,000 m ) of water with 550,000 acre feet ( 680,000,000 m ) available for water supply . Morris Sheppard Dam Possum Kingdom Lake , after the devastating wildfires The Lake was originally created from the Morris Sheppard Dam which was a project of the Brazos River Authority and the Works Progress Administration . Construction was begun in 1936 and completed in 1941 . The dam is 2,700 feet ( 820 m ) long and 190 feet ( 58 m ) high . The construction is unique with buttressed arched wings on either side of the nine spillway gates rather than the usual filled concrete . It has two 11,250 kilowatt generators which were used during peak demand periods that are no longer in use . Morris Sheppard was in 1938 one of Texas ' United States Senators . The dam was named for him in honor of his efforts in obtaining funding for the project . The lake is located where the Brazos River cuts through the Palo Pinto Hills . The canyon thus formed provided a favorable site for impoundment of the reservoir and accounts for the unusual depth of the lake and the resulting clarity of the water . There are several stories about the origin of the name Possum Kingdom for this part of the Brazos River valley . The most accepted version attributes the name to Ike Sablosky who settled in the region in the early twentieth century . Sablosky was a businessman , a Russian Jewish immigrant who came to America at the age of 13 . He arrived in Mineral Wells , Texas from Indianapolis in 1905 . Sablosky was suffering from stomach trouble and believed he was dying . Mineral Wells was then nationally famous as a health spa and Sablosky offered an employee of one of the spa hotels ten cents a day for ten days to be allowed to drink all of the mineral water he wanted . The employee accepted and Sablosky claimed that within ten days his stomach problems were cured . Sablosky then went into the fur and hide business , dealing in , among other things , possum pelts . His best suppliers of these hunted in the canyon of the Brazos and Sablosky began greeting them by saying , `` Here are the boys from the Possum Kingdom . '' Sablosky went on to be a prominent businessman in Dallas . Before his death he left millions of dollars to charity . The lake is home to the famous Hell 's Gate , a sheer break in the cliffs around the lake . The lake 's name was the title of a popular 1990s song `` Possum Kingdom '' by The Toadies . The lake is home to Possum Kingdom State Park , a 1,530 - acre ( 620 ha ) state park governed by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department The Possum Kingdom Lake area suffered major wildfires in 2011 during a severe drought , first in April with 160 homes destroyed and again in August -- September with 39 homes and 9 recreational vehicles lost . The cause of the second 2011 fire was an electrical spark on the 101 Ranch The first week of August 2012 brought more wildfires to the PK vicinity ( between the dam & Graford ) which were possibly ignited by lightning strikes amid the extremely drought - ridden countryside . Texas Governor Perry authorized the Texas military forces to assist in battling them . Several Chinook helicopters were assigned to the Palo Pinto county efforts . The fires were brought under control over a period of days & nights . The lake was originally at the level of the cliffs resort which caused the massive c shaped ridges in the side walls of the shore . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Possum Kingdom Lake ( Brazos River Basin ) '' . Texas Water . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Brazos River Authority accessed online at http://www.brazos.org/pkHome.asp Jump up ^ Brazos River Authority accessed online at http://www.brazos.org/pkHome.asp Jump up ^ Possum Kingdom Reservoir from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ Brazos River Authority accessed online at http://www.brazos.org/pkHome.asp Jump up ^ `` History of Morris Sheppard Dam and Possum Kingdom Lake '' . All Roads Lead to Possum Kingdom lake . Possum Kingdom lake Chamber of Commerce . Jump up ^ David R. Holland , Golf Texas , accessed online at http://www.golftexas.com/holland91.htm Jump up ^ Rocky Holland , Possum Kingdom State Park Superintendent quoted in Texas Highways Magazine accessed online at http://texashighways.com/travel/item/657-possum-kingdom-lake-forms-heart-of-north-texas-escape Jump up ^ Tolbert of Texas : the man and his work . Page 184 , Frank X . Tolbert and Evelyn Oppenheimer , TCU Press , Fort Worth , 1986 . Reprinting an article dated April 20 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Todd Lewis , Lead Singer of the Toadies , 1995 interview appearing in Rip Magazine according to SongFacts accessed online at http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=4014 Jump up ^ Dallas News accessed online at http://www.dallasnews.com/news/state/headlines/20110831-firefighters-closer-to-containing-wildfire-near-possum-kingdom-lake.ece Jump up ^ Texas Forest Services as quoted by NASA accessed online at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=52028 Jump up ^ CBS local affiliate report accessed online at http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2011/10/12/cause-of-2nd-possum-kingdom-lake-fire-determined/ Jump up ^ Office of the Texas Governor accessed online at http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/17529/ External links ( edit ) Texas portal Water portal Renewable energy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Possum Kingdom Lake . Possum Kingdom Online Community PK lake 2011 FIRES webpage April 2011 Fires as reported by Pondera Properties ( PonderaPK ) at Possum Kingdom Lake . This was the most comprehensive minute - by - minute report of days of fire coverage . It was provided as a community service from a local business at Possum Kingdom Lake and the report itself ( a / k / a the `` fire blog '' ) was followed by thousands of people and received media attention as a result . Page 184 , Tolbert of Texas : The Man and His Work - How Possum Kingdom got its name Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Possum_Kingdom_Lake&oldid=790796756 '' Categories : Reservoirs in Texas Brazos River Bodies of water of Palo Pinto County , Texas Bodies of water of Stephens County , Texas Bodies of water of Young County , Texas Protected areas of Palo Pinto County , Texas Protected areas of Stephens County , Texas Protected areas of Young County , Texas Works Progress Administration in Texas Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 03 : 48 . About Wikipedia

1. Possum Kingdom Lake - location and features 2. Morris Sheppard Dam - construction and history 3. Origin of the name "Possum Kingdom" 4. Hell's Gate - a famous feature of the lake 5. Wildfires and their impact on the area

bay and emmett get back together season 3

Switched at Birth ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Switched at Birth ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Switched at Birth ( season 3 ) Starring Vanessa Marano Katie Leclerc Constance Marie D. W. Moffett Lea Thompson Lucas Grabeel Gilles Marini Sean Berdy Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Family Original release January 13 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) -- December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Switched at Birth episodes The third season of ABC Family drama television series Switched at Birth began on January 13 , 2014 , and will consist of 22 episodes . The season is produced by ABC Family , Pirates ' Cove Entertainment , and Suzy B Productions , with Paul Stupin and series creator Lizzy Weiss serving as executive producers . The one - hour scripted drama revolves around two young women who discover they were switched at birth and grew up in very different environments . While balancing school , jobs , and their unconventional family , the girls , along with their friends and family , experience deaf culture , relationships , class differences , racism , audism , and other social issues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 U.S. ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Switched at Birth characters Main ( edit ) Vanessa Marano as Bay Madeline Kennish Katie Leclerc as Daphne Paloma Vasquez Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez D. W. Moffett as John Kennish Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish Gilles Marini as Angelo Sorrento Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe Recurring ( edit ) Max Adler as Miles `` Tank '' Conroy Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes Bianca Bethune as Sharee Gifford Kenneth Mitchell as Wes Gable B.K. Cannon as Mary Beth Tucker RJ Mitte as Campbell Bingman Daniel Durant as Matthew Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe Stephanie Nogueras as Natalie Pierce Al White as Dr. Elroy Jackson David Castaneda as Jorge Alec Mapa as Renzo Ivonne Coll as Adriana Vasquez Rachel Shenton as Lily Summers Sandra Bernhard as Teresa Ledarsky Rene Moran as Nacho Rivera Carlease Burke as Ms. Rose Cassi Thomson as Nikki Papagus Joey Lauren Adams as Jennice Papagus Anthony Natale as Cameron Bledsoe Matthew Risch as Chip Coto Kari Coleman as Whitney Erica Gimpel as Yvette Gifford Nathalia Ramos as Gretchen Natalie Amenula as Monica Suanne Spoke as Karen Barnes Madison Saager as Heather Jackie Debatin as Sarah Lazar Briana Lane as Christy Salz Sandra Purpuro as Anita Stephanie Mieko Cohen as Darla Larry Sullivan as Leo Jill Remez as Juanita Nyle DiMarco as Garrett Banducci Malana Lea as Jess Laura Brown as Debbie Iris Almario as Felicia Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Switched at Birth episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Drowning Girl '' Jim Hayman Lizzy Weiss January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.76 <Td_colspan="7"> After the blackmailing incident , Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic . She meets Campbell ( RJ Mitte ) , a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident . Her relationship with John continues to be tense . The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts . Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee . Meanwhile , Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge , Tank ( Max Adler ) . Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru . When her boss decides to sell the business , Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo 's help . Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes , which she hides from John . Title reference : From the 1963 painting , Drowning Girl , by Roy Lichtenstein . 53 `` Your Body is a Battleground '' Lea Thompson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56 <Td_colspan="7"> Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly - formed field hockey team so that they 'll have enough players . Bay 's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth . Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party . John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes , so Kathryn invites her dance friend , Renzo , over for dinner . At the clinic , Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out . She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete . Meanwhile , after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera , he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends . Title reference : From the 1989 protest poster , Your Body is a Battleground , by Barbara Kruger . 54 `` Fountain '' Allan Arkush Joy Gregory & Terrence Coli January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55 <Td_colspan="7"> Bay asks her new art teacher for a letter of recommendation for an art school application and gets invited to an art show in Minneapolis . Tank joins them . Emmett is put in a tough position after confronting a fellow deaf student about the vandalism , with Travis encouraging him to keep quiet so that the new hearing students can take the blame . Sharee is mistakenly blamed for the tire slashing , but Daphne helps argue her case and get her expulsion rescinded . However , Sharee and Daphne clash and both end up in detention , making them miss their field hockey game , to Toby 's frustration . Title reference : From the 1917 artpiece , Fountain , by Marcel Duchamp . 55 `` It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love is Somewhere Else '' Melanie Mayron Linda Gase & Henry Robles February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62 <Td_colspan="7"> Jorge invites Daphne to a family barbecue where she is confronted about the Senator Coto ordeal . Daphne continues to search for the patient she allowed to leave the clinic early . John surprises the family with an unusual purchase . Bay discovers that Emmett is dating again and has conflicting feelings . Regina and Angelo have a discussion about business . Title reference : From the 1971 painting , It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love is Somewhere Else , by Friedensreich Hundertwasser . 56 5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70 <Td_colspan="7"> John bonds with Nikki 's mom , Jennice , when they help Toby move into his new apartment . John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing , which Regina sees through the window . Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book . Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her . Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal . Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee 's house and Regina gets involved . Title reference : From the 1900s painting , Have You Really the Courage ? , by Harry Clarke . 57 6 `` The Scream '' Jonathan Frakes Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70 <Td_colspan="7"> Kathryn and Renzo host a murder mystery - themed party to commemorate her recent book deal . The Kennishes and Vasquezes ( minus Daphne ) all attend , as well as Tank and Jennice . Jennice and John try to keep their kiss a secret and Regina decides whether or not to tell Kathryn . Bay realizes her feelings for Tank but worries about why he did n't invite her to a party at his fraternity . Meanwhile , Daphne throws a 21st birthday party for Campbell . Title reference : From the 1895 painting , The Scream , by Edvard Munch . 58 7 `` Memory is Your Image of Perfection '' Lee Rose Terrence Coli February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63 <Td_colspan="7"> John temporarily moves in with Toby , who is unhappy about the situation . Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing , but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence . Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping . Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside . Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues . Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career . Title reference : From the 1982 photograph , Memory is Your Image of Perfection , by Barbara Kruger . 59 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' Millicent Shelton Michael V. Ross & Lizzy Weiss March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61 <Td_colspan="7"> Daphne shows an interest in the medical profession and tries to take on more responsibility at the clinic . Bay struggles with the limitations of her injury . Travis tries to learn dancing before attending a school formal with Mary Beth . Bay 's art teacher shows no leniency about Bay 's hand injury and demands that she work harder , and Bay succeeds in finding new ways to create her art with the help of Emmett . John tries to earn Kathryn 's forgiveness , but fails to understand what she wants . Title reference : From the 1998 painting , Dance Me to the End of Love , by Jack Vettriano . 60 9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' Fred Gerber Joy Gregory March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39 <Td_colspan="7"> Good intentions lead to hurt feelings . John invites one of his former baseball colleagues over to get some dirt for Kathryn 's book . Toby tutors Sharee in physics to make sure she remains eligible for field hockey . Daphne is invited to a clinic fundraiser and Regina tries to help Angelo by suggesting that his restaurant cater the event . Campbell and Jorge both remain interested in Daphne . Bay 's relationship with Tank suffers because of Mary Beth 's disapproval . Title reference : From the 1901 painting , The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) , by Alfred Kubin . 61 10 `` The Ambush '' Allan Arkush Henry Robles & Bekah Brunstetter March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18 <Td_colspan="7"> Bay enlists Tank to help her strike back when the rivalry between Carlton and Buckner field hockey team get heated . Toby gets a surprise visit from Nikki , who tells him that she wants to live in Peru . Regina discovers Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside . Daphne must choose between Campbell and Jorge . Bay and Daphne prepare for the big game . Title reference : From the 1896 painting , The Ambush , by Charles Marion Russell . 62 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' Steve Miner Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 <Td_colspan="7"> Kathryn 's new book is leaked to the public before its release . Daphne has an unexpected encounter at the clinic with a man from her past . Regina feels a sense of guilt about her behavior in East Riverside . Back at K&D designs , someone throws a brick through her studio 's window threatening her not to come back to East Riverside . Toby tries to go after Nikki . Meanwhile , Bay is skeptical about Emmett 's new girlfriend . Title reference : From the 1809 painting , Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows , by Pierre - Paul Prud'hon . 63 12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' Norman Buckley Lizzy Weiss June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17 <Td_colspan="7"> Toby travels to Iceland . Melody wants to put an end to Emmett getting bullied by Matthew . Meanwhile Bay feels torn between her feelings for Emmett and Tank and Emmett asks Bay if she 's going to break up with Tank . Daphne is determined to hunt down the individual who vandalized Regina 's studio . John discovers that Bay looked up where to buy morning after pills . Daphne asks Angelo to move into the guest house with her and Regina . Title reference : From the 1873 painting , Love Among the Ruins , by Edward Burne - Jones . 64 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' Melanie Mayron James Patrick Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41 <Td_colspan="7"> Bay and Emmett make an unexpected discovery as they deal with Matthew 's blackmail threat . Daphne receives an opportunity at the clinic but worries how it will affect her boyfriend Campbell . Bay breaks up with Tank telling him they should just go back to being friends but John mistakenly confronts a heartbroken Tank about Bay having to get the morning after pill . Someone from Kathryn 's past threatens the publication of her book . Regina is watched while going to work by a man sitting in his car waiting for her . Title reference : From the 2002 painting , Like a snowball down a mountain , by Damien Hirst 65 14 `` Oh , Future ! '' Zetna Fuentes Henry Robles June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15 <Td_colspan="7"> When Bay discovers Melody is considering an out - of - state move that would take Emmett with her , Bay encourages Emmett to strengthen his relationship with his father . Kathryn and John clash with Regina over funding Daphne 's college expenses . Daphne interviews for a Latina college scholarship . Mary - Beth surprises Travis when she tracks down football player Derrick Coleman . Cameron gives Emmett big news . Title reference : From the 1933 painting , Oh , Future ! , by Nicholas Roerich 66 15 `` And We Bring the Light '' James Hayman Joy Gregory & Alexander Georgakis July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33 <Td_colspan="7"> Toby returns from a soul - searching trip to Iceland after his failed marriage with a new perspective and surprising aspiration for his career . Bay gets a response from the Pratt Institute . Angelo helps Daphne redirect her senior year stresses with a baking challenge . Meanwhile Regina 's participation in the East Riverside project brings her to yet another moral crossroad . A terrible car accident puts Angelo in the hospital and it is unknown if he will survive . Title reference : From the 1922 painting , And We Bring the Light , by Nicholas Roerich 67 16 `` The Image Disappears '' Wendey Stanzler Terrence Coli & Linda Gase July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56 <Td_colspan="7"> A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high . The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo . Amid the emotion , decisions must be made and lives are changed forever . The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead . Bay and Emmett find Angelo 's will , which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm , caused by being really angry at Regina . Daphne blames Regina for Angelo 's death . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , The Image Disappears , by Salvador Dalí 68 17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' Joanna Kerns Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36 <Td_colspan="7"> When John starts feeling a sense of built - up tension in Bay and Daphne , he suggests a trip to Chicago to find Bay 's second cousin from Angelo 's side of the family and give Daphne a chance to tour prospective colleges . But the trip goes south when Daphne uses the opportunity to act out and Bay receives news regarding Angelo 's family history . Title reference : From the 1938 painting , Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) , by Frida Kahlo 69 18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' Ron Lagomarsino J.R. Phillips & Henry Robles July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13 <Td_colspan="7"> Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University . Bay tries being Tank 's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner . Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee 's make - up exam . Title reference : From the 2009 painting , It Is n't What You Think , by Christopher Willard 70 19 `` You Will Not Escape '' Michael Lange Joy Gregory August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29 <Td_colspan="7"> Looking for a distraction , Daphne organizes a senior ditch day for her Carlton classmates , but things get out of hand . Meanwhile , Bay meets with Angelo 's doctor to discuss their family medical history . Kathryn brings Regina to her publisher 's author party in New York . Title reference : From the 1799 painting , You Will Not Escape , by Francisco Goya 71 20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' D.W. Moffett Linda Gase August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06 <Td_colspan="7"> Bay has second thoughts about attending the prom when dress - code rules are enacted . Meanwhile , Kathryn , John and Regina are surprised to learn the severity of Daphne 's bad behavior ; and Tank assists Toby with his new burgeoning business . Title reference : From the 1936 painting , Girl on the Cliff , by Augustus John . 72 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' Melanie Mayron Lizzy Weiss & William H. Brown August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29 <Td_colspan="7"> As their graduation day approaches , Bay and Daphne learn that Carlton will be closed forever , and join a group of students for a Senior Skip Day at Maui , Kansas . Daphne starts to become depressed as she realizes how her bad choices are sure to ruin her plans to attend medical school . Bay accompanies her as she surrenders to the police , and at the last minute Bay surprises everyone by falsely confessing to Daphne 's vandalism . Title reference : From the 1974 painting , And Life Begins Right Away , by Robert Filliou . 73 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' Michael Grossman Terrence Coli & Lizzy Weiss December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.40 <Td_colspan="7"> As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers ' Christmas traditions , a `` Christmas miracle '' grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched . Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish ( `` Bay - Daphne '' ) with her hearing intact , who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics ; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento ( `` Daphne - Bay '' ) , deaf but a recognized artist , with a brother , Angelo Junior ( AJ ) . However , these benefits come at a price : workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed , stay - at - home has - been John are on the verge of divorce ; Toby is an angst - ridden Emo ; Emmett is only Daphne - Bay 's platonic friend ; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism . When the girls decide this is worse , they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas - eve dinner party at the Kennishes , and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers ' traditions which they once hated . Title reference : From the 1888 painting , Yuletide Fortune Tellers , by Mykola Pymonenko . Reception ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) No . Episode Original air date Timeslot ( EST ) Viewers ( million ) Adults 18 - 49 rating <Th_colspan="2"> Cable rank ( 18 -- 49 ) Note Timeslot Night `` Drowning Girl '' January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) Monday 8 : 00PM 1.76 0.7 # 3 # 22 `` Your Body Is a Battleground '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 1.56 0.7 # 6 # 29 `` Fountain '' January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.55 0.6 # 4 # 30 `` It Hurts to wait with love If Love Is Somewhere Else '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.62 0.7 # 5 # 23 5 `` Have You Really the Courage ? '' February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.70 0.8 # 4 # 15 6 `` The Scream '' February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.70 0.7 # 5 # 22 7 `` Memory is Your Image of Perfection '' February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.63 0.7 # 4 # 21 8 `` Dance Me to the End of Love '' March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.61 0.7 # 4 # 22 9 `` The Past ( Forgotten - Swallowed ) '' March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.39 0.6 # 4 # 24 10 `` The Ambush '' March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.18 0.6 # 5 # 37 11 `` Love Seduces Innocence , Pleasure Entraps , and Remorse Follows '' March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.30 0.6 # 4 # 31 12 `` Love Among the Ruins '' June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.17 0.4 # 5 # 54 13 `` Like a Snowball Down a Mountain '' June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.41 0.7 # 3 # 21 14 `` Oh , Future '' June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.15 0.5 # 3 # 28 15 `` And We Bring the Light '' July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.33 0.6 # 3 # 20 16 `` The Image Disappears '' July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.56 0.7 # 4 # 24 17 `` Girl With Death Mask ( She Plays Alone ) '' July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.36 0.6 # 3 # 27 18 `` It Is n't What You Think '' July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.13 0.4 # 4 # 46 19 `` You Will Not Escape '' August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.29 0.6 # 4 # 25 20 `` Girl on the Cliff '' August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.06 0.5 # 4 # 44 21 `` And Life Begins Right Away '' August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.29 0.5 # 4 # 27 22 `` Yuletide Fortune Tellers '' December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) Monday 9 : 00PM 1.40 0.6 # 6 # 29 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Announces Pick - Up of `` Switched at Birth , '' `` The Nine Lives of Chloe King '' and `` The Great State of Georgia '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Amanda Kondolojy ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Mo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switched_at_Birth_(season_3)&oldid=811165710 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2014 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Sicilianu Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 22 : 57 . About Wikipedia

1. Switched at Birth season 3 2. ABC Family drama television series 3. Two young women switched at birth 4. Deaf culture and relationships 5. Social issues and class differences

who played andy on the cult of chucky

Alex Vincent ( actor ) - Wikipedia Alex Vincent ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Alex Vincent Alexander Vincent LoScialpo ( 1981 - 04 - 29 ) April 29 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Newark , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Actor Sound engineer Years active 1988 -- 1993 , 2008 - present Known for Andy Barclay in Child 's Play Website www.alexvincentonline.com Alexander Vincent LoScialpo ( born April 29 , 1981 ) is an American actor . He is known for his role as Andy Barclay in the Child 's Play franchise . He has appeared in Child 's Play ( 1988 ) , Child 's Play 2 ( 1990 ) , Curse of Chucky ( 2013 ) , and Cult of Chucky ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Vincent was born in Wayne , New Jersey and raised in Newark , New Jersey . He grew up in Maywood , New Jersey and graduated from Hackensack High School in 1999 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Note Child 's Play Andrew `` Andy '' Barclay Wait Until Spring , Bandini Federico 1990 Just Like in the Movies Carter Legrand 1990 Child 's Play 2 Andrew `` Andy '' Barclay 1991 Child 's Play 3 Andrew `` Andy '' Barclay Photograph My Family Treasure Jeff Danieloff 2008 Dead Country Alex 2011 On the Ropes Prank caller 2013 House Guest Rob Murphy 2013 Curse of Chucky Andrew `` Andy '' Barclay Cameo 2017 The Dark Military Vince 2017 Descending Craven 2017 Cult of Chucky Andrew `` Andy '' Barclay References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kane , Paul ; Billson , Anne ; and Oregan , Marie . Voices in the Dark : Interviews with Horror Writers , Directors and Actors , p. 239 . McFarland & Company , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4634 - X . Accessed June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Cult of Chucky Trailer : The Killer Doll Is Back '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Cult of Chucky ' : The Next ' Child 's Play ' Begins Filming on Monday ! ( Trailer ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Alex Vincent on IMDb VIAF : 51411488 LCCN : no2004122428 ISNI : 0000 0000 4412 0486 BNF : cb14236793w ( data ) This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1980s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Vincent_(actor)&oldid=806989227 '' Categories : 1981 births Male actors from New Jersey American male child actors American male film actors Living people People from Maywood , New Jersey 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American film actor , 1980s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Română Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 07 : 46 . About Wikipedia

1. Alex Vincent - American actor 2. Child's Play franchise - Horror film series 3. Andy Barclay - Character played by Alex Vincent 4. Filmography - List of movies Alex Vincent has appeared in 5. Newark, New Jersey - Birthplace and childhood home of Alex Vincent

silsila pyaar ka 8 june 2016 written update

Silsila Pyaar Ka - Wikipedia Silsila Pyaar Ka <Th_colspan="2"> Silsila ... Pyaar Ka <Td_colspan="2"> Silsila ... Pyar Ka opening sequence Genre Drama Created by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited Written by Story Mahesh Pandey Dialogues Sharad Chandra Tripathi Directed by Ravi Raj Creative director ( s ) Bhawna Bundela Starring Abhay Vakil Chhavi Pandey Shilpa Shirodkar Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of episodes 147 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) Rashmi Sharma Pawan Kumar Marut Production location ( s ) Bhopal Mumbai Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 4 January ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) -- 5 June 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> Production website Silsila ... Pyaar Ka is an Indian television series that aired on STAR Plus from January to June 2016 . It was produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms and starred Abhay Vakil and Chhavi Pandey . It is the Remake of the Star jalsha popular show Tumi Asbe Bole . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 5 year leap 2 Casts 3 Awards 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The story revolves around student Raunak Tiwari and his overly possessive mother Janki . Raunak develops a crush on Kajal , a student in the same college and writes her a love letter with the help of his friend Akshay . Raunak 's mother finds out and forces Akshay sign the letter with his own name . Kajal is enchanted by the letter and eventually marries Akshay , leaving Raunak feeling betrayed by his friend . 5 year leap ( edit ) Five years later Akshay and Kajal have had a daughter , Sakshi , who has had health problems since birth . Kajal has since learned how Janaki forced Akshay to sign the love letter that resulted in their marriage . She attempts to mend the broken relationship between Raunak and Akshay . Akshay forces his way into Raunak 's car to apologize to him , but an accident fatally injures Akshay . Janaki is arranging for her son Raunak to marry Munmun , the daughter of her friend Kamini , buy Kajal marries Raunak for the sake of her child and to fulfil the Akshay 's dying wish . Janaki refuses to accept her son 's marriage . It is revealed that Akshay was killed accidentally in an attempt to murder Raunak . Kajal tries to find the killer . Sanket , Raunak 's cousin , tries to hack his bank accounts , but is caught and arrested . The killer is revealed to be Pradeep , Sanket 's father . Pradeep 's wife Vidhi vows to take revenge on Janaki with the help of Munmun and Kamini . Janaki pretends to accept Raunak 's wife Kajal and her daughter Sakshi , but schemes against them . Kajal comes upon Janaki and her brother Harsh acting suspiciously and follows them to discover Raunak 's sick father Randhir , who has been mistreated by Janaki for years . Raunak hates his father as he believes Randhir mistreated his mother when he was a child . Kajal helps Randhir to recover . Janaki attempts to poison Randhir to prevent him revealing her mistreatment of him , but Kajal discovers the poisoned milk and confronts Janaki . Raunak is incesed by Kajal accusing his mother . To prove Janaki 's motives Kajal drinks the milk. Raunak shouts at her of blaming her mother but suddenly she cough and her mouth starts bleeding. Kajal became unconscious and Raunak carried her to her room. Later Raunak confront Janki and showed his anger. Jaanki vows to destroy Kajal and start working to get her son back . During this Kajal and Raunak came very close to each other.At last janki turns good and the whole family reunites while Vidhi goes to jail . Casts ( edit ) Abhay Vakil as Raunak Tiwari Chhavi Pandey as Kajal Raunak Tiwari Shilpa Shirodkar as Janki Tiwari Sehban Azim as Akshay ( Dead ) Sheezan K Mohd as Vinay Saxena Sheen Dass as Neeti Karishma Sharma as Munmun Divya Bhatnagar as Kamini Vaquar Shaikh as Randhir Guddi Maruti as Randhir 's Sister Khyati Keswani as Vidhi Sanjeev Jogtiyani as Sanjay Ravi Gossain as Harish Chandra Rakesh Kukreti as Pradeep Abhishek Bajaj as Saket Sumit Bhardwaj as Prateek . Mohena Singh as Aarti Mrinal Kaur as Sanjana Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2016 Star Parivaar Awards Favourite Naya Sadasya - Female Chhavi Pandey Nominated Favourite Maa Shilpa Shirodkar Nominated Favourite Beta Abhay Vakil Nominated Favourite Bahu Chhavi Pandey Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BizAisa ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Star Plus to replace ' Silsila Pyaar Ka ' with new show '' . Star Plus . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="3"> Current broadcasts on StarPlus Currently broadcasting Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ishqbaaaz Krishna Chali London Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Nazar Ye Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Qayamat Ki Raat Dil Hai Hindustani 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silsila_Pyaar_Ka&oldid=852349033 '' Categories : Star Plus television series 2016 Indian television series debuts 2016 Indian television series endings Indian television soap operas Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 10 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Silsila Pyaar Ka - Indian television series 2. Rashmi Sharma Telefilms - Production company 3. Abhay Vakil - Actor in the series 4. Chhavi Pandey - Actress in the series 5. Love triangle - Plot of the series

who has sold the most records to date

List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , this is because more music markets instituted certification systems after 1980s and 1990s . So artists such as Rihanna , Chris Brown , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars , Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified units . In other words , the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified units for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist 's total amount of certified units , as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song . For example `` This Is What You Came For '' and `` Where Them Girls At '' include Rihanna and Flo Rida , Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively , so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists . However , the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles , examples of such songs are Kanye West 's `` Monster '' and / or `` All Day '' . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Michael Jackson Elvis Presley Elton John Madonna Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the tables is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 271.9 million US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million GER : 8 million UK : 18.445 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million BRA : 550,000 NLD : 295,000 ITA : 380,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWE 485,000 DEN : 270,000 SWI : 350,000 ARG : 1.606 million BEL : 390,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country Total available certified units : 224.5 million US : 199.150 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.2 million UK : 13.145 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.797 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 555,000 ITA : 105,000 SPA : 300,000 SWE 380,000 DEN : 120,000 SWI : 185,000 MEX : 105,000 ARG : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B Total available certified units : 229.5 million US : 145.3 million JPN : 4.650 million GER : 11.275 million UK : 29.045 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.775 million BRA : 280,000 NLD : 2.105 million ITA : 1.195 million SPA : 1.995 million SWE : 1.230 million DEN : 1.289 million SWI : 910,000 MEX : 3.670 million ARG : 124,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica Total available certified units : 172.9 million US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million GER : 12.4 million UK : 29.245 million FRA : 12.81 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.787 million BRA : 3.440 million NLD : 1.735 million ITA : 465,000 SPA : 2.815 million SWE : 1.070 million DEN : 407,000 SWI : 1.080 million MEX : 510,000 ARG : 1.098 BEL : 740,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 182.8 million US : 129.350 million JPN : 1.1 million GER : 7.9 million UK : 23.395 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.947 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 975,000 SPA : 1.2 million SWE : 740,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1.313 million MEX : 100,000 ARG : 128,000 BEL : 565,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock Total available certified units : 140 million US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.775 million UK : 9.530 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million BRA : 820,000 ITA : 465,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 120.1 million US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 7.5 million UK : 11.720 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 435,000 ITA : 2.035 million SPA : 625,000 SWE : 220,000 SWI : 390,000 ARG : 582,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Eminem Mariah Carey Queen Celine Dion Whitney Houston AC / DC Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 263.8 million US : 194.55 million JPN : 1.4 million GER : 10.075 million UK : 32.9 million FRA : 1.465 million CAN : 3.120 million AUS : 9.325 million BRA : 705,000 ITA : 1.560 million SPA : 1.470 million SWE : 2.480 million DEN : 1.292 SWI : 860,000 MEX : 410,000 BEL : 660,000 AUT : 135,000 POL : 520,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 682,500 230 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 217.5 million US : 163.2 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 6.7 million UK : 25.225 million FRA : 3.288 million CAN : 4.010 million AUS : 5.947 million BRA : 220,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 700,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 910,000 DEN : 666,000 SWI : 805,000 MEX : 365,000 BEL : 505,000 AUT : 362,500 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 600,000 220 million 200 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 138.7 million US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 10.220 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.515 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 1.425 million ITA : 200,000 SPA : 1 million SWE : 425,000 DEN : 280,000 SWI : 515,000 BEL : 175,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 128.3 million US : 65 million JPN : 2.850 million GER : 12.375 million UK : 29.075 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million BRA : 970,000 NLD : 1.990 million ITA : 545,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWE : 190,000 DEN : 250,000 SWI : 1.256 million ARG : 1.080 million BEL : 175,000 AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 170 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop Total available certified units : 127.9 million US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million GER : 8 million UK : 13.915 million FRA : 15.768 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 NLD : 2.180 million SPA : 1 million SWE : 1.105 million DEN : 370,000 SWI : 1.685 million ARG : 340,000 BEL : 2.160 million AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop Total available certified units : 115.7 million US : 76.775 million JPN : 4.3 million GER : 5.6 million UK : 15.205 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.755 million BRA : 1.025 NLD : 780,000 ITA : 140,000 SPA : 1.260 million SWE : 1.035 million DEN : 140,000 SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 190,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll Total available certified units : 115 million US : 79.7 million GER : 10.3 million UK : 5.5 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.740 million ITA : 775,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWE : 350,000 DEN : 215,000 SWI : 894,000 ARG : 594,000 BEL : 100,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock Total available certified units : 99.1 million US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 9.170 million FRA : 3.377 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 417,500 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 610,000 ITA : 205,000 SPA : 690,000 SWE : 310,000 SWI : 238,000 ARG : 718,000 BEL : 120,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 62.4 million US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million GER : 10.450 million UK : 19.170 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 NLD : 1.390 million ITA : 120,000 SPA : 1.005 million SWE : 800,000 DEN : 600,000 SWI : 600,000 MEX : 260,000 ARG : 238,000 BEL : 380,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Justin Bieber Eagles Bruno Mars Ed Sheeran Kanye West Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock Total available certified units : 199.8 million US : 172.5 million JPN : 3.050 million GER : 1.750 UK : 9.8 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 4.820 million AUS : 5.530 million BRA : 440,000 ITA : 285,000 SWE : 280,000 DEN : 140,000 > MEX : 510,000 AUT : 100,000 NZ : 382,500 175 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country Total available certified units : 156.1 million US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 350,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock Total available certified units : 149.2 million US : 127.9 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 925,000 UK : 8.035 million FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million NLD : 540,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 140,000 DEN : 185,000 SWI : 290,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock Total available certified units : 108.6 million US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million GER : 5.525 million UK : 18.720 million FRA : 5.125 million CAN : 7.155 million AUS : 4.412 million BRA : 2.675 million NLD : 945,000 ITA : 880,000 SPA : 2.295 million SWE : 515,000 DEN : 518,000 SWI : 696,000 MEX : 835,000 ARG : 806,000 BEL : 750,000 AUT : 522,500 POL : 370,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 103 million US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million GER : 1.250 million UK : 5.715 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 NLD : 350,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 89.7 million US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 13.8 million UK : 16.050 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million NLD : 1.050 million SPA : 2.150 million SWE : 245,000 SWI : 973,000 ARG : 1.044 million BEL : 330,000 AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock Total available certified units : 84.9 million US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million GER : 2 million UK : 3.230 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 BRA : 600,000 NLD : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 200,000 SWE : 260,000 SWI : 145,000 MEX : 230,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing Total available certified units : 37.5 million US : 28.2 million GER : 1 million UK : 5.645 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 315,000 BRA : 350,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 130,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 98.2 million US : 82.450 million GER : 750,000 UK : 5.765 million FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.152 million NLD : 710,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 120,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop Total available certified units : 152.3 million US : 104.5 million JPN : 850,000 GER : 4 million UK : 18.685 million FRA : 1.098 CAN : 5.780 million AUS : 4.795 million BRA : 810,000 ITA : 1.945 million SPA : 880,000 SWE : 2.020 million DEN : 2.400 million MEX : 2.970 million BEL : 450,000 POL : 370,000 AUT : 140,000 NZ : 615,000 140 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock Total available certified units : 123.5 million US : 105.750 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.350 UK : 12.260 million CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 160,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 414,000 132 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B Total available certified units : 129.2 million US : 91.5 million JPN : 1.2 million GER : 3.6 million UK : 15 million FRA : 1.950 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 5.950 million ITA : 760,000 SPA : 490,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 480,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 810,000 BEL : 360,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 592,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2004 -- present 2011 Pop / Folk pop Total available certified units : 128.3 million US : 56 million JPN : 350,000 GER : 7.850 million UK : 37.260 million FRA : 1.691 million CAN : 6.440 million AUS : 7.840 million NLD : 330,000 ITA : 2.590 million SPA : 860,000 SWE : 1.360 million DEN : 2.335 million SWI : 635,000 MEX : 180,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 355,000 POL : 360,000 NZ : 1.2 million 126 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 102.7 million US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 4.325 million UK : 7.345 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 740,000 ITA : 600,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWE : 810,000 DEN : 255,000 SWI : 400,000 BEL : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal Total available certified units : 95.6 million US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 GER : 4.025 million UK : 3.535 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.885 million AUS : 2.637 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 460,000 ITA : 180,000 SPA : 420,000 SWE : 675,000 DEN : 180,000 SWI : 560,000 MEX : 430,000 ARG : 874,000 BEL : 385,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 69.3 million US : 42.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 6.675 million UK : 9.525 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Lil Wayne Jay - Z B'z Bon Jovi Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic Total available certified units : 102.2 million US : 69.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 11.585 million FRA : 1.647 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million BRA : 470,000 NLD : 130,000 ITA : 840,000 SPA : 410,000 SWE : 680,000 DEN : 340,000 SWI : 445,000 MEX : 420,000 BEL : 270,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop Total available certified units : 137.8 million US : 104 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 13.010 million FRA : 867,000 CAN : 6.160 million AUS : 5.3 million BRA : 625,000 ITA : 790,000 SPA : 180,000 SWE : 600,000 DEN : 235,000 SWI : 160,000 MEX : 960,000 BEL : 135,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul Total available certified units : 106.6 million US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.7 million UK : 21.350 million CAN : 6.480 million AUS : 3.955 million BRA : 1.310 million NLD : 380,000 ITA : 1.570 million SPA : 800,000 SWE : 320,000 DEN : 857,500 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 622,500 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 101.7 million US : 94.7 million GER : 300,000 UK : 3.060 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 630,000 100 million Jay - Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100.8 million US : 84.7 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 2 million UK : 9.520 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 215,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 85.8 million JPN : 85.85 million 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal Total available certified units : 85.1 million US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.4 million GER : 5.650 million UK : 9.690 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million BRA : 435,000 NLD : 710,000 ITA : 160,000 SPA : 1.620 million SWE : 365,000 SWI : 1.275 million MEX : 250,000 ARG : 358,000 BEL : 290,000 AUT : 725,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 84.4 million US : 57.150 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 1.550 million UK : 15.845 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.475 million AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 390,000 ITA : 285,000 SPA : 1.190 million SWE : 120,000 DEN : 312,500 SWI : 165,000 MEX : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 POL : 110,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop Total available certified units : 83.6 million US : 30.6 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 4.550 million UK : 26.245 million FRA : 3.013 CAN : 3.585 million AUS : 3.795 million BRA : 340,000 NLD : 390,000 ITA : 2.885 million SPA : 1.030 million SWE : 750,000 DEN : 894,000 SWI : 550,000 MEX : 1.890 million ARG : 528,000 BEL : 765,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 320,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock Total available certified units : 82.9 million US : 61.6 million JPN : 1.550 million GER : 5.850 million UK : 6.605 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million BRA : 595,000 ITA : 740,000 SPA : 175,000 SWE : 165,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 435,000 MEX : 225,000 BEL : 140,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 82.2 million US : 46.2 million JPN : 2.1 million GER : 5.350 million UK : 10.750 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.165 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 665,000 ITA : 200,000 SPA : 990,000 SWE : 1.010 million DEN : 180,000 SWI : 485,000 MEX : 1.175 million ARG : 248,000 BEL : 935,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 78.2 million US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 18.630 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 NLD : 140,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 440,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 77.9 million US : 51.250 million UK : 14.785 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million NLD : 590,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 75.6 million US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 6.550 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 BRA : 1.9 million NLD : 705,000 ITA : 710,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 485,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 365,000 MEX : 760,000 ARG : 1.248 million BEL : 165,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 160,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop Total available certified units : 73 million US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 7 million UK : 4.875 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million NLD : 830,000 SPA : 1.850 million SWE : 655,000 DEN : 165,000 SWI : 415,000 MEX : 1.475 million ARG : 740,000 BEL : 450,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country Total available certified units : 72.8 million US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 68.9 million US : 55.9 million GER : 1 million UK : 7.330 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 2.085 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock Total available certified units : 65.2 million US : 50.295 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 2.980 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 125,000 SWI : 375,000 MEX : 405,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock Total available certified units : 65.1 million US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 7.245 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 NLD : 670,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop Total available certified units : 61.4 million US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock Total available certified units : 60.6 million US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 GER : 1.525 million UK : 12.425 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Simon & Garfunkel United States 1956 -- present 1964 Folk rock Total available certified units : 59.2 million US : 42.6 million JPN : 700,000 GER : 2.325 million UK : 6.620 million FRA : 3.9 million CAN : 1.425 million AUS : 390,000 NLD : 300,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 450,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 163,350 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 52.5 million US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 4.760 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 NLD : 400,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin Total available certified units : 51.2 million US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.620 million FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 505,000 BRA : 12.475 million NLD : 1.2 million ITA : 400,000 SPA : 8.7 million SWE : 290,000 MEX : 2.975 million ARG : 3.220 million BEL : 125,000 FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 48.4 million US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.490 million FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock Total available certified units : 46.5 million US : 15.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 11.8 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million BRA : 175,000 NLD : 900,000 ITA : 385,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWE : 360,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock Total available certified units : 45.3 million US : 35.6 million GER : 625,000 UK : 6.025 million FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 42.3 million US : 36.150 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 MEX : 200,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk Total available certified units : 41 million US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.175 million UK : 6.510 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 375,000 ITA : 300,000 SPA : 600,000 SWE : 850,000 SWI : 295,000 MEX : 200,000 DEN : 370,000 ARG : 106,000 BEL : 275,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock Total available certified units : 40.2 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 5.875 million UK : 7.325 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 NLD : 300,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop Total available certified units : 35.9 million US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 3.950 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 450,000 NLD : 150,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 35.5 million US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 35.1 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 500,000 UK : 8.485 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop Total available certified units : 34.3 million US : 13.7 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 525,000 UK : 13.495 million FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.315 million AUS : 635,000 NLD : 465,000 ITA : 370,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 33.4 million US : 12.7 million GER : 6.050 million UK : 8.145 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 NLD : 565,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 330,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country Total available certified units : 32.5 million US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B Total available certified units : 30.9 million US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock Total available certified units : 30.7 million US : 25.6 million GER : 250,000 UK : 3.610 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 27.5 million US : 22.150 million UK : 4.565 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 21.7 million US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 175,000 100 million 80 million to 99 million records Chris Brown Nicki Minaj Shania Twain Flo Rida Pink Justin Timberlake Van Halen Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop Total available certified units : 77.1 million US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 7.395 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.880 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 100,000 SWE : 330,000 DEN : 210,000 SWI : 310,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Pink United States 1995 -- present 2000 Pop , Pop rock , R&B Total available certified units : 70.6 million US : 32.225 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 5.725 million UK : 13.575 million FRA : 1.198 million CAN : 4.130 million AUS : 9.870 million NLD : 175,000 ITA : 425,000 SWE : 530,000 SWI : 565,000 DEN : 281,500 MEX : 360,000 BEL : 235,000 AUT : 417,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 465,000 90 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop Total available certified units : 46 million US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 250,000 UK : 7.950 million CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 90 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B Total available certified units : 40.8 million US : 28.650 million GER : 1.050 million UK : 6.555 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 180,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 36.1 million US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.725 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 NLD : 250,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel Total available certified units : 31.1 million US : 25.7 million GER : 550,000 UK : 3.910 million CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million Justin Timberlake United States 1992 -- present 2002 Pop , R&B , Neo soul Total available certified units : 67 million US : 43.2 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 3.050 million UK : 12.720 million FRA : 578,000 CAN : 2.480 million AUS : 2.450 million NLD : 105,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 120,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 440,000 SWI : 230,000 MEX : 330,000 BEL : 300,000 POL : 170,000 NZ : 185,000 88 million Chris Brown United States 2005 -- present 2005 Pop / R&B , Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100 million US : 84.050 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 450,000 UK : 10.240 million CAN : 770,000 AUS : 2.590 million BRA : 570,000 ITA : 140,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 207,500 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 260,000 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip - hop , Pop Total available certified units : 86 million US : 69 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 1.150 million UK : 8.9 million FRA : 566,000 CAN : 800,000 AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 250,000 ITA : 485,000 SPA : 220,000 SWE : 420,000 DEN : 220,000 SWI : 120,000 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 247,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock Total available certified units : 42.8 million US : 21.150 million GER : 4.275 million UK : 8.765 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 ITA : 225,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWE : 500,000 DEN : 155,000 SWI : 450,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 185,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM Total available certified units : 71.8 million US : 50 million JPN : 650,000 GER : 3.7 million UK : 7.960 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.090 million AUS : 3.605 million ITA : 360,000 SPA : 140,000 SWE : 780,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 MEX : 330,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 64.5 million US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 740,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 NLD : 200,000 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic Total available certified units : 64.3 million JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 59.4 million US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million GER : 2.650 million UK : 10.795 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.625 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 660,000 ITA : 570,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 390,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 150,000 DEN : 227,000 BEL : 195,000 ARG : 406,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock Total available certified units : 49.3 million US : 45.1 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 1.3 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop Total available certified units : 48 million US : 20.8 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 12.850 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 1.140 million SPA : 850,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 400,000 SWI : 335,000 ARG : 118,000 BEL : 315,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 46.9 million US : 36.6 million GER : 1.750 million UK : 2.040 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million BRA : 100,000 ITA : 130,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop Total available certified units : 42.7 million US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 42.2 million US : 23.6 million GER : 2.350 million UK : 9.665 million CAN : 3.380 million AUS : 2.522 million NLD : 425,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock Total available certified units : 34.7 million US : 31.250 million GER : 500,000 UK : 1.060 million CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- 2017 1960 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 25.4 million FRA : 24.672 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 510,000 80 million 75 million to 79 million records Maroon 5 Journey Tim McGraw The Black Eyed Peas Usher R. Kelly Robbie Williams Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance Total available certified units : 58.8 million US : 31.4 million JPN : 1.250 million GER : 3.3 million UK : 10.8 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million BRA : 255,000 NLD : 160,000 ITA : 365,000 SPA : 460,000 SWE : 300,000 DEN : 161,000 SWI : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 BEL : 460,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Maroon 5 United States 1994 -- present 2002 Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 66.4 million US : 37.2 million JPN : 2 million GER : 2.550 UK : 10.360 million FRA : 792,000 CAN : 4.085 million AUS : 3.045 million BRA : 380,000 ITA : 810,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 770,000 DEN : 517,500 MEX : 3.365 NZ : 345,000 75 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock Total available certified units : 62.1 million US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.4 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Tim McGraw United States 1990 -- present 1994 Country Total available certified units : 61.7 million US : 60.150 million UK : 200,000 CAN : 1.375 million 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present 1994 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 56.4 million US : 41.435 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 1.150 UK : 8.925 million FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 DEN : 137,500 SWI : 170,000 NZ : 150,000 75 million R. Kelly United States 1989 -- present 1991 R&B / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 55.6 million US : 46.9 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 5.420 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 300,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 365,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 275,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock Total available certified units : 52.8 million US : 500,000 GER : 10.275 million UK : 27.550 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million NLD : 1.205 million ITA : 385,000 SPA : 440,000 SWE : 445,000 DEN : 676,500 SWI : 998,000 MEX : 1.595 million ARG : 462,000 BEL : 600,000 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz Total available certified units : 52.1 million US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 51.7 million US : 46.2 million GER : 650,000 UK : 3.695 million CAN : 820,000 AUS : 430,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic Total available certified units : 50.8 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million GER : 4.2 million UK : 5.250 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million NLD : 730,000 SPA : 1.760 million SWE : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 SWI : 370,000 MEX : 125,000 ARG : 390,000 BEL : 510,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock Total available certified units : 48 million US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 47 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 5.970 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.362 BRA : 725,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 600,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 380,000 DEN : 160,000 SWI : 190,000 MEX : 475,000 ARG : 522,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 335,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock Total available certified units : 45.7 million US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 4.1 million UK : 8.935 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 500,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 105,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae Total available certified units : 40.9 million US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 8.740 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 NLD : 420,000 ITA : 275,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 120,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 BEL : 225,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 39.4 million US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.775 million UK : 8.560 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 BRA : 140,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 228,000 BEL : 115,000 75 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock Total available certified units : 36.5 million US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 28 million US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 NLD : 200,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- 2018 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B Total available certified units : 24.9 million US : 23.5 million UK : 1.040 million FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States List of best selling digital artists in the United States IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year Notes ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : Germany : 1975 United Kingdom : 1973 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Brazil : 1990 Netherlands : 1978 Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Spain : 1979 Sweden : 1987 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Switzerland : 1989 Mexico : 1999 Argentina : 1980 Belgium : 1995 Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan Germany United Kingdom France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Brazil Netherlands Italy Spain Sweden Denmark Switzerland Mexico Argentina Belgium Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) Jump up ^ Below you can get an understanding as to when certifications for songs are added to the total certified sales of the listed artists . One lead artist and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both , the lead artist and the featured artist as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists. ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as well as the featured artist . Both lead artists will play a significant part in a song and the part of the featured artist also should be significant enough ) . One lead artist and two featured artists . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of the lead artist and to the total of both featured artists as almost all should have equal amount of part ) . References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 4 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : ABB . 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf ( Page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PMB : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NVPI : Goud / Platina '' . NVPI . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siggins , Gerard ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yeah , yeah , yeah ! Rare footage of The Beatles ' Dublin performance '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 42 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany VFW Post 584 to host night with Elvis Sunday '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Emma ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` In pictures : When Elvis Presley landed at Prestwick airport '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . May 9 , 2004 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US network ABC accused of exploitation over Michael Jackson show '' . The Straits Times . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Peter ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Candice ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna announces first tour to Australia in over two decades , first ever concert in New Zealand '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Barney ; Boyle , Danny ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John ' overwhelmed ' by fans ' kindness after contracting ' potentially deadly ' infection '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sir Elton John wins first Brits Icon award '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Archuleta , Jon ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Elton John adds more Las Vegas shows in 2016 '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jury finds Led Zeppelin did n't steal ' Stairway to Heaven ' riff '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd 's Waters Angry At Music Streaming '' . Sky News . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Times of Malta . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seales , Rebecca ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Cyntoia Brown : Rihanna and Kim Kardashian back jailed teen '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Greg ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Defiant Ones ' - partners who put the word out about hip - hop revolution '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allan , Eamon ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's glaring homophobia '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Isaza , Marcella ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey Confirms New Beau ; Talks New Single , Tour '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queen + Adam Lambert to perform in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conor , Gaffey ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Celine Dion Salutes Her Gabonese Imitator '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Two Whitney Houston documentaries are in production , but only one has the estate 's blessing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . ABC News of Australia . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's grave marked with famous lyrics '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC : Rock 's ' kick in the guts ' '' . BBC News . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC fans salute musical celebration of Bon Scott 's wild life and times '' . The Scotsman . July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` HBO documentary will celebrate 50 years of the Rolling Stones '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 51 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abba dig out archive track for The Visitors re-release '' . BBC News . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2018 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor - made ' 80s sounds '' . New Straits Times . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks sells 51,000 tickets for Edmonton shows '' . CBC News . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey , ' the one who started it all ' with the Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Billy Joel will be back at Fenway in August '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Aerosmith says new album brings `` a little of 1975 back '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition traces of the life of an American icon : Frank Sinatra '' . Euronews . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helen Brown , Helen ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Barbra Streisand , O2 Arena , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber 's Step to Stardom '' . Calgary Herald . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adefope , Lolly ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Edinburgh shows we want to see : BoJo the clown and humble Kanye West '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanValkenburgh , Nicky ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Preview : Rio 2 ' flies high '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Ed Sheeran ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Maya ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Former rough sleeper Ed Sheeran to install ' anti-homeless ' railings outside home '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Brian ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Springsteen has high hopes for radical marketing wheeze '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica sets 2019 North Little Rock stop on latest tour '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . ISBN 9780857125958 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ISBN 9780875862071 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan , Lady Gaga , Kendrick Lamar and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis to Perform at 2013 AMAs '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg Kot ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's best conversation is with her band at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Wayne gets $10 million for Miami Beach home with skate park and shark lagoon '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Z reclaims the hip - hop throne : V Festival , Hylands Park , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culross , Mikey Hirano ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meeting of the Masters '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bon Jovi Leads 2018 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Inductees : ' It 's About Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodall , Bernie ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce 's father confirms the birth of her twins in Twitter message '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Coldplay tribute act set to present a field full of stars at Harpenden fundraiser '' . Herts Advertiser of St Albans . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears to perform at MTV Video Music Awards for first time in 10 years '' . BBC News . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sir Rod Stewart : ' I was conceived in an Anderson bomb shelter during the Second World War ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Clinton repays a favor to Fleetwood Mac at MusiCares ceremony '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 28 - 2006 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses at AD Grand Prix '' . Khaleej Times . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2002 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen Ly , Mimi ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Backstreet Boys Release New Song , Video '' . Epoch Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` George Strait debuts new single ahead of forthcoming album '' . United Press International . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1996 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to stop touring after Parkinson 's diagnosis '' . Sky News . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Echoes of Woodstock : Santana one of the few big names still on the road '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Mark ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Purple reigns at London exhibition charting Prince 's career '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Dave ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Rogers prepares to hang up his microphone '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Simon & Garfunkel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Andy ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` The singer with Art '' . The Shuttle . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doerfler , Andrew ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson finally plans to make up postponed Bethlehem concert '' . The Express - Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , CTVNews.ca ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Julio Iglesias was a ' bad singer ' at start of his career '' . CTV News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Chicago '' . Rolling Stone . April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dire Straits reunion ' not on the horizon ' , says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs '' . The Courier of Dundee . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan makes no mention of Nobel prize at Las Vegas concert '' . The Irish Times . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Kevin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Def Leppard sponsor Rhiwbina rugby under - 10s in Cardiff '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( PDF of Full Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Believe : ' The Cher Show ' to premiere in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` James Taylor , Al Pacino , Mavis Staples selected for Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spera , Keith ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stevie Wonder 's ' Songs in the Key of Life ' tour coming to New Orleans '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Ronstadt receives White House honour '' . BBC News . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Eamon ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 14 of the best sunshine - filled songs that scream Summer '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Beach Boys Al Jardine : ' No , You 're the Greatest ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim , Masters ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Who say UK tour begins ' long goodbye ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ollison , Rashod ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` When the Need for You Was Strong : Barry White Introduces Gloria Scott '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' That do n't impress me much ' : Shania Twain reveals Brad Pitt 's naked body inspired lyrics '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Pink ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newsroom , KLKN ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pink concert at Pinnacle Bank Arena announced '' . KLKN . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Karen Carpenter and the mystery of the missing album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Slay you , slay me ' - when Lionel Richie sang for Muammar Gaddafi '' . Daily Maverick . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Rebecca ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` More Johnny Cash material will be released says son '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Justin Timberlake ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murgue , Hermance ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : depuis le `` nipplegate '' , les mille et unes vies de Justin Timberlake `` . L'Express . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Chris Brown ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reports , Staff ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Brown to play Burgettstown '' . The Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abimboye , Micheal ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stevie Wonder , Mariah Carey , others to perform at BET Awards '' . Premium Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waters , Lowenna ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` 10 of the best R.E.M songs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Courter , Barry ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Flo Rida , Dustin Lynch , Bret Michaels , Wallflowers complete Riverbend lineup '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Bands keep on rocking without key members . But is it still the same ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elise , Abigail ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Freedom ' singer and ex-Wham ! member George Michael died from heart failure , says manager '' . WCVB - TV . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Ray Manzarek discusses new Doors documentary film '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty : Highlights from four decades in rock'n'roll '' . ABC News of Australia . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas will reunite for new album , says will.i.am '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Maroon 5 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Journey , Def Leppard join forces for hit - filled tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Tim McGraw ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franzen , Marty ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Concert Scene : McGraw and Hill bring star power to Hershey '' . The Intelligencer . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R. Kelly ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Ty ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Spotify joins the growing chorus to # MuteRKelly '' . CGTN . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adejobi , Alicia ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` The hidden success of Robbie Williams ahead of Heavy Entertainment Show album release '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac blamed race in Madonna breakup letter '' . BBC News . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Enya says tour would be ' very possible ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama country music star Jeff Cook suffering from Parkinson 's '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana to be elevated to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` An exclusive behind the scenes look at the ' Pretty Woman ' musical , coming to Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christie , Janet ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Sting on bringing his debut musical to Scotland '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Manilow Broadway comeback hit by bronchitis '' . BBC News . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Simmons shows his Family Jewels '' . The Age . December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glimpse of the Divine ' : Chicago Pays Respect to Aretha Franklin '' . WMAQ - TV . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About BPI Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goud En Platina - Singles 1995 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tabela de Níveis de Certificação Pro-Música '' ( Levels for Certifications ( most recent ) ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels for Certifications ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Music industry Companies and organizations Representatives ARIA BVMI BPI Music Canada FIMI IFPI ( worldwide ) PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Music publishers BMG Rights Management EMI Music Publishing Fox Music Imagem MGM Music Music catalog Sony / ATV Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner / Chappell Music Record labels Major : Sony Music Universal Music Group Warner Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Live music CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Genres Avant - garde Blues Contemporary R&B Country Crossover Dance Disco Drum and bass Easy listening Electronica Experimental Folk Funk Gospel Hip hop Instrumental Jazz Latin Metal Motown New Age Operatic pop Pop Punk Reggae Rock Soul Soundtrack World Sectors and roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire ( A&R ) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Composer Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Recording artist Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Singer Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Songwriter Ghostwriter Sound engineer Release formats Album Extended play ( EP ) / Mini album Single Music video Promotional recording Phonograph record Eight - track Compact cassette CD DVD Airplay Music download Streaming media Live shows Concert Concert tour Concert residency Music festival Music competition Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Gaon Music Chart G - Music Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart GfK Entertainment Charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon Charts New Zealand Singles Chart Sino Chart SNEP Singles Chart Sverigetopplistan UK Singles Chart Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang ! 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the smiths - heaven knows i'm miserable now (official music video)

Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now - wikipedia Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now <Th_colspan="2"> `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Smiths <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Hatful of Hollow B - side `` Suffer Little Children '' `` Girl Afraid '' Released 21 May 1984 ( CD single : 28 November 1988 ) Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl , CD Recorded March 1984 ( 1984 - 03 ) Fallout Shelter , Hammersmith , London Genre Alternative rock , indie pop Length 3 : 35 Label Rough Trade Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Marr , Morrissey Producer ( s ) John Porter <Th_colspan="2"> The Smiths singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` What Difference Does It Make ? '' ( 1984 ) `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' ( 1984 ) `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' ( 1984 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` What Difference Does It Make ? '' ( 1984 ) `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' ( 1984 ) `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' ( 1984 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Allmusic `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' is a song by the English rock band the Smiths . Released as a single in May 1984 , it reached No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart . It was later included in the November 1984 compilation album , Hatful of Hollow . It is listed as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Cultural reference 3 Track listing 4 Etchings on vinyl 5 Chart performance 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The music was written by Johnny Marr in an hour in a New York hotel room on 2 January 1984 , on a red Gibson ES - 355 guitar that was bought for him that day by Seymour Stein . After finishing the song he then wrote the music for b - side ' Girl Afraid ' the same evening , and considers the two songs ' a pair ' . The song is notable for marking the beginning of producer Stephen Street 's working relationship with the band . As one of his first roles as `` in - house engineer '' at Island Records ' Fallout Shelter studios , Street engineered the session . He was well aware of the band and excited by the prospect , saying in a HitQuarters interview , `` I 'd seen them just shortly beforehand on Top of the Pops doing ' This Charming Man ' , and like most other people around that time who were into music I was really excited by them . '' Street says his enthusiasm must have rubbed off on Morrissey and Johnny Marr because they would take his name and number . Although not contacted for the subsequent recording `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' , he was asked to engineer their next album , Meat Is Murder , with Morrissey and Marr producing for the first time . The cover features Viv Nicholson , who became famous in 1961 in the UK for winning a large amount of money on the football pools and then rapidly squandering it . The song 's title was inspired by Sandie Shaw 's 1969 single `` Heaven Knows I 'm Missing Him Now '' . The single was the subject of some controversy upon its release due to its B - side , `` Suffer Little Children '' , which is about the Moors murders between 1963 and 1965 . The band 's performance of the song on Channel 4 's Earsay on 31 March 1984 features mixed footage of the band playing in a studio and footage of Morrissey walking around some wasteland in Manchester , with gladiolus flowers in his hands and the back pocket of his trousers . Cultural reference ( edit ) Journalist Andrew Collins borrowed the song 's title for the name of his autobiographical book , Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now : My Difficult Student 80s , published in 2004 . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> 7 '' RT156 No . Title Length 1 . `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Suffer Little Children '' 5 : 27 in original green sleeve <Th_colspan="3"> 12 '' RTT156 / CD RTT156CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Girl Afraid '' 2 : 46 3 . `` Suffer Little Children '' 5 : 27 Etchings on vinyl ( edit ) British 7 `` : SMITHS INDEED / ILL FOREVER British 12 `` : SMITHS PRESUMABLY / FOREVER ILL Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 10 Irish Singles Chart 11 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Stephen Street '' . HitQuarters. 27 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now rating '' . Allmusic . Retrieved on 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats -- The Smiths -- Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Marr plays ' Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now ' for first time in 25 years '' . Jump up ^ `` Song Stories -- The Smiths , ' Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now ' '' . Jump up ^ Collins , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now : My Difficult Student 80s . Ebury Press . ISBN 9780091896911 . Jump up ^ `` irishcharts.ie search results '' . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> hide The Smiths <Td_colspan="2"> Craig Gannon Mike Joyce Johnny Marr Morrissey Andy Rourke Studio albums The Smiths Meat Is Murder The Queen Is Dead Strangeways , Here We Come Extended plays The Peel Sessions Live albums Rank Compilations Hatful of Hollow The World Wo n't Listen Louder Than Bombs Stop Me Best ... I ... Best II Singles The Very Best of The Smiths The Sound of The Smiths The Smiths Singles Box Complete Singles `` Hand in Glove '' `` This Charming Man '' `` What Difference Does It Make ? '' `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' `` How Soon Is Now ? '' `` Shakespeare 's Sister '' `` Barbarism Begins at Home '' `` That Joke Is n't Funny Anymore '' `` The Boy with the Thorn in His Side '' `` Bigmouth Strikes Again '' `` Panic '' `` Ask '' `` Shoplifters of the World Unite '' `` Sheila Take a Bow '' `` Girlfriend in a Coma '' `` I Started Something I Could n't Finish '' `` Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me '' `` Stop Me If You Think You 've Heard This One Before '' `` There Is a Light That Never Goes Out '' `` Sweet and Tender Hooligan '' Other songs `` Still Ill '' `` Suffer Little Children '' `` Please , Please , Please , Let Me Get What I Want '' `` Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others '' Related articles Discography The Smiths Is Dead Songs List of live performances Mexrrissey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heaven_Knows_I%27m_Miserable_Now&oldid=813232568 '' Categories : 1984 singles The Smiths songs Songs written by Morrissey Songs written by Johnny Marr Act ( band ) songs 1980s ballads 1984 songs Rough Trade Records singles Rock ballads Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 EngvarB from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 15 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" - The Smiths single 2. Johnny Marr and Morrissey - songwriters of "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" 3. Background and recording of the song 4. Controversy surrounding the B-side, "Suffer Little Children" 5. Cultural references and impact of the song

what gas is given off by concentrated hydrochloric acid

Hydrogen chloride - wikipedia Hydrogen chloride Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the gas . For the aqueous solution , see hydrochloric acid . Hydrogen chloride <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Names <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC name Hydrogen chloride <Td_colspan="2"> Other names Hydrochloric acid gas Hydrochloric gas Hydrochloride <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers CAS Number 7647 - 01 - 0 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 1098214 ChEBI CHEBI : 17883 ChemSpider 307 ECHA InfoCard 100.028. 723 EC Number 231 - 595 - 7 Gmelin Reference 322 KEGG D02057 MeSH Hydrochloric + acid RTECS number MW4025000 UNII QTT17582CB UN number 1050 <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / HCl / h1H Key : VEXZGXHMUGYJMC - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / HCl / h1H Key : VEXZGXHMUGYJMC - UHFFFAOYAT <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) Cl <Th_colspan="2"> Properties Chemical formula HCl Molar mass 36.46 g / mol Appearance Colorless gas Odor pungent ; sharp and burning Density 1.49 g L Melting point − 114.22 ° C ( − 173.60 ° F ; 158.93 K ) Boiling point − 85.05 ° C ( − 121.09 ° F ; 188.10 K ) Solubility in water 823 g / L ( 0 ° C ) 720 g / L ( 20 ° C ) 561 g / L ( 60 ° C ) Solubility soluble in methanol , ethanol , ether Vapor pressure 4352 kPa ( at 21.1 ° C ) Acidity ( pK ) - 3.0 ; - 5.9 ( ± 0.4 ) Basicity ( pK ) 17.0 Refractive index ( n ) 1.0004456 ( gas ) 1.254 ( liquid ) Viscosity 0.311 cP ( − 100 ° C ) <Th_colspan="2"> Structure Molecular shape linear Dipole moment 1.05 D <Th_colspan="2"> Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 0.7981 JK g Std molar entropy ( S ) 186.902 JK mol Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) -- 92.31 kJ mol Std enthalpy of combustion ( Δ H ) -- 95.31 kJ mol <Th_colspan="2"> Pharmacology ATC code A09AB03 ( WHO ) B05XA13 ( WHO ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hazards Safety data sheet JT Baker MSDS GHS pictograms GHS signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H280 , H314 , H331 GHS precautionary statements P261 , P280 , P305 + 351 + 338 , P310 , P410 + 403 NFPA 704 0 ACID <Td_colspan="2"> Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 238 mg / kg ( rat , oral ) LC ( median concentration ) 3124 ppm ( rat , 1 hr ) 1108 ppm ( mouse , 1 hr ) LC ( lowest published ) 1300 ppm ( human , 30 min ) 4416 ppm ( rabbit , 30 min ) 4416 ppm ( guinea pig , 30 min ) 3000 ppm ( human , 5 min ) <Td_colspan="2"> US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) C 5 ppm ( 7 mg / m ) REL ( Recommended ) C 5 ppm ( 7 mg / m ) IDLH ( Immediate danger ) 50 ppm <Th_colspan="2"> Related compounds Related compounds Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen astatide <Td_colspan="2"> Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . <Td_colspan="2"> N verify ( what is ? ) <Td_colspan="2"> Infobox references The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula H Cl and as such is a hydrogen halide . At room temperature , it is a colorless gas , which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor . Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry . Hydrochloric acid , the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride , is also commonly given the formula HCl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemistry 1.1 Structure and properties 2 Production 2.1 Direct synthesis 2.2 Organic synthesis 2.3 Laboratory methods 3 Applications 4 History 5 Safety 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Chemistry ( edit ) Hydrochloric acid fumes turning pH paper red showing that the fumes are acidic Hydrogen chloride is a diatomic molecule , consisting of a hydrogen atom H and a chlorine atom Cl connected by a polar covalent bond . The chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom , which makes this bond polar . Consequently , the molecule has a large dipole moment with a negative partial charge ( δ − ) at the chlorine atom and a positive partial charge ( δ + ) at the hydrogen atom . In part because of its high polarity , HCl is very soluble in water ( and in other polar solvents ) . It is polar covalent instead of Ionic because the differences in hydrogen and chlorines electronegativity is small enough that a complete ionic bond does n't form . Any electronegativity between . 6 and 1.67 creates a polar covalent bond . Upon contact , H O and HCl combine to form hydronium cations H O and chloride anions Cl through a reversible chemical reaction : HCl + H O → H O + Cl The resulting solution is called hydrochloric acid and is a strong acid . The acid dissociation or ionization constant , K , is large , which means HCl dissociates or ionizes practically completely in water . Even in the absence of water , hydrogen chloride can still act as an acid . For example , hydrogen chloride can dissolve in certain other solvents such as methanol , protonate molecules or ions , and serve as an acid - catalyst for chemical reactions where anhydrous ( water - free ) conditions are desired . HCl + CH OH → CH O H + Cl Because of its acidic nature , hydrogen chloride is a corrosive substance , particularly in the presence of moisture . Structure and properties ( edit ) The structure of solid DCl , as determined by neutron diffraction of DCl powder at 77 K. DCl was used instead of HCl because the deuterium nucleus is easier to detect than the hydrogen nucleus . The `` infinite '' chains of DCl are indicated by the dashed lines . Frozen HCl undergoes phase transition at 98.4 K. X-ray powder diffraction of the frozen material shows that the material changes from an orthorhombic structure to a cubic one during this transition . In both structures the chlorine atoms are in a face - centered array . However , the hydrogen atoms could not be located . Analysis of spectroscopic and dielectric data , and determination of the structure of DCl ( deuterium chloride ) indicates that HCl forms zigzag chains in the solid , as does HF ( see figure on right ) . Solubility of HCl ( g / L ) in common solvents Temperature ( ° C ) 0 20 30 50 Water 823 720 673 596 Methanol 513 470 430 Ethanol 454 410 381 Ether 356 249 195 Infrared ( IR ) absorption spectrum One doublet in the IR spectrum resulting from the isotopic composition of chlorine The infrared spectrum of gaseous hydrogen chloride , shown on the left , consists of a number of sharp absorption lines grouped around 2886 cm ( wavelength ~ 3.47 μm ) . At room temperature , almost all molecules are in the ground vibrational state v = 0 . Including anharmonicity the vibrational energy can be written as . E v i b = h ν e ⋅ ( v + 1 2 ) + h x e ν e ⋅ ( v + 1 2 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ mathrm ( vib ) ) = h \ nu _ ( e ) \ cdot \ left ( v+ ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) + hx_ ( e ) \ nu _ ( e ) \ cdot \ left ( v+ ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) To promote an HCl molecule from the v = 0 to the v = 1 state , we would expect to see an infrared absorption about ν = ν + 2x ν = 2880 cm . However , this absorption corresponding to the Q - branch is not observed due to it being forbidden by symmetry . Instead , two sets of signals ( P - and R - branches ) are seen owing to a simultaneous change in the rotational state of the molecules . Because of quantum mechanical selection rules , only certain rotational transitions are permitted . The states are characterized by the rotational quantum number J = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... selection rules state that ΔJ is only able to take values of ± 1 . E ( J ) r o t = h ⋅ B ⋅ J ( J + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle E ( J ) _ ( \ mathrm ( rot ) ) = h \ cdot B \ cdot J ( J + 1 ) ) The value of the rotational constant B is much smaller than the vibrational one ν , such that a much smaller amount of energy is required to rotate the molecule ; for a typical molecule , this lies within the microwave region . However , the vibrational energy of HCl molecule places its absorptions within the infrared region , allowing a spectrum showing the rovibrational transitions of this molecule to be easily collected using an infrared spectrometer with a gas cell . The latter can even be made of quartz as the HCl absorption lies in a window of transparency for this material . Naturally abundant chlorine consists of two isotopes , Cl and Cl , in a ratio of approximately 3 : 1 . While the spring constants are identical within experimental error , the reduced masses are different causing measurable differences in the rotational energy , thus doublets are observed on close inspection of each absorption line , weighted in the same ratio of 3 : 1 . Production ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most hydrogen chloride produced on an industrial scale is used for hydrochloric acid production . Direct synthesis ( edit ) Play media Flame inside HCl oven In the chlor - alkali industry , brine ( mixture of sodium chloride and water ) solution is electrolyzed producing chlorine ( Cl ) , sodium hydroxide , and hydrogen ( H ) : 2 NaCl + 2 H O → Cl + 2 NaOH + H The pure chlorine gas can be combined with hydrogen to produce hydrogen chloride in the presence of UV light : Cl ( g ) + H ( g ) → 2 HCl ( g ) As the reaction is exothermic , the installation is called an HCl oven or HCl burner . The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is absorbed in deionized water , resulting in chemically pure hydrochloric acid . This reaction can give a very pure product , e.g. for use in the food industry . Organic synthesis ( edit ) The largest production of hydrochloric acid is integrated with the formation of chlorinated and fluorinated organic compounds , e.g. , Teflon , Freon , and other CFCs , as well as chloroacetic acid and PVC . Often this production of hydrochloric acid is integrated with captive use of it on - site . In the chemical reactions , hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbon are replaced by chlorine atoms , whereupon the released hydrogen atom recombines with the spare atom from the chlorine molecule , forming hydrogen chloride . Fluorination is a subsequent chlorine - replacement reaction , producing again hydrogen chloride : R − H + Cl → R − Cl + HCl R − Cl + HF → R − F + HCl The resulting hydrogen chloride gas is either reused directly or absorbed in water , resulting in hydrochloric acid of technical or industrial grade . Laboratory methods ( edit ) Small amounts of HCl gas for laboratory use can be generated in an HCl generator by dehydrating hydrochloric acid with either sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride . Alternatively , HCl can be generated by the reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium chloride : NaCl + H SO → NaHSO + HCl This reaction occurs at room temperature . Provided there is NaCl remaining in the generator and it is heated above 200 ° C , the reaction proceeds further : NaCl + NaHSO → HCl + Na SO For such generators to function , the reagents should be dry . HCl can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of certain reactive chloride compounds such as phosphorus chlorides , thionyl chloride ( SOCl ) , and acyl chlorides . For example , cold water can be gradually dripped onto phosphorus pentachloride ( PCl ) to give HCl : PCl + H O → POCl + 2 HCl High - purity streams of the gas require lecture bottles or cylinders , both of which can be expensive . In comparison , the use of a generator requires only apparatus and materials commonly available in a laboratory . Applications ( edit ) Most hydrogen chloride is used in the production of hydrochloric acid . It is also an important reagent in other industrial chemical transformations , e.g. : Hydrochlorination of rubber Production of vinyl and alkyl chlorides In the semiconductor industry , it is used to both etch semiconductor crystals and to purify silicon via trichlorosilane ( SiHCl ) . It may also be used to treat cotton to delint it , and to separate it from wool . In the laboratory , anhydrous forms of the gas are particularly useful for generating chloride - based Lewis acids , which must be absolutely dry for their Lewis sites to function . It can also be used to dry the corresponding hydrated forms of these materials by passing it over as they are heated ; the materials would otherwise fume HCl gas themselves and decompose . Neither can these hydrates be dried using standard desiccator methods . History ( edit ) Alchemists of the Middle Ages recognized that hydrochloric acid ( then known as spirit of salt or acidum salis ) released vaporous hydrogen chloride , which was called marine acid air . In the 17th century , Johann Rudolf Glauber used salt ( sodium chloride ) and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate , releasing hydrogen chloride gas ( see production , below ) . In 1772 , Carl Wilhelm Scheele also reported this reaction and is sometimes credited with its discovery . Joseph Priestley prepared hydrogen chloride in 1772 , and in 1810 Humphry Davy established that it is composed of hydrogen and chlorine . During the Industrial Revolution , demand for alkaline substances such as soda ash increased , and Nicolas Leblanc developed a new industrial - scale process for producing the soda ash . In the Leblanc process , salt was converted to soda ash , using sulfuric acid , limestone , and coal , giving hydrogen chloride as by - product . Initially , this gas was vented to air , but the Alkali Act of 1863 prohibited such release , so then soda ash producers absorbed the HCl waste gas in water , producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale . Later , the Hargreaves process was developed , which is similar to the Leblanc process except sulfur dioxide , water , and air are used instead of sulfuric acid in a reaction which is exothermic overall . In the early 20th century the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process , which did not produce HCl . However , hydrogen chloride production continued as a step in hydrochloric acid production . Historical uses of hydrogen chloride in the 20th century include hydrochlorinations of alkynes in producing the chlorinated monomers chloroprene and vinyl chloride , which are subsequently polymerized to make polychloroprene ( Neoprene ) and polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) , respectively . In the production of vinyl chloride , acetylene ( C H ) is hydrochlorinated by adding the HCl across the triple bond of the C H molecule , turning the triple into a double bond , yielding vinyl chloride . The `` acetylene process '' , used until the 1960s for making chloroprene , starts out by joining two acetylene molecules , and then adds HCl to the joined intermediate across the triple bond to convert it to chloroprene as shown here : This `` acetylene process '' has been replaced by a process which adds Cl to one of the double bonds in 1 , 3 - butadiene instead , and subsequent elimination produces HCl instead , as well as chloroprene . Safety ( edit ) Hydrogen chloride forms corrosive hydrochloric acid on contact with water found in body tissue . Inhalation of the fumes can cause coughing , choking , inflammation of the nose , throat , and upper respiratory tract , and in severe cases , pulmonary edema , circulatory system failure , and death . Skin contact can cause redness , pain , and severe skin burns . Hydrogen chloride may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage . The gas , being strongly hydrophilic , can be easily scrubbed from the exhaust gases of a reaction by bubbling it through water , producing useful hydrochloric acid as a byproduct . Any equipment handling hydrogen chloride gas must be checked on a routine basis ; particularly valve stems and regulators . The gas requires the use of specialized materials on all wetted parts of the flow path , as it will interact with or corrode numerous materials hydrochloric acid alone will not ; such as stainless and regular polymers . The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have established occupational exposure limits for hydrogen chloride at a ceiling of 5 ppm ( 7 mg / m ) , and compiled extensive information on hydrogen chloride workplace safety concerns . See also ( edit ) Chloride , inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid Gastric acid , hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach to aid digestion of proteins Hydrochloride , organic salts of hydrochloric acid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` hydrogen chloride ( CHEBI : 17883 ) '' . Chemical Entities of Biological Interest ( ChEBI ) . UK : European Bioinformatics Institute . Jump up ^ Haynes , William M. ( 2010 ) . Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 91 ed . ) . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 4 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 1439820773 . Jump up ^ Hydrogen Chloride . Gas Encyclopaedia . Air Liquide Jump up ^ Tipping , E. ( 2002 ) ( 1 ) . Cambridge University Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Trummal , A. ; Lipping , L. ; Kaljurand , I. ; Koppel , I.A. ; Leito , I. `` Acidity of Strong Acids in Water and Dimethyl Sulfoxide '' J. Phys . Chem. A. 2016 , 120 , 3663 - 3669 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. jpca. 6b02253 ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0332 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydrogen chloride '' . Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Ouellette , Robert J. ; Rawn , J. David ( 2015 ) . Principles of Organic Chemistry . Elsevier Science . pp. 6 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 802634 - 2 . Jump up ^ Natta , G. ( 1933 ) . `` Struttura e polimorfismo degli acidi alogenidrici '' . Gazzetta Chimica Italiana ( in Italian ) . 63 : 425 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Sándor , E. ; Farrow , R.F.C. ( 1967 ) . `` Crystal Structure of Solid Hydrogen Chloride and Deuterium Chloride '' . Nature . 213 ( 5072 ) : 171 -- 172 . Bibcode : 1967Natur. 213 ... 171S . doi : 10.1038 / 213171a0 . Jump up ^ Hydrochloric Acid -- Compound Summary . Pubchem Jump up ^ Francisco J. Arnsliz ( 1995 ) . `` A Convenient Way To Generate Hydrogen Chloride in the Freshman Lab '' . J. Chem. Educ. 72 ( 12 ) : 1139 . Bibcode : 1995JChEd ... 72.1139 A . doi : 10.1021 / ed072p1139 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Harold ( 1960 ) . `` The Wilkins Lecture . Sir Humphry Davy , Bt. , P.R.S. 1778 -- 1829 '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 255 ( 1281 ) : 153 -- 180 . Bibcode : 1960RSPSA. 255 ... 153H . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1960.0060 . Jump up ^ CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Jump up ^ `` Hydrogen Chloride '' . CDC - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrogen chloride . International Chemical Safety Card 0163 Thames & Kosmos Chem C2000 Experiment Manual <Th_colspan="2"> Hydrogen compounds <Td_colspan="2"> H AsO H AsO HAt HSO F HBF HBr HBrO HBrO HBrO HBrO HCl HClO HClO HClO HClO HCN HCNO H CrO / H Cr O H CO H CS HF HFΟ HI HIO HIO HIO HIO HMnO H MoO HNC NaHCO HNCO HNO HNO HNO H N O HNO S H NSO H O H O H O H PO H PO H PO H P O H P O H PtCl H Se H SeO H SeO H SiO H SiF HSCN HNSC H SO H SO H SO H S O H S O H S O H S O CF SO H H Te H TeO H TeO H TiO H Po HCo ( CO ) <Th_colspan="2"> Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide Silicon naphthalocyanine Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Chemistry Category : Astrochemistry Category : Molecules Portal : Astrobiology Portal : Astronomy Portal : Chemistry <Th_colspan="2"> Chlorine compounds <Td_colspan="2"> ClF ClF ClF ClNO ClO Cl O ClO ClO F ClO F Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O HCl SiCl <Th_colspan="3"> Binary compounds of hydrogen Alkali metal hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH Lithium hydride , LiH ionic metal hydride Beryllium hydride Left ( gas phase ) : BeH covalent metal hydride Right : ( BeH ) ( solid phase ) polymeric metal hydride Borane and diborane Left : BH ( special conditions ) , covalent metalloid hydride Right : B H ( standard conditions ) , dimeric metalloid hydride Methane , CH covalent nonmetal hydride Ammonia , NH covalent nonmetal hydride Water , H O covalent nonmetal hydride Hydrogen fluoride , HF covalent nonmetal hydride Alkaline earth hydrides Monohydrides BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH Group 13 hydrides Boranes BH Alanes AlH Al H Gallanes GaH Ga H Indiganes InH In H Thallanes TlH Tl H Group 14 hydrides Linear alkanes CH more ... Linear alkenes more ... Linear alkynes more ... Silanes SiH Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H more ... Silenes Si H Silynes Si H Germanes GeH Ge H Ge H Ge H Ge H Stannanes SnH Sn H Plumbanes PbH CH CH CH Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Annulenes Many more Pnictogen hydrides Azanes NH more ... Azenes Phosphanes PH more ... Phosphenes Arsanes AsH As H Stibanes SbH Bismuthanes BiH HN NH radical Hydrogen chalcogenides Polyoxidanes H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O more ... Polysulfanes more ... Selanes H Se H Se Tellanes H Te H Te Polanes PoH HO HO HO H O -- O H S = S ( HS ) S+ -- S -- HS HDO D O T O Hydrogen halides HF HCl HBr HI HAt Transition metal hydrides ScH YH YH TiH ZrH HfH VH VH NbH NbH TaH CrH CrH CrH NiH PdH ( x < 1 ) FeH FeH FeH CuH ZnH CdH HgH Lanthanide hydrides LaH LaH CeH CeH PrH PrH NdH NdH SmH SmH EuH GdH GdH TbH TbH DyH DyH HoH HoH ErH ErH TmH TmH YbH YbH LuH LuH Actinide hydrides AcH ThH Th H PaH UH NpH NpH PuH PuH AmH AmH CmH GND : 4147850 - 2 NDL : 00561990 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_chloride&oldid=814222375 '' Categories : Chlorides Halogen - containing natural products Hazardous air pollutants Hydrogen compounds Industrial gases Nonmetal halides Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Chemicals without a PubChem CID ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed InChI identifier Chembox having GHS data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 15 : 01 . 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regarding anemia due to deficiency of g-6-p dehydrogenase select the one false statement

Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency - wikipedia Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Synonyms Favism <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase Specialty Medical genetics Symptoms Yellowish skin , dark urine , shortness of breath Complications Anemia , newborn jaundice Usual onset Within a few days of a trigger Causes Genetic ( X-linked recessive ) Risk factors Triggered by infections , certain medication , stress , foods such as fava beans Diagnostic method Based on symptoms , blood test , genetic testing Similar conditions Pyruvate kinase deficiency , hereditary spherocytosis , sickle cell anemia Treatment Avoiding triggers , medications for infection , stopping offending medication , blood transfusions Frequency 400 million Deaths 33,000 ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency ( G6PDD ) is an inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to red blood cell breakdown . Most of the time , those who are affected have no symptoms . Following a specific trigger yellowish skin , dark urine , shortness of breath , and feeling tired . Complications can include anemia and newborn jaundice . Some people never have symptoms . It is an X-linked recessive disorder that results in defective glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme . Red blood cell breakdown may be triggered by infections , certain medication , stress , or foods such as fava beans . Depending on the specific mutation the severity of the condition may vary . Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by blood tests and genetic testing . Avoiding triggers is important . Treatment of acute episodes may include medications for infection , stopping the offending medication , or blood transfusions . Jaundice in newborns may be treated with special lights . It is recommended that people be tested for G6PDD before certain medications , such as primaquine , are taken . About 400 million people have the condition globally . It is particularly common in certain parts of Africa , Asia , the Mediterranean , and the Middle East . Males are affected more often than females . In 2015 it is believed to have resulted in 33,000 deaths . Carriers of the G6PDD allele may be partially protected against malaria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Triggers 2.1. 1 Drugs 2.2 Genetics 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Classification 4.2 Differential diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 7 Epidemiology 8 History 9 Society and culture 10 References 11 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are asymptomatic . Symptomatic patients are almost exclusively male , due to the X-linked pattern of inheritance , but female carriers can be clinically affected due to unfavorable lyonization , where random inactivation of an X-chromosome in certain cells creates a population of G6PD - deficient red blood cells coexisting with unaffected red blood cells . A female with one affected X chromosome will show the deficiency in approximately half of her red blood cells . However , in rare cases , including double X-deficiency , the ratio can be much more than half , making the individual almost as sensitive as males . Red blood cell breakdown ( also known as hemolysis ) in G6PD deficiency can manifest in a number of ways , including the following : Prolonged neonatal jaundice , possibly leading to kernicterus ( arguably the most serious complication of G6PD deficiency ) Hemolytic crises in response to : Illness ( especially infections ) Certain drugs ( see below ) Certain foods , most notably broad beans from which the word favism derives Certain chemicals Diabetic ketoacidosis Very severe crises can cause acute kidney failure Favism may be formally defined as a hemolytic response to the consumption of fava beans , also known as broad beans . Important to note is that all individuals with favism show G6PD deficiency , but not all individuals with G6PD deficiency show favism . The condition is known to be more prevalent in infants and children , and G6PD genetic variant can influence chemical sensitivity . Other than this , the specifics of the chemical relationship between favism and G6PD are not well understood . Cause ( edit ) Triggers ( edit ) Carriers of the underlying mutation do not show any symptoms unless their red blood cells are exposed to certain triggers , which can be of three main types : Foods ( fava beans is the hallmark trigger for G6PD mutation carriers ) , Medicines and other chemicals such as those derived from quinine ( see below ) , or Stress from a bacterial or viral infection . In order to avoid the hemolytic anemia , G6PD carriers have to avoid a large number of drugs and foods . List of such `` triggers '' can be obtained from medical providers . Drugs ( edit ) Many substances are potentially harmful to people with G6PD deficiency . Variation in response to these substances makes individual predictions difficult . Antimalarial drugs that can cause acute hemolysis in people with G6PD deficiency include primaquine , pamaquine , and chloroquine . There is evidence that other antimalarials may also exacerbate G6PD deficiency , but only at higher doses . Sulfonamides ( such as sulfanilamide , sulfamethoxazole , and mafenide ) , thiazolesulfone , methylene blue , and naphthalene should also be avoided by people with G6PD deficiency as they antagonize folate synthesis , as should certain analgesics ( such as phenazopyridine and acetanilide ) and a few non-sulfa antibiotics ( nalidixic acid , nitrofurantoin , isoniazid , dapsone , and furazolidone ) . Henna has been known to cause hemolytic crisis in G6PD - deficient infants . Rasburicase is also contraindicated in G6PD deficiency . High dose intravenous vitamin C has also been known to cause haemolysis in G6PD deficiency carriers , thus G6PD deficiency testing is routine before infusion of doses of 25g or more . Genetics ( edit ) Two variants ( G6PD A − and G6PD Mediterranean ) are the most common in human populations . G6PD A − has an occurrence of 10 % of Africans and African - Americans while G6PD Mediterranean is prevalent in the Middle East . The known distribution of the mutated allele is largely limited to people of Mediterranean origins ( Spaniards , Italians , Greeks , Armenians , Sephardi Jews and other Semitic peoples ) . Both variants are believed to stem from a strongly protective effect against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria . It is particularly frequent in the Kurdish Jewish population , wherein approximately 1 in 2 males have the condition and the same rate of females are carriers . It is also common in African American , Saudi Arabian , Sardinian males , some African populations , and Asian groups . All mutations that cause G6PD deficiency are found on the long arm of the X chromosome , on band Xq28 . The G6PD gene spans some 18.5 kilobases . The following variants and mutations are well - known and described : <Th_colspan="10"> Descriptive mutations <Th_colspan="4"> Mutation <Th_colspan="3"> Gene <Th_colspan="3"> Protein Designation Short name Isoform G6PD - Protein OMIM - Code Type Subtype Position Position Structure change Function change G6PD - A ( + ) Gd - A ( + ) G6PD A + 305900.0001 Polymorphism nucleotide A → G 376 ( Exon 5 ) 126 Asparagine → Aspartic acid ( ASN126ASP ) No enzyme defect ( variant ) G6PD - A ( - ) Gd - A ( - ) G6PD A + 305900.0002 Substitution nucleotide G → A 376 ( Exon 5 ) and 202 68 and 126 Valine → Methionine ( VAL68MET ) Asparagine → Aspartic acid ( ASN126ASP ) G6PD - Mediterranean Gd - Med G6PD B + 305900.0006 Substitution nucleotide C → T 563 ( Exon 6 ) 188 Serine → Phenylalanine ( SER188PHE ) Class II G6PD - Canton Gd - Canton G6PD B + 305900.0021 Substitution nucleotide G → T 1376 459 Arginine → Leucine ( ARG459LEU ) Class II G6PD - Chatham Gd - Chatham G6PD + 305900.0003 Substitution nucleotide G → A 1003 335 Alanine → Threonine ( ALA335THR ) Class II G6PD - Cosenza Gd - Cosenza G6PD B + 305900.0059 Substitution nucleotide G → C 1376 459 Arginine → Proline ( ARG459PRO ) G6PD - activity < 10 % , thus high portion of patients . G6PD - Mahidol Gd - Mahidol G6PD + 305900.0005 Substitution nucleotide G → A 487 ( Exon 6 ) 163 Glycine → Serine ( GLY163SER ) Class III G6PD - Orissa Gd - Orissa G6PD + 305900.0047 Substitution nucleotide C → G 131 44 Alanine → Glycine ( ALA44GLY ) NADP - binding place affected . Higher stability than other variants . G6PD - Asahi Gd - Asahi G6PD A - + 305900.0054 Substitution nucleotide ( several ) A → G ± G → A 376 ( Exon 5 ) 202 126 68 Asparagine → Aspartic acid ( ASN126ASP ) Valine → Methionine ( VAL68MET ) Class III . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PD ) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway ( see image , also known as the HMP shunt pathway ) . G6PD converts glucose - 6 - phosphate into 6 - phosphoglucono - δ - lactone and is the rate - limiting enzyme of this metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the reduced form of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) . The NADPH in turn maintains the supply of reduced glutathione in the cells that is used to mop up free radicals that cause oxidative damage . The G6PD / NADPH pathway is the only source of reduced glutathione in red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) . The role of red cells as oxygen carriers puts them at substantial risk of damage from oxidizing free radicals except for the protective effect of G6PD / NADPH / glutathione . People with G6PD deficiency are therefore at risk of hemolytic anemia in states of oxidative stress . Oxidative stress can result from infection and from chemical exposure to medication and certain foods . Broad beans , e.g. , fava beans , contain high levels of vicine , divicine , convicine and isouramil , all of which create oxidants . When all remaining reduced glutathione is consumed , enzymes and other proteins ( including hemoglobin ) are subsequently damaged by the oxidants , leading to cross-bonding and protein deposition in the red cell membranes . Damaged red cells are phagocytosed and sequestered ( taken out of circulation ) in the spleen . The hemoglobin is metabolized to bilirubin ( causing jaundice at high concentrations ) . The red cells rarely disintegrate in the circulation , so hemoglobin is rarely excreted directly by the kidney , but this can occur in severe cases , causing acute renal failure . Deficiency of G6PD in the alternative pathway causes the buildup of glucose and thus there is an increase of advanced glycation endproducts ( AGE ) . The deficiency also reduces the amount of NADPH , which is required for the formation of nitric oxide ( NO ) . The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension in Afro - Caribbeans in the West could be directly related to the incidence of G6PD deficiency in those populations . Although female carriers can have a mild form of G6PD deficiency ( dependent on the degree of inactivation of the unaffected X chromosome -- see lyonization ) , homozygous females have been described ; in these females there is co-incidence of a rare immune disorder termed chronic granulomatous disease ( CGD ) . Diagnosis ( edit ) The diagnosis is generally suspected when patients from certain ethnic groups ( see epidemiology ) develop anemia , jaundice and symptoms of hemolysis after challenges from any of the above causes , especially when there is a positive family history . Generally , tests will include : Complete blood count and reticulocyte count ; in active G6PD deficiency , Heinz bodies can be seen in red blood cells on a blood film ; Liver enzymes ( to exclude other causes of jaundice ) ; Lactate dehydrogenase ( elevated in hemolysis and a marker of hemolytic severity ) Haptoglobin ( decreased in hemolysis ) ; A `` direct antiglobulin test '' ( Coombs ' test ) -- this should be negative , as hemolysis in G6PD is not immune - mediated ; When there are sufficient grounds to suspect G6PD , a direct test for G6PD is the `` Beutler fluorescent spot test '' , which has largely replaced an older test ( the Motulsky dye - decolouration test ) . Other possibilities are direct DNA testing and / or sequencing of the G6PD gene . The Beutler fluorescent spot test is a rapid and inexpensive test that visually identifies NADPH produced by G6PD under ultraviolet light . When the blood spot does not fluoresce , the test is positive ; it can be falsely negative in patients who are actively hemolysing . It can therefore only be done 2 -- 3 weeks after a hemolytic episode . When a macrophage in the spleen identifies a RBC with a Heinz body , it removes the precipitate and a small piece of the membrane , leading to characteristic `` bite cells '' . However , if a large number of Heinz bodies are produced , as in the case of G6PD deficiency , some Heinz bodies will nonetheless be visible when viewing RBCs that have been stained with crystal violet . This easy and inexpensive test can lead to an initial presumption of G6PD deficiency , which can be confirmed with the other tests . Classification ( edit ) The World Health Organization classifies G6PD genetic variants into five classes , the first three of which are deficiency states . Class I : Severe deficiency ( < 10 % activity ) with chronic ( nonspherocytic ) hemolytic anemia Class II : Severe deficiency ( < 10 % activity ) , with intermittent hemolysis Class III : Moderate deficiency ( 10 - 60 % activity ) , hemolysis with stressors only Class IV : Non-deficient variant , no clinical sequelae Class V : Increased enzyme activity , no clinical sequelae Differential diagnosis ( edit ) 6 - phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ( 6PGD ) deficiency has similar symptoms and is often mistaken for G6PD deficiency , as the affected enzyme is within the same pathway , however these diseases are not linked and can be found within the same person . Treatment ( edit ) The most important measure is prevention -- avoidance of the drugs and foods that cause hemolysis . Vaccination against some common pathogens ( e.g. hepatitis A and hepatitis B) may prevent infection - induced attacks . In the acute phase of hemolysis , blood transfusions might be necessary , or even dialysis in acute kidney failure . Blood transfusion is an important symptomatic measure , as the transfused red cells are generally not G6PD deficient and will live a normal lifespan in the recipient 's circulation . Those affected should avoid drugs such as aspirin . Some patients may benefit from removal of the spleen ( splenectomy ) , as this is an important site of red cell destruction . Folic acid should be used in any disorder featuring a high red cell turnover . Although vitamin E and selenium have antioxidant properties , their use does not decrease the severity of G6PD deficiency . Prognosis ( edit ) G6PD - deficient individuals do not appear to acquire any illnesses more frequently than other people , and may have less risk than other people for acquiring ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease . Epidemiology ( edit ) G6PD deficiency is the second most common human enzyme defect after ALDH2 deficiency , being present in more than 400 million people worldwide . G6PD deficiency resulted in 4,100 deaths in 2013 and 3,400 deaths in 1990 . African , Middle Eastern and South Asian people are affected the most , including those who have these ancestries . A side effect of this disease is that it confers protection against malaria , in particular the form of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum , the most deadly form of malaria . A similar relationship exists between malaria and sickle - cell disease . One theory to explain this is that cells infected with the Plasmodium parasite are cleared more rapidly by the spleen . This phenomenon might give G6PD deficiency carriers an evolutionary advantage by increasing their fitness in malarial endemic environments . In vitro studies have shown that the Plasmodium falciparum is very sensitive to oxidative damage . This is the basis for another theory , that is that the genetic defect confers resistance due to the fact that the G6PD - deficient host has a higher level of oxidative agents that , while generally tolerable by the host , are deadly to the parasite . History ( edit ) The modern understanding of the condition began with the analysis of patients who exhibited sensitivity to primaquine . The discovery of G6PD deficiency relied heavily upon the testing of prisoner volunteers at Illinois State Penitentiary , a type of study which today is considered unethical and can not be performed . When some prisoners were given the drug primaquine , some developed hemolytic anemia but others did not . After studying the mechanism through Cr testing , it was conclusively shown that the hemolytic effect of primaquine was due to an intrinsic defect of erythrocytes . Society and culture ( edit ) In both legend and mythology , Favism has been known since antiquity . The priests of various Greco - Roman era cults were forbidden to eat or even mention beans , and Pythagoras had a strict rule that to join the society of the Pythagoreans one had to swear off beans . This ban was supposedly because beans resembled male genitalia , but it is possible that this was because of a belief that beans and humans were created from the same material . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Genetics Home Reference. 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glucose - 6 - Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency '' . NORD ( National Organization for Rare Disorders ) . 2017 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center ( GARD ) . 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators. ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national life expectancy , all - cause mortality , and cause - specific mortality for 249 causes of death , 1980 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 '' . Lancet ( London , England ) . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1459 -- 1544 . PMID 27733281 . Jump up ^ Luzzatto , L. `` GLUCOSE - 6 - PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY . '' Advanced Medicine - Twelve : Proceedings of a Conference Held at the Royal College of Physicians of London , 11 -- 14 February 1985 . Vol. 21 . Churchill Livingstone , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Glucose - 6 - Phosphate Dehydogenase Deficiency ( G6PD ) on The Jewish Genetic Disease Consortium ( JGDC ) website ( 1 ). Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Frank JE ( October 2005 ) . `` Diagnosis and management of G6PD deficiency '' . Am Fam Physician. 72 ( 7 ) : 1277 -- 82 . PMID 16225031 . ^ Jump up to : Warrell , David A. ; Timothy M. Cox ; John D. Firth ; Edward J. Benz ( 2005 ) . Oxford Textbook of Medicine , Volume Three . Oxford University Press . pp. 720 -- 725 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 857013 - 9 . Jump up ^ A comprehensive list of drugs and chemicals that are potentially harmful in G6PD deficiency can be found in Beutler E ( December 1994 ) . `` G6PD deficiency '' . Blood . 84 ( 11 ) : 3613 -- 36 . PMID 7949118 ... Jump up ^ Raupp P , Hassan JA , Varughese M , Kristiansson B ( 2001 ) . `` Henna causes life threatening haemolysis in glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Arch . Dis . Child . 85 ( 5 ) : 411 -- 2 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 85.5. 411 . PMC 1718961 . PMID 11668106 . Jump up ^ Rees , DC ; Kelsey , H ; Richards , JD ( 27 March 1993 ) . `` Acute haemolysis induced by high dose ascorbic acid in glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 306 ( 6881 ) : 841 -- 2 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 306.6881. 841 . PMC 1677333 . PMID 8490379 . Jump up ^ Mehta , JB ; Singhal , SB ; Mehta , BC ( 13 October 1990 ) . `` Ascorbic - acid - induced haemolysis in G - 6 - PD deficiency '' . Lancet . 336 ( 8720 ) : 944 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 90 ) 92317 - b . PMID 1976956 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202897/favism Jump up ^ Kumar , Vinay ; Abbas , Abul K. ; Fausto , Nelson ; Aster , Jon ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) . Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease , Professional Edition : Expert Consult - Online ( Robbins Pathology ) ( Kindle Locations 33351 - 33354 ) . Elsevier Health . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Chevion , Mordechai ; Navok , Tikva ; Glaser , Gad ; Mager , Jacob ( 1982 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The Chemistry of Favism - Inducing Compounds '' . European Journal of Biochemistry . 127 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 409 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1982. tb06886. x . ISSN 1432 - 1033 . Jump up ^ Gaskin RS , Estwick D , Peddi R ( 2001 ) . `` G6PD deficiency : its role in the high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus '' . Ethnicity & disease . 11 ( 4 ) : 749 -- 54 . PMID 11763298 . Jump up ^ WHO Working Group ( 1989 ) . `` Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Bulletin of the World Health Organization . 67 ( 6 ) : 601 -- 11 . PMC 2491315 . PMID 2633878 . Jump up ^ Monga A , Makkar RP , Arora A , Mukhopadhyay S , Gupta AK ( July 2003 ) . `` Case report : Acute hepatitis E infection with coexistent glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Can J Infect Dis. 14 ( 4 ) : 230 -- 1 . PMC 2094938 . PMID 18159462 . Jump up ^ Hamilton JW , Jones FG , McMullin MF ( August 2004 ) . `` Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase Guadalajara -- a case of chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia responding to splenectomy and the role of splenectomy in this disorder '' . Hematology. 9 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 9 . doi : 10.1080 / 10245330410001714211 . PMID 15621740 . Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com > glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency citing : Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine . Copyright 2008 Jump up ^ Cappellini MD , Fiorelli G ( January 2008 ) . `` Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Lancet . 371 ( 9606 ) : 64 -- 74 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 08 ) 60073 - 2 . PMID 18177777 . Jump up ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Global , regional , and national age - sex specific all - cause and cause - specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990 - 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 '' . Lancet . 385 : 117 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . Jump up ^ G - 6 - PD FAQ section Jump up ^ Mehta A , Mason PJ , Vulliamy TJ ( 2000 ) . `` Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency '' . Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology. 13 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 38 . doi : 10.1053 / beha. 1999.0055 . PMID 10916676 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. ; Cox , Michael M. ( 13 February 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Basingstoke , England : Macmillan Higher Education . p. 576 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4641 - 0962 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alving AS , Carson PE , Flanagan CL , Ickes CE ( September 1956 ) . `` Enzymatic deficiency in primaquine - sensitive erythrocytes '' ( PDF ) . Science . 124 ( 3220 ) : 484 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1956Sci ... 124 ... 484C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 124.3220. 484 - a . PMID 13360274 . Jump up ^ Beutler E ( January 2008 ) . `` Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency : a historical perspective '' . Blood . 111 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 24 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2007 - 04 - 077412 . PMID 18156501 . Jump up ^ Simoons , F.J. ( 1996 - 08 - 30 ) . `` 8 '' . Plants of Life , Plants of Death . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 216 . ISBN 0299159043 . Jump up ^ Rendall , Steven ; Riedweg , Christoph ( 2005 ) . Pythagoras : his life , teaching , and influence . Ithaca , N.Y : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4240 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : D55. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 282.2 OMIM : 305900 MeSH : D005955 DiseasesDB : 5037 External resources MedlinePlus : 000528 eMedicine : med / 900 Patient UK : Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency G6PD Deficiency Association Family Practice Notebook / G6PD Deficiency ( Favism ) <Th_colspan="2"> Diseases of red blood cells ( D50 -- 69 , 74 , 280 -- 287 ) ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro - : Iron - deficiency anemia Plummer -- Vinson syndrome Macro - : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary enzymopathy : G6PD glycolysis PK TI HK hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle - cell disease / trait HPFH membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski -- Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired Autoimmune WAHA CAD PCH membrane PNH MAHA TM HUS Drug - induced autoimmune Drug - induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond -- Blackfan anemia Acquired : PRCA Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests MCV Normocytic Microcytic Macrocytic MCHC Normochromic Hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Reticulocytopenia <Th_colspan="2"> Inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism : monosaccharide metabolism disorders ( E73 -- E74 , 271 ) Including glycogen storage diseases ( GSD ) Sucrose , transport ( extracellular ) Disaccharide catabolism Congenital alactasia Sucrose intolerance Monosaccharide transport Glucose - galactose malabsorption Inborn errors of renal tubular transport ( Renal glycosuria ) Fructose malabsorption Hexose → glucose Monosaccharide catabolism Fructose : Essential fructosuria Fructose intolerance Galactose / galactosemia : GALK deficiency GALT deficiency / GALE deficiency Glucose ⇄ glycogen Glycogenesis GSD type 0 ( glycogen synthase deficiency ) GSD type IV ( Andersen 's disease , branching enzyme deficiency ) Adult polyglucosan body disease ( APBD ) Glycogenolysis Extralysosomal : GSD type III ( Cori 's disease , debranching enzyme deficiency ) GSD type VI ( Hers ' disease , liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency ) GSD type V ( McArdle 's disease , myophosphorylase deficiency ) GSD type IX ( phosphorylase kinase deficiency ) Lysosomal ( LSD ) : GSD type II ( Pompe 's disease , glucosidase deficiency ) Glucose ⇄ CAC Glycolysis MODY 2 / HHF3 GSD type VII ( Tarui 's disease , phosphofructokinase deficiency ) Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency Pyruvate kinase deficiency Gluconeogenesis PCD Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency GSD type I ( von Gierke 's disease , glucose 6 - phosphatase deficiency ) Pentose phosphate pathway Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Transaldolase deficiency 6 - phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency Other Hyperoxaluria Primary hyperoxaluria Pentosuria Aldolase A deficiency <Th_colspan="2"> Sex linkage : X-linked disorders <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> X-linked recessive Immune Chronic granulomatous disease ( CYBB ) Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia Hyper - IgM syndrome type 1 IPEX X-linked lymphoproliferative disease Properdin deficiency Hematologic Haemophilia A Haemophilia B X-linked sideroblastic anemia Endocrine Androgen insensitivity syndrome / Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy KAL1 Kallmann syndrome X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita Metabolic Amino acid : Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency Oculocerebrorenal syndrome Dyslipidemia : Adrenoleukodystrophy Carbohydrate metabolism : Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency Danon disease / glycogen storage disease Type IIb Lipid storage disorder : Fabry 's disease Mucopolysaccharidosis : Hunter syndrome Purine -- pyrimidine metabolism : Lesch -- Nyhan syndrome Mineral : Menkes disease / Occipital horn syndrome Nervous system X-linked mental retardation : Coffin -- Lowry syndrome MASA syndrome Alpha - thalassemia mental retardation syndrome Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome Eye disorders : Color blindness ( red and green , but not blue ) Ocular albinism ( 1 ) Norrie disease Choroideremia Other : Charcot -- Marie -- Tooth disease ( CMTX2 - 3 ) Pelizaeus -- Merzbacher disease SMAX2 Skin and related tissue Dyskeratosis congenita Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ( EDA ) X-linked ichthyosis X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy Neuromuscular Becker 's muscular dystrophy / Duchenne Centronuclear myopathy ( MTM1 ) Conradi -- Hünermann syndrome Emery -- Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1 Urologic Alport syndrome Dent 's disease X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Bone / tooth AMELX Amelogenesis imperfecta No primary system Barth syndrome McLeod syndrome Smith -- Fineman -- Myers syndrome Simpson -- Golabi -- Behmel syndrome Mohr -- Tranebjærg syndrome Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> X-linked dominant <Td_colspan="2"> X-linked hypophosphatemia Focal dermal hypoplasia Fragile X syndrome Aicardi syndrome Incontinentia pigmenti Rett syndrome CHILD syndrome Lujan -- Fryns syndrome Orofaciodigital syndrome 1 Craniofrontonasal dysplasia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&oldid=815163628 '' Categories : Hereditary hemolytic anemias Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition ( new ) RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Sardu Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 04 : 19 . 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1. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 2. Symptoms and complications of G6PD deficiency 3. Triggers and causes of G6PD deficiency 4. Diagnosis and treatment of G6PD deficiency 5. Epidemiology and history of G6PD deficiency

where did the cow jump over the moon come from

Hey Diddle Diddle - wikipedia Hey Diddle Diddle For other uses , see Hey Diddle Diddle ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' <Td_colspan="2"> Illustration by William Wallace Denslow <Th_colspan="2"> Nursery rhyme Published c. 1765 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown In this Randolph Caldecott rendition , a dish , spoon , and other utensils are anthropomorphized while a cat in a red jacket holds a fiddle in the manner of a string bass . `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' ( also `` Hi Diddle Diddle '' , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' , or `` The Cow Jumped Over the Moon '' ) is an English nursery rhyme . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19478 . Contents 1 Lyrics and music 2 Origins 3 Meaning 4 Melody 5 In popular culture 6 Notes Lyrics and Music ( edit ) A common modern version of the rhyme is Hey Diddle Diddle , The cat and the fiddle , The cow jumped over the moon . The little dog laughed , To see such sport , And the dish ran away with the spoon . The rhyme is the source of the English expression `` over the moon '' , meaning `` delighted , thrilled , extremely happy '' . Origins ( edit ) The rhyme may date back to at least the sixteenth century . Some references suggest it dates back in some form a thousand or more years : in early medieval illuminated manuscripts a cat playing a fiddle was a popular image . There is a reference in Thomas Preston 's play A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth , conteyning the life of Cambises King of Percia , printed in 1569 that may refer to the rhyme : They be at hand Sir with stick and fiddle ; They can play a new dance called hey - diddle - diddle . Another possible reference is in Alexander Montgomerie 's The Cherry and the Slae from 1597 : But since you think 't an easy thing To mount above the moon , Of your own fiddle take a spring And dance when you have done . The name `` Cat and the Fiddle '' was a common name for inns , including one known to have been at Old Chaunge , London by 1587 . The earliest recorded version of the poem resembling the modern form was printed around 1765 in London in Mother Goose 's Melody with the lyrics : Hey diddle diddle , The Cat and the Fiddle , The Cow jump 'd over the Moon , The little dog laugh 'd to see such Craft , And the Fork ran away with the Spoon . Meaning ( edit ) There are numerous theories about the origin of the rhyme , including : James Orchard Halliwell 's suggestion that it was a corruption of ancient Greek , probably advanced as a result of a deliberate hoax ; that it was connected with Hathor worship ; that it refers to various constellations ( Taurus , Canis Minor , etc . ) ; that it describes the Flight from Egypt ; that it depicts Elizabeth , Lady Katherine Grey , and her relationships with the earls of Hertford and Leicester ; that it deals with anti-clerical feeling over injunctions by Catholic priests for harder work ; that it describes Katherine of Aragon ( Katherine la Fidèle ) ; Catherine , the wife of Peter the Great ; Canton de Fidèle , a supposed governor of Calais and the game of cat ( trap - ball ) . This profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by J.R.R. Tolkien in his fictional explanations of ' The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late ' . Most scholarly commentators consider these to be unproven and state that the verse is probably meant to be simply nonsense . Melody ( edit ) The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs ( 1870 ) . In popular culture ( edit ) There are several variants of the following joke : A pilot returning from a mission could not locate his aircraft carrier and in addition failed to establish secure communication . So he circled around the formation and radioed : `` Rub - a-dub - dub , where is my tub ? '' And received : `` Hey Diddle Diddle ! Right here in the middle ! '' Some memoirs claim it was a real incident . Piggy In The Middle , a song by Beatles pastiche band The Rutles , also include the lyrics ' Hey diddle diddle , the cat and the fiddle ' . The children 's book Goodnight Moon features a bunny saying `` good night '' to everything around , including `` Goodnight cow jumping over the moon '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roud Folksong Index S298441 Sing hey , diddle ' diddle , the cat and the fiddle '' . Vaughan Williams Memorial Library . English Folk Dance and Song Society . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Julia Cresswell , Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins ( 2010 , ISBN 0199547939 ) , page 279 , entry moon Jump up ^ `` Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts '' ( Penguin Random House , 2016 , 1st ed ) , Christopher de Hamel , p323 ^ Jump up to : C.R. Wilson and M. Calore , Music in Shakespeare : a Dictionary ( London : Continuum , 2005 ) , ISBN 0826478468 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ S.H. Gale , Encyclopedia of British Humorists : Geoffrey Chaucer to John Cleese ( London : Taylor & Francis , 1996 ) , p. 1127 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( Courier Dover Publications , 5th edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ The Escort Carriers In Action : The Story , In Pictures , Of The Escort Carrier Force , US Pacific Fleet , 1945 ( public domain archive ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKezWLZqRik Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Diddle_Diddle&oldid=865403354 '' Categories : English nursery rhymes Cats in literature Dogs in literature Cattle in literature Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Hey Diddle Diddle nursery rhyme 2. Origins of Hey Diddle Diddle 3. Meaning of Hey Diddle Diddle 4. Melody of Hey Diddle Diddle 5. Hey Diddle Diddle in popular culture

what is the tentacle monster in lord of the rings

Watcher in the Water - wikipedia Watcher in the Water Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Watcher in the Water <Td_colspan="2"> Tolkien 's legendarium character <Td_colspan="2"> Book illustration by artist John Howe . Race Unknown Book ( s ) The Return of the Shadow The Fellowship of the Ring The Watcher in the Water is a fictional creature in J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth legendarium ; it appears in The Fellowship of the Ring , the first volume of The Lord of the Rings . Lurking in a lake beneath the western walls of the dwarf - realm Moria , it is said to have appeared after the damming of the river Sirannon , and was first recorded by Balin 's dwarf company 30 or so years before the beginning of Fellowship of the Ring . The origins of the creature are not described in Tolkien 's works , but writers have compared it to squids , the legendary kraken , and even to Tolkien 's dragons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 1.1 Name 2 Concept and creation 3 Portrayal in adaptations 4 See also 5 References Literature ( edit ) In The Lord of the Rings , while the Fellowship of the Ring journey to Mount Doom to complete its quest of destroying the One Ring made by the Dark Lord Sauron , Gandalf is forced to decide which path to take : over the mountain of Caradhras through the Redhorn Gate , or through Moria , to the Dimrill Gate . At Aragorn 's insistence they first try the mountain pass , but the weather proves too severe , and the Fellowship turn back and approach the Doors of Durin , beside which the Watcher lived in a lake . When Boromir disturbs the water , the Watcher seizes Frodo with a long , pale - green , luminous , fingered tentacle , succeeded by twenty more . The Company rescue Frodo and retreat into Moria , and the Watcher seals the Doors shut . As Gandalf commented , `` Something has crept or been driven out of the dark water under the mountains . There are older and fouler things than orcs in the deep places of the world . '' Later , the Fellowship find the Book of Mazarbul , a record of the dwarf Balin 's failed expedition to reclaim Moria , wherein a scribe , later revealed by Tolkien to be Ori , relates : `` We can not get out . We can not get out . They ( the Orcs ) have taken the Bridge and second hall . Frár , Lóni and Náli fell there ... went five days ago ... the pool is up to the wall at Westgate . The Watcher in the Water took Óin . We can not get out . The end comes ... drums , drums in the deep ... they are coming . '' Name ( edit ) The `` Watcher in the Water '' , or ' the Watcher ' for short , is the only name Tolkien gave to this creature in The Lord of the Rings , and in any of his writings . Races of Middle - earth Ainur Valar Maiar Other races Elves Men Hobbits Dwarves Ents Eagles Orcs Trolls Dragons Concept and creation ( edit ) See also : The History of The Lord of the Rings An early version of the Fellowship 's encounter with the Watcher is found in The Return of the Shadow , part of The History of Middle - earth series , wherein the textual development of Tolkien 's Middle - earth - related fantasy is discussed and analyzed by his son and literary executor , Christopher Tolkien . This particular volume focuses upon The Lord of the Rings . The episode is found in the chapter `` The Mines of Moria '' , equivalent to `` A Journey in the Dark '' in The Fellowship of the Ring . Tolkien 's account of the creature at this stage is practically the same as in the final published version , except for the names of other characters . Its emergence , physical appearance , abilities , attack on the Fellowship , and rupture of the Moria Gate are already present in his initial writings . Since Tolkien never explicitly stated what the creature is , others have felt free to speculate on its identity and origins . In A Tolkien Bestiary , David Day calls the Watcher a kraken ; but implies differences between the kraken of Scandinavian folklore and the Watcher in the Water . Tolkien never called the Watcher a kraken nor described the presence of krakens in Middle - earth . In The Complete Tolkien Companion , J.E.A. Tyler postulates the Watcher was a cold - drake : `` ... these dragons rely on their strength and speed alone ( the creature that attacked the Ring - bearer near the Lake of Moria may have been one of these ) . '' Another writer compared it to squids . Essayist Allison Harl speculates that the Watcher may be a kraken created and bred by Morgoth in Utumno and that Watcher in the Water represents itself as a gatekeeper whose goal , in the context of the archetypal journey , is to guard the Doors of Durin keeping the heroes from entering into new territory , psychologically or spiritually . This `` guardian theory '' has also been theorised by other writers such as Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers . Portrayal in adaptations ( edit ) Further information : Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings The Watcher in the Water in Peter Jackson 's The Fellowship of the Ring . The Watcher in the Water appears in both film adaptations of The Lord of the Rings : Ralph Bakshi 's animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) and Peter Jackson 's The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) . Bakshi 's work follows the book faithfully for this sequence , with only the Watcher 's tentacles seen . After Sam frees Frodo from its clutches , Boromir hacks at its tentacles . In Jackson 's adaptation , the Watcher is portrayed as a colossal , octopus - like monster with a gaping mouth and rows of sharp teeth . Here , too , it grabs Frodo with its tentacles as described in the book , and reaches for the rest of the Fellowship following Frodo 's rescue . Peter Jackson revealed in the commentaries that the original idea was to have Bill the Pony dragged under water by the Watcher ; but this was changed . In the DVD commentaries and production diaries , Jackson and his team explain that in their conception , the `` Nameless Things '' which gnaw tunnels beneath Moria ( mentioned in the book by Gandalf ) are more creatures like the Watcher . Originally , they planned to have an even longer version of the flashback in which Gandalf recounts his fight with the Balrog in Moria ; this flashback would reveal that the underground lake at the bottom of the abyss cushioned the fall of Gandalf and the Balrog , who then ( as in the book ) continue to fight . In the process , this would scare away multiple Watchers / Nameless Things . The entire sequence was ultimately cut for time and budgetary constraints , though concept art still exists on the DVD . Moreover , in the concept art gallery feature on the DVD , John Howe and Alan Lee explain that the Watcher was one of the most difficult creatures to design , because it lacked virtually any description . The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game by Games Workshop , based on Jackson 's film , calls the Watcher in the Water the `` Guardian of the Doors of Durin '' . Due to the popularity of the creature several other items depicting the Watcher were released after the film . The Watcher made its first appearance in The Fellowship of the Ring video game and has since appeared in several games . The Watcher is used as a power hero purchased by points in Battle for Middle - earth II , but it makes no formal appearance . The Watcher drops rare First Age weapons in The Lord of the Rings Online : Mines of Moria , requiring a 12 - man raid to beat it . The Watcher in the Water also appears in the logo at the start of the Battle for Middle - earth games franchise in front of the Moria Gate that leads to the Mines of Moria and subsequently the Balrog . It has since appeared in many other different Lord of the Rings games . Three Watchers in the Water act as mini-bosses for the Moria area in Lord of the Rings : The Third Age . The canonical Watcher is fought upon reaching the Doors of Durin ; the other two as bonus bosses encountered on a side - path . Lego The Lord of the Rings features the Watcher as a boss , with its role in the game being identical to its role in the films . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Giant squid Kraken Cthulhu References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` A Journey in the Dark '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 p. 298 - 302 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Bridge of Khazad - dûm '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Pg. 313 - 323 Jump up ^ Foster , Robert ( 2001 ) . The Complete Guide to Middle - earth ( Revised ed . ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 44976 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1988 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Return of the Shadow , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` The Mines of Moria '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 49863 - 5 Jump up ^ Day , David ( 1995 ) . A Tolkien Bestiary . Gramercy . ISBN 0 - 517 - 12077 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Mark ( 2002 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Arda : Watcher in the Water '' . Mark Fisher . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tyler , J.E.A. ( 2002 ) . The Complete Tolkien Companion ( Third Revised ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41165 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Alison Harl ( Spring -- Summer 2007 ) . `` The monstrosity of the gaze : critical problems with a film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings '' . bBNET . bBNET . p. 8 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Joseph & Moyers , Bill ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth DVD '' . Amazon.com ( spoken ) . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ; Scene : `` A Journey in the Dark '' Jump up ^ `` Guardian of the Doors of Durin : Making the Watcher in the Water '' . Games Workshop Limited . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Watcher in the Water ' Medallion No. 8 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Watcher In The Water Statue - The Lord Of The Rings - Polystone Statue ( Item No. 8707R ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ BFME2 Gameplay Jump up ^ Know Your LotRO Lore : The Watcher in the Water Jump up ^ Battle for Middle - earth gameplay , Electronic Arts games <Th_colspan="2"> Moria from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Dwarves of Moria Durin Durin the Deathless The Line of Durins Durin 's folk Balin 's expedition Balin Frár Lóni Náli Óin Flói Ori Nár Other Gimli , son of Glóin Narvi Thrór Thráin II Dáin II Ironfoot Thorin Oakenshield Associations Celebrimbor Tharkûn ( Dwarvish name for Gandalf ) Orcs of Moria Azog Bolg History of creatures Watcher in the Water Durin 's Bane Gollum Goblins Treasures & objects Mithril Durin 's Axe Book of Mazarbul Rivers & streams Sirannon River Kibil - nâla Locations Doors of Durin Chamber of Mazarbul Bridge of Khazad - dûm Dimrill Gate Endless Stair Durin 's Tower Warfare history Nírnaeth Arnoediad War of the Dwarves and Orcs Battle of Five Armies Battle of Nanduhirion Smaug Mountains Nearby mountains Misty Mountains Mount Gundabad Notable peaks Caradhras Fanuidhol Zirakzigil ( Dwarven name ; known in Elvish as Celebdil ) Other Significant Dwarves Dwarven realms of the Second Age Dwarven realms of the Third Age ( Moria once bore names such as Khazad - dûm ; Hadhodrond and Dwarrowdelf ) Further reading The J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. Tolkien 's works <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. Tolkien <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1974 ) The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) The Fall of Gondolin ( 2018 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Tolkien : Maker of Middle - earth Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings <Td_colspan="2"> The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets <Th_colspan="2"> J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium <Td_colspan="2"> Writings Principal works The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King The Silmarillion Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Bilbo 's Last Song Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watcher_in_the_Water&oldid=835955911 '' Categories : Middle - earth animals Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 19 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Watcher in the Water 2. Tolkien's legendarium 3. The Lord of the Rings 4. Moria 5. Middle-earth

who is the veeranayika of quit india movement

Quit India movement - Wikipedia Quit India movement Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Procession in Bangalore during the Quit India Movement <Td_colspan="2"> Part of a series of articles on Indian people Motto : Jai Hind <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of people from India by state <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History <Td_colspan="2"> Indian independence movement Quit India Movement <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Festivals Literature Music Sports <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Languages <Td_colspan="2"> Hindi English ( Indian ) Other regional languages <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Religion <Td_colspan="2"> Hinduism ( Temples ) Islam Christianity Sikhism Jainism ( Temples ) Buddhism in India Zoroastrianism Bahá'í Faith <Td_colspan="2"> The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement , was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All - India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942 , during World War II , demanding an end to British Rule of India . The Cripps Mission had failed , and on 8 August 1942 , Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan . The All - India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called `` An Orderly British Withdrawal '' from India . Even though it was wartime , the British were prepared to act . Almost the entire leadership of the INC was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi 's speech . Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses . The British had the support of the Viceroy 's Council ( which had a majority of Indians ) , of the All India Muslim League , the princely states , the Indian Imperial Police , the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service . Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support Quit India Movement . Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose , who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers . The only outside support came from the Americans , as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands . The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed . The British refused to grant immediate independence , saying it could happen only after the war had ended . Sporadic small - scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens thousands of leaders , keeping them imprisoned until 1945 . In terms of immediate objectives Quit India failed because of heavy - handed suppression , weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear - cut programme of action . However , the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II , and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully . In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued an one Rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement . Contents ( hide ) 1 World War II and Indian involvement 1.1 Cripps ' Mission 1.2 Factors contributing to the movement 's launch 2 Resolution for immediate independence 3 Opposition to the Quit India Movement 3.1 Muslim League 3.2 Hindu Mahasabha 3.3 Communist Party of India 3.4 Princely States 4 No support to the Quit India Movement 4.1 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 5 Local violence 6 Suppression of the movement 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External links World war II and Indian involvement ( edit ) In 1939 , Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor - General of India , Lord Linlithgow , had without consultation with them brought India into the war . The Muslim League supported the war , but Congress was divided . Public lecture at Basavanagudi , Bengaluru with Charles Freer Andrews At the outbreak of war , the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working - committee in September 1939 , conditionally supporting the fight against fascism , but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return . Gandhi had not supported this initiative , as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war ( he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance , used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini , and Hideki Tojo ) . However , at the height of the Battle of Britain , Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort , stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain . However , opinions remained divided . After the onset of the war , only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action . Bose organised the Indian Legion in Germany and reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance , and , soliciting help from the Axis Powers , conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities . Cripps ' mission ( edit ) Stafford Cripps , on the March 1942 , faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops -- especially in Africa -- and among the civilian population in the sub-continent , the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps , the Leader of the House of Commons , in what came to be known as the Cripps mission . The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war , in return for progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature . The talks failed , as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self - government and of definition of the powers to be relinquished , essentially making an offer of limited dominion - status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement . Factors contributing to the movement 's launch ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1939 , with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain , India was announced to be a party to the war for being a constituent component of the British Empire . Following this declaration , the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939 , passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans . At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first . Responding to this declaration , the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven by the motif to strengthen peace in the world . He also stated that after the war , the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935 , in accordance to the desires of the Indians . Gandhi 's reaction to this statement was ; `` the old policy of divide and rule is to continue . The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone . '' According to the instructions issued by High Command , the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately . Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions . The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League , Mohammad Ali Jinnah . He called the day of 22 December 1939 ' The Day of Deliverance ' . Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day , however , it was futile . At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940 , Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland , Pakistan . In the meanwhile , crucial political events took place in England . Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as the Prime Minister and the Conservatives , who assumed power in England , did not have a sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress . In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of worsening war situation , the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians . On 8 August , the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the `` August Offer '' . However , the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League . In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress , Gandhi at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha revealed his plan to launch Individual Civil Disobedience . Once again , the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British . It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British . Vinoba Bhave , a follower of Gandhi , was selected by him to initiate the movement . Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country , with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the Government in its war endeavors . The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis . On 3 December 1941 , the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis . In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program . Subsequently , the movement was withdrawn . The Cripps ' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi 's call for The Quit India Movement . In order to end the deadlock , the British government on 22 March 1942 , sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain 's war efforts . A Draft Declaration of the British Government was presented , which included terms like establishment of Dominion , establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the Provinces to make separate constitutions . These would be , however , granted after the cessation of the Second World War . According to the Congress this Declaration only offered India a promise that was to be fulfilled in the future . Commenting on this Gandhi said ; `` It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank . '' Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India . Resolution for immediate independence ( edit ) The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha ( 14 July 1942 ) passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government . The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands . However , it proved to be controversial within the party . A prominent Congress national leader Chakravarti Rajgopalachari quit the Congress over this decision , and so did some local and regional level organisers . Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call , but backed it and stuck with Gandhi 's leadership until the end . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement , as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan . Allama Mashriqi ( head of the Khaksar Tehrik ) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement . Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee 's resolution . On 28 July 1942 , Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Mahatma Gandhi , C. Rajagopalachari , Jawaharlal Nehru , Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya . He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti ( former Speaker of the Madras Assembly ) . The telegram was published in the press , and it stated : I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 's letter of 8 July . My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature . The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan , and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India . If the British refuse , start total disobedience . The resolution said : The committee , therefore , resolves to sanction for the vindication of India 's inalienable right to freedom and independence , the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale , so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle ... they ( the people ) must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement . Opposition to the Quit India movement ( edit ) Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement . These included the Muslim League , the Hindu Mahasabha , the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , the Communist Party of India and the princely states as below : Muslim League ( edit ) The Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement as it was of the view that if the British left India in its current state , Muslims as a minority would be oppressed by the Hindu majority . Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's opposition to Gandhi 's call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British , and enlisting in the army . The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members . Congress members heeding Gandhi 's call resigned from provincial legislatures , enabling the Muslim League , in alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha , to take control in Sindh , Bengal and Northwest Frontier . Hindu Mahasabha ( edit ) Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time , even went to the extent of writing a letter titled `` Stick to your Posts '' , in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be `` members of municipalities , local bodies , legislatures or those serving in the army ... to stick to their posts '' across the country , and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost . Following the Hindu Mahasabha 's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement , Syama Prasad Mukherjee , leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal , ( which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq ) , wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond , if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India . In this letter , dated July 26 , 1942 he wrote : `` Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress . Anybody , who during the war , plans to stir up mass feeling , resulting internal disturbances or insecurity , must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being '' Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government , along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this : `` The question is how to combat this movement ( Quit India ) in Bengal ? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress , this movement will fail to take root in the province . It should be possible for us , especially responsible Ministers , to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement , already belongs to the representatives of the people . In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency . Indian have to trust the British , not for the sake for Britain , not for any advantage that the British might gain , but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself . You , as Governor , will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister . Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states : `` Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress . He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it , but that according to him could not be done only by persecution ... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation ... '' Communist party of India ( edit ) The Communist Party of India was banned at that time by the British government . In order to get the ban lifted , as well as to assist the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany , it supported the British war effort , despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers . In response the British lifted the ban on the party . Princely states ( edit ) The movement had less support in the princely states , as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition . The Indian nationalists had very little international support . They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence , in principle , and believed the U.S. was an ally . However , after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard , the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort . The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians . No support to the Quit India movement ( edit ) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( edit ) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) kept aloof from the Congress - led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925 . In 1942 , the RSS , under M.S. Golwalkar refused to join in the Quit India Movement . The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that , `` the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law , and in particular , has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942 ''. `` . The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress , `` speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed '' . The RSS head ( sarsanghchalak ) during that time , M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement . Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger , both by the general Indian public , as well as certain members of the organization itself . In Golwalkar 's own words , `` In 1942 also , there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many . At that time too , the routine work of the Sangh continued . Sangh decided not to do anything directly . ' Sangh is the organization of inactive people , their talks have no substance ' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks '' '' The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them , and as such their other political activities could be overlooked. The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India. The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not , in any way , infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law . The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940 , orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable , and the RSS , in turn , had assured the British authorities that `` it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government '' . Local violence ( edit ) According to John F. Riddick , from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942 , the Quit India movement : attacked 550 post offices , 250 railway stations , damaged many rail lines , destroyed 70 police stations , and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings . There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut . The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar . The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order . At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited . The movement had a local impact in some areas . especially at Satara in Maharashtra , Talcher in Odisha , and Midnapore . In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore , the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments , which continued to function , until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944 . A minor uprising took place in Ballia , now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh . People overthrew the district administration , broke open the jail , released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule . It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district . Of special importance in Saurashtra ( in western Gujarat ) was the role of the region 's ' baharvatiya ' tradition ( i.e. going outside the law ) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there . In rural west Bengal , the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants ' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports . There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement . Suppression of the movement ( edit ) Picketing in front of Medical School at Bengaluru One of the important achievements of the movement was to keep the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed . The British , already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India - Burma border , responded by imprisoning Gandhi . All the members of the Party 's Working Committee ( national leadership ) were imprisoned as well . Due to the arrest of major leaders , a young and till then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag ; later the Congress party was banned . These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population . Despite lack of direct leadership , large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country . Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called . Not all demonstrations were peaceful , at some places bombs exploded , government buildings were set on fire , electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed . Play media Video footage of the days during Quit India Movement The British swiftly responded with mass detentions . Over 100,000 arrests were made , mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging . Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army . Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations , distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments . The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India , possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt . The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years . Gandhi 's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi 's health was failing , despite this Gandhi went on a 21 - day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance . Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944 , Gandhi kept up the resistance , demanding the release of the Congress leadership . By early 1944 , India was mostly peaceful again , while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated . A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists , while Jinnah and the Muslim League , as well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage , criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party . See also ( edit ) British Raj Indian Independence Movement Non-Cooperation Movement Indian nationalism Government of Azad Hind Kallara - Pangode Struggle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . Random House Digital . pp. 494 -- 99 . ISBN 9780553804638 . Jump up ^ 1 Rupee Coin of 1992 - Quit India Movement Golden Jubilee , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2bWubXDYWU Jump up ^ Official Website of the Indian National Congress , sub-link to article titled The Second World War and the Congress . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2006 . URL accessed on 20 - Jul - 2006 Jump up ^ Barkawi , Tarak . Culture and Combat in the Colonies . The Indian Army in the Second World War . Journal of Contemporary History . 10000 ( 2 ) . pp. 325 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf Hidden facts behind British India 's freedom : a scholarly look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid - e-Azam 's political conflict , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Jinnah of Pakistan ( 1984 ) pp 209 , 215 Jump up ^ Martin Sieff , Shifting superpowers : the new and emerging relationship between the United States , China , and India ( 2009 ) p 21 Jump up ^ Syed Nesar Ahmad , Origins of Muslim consciousness in India : a world - system perspective ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1991 ) pp 213 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Prabhu Bapu ( 2013 ) . Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India , 1915 -- 1930 : Constructing Nation and History . Routledge . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 67165 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mookherjee , Shyama Prasad . Leaves from a Dairy . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani ( 2000 ) , The RSS and the BJP : A Division of Labour , LeftWord Books , pp. 56 -- , ISBN 978 - 81 - 87496 - 13 - 7 Jump up ^ Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ( 1978 ) . History of Modern Bengal . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . Jump up ^ K. Venugopal Reddy , `` Working Class in ' Quit India ' Movement , '' Indian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 37 # 2 pp275 - 289 Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert , Jinnah of Pakistan ( 1984 ) p 210 Jump up ^ Eric D. Pullin , `` ' Noise and Flutter ' : American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War II , '' Diplomatic History , ( April 2010 ) 34 # 2 pp 275 -- 298 online at Academic Search Premier Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa ( 1 January 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Blackswan . pp. 422 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra , Communalism 2008 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Noorani , RSS and the BJP 2000 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra ( 2008 ) . Communalism in Modern India . Har - Anand . pp. 140 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 241 - 1416 - 2 . Jump up ^ M.S. Golwalkar ( 1974 ) . Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan , Volume 4 . Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana . Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani ( 21 July 2005 ) . Religion , Power and Violence : Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times . SAGE Publications . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3338 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shamsul Islam ( 2006 ) . Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism : A Study of RSS . Media House . pp. 187 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7495 - 236 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra , Communalism 2008 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987 . Jump up ^ Noorani , RSS and the BJP 2000 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar ( 2005 ) . Beyond Nationalist Frames : Relocating Postmodernism , Hindutva , History . Permanent Black . pp. 258 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7824 - 086 - 2 . Jump up ^ Partha Sarathi Gupta ( 1997 ) . Towards Freedom 1943 -- 44 , Part III . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 3058 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0195638684 . Jump up ^ John F. Riddick , The History of British India : A Chronology ( 2006 ) p 115 ^ Jump up to : Chakraborty , Bidyut Local Politics and Indian Nationalism : Midnapur ( 1919 -- 1944 ) ... Manohar. 1997 . Jump up ^ Jaykumar R. Shukla , `` The Quit India Movement on Saurashtra , '' Quarterly Review of Historical Studies , 1981 , 21 # 1 pp 3 -- 8 Jump up ^ Sunil Sen , `` Popular Participation in the Quit India Movement : Midnapur , 1942 -- 44 , '' Indian Historical Review , ( Jan 1985 ) Vol. 12 Issue 1 / 2 , pp 300 -- 316 Jump up ^ D , Fisher D ; Read A ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . WW Norton . p. 330 . Jump up ^ D , Fisher D ; Read A ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . WW Norton . p. 329 . Works cited ( edit ) Chandra , Bipan ( 2008 ) , Communalism in Modern India , Har - Anand , ISBN 8124114161 Noorani , A.G. ( 2000 ) , The RSS and the BJP : A Division of Labour , LeftWord Books , ISBN 978 - 81 - 87496 - 13 - 7 Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , Walter K. ; Damle , Shridhar D. ( 1987 ) . The brotherhood in saffron : the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu revivalism . Westview Press . Akbar , M.J. Nehru : The Making of India ( Viking , 1988 ) , popular biography Buchanan , Andrew N. `` The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India , December 1941 -- September 1942 : A Political and Military Dilemma . '' Global War Studies 8.2 ( 2011 ) : 5 - 31 . Chakrabarty , Bidyut . `` Political Mobilization in the Localities : The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur , '' Modern Asian Studies ( 1992 ) 26 # 4 pp. 791 -- 814 in JSTOR Chakrabarty , Bidyut . `` Defiance and Confrontation : The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur , '' Social Scientist ( 1992 ) Vol. 20 , No. 7 / 8 in JSTOR Chopra , P.N. `` ' Quit India ' Movement of 1942 , '' Journal of Indian History , ( 1971 ) Vol. 49 Issue 145 / 147 , pp 1 -- 56 Clymer , Kenton J. Quest for Freedom : The United States and India 's Independence ( Columbia University Press , 1995 ) online edition Greenough , Paul R. `` Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement , 1942 -- 44 , '' Modern Asian Studies , ( 1983 ) 17 # 3 pp. 353 -- 386 in JSTOR Herman , Arthur ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . Random House Digital . ISBN 9780553804638 . Hutchins , Francis G. India 's Revolution : Gandhi and the Quit India Movement ( 1973 ) Johnson , Robert . `` The Army in India and Responses to Low - Intensity Conflict , 1936 - 1946 . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 89.358 ( 2011 ) : 159 . Krishan , Shri . `` Crowd vigour and social identity : The Quit India Movement in western India . '' Indian Economic & Social History Review 33.4 ( 1996 ) : 459 - 479 . Panigrahi ; D.N. India 's Partition : The Story of Imperialism in Retreat ( Routledge , 2004 ) online edition Pati , Biswamoy . `` The climax of popular protest : The Quit India Movement in Orissa . '' Indian Economic & Social History Review 29.1 ( 1992 ) : 1 - 35 . Patil , V.I. Gandhiji , Nehruji and the Quit India Movement ( 1984 ) Read , Anthony , and David Fisher ; The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence ( W.W. Norton , 1999 ) online edition ; detailed scholarly history Venkataramani , M.S. ; Shrivastava , B.K. Quit India : The American Response to the 1942 Struggle ( 1979 ) Zaidi , A. Moin ( 1973 ) . The way out to freedom : an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants . Orientalia ( India ) . p. 85 . Mansergh , Nicholas , and E.W.R. Lumby , eds . India : The Transfer of Power 1942 - 7 . Vol. II . ' Quit India ' 30 April - 21 September 1942 ( London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1971 ) , 1044pp Muni , S.D. `` The Quit India Movement : A Review Article , '' International Studies , ( Jan 1977 , ) 16 # 1 pp 157 -- 168 , Pran Nath Chopra ; Shri Ram Bakshi ( 1986 ) . Quit India Movement : British secret documents , Vol. 1 . Interprint . p. 17 . ISBN 81 - 85017 - 32 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Rejected ' Quit India ' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. 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when was the first gas powered car made

Car - wikipedia Car Jump to : navigation , search For other types of motorized vehicles , see Motor vehicle . For the 2006 Pixar film , see Cars ( film ) . For other uses , see Car ( disambiguation ) and Automobile ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Car <Td_colspan="2"> Modern cars and trucks driving on an expressway in Ontario . Classification Vehicle Industry Various Application Transportation Fuel source Gasoline , Diesel , Natural gas , Electric , Hydrogen , Solar , Vegetable Oil Powered Yes Self - propelled Yes Wheels 3 -- 4 Axles 1 -- 2 Inventor Karl Benz A car ( or automobile ) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation . Most definitions of car say they run primarily on roads , seat one to eight people , have four tires , and mainly transport people rather than goods . Cars came into global use during the 20th century , and developed economies depend on them . The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car , when German inventor Karl Benz built his Benz Patent - Motorwagen . Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century . One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T , an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company . Cars were rapidly adopted in the US , where they replaced animal - drawn carriages and carts , but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world . Cars have controls for driving , parking , passenger comfort and safety , and controlling a variety of lights . Over the decades , additional features and controls have been added to vehicles , making them progressively more complex . Examples include rear reversing cameras , air conditioning , navigation systems , and in car entertainment . Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an internal combustion engine , fueled by the combustion of fossil fuels . This causes air pollution and is also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming . Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible - fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries . Electric cars , which were invented early in the history of the car , began to become commercially available in 2008 . There are costs and benefits to car use . The costs include acquiring the vehicle , interest payments ( if the car is financed ) , repairs and maintenance , fuel , depreciation , driving time , parking fees , taxes , and insurance . The costs to society include maintaining roads , land use , road congestion , air pollution , public health , health care , and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life . Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury - related deaths worldwide . The benefits include on - demand transportation , mobility , independence , and convenience . The societal benefits include economic benefits , such as job and wealth creation from the automotive industry , transportation provision , societal well - being from leisure and travel opportunities , and revenue generation from the taxes . The ability for people to move flexibly from place to place has far - reaching implications for the nature of societies . It was estimated in 2014 that the number of cars was over 1.25 billion vehicles , up from the 500 million of 1986 . The numbers are increasing rapidly , especially in China , India and other newly industrialized countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Mass production 4 Fuel and propulsion technologies 5 User interface 6 Lighting 7 Weight 8 Seating and body style 9 Safety 10 Costs and benefits 11 Environmental impact 12 Emerging car technologies 12.1 Autonomous car 12.2 Open source development 13 Industry 14 Alternatives 15 Other meanings 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Etymology The word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum ( `` wheeled vehicle '' ) , or the Middle English word carre ( meaning `` two - wheel cart '' , from Old North French ) . In turn , these originated from the Gaulish word karros ( a Gallic chariot ) . It originally referred to any wheeled horse - drawn vehicle , such as a cart , carriage , or wagon . `` Motor car '' is attested from 1895 , and is the usual formal name for cars in British English . `` Autocar '' is a variant that is also attested from 1895 , but that is now considered archaic . It literally means `` self - propelled car '' . The term `` horseless carriage '' was used by some to refer to the first cars at the time that they were being built , and is attested from 1895 . The word `` automobile '' is a classical compound derived from the Ancient Greek word autós ( αὐτός ) , meaning `` self '' , and the Latin word mobilis , meaning `` movable '' . It entered the English language from French , and was first adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain in 1897 . Over time , the word `` automobile '' fell out of favour in Britain , and was replaced by `` motor car '' . `` Automobile '' remains chiefly North American , particularly as a formal or commercial term . An abbreviated form , `` auto '' , was formerly a common way to refer to cars in English , but is now considered old - fashioned . The word is still very common as an adjective in American English , usually in compound formations like `` auto industry '' and `` auto mechanic '' . The abbreviated form is also used in Dutch and German . History Main article : History of the automobile The first working steam - powered vehicle was designed -- and most likely built -- by Ferdinand Verbiest , a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672 . It was a 65 - cm - long scale - model toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger . It is not known if Verbiest 's model was ever built . Cugnot 's 1771 fardier à vapeur , as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers , Paris Nicolas - Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full - scale , self - propelled mechanical vehicle or car in about 1769 ; he created a steam - powered tricycle . He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army , one of which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts . His inventions were , however , handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure . In 1801 , Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive , believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam - powered road vehicle . It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods , and was of little practical use . The development of external combustion engines is detailed as part of the history of the car , but often treated separately from the development of true cars . A variety of steam - powered road vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century , including steam cars , steam buses , phaetons , and steam rollers . Sentiment against them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865 . In 1807 , Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was probably the world 's first internal combustion engine ( which they called a Pyréolophore ) , but they chose to install it in a boat on the river Saone in France . Coincidentally , in 1807 the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed his own ' de Rivaz internal combustion engine ' and used it to develop the world 's first vehicle to be powered by such an engine . The Niépces ' Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder ( dried spores of the Lycopodium plant ) , finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil , whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen . Neither design was very successful , as was the case with others , such as Samuel Brown , Samuel Morey , and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile , who each produced vehicles ( usually adapted carriages or carts ) powered by internal combustion engines . Gustave Trouvé 's tricycle , the first ever electric automobile to be shown in public Karl Benz , the inventor of the modern car In November 1881 , French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated the first working ( three - wheeled ) car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity , Paris . Although several other German engineers ( including Gottlieb Daimler , Wilhelm Maybach , and Siegfried Marcus ) were working on the problem at about the same time , Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern car . The original Benz Patent - Motorwagen , first built in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept In 1879 , Benz was granted a patent for his first engine , which had been designed in 1878 . Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle . His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 in Mannheim , Germany . He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 ( under the auspices of his major company , Benz & Cie. , which was founded in 1883 ) . Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886 , and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893 , when his first four - wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability . They also were powered with four - stroke engines of his own design . Emile Roger of France , already producing Benz engines under license , now added the Benz car to his line of products . Because France was more open to the early cars , initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany . In August 1888 Bertha Benz , the wife of Karl Benz , undertook the first road trip by car , to prove the road - worthiness of her husband 's invention . Bertha Benz , the first long distance driver In 1896 , Benz designed and patented the first internal - combustion flat engine , called boxermotor . During the last years of the nineteenth century , Benz was the largest car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and , because of its size , Benz & Cie. , became a joint - stock company . The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory - made cars in the world , was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau ( later renamed to Tatra ) in 1897 , the Präsident automobil . Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft ( DMG ) in Cannstatt in 1890 , and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler . It was a horse - drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer , which they retrofitted with an engine of their design . By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach , either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann , where they set up shop after disputes with their backers . Benz , Maybach and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other 's early work . They never worked together ; by the time of the merger of the two companies , Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG . Daimler died in 1900 and later that year , Maybach designed an engine named Daimler - Mercedes that was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek . This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country . Two years later , in 1902 , a new model DMG car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine , which generated 35 hp . Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own . Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers . Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War , but the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially . Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and , in 1924 they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest , valid until the year 2000 . Both enterprises standardized design , production , purchasing , and sales and they advertised or marketed their car models jointly , although keeping their respective brands . On 28 June 1926 , Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler - Benz company , baptizing all of its cars Mercedes Benz , as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG cars , the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes - 35 hp , along with the Benz name . Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler - Benz until his death in 1929 , and at times his two sons also participated in the management of the company . Émile Levassor Armand Peugeot In 1890 , Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines , and so laid the foundation of the automotive industry in France . In 1891 , Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a gasoline - powered vehicle when their self - designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 km ( 1,300 miles ) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again . They were attached to the first Paris -- Brest -- Paris bicycle race , but finished 6 days after the winning cyclist , Charles Terront . The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester , New York . Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879 , but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built . After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application , on 5 November 1895 , Selden was granted a United States patent ( U.S. Patent 549,160 ) for a two - stroke car engine , which hindered , more than encouraged , development of cars in the United States . His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others , and overturned in 1911 . In 1893 , the first running , gasoline - powered American car was built and road - tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield , Massachusetts . The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893 , on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield . The Studebaker Automobile Company , subsidiary of a long - established wagon and coach manufacturer , started to build cars in 1897 and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and gasoline vehicles in 1904 . In Britain , there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success , with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860 . Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first gasoline - powered car in the country in 1894 , followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895 , but these were both one - offs . The first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Company , a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896 , after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines . Lawson 's company made its first car in 1897 , and they bore the name Daimler . In 1892 , German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a `` New Rational Combustion Engine '' . In 1897 , he built the first diesel engine . Steam - , electric - , and gasoline - powered vehicles competed for decades , with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s . Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design , only Mazda 's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success . Mass production See also : Automotive industry Ransom E. Olds founded Olds Motor Vehicle Company ( Oldsmobile ) in 1897 Henry Ford founded Ford Motor Company in 1903 1927 Ford Model T Kiichiro Toyoda , president of the Toyota Motor Corporation 1941 -- 1950 Mass production at a Toyota plant in the 1950s Large - scale , production - line manufacturing of affordable cars was started by Ransom Olds in 1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in Lansing , Michigan and based upon stationary assembly line techniques pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills , England , in 1802 . The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821 , at the Springfield Armory in Springfield , Massachusetts . This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford , beginning in 1913 with the world 's first moving assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant . As a result , Ford 's cars came off the line in fifteen - minute intervals , much faster than previous methods , increasing productivity eightfold , while using less manpower ( from 12.5 - man - hours to 1 hour 33 minutes ) . It was so successful , paint became a bottleneck . Only Japan Black would dry fast enough , forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1913 , until fast - drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926 . This is the source of Ford 's apocryphal remark , `` any color as long as it 's black '' . In 1914 , an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months ' pay . Ford 's complex safety procedures -- especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about -- dramatically reduced the rate of injury . The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called `` Fordism , '' and was copied by most major industries . The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of the United States . The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods . In the automotive industry , its success was dominating , and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911 , Ford Denmark 1923 , Ford Germany 1925 ; in 1921 , Citroen was the first native European manufacturer to adopt the production method . Soon , companies had to have assembly lines , or risk going broke ; by 1930 , 250 companies which did not , had disappeared . Development of automotive technology was rapid , due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world 's attention . Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self - starter ( both by Charles Kettering , for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910 -- 1911 ) , independent suspension , and four - wheel brakes . Since the 1920s , nearly all cars have been mass - produced to meet market needs , so marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design . It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company , called the General Motors Companion Make Program , so that buyers could `` move up '' as their fortunes improved . Reflecting the rapid pace of change , makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range . For example , in the 1930s , LaSalles , sold by Cadillac , used cheaper mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile ; in the 1950s , Chevrolet shared hood , doors , roof , and windows with Pontiac ; by the 1990s , corporate powertrains and shared platforms ( with interchangeable brakes , suspension , and other parts ) were common . Even so , only major makers could afford high costs , and even companies with decades of production , such as Apperson , Cole , Dorris , Haynes , or Premier , could not manage : of some two hundred American car makers in existence in 1920 , only 43 survived in 1930 , and with the Great Depression , by 1940 , only 17 of those were left . In Europe , much the same would happen . Morris set up its production line at Cowley in 1924 , and soon outsold Ford , while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford 's practice of vertical integration , buying Hotchkiss ( engines ) , Wrigley ( gearboxes ) , and Osberton ( radiators ) , for instance , as well as competitors , such as Wolseley : in 1925 , Morris had 41 % of total British car production . Most British small - car assemblers , from Abbey to Xtra , had gone under . Citroen did the same in France , coming to cars in 1919 ; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as Renault 's 10CV and Peugeot 's 5CV , they produced 550,000 cars in 1925 , and Mors , Hurtu , and others could not compete . Germany 's first mass - manufactured car , the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch ( Tree Frog ) , came off the line at Russelsheim in 1924 , soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany , with 37.5 % of the market . In Japan , car production was very limited before World War II . Only a handful of companines were producing vehicles in limited numbers , and these were small , three - wheeled for commercial uses , like Daihatsu , or were the result of partnering with European companies , like Isuzu building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922 . Mitsubishi was also partnered with Fiat and built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat vehicle . Toyota , Nissan , Suzuki , Mazda , and Honda began as companies producing non-automotive products before the war , switching to car production during the 1950s . Kiichiro Toyoda 's decision to take Toyoda Loom Works into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become Toyota Motor Corporation , the largest automobile manufacturer in the world . Subaru , meanwhile , was formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries , as a result of having been broken up under keiretsu legislation . Fuel and propulsion technologies The Nissan Leaf is an all - electric car launched in December 2010 See also : Alternative fuel vehicle Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an internal combustion engine , fueled by the deflagration ( rather than detonation ) combustion of hydrocarbon fossil fuels , mostly gasoline ( petrol ) and diesel , as well as some Autogas and CNG . Hydrocarbon fuels cause air pollution and contribute to climate change and global warming . Rapidly increasing oil prices , concerns about oil dependence , tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for cars . Efforts to improve or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles , plug - in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles . Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible - fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries . Cars for racing or speed records have sometimes employed jet or rocket engines , but these are impractical for common use . Oil consumption in the twentieth and twenty - first centuries has been abundantly pushed by car growth ; the 1985 -- 2003 oil glut even fuelled the sales of low - economy vehicles in OECD countries . The BRIC countries are adding to this consumption ; in December 2009 China was briefly the largest car market . User interface See also : Car controls In the Ford Model T the left - side hand lever sets the rear wheel parking brakes and puts the transmission in neutral . The lever to the right controls the throttle . The lever on the left of the steering column is for ignition timing . The left foot pedal changes the two forward gears while the centre pedal controls reverse . The right pedal is the brake . Cars are equipped with controls used for driving , passenger comfort and safety , normally operated by a combination of the use of feet and hands , and occasionally by voice on 2000s - era cars . These controls include a steering wheel , pedals for operating the brakes and controlling the car 's speed ( and , in a manual transmission car , a clutch pedal ) , a shift lever or stick for changing gears , and a number of buttons and dials for turning on lights , ventilation and other functions . Modern cars ' controls are now standardised , such as the location for the accelerator and brake , but this was not always the case . Controls are evolving in response to new technologies , for example the electric car and the integration of mobile communications . Since the car was first invented , its controls have become fewer and simpler through automation . For example , all cars once had a manual controls for the choke valve , clutch , ignition timing , and a crank instead of an electric starter . However new controls have also been added to vehicles , making them more complex . Examples include air conditioning , navigation systems , and in car entertainment . Another trend is the replacement of physical knob and switches for secondary controls with touchscreen controls such as BMW 's iDrive and Ford 's MyFord Touch . Another change is that while early cars ' pedals were physically linked to the brake mechanism and throttle , in the 2010s , cars have increasingly replaced these physical linkages with electronic controls . Lighting Main article : Automotive lighting LED daytime running lights on an Audi A4 Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights . These include headlights , which are used to illuminate the way ahead and make the car visible to other users , so that the vehicle can be used at night ; in some jurisdictions , daytime running lights ; red brake lights to indicate when the brakes are applied ; amber turn signal lights to indicate the turn intentions of the driver ; white - coloured reverse lights to illuminate the area behind the car ( and indicate that the driver will be or is reversing ) ; and on some vehicles , additional lights ( e.g. , side marker lights ) to increase the visibility of the car . Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are usually fitted for the driver and passengers . Some vehicles also have a trunk light and , more rarely , an engine compartment light . Weight The Smart Fortwo car from 1998 - 2002 , weighing 730 kg ( 1,610 lb ) A Chevrolet Suburban extended - length SUV weighs 3,300 kg ( 7,200 lb ) ( gross weight ) In the United States , `` from 1975 to 1980 , average ( car ) weight dropped from 1,842 to 1,464 kg ( 4,060 to 3,228 lb ) , likely in response to rising gasoline prices '' and new fuel efficiency standards . The average new car weighed 1,461 kg ( 3,221 lb ) in 1987 but 1,818 kg ( 4,009 lb ) in 2010 , due to modern steel safety cages , anti-lock brakes , airbags , and `` more - powerful -- if more - efficient -- engines . '' Heavier cars are safer for the driver , from an accident perspective , but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users . The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance , with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased performance . The SmartFortwo , a small city car , weighs 750 -- 795 kg ( 1,655 -- 1,755 lb ) . Heavier cars include full - size cars , SUVs and extended - length SUVs like the Suburban . According to research conducted by Julian Allwood of the University of Cambridge , global energy use could be heavily reduced by using lighter cars , and an average weight of 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) has been said to be well achievable . In some competitions such as the Shell Eco Marathon , average car weights of 45 kg ( 99 lb ) have also been achieved . These cars are only single - seaters ( still falling within the definition of a car , although 4 - seater cars are more common ) , but they nevertheless demonstrate the amount by which car weights could still be reduced , and the subsequent lower fuel use ( i.e. up to a fuel use of 2560 km / l ) . Seating and body style See also : Car body style Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants , often with four or five seats . Cars with five seats typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear . Full - size cars and large sport utility vehicles can often carry six , seven , or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats . On the other hand , sports cars are most often designed with only two seats . The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include , among others , the sedan / saloon , hatchback , station wagon / estate , and minivan . Safety Main articles : Car safety , Traffic accident , Low speed vehicle , and Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions Result of a serious car accident Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury - related deaths worldwide . Mary Ward became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown , Ireland , and Henry Bliss one of the United States ' first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City . There are now standard tests for safety in new cars , such as the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests , and insurance - industry - backed tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) . Worldwide , road traffic is becoming ever safer , in part due to efforts by the government to implement safety features in cars ( e.g. , seat belts , air bags , etc . ) , reduce unsafe driving practices ( e.g. , speeding , drinking and driving and texting and driving ) and make road design more safe by adding features such as speed bumps , which reduce vehicle speed , and roundabouts , which reduce the likelihood of a head - on - collision ( as compared with an intersection ) . Costs and benefits Main articles : Economics of car usage , Car costs , and Effects of the car on societies Road congestion is an issue in many major cities . ( pictured is Chang'an Avenue in Beijing ) The costs of car usage , which may include the cost of : acquiring the vehicle , repairs and auto maintenance , fuel , depreciation , driving time , parking fees , taxes , and insurance , are weighed against the cost of the alternatives , and the value of the benefits -- perceived and real -- of vehicle usage . The benefits may include on - demand transportation , mobility , independence and convenience . During the 1920s , cars had another benefit : `` ( c ) ouples finally had a way to head off on unchaperoned dates , plus they had a private space to snuggle up close at the end of the night . '' Similarly the costs to society of encompassing car use , which may include those of : maintaining roads , land use , air pollution , road congestion , public health , health care , and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life , can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates . The societal benefits may include : economy benefits , such as job and wealth creation , of car production and maintenance , transportation provision , society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities , and revenue generation from the tax opportunities . The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far - reaching implications for the nature of societies . Environmental impact See also : Exhaust gas , Waste tires , Environmental impact of transport , Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy , Noise pollution , and Environmental aspects of the electric car Vehicles in use per country from 2001 to 2007 . It shows the significant growth in BRIC . World map of passenger cars per 1000 people While there are different types of fuel that may power cars , most rely on gasoline or diesel . The United States Environmental Protection Agency states that the average vehicle emits 8,887 grams of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide ( CO ) per gallon of gasoline . The average vehicle running on diesel fuel will emit 10,180 grams of carbon dioxide . Many governments are using fiscal policies ( such as road tax or the US gas guzzler tax ) to influence vehicle purchase decisions , with a low CO figure often resulting in reduced taxation . Fuel taxes may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient , hence less polluting , car designs ( e.g. hybrid vehicles ) and the development of alternative fuels . High fuel taxes may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter , smaller , more fuel - efficient cars , or to not drive . On average , today 's cars are about 75 percent recyclable , and using recycled steel helps reduce energy use and pollution . In the United States Congress , federally mandated fuel efficiency standards have been debated regularly , passenger car standards have not risen above the 27.5 miles per US gallon ( 8.6 L / 100 km ; 33.0 mpg ) standard set in 1985 . Light truck standards have changed more frequently , and were set at 22.2 miles per US gallon ( 10.6 L / 100 km ; 26.7 mpg ) in 2007 . The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive , and many manufacturers now report on the environmental performance of their factories , including energy usage , waste and water consumption . The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to sprawl , therefore encouraging more travel by car resulting in inactivity and obesity , which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases . Transportation ( of all types including trucks , buses and cars ) is a major contributor to air pollution in most industrialised nations . According to the American Surface Transportation Policy Project nearly half of all Americans are breathing unhealthy air . Their study showed air quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has worsened over the last decade . Animals and plants are often negatively impacted by cars via habitat destruction and pollution . Over the lifetime of the average car the `` loss of habitat potential '' may be over 50,000 m ( 540,000 sq ft ) based on primary production correlations . Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars , referred to as roadkill . More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigations in their designs such as green bridges to allow wildlife crossings , and creating wildlife corridors . Growth in the popularity of vehicles and commuting has led to traffic congestion . Brussels was considered Europe 's most congested city in 2011 according to TomTom . Emerging car technologies This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Car propulsion technologies that are under development include gasoline / electric and plug - in hybrids , battery electric vehicles , hydrogen cars , biofuels , and various alternative fuels . Research into future alternative forms of power include the development of fuel cells , Homogeneous charge compression ignition ( HCCI ) , stirling engines , and even using the stored energy of compressed air or liquid nitrogen . New materials which may replace steel car bodies include duralumin , fiberglass , carbon fiber , biocomposites , and carbon nanotubes . Telematics technology is allowing more and more people to share cars , on a pay - as - you - go basis , through car share and carpool schemes . Communication is also evolving due to connected car systems . Autonomous car Main article : Autonomous car A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown at Stanford University is a driverless car Fully autonomous vehicles , also known as driverless cars , already exist in prototype ( such as the Google driverless car ) , and are expected to be commercially available around 2020 . According to urban designer and futurist Michael E. Arth , driverless electric vehicles -- in conjunction with the increased use of virtual reality for work , travel , and pleasure -- could reduce the world 's 800 million vehicles to a fraction of that number within a few decades . This would be possible if almost all private cars requiring drivers , which are not in use and parked 90 % of the time , would be traded for public self - driving taxis that would be in near constant use . This would also allow for getting the appropriate vehicle for the particular need -- a bus could come for a group of people , a limousine could come for a special night out , and a Segway could come for a short trip down the street for one person . Children could be chauffeured in supervised safety , DUIs would no longer exist , and 41,000 lives could be saved each year in the US alone . Open source development Main article : Open source car There have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the principles of open design , an approach to designing in which the plans for the machinery and systems are publicly shared , often without monetary compensation . The projects include OScar , Riversimple ( through 40fires.org ) and c , mm , n . None of the projects have reached significant success in terms of developing a car as a whole both from hardware and software perspective and no mass production ready open - source based design have been introduced as of late 2009 . Some car hacking through on - board diagnostics ( OBD ) has been done so far . Industry Main article : Automotive industry A car being assembled in a factory The automotive industry designs , develops , manufactures , markets , and sells the world 's motor vehicles . In 2008 , more than 70 million motor vehicles , including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide . In 2007 , a total of 71.9 million new cars were sold worldwide : 22.9 million in Europe , 21.4 million in the Asia - Pacific Region , 19.4 million in the USA and Canada , 4.4 million in Latin America , 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa . The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant , while those in South America and other parts of Asia grew strongly . Of the major markets , China , Russia , Brazil and India saw the most rapid growth . About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States . Around the world , there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007 ; they burn over 260 billion US gallons ( 980,000,000 m ) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly . The numbers are increasing rapidly , especially in China and India . In the opinion of some , urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable , consuming excessive energy , affecting the health of populations , and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments . Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars . The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems . In 2008 , with rapidly rising oil prices , industries such as the automotive industry , are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits . The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector , as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage . Roughly half of the US 's fifty - one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years , with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector , on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade . Combined with robust growth in China , in 2009 , this resulted in China becoming the largest car producer and market in the world . China 2009 sales had increased to 13.6 million , a significant increase from one million of domestic car sales in 2000 . Since then however , even in China and other BRIC countries , the automotive production is again falling . Alternatives Main article : Alternatives to car use The Vélib ' in Paris is the largest bikesharing system outside of China Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public transit such as buses , trolleybuses , trains , subways , tramways light rail , cycling , and walking . Car - share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly popular , in the US and Europe . For example , in the US , some car - sharing services have experienced double - digit growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007 . Services like car sharing offering a residents to `` share '' a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighborhoods . Bike - share systems have been tried in some European cities , including Copenhagen and Amsterdam . Similar programs have been experimented with in a number of US Cities . Additional individual modes of transport , such as personal rapid transit could serve as an alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted . Other meanings The term motorcar has formerly also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage . These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems . See also Cars portal Main article : Outline of automobiles Car costs Car classification Carfree city List of countries by automobile production List of countries by vehicles per capita Lists of automobiles Motor vehicle theft Noise pollution Peak car Steering Traffic collision References ^ Jump up to : Stein , Ralph ( 1967 ) . The Automobile Book . Paul Hamlyn . Jump up ^ Fowler , H.W. ; Fowler , F.G. , eds. ( 1976 ) . Pocket Oxford Dictionary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198611134 . ^ Jump up to : `` motor car , n '' . OED Online . Oxford University Press . September 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Climate Change '' . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Flexcar Expands to Philadelphia '' . Green Car Congress . 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` About Bike Share Programs '' . Tech Bikes MIT . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jane Holtz ( 1998 ) . Asphalt Nation : how the automobile took over America , and how we can take it back . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21620 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` atchison_177 '' . Laparks.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 13 . Further reading Halberstam , David ( 1986 ) . The Reckoning . New York : Morrow . ISBN 0 - 688 - 04838 - 2 . Kay , Jane Holtz ( 1997 ) . Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America , and how we can take it back . New York : Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58702 - 5 . Williams , Heathcote ( 1991 ) . Autogeddon . New York : Arcade . ISBN 1 - 55970 - 176 - 5 . Sachs , Wolfgang ( 1992 ) . For love of the automobile : looking back into the history of our desires . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06878 - 5 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile . Wikisource has original text related to this article : California AB 1493 Look up car in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile Forum for the Automobile and Society <Th_colspan="2"> Car design Car classification By size Microcar City car Kei Subcompact Supermini Family car Compact Mid-size Full - size Custom Hot rod Lead sled Lowrider Street rod T - bucket Luxury Compact executive Executive Personal luxury car Minivan / Multi-purpose vehicle ( MPV ) Compact MPV Mini MPV Sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) Compact SUV Crossover SUV Mini SUV Sports car Grand tourer Hot hatch Muscle Pony Sport compact Supercar Antique Classic Economy Leisure activity vehicle Ute Van Voiturette Body styles 2 + 2 Baquet Barchetta Berlinetta Brougham Cabrio coach Cabriolet / Convertible Coupé Coupé de Ville Coupé utility Drophead coupe ( Convertible ) Fastback Hardtop Hatchback Landaulet Liftback Limousine Multi-stop truck Notchback Panel van Phaeton Pickup truck Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster Runabout Saloon / Sedan Sedan delivery Sedanca de Ville ( Coupé de Ville ) Shooting - brake Spider / Spyder ( Roadster ) Station wagon Targa top Torpedo Touring car Town car ( Coupé de Ville ) T - top Vis - à - vis Specialized vehicles Amphibious Driverless ( autonomous ) Hearse Gyrocar Roadable aircraft Taxicab Tow truck Propulsion Alternative fuel Autogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric ( battery NEV ) Ethanol ( E85 ) Fuel cell Gasoline / petrol ( direct injection ) Homogeneous charge compression ignition Hybrid ( plug - in ) Hydrogen Internal combustion Liquid nitrogen Steam Drive wheels Front - wheel Rear - wheel Two - wheel Four - wheel Six - wheel Eight - wheel Twelve - wheel Engine position Front Mid Rear Layout ( engine / drive ) Front / front Front mid / front Rear / front Front / rear Rear mid / rear Rear / rear Front / four - wheel Mid / four - wheel Rear / four - wheel Engine configuration ( internal combustion ) Boxer Flat Four - stroke H - block Reciprocating Single - cylinder Straight Two - stroke V ( Vee ) W engine Wankel <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Category <Th_colspan="2"> Automotive design <Td_colspan="2"> Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Car platform Backbone chassis Beltline Body - on - frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Roof rack Shaker scoop Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Trunk / boot / dickie Hood / bonnet Doors Butterfly doors Gull - wing door Scissor doors Sliding door Suicide door Vehicle canopy Glass Greenhouse Power window Quarter glass Opera window Sunroof Windshield / windscreen Windshield / windscreen wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front - end bra Hood ornament Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Run - flat tire Spare tire Tire / tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory Window deflector Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution Exterior equipment Lighting Daytime running lamp Headlamp sealed beam high - intensity discharge lamp Hidden headlamps Turn signals trafficators Rear position lamps Stop lamps Reversing lamps Safety reflector retroreflector Other elements Vehicle horn Vehicle registration plate vanity plate Windshield / windscreen washer fluid Wing mirror power side - view mirror Legal Motor vehicle theft Vehicle identification number <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Automotive engine <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Category <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Automobile series Automotive engine Diesel engine Electric Fuel cell Hybrid ( Plug - 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the clause that allows the federal government to expand its powers is the

Enumerated powers - Wikipedia Enumerated powers Jump to : navigation , search The Enumerated powers of the United States Congress are listed in Article I , Section 8 of the United States Constitution . In summary , Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it , subject to the individual rights listed in the Bill of Rights . Moreover , the Constitution expresses various other limitations on Congress , such as the one expressed by the Tenth Amendment : `` The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' Historically , Congress and the Supreme Court have broadly interpreted the enumerated powers , especially by deriving many implied powers from them . The enumerated powers listed in Article One include both exclusive federal powers , as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states , and all of those powers are to be contrasted with reserved powers that only the states possess . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of enumerated powers of the federal constitution 2 Political interpretation 3 Necessary and Proper Clause 3.1 McCulloch v. Maryland 4 Recent case law 5 Enumerated Powers Act 5.1 Tea Party support 6 See also 7 References 8 External links List of enumerated powers of the federal Constitution ( edit ) The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow on the credit of the United States ; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States ; To establish Post Offices and Post Roads ; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ; To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . -- Article I , Section 8 of the United States Constitution Several amendments explicitly grant Congress additional powers . For example , the Sixteenth Amendment grants the power to `` lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived . '' Political interpretation ( edit ) There are differences of opinion on whether current interpretation of enumerated powers as exercised by Congress is constitutionally sound . One school of thought is called strict constructionism . Strict constructionists refer to a statement on the enumerated powers by Chief Justice Marshall in the case McCulloch v. Maryland : This government is acknowledged by all , to be one of enumerated powers . The principle , that it can exercise only the powers granted to it , would seem too apparent , to have required to be enforced by all those arguments , which its enlightened friends , while it was depending before the people , found it necessary to urge ; that principle is now universally admitted . Another school of thought is referred to as loose construction . They often refer to different comments by Justice Marshall from the same case : We admit , as all must admit , that the powers of the Government are limited , and that its limits are not to be transcended . But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people . Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the Constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution , are constitutional . Necessary and proper Clause ( edit ) Interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause has been controversial , especially during the early years of the republic . Strict constructionists interpret the clause to mean that Congress may make a law only if the inability to do so would cripple its ability to apply one of its enumerated powers . Loose constructionists , on the other hand , believe it is largely up to Congress and not the courts to determine what means are `` necessary and proper '' to executing one of its enumerated powers . It is often known as the `` elastic clause '' because of the great amount of leeway in interpretation it allows ; depending on the interpretation , it can be `` stretched '' to expand the powers of Congress , or allowed to `` contract '' , limiting Congress . In practical usage , the clause has been paired with the Commerce Clause in particular to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws . McCulloch v. Maryland ( edit ) The defining example of the Necessary and Proper Clause in U.S. history was McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 . The United States Constitution says nothing about establishing a national bank . The U.S. government established a national bank that provided part of the government 's initial capital . In 1819 the federal government opened a national bank in Baltimore , Maryland . In an effort to tax the bank out of business , the government of Maryland imposed a tax on the federal bank . James William McCulloch , a cashier at the bank , refused to pay the tax . Eventually the case was heard before the U.S. Supreme Court . Chief Justice John Marshall held that the power of establishing a national bank could be implied from the U.S. constitution . Marshall ruled that no state could use its taxing power to tax an arm of the national government . Recent case law ( edit ) The case of United States v. Lopez in 1997 held unconstitutional the Gun Free School Zone Act because it exceeded the power of Congress to `` regulate commerce ... among the several states '' . Chief Justice William Rehnquist wrote , `` We start with first principles . The Constitution creates a Federal Government of enumerated powers . '' For the first time in sixty years the Court found that in creating a federal statute , Congress had exceeded the power granted to it by the Commerce Clause . For more details see : The Rehnquist Court and the Commerce Clause In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , the Supreme Court held that the Commerce Clause did not give Congress the authority to require individuals to purchase health insurance . However , since the court ruled that Congress 's taxing authority was sufficient to enact the mandate , some constitutional lawyers have argued that the commerce clause discussion should be treated as judicial dictum . Chief Justice John Roberts , in his majority opinion , stated that : ( T ) he statute reads more naturally as a command to buy insurance than as a tax , and I would uphold it as a command if the Constitution allowed it . It is only because the Commerce Clause does not authorize such a command that it is necessary to reach the taxing power question . And it is only because we have a duty to construe a statute to save it , if fairly possible , that § 5000A can be interpreted as a tax . Without deciding the Commerce Clause question , I would find no basis to adopt such a saving construction . No other justice joined this segment of the Chief Justice 's opinion . Enumerated powers Act ( edit ) Parts of this article ( those related to documentation ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) The Enumerated Powers Act is a proposed law that would require all bills introduced in the U.S. Congress to include a statement setting forth the specific constitutional authority under which each bill is being enacted . In every Congress since the 104th Congress , U.S. Congressman John Shadegg has introduced the Enumerated Powers Act , although it has not been passed into law . At the beginning of the 105th Congress , the House of Representatives incorporated the substantive requirement of the Enumerated Powers Act into the House rules . Tea Party support ( edit ) The Enumerated Powers Act is supported by leaders of the U.S. Tea Party movement . National Tea Party leader Michael Johns has said that progressives often `` see the Constitution as an impediment to their statist agenda . In almost all cases , though , there is very little thought or dialogue given to what should be the first and foremost question asked with every legislative or administrative governmental action : Is this initiative empowered to our federal government by the document 's seven articles and 27 amendments ? In many cases , the answer is no . '' `` For this reason , '' Johns said , `` we also strongly support the Enumerated Powers Act , which will require Congress to justify the Constitutional authority upon which all legislation is based . '' See also ( edit ) Compact theory Constitution in exile New federalism Originalism States ' rights Strict constructionism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exploring Constitutional Conflicts , UMKC Jump up ^ Gardbaum , Stephen . `` Congress 's Power to Pre-Empt the States '' , Pepperdine Law Review , Vol. 33 , p. 39 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Bardes , Barbara et al. American Government and Politics Today : The Essentials ( Cengage Learning , 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 US 316 ( S. Ct. 1819 - 03 - 06 ) . Jump up ^ UMKC `` The Necessary and Proper Clause '' Jump up ^ Schmidt , Barbara A. ; Bardes , Mack C. ; Shelley , Steffen W. ( 2011 -- 2012 ) . American government and politics today : the essentials . Boston , MA : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 49719 - 0 . Jump up ^ 514 U.S. 549 Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez -- Significance , Court Of Appeals Ruling , Supreme Court Ruling , Implications , Related Cases , Further Readings ^ Jump up to : National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , 567 US ___ ( S. Ct. 2012 - 06 - 28 ) . Jump up ^ Schwinn , Steven D. ( 2012 - 06 - 29 ) , Did Chief Justice Roberts Craft a New , More Limited Commerce Clause ? Jump up ^ Zadorozny , George ( 2012 - 07 - 11 ) , Dicta in the NFIB v. Sebelius ( Obamacare ) Decision Jump up ^ H.R. 2458 Jump up ^ John Shadegg Jump up ^ `` Interview with National Tea Party Founder and Leader Michael Johns '' . usconservatives.about.com . About.com . External links ( edit ) Annotations on enumerated powers from FindLaw Text of the Enumerated Powers Act Committees on Enumerated Powers : How Congress Can Revive the Constitution from the Center for Constitutional Studies <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enumerated_powers&oldid=790311263 '' Categories : Federalism Legal history of the United States Article One of the United States Constitution United States constitutional law Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017 , at 22 : 29 . 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1. Enumerated powers of the United States Congress 2. Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution 3. Powers granted to Congress by the Constitution 4. Limitations on Congress and the Tenth Amendment 5. Interpretation of enumerated powers and the Necessary and Proper Clause

who is the girl in the aerosmith video crazy

Crazy ( Aerosmith song ) - wikipedia Crazy ( Aerosmith song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Crazy '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Aerosmith <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Get a Grip B - side `` Gotta Love It '' Released May 3 , 1994 Format Cassette , CD Recorded Genre Blues rock Length 5 : 16 ( Album Version ) 4 : 04 ( LP Edit ) Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Steven Tyler Joe Perry Desmond Child Producer ( s ) Bruce Fairbairn <Th_colspan="2"> Aerosmith singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Deuces Are Wild '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Blind Man '' ( 1994 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Deuces Are Wild '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Blind Man '' ( 1994 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Crazy ' '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Crazy '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith and written by Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , and Desmond Child . It was the final single from their massively successful 1993 album Get a Grip . It was released as a single in 1994 and peaked at # 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 , # 7 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , and # 3 in Canada . In the United Kingdom , it was released as a double - A side with `` Blind Man '' , which reached # 23 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Music video 2.1 Director 's cut 3 Accolades 4 Year - end charts 5 Legacy 6 References Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Crazy '' ( Edit ) 4 : 03 2 . `` Crazy '' ( Orchestral edit ) 4 : 03 Music video ( edit ) A screenshot of Alicia Silverstone and Liv Tyler exiting a gas station photobooth in the music video for `` Crazy '' The video for the song was directed by Marty Callner and received heavy rotation on MTV . It was one of the most requested videos of 1994 . It featured the third appearance of Alicia Silverstone in the band 's videos , and was the career debut of Steven 's then - teenaged daughter Liv Tyler . The decision to cast Liv in the video for `` Crazy '' was based on the video 's creators having seen her in a Pantene commercial . The video is film - like and depicts the two as schoolgirls who skip class and run away , driving off in a black Ford Mustang convertible in a manner similar to the 1991 hit film Thelma & Louise . The two use their good looks to take advantage of a service station clerk , and needing money , enter an amateur pole - dancing competition . The video is noteworthy for its risque and sexually suggestive scenes . The video is edited to show the similarities in stage moves of Steven Tyler and daughter Liv . The girls win the dance competition , then spend the night in a motel . They continue their joyride the following day , where they encounter a young sweaty and shirtless farmer ( played by model Dean Kelly ) aboard a tractor tilling land in the countryside . They persuade him to join them in their journey , where they all go skinny dipping in a lake . The girls take off with his clothes and leave him behind at the lake . Naked , he chases after them , and rejoins them in the convertible . The final seconds of the video show the word `` Crazy '' spelled out in cursive in the cropland by the still - running tractor . Jason London makes a short cameo at the end in a tag scene , reprising his character from the `` Amazing '' video . Director 's cut ( edit ) A longer director 's cut of the video appears on the compilation Big Ones You Can Look At . This version features a few more provocative clips , and a longer , more risque version of the pole - dancing competition scene . It also removes the scene in which the girls abandon the farmer after skinny - dipping with him . Both versions of the video include an extra reprise of the chorus which is not included on the album and radio versions . Accolades ( edit ) The song was the second highest chart performance for the band out of all the singles for Get a Grip . It also earned the band a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal in 1994 . This was the band 's second Grammy win for Get a Grip and third overall . The video for `` Crazy '' was selected # 23 in VH1 's Top 100 Music Videos of All Time . Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 30 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 68 Legacy ( edit ) The song appeared on a several compilations including Big Ones , A Little South of Sanity , O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits and Devil 's Got a New Disguise . Despite bringing much success for the band in the mid-1990s , Aerosmith rarely performed it on tour until it was added to international shows on their 2007 World Tour due to overwhelming demand from fans . It is covered in Glee by Jacob Artist and Melissa Benoist , mashed up with Britney Spears ' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` 20 Years Of ' Crazy ' : Liv Tyler Looks Back On The Aerosmith Video That Launched Her Career '' . MTV.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pop - Up Video ( VH - 1 ) : Season 2 / Episode 12 ; March 14 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Aerosmith <Td_colspan="2"> Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` Deuces Are Wild '' `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Aero - Vederci Baby ! 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1. "Crazy" - Aerosmith power ballad 2. Music video featuring Alicia Silverstone and Liv Tyler 3. Chart performance and accolades 4. Controversial and sexually suggestive scenes in the video 5. Legacy and inclusion in compilations and tours

where does an ignition interlock device plug into

Ignition interlock device - wikipedia Ignition interlock device Jump to : navigation , search An ignition interlock device or breath alcohol ignition interlock device ( IID and BAIID ) is a breathalyzer for an individual 's vehicle . It requires the driver to blow into a mouthpiece on the device before starting the vehicle . If the resultant breath - alcohol concentration analyzed result is greater than the programmed blood alcohol concentration ( which varies between countries ) , the device prevents the engine from being started . The interlock device is located inside the vehicle , near the driver 's seat , and is directly connected to the engine 's ignition system . An ignition interlock interrupts the signal from the ignition to the starter until a valid breath sample is provided that meets minimal alcohol guidelines in that state . At that point , the vehicle can be started as normal . At random times after the engine has been started , the IID will require another breath sample , referred to as a rolling retest . The purpose of the rolling retest is to prevent someone other than the driver from providing a breath sample . If the breath sample is n't provided , or the sample exceeds the ignition interlock 's preset blood alcohol level , the device will log the event , warn the driver , and then start up an alarm in accordance to state regulations ( e.g. , lights flashing , horn honking ) until the ignition is turned off , or a clean breath sample has been provided . A common misconception is that interlock devices will simply turn off the engine if alcohol is detected ; this would , however , create an unsafe driving situation and expose interlock manufacturers to considerable liability . Ignition interlock devices do not have an automatic engine shut off feature . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Adoption 3.1 Australia 3.2 Austria 3.3 Belgium 3.4 Canada 3.5 Netherlands 3.6 New Zealand 3.7 USA 3.7. 1 Alaska 3.7. 2 Arizona 3.7. 3 California 3.7. 4 Georgia 3.7. 5 Massachusetts 3.7. 6 New Mexico 3.7. 7 New York 3.7. 8 North Carolina 3.7. 9 Utah 3.7. 10 Virginia 3.7. 11 Washington 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first performance based interlocks were developed by Borg - Warner Corp. ( now BorgWarner , Inc . ) , in 1969 . In 1981 , Jeffrey Feit , a student in New Jersey , placed in a statewide innovation contest with a primitive schematic of a breathalyzer based interlock device . in 1983 , Hans Doran , a student in Limerick , presented a working prototype at the Young Scientist competition in Dublin . Alcohol - sensing devices became the standard through the 1980s . They employed semiconductor ( nonspecific ) alcohol sensors . Semiconductor - type ( Taguchi ) interlocks were sturdy and got the field moving , but did not hold calibration very well , were sensitive to altitude variation and reacted positively to non-alcohol sources . Commercialization and more widespread adoption of the device was delayed pending improvement of systems for preventing circumvention . By the early 1990s , the industry began to produce `` second generation '' interlocks with reliable and accurate fuel cell sensors . All current ignition interlocks are required to meet National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) standards . To date , Intoxalock Ignition Interlock , ACS , SkyFineUSA are the only ignition interlock device provider that has not been suspended for failure to meet standards or State regulations . Design ( edit ) Modern ignition interlock devices use an ethanol - specific fuel cell for a sensor . A fuel cell sensor is an electrochemical device in which alcohol undergoes a chemical oxidation reaction at a catalytic electrode surface ( platinum ) to generate an electric current . This current is then measured and converted to an alcohol equivalent reading . Although fuel cell technology is not as accurate or reliable as infrared spectroscopy technology used in evidentiary breathalyzers , they are cheaper and tend to be more specific for alcohol . The devices keep a record of the activity on the device and the interlocked vehicle 's electrical system . This record , or log , is printed out or downloaded each time the device 's sensors are calibrated , commonly at 30 - , 60 - , or 90 - day intervals . Authorities may require periodic review of the log . If violations are detected , then additional sanctions can be implemented . Periodic calibration is performed using either a pressurized alcohol -- gas mixture at a known alcohol concentration , or with an alcohol wet bath arrangement that contains a known alcohol solution . The costs of installation , maintenance , and calibration are generally paid by the offender . On average , ignition interlock devices are about $70 -- 150 to install and about $60 -- 90 per month for monitoring and calibration . Many countries are requiring the ignition interlock as a condition for drivers convicted of driving under the influence , especially repeat offenders . Most U.S. states now permit judges to order the installation of an IID as a condition of probation ; for repeat offenders , and for first offenders in some states , installation may be mandated by law . Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ) have campaigned for mandatory IID installation for all drivers . Some politicians in Sweden , Japan , Canada , the U.S. , and other countries have called for such devices to be installed as standard equipment in all motor vehicles sold . Look for some of the more advanced features in your ignition interlock that make it easier to use : No wait time over 0 ° F Meets or exceeds your state requirements Fuel cell technology to ensure high accuracy LED screen displays Adoption ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Interlock devices are used in the states of Victoria , South Australia and Western Australia . Other States are looking into their use . They are fitted in Tasmania as well Austria ( edit ) Interlock systems are being introduced in 2017 . Belgium ( edit ) Laws permitting judges to impose the use of interlock devices on convicted drink drivers permitted their use from 2010 , however by 2016 it had only been used in 55 cases . The cost , € 3,500 to be paid by the driver , is a deterrent to its use . From 2017 the device may be paid from the fines imposed on the driver and in addition it may become compulsory for repeat offenders . Canada ( edit ) Some provinces , such as Ontario and Quebec , require any person convicted of drunk driving or refusing to provide a breath example , to install an ignition interlock device into any vehicle he or she owns or operates , for a specified period of time ( or for life ) , depending on the number of prior drunk driving offenses . After so many drunk driving convictions , some provinces , such as Nova Scotia , will impose a lifetime driving ban , with no possibility of license reinstatement . Ontario courts , however , have the power to enact lifetime driving bans , with no possibility of reinstatement , after so many Criminal Code driving convictions . Under such circumstances , ignition interlock conditions are not put in place on the person 's license . Netherlands ( edit ) From December 2011 the Netherlands started to use an interlock device for offenders who were caught with an blood alcohol level over a certain limit . The process which had over 5,000 participants was cancelled in 2015 due to legal and technical problems . New Zealand ( edit ) Alcohol interlock devices became a sentencing option in New Zealand in August 2012 . In December 2012 , it was reported that the first device had been installed . USA ( edit ) As of 2012 , all 50 states have laws permitting the imposition of ignition - interlock devices as sentencing alternatives for drunken drivers . It is estimated that the United States could be saving 800 lives per year if all convicted drinking drivers were prevented from being involved in a fatal crash . The standard device in the USA consists of a mouthpiece mounted on a handheld unit and a cord that attaches to your vehicle 's ignition system and runs on the battery . You are required to blow into the mouthpiece to test your alcohol level before starting the car . Devices are required to be installed at a certified service center . Devices are shipped directly to the qualifying service center and are never handled by the customer . The largest ignition interlock device providers are SkyFineUSA , Smart Start , Intoxalock Ignition Interlock and LifeSafer . Alaska ( edit ) `` DUI Offenders may be required to obtain an Ignition Interlock Device ( IID ) . '' Arizona ( edit ) Arizona mandates at least six months for all DUI offenses , even those not involving alcohol . California ( edit ) If driving on a suspended license due to a DUI conviction , legally the court must impose an ignition interlock device requirement for up to a maximum of three years from the date of conviction . As of July 1 , 2010 , interlocks are required upon a DUI conviction in four counties ; Los Angeles , Alameda , Sacramento , and Tulare . - AB 91 creates a pilot program for select counties , such as Los Angeles County , that will require all drivers convicted of a DUI offense to install IIDs in their vehicles as a condition to receive restricted driving privileges . - SB 598 shortens the amount of time certain repeat DUI offenders will have to wait before becoming eligible to apply for restricted California driving privileges . To receive the restricted license , though , these drivers will be required to meet certain criteria , such as the installation of an IID in their vehicles . Georgia ( edit ) Upon conviction of a second DUI within a 5 - year period , the violator 's license is suspended for no less than 18 months . See O.C.G.A. 40 - 5 - 63 ( a ) ( 2 ) . During the first 120 days of the 18 - month suspension , the violator has no limited driving privileges . See 40 - 5 - 64 ( a ) ( 2 ) . Following the 120 - day hard suspension , the violator may apply for a 12 - month interlock permit , upon the approval by an accountability court or proof of enrollment in a state - licensed substance abuse treatment program . O.C.G.A. 40 - 5 - 64 ( a ) ( 2 ) . During the final two months of the 18 - month suspension , the driver in question can have the interlock restriction removed from their limited permit . O.C.G.A. 40 - 5 - 64 ( e ) ( 2 ) . The sentencing court can waive the interlock requirement in cases of financial hardship , but the violator still must serve the 12 - month period designated for interlock under a hard suspension . See O.C.G.A. 42 - 8 - 111 . Massachusetts ( edit ) Starting January 1 , 2006 , drivers that had a second or subsequent operating under the influence offense and are eligible for a hardship license or for license reinstatement , are required to have an ignition interlock device attached to their motor vehicle , at their own expense . New Mexico ( edit ) Ignition interlocks are required for at least one year for all first - time DWI offenders ; subsequent offenses require longer periods of installation . Also , if your license has been revoked for failure to submit to an alcohol test , you can regain your driving privileges if you install an ignition interlock . New York ( edit ) Don Prudente from DriveSafe Ignition Interlock of New York , Inc. states that as of August 15 , 2010 , New York state requires a person sentenced for Driving While Intoxicated have an ignition interlock device installed for at least 6 months on any vehicle they own or operate , and the driver have an `` ignition interlock '' restriction added to their driver license . This was mandated in honor of Leandra Rosado who died riding in a vehicle driven by a drunk driver . North carolina ( edit ) A conviction of Driving While Impaired with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.15 or more or another conviction within the past seven years will require an ignition interlock device to be installed on the vehicle . Utah ( edit ) Effective July 2 , 2009 , anyone convicted of a DUI , whether it be a first offense or a subsequent offense , will be required to have an ignition interlock device placed on their car -- for 18 months for first time offense . Virginia ( edit ) Effective July 1 , 2012 , anyone who is convicted of DUI may drive only with an ignition interlock after the first offense , as a condition of a restricted license and is required to have an ignition interlock installed in each vehicle owned by or registered to him after a second offense for a period of six months . The bill also provides that the court may authorize a restricted license for travel to and from the interlock installer and a person can pre-qualify for an ignition interlock prior to conviction . Washington ( edit ) First - time DUI convictions result in one year of a mandatory ignition interlock device . A second conviction requires the IID be installed for at least five years , and on a third offense or greater , the requirement becomes at least ten years . Some convictions of negligent driving or reckless driving can require the convicted person to use an IID for a period of six months or longer . See also ( edit ) Immobiliser References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sober to Start '' . MADD . Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ignition Interlock FAQ 's '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Motion om alkolås ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` How to use an ignition interlock device '' . Ignition Interlock Info. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drink drivers to be forced to use alcohol interlocks from this year , WA Minister says '' . abc news . 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ignition interlock device soon to become a popular punishment '' . expatica.com. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/safety/impaired/interlock.shtml Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://novascotia.ca/snsmr/rmv/safe/alcohol.asp Jump up ^ http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/driver/handbook/section4.8.10.shtml Jump up ^ `` Dutch alcohol policy '' . STAP . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Maas , Amy ( 30 December 2012 ) . `` Six beer habit earns first interlock '' . The Press . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cordell , LaDoris ( 2009 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Baby , You Ca n't Drive Your Car : A judge 's favorite punishment for drunken drivers -- ignition - interlock '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Taylor , E. , Voas , R. , Marques , P , McKnight , S. & Atkins , R. ( 2017 , August ) . Interlock data utilization ( Report No . DOT HS 812 445 ) . Washington , DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Jump up ^ `` What is an Intoxalock ignition interlock device ? '' . Intoxalock . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ State of , Alaska . `` Ignition Interlock Information '' . Ignition Interlock . Arizona MVD . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ State of , Arizona . `` Arizona Interlock Laws '' . Ignition Interlock . Alaska DMV . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Section 14601.2 '' . State of California 2013 Vehicle Code ( PDF ) . Sacramento : Department of Motor Vehicles. 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Driver 's Manual ( PDF ) . Georgia Department of Driver Services . 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Driver 's Manual , pp. 58 Jump up ^ `` The High Cost of DWI in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . University of New Mexico . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steps to Regaining Your License in New Mexico '' . LifeSafer. 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Drug Driving Violations '' . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ North Carolina Driver 's Manual , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Utah Code '' . Le.state.ut.us . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` HB 279 DUI ignition interlock ; required on first offense as a condition of a restricted license '' . Virginia 's Legislative Information System . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WA State Licensing ( DOL ) Official Site : Ignition interlock device '' . Washington State Department of Licensing . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 24 . External links ( edit ) European Driving Safety Council Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignition_interlock_device&oldid=831886384 '' Categories : Automotive safety technologies Law enforcement equipment Alcohol law Vehicle law Driving under the influence Hidden categories : Articles with Swedish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Nederlands Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 17 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Ignition interlock device 2. Breath alcohol ignition interlock device 3. Vehicle breathalyzer 4. Alcohol detection device 5. DUI prevention technology

shape of water let me hear you whisper

Let Me Hear You Whisper ( play ) - wikipedia Let Me Hear You Whisper ( play ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Let Me Hear You Whisper Written by Paul Zindel Characters Helen Dan Fridge Miss Moray Dr. Crocus Date premiered 1969 Place premiered United States Original language English Genre Drama Setting American Biological Association Development for the Advancement of Brain Analysis <Th_colspan="2"> `` Let Me Hear You Whisper '' <Td_colspan="2"> NET Playhouse episode Episode no . Season 3 Episode 25 Directed by Glenn Jordan Written by Paul Zindel Original air date May 23 , 1969 ( 1969 - 05 - 23 ) Running time 75 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bil Baird as The Dolphin Philip Bruns as Dan Anthony Holland as Fridge Ruth White as Helen Elizabeth Wilson as Miss Moray Iggie Wolfington as Dr. Crocus <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` The Star Wagon '' Next → `` Everyman '' Let Me Hear You Whisper is a play written by Paul Zindel , a playwright and science teacher . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 The Shape of Water controversy 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) The play revolves around Helen , a recently hired scrub - woman , at the American Biological Association Development for the Advancement of Brain Analysis . During the course of her work , Helen learns the plight of an imprisoned intelligent dolphin that is being harshly studied by scientists . Helen begins to interact with the dolphin by feeding it and playing it music . Soon the dolphin begins to talk , but to no one but her . After overhearing of a final experiment that would leave the dolphin dead , Helen attempts to rescue the dolphin in a laundry hamper , but is unable to and the dolphin is vivisected and euthanized . The shape of water controversy ( edit ) In February of 2018 , David Zindel , the son of Paul Zindel , brought a plagiarism lawsuit against the makers of the film The Shape of Water , alleging that its plot about a romance between a cleaning woman and a mysterious river creature was lifted directly from Let Me Hear You Whisper . The film contains numerous plot elements that `` include the play and the movie 's basic story of the lonely janitor who works at a scientific laboratory during the Cold War , forms a loving bond with a captive aquatic creature and hatches a plan to liberate it '' Fox Searchlight Pictures studio as well as the makers of the film have denied that the work was at all derived from the play . Guillermo del Toro , the film 's director , has claimed in an interview that the story came from a conversation with the novelist Daniel Kraus who is an associate producer of the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill . `` Oscar Contender ' Shape of Water ' Accused of Ripping Off 1969 Play '' , The New York Times Jump up ^ Levin , Sam . `` Exclusive : playwright 's estate says The Shape of Water used his work without credit '' , The Guardian External links ( edit ) Paul Zindel 's official website Let Me Hear You Whisper on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Hear_You_Whisper_(play)&oldid=832141051 '' Categories : Works by Paul Zindel American plays 1969 plays English - language plays Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 02 : 06 . About Wikipedia

1. Let Me Hear You Whisper - play by Paul Zindel 2. Plot of Let Me Hear You Whisper 3. The Shape of Water controversy 4. Plagiarism lawsuit against The Shape of Water 5. Guillermo del Toro's claim about the origin of The Shape of Water's story

who said it's deja vu all over again

Déjà Vu All Over Again - wikipedia Déjà Vu All Over Again `` Déjà vu all over again '' is a phrase taken from a famous quotation attributed to Yogi Berra : `` It 's déjà vu all over again . '' Deja Vu All Over Again may refer to : Deja Vu All Over Again ( album ) , an album by John Fogerty Deja Vu All Over Again / The Best of T. Graham Brown , an album by T. Graham Brown `` Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of Charmed `` Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of Elementary `` Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of La Femme Nikita `` Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of Seven Days `` Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of Shark `` Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of Xena : Warrior Princess `` It 's Like Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of Pretty Little Liars `` It 's Like Déjà Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of NCIS `` Déja Vu All Over Again '' , an episode of Medium Season 6 episode1 Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Deja Vu All Over Again . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deja_Vu_All_Over_Again&oldid=787601122 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 10 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Yogi Berra's famous quote "It's déjà vu all over again" 2. John Fogerty's album "Déjà Vu All Over Again" 3. TV episodes titled "Déjà Vu All Over Again" in shows like Charmed, Elementary, and Xena: Warrior Princess 4. Disambiguation page for "Déjà Vu All Over Again" 5. Various albums and episodes with similar titles

when is the new bleach movie coming out

Bleach ( 2018 film ) - Wikipedia Bleach ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bleach Directed by Shinsuke Sato Based on Bleach by Tite Kubo ( story and art ) Starring Sota Fukushi Hana Sugisaki Ryo Yoshizawa Taichi Saotome Miyavi Release date July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( Japan ) Country Japan Language Japanese Bleach ( Japanese : ブリーチ , Hepburn : Burīchi ) is an upcoming Japanese film produced by Warner Bros , based on the manga series of the same name by Tite Kubo , and directed by Shinsuke Sato . The film will star Sota Fukushi , best known for portraying the protagonist of Kamen Rider Fourze , as the main protagonist , Ichigo Kurosaki . It is set to be released in Japan in July 20 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Development 3 Release 3.1 Marketing 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Sota Fukushi as Ichigo Kurosaki Hana Sugisaki as Rukia Kuchiki Ryo Yoshizawa as Uryū Ishida Taichi Saotome as Renji Abarai Miyavi as Byakuya Kuchiki Development ( edit ) In 2008 , Tite Kubo stated that he wished to make Bleach an experience that can only be found by reading manga , dismissing ideas of creating any live - action film adaptations of the series . When the film adaptation was announced , however , Kubo decided to be involved with its production to ensure its faithfulness to the manga and anime , so that both old and new fans may enjoy it . He also stated that his only concern was the color of Ichigo 's hair , which in the manga and anime is a bright shade of orange . He said , `` If that color is in the live - action movie , it 'd be strange , so I wonder what they 're going to do ! '' Regarding what fans could expect in the live - action adaptation , Sota Fukushi , who will portray Ichigo , stated that the film would feature `` the monstrous Hollows , otherworldly Soul Society , and destructive Zanpakuto sword - fighting techniques '' . The 10th issue of the 2018 Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine released the visual for Rukia Kuchiki , revealing that Hana Sugisaki will portray the character . On March 2018 , the film 's official twitter account revealed that Uryū Ishida , Renji Abarai and Byakuya Kuchiki will be portrayed by Ryo Yoshizawa , Taichi Saotome and Miyavi respectively . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) After months of speculation from fans and critics , paired with months of silence from Warner Bros. Japan , a teaser trailer was released online on July 6 , 2017 , also revealing a poster for the movie in the process . On January 1 , 2018 , to hype the movie 's release in Summer of 2018 , to commemorate the beginning of the new year and to thank the support of the fans of the anime and movie project , a short message was shared via the movie 's official twitter account . On February 5 , 2018 , it was revealed that the movie would premiere on July 20 , 2018 in Japan . A teaser trailer was released on February 21 , 2018 which was praised for its faithful adaptation of the series ' first chapter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 映画 『 BLEACH 』 オフィシャル サイト , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Live - action Bleach movie in development at Warner Bros '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Official , Movie `` BLEACH '' ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` \ \ 7⃣ 月 2⃣0⃣ 日 公開 決定 / / 全 世界 で シリーズ 累計 1 億 2000 万 部 を 超える 超 人気 コミック 原作. 悪霊 ・ 虚 〈 ホロウ 〉 死神 の 戦い を 、 壮大 な スケール で 描く バトル アクション 大作 『 # BLEACH 』 の 公開 日 が 、 7 月 20 日 ( 金 ) に 決定 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bleach Manga Gets Live - Action Film in 2018 Starring Sōta Fukushi '' . Anime News Network . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mikikazu , Komatsu ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` '' Bleach '' Live - Action Film Reveals Visual of Hana Sugisaki as Rukia `` . Crunchyroll.com . crunchyroll.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Official , Movie `` BLEACH '' ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` \ キャスト 発表 第 3 弾 / 映画 『 # BLEACH 』 に 、 # 吉沢 亮 さん 、 # 早乙女 太一 さん 、 # MIYAVI さん が 出演 決定 新た な '' 死神 '' 阿 散 井 恋 次 & 朽木 白 哉 、 `` 滅却 師 ( クインシー ) '' 石田 雨竜. 物語 の カギ を 握る 謎 の 男 たち に 豪華 キャスト 集結 `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charles Solomon ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Creator Tite Kubo surprised by ' Bleach ' success '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Popular manga / anime series Bleach set for live - action film '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bleach ' Live - Action Movie To Feature Hollows , Zanpakuto Sword - Fighting Techniques And Soul Society '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Bleach Film Reveals Cast for Rukia , July 20 Debut '' . AnimeNewsNetwork.com . animenewsnetwork.com . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen . `` Bleach Live - Action Film Casts Uryū , Renji , Byakuya '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bleach Live - Action Movie Releases First Teaser Trailer '' . Comicbook.com . Comicbook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bleach ' Live - Action Film Shares Message to Ring in 2018 '' . Comicbook.com . Comicbook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Happy New Year ! Hello everyone , Happy New Year ! ! ! This summer , the Bleach film will finally open . Thank you for all your support ! Jump up ^ Elvy , Craig ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Bleach Teaser Trailer Brings The Manga To Live - Action '' . ScreenRant.com . Screenrant.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Live - Action Bleach Debuts Monstrous Teaser Trailer '' . CBR.com . cbr.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Live - Action Bleach Trailer Brings the Iconic Manga to the Big Screen '' . MovieWeb.com . movieweb.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Bleach on IMDb <Th_colspan="3"> Bleach by Tite Kubo Media Manga Volumes 1 -- 21 22 -- 48 49 -- 74 Anime Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Soundtracks Musicals Films Memories of Nobody The DiamondDust Rebellion Fade to Black Hell Verse Live - action film Video games Blade Battlers series Nintendo Home Consoles series Heat the Soul series The Blade of Fate Dark Souls The 3rd Phantom Flame Bringer Soul Resurrección Characters Ichigo Kurosaki Rukia Kuchiki Orihime Inoue Yasutora `` Chad '' Sado Uryū Ishida Renji Abarai Byakuya Kuchiki Gin Ichimaru Kenpachi Zaraki Sōsuke Aizen Tōshirō Hitsugaya Mayuri Kurotsuchi Soul Reapers Hollows Related Trading card game Loituma Girl Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS <Td_colspan="3"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Shinsuke Sato <Td_colspan="2"> The Princess Blade ( 2001 ) Sand Chronicles ( 2008 ) Oblivion Island : Haruka and the Magic Mirror ( 2009 ) Gantz ( 2011 ) Gantz : Perfect Answer ( 2011 ) Library Wars ( 2013 ) All - Round Appraiser Q : The Eyes of Mona Lisa ( 2014 ) Library Wars : The Last Mission ( 2015 ) I Am a Hero ( 2016 ) Death Note : Light Up the New World ( 2016 ) Inuyashiki ( 2018 ) Bleach ( 2018 ) This article related to a Japanese film of the 2010s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleach_(2018_film)&oldid=831247818 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films Japanese - language films Japanese films 2010s action films 2010s fantasy films 2010s Japanese films Films directed by Shinsuke Sato Films set in Asia Films shot in Asia Films shot in Japan Films shot in Tokyo Japanese action films Japanese fantasy films Live - action films based on manga Warner Bros. films 2010s Japanese film stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Bleach (2018 film) 2. Japanese manga adaptation 3. Directed by Shinsuke Sato 4. Starring Sota Fukushi and Hana Sugisaki 5. Release date: July 20, 2018

where was the movie cant buy me love filmed

Ca n't Buy Me Love ( film ) - wikipedia Ca n't Buy Me Love ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ca n't Buy Me Love <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Steve Rash Produced by Thom Mount Written by Michael Swerdlick Starring Patrick Dempsey Amanda Peterson Dennis Dugan Music by Robert Folk Cinematography Peter Lyons Collister Edited by Jeff Gourson Production company Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners III Apollo Pictures The Mount Company Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 14 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 14 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $31,623,833 Ca n't Buy Me Love is a 1987 American teen romantic comedy feature film starring Patrick Dempsey and Amanda Peterson in a story about a nerd at a high school in Tucson , Arizona who gives a cheerleader $1,000 to pretend to be his girlfriend for a month . The film was directed by Steve Rash and takes its title from a Beatles song with the same title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production notes 4 Critical reception 5 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 Remake 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Ronald Miller ( Dempsey ) is a typical high school nerd living in suburban Tucson , Arizona . He has spent all summer mowing lawns to save up for a telescope . At an opportune moment , he makes a deal with next - door neighbor and popular cheerleader Cynthia `` Cindy '' Mancini ( Peterson ) . Cindy had borrowed an expensive suede outfit belonging to her mother , without her permission , to wear to an end - of - the - summer / back - to - school party , and needs to replace it quickly after Quint ( Cort McCown ) accidentally spilled red wine on it at the party . Having few options , save for telling her mother the truth , Cindy reluctantly agrees to Ronald 's proposal : he will give her $1000 to purchase a new suede outfit , and she will help him look `` cool '' by pretending to be his girlfriend for a month , even though she already has a boyfriend named Bobby who is away at his freshman year at the University of Iowa . Ronald feels that he can be a part of the popular crowd if they think Cindy is dating him . Both agree never to reveal their financial arrangement . Ronald then trades his nerdy , yet loyal , friends for the popular , but shallow , students , and undergoes a complete clothing and hair makeover under Cindy 's direction . Over the course of the month , they discover each other 's individuality and a bond develops organically between the two . Cindy soon starts to genuinely like Ronald and appreciates his company . As he washes her car at her house , she opens up to him , fetching a poem that she had written that means the world to her and letting Ronald read it . She gets to know him better as he reveals his interests in astronomy and space travel . They gaze at the moon and he tells her how , when they are their parents age , `` people will be working there and living there ... maybe even us . '' On the last date which Ronald has `` paid '' for , Cindy hints that she would like to kiss Ronald , signifying that she has real feelings for him , but he misunderstands and assumes she wants to talk about ending their arrangement . They dramatically `` break up '' in front of a crowd at school , but Ronald takes things too far and says some hurtful things about Cindy in front of their friends . She becomes cool and distant , but warns him that popularity is hard work and he needs to make sure that he `` stays ( him ) self '' . The next day , Cindy appears disgusted with Ronald when she sees him behaving arrogantly at school , and becomes jealous when she sees him flirting with her best friends Barbara and Patty , whom he later takes out on dates . Ronald continues playing `` cool '' by hanging out with the jocks and hot chicks . He takes Patty to a dance at school , where he performs a dance he learned from an African cultural show on public television ( he mistakenly thought he was watching American Bandstand ) . At first , the other kids are mystified , but they soon join in , and Ronald 's new `` trendy '' dancing further increases his popularity at school . On Halloween night , he and some other boys drive to the house of Kenneth ( Courtney Gains ) , Ronald 's best friend , where the jocks test his loyalty by coercing him to hurl dog feces at Kenneth 's house . Kenneth is lying in wait and catches Ronald , but lets him go before his dad can call the police . Kenneth ignores Ronald the next day at school . At a New Year 's Eve party at Big John 's ( Eric Bruskotter ) house , Ronald gets drunk and has sex with his date , Iris ( DeVasquez ) , in the bathroom . Iris has a reputation nailing a lot of popular guys . Cindy walks by and hears Ronald reciting to Iris the very poem that she had written and allowed him to read . Devastated , she starts drinking heavily . Later , as a surprise , Cindy 's boyfriend , Bobby , shows up at the party , as he still has strong ties to the athletes at the school . After he learns about her relationship with Ronald , through Quint and Ricky ( Gerardo Mejia ) , Cindy is brutally dumped in front of her friends . Even though she tried to explain to Bobby , he paid her to go out with him . Bobby did n't believe her and he still broke up with her . In anger and frustration , she tells the party - goers the truth about her relationship with Ronald and his `` cool '' pretenses . She scolds her friends for falling for his act and for being `` a bunch of followers '' . `` Our little plan worked , did n't it Ronald ? '' Cindy says as she crushes his popularity , sending Ronald back to the bottom rung of the high school social ladder . Rejected and dejected , Ronald leaves the party alone to spend the night in his garage , crying himself to sleep . When school resumes after the holiday break , he immediately finds himself ostracized as a social pariah . The `` jocks '' once again tease and throw food at him , and he soon finds that the nerdy crowd has abandoned him also . His distress only deepens when his attempts to reconcile with both Cindy and Kenneth are rebuffed . A moment for Ronald to redeem himself comes when he defends Kenneth against a potentially violent encounter with Quint . Kenneth , while helping Patty ( Darcy DeMoss ) with her math homework , is approached by Quint , who orders him back to his side of the cafeteria , or take a serious beating . Ronald intervenes , threatening to break Quint 's pitching arm if he does not leave Kenneth , who had only been tutoring Patty out of sincere kindness , with no ulterior motive , alone . Ronald points out that the three were all friends at one time : when they were nine , Quint had fallen out of their tree house and broken his arm . Kenneth carried him twelve blocks to the hospital , with Quint crying all the way . He tells Quint that he - Ronald - was desperate to run with the popular crowd , but he had messed up by trying to buy his way in . Kenneth , however , was just trying to make friends by being himself . Ronald goes on to say that the cool / nerd dynamic is `` all bullshit , it 's tough enough just being yourself '' , and walks away . Quint apologizes to Kenneth and the two shake hands as the whole school applauds . Ronald finally redeems himself with everyone . Following the incident , Cindy recognizes Ronald 's worth , and the two reconcile when she decides to hop on the back of his riding lawn mower instead of hanging out with her popular friends . He asks her to prom and the two kiss as the title song plays . Closing credits roll while the two of them ride off into the sunset on the lawn mower . Cast ( edit ) Patrick Dempsey as Ronald Miller Amanda Peterson as Cindy Mancini Tina Caspary as Barbara Darcy DeMoss as Patty Cort McCown as Quint Eric Bruskotter as Big John Gerardo Mejía as Ricky Courtney Gains as Kenneth Wurman Seth Green as Chuck Miller Sharon Farrell as Mrs. Mancini Dennis Dugan as David Miller Cloyce Morrow as Judy Miller Devin DeVasquez as Iris Ami Dolenz as Fran Will Hannah as Camera Salesman Lisa Givens as Bambi La Brock Production notes ( edit ) The film was shot on location in Tucson , Arizona , at Tucson High Magnet School ( then known as Tucson High School ) . The choreography is by Paula Abdul , who makes an uncredited appearance as a dancer . On a date where the main characters begin to bond , they jump the perimeter wall and explore the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group Aircraft Bone Yard on Davis -- Monthan Air Force Base that contains 4,400 aircraft . Although the characters say they jump the fence at 309 AMARG ( The Boneyard ) the actual scene looks more like it was shot at Bob 's Air Park , an aircraft recycler just outside the Boneyard , which has since been sold . Critical reception ( edit ) Ca n't Buy Me Love received mixed reviews from critics . Caryn James , in The New York Times , wrote that the film missed its mark and traded its potential originality for a bid at popularity : `` Michael Swerdlick , the writer , and Steve Rash , the director ... waste a chance to make the much deeper , funnier movie that strains to break through . ( The film ) ... has an identity crisis that 's a mirror - image of Ronald 's own . He thinks he wants popularity at any price , though he 's really a sincere guy . The film thinks it wants to be sincere , when all it truly wants is to be popular , just like the other kids ' movies , so it sells off its originality . '' Roger Ebert gave the film a half star out of a possible 4 : `` If ' Ca n't Buy Me Love ' had been intended as a satirical attack on American values -- if cynicism had been its target -- we might be on to something here . But no . On the basis of the evidence , the people who made this movie are so materialistic they actually think this is a ' teenage comedy ' . Ca n't they see the screenplay 's rotten core ? '' Rotten Tomatoes has a rating of 50 % based on 22 critics . In 2006 , it ranked number 41 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . Awards ( edit ) Young Artist Award Won : Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy , Patrick Dempsey Nominated : Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy , Amanda Peterson Nominated : Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy , Tina Caspary Nominated : Best Family Motion Picture -- Comedy Soundtrack ( edit ) In 2013 Intrada Records released Robert Folk 's complete score for the film on a limited edition CD paired with David Newman 's work for Paradise . Remake ( edit ) In 2003 , Ca n't Buy Me Love was remade as Love Do n't Cost a Thing starring Nick Cannon and Christina Milian . Though the triggering event differs between the two movies , many of the aspects / scenes from the original film are reinterpreted in this remake , such as the eating of raw egg in the Home Economics classroom , as well as the cheerleader telling the bully that he is sitting in the wrong section in the cafeteria that he ( the bully ) need to sit in the `` asshole section '' of the cafeteria . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roger Ebert ( August 14 , 1987 ) . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Huestis , Lucy . `` THMS History '' . Tucson Unified School District . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 12 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) - Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . Retrieved 12 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ New York Times : Ca n't Buy Me Love Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cant_buy_me_love/ Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 50 Best High School Movies '' . filmsite.org . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NBC5.com ( 2006 ) . `` Entertainment Weekly Ranks Top 50 High School Flicks '' . NBC5.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://store.intrada.com/s.nl/it.A/id.8153/.f Jump up ^ Scott Brown ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Love Do n't Cost a Thing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ca n't Buy Me Love Ca n't Buy Me Love on IMDb Ca n't Buy Me Love at the TCM Movie Database Ca n't Buy Me Love trailer at YouTube Ca n't Buy Me Love at Box Office Mojo Ca n't Buy Me Love at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Steve Rash <Td_colspan="2"> The Buddy Holly Story ( 1978 ) Under the Rainbow ( 1981 ) Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) Queens Logic ( 1991 ) Son in Law ( 1993 ) Eddie ( 1996 ) Held Up ( 1999 ) Good Advice ( 2001 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) American Pie Presents : Band Camp ( 2005 ) Bring It On : All or Nothing ( 2006 ) Bring It On : In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Road Trip : Beer Pong ( 2009 ) Crooked Arrows ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love_(film)&oldid=821511944 '' Categories : English - language films 1980s romantic comedy films 1980s teen comedy films 1980s teen romance films 1987 films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic comedy films American teen comedy films Films directed by Steve Rash Films shot in Arizona Films set in Tucson , Arizona Proms in films Touchstone Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Can't Buy Me Love" - 1987 American teen romantic comedy film 2. Starring Patrick Dempsey and Amanda Peterson 3. Plot: Nerd pays cheerleader to be his girlfriend for a month 4. Directed by Steve Rash 5. Critical reception: Mixed reviews from critics

what are the six infinity stones and their powers

Infinity Gems - wikipedia Infinity Gems Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Infinity Gems <Td_colspan="2"> Thanos with the six Infinity Gems ( here referred to by their original name , the Soul Gems ) <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Soul Gem : Marvel Premiere # 1 ( Aug. 1972 ) ; Power & Time Gem : Marvel Team - Up # 55 ( Mar. 1977 ) ; All Six Gems : Avengers Annual # 7 ( 1977 ) . as The Infinity Gauntlet : The Thanos Quest # 2 ( Oct. 1990 ) <Th_colspan="2"> In story information Type Jewels Element of stories featuring Adam Warlock ; Thanos The Infinity Gems , originally referred to as Soul Gems and currently referred to as Infinity Stones , are six immensely powerful fictional gems appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Whoever holds all six Gems and uses them in concert gains omnipotence and omniscience . The six primary Gems are the Mind Gem , the Soul Gem , the Space Gem , the Power Gem , the Time Gem and the Reality Gem , and in later storylines , crossovers and other media , a seventh Infinity Gem ( Ego or Rhythm ) is sometimes added . The Gems play a prominent role in the first three phases of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , where they are known as the Infinity Stones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Description 3 Other versions 3.1 Council of Reeds 3.2 New Avengers 3.3 Secret Wars 3.4 Ultimate Marvel 3.5 What If ? 3.6 Secret Wars 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Gaming 5 References 6 External links Publication history ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) `` The template below ( Fiction ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' This section may fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction . Please rewrite it according to the fiction guidelines , so that it meets Wikipedia 's quality standards . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Soul Gems first appear in The Power of Warlock . All six appear together for the first time in the second `` Thanos War '' storyline in Avengers and Marvel Two - In - One annuals . Thanos harnesses their latent energies to power a giant gem to extinguish every star in the universe . In the third volume of the Silver Surfer title , the Surfer refers to the gems as `` Soul Gems '' for the first time . They are gathered by the Elders of the Universe , who intend to use their combined power to drain Galactus of his lifeforce and then recreate the universe with themselves as the oldest beings in it ( Galactus was the last survivor of the Universe that existed prior to the birth of the current Marvel Universe ) . This plot is thwarted by the Silver Surfer , and several Elders and the gems are lost in a black hole ; Galactus consumes some of the other Elders . In a follow - up story , Galactus is poisoned by the Elders he consumed . Silver Surfer , Mr. Fantastic , and the Invisible Woman journey through the black hole to recover the gems . Invisible Woman becomes possessed by the sentient Soul Gem , awakening her evil Malice persona . She is later subdued , and the gems are used to remove the Elders from Galactus ' body . The Elders later reclaim the gems . In the limited series The Thanos Quest Thanos refers to the entire set as `` Infinity Gems '' for the first time . Thanos systematically subdues the Elders one by one to gather all six gems . Once in his control , he sets the gems into a gold glove ( the left gauntlet of his customary attire ) which he refers to as the Infinity Gauntlet . Thanos explains the origin of the gems to the Runner , one of the Elders of the Universe : the set are the remains of a once nigh omnipotent but lonely being . Unable to endure eternity alone , the being committed suicide , although a fraction of its essence remained and became the Infinity Gems . Thanos becomes nearly omnipotent , and challenges the Silver Surfer and Drax the Destroyer , handling the heroes with ease . He reclaims his ship Sanctuary II from its current captain , his granddaughter Nebula . He burns her nearly to death , but uses the Gems to keep her suspended between life and death in immortal agony ; he claims this is a `` work of art '' , `` a monument to the insanity of Life and Death denied '' . Mephisto joins Thanos as an adviser . The Silver Surfer travels to Earth to warn Earth 's superheroes of the threat of Thanos and the Gems , setting the stage for The Infinity Gauntlet limited series . In The Infinity Gauntlet , Thanos uses the Gauntlet to erase half the population of the universe , completing the quest that had led him to find the Gems and assemble the Gauntlet . This fulfilled a pledge to his love , Death , to repair a `` cosmic imbalance '' caused by the presence of more sentient beings alive than had ever died in all of history ; Death believed that this imbalance would lead to starvation , pestilence , and misery across the cosmos . Thanos decimates Earth 's heroes in combat when they retaliate , and then battles the pantheon of cosmic entities when they attempt to strip him of the Gauntlet ; he defeats them all and turns them to stone . He uses the Gems to supplant Eternity , gaining Eternity 's ethereal form and forsaking his physical body . This leaves the Gauntlet vulnerable , and Nebula removes it from Thanos ' body , ending his control over the Gems ( according to Adam Warlock , Thanos subconsciously felt unworthy of the power of the Gauntlet , causing him to lose control of it ) . Nebula 's attempts to wield the Gauntlet fail due to her inexperience and lack of willpower , and she is left debilitated after restoring the universe to a state before Thanos used the Gauntlet . She is defeated in a battle with Earth 's heroes , and Adam Warlock emerges as the new possessor of the Gauntlet . Warlock insists that he will not be a threat like Thanos , but the heroes do not trust him and he sends them away before they can attack . He is called to judgement in a suit brought by Eternity before the Living Tribunal , who finds Warlock unworthy of the power of the Gems due to his emotional instability . The Tribunal reasons with Adam , revealing that a fight to retain the Gauntlet would devastate the universe . Warlock uses the Gauntlet to perceive the flow of time , and sees his inevitable course of action is to distribute the Gems to a group of trusted guardians and companions . The Tribunal accepts this decision , to the dismay of Eternity . In the series Warlock and the Infinity Watch the Gems are distributed by Adam Warlock to a group he dubs `` the Infinity Watch '' . He places himself as the leader and guardian of the Soul Gem . He names Gamora guardian of the Time Gem , Pip the Troll guardian of the Space Gem , Drax the Destroyer guardian of the Power Gem , Moondragon guardian of the Mind Gem , and an unknown member ( later revealed to be Thanos himself ) guardian of the Reality Gem . During the course of the series , several enemies attempt to steal the Gems . In an early encounter , Warlock 's old nemesis from Counter-Earth , the creature called the Man Beast , abducts several members of the Watch and uses the combined Mind , Power , Space and Time Gems to create a monstrous energy humanoid called `` the Infinity Thrall '' . Both are eventually defeated by Adam Warlock . The Living Tribunal is once again called for judgement , and declares that the Infinity Gems will no longer be able to act in unison . This decree is overturned -- courtesy of the machinations of Warlock 's evil alter ego from an alternate future , the Magus -- in the Infinity War limited series . The Magus gained physical form when Warlock used the Gauntlet to cast out his `` Good '' and `` Evil '' sides in an attempt to make decisions based on pure logic . The Magus unites the Gems and plans universal conquest , but Warlock tricks him by substituting a fake Reality Gem . Eternity later announces that the six Gems will never again be used in unison . The Gems are featured in the Infinity Crusade limited series , where Warlock 's feminine `` Good '' side attempts to rid the universe of Evil by eliminating free will , and , ultimately , rewriting the universe such that it has no sentient life to commit Evil . Following the cancellation of the Infinity Watch series , the one - shot title Rune / Silver Surfer depicts the Gems being stolen by the extradimensional vampire Rune and dispersed throughout the Ultraverse . The Asgardian god Loki enters the Ultraverse and collects the Gems , also discovering the existence of a seventh Gem , `` Ego '' . Loki learns that the lonely omnipotent suicide whose essence became the Gems was the gestalt being known as Nemesis . The Ego Gem , possessing the Avenger Sersi , merges with the other Gems to reform Nemesis and battles the Avengers and Ultraforce before being dissipated once again . In the mainstream Marvel Universe , Galactus collects all six Infinity Gems in the Thanos ongoing series , intent on ending his need to consume planets . He is seen taking the Gems off a vampiric skeleton that he retrieves through an interdimensional portal . Galactus ' plan fails , and instead allows a deadly inter-dimensional parasite , named Hunger , access into the Earth - 616 universe . This parasite had been mentally influencing Galactus ' actions all along . Thanos advises that the Gems can be used to wish Hunger away . After the threat is averted , the Gems are scattered again with the exception of the Soul Gem , which Thanos retains for its customary custodian , Adam Warlock . The Gems are featured in the JLA / Avengers limited series . The Infinity Gauntlet is found by DC Comics villain Darkseid when it arrives on Apokolips . He discards it upon discovering that the Gems do not work in the DC Universe . The Flash is able to retrieve it . Titania gains possession of the Power Gem in the She - Hulk ongoing series . Subsequently , all six Gems are featured in the New Avengers : Illuminati limited series and become the possessions of the superhuman group the Illuminati . Reed Richards attempts to will the Gems out of existence to prevent further misuse , but the Watcher Uatu reveals that the Gems must exist as part of the cosmic balance . The Gems are separated and each is placed in the care of an Illuminati member , who vows never to use it or reveal its location . The Gems are reunited in the Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers limited series . The pets of various heroes find the Gems and are forced to use them to battle Thanos . Lockjaw , pet of the Inhumans , gives the Gems to Reed Richards . The Gems were part of the ongoing Avengers series during the Heroic Age . Although the Hood managed to collect the Gems of Power and Reality in time to defeat the Red Hulk , his subsequent attempts to acquire the others resulted in the Red Hulk stealing the Power Gem from him and Thor beating him to the Space Gem . He was able to acquire the Mind and Time Gems . He subsequently used the Gems to travel to the Soul Gem in the astral plane . The Hood is delayed by an illusionary Thanos that Doctor Strange had created , allowing the Avengers to catch up with him . After the battle , the Gems ended up with Iron Man . After sending the Hood back to jail , Iron Man appears to wish the Gems out of existence . It was revealed that the Gems were actually returned to the Illuminati , who all vowed to hide them more securely than before . In an attempt to stop another universe from collapsing into their own , the Illuminati decides to reassemble the Infinity Gauntlet . Captain America uses the Infinity Gauntlet to push the other universe back , but because Eternity declared that the Gems can not be used in unison the Gems shatter , except for the Time Gem which vanishes . To prevent Captain America stopping the Illuminati from destroying universes during the Incursion crisis , Doctor Strange wipes his memory . After the murder of Uatu , Captain America is exposed to Uatu 's eye which restores his memory . Afterwards , Captain America and some of the Avengers are transported into future realities with the previously vanished Time Gem as a result of the Time Gem being destroyed throughout time . As a result of the incursions the multiverse is combined into a single Battleworld . Doctor Strange gathers Infinity Gems from various realms into a new Infinity Gauntlet , which he leaves hidden until the surviving heroes of Earth - 616 return . The Gauntlet is subsequently claimed by T'Challa , who uses it to keep the Beyonder - enhanced Doom occupied until Mister Fantastic can disrupt his power source . In Marvel Legacy # 1 , a Frost Giant working for Loki steals the Space Gem from a S.H.I.E.L.D storage facility , but is intercepted and defeated by Wolverine . Description ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Each Gem is shaped like a small oval . Each Gem is named after , and represents , a different characteristic of existence , and possessing any single Gem grants the user the ability to command whatever aspect of existence the Gem represents . The Gems are indestructible but not immutable . On two occasions , one or more of the Gems have appeared in the form of deep pink spheres that are several feet in diameter . On other occasions , the Gems have appeared in their small oval shape but with different coloring ( i.e. the Soul Gem being red colored when worn by the Gardener ) . In the Ultraverse , after merging into their original form of Nemesis , the Gems were again separated after a battle with Ultraforce and the Avengers . The six Infinity Gems include : Name Color Powers and capabilities Known owners Soul Green Allows the user to steal , control , manipulate , and alter living and dead souls . The Soul Gem is also the gateway to an idyllic pocket universe . At full potential , the Soul Gem grants the user control over all life in the universe . High Evolutionary ; Adam Warlock ; Gardener ; In - Betweener ; Thanos ; Nebula ; Count Abyss ; Magus ; Rune ; Odeni ; Gemini ; Loki ; Syphonn ; Galactus ; Doctor Strange Time Orange Allows the user to see into the past and the future ; stop , slow down , speed up or reverse the flow of time ; time travel ; change the past and the future ; age and de-age beings ; and trap people or entire universes in unending loops of time . At full potential , the Time Gem grants the user omniscience and total control over the past , present and future . Gardener ; Thanos ; Nebula ; Adam Warlock ; Odeni ; Doctor Strange ; Maxam ; Magus ; Rune ; Hardcase ; Loki ; Galactus ; Namor ; Thor ; Mister Fantastic ; Iron Man ; Black Widow Space Purple Allows the user to exist in any location ; move any object anywhere throughout reality ; warp or rearrange space ; teleport themselves and others any place the user can imagine ; increase their speed ; and alter the distance between objects contrary to the laws of physics . At full potential , the Space Gem grants the user omnipresence . Runner ; Thanos ; Nebula ; Adam Warlock ; Pip the Troll ; Magus ; Rune ; Loki ; Galactus ; Iron Man ; Hood ; Odeni ; Namor ; Black Panther ; Black Widow Mind Blue Allows the user to enhance their mental and psionic abilities and access the thoughts and dreams of other beings . When backed by the Power Gem , the Mind Gem can access all minds in existence simultaneously . The Mind Gem is also the manifestation of the universal subconscious . Grandmaster ; Thanos ; Nebula ; Adam Warlock ; Moondragon ; Magus ; Rune ; Primevil ; Loki ; Galactus ; Professor X ; Odeni ; Hood ; Ms. Marvel ; Beast ; Black Widow ; Wolverine Reality Yellow Allows the user to fulfill their wishes , even if the wish is in direct contradiction with scientific laws , and do things that would normally be impossible ; alter reality on a universal scale ; and create any type of alternate reality the user wishes . Stranger ; Collector ; Thanos ; Nebula ; Adam Warlock ; Rune ; Night Man ; Loki ; Galactus ; Black Bolt ; Hood ; Odeni ; Iron Man ; Black Widow ; Vision Power Red Allows the user to enhance their physical strength and durability ; access and manipulate all forms of energy ; and boost the effects of the other five Gems . At full potential , the Power Gem grants the user omnipotence . Champion of the Universe ; Thanos ; Nebula ; Adam Warlock ; Drax the Destroyer ; Thor ; Magus ; Rune ; Lord Pumpkin ; Loki ; Galactus ; She - Hulk ; Titania ; Mister Fantastic ; Odeni ; Hood ; Red Hulk ; Xiambor ; Namor ; The Juggernaut Additional Gems have appeared in crossover media and alternate universes outside the Marvel Universe . Name Color Powers and capabilities Known owners Ego Gold The Ego Gem contains the consciousness of the cosmic entity Nemesis and recreates her when united with the other six Gems . The Ego Gem is found in the Ultraverse when the Asgardian god Loki attempts to steal the other six Gems . It has never been seen outside its initial appearance except for The Super Hero Squad Show and the Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet video game where it is re-imagined as the Infinity Sword . Sersi ; Nemesis ; Odeni ; Thanos Rhythm Pink In the Marvel Super Hero Squad universe and related media , a seventh `` Rhythm Gem '' exists . The acquisition of the Infinity Gems is the main focus of The Super Hero Squad Show 's second season as well as the Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet video game . The Rhythm Gem is revealed to be a fake Gem created by Loki as part of a scheme . Loki ; Enchantress ; Thanos Build Red In the Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat animated film , an eighth `` Build Stone '' exists . Thanos seeks to possess the Build Stone in order to build a weapon . Other versions ( edit ) Council of Reeds ( edit ) The Reed Richards of Earth - 616 , in an attempt to `` solve everything '' , meets with a council of alternate universe Reeds . Three of them wear Infinity Gauntlets , which only work in concert with their respective universes . New Avengers ( edit ) During the `` Incursion '' storyline , the Avengers travel to a parallel Earth where a pastiche on the Justice League have replaced this Earth 's Avengers who all died in a previous cataclysm . Here the Gems are all square planes which are assembled into the `` Wishing Cube '' , a composite of the concepts of the Infinity Gems and the Cosmic Cube . Secret wars ( edit ) After various alternate universes were combined into Battleworld , Doctor Strange gathered Infinity Gems from other universes into a new Infinity Gauntlet that he ensured would work in the area where Doom had built his palace , although he left it hidden until he had access to someone he could trust to use it ; after his death , it was claimed by T'Challa , who used it against the Beyonder - enhanced Doom in the final battle , although T'Challa freely admitted once the battle was over that he never expected to be anything more than a distraction as Reed targeted Doom 's power source . A separate section of ' Battleworld ' known as New Xandar has also a gauntlet fought over by multiple factions ; until the majority of the stones , except the Reality Stone , were taken by Thanos . Thanos eventually is able to track the missing stone , but the stone had already been found by Anwen Bakian . When Thanos confronted her to get the aforementioned stone , Anwen suspiciously gave Thanos the stone without a fight . However the completed Infinity Gauntlet started acting odd , since Anwen had n't given Thanos the Reality Stone , instead she used the gem to create a rock which when used along with the remaining stones was capable of corrupting Thanos with some form of black matter and ultimately turned him to dust . Anwen named the stone the `` Death Stone . '' Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) In the Ultimate Marvel universe , an Infinity Gauntlet is seen in Project Pegasus . The Mind Gem ( stolen by Hydra ) is used by Modi ( Thor 's son ) to control both Director Flumm and Cassie Lang , but are stopped by the Ultimates . The Power Gem is later revealed to be in the possession of former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sayuri Kyota , while a second Infinity Gauntlet is recovered from an A.I.M. base by Thor and Susan Storm . Kang the Conqueror later allies himself with the Hulk , Reed Richards and Quicksilver as part of a plan to steal the two Gauntlets , which results in the destruction of the Triskelion . Quicksilver recovers two additional Gems allowing the villains to teleport away . Richards is later able to recover another of the Gems , which is found lodged in Tony Stark 's brain . He informs Stark that the Infinity Gems are needed to save the world from a coming cataclysm that will destroy the entire universe . After brainwashing Johnny Storm and forcing him to travel to the Earth 's core , the Dark Ultimates are able to recover the final gem , but are defeated by the Ultimates . The gems then shatter , rendering the Gauntlets useless . What if ? ( edit ) In a reality where Doctor Doom retained the power of the Beyonder , he acquired the Infinity Gems from the Elders of the Universe and used them to defeat the Celestials in a 407 - year - long war before finally forsaking his power . In an alternate reality where the original Fantastic Four died , a new Fantastic Four -- consisting of Spider - Man , Hulk , Wolverine and Ghost Rider -- was formed . With Iron Man replacing Ghost Rider , they were the only heroes available to fight Thanos when he initially assembled the Infinity Gauntlet . Despite Iron Man 's use of Negative Zone -- enhanced Celestial armor , Thanos still easily defeated the team until Wolverine tricked Thanos into erasing Mephisto from existence before cutting off Thanos 's left arm , and therefore the Infinity Gauntlet . With Thanos powerless , Spider - Man used the gauntlet to undo the events of Thanos 's godhood . Secret wars ( edit ) In the Contest of Champions miniseries , an alternate version of Tony Stark uses the Reality Gem to win the superhero civil war and affect the outcome of a presidential election . When he tries to use the Gem on Battleworld , he is killed by the Maestro , who says the Gems do not work in any universe other than their own . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The Infinity Gauntlet has appeared in the television shows The Super Hero Squad Show and Avengers Assemble . Film ( edit ) The MCU incarnation of Thanos wielding the Infinity Gauntlet , with the six Infinity Stones The Infinity Stones are significant in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , playing important roles in several films . Director James Gunn created the backstory for the Stones in the film Guardians of the Galaxy , where the Collector explains they are six singularities that existed before the Big Bang , that were compressed into the Stones after the universe began . In order of introduction , they are : Space Stone ( Blue ) : Housed in the Tesseract , it first appears briefly in the Thor post-credits scene . In Captain America : The First Avenger , it is used by the Red Skull to power weaponry developed by Hydra , and in The Avengers it is shown to be capable of generating wormholes , which Loki uses to transport the Chitauri to New York City in an attempt to conquer Earth . After the Avengers repel the invasion , it is returned to Asgard for safekeeping . In November 2013 , producer Kevin Feige confirmed that the Tesseract was the Space Stone . Mind Stone ( Yellow ) : In The Avengers , Thanos gives Loki a scepter that allows him to control people 's minds and to project energy . The scepter falls into the hands of Hydra leader Baron Wolfgang von Strucker , who is shown in the mid-credits scene of Captain America : The Winter Soldier to have been using it to experiment on humans . The only surviving subjects of those experiments are Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch , in whom superhuman abilities were unlocked . In Avengers : Age of Ultron , the scepter is revealed to contain the Mind Stone , and has an artificial intelligence that grants sentience to the computer program Ultron , who then incorporates the stone into his `` Vision '' , an android . The Mind Stone can also enhance the user 's intelligence , grants the user immense knowledge , and can create new life . Reality Stone ( Red ) : Formed by the Dark Elf Malekith into a fluid - like weapon called the Aether , it is said to be able to destroy the Nine Realms and return the universe to its pre-Big Bang state . The Asgardians entrust the Aether to the Collector at the end of Thor : The Dark World to separate it from the Tesseract , as they consider it unwise to have multiple Stones close together . The Aether , when bonded with a host , can turn anything into dark matter , and is capable sucking the life force out of humans and other mortals . Power Stone ( Purple ) : The Power Stone is contained within an orb that Ronan the Accuser seeks to find for Thanos in Guardians of the Galaxy . Direct contact with the Power Stone will result in the holder being vaporized . It is capable of destroying entire civilizations , and Ronan tries to use it to destroy the planet Xandar . The Guardians of the Galaxy stop him and entrust the stone to the Nova Corps for safekeeping . Time Stone ( Green ) : The Time Stone was encased in the Eye of Agamotto by Earth 's first sorcerer , Agamotto . A Master of the Mystic Arts can use the Stone to alter and manipulate time . Thousands of years later , in Doctor Strange , Dr. Stephen Strange learns to use the Eye and uses it to save the Earth from Dormammu by threatening to trap the demon in a time loop until he abandons his plans for Earth . The Masters of the Mystic Arts retain possession of the Eye in their secret compound Kamar - Taj in Kathmandu , Nepal . Soul Stone ( Orange ) : The Soul Stone is shown in Guardians of the Galaxy to be orange . Feige stated that it would be seen `` sometime in Phase Three , for sure . There 's a gauntlet that needs to be filled . '' A right - handed gauntlet appears in the film Thor , where it is stored in Odin 's vault ; this gauntlet was later revealed to be a fake in Thor : Ragnarok . In the mid-credits scene of Avengers : Age of Ultron , Thanos is seen wearing a left - handed gauntlet . Gaming ( edit ) The Infinity Gems are featured in the video games Marvel Super Heroes In War of the Gems ( based on the `` Infinity Gauntlet '' saga ) and Marvel Super Heroes . In Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes , Thanos uses Power , Soul , Reality , and Space for his Supers . The Infinity Gems , including the `` Ego '' Gem in the form of the Infinity Sword , appear as a driving part of the Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet video game . The Infinity Stones play a major role in the fighting game Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite . During gameplay , using an Infinity Stone will grant player characters a specific enhancement based on the stone being used . In the game 's story , Ultron and Sigma use two of the stones to become `` Ultron Sigma '' and merge the worlds into one under their control , and the heroes must retrieve the other four stones to stop them . The Infinity Stones in the game use the naming and color scheme of the Stones from the Marvel Cinematic Universe rather than the naming and color scheme of the Infinity Gems from previous Marvel video games . The Collector 's Edition of the game comes with a replica of the Infinity Stones housed in a small box with an LED display . From January to August 2012 , Wizkids presented the Infinity Gauntlet program at stores that host HeroClix tournaments . An Infinity Gauntlet prop was released , followed by a different Gem each month . Each Gem can be added the Gauntlet , increasing its power in game . The Gems can be displayed on a stand that comes with the Gauntlet or on each Elder that Thanos encountered in the story Thanos Quest . Replica Infinity Gauntlets were given out as trophies at Ultimate Fighting Game Tournament 8 , a 2012 Road to Evo tournament . 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ToonZone . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ultron ' Debuts In The Newest Episode Of AVENGERS ASSEMBLE '' . ComicBookMovie.com. 2013 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Discusses Working With Joss Whedon , Sequels , Marvel `` Risks '' & More `` . The IndieWire . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Will Marvel 's Doctor Strange Introduce Another Infinity Stone ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Outlaw , Kofi ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Cinematic Universe Infinity Stones : What They Do and Where They Are - The Mind Stone ( Spoilers ) '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kristen ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` There is one mid-credits scene in ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' -- Here 's what it means for future Marvel movies '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fuster , Jeremy ; Hornshaw , Phil ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tracking the Infinity Stones in ' Thor : Ragnarok ' and the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thor : The Dark World After The Credits Detailed Explanation '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on The Infinity Stones , Civil War and More '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange revelations : Secrets and Easter eggs from the new Marvel movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Cinematic Universe Infinity Stones : What They Do and Where They Are - The Time Stone ( Spoilers ) '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Feige & Latcham Say `` Infinity War '' Leads To The End Of The Avengers -- As We Know Them `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tim ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How Thor : Ragnarok Solves That Problem With Thanos ' Gauntlet '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Secret Behind The Infinity Gauntlet , According To Marvel 's Kevin Feige '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Super Heroes Review '' . IGN. 1997 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ mmygind ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Retro Review : `` Marvel Super Heroes : War of the Gems '' ( 1996 , Capcom , Super Nintendo ) `` . Last Token Gaming . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` A Funny Game In More Ways Than One - Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet - Xbox 360 '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom returns with Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Captain America and Morrigan Revealed for Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Morse , Ben ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite ' Smashes Back With New Details '' . Marvel Comics . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . 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when does season 3 of miranda sings come out

Miranda Sings - wikipedia Miranda Sings Jump to : navigation , search `` Miranda Sings '' at VidCon 2014 Miranda Sings is a fictional character , developed on the internet , created in 2008 and portrayed by American comedian , actress and YouTube personality Colleen Ballinger . Ballinger displays videos of the comically talentless , egotistical , misguided and quirky character on her YouTube channel . In these videos , the eccentric , narcissistic , yet endearing character sings and dances badly , gives inept `` tutorials '' , recounts her daily activities , discusses current events that she often misunderstands , collaborates with other YouTubers , and rants about her critics , reading examples of hate mail directed at the character on social media ; she responds to them with her catchphrase : `` Haters Back Off ! '' . Ballinger created the character as a satire of bad but arrogant singers who believe that posting their videos on YouTube will lead to them breaking into show business . As of August 2017 , the Miranda Sings YouTube channel had surpassed 1.4 billion views and 8 million subscribers , and Miranda had more than 6 million Instagram followers . Miranda has been ranked the 7th `` most popular '' YouTube personality by Daily American , and the channel was ranked No. 38 of all time by NewMediaRockstars . The character also has an active presence on other social media platforms . Since 2009 , in addition to her internet videos , Ballinger has regularly presented live comedy acts , in character as Miranda Sings , at first in cabaret spaces and later in theaters in New York , London , and other cities in the US , Canada , Europe , Australia and elsewhere . Her acts include Miranda 's signature off - key singing of pop music hits and show tunes , with introductions focusing on the character 's backstory . Her delivery is full of malapropisms , mondegreens and spoonerisms , and the acts incorporate interaction with audience volunteers , giving a `` voice lesson '' to , or singing a duet with , Broadway or other musical celebrities , reading hate mail , and singing while being stabbed through the neck in her `` magic trick '' . The character has appeared in web series , interviews and an episode of the TV show Victorious . In 2014 , she guest - starred in character on an episode of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee with Jerry Seinfeld and appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . In July 2015 , she released a New York Times # 1 best - selling book , written in Miranda 's voice , titled Selp - Helf . Miranda is the main character in the Netflix original series Haters Back Off , which premiered in 2016 and was renewed for a second season in 2017 . Ballinger won a Teen Choice Award and a Streamy Award for her Miranda videos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 YouTube videos 1.2 Live comedy act , early years 1.3 Live comedy act , 2013 to present 1.4 Haters Back Off 2 Genesis of the character 3 Other activities 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) YouTube videos ( edit ) Since 2008 , Ballinger has posted more than 500 videos as the character Miranda Sings on the YouTube channel of the same name . The character is a satire of bad , but egotistical , singers who post internet videos of themselves singing in hopes of breaking into show - business , despite the realistic or cruel comments of `` haters '' who comment on their videos . More generally , it is a satire of pretentious and untalented performers everywhere . Miranda is supposedly a home - schooled young woman who lives with her mother and uncle . She is narcissistic , infantilized , overconfident and has a relentless ambition to achieve show business fame . In the videos , the Miranda character sings in a comically off - key , yet plausible , voice and covers pop music hits , show tunes and original songs . Sometimes she discusses current events , which she usually misunderstands , gives inept mock - `` tutorials '' , rants about her internet critics or discusses the character 's backstory . She uses spoonerisms , mondegreens and malapropisms , is irritable , ludicrously self - absorbed , narcissistic , prudish and self - righteous , socially awkward , and has a defiant , arrogant attitude . The Times describes the character as `` self - obsessed and immune to criticism '' . Her videos `` exhibit the near - tragic extent of Miranda 's idiocy . '' As Robert Lloyd , writing for the Los Angeles Times put it , `` the ferocious enormousness of Miranda 's self - regard , which blots out nearly everything around her , is inversely proportional to her talent . '' To viewers who take the videos seriously and offer criticism , she responds with the catchphrase , `` Haters Back Off ! '' , telling these critics that they are `` just jealous '' and that `` haters make me famous '' . The character displays eccentric facial traits such as unusually active eyebrows and a crooked smile described as a `` side smirk '' . Her head is cocked to one side , and her pronunciation quirks include an emphasis on the use of a prominent hard ' g ' ( in such words as ' singing ' and ' song ' ) . In place of lyrics that she can not remember , the character `` scat '' sings . She wears bright red lipstick drawn beyond the borders of her lips , her hair pulled up at the temples to expose the maximum amount of forehead , dresses in mismatched out - of - style clothing ( such as a men 's shirt buttoned to the neck with red sweatpants ) , and often dances stiffly to the music she is performing . Miranda 's views of society and morality are politically incorrect , and she displays a strong prudish aversion to anything risque , which she calls `` porn '' . Some of the videos show Miranda duetting with well - known singers or instrumentalists . Since 2013 , Miranda has frequently collaborated on videos with other YouTube personalities that are shown on their channels , often accumulating millions of views . People magazine featured a Miranda collaboration with Tyler Oakley and Bethany Mota . Until March 2013 , her YouTube audience was relatively modest , but in that month , her channel 's audience reached 150,000 subscribers and began to expand more rapidly . Live comedy act , early years ( edit ) Since April 2009 , in addition to her internet videos , Miranda Sings has performed her one - woman live comedy acts at first at cabaret spaces and later theatres in New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , London , Toronto , Amsterdam , Sydney and other cities in the US , Canada , Europe , Australia , and elsewhere . In 2009 , BroadwayWorld.com called her `` the hottest , freshest and oddest breakout star in the musical theatre / cabaret scene '' . In the live comedy acts , Ballinger begins the show as herself and then transforms onstage into Miranda . Miranda typically sings pop hits and some musical theatre songs in her signature off - key style ( one reviewer called this `` deranged versions duly delivered with gawky , gurning panache '' ) ; gives `` voice lessons '' or acting lessons to Broadway or West End stars , such as Sutton Foster , Andrew Rannells , and Shoshana Bean , to Broadway casts of shows such as Billy Elliot ( to which cast she also gave dance and acting `` lessons '' ) and Rock of Ages , and to pop stars such as Ariana Grande and Tori Kelly , in which she is hypercritical of the stars ' performances , often telling them that they should leave show - business ; sings one or more duets with established ( and bemused ) musical theatre singers ; indignantly reads hate mail ( bleeping out any profanity ) that she has received on her YouTube channel and other social media ; interacts with audience volunteers ; uses projected presentations containing terrible spelling ; and sometimes improvises a song based on audience suggestions . The act has autobiographical elements from Miranda 's backstory . In her holiday act , in addition to some of the above , Miranda has recreated the Christmas story `` complete with the Three Kings , the Drummer Boy , and Santa Claus , as well as a shockingly dissonant ' Carol of the Bells ' '' and other Christmas songs . As an example of the character 's delusional arrogance , Miranda stated in her early acts that she expected to perform the role of Elphaba in Wicked on Broadway . During 2009 , as part of her act , she announced that she planned to date Cheyenne Jackson ( who she did not realize is openly gay ) or to find another boyfriend , who must be talented and famous . She was photographed and videotaped together with Jackson at Broadway on Broadway 2009 , confronting him about their `` relationship '' , and finally receiving a `` first kiss '' from him . In 2010 , she stated in her videos and comedy acts that Jackson is no longer her boyfriend ( because he never called her for a date ) , and so she was seeking a new , famous , talented , handsome boyfriend , such as Zac Efron or Justin Bieber . In 2013 , Ballinger began a series of Miranda collaboration videos about `` dating '' YouTuber Joey Graceffa ; an ongoing gag is that she can not pronounce his last name . She has stated that the two are engaged , but she has accumulated several other boyfriends or `` baes '' . In 2009 , Miranda proclaimed that she was not just a `` triple threat '' entertainer , but a `` four threat '' , because she is also a model , as well as a singer / actor / dancer . Since 2010 , she has asserted that she is a `` five threat '' talent , adding `` magic '' to her list of skills , and in videos she has combined inept magic tricks with singing . A regular part of her live comedy acts since 2010 includes a `` magic trick '' where Miranda sings while appearing to be stabbed through the neck by a sword . The joke is that she sings better when the sword is inserted through her neck . In 2012 , Miranda Sings was one of the headliners at the Out of the Loop Fringe Festival , presented by WaterTower Theatre in Addison , Texas . A 2012 Miranda Birdland cabaret act was filmed by Seth Rudetsky . Live comedy act , 2013 to present ( edit ) As the popularity of the character increased , Ballinger was able to book longer sell - out runs of her live comedy acts at larger and larger venues including , in 2013 , a six - performance run at the Leicester Square Theatre in London , seven performances in Australia , and , in 2014 , a performance at the Best Buy Theater in New York City and , among other theatres , three shows in London 's Cadogan Hall . A Buffalo , New York reviewer explained the shows ' appeal : `` Miranda 's stage show -- a quixotic blend of melodramatic pathos , lightning - speed wit and cultural literacy -- is no mere ... reproduction of her Internet channel . It is as theatrical as it is musical , comedic as it is inspirational . '' A London reviewer concurred : Miranda ( is ) hilarious , and I was struck on several occasions by what an accomplished creation the character is -- with her own vocabulary , idiosyncrasies and bizarre ( not to mention increasingly sinister ) backstory , you 've never seen anything like her , and the commitment with which Ballinger embodies this strange , strange girl is nothing short of admirable . Bridging both personas , the moment she transforms into Miranda , on - stage and mid-song , is an absolute joy -- I 'd struggle to recall hearing an audience erupt to such an extent , and I could n't help but join in . -- BroadwayWorld reviewer Kevin Sherwin Ballinger begins a Miranda show as herself in 2014 In her 2014 `` Selp Helf '' tour , she instructed her ( mostly young , female ) audience on how to get a boyfriend by being more Miranda - like . `` To break up the horrendous musical numbers , Miranda incorporated a series of segments that took the four daily concepts of porn , bullies , love and ' haters ' and transformed the subject matter into ... comical banter that relied heavily on audience participation ... she worked off everything the volunteers said and did , improvising and creating punchlines on the spot ... Ballinger , the genius behind Miranda , is so convincing in the role , you ... will likely forget that there is a normal person behind the red lips '' . Miranda 's more risque stage business is performed `` in a way that will have parents laughing and children oblivious . '' `` There was some great physical comedy . Miranda 's alternative to twerking has to be seen to be believed and her recreation of her own birth ... was a hoot . As she told us , she was always famous , it 's just that everyone else knows it now . '' `` But ( the show ) is deeper than it initially appears ... She is funny and a strong role model , with a healthy disdain for pop 's oversexualisation ... The satire is not exactly mindblowing but the message is undeniably positive . Plenty of interaction keeps everyone interested and lends proceedings an inclusive feel ... when there was an appeal for volunteers almost every hand shot straight into the air . '' Ballinger gave Miranda shows in 57 cities in her 2014 `` Selp Helf '' tour . Her spring 2015 tour was styled the `` Miranda 4 Precident '' tour ; the concept was that Miranda was `` born to be President '' and was running for election again in 2015 `` to help the whole world '' . In this tour , she discussed various `` issues '' and illustrated how she is more talented than her opponents . In August 2015 , Miranda 's `` Summer Camp '' bus tour of the US Midwest and East Coast featured ghost stories , a `` bon fire '' , camp counsellors , merit badges , games and `` friendship bracelets ... more of a variety show . '' It featured members of her family and friends . In September 2015 , Miranda was a headliner at the Just for Laughs festival in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , and in December , Ballinger released a film version of one of her stage shows on Vimeo , titled Miranda Sings : Selp Helf . Miranda returned for a second engagement at the LaughFest festival in Grand Rapids , Michigan in 2016 , where a reviewer noted that the material `` resonated with parents as well as the younger set . '' Among other appearances , Miranda performed at the Kennedy Center in April 2016 and in Nashville 's Ryman Auditorium in May at the 3rd Annual Wild West Comedy Festival . During the second half of 2016 , she toured Miranda shows in the US , England , Ireland , Germany and Denmark . A 15 - city US tour in early 2017 and subsequent concerts were billed as `` Miranda Sings Live ! ... Your ( sic ) Welcome '' . The premise is that , finding it unfair that she will not be able to attend her own funeral , Miranda enacts a funeral celebrating her life , career , death and resurrection . She began a new tour in September with 16 shows in Europe , Australasia and the US through the end of 2017 . In these shows , Miranda teaches her audience `` how to be famous '' . Haters Back off ( edit ) Main article : Haters Back Off Miranda is the main character of a Netflix comedy series , Haters Back Off , co-developed by Ballinger and her brother Christopher Ballinger , about the beginnings of Miranda 's career , her family life and her efforts to demonstrate her talents as she seeks fame . The series fills out the backstory implied in Miranda 's videos , incarnating her spineless mother , Bethany , and her overly devoted uncle Jim . It also introduced Miranda 's best friend and neighbor , Patrick , who has a crush on her ; her younger sister , Emily , the `` normal '' one in the family ; and her estranged father Kelly . Neflix released the first season in October 2016 and the second season in October 2017 , after which it cancelled the series . Genesis of the character ( edit ) Miranda 's creator , Colleen Ballinger , based the character partly on young women that she knew in the performance department of her college , Azusa Pacific University . She told The Times of London , `` There were a lot of cocky girls who thought they were really talented , and they ... were so rude and snotty , it drove me nuts . Then I saw all these girls trying to make a career out of putting videos on YouTube ( of themselves singing in their bedrooms ) ... clueless to the fact that they were terrible . '' Ballinger said : `` I thought it was so stupid , because I did n't think anybody got famous off of YouTube . '' Also , when bored in choir class , Ballinger practiced singing slightly sharp or flat to amuse her friends . At first , the `` Miranda videos were meant to be an inside joke '' among Ballinger 's friends . Ballinger 's YouTube channel received little traffic for more than a year , but in March 2009 , she uploaded a video called `` Free Voice Lesson '' that quickly became a sensation . The video consists of advice to use , and demonstrations of , techniques that real voice teachers would warn students to avoid , delivered in Miranda 's arrogant , off - key way . Miranda 's videos drew predictably sharp criticism on YouTube , as many viewers mistakenly believed the character was a real person , a `` neo-Florence Foster Jenkins '' . As her videos became popular , Ballinger modified the character in response to the negative comments to make it more extreme , baiting the commenters by adopting the catchphrases `` Haters Back Off '' and `` Haters Make Me Famous '' . `` People would make fun of my hair , and I made it worse ... I took what people hated and exaggerated it more in the next video . '' Colleen Ballinger , creator and alter ego of Miranda Sings , in 2012 Ballinger was briefly unsure of what to do with her newfound internet success , but in April 2009 , Jim Caruso invited her to perform as the character at Cast Party , a weekly show at his Birdland jazz club in New York City . She recalls , `` I went from making a minute - and - a-half video in my bedroom to doing an hour - and - a-half live show '' . Members of the Broadway theatre community quickly embraced the Miranda videos and were eager to be a part of Miranda 's live comedy acts . Frankie Grande , who was then in the cast of Mamma Mia ! , invited Ballinger to join the cast as Miranda at the Minskoff Theatre in the 2009 Broadway Cares Easter Bonnet competition charity benefit . Later , Broadway celebrities like Lin - Manuel Miranda performed in videos with Miranda . Ballinger was also invited to perform in London . At the Leicester Square Theatre in 2010 , Miranda taught `` voice lessons '' to , and performed with , such West End theatre stars as Leanne Jones , Scarlett Strallen , Daniel Boys , Julie Atherton , Ian ' H ' Watkins , Anna - Jane Casey , Jon Lee and Noel Sullivan , and the London casts of Naked Boys Singing , Wicked and Les Misérables . Since the summer of 2009 , Miranda Sings has also been featured in radio , television and internet interviews where the interviewers explore the personality traits of , and play along with , the character . The Miranda character receives negative comments to her videos from viewers who are fooled by the character and believe that they are watching a serious video by a bad entertainer . Ballinger told Backstage : `` It 's sort of like an Andy Kaufman thing . You would n't believe the hate mail ... You would never say that stuff to someone 's face , but you can type anything online . '' TheaterJones commented that `` perhaps because the Internet is some crazy postmodern distortion of reality , people ... felt it was their duty to point out how woefully untalented ( Miranda ) was , in the most horrific ways ... Her hate mail , which she reads some of on stage , is an art form all its own . '' Ballinger noted : `` The whole reason Miranda went viral is because people were making fun of how stupid it was . If I did n't get hate mail , I would n't have a job . '' The online critics were so harsh that Miranda became a `` hero of the anti-bullying movement '' . Her young fans find the character empowering because they see , perhaps selectively , `` a conservatively attired girl who does what she likes , gets lots of attention and has bottomless self - esteem . '' Miranda also teaches that `` Popular girls do n't have to be stylish ... Fear no one ... It 's ( acceptable for girls ) to be cranky . '' An article at The Conversation observed that some YouTubers `` use humour and satire to challenge ideas of popular femininity ... Miranda Sings ... puts on monstrous makeup to perform parody music videos ( rejecting ) being conventionally pretty . '' Fans of the character who are studying the performing arts say that Miranda is `` a role model and a ' strong woman in comedy ' '' that inspires confidence in their performance and social skills . The Times commented , `` there is another , sweeter side to her travails . Miranda loves singing and , despite -- or perhaps because of -- the satire , becomes an evocation of something all humans love to do and have done since before we discovered language . The very act of singing , however dire the sound , makes us feel good . '' Ballinger noted that the TV show Glee ( to which Miranda submitted an `` audition '' in 2010 ) is causing a resurgence of interest in singing in schools : `` Everyone is talking about Glee and choirs and musical theatre , igniting a flame that has been dimmed for a long time ... Live performance and musical theatre were almost a lost art ... people need to be reminded that it takes a lot more effort to sing than just watching movies or TV shows . '' Miranda followed up on this idea , saying : `` Since I became so famous ... everyone is watching more music and singing more -- because everyone wants to be more like me . '' As the Miranda character matured , its popularity grew especially with younger audiences of the Glee generation , with most of those attending her concerts being teenagers or in their twenties . Ballinger says that she gets the most satisfaction from her live performances . Other activities ( edit ) Magic trick : Miranda sings while being stabbed through the neck ; this boosts her `` self isteam '' , as noted on the projection behind her . In 2009 , Ballinger released a Christmas EP entitled `` Christmas With Miranda Sings '' . In 2010 , she appeared as Miranda at the Nightlife Awards , and Miranda was a presenter at the CYT Directors ' Choice Awards in La Mesa , California . Later that year , at the Rose Center Theater , Miranda co-hosted a benefit concert , `` Broadway Memories '' ( which included giving Sutton Foster a `` voice lesson '' ) , for the Alzheimer 's Association and the Capistrano Center for the Performing Arts . The same year , Miranda appeared in an episode of the web series Apartment Red . From 2010 to 2012 , Ballinger posted videos to another YouTube channel , Mirandavlogz , where Miranda vlogged , gave mock - tutorials , offered ridiculous opinions and participated in internet challenges like the cinnamon challenge . Miranda is heard in character on two tracks of the 2011 album Self Taught , Still Learning , by Chris Passey . The character also appeared in a 2012 comedy film , Varla Jean and the Mushroomheads . Miranda Sings appeared in a Season 3 episode of the Nickelodeon television show Victorious , a one - hour special titled `` Tori Goes Platinum '' , first broadcast on May 19 , 2012 . In the episode , Miranda is one of the auditioners for an awards show , singing `` Freak the Freak Out '' . Also in 2012 , she `` interviewed '' Nickelodeon star Jennette McCurdy and gave a `` master class '' at the Boston Children 's Theatre . The character appeared in episode 6 of Dr. Fubalous , a 2012 web series . Later in 2012 Miranda vlogged that she was running for President of the US to offer an alternative to the candidates nominated by the major parties and offered a brief analysis of the presidential race . In another vlog , she laid out her campaign platform . She appeared in the first episode of Dance Chat in 2013 , an Australian web show , and gave a free performance at the Community College of Rhode Island for the Charles Sullivan Fund for the Arts and Humanities . Miranda appeared in a 2014 back - to - school video for Old Navy , which received more than 6 million views online , and a 2016 Miranda video , `` Sexy Buttery Love Song '' promoted Jack in the Box restaurants . Miranda guest starred on the season 5 episode , `` Happy Thanksgiving Miranda '' , of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee with Jerry Seinfeld on the Crackle network in November 2014 . Seinfeld called Miranda `` a very well - developed character ... just as funny to me as ... to my daughter , who is 13 ... ( The episode is ) one of the best shows of Comedians in Cars we 've ever done . '' Mediaite agreed , writing : `` In its fifth season , Jerry Seinfeld 's web series continued to be one of the most enjoyable weekly events on the internet . His experience with YouTube star Miranda Sings , which carried its way onto the Tonight Show , was a particular highlight . '' In December 2014 , Miranda appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon playing Pictionary with Jimmy Fallon , Martin Short and Jerry Seinfeld . Us Weekly called the segment `` the most hilarious game night ever '' . Entertainment Weekly called it `` a riveting game '' , and People magazine wrote : `` It 's the most wonderful trainwrecked game of Pictionary you 'll see this holiday season '' . In early 2015 , she appeared in a music video for Lance Bass and on The Grace Helbig Show with Jim Parsons . Miranda was profiled in People magazine in June 2015 . In June and July , Miranda and Ballinger ( as herself ) both starred in a six - episode beauty series parody , called How to Makeup , on the I Love Makeup YouTube channel operated by Collective Digital Studio . In July 2015 , `` Miranda '' released a book , Selp - Helf , published by Simon & Schuster , which calls it a `` decidedly unhelpful , candid , hilarious ' how - to ' guide '' . It contains 240 pages , in mock - scrapbook format , of photos and extensive artwork by Ballinger and her brother Christopher Ballinger , with Miranda 's silly advice about such topics as love , finances , diet and exercise , and fashion . During pre-sales , Vanity Fair called Miranda `` America 's Newest Best - Selling Author '' . The book debuted at No. 1 on the Publishers Weekly Hardcover Non-Fiction best sellers list and The New York Times Best Seller list for Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous , and at No. 6 on USA Today 's Best - Selling Books list . It remained on the Times ' Best Seller list for `` Advice & Misc . '' for 11 weeks and was on their monthly Best Seller list for `` Humor '' through May 2016 . Miranda released a hidden object game app , made by Games2win , called Miranda Sings vs Haters that was well reviewed and `` topped iTunes USA charts in the week of December 3 , ( 2015 ) '' . Ballinger appeared as Miranda as a guest star on the 2016 YouTube Red series Prank Academy . In 2016 , Ballinger released a second Miranda Christmas EP , titled Hapy Holidays frum Miranda Sings . The character has an active social media presence , with more than 6 million followers on Instagram , 2.5 million followers on Twitter , and 1.7 million page likes on Facebook . BuzzFeed called her `` The Queen of Twitter '' . Reception ( edit ) Since early 2009 , Ballinger 's character has enjoyed widespread popularity , especially ( initially ) among musical theatre fans . Later , her fan base expanded particularly among teenagers . Her live comedy acts have been in demand at cabaret clubs and theaters in New York ( Birdland Jazz Club , Best Buy Theater ) , London ( Ambassadors Theatre ; Leicester Square Theatre ) , Australia ( selling out every performance in her 2013 tour ) and elsewhere throughout North America , in Britain and Scandinavia , at venues where her mostly teenage fans , who call themselves `` Mirfandas '' , are admitted . Since 2010 , her shows have generally sold out ; after her 2014 performances at Edinburgh Fringe Festival and in London sold out , Ballinger quickly added a ten - stop , 11 - day UK tour . In 2009 , the Los Angeles Times wrote of her videos , `` this footage is a major hoot '' , and BroadwayWorld.com described Ballinger as an `` Internet Superstar . '' The Times of London commented that although Miranda 's videos have made her `` a darling of the Broadway musical - theatre scene ... ( it ) is not online but on stage that Miranda truly comes to ghastly life . '' In 2010 , a BroadwayWorld review of Miranda 's live comedy act said that Ballinger 's `` ' Miranda Sings ' persona is a very unique and original concept devised by a very creative imagination ... Miranda is not to be missed . ( As ) the old saying goes , it takes talent to be that bad '' . Another commentator wrote similarly : `` It 's so awful , it 's brilliant . '' Woman Around Town called Miranda `` an atrocious , comedic masterpiece . '' Perez Hilton praised Miranda 's parody of the hit song `` Chandelier '' as `` the crowning achievement of music video parodies ... utterly fantastic '' . TheaterJones noted that Ballinger : `` has hit on a character that reflects the zeitgeist of our time and does it with tongue firmly planted in cheek . '' In 2015 , Playbill concluded : `` Miranda Sings is a huge talent . With very demonstrative facial expressions , a unique take on makeup and wardrobe and her almost unbelievable vocal stylings , she cuts an undeniable figure in the world of online music video . '' The Guardian characterized Miranda 's channel as `` so bad it 's great '' . Miranda has been compared with such absurd comic creations as Roseanne Roseannadanna and Andy Kaufman 's characters , Kimmy Schmidt , `` a distaff Napoleon Dynamite '' and Pee - wee Herman . In each of 2014 and 2015 , Ballinger was nominated for a Teen Choice Award for `` Web Star : Comedy '' for her Miranda videos , winning the award in 2015 . She was nominated for three 2015 Streamy Awards , winning one for best actress . She was also nominated for a 2015 People 's Choice Award and a 2016 Shorty Award . She was nominated for a 2016 Streamy Award . A 2013 BroadwayWorld feature commented , `` While ( Miranda 's ) singing might not be anywhere near pitch - perfect , the character 's comedic lampooning of self - aggrandizing divas surely is ... ( O ) nly a truly talented performer could make the Miranda character believable , let alone as endearing as she ends up being . '' AussieTheatre.com stated : `` Miranda ... creates the most successful parody of the world of YouTube ... she has created an international cult following '' . Real Detroit Weekly calls the character `` delightfully hilarious '' . A reviewer from the Irish Independent wrote : `` There is an endearing sweetness to her performance ... This bizarre and bonkers show is somehow strangely compelling '' . A reviewer from The New York Times said that Miranda 's success stems from `` milking the disconnect between her supreme confidence and her hopeless lack of ability ... endearing incompetence '' . One of the top 10 most - Googled fashion questions of 2015 was `` How to dress up like Miranda Sings '' . Ballinger 's success has , paradoxically , realized Miranda 's supposedly misguided dreams . TV Guide commented : `` Ironically , the character ... was created to satirize the very type of YouTube fame she 's managed to cultivate . '' The Miranda Sings YouTube channel has received more than 1.4 billion views and has more than 8 million subscribers . In 2014 , it was ranked No. 38 on New Media Rockstars ' Top 100 Channels of All Time list , and in January 2015 , Miranda was listed as the 7th `` most popular YouTube personality '' by Daily American . Miranda was ranked No. 5 on Forbes magazine 's 2017 list of top entertainment influencers . The most popular Miranda video , a parody cover of Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' , received more than 55 million views on YouTube before the video site removed it . Two more of her videos have surpassed 25 million views , more than 15 of her videos have received over 10 million views , over 60 of her videos have received more than 5 million views , more than 200 Miranda videos have over 2 million views , and more than 300 of her videos have surpassed 1 million views . The character is widely parodied on YouTube . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Haden , Tyler . `` Miranda Sings to Santa Barbara '' , Santa Barbara Independent , March 4 , 2014 , accessed February 25 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Noteboom , Kris . `` BooTube '' , TheaterJones , March 5 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Keihm , Moira . `` YouTube Personality Miranda Sings : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' , Heavy.com , January 17 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Elinzano , Maureen . `` The 7 most popular YouTube personalities '' , Daily American , January 22 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` The NMR 100 : Our Favorite Channels of All Time '' , New Media Rockstars , December 31 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Best Sellers : Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous '' , The New York Times , August 9 , 2015 ( sales for the week ending July 25 , 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Harwood , Erika . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 : See The Full Winners List '' , MTV.com , August 16 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Annual Winners & Nominees '' , Streamys.org , accessed September 18 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Miranda Sings '' most popular videos , Miranda Sings , YouTube , accessed September 10 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Ng , David . `` YouTube sensation Miranda seduces Broadway '' , Los Angeles Times , May 11 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Eggar , Robin . `` She 'd like to teach the world to sing '' . The Times , May 2 , 2010 , accessed March 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Meme Comes to Life '' , Transmedia Televisual Studies , FILM345 , Queens University , February 2010 ^ Jump up to : Seabaugh , Julie . `` The Woman Behind Miranda , One of the Strangest and Most Beloved Characters on YouTube '' . LA Weekly , July 23 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Velasco , Schuyler . `` Interview : Miranda Sings '' , Backstage , August 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Loftus , Jamie . `` Miranda Sings Is the Ultimate Expression of Ironic Teenagers '' , Inverse.com , November 2 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Collier , Cody . `` YouTube Gives Fame to Miranda Sings '' , Guardian Liberty Voice , Clark County , Nevada , June 29 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Sarinana , Leslie . `` ' Miranda Sings ' is back ... you 're welcome '' , The Prospector , January 17 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Stage Tube : ' Miranda Sings ' Visits Clevver TV '' , Broadway World , November 4 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Ballinger , Colleen . `` Miranda Sings at the Lobero in Santa Barbara '' , Lobero.com , January 10 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Ben . `` Miranda shows that she 's very good at being bad '' , The Buffalo News , May 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bassett , Jordan . `` Who Is Miranda Sings ? Nine Things You Should Know About the Youtuber Who 's Coming to Netflix '' , NME , January 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert . `` Haters Back Off offers the funny origin story of Miranda Sings '' , Los Angeles Times , October 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings ! at Birdland '' , stubdog.com , February 4 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Erica . `` ' The haters ' defined YouTube sensation Miranda Sings '' , City Pages , August 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Video of Miranda scat singing in `` Favorite Things '' , Broadwayworld.com , May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Music / Cabaret Miranda Sings '' , San Francisco Chronicle , October 4 , 2009 ; Bond , Nick . `` Haters Back Off -- Miranda 's Coming '' , Star Observer , October 30 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Liberty , John . `` YouTube star Miranda Sings to make Michigan debut , readies for haters '' , Kalamazoo Gazette , Mlive.com , December 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` The Gay Test : Miranda Sings '' , TheGayUK , August 17 , 2012 , accessed December 9 , 2013 Jump up ^ Walgrove , Amanda . `` Miranda Sings Covers `` Starships , '' Performs Magic and Introduces MirandaCon at VidCon 2013 `` , WhatsTrending.com , August 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sam Harris and Miranda Sings Duet ' Too Much , Too Little , Too Late ' '' , SamHarris.com , 2010 , accessed February 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` ' Timber ' -- cover w / Lindsey Stirling and Miranda Sings ! '' , YouTube , February 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Examples include `` How to Stop Parents from Comparing Kids ( ft . Miranda Sings ) '' , Superwoman ; `` I Dare You ( ft . Miranda Sings ) '' , Nigahiga ; `` 7 Second Challenge With Miranda Sings Zoella '' , Zoella ; `` Teaching Miranda How to Twerk -- JoJo 's Juice '' , Its JoJo Siwa ; `` The Photobooth Challenge ( ft . MirandaSings ) '' , Tyler Oakley ; `` Mini Miranda Meets Miranda Sings '' , Eh Bee Family ; and `` Kids React to Miranda Sings '' , Fine Brothers , all accessed March 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gavilanes , Grace . `` Tyler Oakley and Bethany Mota Become Miranda Sings in the Most Epic Makeover Video Ever '' , People magazine , August 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Present for My Fans ! ! ! 150,000 subscribers '' , YouTube , March 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Urgo , Jason . `` Miranda Sings : YouTube Progress Graphs '' , Social Blade , accessed December 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : ' Miranda Sings ' at Birdland 's Cast Party '' , BroadwayWorld.com , April 29 , 2009 , accessed May 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . `` ' Miranda Sings Christmas Spectacular , ' With Lauren Kennedy and Frankie Grande '' Archived 2013 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , December 20 , 2011 ; Sparks , Abbe . `` Mirfandas Infiltrate Highland Park from across the country for Midwest Premiere of Miranda Sings Live ! '' , Chicago Tribune ( Highland Park local ) , November 22 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Miranda Sings Australia schedule Archived 2011 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , November 2009 ; Newcastle Herald , November 26 , 2009 , p. 45 ; Michelin , Lana . `` How ( not ) to sing great '' . Red Deer Advocate , January 14 , 2011 ; Bell , Matt . `` Marketing Lessons from ' Miranda Sings ' '' , Standing ( inn ) ovation , November 14 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Dessau , Bruce . `` UK Tour Dates for YouTube Star Miranda Sings '' , Beyond the Joke , September 4 , 2014 ; DeSimone , Evan . `` Miranda Sings Kicks Off Ten Date UK Tour '' , NewMediaRockstars.com , November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` ' Miranda Sings ' Returns to Rrazz Room October 9 '' . BroadwayWorld.com , October 2 , 2009 , accessed July 23 , 2010 Jump up ^ Donaldson , Brian . `` Miranda Sings : Colleen Ballinger performs deft , tone - deaf character comedy at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe '' , The List , August 17 , 2014 ; `` Swapping her sparkly dress for a pair of baggy red tracksuit bottoms , an oversized man 's shirt and kicking off her heels for a pair of Crocs , the transmutation was completed with a severe centre parting and a smear of lurid red ' listik ' . '' Burakowski , Leon . `` Review : Miranda Sings , Wulfrun Hall '' , Native Monster , November 6 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Dessau , Bruce . `` Miranda Sings , Cadogan Hall -- comedy review '' , London Evening Standard , September 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings teaching Shoshana Bean how to sing '' , October 12 , 2009 , accessed October 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings with Ariana Grande '' , YouTube , June 21 , 2011 , accessed November 25 , 2013 . Ballinger met Grande in 2009 , and the two have been friends since then . See Hasaka , Amanda . `` My Day . My Life . With Colleen Ballinger ! '' , Teen.com , September 8 , 2013 , accessed June 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Miranda Gives Tori Kelly a Voice Lesson '' , YouTube , August 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Miranda `` death scene '' at Birdland , September 2009 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings Plays ' Broadway At Birdland , ' 10 / 12 '' . Broadwayworld.com , October 13 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Photo Flash : Miranda Sings at Cabaret at the Castle '' . BroadwayWorld.com , April 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Bullen , Bob . `` My very gay weekend : Valley of the Dolls at Music Box Theatre ( with special guest Patty Duke ) and Miranda Sings '' , Chicago Theatre Addict , November 21 , 2010 , accessed April 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings Christmas Karols for Broadway at Birdland '' , BroadwayWorld.com , December 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ Video of Miranda at Broadway on Broadway , including her meeting with Cheyenne Jackson , beginning at 3 : 35 Jump up ^ Miranda Wants To Date Zac Efron ! on YouTube ClevverTV segment from January 3 , 2010 , available on YouTube Jump up ^ Baby by Justin Bieber on YouTube ( At 1 : 00 in video clip ) Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` My First Date ! ( With Joey Graceffa ) '' , YouTube , July 15 , 2013 ; Ballinger , Colleen . `` The Boyfriend Tag : Joey Graceffa & Miranda ! '' , YouTube , November 25 , 2013 ; and Ballinger , Colleen . `` Joey Kissed a Boy ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? '' , May 18 , 2015 , accessed January 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Planning Our Wedding ! '' , YouTube , September 4 , 2014 , accessed January 13 , 2016 ; and Ballinger , Colleen . `` How to Make Out '' , YouTube , January 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ She lists several of them in her original song `` Where My Baes At ? '' See , Ballinger , Colleen . `` Where My Baes At ? -- Original song by Miranda Sings '' , YouTube , July 3 , 2014 , accessed January 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ Miranda 's announcement of her `` modelling career '' , YouTube , September 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Contest ! ' Magic ' by Miranda Sings '' , Murphy 's Magic Community , 16 October 2010 Jump up ^ Ballinger said : `` I think the cheesiness of amateur magic combined with the Miranda character just fits . '' See Bullen , Bob . `` Haters , back off : an interview with the gal behind YouTube sensation , ' Miranda Sings ' '' , Chicago Theatre Addict , November 17 , 2010 ; and Miranda Sings magic promo , YouTube , 2010 , accessed November 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Zwiebach , Elliot . `` Miranda Sings '' , CabaretScenes.org , May 5 , 2012 , accessed June 6 , 3013 . See also `` Think of Me '' -- `` magic trick '' video , YouTube , February 25 , 2011 ; and Chicago cabaret `` magic trick '' video YouTube , November 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lowry , Mark . `` 2012 Out of the Loop Lineup Announced '' , TheaterJones.com , January 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rudetsky , Seth . `` Everything 's Up to Date in Kansas City , Plus Kate Wetherhead and Andrew Keenan - Bolger '' , Playbill.com , June 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rudetsky , Seth . `` Seth Is On Demand as Andrea Martin Opens a New Window '' , Playbill.com , July 2 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Sherwin , Kevin . `` Miranda Sings , Leicester Square Theatre , September 9 , 2013 '' , BroadwayWorld , September 10 , 2013 ; Moore , James . `` Review : Miranda Sings ( Leicester Square Theatre ) '' , So So Gay , September 10 , 2013 ; Sims , Samuel . `` Review : Miranda Sings '' , A Younger Theare , September 10 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Matt . `` Marketing Lessons from ' Miranda Sings ' '' , Standing ( inn ) ovation , November 14 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Miranda Sings - Best Buy Theater Marquee -- January 11 , 2014 '' , FreeNewsPos.com , January 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sherwin , Kevin . `` Miranda Sings , Leicester Square Theatre , September 9 , 2013 '' , BroadwayWorld , September 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , Anna . `` Introducing ' so famous ' voice coach , model , magician -- Miranda Sings '' , Irish Examiner , September 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sklar , Sam . `` I went to a Miranda Sings show and became a ' Mirfanda ' '' , The Badger Herald , April 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Burch , Cathalena E. `` Review : YouTuber Miranda Sings blends comedy , corny '' , Arizona Daily Star , August 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Greenwood , Douglas . Edinburgh Festival Fringe Review -- Miranda Sings , The Edinburgh Reporter , August 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Burakowski , Leon . `` Review : Miranda Sings , Wulfrun Hall '' , Native Monster , November 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . List of cities for 2014 , colleenb123 , Instagram , November 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sing Tour Dates 2015 '' , Concertfix.com , accessed August 11 , 1025 ; and `` Miranda Sings Houston 2015 ( pt2 ) '' , YouTube , January 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings Live Show Houston , First show of 2015 ! '' , YouTube , January 11 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings Tour Dates : The YouTube Star Takes Her Fans to Summer Camp '' , New Media Rockstars , March 23 , 2015 , accessed August 11 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Garnet . `` Miranda Sings : Good satire , better role model '' , Toronto Star , September 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ Doherty , Brennan . `` Your morning read for Monday , September 28 , 2015 in Toronto '' , Toronto Star , September 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie . `` YouTube Channel Miranda Sings to Debut Comedy Special on Vimeo '' , The Hollywood Reporter , November 17 , 2015 ; and Miranda Sings : Selp Helf , Vimeo , November 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Jackson , Angie . `` YouTube , TV personalities added to LaughFest 2016 lineup '' , MLive.com , January 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Rothwell , Jill . `` Miranda Sings performed LaughFest set at Fountain Street Church on March 19 '' , The Collegiate , Grand Rapids Community College , March 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Marks , Peter . `` Coming soon to the Kennedy Center : More reasons to laugh ? '' , The Washington Post , November 18 , 2015 ; `` Miranda Sings : Saturday , April 23 , 2016 '' , The Kennedy Center , accessed April 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual Wild West Comedy Festival Wraps in Nashville '' , BroadwayWorld.com , May 23 , 2016 ; and Leahey , Andrew . `` Brad Paisley to Host ' Wild West Comedy ' Showcase '' , Rolling Stone , April 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Colleen ( Ballinger ) will be bringing her Miranda Sings tour back to the UK this August '' , Teneightymagazine.com , April 11 , 2016 ; Ballinger , Colleen . `` I 'm on Tour ! '' , Instagram , accessed July 30 , 2016 ; and `` Miranda Sings with Special Guest Colleen Ballinger '' , Smith Center , accessed September 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` I 'm Going on Tour ! '' , Instagram , October 28 , 2016 ; and `` Miranda Sings Live ... You 're Welcome '' , Portland5.com , accessed December 29 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd . `` Colleen Ballinger on Miranda Sings ' Evolution , Working With Netflix and Sexual Harassment in the Industry '' , Variety , October 25 , 2017 ; and Ballinger , Colleen . `` I 'm In Tour '' , MirandaSingsOfficial Instagram , August 2 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc . `` Miranda Sings series Haters Back Off sets Netflix premiere date '' , Entertainment Weekly , June 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth . `` Netflix Orders Scripted Series Haters Back Off Based on YouTube Star Miranda Sings '' , Variety , January 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob . `` You should just back away from Haters Back Off , Los Angeles Daily News , October 12 , 2016 ; Chavez , Danette . `` Haters Back Off ! does n't need to come with a warning '' , The A.V. Club , October 12 , 2016 ; Petski , Denise . `` Erik Stocklin Joins Netflix 's Haters Back Off , Deadline.com , YVRShoots , March 11 , 2016 ; and Wisener , Jasef . `` Haters Back Off ! Season 1 Review : Ready or Not , Miranda is Here '' , TVOvermind.com , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Masters , Cayla . `` Haters Back Off season two premiere date announced '' , HiddenRemote.com , September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Haters Back Off Canceled by Netflix After 2 Seasons '' , Deadline.com , December 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lee , Josh . `` Netflix Just Cancelled Haters Back Off and Colleen Ballinger Is ' Heartbroken ' '' , WeTheUnicorns.com , December 5 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Rothenberg , Adam . `` Colleen Ballinger : Miranda Sings ! '' , Call Me Adam , May 23 , 2012 , accessed May 5 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Sims , James . `` Colleen Ballinger Talks YouTube Character Miranda Sings '' , Huffington Post , August 30 , 2010 , accessed January 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Flair , Justus . `` More than red lipstick '' , The Daily Iowan , April 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Linton , Shannon . `` Miranda Sings ... Terribly : An Unlikely Rise to Stardom '' , APU Life , Spring ' 12 issue , May 30 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Comedian Colleen Ballinger bringing hit Internet character Miranda Sings to CCRI '' , Community College of Rhode Island , March 14 , 2013 , accessed February 14 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Caruso , Jim . `` Jim Caruso 's 12 Days of Christmas ... Miranda Sings Gets Into the Holiday Spirit '' , BroadwayWorld.com , December 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ Roberts , Kayleigh . `` America 's Got No Talent '' . Highland Park Patch , November 18 , 2010 ; Turi , Sean . `` Sean Turi Features Colleen Ballinger & Miranda Sings '' , YouTube , April 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BC / EFA Easter Bonnet Performance Part 2 -- Miranda at the Easter Bonnet Competition '' , BroadwayWorld.com , May 4 , 2009 , accessed September 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Miranda / Miranda Audition ... The Word of Your Body '' . YouTube video , May 23 , 2010 , accessed February 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings with WOS Winner '' . WhatsOnStage.com , June 4 , 2010 ; and `` More Miranda Line - up : Strallen , James - Ellis & Lee '' . WhatsOnStage.com , May 25 , 2010 ; and `` Miranda Sings London 2012 Highlights '' , YouTube , September 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings with Naked Boys Singing -- Part 4 : Finale , YouTube , Summer 2009 , uploaded March 29 , 2010 ; ' Miranda Sings Live -- ' Defying Gravity ' '' , YouTube , June 24 , 2009 ; and Miranda Sings with cast of Les Misérables , YouTube , June 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ First London interview of Miranda by Mark Evans , June 21 , 2009 , accessed December 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cathey , Joel . `` Miranda Sings on GooCast '' , Joel Cathey 's Blogasaurus , October 26 , 2009 ; `` Singing up a Storm with Miranda Sings '' Andy & Adrian show , JOY 94.9 FM radio in Melbourne , Australia , 18 November 2009 ; Kane , Conleth . `` Conleth Kane interviews Miranda Sings '' in Ireland , YouTube , September 13 , 2010 ; Guerra , Joey . `` Miranda Sings talks Houston , hip - hop and Harry Styles '' , Houston Chronicle , October 8 , 2013 , accessed October 5 , 2015 ; and `` Miranda Sings X Me ( Interview ) '' , Will Manning Show , The Hits Radio , July 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ Anichini , Amy Jones . `` Is Miranda Sings a Champion for the Oddball Inside All of Us ? '' , Baffle that Bully , July 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Rhett james and Charles Lincoln Neal III . `` Ep. 25 Colleen Ballinger ( Miranda Sings ) '' , Interview of Ballinger at 54 : 20 and 58 : 30 , Ear Biscuits , Soundcloud.com , March 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Rae , Tej . `` Here 's what you need to know before your child makes their YouTube debut '' , The National , February 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Beauty , fashion and looking ' hot ' : YouTube 's powerful messages for girls '' , The Conversation , May 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate . `` YouTube star Miranda Sings brings clueless , inspiring act to Portland '' , The Oregonian , January 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` GLEE AUDITION -- do n't stop believing '' , YouTube , March 16 , 2010 , accessed November 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hemley , Matthew . `` At last , a Miranda who 's funny ... '' , The Stage , September 2013 ^ Jump up to : Klein , Jessica . `` YouTuber Colleen Ballinger Loves Performing Live Even More '' , Thevideoink.com , April 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ep. 25 Colleen Ballinger ( Miranda Sings ) '' , Interview of Ballinger at 46 : 10 and 50 : 00 , Ear Biscuits , Soundcloud.com , March 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Also shown is Ballinger 's sister , Rachel Ballinger , who appeared in the live Miranda shows as Miranda 's `` assistant '' in 2013 -- 2015 and was , at times , employed by Ballinger to run Miranda 's onstage video and props and to assist with Miranda tours and other engagements . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Sensation Miranda Sings Releases 4 Holiday Tunes '' , BroadwayWorld.com , December 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Fox , Jena Tesse . `` BWW Reviews : The 2010 Nightlife Awards '' , broadwayworld.com , February 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` CYT Directors ' Choice Awards 2010 '' , Christian Youth Theatre , accessed July 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : Broadway Memories Fundraiser '' . BroadwayWorld.com , accessed January 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings Does Dublin '' , Apartment Red , YouTube , September 17 , 2010 , accessed October 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ See `` Cinnamon Challenge ( Miranda Sings ) '' , YouTube , February 20 , 2012 ; and `` Audition Tips for a Broadway Show '' , YouTube , September 22 , 2010 . See Ballinger , Colleen . Mirandavlogz , YouTube , accessed November 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Self Taught , Still Learning -- Chris Passey ( Album Review ) '' , Polly Browne 's blog , November 15 , 2011 , accessed January 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Varla Jean and the Mushroomheads ( 2012 ) '' , RottenTomatoes.com , accessed December 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings Talks About Guest Starring on Victorious '' , Nickutopia.com , May 18 , 2012 , copy from Wayback machine accessed June 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Miranda Sings on Victorious , The Slap , May 18 , 2012 ; and `` Miranda Sings on ' Tori Goes Platinum ' '' , May 2012 , accessed June 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jennette McCurdy Interview with Miranda '' , YouTube , August 9 , 2012 , accessed October 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Jarvedon . `` YouTube Sensation Miranda Sings Visits BCT ! '' , BostonChildrensTheatre.org , July 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark and Meredith Goldstein . `` Woman behind Miranda Sings a real character '' , The Boston Globe , July 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Winn , Scott and Jason Alexander . `` Royal Bobbin '' , Dr. Fubalous , Hip Hop Doc , LLC , 2012 ; Miranda in an episode of Dr. Fubalous at 6 : 33 , Dr. Fubalous , 2012 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . `` Im Runing ( sic ) for President ! '' , Miranda Sings channel , YouTube.com , August 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . Presidential Debate ! `` , Miranda Sings channel at YouTube.com , October 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Dance Chat Episode # 1 with Miranda Sings , Sam Wasson & Marko Panzic '' , YouTube , November 21 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Unlimited '' , Old Navy , YouTube , September 30 , 2014 , accessed February 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Best , Katelyn . `` Where Brands and Comedy Meet : The Weird World of ' Native Marketing ' '' , Splitsider.com , March 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Jerry 's Next Guest is Miranda Sings '' : trailer , Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee , Crackle , November 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hyman , Dan . `` Jerry Seinfeld Talks to YouTube Star Colleen Ballinger About Why the Internet Is Better Than TV '' , Vulture , New York Magazine , November 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt . `` The 10 Best TV Shows of 2014 That Are n't Really TV '' , Mediaite.com , December 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Pictionary with Martin Short , Jerry Seinfeld and Miranda Sings '' , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , NBC , December 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline . `` Martin Short , Jerry Seinfeld Play Hilarious Game of Pictionary With Jimmy Fallon '' , Us Weekly , December 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha . `` Martin Short , Jerry Seinfeld , and Miranda Sings play Pictionary on ' Fallon ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , December 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Watch Martin Short and Jerry Seinfeld Play Holiday Pictionary on The Tonight Show '' , People magazine , December 2 , 1014 Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline . `` Frankie Grande & Miranda Sings Lip - Sync for Their Lives in Lance Bass ' New Video '' , MTV , February 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Jim Parsons and Miranda Sings Join Grace for ' Whelp ' ! '' , E ! Entertainment , April 17 , 2015 ; and `` Episode Guide '' , zap2it.com , accessed April 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` No. 5 : Miranda Sings , YouTube , Comedy '' , People , June 18 , 2015 ( June 29 issue ) , p. 37 Jump up ^ Klima , Jeff . `` Team Colleen or Team Miranda ? Colleen Ballinger Squares Off Against Miranda Sings for New Makeup Show '' , New Media Rockstars , June 18 , 2015 ; and Patel , Sahil . `` CDS and Colleen Ballinger ( and Miranda Sings ) Debut New Makeup Series '' , TheVideoInk.com , June 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Stage Tube : Miranda Sings Quits Youtube ; Announces Book Plans ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , February 25 , 2015 ; Kawecki , Jenny . `` What You Need to Know Before You Read Selp - Helf , the Debut Book from YouTube Star Miranda Sings '' , Barnes & Noble , July 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard . `` This Is America 's Newest Best - Selling Author '' , Vanity Fair , February 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Publishers Weekly Best - Sellers '' , Associated Press , July 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ McClurg , Jocelyn . `` Miranda Sings hits USA Today 's top 10 '' , USA Today , July 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous '' , The New York Times , October 18 , 2015 ( sales for the week ending October 3 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Humor '' , The New York Times , May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Games2win 's Miranda Sings tops iTunes USA charts '' , BestMediaInfo.com , December 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Sneak Peek -- YouTube Red to Debuts Two New Original Series , 3 / 30 '' , BroadwayWorld.com , March 28 , 2016 ; PrankvsPrank . `` Speed Dating Prank ! ! ! ft . Miranda Sings '' , Prank Academy , April 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . Hapy Holidays frum Miranda Sings , Loudr.fm , November 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` MirandaSingsOfficial '' , Instagram ; `` Miranda Sings '' , Twitter.com ; and `` Miranda Sings '' , Facebook , all accessed October 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Wingfield , Katie . `` 19 Reasons Miranda Sings Is the Queen of Twitter '' , BuzzFeed , September 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings at Birdland '' , BroadwayWorld , September 18 , 2009 , accessed December 28 , 2011 ; `` Photo Flash : Miranda Sings and More Spend the Holidays at Birdland '' , BroadwayWorld , December 28 , 2011 ; `` Photo Flash : Miranda Sings , Joshua Ledet , & More Visit Birdland ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , May 29 , 2012 ; and Gans , Andrew . `` Star - Filled Jim Caruso 's Cast Party Plays Town Hall '' , Playbill.com , February 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ Paddock , Terri . `` Miranda Sings with Jones , Atherton , H & ... You ? '' , What 's on Stage , May 11 , 2010 , accessed April 14 , 2014 ; `` Miranda Sings at The Ambassadors Theatre '' , UK Theatre Web , accessed 16 November 2009 ; `` Miranda Sings with WOS Winner '' . WhatsOnStage.com , June 4 , 2010 ; and Levitt , Hayley . `` Are You the Next Miranda Sings ? '' , TheaterMania , August 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Erickson , Anne . `` Evening Magazine : Miranda Sings '' , King5 TV , King Broadcasting Company , March 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ Patel , Sahil . `` Miranda Sings Joins Big Frame '' , The videoink , August 13 , 2013 , accessed October 8 , 2014 ; Hicks - Logan , Gemma . `` Miranda Sings , Theatre Royal Brighton , New Road , Sunday 9 November '' , The Argus , November 10 , 2014 ; and Weekes , Julia Ann . `` From Tosh to Tritt : Who made biggest box - office buzz at NH venues in 2015 '' , New Hampshire Union Leader , December 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings at The Ambassadors '' June 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Moss , Caroline. `` 13 Super Young YouTube Stars That Are Making Millions and Becoming Household Names '' , Business Insider , October 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ Schaeffer , Alicia . `` You 're Gonna Love Me : Miranda Sings ! at Birdland '' . Woman Around Town , August 31st , 2011 Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez . This Chandelier Spoof Is the Crowning Achievement of Music Video Parodies ! `` , PerezHilton.com , August 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Miranda Sings ALL of Into the Woods '' , Playbill , January 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Davies , Hannah J. and Sam Richards . `` Catch - up and download : from Ripper Street to Haters Back Off '' , The Guardian , October 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` Miranda Sings Leads the Way for Digital Stars Leaping to TV '' , Variety , June 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew . `` Jerry Seinfeld Takes a Torturous Ride with YouTube 's Miranda Sings and Finds Out How to Be Famous '' , Uproxx , December 1 , 2014 ; and Tiffany , Kaitlyn . `` How YouTube character Miranda Sings made the move to Netflix 's Haters Back Off '' , The Verge , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette . `` Haters Back Off ! does n't need to come with a warning '' , The A.V. Club , October 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken . `` Haters Back Off ! : Miranda Sings , Badly and Comically '' , Yahoo.com , October 13 , 2016 ; Spangler , Todd . `` Miranda Sings in Haters Back Off : First Look at Netflix Oddball Family Sitcom '' , Variety , September 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Sarah Hyland to Co-Host Teen Choice 2014 Sunday , August 10 , Live on FOX '' Archived 2014 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Teenchoiceawards.com , August 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Briana . `` 5th Annual Streamy Awards Winners Announced '' , Back Stage , September 18 , 2015 ; Kelley , Seth . `` ' SnapperHero , ' ' Epic Rap Battles of History ' Lead 2015 Streamy Award Nominations '' , Variety , August 12 , 2015 ; and Jarvey , Natalie. `` Tyler Oakley , Jenna Marbles Among Streamys Audience Choice Nominees '' , The Hollywood Reporter , September 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List of Nominees '' , People'sChoice.com , November 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley . `` Shorty Awards Nominees Include Adele , Kevin Hart , Amy Schumer '' , The Hollywood Reporter , January 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Nominees '' , Streamys.org , August 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ Allen , Matthew . `` Miranda Sings Brings Her Bizarrely Wonderful , Must - See Show to Actor 's Express '' , Atlanta.broadwayworld.com , June 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Allen , David . `` Miranda Sings is coming to Australia -- haters , back off ! '' , AussieTheatre.com , November 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Bartle , Gary . `` Miranda Sings : Behind the Sings With Colleen Ballinger '' , Real Detroit Weekly , April 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Eamon . `` Comedy Miranda Sings : Vicar St , Dublin '' , Irish Independent , September 25 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cowles , Gregory . `` Inside the List : Helf Yourselp '' , The New York Times Sunday Book Review , July 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ Melby , Leah . `` Glamour Editors Answer the Top 10 Most Googled Fashion Questions of 2015 '' , Glamour magazine , December 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Our Favorite YouTube Stars '' , TV Guide , accessed July 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` # 5 : Miranda Sings '' , Forbes , June 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rees , Katrina . `` YouTuber of the Week : Miranda Sings '' , Celebmix.com , October 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ballinger , Colleen . Most Popular Miranda Sings Videos , accessed August 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miranda Sings parody search , YouTube , accessed August 2 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miranda Sings . Official website Miranda giving vocal coaching to the Broadway cast of Rock of Ages . 2009 `` How to Get a Boyfriend : The Musical '' . 2013 Miranda on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . 2014 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_Sings&oldid=815496059 '' Categories : Fictional singers Fictional musicians Comedy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2008 YouTube channels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands Norsk Português Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 04 : 56 . 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1. Miranda Sings 2. Colleen Ballinger 3. YouTube personality 4. Live comedy act 5. Haters Back Off

who was the only country fighting the nazis up until 1941

Allies of World war II - wikipedia Allies of World war II Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="3"> Allies of World War II <Td_colspan="3"> United Nations <Td_colspan="3"> Military alliance <Td_colspan="3"> 1939 -- 1945 <Td_colspan="3"> Allied Powers ( and their colonies ) Allies entering after the attack on Pearl Harbor Axis powers and co-belligerents Neutral powers ( and their colonies ) The `` Big Four '' : United States ( from 1941 ) Soviet Union ( from 1941 ) United Kingdom China Occupied countries with governments - in - exile : France Poland Yugoslavia Greece Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Norway Czechoslovakia Other Allied combatant states : Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Ethiopia Brazil Dominican Republic Mexico Colombia Philippines Cuba Former Axis powers or co-belligerents : Italy ( from 1943 ) Finland ( from 1944 ) Romania ( from 1944 ) Bulgaria ( from 1944 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Capital Not specified <Td_colspan="2"> Political structure Military alliance <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era World War II Established 1939 Disestablished 1945 <Td_colspan="3"> Preceded by Succeeded by Allies of World War I United Nations NATO Warsaw Pact The `` United Nations Honour Flag '' , used as a symbol of the wartime Allies , ca . 1943 -- 1948 The Allied leaders of the European theatre : Joseph Stalin , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at the Tehran Conference in 1943 The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theater : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference in 1943 United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and their advisors in the Casablanca Conference , 1943 The Allies of World War II , called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration , were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) . The Allies promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German , Japanese and Italian aggression . At the start of the war on 1 September 1939 , the Allies consisted of France , Poland and the United Kingdom , and dependent states , such as British India . Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth : Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa . After the start of the German invasion of North Europe till the Balkan Campaign , the Netherlands , Belgium , Greece , and Yugoslavia joined the Allies . After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict , the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany . The United States provided war material and money all along , and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 , but officially joined the Allies in 1941 . The alliance was formalised by the Declaration by United Nations , from 1 January 1942 . However , the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war . The leaders of the `` Big Three '' -- the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- controlled Allied strategy ; relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close . China and the Big Three were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , then were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in a Declaration by United Nations and later as the `` Four Policemen '' of the United Nations . In 1945 , the Allied nations became the basis of the United Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and creation 2 Major affiliated state combatants 2.1 United Kingdom 2.1. 1 War declared 2.1. 1.1 Colonies and dependencies 2.1. 1.1. 1 In Africa 2.1. 1.1. 2 In the Americas 2.1. 1.1. 3 In Asia 2.1. 1.1. 4 In Europe 2.2 China 2.2. 1 Factions 2.2. 1.1 Nationalists 2.2. 1.2 Communists 2.3 France 2.3. 1 War declared 2.3. 2 Colonies and dependencies 2.3. 2.1 In Africa 2.3. 2.2 In Asia and Oceania 2.3. 2.3 In the Americas 2.4 Soviet Union 2.4. 1 Outbreak 2.4. 2 History 2.5 United States 2.5. 1 War justifications 2.5. 2 History 2.5. 3 Colonies and dependencies 2.5. 3.1 In the Americas and the Pacific 2.5. 3.2 In Asia 3 Minor affiliated state combatants 3.1 Australia 3.2 Belgium 3.2. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.3 Brazil 3.4 Canada 3.5 Cuba 3.6 Czechoslovakia 3.7 Dominican Republic 3.8 Greece 3.9 Luxembourg 3.10 Mexico 3.11 Netherlands 3.11. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.12 New Zealand 3.13 Norway 3.14 Poland 3.15 Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 3.16 South Africa 3.17 Yugoslavia 3.17. 1 Resistance factions 3.17. 1.1 Partisans 3.17. 1.2 Chetniks 4 Client states 4.1 British 4.1. 1 Egypt 4.1. 2 British Raj ( India ) 4.1. 3 Iraq 4.1. 4 Iran 4.2 Soviet 4.2. 1 Bulgaria 4.2. 2 Mongolia 4.2. 3 Poland ( Gomułka regime ) 4.2. 4 Romania 4.2. 5 Tannu Tuva 5 Co-belligerent state combatants 5.1 Italy 6 Associated power 6.1 Albania 7 United Nations 7.1 Declaration by United Nations 7.2 Alliance growing 7.3 Charter of the United Nations 8 Timeline of nations entering war on the Allied Powers 8.1 1939 8.2 1940 8.3 1941 8.4 Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 8.5 1942 8.6 1943 8.7 1944 8.8 1945 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Bibliography 12 External links Origins and creation Main articles : Causes of World War II and Grand Alliance ( World War II ) The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I and cooperation of the victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles . The new Weimar Republic 's legitimacy became shaken . However , the 1920s were peaceful . With the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression , political unrest in Europe soared including the rise in support of revanchist nationalists in Germany who blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles . By the early 1930s , the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933 . The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German - populated Austria , and German - populated territories of Czechoslovakia . The likelihood of war was high , and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement . In Asia , when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 , the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China . Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations in March 1933 . After four quiet years , the Sino - Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forces invading China . The League of Nations condemned Japan 's actions and initiated sanctions on Japan . The United States , in particular , was angered at Japan and sought to support China . Poland first to fight -- British wartime poster supporting Poland after the German invasion , 1939 In March 1939 , Germany took over Czechoslovakia , violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before , and demonstrating that the appeasement policy was a failure . Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war . On 31 March 1939 , Britain formed the Anglo - Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country . Also , the French had a long - standing alliance with Poland since 1921 . The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the western powers , but Hitler ended the risk of a war with Stalin by signing the Nazi -- Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939 . The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of Eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine . On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland ; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany . Then , on 17 September 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east . A Polish government - in - exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies , a model followed by other occupied countries . After a quiet winter , Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands and France . Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini . In June 1941 , Hitler broke the non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Germany invaded the Soviet Union . In December , Japan attacked the US and Britain . The main lines of World War II had formed . Major affiliated state combatants Main articles : Four Policemen and Diplomatic history of World War II During December 1941 , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt devised the name `` United Nations '' for the Allies and proposed it to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . He referred to the Big Three and China as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , and then later the `` Four Policemen '' . The Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 was the basis of the modern United Nations ( UN ) . At the Potsdam Conference of July -- August 1945 , Roosevelt 's successor , Harry S. Truman , proposed that the foreign ministers of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States `` should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe '' , which led to the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the `` Big Five '' , and soon thereafter the establishment of those states as the permanent members of the UNSC . United Kingdom Further information : Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II British Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft ( bottom ) flying past a German Heinkel He - 111 bomber aircraft ( top ) during the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) British Crusader tanks during the North African Campaign British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal under attack from Italian aircraft during the Battle of Cape Spartivento ( Nov. 27 , 1940 ) British soldiers of the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in Elst , Netherlands on 2 March 1945 War declared Great Britain and other members of the British Commonwealth , most known as the Dominions , declared war on Germany separately from 3 September 1939 with the UK first , all within one week of each other ; these countries were Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and South Africa . Colonies and dependencies Further information : British Empire in World War II In Africa Further information : Southern Rhodesia in World War II British West Africa and the British colonies in East and Southern Africa participated , mainly in the North African , East African and Middle - Eastern theatres . Two West African and one East African division served in the Burma Campaign . Southern Rhodesia was a self - governing colony , having received responsible government in 1923 . It was not a sovereign dominion . It governed itself internally and controlled its own armed forces , but had no diplomatic autonomy , and , therefore , was officially at war as soon as Britain was at war . The Southern Rhodesian colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939 , which made no difference diplomatically , but preceded the declarations of war made by all other British dominions and colonies . In the Americas These included : the British West Indies , British Honduras , British Guiana and the Falkland Islands . Newfoundland was ruled as a royal colony in 1933 -- 49 , with a governor appointed by London who made the decisions . In Asia Further information : India in World War II and Indian Army during World War II British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and ( until 1937 ) Burma / Myanmar , which later became a separate colony . British Malaya covers the areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore , while British Borneo covers the area of Brunei , including Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia . Territories controlled by the Colonial Office , namely the Crown Colonies , were controlled politically by the UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain 's declaration of war . At the outbreak of World War II , the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II , the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . It suffered 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . Protectorates included : Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1920 . The Trucial States were protectorates in the Persian Gulf . Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from former territory of the Ottoman Empire , Iraq . In Europe The Cyprus Regiment was formed by the British Government during the Second World War and made part of the British Army structure . It was mostly Greek Cypriot volunteers and Turkish speaking Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus but also included other Commonwealth nationalities . On a brief visit to Cyprus in 1943 , Winston Churchill praised the `` soldiers of the Cyprus Regiment who have served honourably on many fields from Libya to Dunkirk '' . About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Cyprus Regiment . The regiment was involved in action from the very start and served at Dunkirk , in the Greek Campaign ( Battle of Greece ) ( about 600 soldiers were captured in Kalamata in 1941 ) , North Africa ( Operation Compass ) , France , the Middle East and Italy . Many soldiers were taken prisoner especially at the beginning of the war and were interned in various POW camps ( Stalag ) including Lamsdorf ( Stalag VIII - B ) , Stalag IVC at Wistritz bei Teplitz and Stalag 4b near Most in the Czech Republic . The soldiers captured in Kalamata were transported by train to prisoner of war camps . China Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to the Kuomintang , or the Nationalists and helped reorganize their party along Leninist lines : a unification of party , state , and army . In exchange the Nationalists agreed to let members of the Chinese Communist Party join the Nationalists on an individual basis . However , following the nominal unification of China at the end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek purged leftists from his party and fought against the revolting Chinese Communist Party , former warlords , and other militarist factions . A fragmented China provided easy opportunities for Japan to gain territories piece by piece without engaging in total war . Following the 1931 Mukden Incident , the puppet state of Manchukuo was established . Throughout the early to mid-1930s , Chiang 's anti-communist and anti-militarist campaigns continued while he fought small , incessant conflicts against Japan , usually followed by unfavorable settlements and concessions after military defeats . In 1936 Chiang was forced to cease his anti-communist military campaigns after his kidnap and release by Zhang Xueliang , and reluctantly formed a nominal alliance with the Communists , while the Communists agreed to fight under the nominal command of the Nationalists against the Japanese . Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July 1937 , China and Japan became embroiled in a full - scale war . The Soviet Union , wishing to keep China in the fight against Japan , supplied China with military assistance until 1941 , when it signed a non-aggression pact with Japan . Continuous clashes between the Communists and Nationalists behind enemy lines cumulated in a major military conflict between these two former allies that effectively ended their cooperation against the Japanese , and China had been divided between the internationally recognized Nationalist China under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek and Communist China under the leadership of Mao Zedong until the Japanese surrendered in 1945 . Factions Nationalists Main article : Nationalist Government Soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army associated with Nationalist China , during the Second Sino - Japanese War Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan , the Nationalist Government held close relations with both Germany and Italy . In the early 1930s , Sino - German cooperation between the Nationalist Government and Germany in military and industrial matters . Nazi Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports and technical expertise . Relations between the Nationalist Government and Italy during the 1930s varied , however even after the Nationalist Government followed League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia , the international sanctions proved unsuccessful , and relations between the Fascist government in Italy and the Nationalist Government in China returned to normal shortly afterwards . Up until 1936 , Mussolini had provided the Nationalists with Italian military air and naval missions to help the Nationalists fight against Japanese incursions and communist insurgents . Italy also held strong commercial interests and a strong commercial position in China supported by the Italian concession in Tianjin . However , after 1936 the relationship between the Nationalist Government and Italy changed due to a Japanese diplomatic proposal to recognize the Italian Empire that included occupied Ethiopia within it in exchange for Italian recognition of Manchukuo , Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano accepted this offer by Japan , and on 23 October 1936 Japan recognized the Italian Empire and Italy recognized Manchukuo , as well as discussing increasing commercial links between Italy and Japan . The Nationalist Government held close relations with the United States . The United States opposed Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of China 's sovereignty , and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic , economic , and military assistance during its war against Japan . In particular , the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan , Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its petroleum , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government . The Soviet Union also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist China during the war . Even though China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers , it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor , on 7 December 1941 . China fought the Japanese Empire before joining the Allies In the Pacific War . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of the United States into the war , and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis nations . However , Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Allies suffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign . General Sun Li - jen led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung . He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land route to China by the Ledo Road . But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945 . More than 1.5 million Japanese troops were trapped in the China Theatre , troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made a separate peace . Communists Main article : Communist - controlled China ( 1927 -- 49 ) Soldiers of the First Workers ' and Peasants ' Army associated with Communist China , during the Sino - Japanese War Victorious Chinese Communist soldiers holding the flag of the Republic of China during the Hundred Regiments Offensive Communist China had been tacitly supported by the Soviet Union since the 1920s , though the Soviet Union diplomatically recognised the Republic of China , Joseph Stalin supported cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists -- including pressuring the Nationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in the government . This was continued into the 1930s that fell in line with the Soviet Union 's subversion policy of popular fronts to increase communists ' influence in governments . The Soviet Union urged military and cooperation between Soviet China and Nationalist China during China 's war against Japan . Initially Mao Zedong accepted the demands of the Soviet Union and in 1938 had recognized Chiang Kai - shek as the `` leader '' of the `` Chinese people '' . In turn , the Soviet Union accepted Mao 's tactic of `` continuous guerilla warfare '' in the countryside that involved a goal of extending the Communist bases , even if it would result in increased tensions with the Nationalists . After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941 , the Communists prospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on , building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented , mainly through rural mass organizations , administrative , land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants ; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade and fighting the Japanese at the same time . The Communist Party 's position in China was boosted further upon the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 against the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and the Japanese Kwantung Army in China and Manchuria . Upon the intervention of the Soviet Union against Japan in World War II in 1945 , Mao Zedong in April and May 1945 had planned to mobilize 150,000 to 250,000 soldiers from across China to work with forces of the Soviet Union in capturing Manchuria . France Main article : France during World War II Further information : Free France and Military history of France during World War II Free French forces at the Battle of Bir Hakeim ( 1942 ) War declared FAFL Free French GC II / 5 `` LaFayette '' receiving ex-USAAF Curtiss P - 40 fighters at Casablanca , French Morocco The French fleet scuttled itself rather than fall into the hands of the Axis after their invasion of Vichy France on 11 November 1942 . After Germany invaded Poland , France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 . In January 1940 , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany : At the end of five months of war , one thing has become more and more clear . It is that Germany seeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in world history . The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of power and the imposition of the supremacy of one nation . It seeks the systematic and total destruction of those conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued . He destroys them . He takes from them their whole political and economic existence and seeks even to deprive them of their history and culture . He wishes only to consider them as vital space and a vacant territory over which he has every right . The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle . He orders their massacre or migration . He compels them to make room for their conquerors . He does not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them . He just takes all their wealth and , to prevent any revolt , he scientifically seeks the physical and moral degradation of those whose independence he has taken away . France experienced several major phases of action during World War II : The `` Phoney War '' of 1939 -- 1940 , also called drôle de guerre in France , dziwna wojna in Poland ( both meaning `` Strange War '' ) , or the `` Sitzkrieg '' ( `` Sitting War '' ) in Germany . The Battle of France in May -- June 1940 , which resulted in the defeat of the Allies , the fall of the French Third Republic , the German occupation of northern and western France , and the creation of the rump state Vichy France , which received diplomatic recognition from the Axis and most neutral countries including the United States . The period of resistance against the occupation and Franco - French struggle for control of the colonies between the Vichy regime and the Free French , who continued the fight on the Allies ' side after the Appeal of 18 June by General Charles de Gaulle , recognized by the United Kingdom as France 's government - in - exile . It culminated in the Allied landings in North Africa on 11 November 1942 , when Vichy ceased to exist as an independent entity after having been invaded by both the Axis and the Allies simultaneously , being thereafter only the nominal government in charge during the occupation of France . Vichy forces in French North Africa switched allegiance and merged with the Free French to participate in the campaigns of Tunisia and of Italy and the invasion of Corsica in 1943 -- 44 . The liberation of mainland France beginning with D - Day on 6 June 1944 and operation Overlord , and then with operation Dragoon on 15 August 1944 , leading to the Liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944 by the Free French 2e Division Blindée and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in the newly liberated capital . Participation of the re-established provisional French Republic 's First Army in the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine and the Western Allied invasion of Germany until V-E Day on 8 May 1945 . Colonies and dependencies In Africa In Africa these included : French West Africa , French Equatorial Africa , the League of Nations mandates of French Cameroun and French Togoland , French Madagascar , French Somaliland , and the protectorates of French Tunisia and French Morocco . French Algeria was then not a colony or dependency but a fully - fledged part of metropolitan France . In Asia and Oceania The fall of Damascus to the Allies , late June 1941 . A car carrying Free French commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city , escorted by French Circassian cavalry ( Gardes Tcherkess ) . In Asia and Oceania these included : French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna , New Caledonia , the New Hebrides , French Indochina , French India , the mandates of Greater Lebanon and French Syria . The French government in 1936 attempted to grant independence to its mandate of Syria in the Franco - Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936 signed by France and Syria . However , opposition to the treaty grew in France and the treaty was not ratified . Syria had become an official republic in 1930 and was largely self - governing . In 1941 , a British - led invasion supported by Free French forces expelled Vichy French forces in operation Exporter . In the Americas In the Americas these included : Martinique , Guadeloupe , French Guiana and Saint Pierre and Miquelon . Soviet Union Soviet soldiers and T - 34 tanks advance in skirmish near Bryansk in 1942 . Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad Soviet Il - 2 ground attack aircraft attacking German ground forces during the Battle of Kursk ( 1943 ) Outbreak The German invasion of the Soviet Union , Operation Barbarossa , began on 22 June 1941 . General Secretary Joseph Stalin and the government of the Soviet Union described the Soviet war effort as a war being fought by the Soviet people for their survival . Stalin had supported popular front movements of anti-fascists including communists and non-communists from 1935 to 1939 . The popular front strategy was terminated from 1939 to 1941 when the Soviet Union cooperated with Germany in 1939 in the occupation and partitioning of Poland while the Soviet Union refused to endorse either the Allies or the Axis from 1939 to 1941 , as it called the Allied - Axis conflict an `` imperialist war '' . After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , Stalin endorsed the Western Allies as part of a renewed popular front strategy against Germany and called for the international communist movement to make a coalition with all those who opposed the Nazis . The Soviet Union intervened against Japan and its client state in Manchuria in 1945 , cooperating with the Nationalist Government of China and the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai - shek ; though also cooperating , preferring , and encouraging the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong to take effective control of Manchuria after expelling Japanese forces . History In the lead up to the war between the Soviet Union and Germany , relations between the Soviet Union and Germany underwent several stages . Stalin studied Hitler , including reading Mein Kampf and from it knew of Hitler 's desire to destroy the Soviet Union . In 1933 , the Soviet Union had immediate concerns with the threat of a potential German invasion of the country should Germany attempt a conquest of the Baltic states , and in December of that year , Polish - Soviet negotiations began for the issuing of a joint declaration by the two countries guaranteeing the sovereignty of the Baltic states . However , Poland withdrew from the negotiations following German and Finnish objections . The Soviet Union and Germany at this time competed with each other for influence in Poland . The Soviet government also was concerned with the anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland and particularly Józef Piłsudski 's proposed Polish federation that would include the territories of Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , and Ukraine within it that threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union . On 20 August 1939 , forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under General Georgy Zhukov , together with the People 's Republic of Mongolia eliminated the threat of conflict in the east with a decisive victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in eastern Mongolia . On the same day , Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler , suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks . ( After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer , Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom . ) On 23 August , Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined `` spheres of influence '' for the two regimes , and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its `` territorial and political rearrangement '' . On 15 September 1939 , Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan , to take effect the following day ( it would be upgraded to a non-aggression pact in April 1941 ) . The day after that , 17 September , Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east . Although some fighting continued until 5 October , the two invading armies held at least one joint military parade on 25 September , and reinforced their non-military partnership with the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation on 28 September . On 30 November , the Soviet Union attacked Finland , for which it was expelled from the League of Nations . In the following year of 1940 , while the world 's attention was focused upon the German invasion of France and Norway , the USSR militarily occupied the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of Romania . German - Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the German surprise attack on the USSR on 22 June 1941 . The Soviet Union soon entered in alliance with the United Kingdom . Following the USSR , a number of other communist , pro-Soviet or Soviet - controlled forces fought against the Axis powers during the Second World War . They were as follows : the Albanian National Liberation Front , the Chinese Red Army , the Greek National Liberation Front , the Hukbalahap , the Malayan Communist Party , the People 's Republic of Mongolia , the Polish People 's Army , the Tuvan People 's Republic ( annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944 ) , the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans . United States Further information : Military history of the United States during World War II American Douglas SBD Dauntless dive - bomber aircraft attacking the Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 American Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign in November 1942 American Consolidated B - 24 Liberator bomber aircraft during the bombing of oil refineries in Ploiești , Romania on 1 August 1943 during Operation Tidal Wave American soldiers depart landing craft during the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 known as D - Day , in the Battle of Normandy . War justifications The United States had indirectly supported Britain 's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement . Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend Lease Act starting in 1941 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving `` the final destruction of Nazi tyranny '' . Signing the Atlantic Charter , and thereby joining the `` United Nations '' was the way a nation joined the Allies , and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945 . The US strongly supported the Nationalist Government in China in its war with Japan , and provided military equipment , supplies , and volunteers to the Nationalist Government of China to assist in its war effort . In December 1941 Japan opened the war with its attack on Pearl Harbor , the US declared war on Japan , and Japan 's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US , bringing the US into World War II . History On 8 December 1941 , following the attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December , bringing the country into the European theatre . The US - led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945 . From 1943 to 1945 , the US led and coordinated the Western Allies ' war effort in Europe under the leadership of General Dwight Eisenhower . The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan 's swift attacks on Allied locations throughout the Pacific , resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war , including losing control of the Philippines , Guam , Wake Island and several Aleutian islands including Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces . American naval forces attained some early successes against Japan . One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the Doolittle Raid . Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during the Battle of the Coral Sea . A major turning point in the Pacific War was the Battle of Midway where American naval forces were outnumbered by Japanese forces that had been sent to Midway to draw out and destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific and seize control of Midway that would place Japanese forces in proximity to Hawaii . However American forces managed to sink four of Japan 's six large aircraft carriers that had initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor along with other attacks on Allied forces . Afterwards the US began an offensive against Japanese - captured positions . The Guadalcanal Campaign from 1942 to 1943 was a major contention point where Allied and Japanese forces struggled to gain control of Guadalcanal . Colonies and dependencies In the Americas and the Pacific The United States held multiple dependencies in the Americas , such as Alaska , the Panama Canal Zone , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . In the Pacific it held multiple island dependencies such as American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Midway Islands , Wake Island and others . These dependencies were directly involved in the Pacific campaign of the war . In Asia Philippine Scouts at Fort William McKinley firing a 37 mm anti-tank gun in training The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an `` associated state '' of the United States . From late 1941 to 1944 , the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces , who established the Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country . Minor affiliated state combatants Australia Further information : Military history of Australia during World War II Australia was a sovereign Dominion under the Australian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . At the start of the war Australia followed Britain 's foreign policies , and accordingly declared war against Germany on 3 September 1939 . Australian foreign policy became more independent after the Australian Labor Party formed government in October 1941 , and Australia separately declared war against Finland , Hungary and Romania on 8 December 1941 and against Japan the next day . Belgium Main article : Belgium in World War II Members of the Belgian Resistance with a Canadian soldier in Bruges , September 1944 during the Battle of the Scheldt Before the war , Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . During the ensuing fighting , Belgian forces fought alongside French and British forces against the invaders . While the British and French were struggling against the fast German advance elsewhere on the front , the Belgian forces were pushed into a pocket to the north . Finally , on 28 May , the King Leopold III surrendered himself and his military to the Germans , having decided the Allied cause was lost . The legal Belgian government was reformed as a government in exile in London . Belgian troops and pilots continued to fight on the Allied side as the Free Belgian Forces . Belgium itself was occupied , but a sizeable Resistance was formed and was loosely coordinated by the government in exile and other Allied powers . British and Canadian troops arrived in Belgium in September 1944 and the capital , Brussels , was liberated on 6 September . Because of the Ardennes Offensive , the country was only fully liberated in early 1945 . Colonies and dependencies Belgium had the colony of the Belgian Congo and the League of Nations mandate of Ruanda - Urundi . The Belgian Congo was not occupied and remained loyal to the Allies as an important economic asset while its deposits of uranium were useful to the Allied efforts to develop the atomic bomb . Troops from the Belgian Congo participated in the East African Campaign against the Italians . The colonial Force Publique also served in other theatres including Madagascar , the Middle - East , India and Burma within British units . Brazil Main article : Brazilian Expeditionary Force Brazilian soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force greet civilians in the city of Massarosa , Italy , September 1944 . Initially , Brazil maintained a position of neutrality , trading with both the Allies and the Axis Powers , while Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas 's quasi-Fascist policies indicated a leaning toward the Axis powers . However , as the war progressed , trade with the Axis countries became almost impossible and the United States initiated forceful diplomatic and economic efforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side . At the beginning of 1942 , Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its territory , especially in Natal , strategically located at the easternmost corner of the South American continent , and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany , Japan and Italy . After that , 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the German and Italian navies , which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 . Brazil then sent a 25,700 strong Expeditionary Force to Europe that fought mainly on the Italian front , from September 1944 to May 1945 . Also , the Brazilian Navy and Air Force acted in the Atlantic Ocean from the middle of 1942 until the end of the war . Brazil was the only South American country to send troops to fight in the European theatre in the Second World War . Canada Main articles : Declaration of war by Canada § Germany , and Military history of Canada during World War II Canada was a sovereign Dominion under the Canadian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . In a symbolic statement of autonomous foreign policy Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King delayed parliament 's vote on a declaration of war for seven days after Britain had declared war . Canada was the last member of the Commonwealth to declare war on Germany on 10 September 1939 . Cuba Main article : Cuba in World War II Because of Cuba 's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico , Havana 's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies , and the country 's natural resources , Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II , and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States ' Lend - Lease program . Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941 , making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict , and by the war 's end in 1945 its military had developed a reputation as being the most efficient and cooperative of all the Caribbean nations . On 15 May 1943 , the Cuban patrol boat CS - 13 sank the German submarine U-176 . Czechoslovakia Ludvík Svoboda with Czechoslovak soldiers of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps on the Eastern Front in 1943 Czechoslovakia along with the United Kingdom and France attempted to resolve German irredentist claims to the Sudetenland region in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , however in March 1939 , Czechoslovakia was invaded by Germany and partitioned between Germany , Hungary , Poland , and a German client state of Slovakia . The Czechoslovak government - in - exile joined the Allies , the occupation and partition of Czechoslovakia amongst the Axis powers was not accepted by the Allied powers . Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war . Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic was one of the very few countries willing to accept mass Jewish immigration during World War II . At the Évian Conference , it offered to accept up to 100,000 Jewish refugees . The DORSA ( Dominican Republic Settlement Association ) was formed with the assistance of the JDC , and helped settle Jews in Sosúa , on the northern coast . About 700 European Jews of Ashkenazi Jewish descent reached the settlement where each family received 33 hectares ( 82 acres ) of land , 10 cows ( plus 2 additional cows per children ) , a mule and a horse , and a US $ 10,000 loan ( about 166,000 dollars at 2018 prices ) at 1 % interest . The Dominican Republic officially declared war on the Axis powers on December 11 , 1941 , after the attack on Pearl Harbor . However , the Caribbean nation had already been engaged in war actions since before the formal declaration of war . Dominican sailboats and schooners had been attacked on previous occasions by German submarines as , highlighting the case of the 1,993 - ton merchant ship , `` San Rafael '' , which was making a trip from Tampa , Florida to Kingston , Jamaica , when 80 miles away from its final destination , it was torpedoed by the German submarine U-125 , causing the command to abandon the ship by the commander . Although the crew of San Rafael managed to escape the event , it would be remembered by the Dominican press as a sign of the infamy of the German submarines and the danger they represented in the Caribbean . Recently , due to a research work carried out by the Embassy of the United States of America in Santo Domingo and the Institute of Dominican Studies of the City of New York ( CUNY ) , documents of the Department of Defense were discovered in which it was confirmed that Around 340 men and women of Dominican origin were part of the US Armed Forces during the World War II . Many of them received medals and other recognitions for their outstanding actions in combat . Greece Further information : Military history of Greece during World War II and Axis occupation of Greece Greek soldiers in March 1941 during the Greco - Italian War Greece was invaded by Italy on 28 October 1940 and subsequently joined the Allies . The Greek Army managed to stop the Italian offensive from Italy 's protectorate of Albania , and Greek forces pushed Italian forces back into Albania . However , after the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 , German forces managed to occupy mainland Greece and , a month later , the island of Crete . The Greek government went into exile , while the country was placed under a puppet government and divided into occupation zones run by Italy , Germany and Bulgaria . From 1942 , a strong resistance movement appeared , chiefly in the mountainous interior , where it established a `` Free Greece '' by mid-1943 . Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans . Axis forces left mainland Greece in October 1944 , although some Aegean islands , notably Crete , remained under German occupation until the end of the war . Luxembourg Main article : Luxembourg in World War II Free Luxembourgish Forces and the Government in Exile Soldiers from Luxembourg training in Britain , 1943 See also : Luxembourgish government - in - exile and Luxembourg Resistance Before the war , Luxembourg had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . The Government in Exile fled , winding up in England . It made Luxembourgish language broadcasts to the occupied country on BBC radio . In 1944 , the government in exile signed a treaty with the Belgian and Dutch governments , creating the Benelux Economic Union and also signed into the Bretton Woods system . See also : Battle of the Bulge and Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial Mexico Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after German submarines attacked the Mexican oil tankers Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro that were transporting crude oil to the United States . These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho to declare war on the Axis powers . Mexico formed Escuadrón 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM -- `` Mexican Expeditionary Air Force '' ) . The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945 . Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work on farms and factories . Some 15,000 US nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts around the world . Netherlands Main article : Netherlands in World War II The Netherlands became an Allied member after being invaded on 10 May 1940 by Germany . During the ensuing campaign , the Netherlands were defeated and occupied by Germany . The Netherlands was liberated by Canadian , British , American and other allied forces during the campaigns of 1944 and 1945 . The Princess Irene Brigade , formed from escapees from the German invasion , took part in several actions in 1944 in Arromanches and in 1945 in the Netherlands . Navy vessels saw action in the British Channel , the North Sea and the Mediterranean , generally as part of Royal Navy units . Dutch airmen flying British aircraft participated in the air war over Germany . Colonies and dependencies The Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) was the principal Dutch colony in Asia , and was attacked by Japan in 1942 . During the Dutch East Indies Campaign , the Netherlands played a significant role in the Allied effort to halt the Japanese advance as part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian ( ABDA ) Command . The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of Java Sea , at which Doorman gave the order to engage . During the ensuing battle the ABDA fleet suffered heavy losses , and was mostly destroyed after several naval battles around Java ; the ABDA Command was later dissolved . The Japanese finally occupied the Dutch East Indies in February -- March 1942 . Dutch troops , aircraft and escaped ships continued to fight on the Allied side and also mounted a guerrilla campaign in Timor . New Zealand Further information : Military history of New Zealand during World War II New Zealand was a sovereign Dominion under the New Zealand monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . It quickly entered World War II , officially declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , just hours after Britain . Unlike Australia , which had felt obligated to declare war , as it also had not ratified the Statute of Westminster , New Zealand did so as a sign of allegiance to Britain , and in recognition of Britain 's abandonment of its former appeasement policy , which New Zealand had long opposed . This led to then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring two days later : With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future we range ourselves without fear beside Britain . Where she goes , we go ; where she stands , we stand . We are only a small and young nation , but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny . Norway Norwegian soldiers on the Narvik front , May 1940 Because of its strategic location for control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and the Atlantic , both the Allies and Germany worried about the other side gaining control of the neutral country . Germany ultimately struck first with operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940 , resulting in the two - month - long Norwegian Campaign , which ended in a German victory and their war - long occupation of Norway . Units of the Norwegian Armed Forces evacuated from Norway or raised abroad continued participating in the war from exile . The Norwegian merchant fleet , then the fourth largest in the world , was organized into Nortraship to support the Allied cause . Nortraship was the world 's largest shipping company , and at its height operated more than 1000 ships . Norway was neutral when Germany invaded , and it is not clear when Norway became an Allied country . Great Britain , France and Polish forces in exile supported Norwegian forces against the invaders but without a specific agreement . Norway 's cabinet signed a military agreement with Britain on 28 May 1941 . This agreement allowed all Norwegian forces in exile to operate under UK command . Norwegian troops in exile should primarily be prepared for the liberation of Norway , but could also be used to defend Britain . Poland Further information : Polish contribution to World War II , Polish resistance movement in World War II , Polish Armed Forces in the West , and Polish Armed Forces in the East Pilots of the No. 303 `` Kościuszko '' Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain The invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , started the war in Europe , and the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September . Poland fielded the third biggest army among the European Allies , after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom , but before France . The country never officially surrendered to the Third Reich , nor to the Soviet Union , primarily because neither of the totalitarian powers requested an official surrender , and continued the war effort under the Polish government in exile . However , the Soviet Union unilaterally considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and Marshal Edward Rydz - Śmigły on 17 September as an evidence of debellatio causing the extinction of the Polish state , and consequently declared itself allowed to invade ( according to the Soviet position : `` to protect '' ) Eastern Poland starting from the same day . It must be noted that the Red Army had invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before the Polish president fled to Romania . The Soviets invaded on 17 September at 3 a.m. , while president Mościcki crossed the Polish - Romanian border at 21 : 45 on the same day . The Polish military continued to fight , and the last major battle of the war , the Battle of Kock , ended at 1 a.m. on 6 October 1939 with the Independent Operational Group `` Polesie , '' a field army , surrendering due to lack of ammunition . Polish Home Army resistance fighters from the `` Kiliński '' Battalion during the Warsaw Uprising ( 1944 ) Polish soldiers fought under their own flag but under the command of the British military . They were major contributors to the Allies in the theatre of war west of Germany and in the theatre of war east of Germany , with the Soviet Union . The Polish armed forces in the West created after the fall of Poland played minor roles in the Battle of France , and important ones in the Italian and North African Campaigns . The Polish People 's Army took part in the Battle of Berlin , the closing battle of the European theater of war . They occupied the city alongside the Soviet Red Army . The Home Army , the largest underground force in Europe , and other resistance organizations in occupied Poland provided intelligence that enabled successful operations later in the war and led to uncovering of Nazi war crimes ( i.e. , death camps ) to the Western Allies . Notable Polish units fought in every campaign in North Africa and Europe ( outside the Balkans ) . The Soviet Union recognized the London - based government at first . But it broke diplomatic relations after the Katyn massacre of Polish nationals was revealed . In 1943 , the Soviet Union organized the Polish People 's Army under Zygmunt Berling , around which it constructed the post-war successor state People 's Republic of Poland . Provisional government of the Republic of Korea Further information : Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and Korean Liberation Army The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on April 13 , 1919 . During the time when the Provisional Government was created , Korea was under the Japanese rule . The Provisional Government had governmental tasks and created important organizations for their independence movement , such as the Korean Liberation Army ( KLA ) on September 17 , 1940 . The Provisional Government also declared war against the Empire of Japan on December 10 , 1941 . The Provisional Government is also the first democratic government of Korea . The KLA participated in the battles ongoing in China with the Kuomintang forces . In 1943 , KLA underground activists , cooperating with British forces in Burma and India , initiated joint operations with British forces . The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle , a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region ( Seoul and Incheon ) , on August 18 , 1945 . The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes , submarines , and airborne troops during the operation . However , the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15 , 1945 . The Provisional Government also faced heavy oppositions against the United States Army Military Government in Korea after World War II . In addition , other governments in the Treaty of San Francisco did not recognize the Provisional Government as a member of the Allies . The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15 , 1948 , under President Syngman Rhee , and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially . South Africa Further information : Military history of South Africa during World War II South Africa was a sovereign Dominion under the South African monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . South Africa held authority over the mandate of South - West Africa . Yugoslavia Main article : World War II in Yugoslavia The Partisans and the Chetniks carried captured Germans through Užice , autumn 1941 . Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after the invasion of Axis powers on 6 April 1941 . The Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and the country was occupied . The Italian - backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over . King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country . In the United Kingdom , they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi - occupied Europe . Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941 , there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war . Resistance factions Partisan leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito with Winston Churchill in 1944 Before the end of 1941 , the anti-Axis resistance movement split between the royalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Broz Tito who fought both against each other during the war and against the occupying forces . The Yugoslav Partisans managed to put up considerable resistance to the Axis occupation , forming various liberated territories during the war . In August 1943 , there were over 30 Axis divisions on the territory of Yugoslavia , not including the forces of the Croatian puppet state and other quisling formations . In 1944 , the leading Allied powers persuaded Tito 's Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Yugoslav government led by Prime Minister Ivan Šubašić to sign the Treaty of Vis that created the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . Partisans The Partisans were a major Yugoslav resistance movement against the Axis occupation and partition of Yugoslavia . Initially the Partisans were in rivalry with the Chetniks over control of the resistance movement . However , the Partisans were recognized by both the Eastern and Western Allies as the primary resistance movement in 1943 . After that , their strength increased rapidly , from 100,000 at the beginning of 1943 to over 648,000 in September 1944 . In 1945 they were transformed into the Yugoslav army , organized in 4 field armies with 800,000 fighters . Chetniks Chetniks leader General Mihailovic with the members of the US military mission , Operation Halyard 1944 The Chetniks , the short name given to the movement titled the Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland , were initially a major Allied Yugoslav resistance movement . However , due to their royalist and anti-communist views , Chetniks were considered to have begun collaborating with the Axis as a tactical move to focus on destroying their Partisan rivals . The Chetniks presented themselves as a Yugoslav movement , but were primarily a Serb movement . They reached their peak in 1943 with 93,000 fighters . Their major contribution was Operation Halyard in 1944 . In collaboration with the OSS , 413 Allied airmen shot down over Yugoslavia were rescued and evacuated . Client States British Egypt Main article : Military history of Egypt during World War II Britain controlled Egypt and used it as a major base for Allied operations throughout the region , especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany . Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean , and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia . The Kingdom of Egypt was nominally an independent state since 1922 but effectively remained in a British sphere of influence with the British Mediterranean fleet being stationed in Alexandria and British army forces being stationed in the Suez Canal zone . Egypt never declared war and its army did not fight . Egypt faced an Axis campaign led by Italian and German forces during the war . Frustration by the UK over Egypt 's King Farouk 's rule resulted in the Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942 where British army forces surrounded the Abdeen palace , a residence of King Farouk , demanding a new government be established , that nearly forced the abdication of Farouk until he submitted to British demands . British raj ( India ) Further information : India in World War II At the outbreak of World War II , the Indian army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . During the war it suffered 1,500,000 civilian casualties ( more than the United Kingdom ) , mainly from the Bengal famine of 1943 and 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . Iraq Further information : Anglo - Iraqi War This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Iran Further information : Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Soviet Bulgaria Main article : Military history of Bulgaria during World War II After a period of neutrality , Bulgaria joined the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944 . The Orthodox Church and others convinced King Boris to not allow the Bulgarian Jews to be exported to concentration camps . The king died shortly afterwards , suspected of being poisoned after a visit to Germany . Bulgaria abandoned the Axis and joined the Allies when the Soviet Union invaded , offering no resistance to the incoming forces . In the 1947 peace treaties , Bulgaria gained a small area near the Black Sea from Romania , making it the only former German ally to gain territory from WWII . Mongolia Main article : Mongolia in World War II Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the Soviet -- Japanese War in August 1945 to protect its independence and to liberate Southern Mongolia from Japan and China . Mongolia had been a Soviet sphere of influence since the 1920s . Poland ( Gomułka regime ) Main article : Polish Armed Forces in the East By 1944 , Poland entered the Soviet sphere of influence with Władysław Gomułka forming a communist government . Polish forces fought alongside Soviet forces against Germany . Romania Main articles : Romania in World War II and King Michael 's Coup Romanian soldiers in Transylvania , September - October 1944 Romania had initially been a member of the Axis powers but switched allegiance upon facing invasion by the Soviet Union . In a radio broadcast to the Romanian people and army on the night of 23 August 1944 King Michael issued a cease - fire , proclaimed Romania 's loyalty to the Allies , announced the acceptance of an armistice ( to be signed on 12 September ) offered by Great Britain , the United States , and the USSR , and declared war on Germany . The coup accelerated the Red Army 's advance into Romania , but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers , who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps . The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944 , on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union . Under the terms of the armistice , Romania announced its unconditional surrender to the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative , in control of the media , communication , post , and civil administration behind the front . Tannu Tuva Tannu Tuva was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia . It was a client state of the Soviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944 . Co-belligerent state combatants Italy Further information : Italian Civil War , Italian Co-Belligerent Army , and Italian resistance movement The dead bodies of Benito Mussolini , his mistress Clara Petacci , and several Fascist leaders , hanging for public display after they were executed by Italian partisans in 1945 Italy initially had been a leading member of the Axis powers , however after facing multiple military losses including the loss of all of Italy 's colonies to advancing Allied forces , Duce Benito Mussolini was deposed and arrested in July 1943 by order of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in co-operation with members of the Grand Council of Fascism who viewed Mussolini as having led Italy to ruin by allying with Germany in the war . Victor Emmanuel III dismantled the remaining apparatus of the Fascist regime and appointed Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Prime Minister of Italy . On 8 September 1943 , Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies , ending Italy 's war with the Allies and ending Italy 's participation with the Axis powers . Expecting immediate German retaliation , Victor Emmanuel III and the Italian government relocated to southern Italy under Allied control . Germany viewed the Italian government 's actions as an act of betrayal , and German forces immediately occupied all Italian territories outside of Allied control , in some cases even massacring Italian troops . Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies , and the Italian Co-Belligerent Army was created to fight against the German occupation of Northern Italy , where German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from arrest and he was placed in charge of a German puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) . Italy descended into civil war until the end of hostilities after his deposition and arrest , with Fascists loyal to him allying with German forces and helping them against the Italian armistice government and partisans . Associated power Albania Albania was recognized as an `` Associated Power '' at the 1946 Paris conference and officially signed the treaty ending WWII between the `` Allied and Associated Powers '' and Italy in Paris , on 10 February 1947 . United Nations Declaration by United Nations Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1941 by the US Office of War Information The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 . There were 26 signatories : Australia Belgium Canada China Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovakia Dominican Republic El Salvador Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras India Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Panama Poland Soviet Union South Africa United Kingdom United States Yugoslavia Alliance growing Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1943 by the US Office of War Information The United Nations began growing immediately after their formation . In 1942 , Mexico , the Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration . The African nation had been restored in its independence by British forces after the Italian defeat on Amba Alagi in 1941 , while the Philippines , still dependent on Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition , was allowed to join on 10 June despite their occupation by Japan . During 1943 , the Declaration was signed by Iraq , Iran , Brazil , Bolivia and Colombia . A Tripartite Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the USSR formalised Iran 's assistance to the Allies . In Rio de Janeiro , Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas was considered near to fascist ideas , but realistically joined the United Nations after their evident successes . In 1944 , Liberia and France signed . The French situation was very confused . Free French forces were recognized only by Britain , while the United States considered Vichy France to be the legal government of the country until Operation Overlord , while also preparing US occupation francs . Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 ; the Prime Minister feared that after the war , Britain could remain the sole great power in Europe facing the Communist threat , as it was in 1940 and 1941 against Nazism . During the early part of 1945 , Peru , Chile , Paraguay , Venezuela , Uruguay , Turkey , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Lebanon , Syria ( these latter two French colonies had been declared independent nations by British occupation troops , despite big protests by Pétain before , and De Gaulle after ) and Ecuador became signatories . Ukraine and Belarus , which were not independent nations but parts of the Soviet Union , were accepted as members of the United Nations as way to provide greater influence to Stalin , who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance . Charter of the United Nations Main article : Charter of the United Nations The first version of the flag of the United Nations , introduced in April 1945 The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International Organization , held between April and July 1945 . The Charter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June ( Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st `` original '' signatory ) , and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945 . In 1944 , the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference where the formation and the permanent seats ( for the `` Big Five '' , China , France , the UK , US , and USSR ) of the United Nations Security Council were decided . The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946 . These are the original 51 signatories ( UNSC permanent members are asterisked ) : Argentine Republic Commonwealth of Australia Kingdom of Belgium Republic of Bolivia Republic of the United States of Brazil Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Dominion of Canada Republic of Chile Republic of China * Republic of Colombia Republic of Costa Rica Republic of Cuba Czechoslovak Republic Kingdom of Denmark Dominican Republic Republic of Ecuador Kingdom of Egypt Republic of El Salvador Ethiopian Empire French Republic * Kingdom of Greece Republic of Guatemala Republic of Haiti Republic of Honduras Indian Empire Imperial Kingdom of Iran Kingdom of Iraq Lebanese Republic Republic of Liberia Grand Duchy of Luxembourg United Mexican States Kingdom of the Netherlands Dominion of New Zealand Republic of Nicaragua Kingdom of Norway Republic of Panama Republic of Paraguay Republic of Peru Commonwealth of the Philippines Republic of Poland Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Union of South Africa Syrian Republic Republic of Turkey Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Union of Soviet Socialist Republics * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland * United States of America * Oriental Republic of Uruguay United States of Venezuela Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Timeline of Nations entering war on the Allied powers Main article : Declarations of war during World War II The following list denotes dates on which nations declared war on the Axis powers , or on which an Axis power declared war on them . Nepal was formally independent . The Indian Empire had a status less independent than the Dominions . A British poster from 1941 , promoting the greater alliance against Germany 1939 Poland : 1 September 1939 France : 3 September 1939 -- On 22 June 1940 , Vichy France under Marshal Pétain formally capitulated to Germany , and became neutral . This capitulation was denounced by General de Gaulle , who established the Free France government - in - exile , which continued to fight against Germany . This led to the Provisional Government of the French Republic , which was officially recognized by the other Allies as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944 . Pétain 's 1940 surrender was also legally nullified , so France is considered an Ally throughout the war . United Kingdom : 3 September 1939 India : 3 September 1939 Australia : 3 September 1939 New Zealand : 3 September 1939 South Africa : 6 September 1939 Canada : 10 September 1939 Nepal : 4 September 1939 1940 Norway : 8 April 1940 - German invasion of a neutral country without declaration of war Denmark 9 April 1940 - German invasion without declaration of war Belgium : 10 May 1940 Luxembourg : 10 May 1940 Netherlands : 10 May 1940 Greece : 28 October 1940 1941 Yugoslavia : 6 April 1941 ( Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact , becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March ; but was attacked by the Axis on 6 April 1941 . ) Soviet Union : 22 June 1941 ; Despite membership of the Soviet Union , Ukraine and Belarus were recognized as separate fighting States by the United Kingdom and the United States at the end of the war . United States : 8 December 1941 ( war declared against Japan ) Philippines : 8 December 1941 Panama : 7 December 1941 Costa Rica : 8 December 1941 Dominican Republic : 8 December 1941 El Salvador : 8 December 1941 Haiti : 8 December 1941 Honduras : 8 December 1941 Nicaragua : 8 December 1941 China : 9 December 1941 ( at war with Japan since 1937 ) Cuba : 9 December 1941 Guatemala : 9 December 1941 United States : 11 December 1941 ( war declared on the U.S. by Germany and Italy ) Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 Korea ( government in exile ) : 10 December 1941 Vietnam ( Viet Minh ) : 7 December 1941 Czechoslovakia ( government - in - exile ) : 16 December 1941 1942 Peru : 12 February 1942 Mexico : 22 May 1942 Brazil : 22 August 1942 Ethiopia : 14 December 1942 1943 Iraq : 16 January 1943 Bolivia : 7 April 1943 Colombia : 26 July 1943 Iran : 9 September 1943 Italy : 10 October 1943 - former Axis power 1944 Liberia : 27 January 1944 Romania : 25 August 1944 -- former Axis power Bulgaria : 8 September 1944 -- former Axis power 1945 Hungary : 20 January 1945 -- former Axis power Ecuador : 2 February 1945 Paraguay : 7 February 1945 Uruguay : 15 February 1945 Venezuela : 15 February 1945 Turkey : 23 February 1945 Egypt : 24 February 1945 Syria : 26 February 1945 Lebanon : 27 February 1945 Saudi Arabia : 1 March 1945 Finland : 3 March 1945 -- former co-belligerent of Germany in the Continuation War . On 3 March 1945 , Finland retroactively declared war on Germany from 15 September 1944 . Argentina : 27 March 1945 Chile : 11 April 1945 declared war on Japan Mongolia : August 1945 declared war on Japan See also World War II portal War portal History portal Allies of World War I Diplomatic history of World War II Free World ( World War II ) Military production during World War II Neutral powers during World War II Participants in World War II Footnotes Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 150 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Ian C.B. Dear and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , pp 29 , 1176 Jump up ^ Ward , Geoffrey C. ; Burns , Ken ( 2014 ) . `` Nothing to Conceal '' . The Roosevelts : An Intimate History . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0385353065 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations '' . Wordorigins.org. 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , FDR & the Making of the U.N. Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston S. ( 1981 ) ( 1953 ) . The Second World War , Volume VI : Triumph and Tragedy . Houghton - Mifflin Company . p. 561 . Jump up ^ Wood , JRT ( June 2005 ) . So Far And No Further ! Rhodesia 's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959 -- 1965 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 4952 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Euan Graham . Japan 's sea lane security , 1940 -- 2004 : a matter of life and death ? Oxon , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Routledge , 2006 . Pp. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Guo wu yuan . Xin wen ban gong shi . Col. C.L. Chennault and Flying Tigers . English translation . State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . Pp. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Frederic J. Fleron , Erik P. Hoffmann , Robbin Frederick Laird . Soviet Foreign Policy : Classic and Contemporary Issues . Third paperback edition . New Brunswick , New Jersey , US : Transaction Publishers , 2009 . Pp. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Crisis '' . Time . 13 November 1944 . Jump up ^ Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Speeches that Reshaped the World . Jump up ^ `` When the US wanted to take over France ‐ Le Monde diplomatique ‐ English edition '' . Le Monde diplomatique . May 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Helen Rapport . Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara , California , US : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . P. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Bushkovitch . A Concise History of Russia . Cambridge , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . P. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ The Soviet Union and Communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : The Road to Alliance . P. 78 . Jump up ^ Kees Boterbloem . A History of Russia and Its Empire : From Mikhail Romanov to Vladimir Putin . P235 . ^ Jump up to : David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 . P184 . Jump up ^ Jan Karski . The Great Powers and Poland : From Versailles to Yalta . Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 . P197 . Jump up ^ David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 . P184 . Jump up ^ Overy 1997 , pp 41 , 43 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 148 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 16 , 154 . Jump up ^ Khudoley , Konstantin K. ( 2009 ) . `` The Baltic factor '' . In Hiden , John . The Baltic question during the Cold War . Vahur Made , David J. Smith . Psychology Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37100 - 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey , Roberts ( 2004 ) . `` Ideology , calculation , and improvisation . Sphere of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939 -- 1945 '' . In Martel , Gordon . The World War Two reader . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22402 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1995 ) . `` Soviet policy and the Baltic States , 1939 -- 1940 a reappraisal '' . Diplomacy & Statecraft . Francis & Taylor . 6 ( 3 ) : 672 -- 700 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592299508405982 . Jump up ^ Toomas Alatalu . Tuva . A State Reawakens . Soviet Studies , Vol. 44 , No. 5 ( 1992 ) , pp. 881 -- 895 Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ( 2009 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt : A Rendezvous with Destiny . p. 350 . Jump up ^ Jonathan G. Utley ( 2005 ) . Going to War with Japan , 1937 -- 1941 . Fordham Univ Press . Jump up ^ Chris Henry . The Battle of the Coral Sea . London , England , UK : Compendium Publishing ; Annapolis , Maryland , US : Naval Institute Press , 2003 . P. 84 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John . `` The Second World War . '' New York : Penguin , 2005 . ( 275 ) Jump up ^ McKeown , Deirdre ; Jordan , Roy ( 2010 ) . `` Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas '' ( PDF ) . Parliamentary Library . Parliament of Australia . pp. 4 , 8 -- 11 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford U.P. pp. 105 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Second World War and the Cuban Air Force '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen . World War II : The Encyclopedia of the War Years 1941 -- 1945 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2002 ) . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The Atlantic . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07061 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Cubans Sunk a German Submarine in WWII '' . Cubanow . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` German Jewish Refugees , 1933 -- 1939 '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sang , Mu - Kien Adriana ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` Judíos en el Caribe . La comunidad judía en Sosúa ( 2 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . El Caribe . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic as Haven for Jewish Refugees '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lajara Solá , Homero Luis ( 24 de julio de 2012 ) . `` El heroe de La Batalla del Caribe '' . Listín Dairio . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Embajada de los Estados Unidos y el Museo Memorial de la Resistencia Abren Exposición en honor a Veteranos Dominicanos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial '' . Jump up ^ Various ( 2011 ) . Les Gouvernements du Grand - Duché de Luxembourg Depuis 1848 ( PDF ) . Luxembourg : Government of Luxembourg . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87999 - 212 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron '' . The Netherlands East Indies 1941 -- 1942 . 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron Jump up ^ Plascencia de la Parra , E. La infantería Invisible : Mexicanos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. México . Ed . UNAM . Retrieved 27 April 2012 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Fighting for Britain -- NZ and the Second World War '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage , `` PM Declares NZ 's Support for Britain : 5 September 1939 , '' updated 14 October 2014 ^ Jump up to : Skodvin , Magne ( red . ) ( 1984 ) : Norge i krig . Bind 7 . Oslo : Aschehoug . Jump up ^ `` Military contribution of Poland to World War II -- Wojsko Polskie -- Departament Wychowania i Promocji Obronności '' . Wojsko-polskie.pl . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Molotov declaration of 17 September 1939 Jump up ^ `` 73 . rocznica sowieckiej napaści na Polskę '' . rmf24.pl. 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prezydent Ignacy Mościcki cz 3 prof . dr hab . Andrzej Garlicki Uniwersytet Warszawski '' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ At the siege of Tobruk Jump up ^ `` Basil Davidson : PARTISAN PICTURE '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perica , Vjekoslav ( 2004 ) . Balkan Idols : Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States . Oxford University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517429 - 1 . Jump up ^ Borković , Milan ( 1979 ) . Kontrarevolucija u Srbiji -- Kvislinška uprava 1941 -- 1944 ( Volume 1 , in Serbo - Croatian ) . Sloboda . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Steve Morewood , The British Defence of Egypt , 1935 - 40 : Conflict and Crisis in the Eastern Mediterranean ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Romania -- Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Delia Radu , `` Serialul ' Ion Antonescu şi asumarea istoriei ' ( 3 ) '' , BBC Romanian edition , 1 August 2008 Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Dictatura + a + luat + sfarsit + si + cu + ea + inceteaza + toate + asupririle '' `` The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression '' - From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of August 23 1944 , Curierul Naţional , 7 August 2004 Jump up ^ `` King Proclaims Nation 's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies '' , The New York Times , 24 August 1944 Jump up ^ Josef Becker ; Franz Knipping ( 1986 ) . Great Britain , France , Italy and Germany in a Postwar World , 1945 -- 1950 . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 506 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Fall of Mussolini : Italy , the Italians , and the Second World War . Oxford UP . pp. 194 -- 85 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State , Foreign relations of the United States , 1946 . Paris Peace Conference : documents ( 1946 ) , page 802 , Article 26. a ' Memoranda submitted by Albanian Government on the Draft Peace Treaty with Italy ' `` proposed amendment ... For the purposes of this Treaty , Albania shall be considered as an Associated Power . '' , web http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1946v04/reference/frus.frus1946v04.i0011.pdf Jump up ^ Treaties in Force , A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1 , 2013 , Page 453 , accessible online from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/218912.pdf Jump up ^ Axelrod , John ( 5 February 2015 ) . Encyclopedia of World War II . Volume 1 . HW Fowler . p. 824 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 308 - 7 . The first peace treaty concluded between the Allies and a former Axis nation was with Italy . It was signed in Paris on February 10 , by representatives from Albania , Australia ... Jump up ^ Motter , T.H. Vail ( 2000 ) ( 1952 ) . `` Chapter I : Experiment in Co-operation '' . The Persion Corridor and Aid to Russia . United States Army in World War II . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 8 - 1 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bohlen , C.E. ( 1973 ) . Witness to History , 1929 -- 1969 . New York . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Video : Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. ( 1944 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1944 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council : Official Records : First Year , First Series , First Meeting Jump up ^ Ian Dear , Ian. and M.R.D. Foot , eds. , The Oxford companion to world war II ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 : Britain and France declare war on Germany '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ordre de la Libération '' . ordredelaliberation.fr . Archived from the original on 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental . - Legifrance '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Mark ( 2012 ) . The IRA on Film and Television : A History . McFarland . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8961 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61826 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Australia : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958993 - 7 . Jump up ^ New Zealand declares war on Germany , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , updated 14 - Oct - 2014 ^ Jump up to : Martin , Chris ( 2011 ) . World War II : The Book of Lists . Stroud : The History Press . pp. 8 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6704 - 7 . Jump up ^ Selley , Ron ; Cocks , Kerrin ( 2014 ) . I Wo n't Be Home Next Summer : Flight Lieutenant R.N. Selley DFC ( 1917Ð1941 ) . Pinetown : 30 Degrees South Publishers . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928211 - 19 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tamelander , M. og N. Zetterling ( 2001 ) : 9 . april . Oslo : Spartacus . Jump up ^ Sotirović , Vladislav B. ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Кнез Павле Карађорђевић и приступање Југославије Тројном пакту '' . NSPM. ( in Serbian ) '' Jump up ^ Kluckhohn , Frank L. ( 8 December 1941 ) . `` U.S. Declares War , Pacific Battle Widens '' . The New York Times : 1 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 878 - 9 Jump up ^ Rana Mitter . `` Forgotten ally ? China 's unsung role in World War II '' . CNN . Jump up ^ A. Wigfall Green ( 2007 ) . The Epic Of Korea . Read Books . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 0320 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 279 - 80 Jump up ^ A Political Chronology of Europe , Psychology Press , 2001 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Decree 6945 / 45 Bibliography Davies , Norman ( 2006 ) , Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 69285 - 3 Dear , Ian C.B. and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , comprehensive encyclopedia for all countries Overy , Richard ( 1997 ) , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 . R. Holland ( 1981 ) , Britain and the Commonwealth alliance , 1918 -- 1939 , London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 27295 - 4 Weinberg , Gerhard L. 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provided the voice of the geico insurance company gecko in its tv ad debut

GEICO advertising campaigns - wikipedia GEICO advertising campaigns Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) GEICO advertising campaigns are known for using surreal humor and satire , often featuring distinctive characters such as the company 's mascot , the GEICO gecko . The advertising strategy incorporates a saturation - level amount of print ( primarily mail circulars ) and television parody advertisements , as well as radio advertisements . A common line used by GEICO is `` 15 minutes could save you 15 % or more on car insurance . '' Investor Warren Buffett , chairman and CEO of GEICO parent Berkshire Hathaway , has stated that he would spend $2 billion on GEICO ads if he could , approximately double the spending in 2012 , which was $1.1 billion , over twice that of second place Progressive Corporation , with 6.8 % of premiums going into commercials . In 2016 , GEICO was the top spending brand in the United States , with over $1.4 billion in advertising , ousting second place Verizon and previous leader AT&T . However , this is offset by not paying agents commissions , since GEICO uses a direct to consumer model . This has resulted in GEICO being the second largest auto insurer in the United States ( behind State Farm ) . Many of the most prominent TV ad campaigns , such as the GEICO Gecko , the GEICO Cavemen , the Rhetorical Questions campaign featuring Mike McGlone , Maxwell the Pig , and the GEICO Hump Day Camel were developed by The Martin Agency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Animated advertisements 2 The Gecko 3 Maxwell the pig 4 Cavemen 5 Parodies 6 `` I 've got good news '' 7 Bland salesman 8 `` Real service , real savings '' 9 My Great Rides 10 GEICO Racing 11 TRS : The Real Scoop 12 `` The money you could be saving '' 13 Rhetorical question campaign 13.1 Television 13.2 Radio 14 Short Stories and Tall Tales 15 Xtranormal 16 `` Easier Way to Save '' 16.1 Television 16.2 Radio commercials 17 `` Brighter side '' 18 `` Get Happy , Get GEICO '' 19 Museum of Modern Insurance 20 `` Did You Know ? '' 21 `` It 's what you do '' 22 `` Unskippable '' freeze frames 23 Fast Forward 24 Surprising 24.1 TV 24.2 Radio 25 Great Answer 25.1 Radio 26 Take a Closer Look 27 You Had One Job 28 Expect more 29 We Interrupt Your Life 30 Count on GEICO 31 A GEICO Commercial ? 32 References 33 External Links Animated advertisements ( edit ) Animated advertisements were part of the early GEICO Direct ads as well as the `` Dumb Things '' campaign . The 15 - second long commercials , animated by Bill Plympton , featured a curious little man walking up to an object and eventually getting hurt due to his curiosity of the object . One of the commercials , for example , involved him finding a cannon and pressing a button , causing a resulting cannonball to fire out and stick to his face . The original saying in the commercial was `` You could still save money on car insurance . Even if you made a few mistakes . '' ; later modified to `` We all do dumb things . Paying too much for car insurance does n't have to be one of them . '' The Gecko ( edit ) The company 's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot , The Gecko , an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency , modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore . The gecko first appeared in 1999 , during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors . The original commercial features the Gecko , voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer , who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters `` This is my final plea : I am a gecko , not to be confused with GEICO , which could save you hundreds on car insurance . So , STOP CALLING ME ! '' , before licking his eye . Later `` wrong number '' ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko . In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood ( which portray him as a representative of the company ) , the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent , because it would be unexpected , according to Martin Agency 's Steve Bassett . In 2010s commercials , the gecko 's accent is more working - class , perhaps in an effort to further `` humanize '' him . `` As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better , we did a few things , '' says Steve Bassett , creative director at The Martin Agency . `` We wanted to make him a little more guy - next - door . And he looks a lot more real than he 's looked before . '' Chelsea Clinton , daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then - Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton , interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013 . He had since became GEICO 's longest running mascot , appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017 . Maxwell the pig ( edit ) Maxwell is an anthropomorphic talking pig and recurring character in GEICO advertisements . Maxwell debuted in an installment of the Rhetorical Questions campaign as the `` little piggy who cried ' wee wee wee ' all the way home '' ( referencing the famous nursery rhyme `` This Little Piggy '' ) being driven home by a friend 's mother , squealing along the way . While Maxwell was originally intended as a one - time character , the popularity of his debut commercial resulted in him being spun off into his own series of commercials which usually feature him as a tech - savvy , informative pig who is most concerned with his GEICO - related objects . Cavemen ( edit ) Main article : GEICO Cavemen A popular series of well - received advertisements uses cavemen as pitchmen . Also developed by the Martin Agency , the ads center on Neanderthal - like cavemen , no different from modern - day individuals ( outside of somewhat prehistoric facial features ) , encountering either an ad or commercial with the tagline `` GEICO : so easy a caveman could do it , '' followed by their disgust with the supposed stereotype of caveman stupidity . The ads posit a world where cavemen are still alive and active members of society in the present day , behaving and living nothing at all like the stereotypical caveman . The main characters presented in the ads are affluent , educated , and cultured , eating at fancy restaurants , going to exclusive parties , and seeing their therapists ( portrayed in the commercials by two - time Oscar - nominated actress Talia Shire ) . The humor revolves around the relative normality of the cavemen 's presence and their reactions to the stereotype represented in the ads , and their attempts at defending themselves from the stereotype . The ads were so successful that the commercial actors are appearing in a successful series of interactive websites written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at Caveman 's Crib and most recently , iHeartcavemen . A spin - off TV series , titled Cavemen and starring new actors , debuted on ABC in October 2007 to overwhelmingly negative critical reaction . It was canceled after only six episodes were aired . Parodies ( edit ) Another common theme is misdirection , in which the commercial appears to be about an unrelated product ( or , in fact , may not even be a commercial ) , suddenly changing to become a plug for GEICO . The commercials use a variety of fictional characters such as Speed Racer , Chatty Cathy , Jed Clampett , and Bill Dutchess . Other commercials relate to a hair loss doctor who has saved by switching to GEICO , a nature show about a fish , workout with Tony Little , and a soap opera of a couple who are breaking up . Another set of GEICO ads involved a fictional reality show called `` Tiny House '' in which contestants were forced to live in a half - scale house . An additional commercial theme is the promotion of fictional products . In 2006 parody ads featured such products as long distance phone service , tomato soda , fast - food , a reality TV show , dolls , and even poking fun at the Old Navy commercials -- in all cases , the parody portion of the ad ends with `` but it wo n't save you any money on car insurance . '' After the GEICO slogan is heard , the commercials end with `` Why have n't you called GEICO ? '' Including Wonder Glue . The parody pitch crossed over to the Caveman campaign in 2007 , in a 10 - second spot that appears to be a talking heads news interview , but features the popular caveman . In response to some of the parody ads , Seth Green and Matthew Senreich wrote a sketch using the character C in a parody of one of the celebrity ads for their second Robot Chicken Star Wars special . MADtv also made a sketch parodying these ads using characters of Elmo ( who was performed by Frank Caeti ) and Carlos Mencia ( who was played by Johnny Sanchez ) . Actor Scott Whyte has made a series of commercial parodies , calling the company , `` Schmeiko '' , while performing a series of impressions . `` I 've got good news '' ( edit ) In another ad campaign , a character would be breaking bad news to another ( such as a baseball manager replacing a struggling pitcher with a reliever ) , but then offers helpfully , `` I 've got good news : I just saved a bunch of money on my car insurance by switching to GEICO ! '' That news , of course , is of no immediate use at all to the other character ( s ) . Some of the ads were parodies and / or featured celebrities including , for example , Esteban ; one featured the popular anime character Speed Racer . The exchange became parodied for a time while the ads were popular . One of the most watched `` I 've got good news '' spots was a soap opera parody featuring television actor Sebastian Siegel . Bland salesman ( edit ) In another series of ads , a GEICO pitchman is played by actor Jerry Lambert in an extremely bland and understated way , parodying the stereotype of an insurance man , such as reading to a group of uninterested children from a book of fairy tales about insurance , watching a view of cats in the living room where a gecko is standing on the couch , relaxing on a hot tub with a couple , and a flashback about `` Honk If You Like '' . In one segment , he reads a supposed e-mail from a viewer saying it would be `` da bomb '' ( i.e. , something good ) , if the Gecko would do a dance called `` The Robot '' . Cut to the Gecko doing that dance smoothly and gracefully ( to the tune of a not - for - public - sale melody called `` Sweet World '' by a group called Omega Men , which was used in the arcade video game In the Groove 2 ) and then back to the insurance salesman attempting to do the same dance , seemingly more stiffly than an actual robot would . The newest commercial featuring the GEICO gecko depicts the Gecko receiving a business suit from the salesman , in order to present a more professional appearance , but he declines . `` Real service , real savings '' ( edit ) In this campaign , a real GEICO customer would present his / her testimonials , while a celebrity standing next to , or behind , the customer uses his / her signature styles to help get the customer 's word across . Some of these celebrities included : Peter Graves ( 1926 -- 2010 ) Peter Frampton Burt Bacharach Little Richard Mrs. Butterworth Joan Rivers ( 1933 -- 2014 ) The Pips ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Charo James Lipton Michael Winslow Verne Troyer Don LaFontaine ( 1940 -- 2008 ) The slogan exclusive to this campaign is `` GEICO : Real service , real savings '' . My Great Rides ( edit ) In 2007 , GEICO also launched a social networking site , My Great Rides , for motorcycle owners . My Great Rides is a place for cycle owners to share stories about trips they have taken on their bikes , as well as post pictures of their motorcycles , and comment on other members ' stories and pictures . My Great Rides was taken down on 27 February 2012 . GEICO racing ( edit ) The number 7 car of the NASCAR Nationwide Series is driven by Mike Wallace and was sponsored by GEICO prior to 2009 . Commercials involving the race team are of a memorably disdainful young boy , played by actor Eddie Heffernan claiming to be a relative of Mike Wallace and being a better driver . The boy says , `` When people see Mike Wallace and the GEICO number 7 doing well , they 'll think of saving a bunch of money on car insurance . But when they see me , they 'll say , ' There goes Lauren Wallace ; the greatest thing to ever climb into a race car . ' '' The commercials are sometimes presented in an interview fashion , where an unseen narrator speaks to the ambitious go - kart driver . `` What do you think of Mike Wallace ? '' the child is asked , to which he responds , `` Whatever , he 's out there selling car insurance , I 'm out there to win . '' When questioned on his relation to the NASCAR driver , Lauren shakes his head and concludes , `` I did n't say I would n't go fishing with the man , all I 'm saying is if he comes near me , I 'll put him in the wall . '' To which the narrator questions him , `` You do n't race in the Busch Series . '' Lauren replies `` Listen , go - kart track , grocery store , those remote controlled boats ; when it comes to Mike Wallace the story ends with me putting him in the wall . '' New ads in this lineup include Lauren referring to himself as being , `` 100 miles away and ready to strike , '' and `` lightning in a bottle . '' The success of those ads resulted in the launch of an interactive website written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at GEICO Garage . The site includes cameo appearances by Lauren Wallace and drivers Mike Wallace , his daughter Chrissy Wallace , Speed TV 's Tommy Kendall , Paul Tracy , Christian Fittipaldi and Max Papis . Trs : the real scoop ( edit ) Introduced in 2 August 2007 , this series of ads features an E ! True Hollywood Story - type show about famed fictional characters such as Fred Flintstone , Jed Clampett , and even a Cabbage Patch Kid named Ben Winkler claiming to have their cars ( the Flintmobile , Jed 's 1923 Oldsmobile truck , and a Plymouth Reliant / Dodge Aries , respectively ) insured by GEICO , featuring interviews with made - up investigators ( however , the Ben Winkler spot does not have an interview ) . These commercials were voiced over by narrator David O'Brien . `` The money You could be saving '' ( edit ) Starting in 2008 , GEICO has aired a series of TV ads featuring two paper - banded stacks of U.S. bills with a pair of big , googly eyes on top . Kash , who never says anything , just sits and stares at people ( in a manner intended to be unsettling ) , set to a remix of a Rockwell / Michael Jackson song , `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' by Mysto & Pizzi . Rhetorical question campaign ( edit ) Toward the end of 2009 until mid 2012 , GEICO introduced another advertising campaign in which Mike McGlone walks into an empty room and queries the viewer , `` Could switching to GEICO really save you 15 % or more on car insurance ? '' After this , he pauses and then asks a rhetorical and / or obvious question which is immediately followed by a scene cut to the subject at hand . Such questions have included ( in no particular order ) : Television ( edit ) Is Ed `` Too Tall '' Jones too tall ? : ( Cuts to Jones in a doctor 's office being measured for his height , even though he is too tall for the maximum length of the measure . The nurse then says , `` I 'm just gon na guesstimate . '' ) Does Charlie Daniels play a mean fiddle ? : ( Cuts to Daniels energetically playing a fiddle in a classy restaurant after taking it from a violinist . Once he finishes , he hands it back and states `` That 's how you do it , son '' . ) Does Elmer Fudd have trouble with the letter R ? : ( Cuts to Elmer hunting and telling the audience to be `` vewy quiet '' while he 's `` hunting wabbits '' , the director correcting his rhotacism to the former 's frustration , and eventually stalking off the screen while muttering about how `` this diwector is starting to wub ( him ) the wong way '' . ) Did The Waltons take way too long to say good night ? : ( Cuts to the Walton family saying `` good night '' to each other numerous times . ) Does a ten - pound bag of flour make a really big biscuit ? : ( Cuts to a child buttering an enormous biscuit on the kitchen counter humming as his mom walks in with a dismayed look upon her face . ) Did the caveman invent fire ? : ( Cuts to the GEICO caveman sitting in a living room on a couch with a female companion . He looks disdainfully at the camera , then activates the fireplace by remote control before scowling at the camera once more . ) Was Abe Lincoln honest ? : ( Cuts to an old - style black and white film of Mary Todd Lincoln asking `` Does this dress make my backside look big ? '' After a lengthy pause and deliberation , Lincoln sheepishly responds , saying `` Perhaps a ... '' , interrupted as she gets up and walks out perturbed . ) Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to Johnson helping a man to his feet , the latter with a hole in the arm of his jacket , in a snowy street . After lamenting the heavily damaged garage door behind them , they agree to go sledding instead . ) Is a bird in the hand worth two in the bush ? : ( Cuts to an Antiques Roadshow appraiser examining a small statue of a human hand holding a bird . He tells the statue 's owner that it is indeed worth at least two in the bush . ) Can fútbol announcer Andrés Cantor make any sport exciting ? : ( Cuts to Cantor loudly and energetically calling a slow - paced chess match . When one player makes a move , he yells his trademark `` GOOAAALLL ! '' much to the players ' annoyance ) Does a former drill sergeant make a terrible therapist ? : ( Cuts to R. Lee Ermey talking to a man on a psychiatrist 's couch , then abruptly yelling at him for crying and then throws a box of tissues at him , calling him a crybaby . ) Do woodchucks chuck wood ? : ( Cuts to a jovial pair of woodchucks throwing chopped logs into a pond and being admonished by the farmer who chopped them . ) Did the little piggy cry ' wee wee wee ' all the way home ? ? ( Cuts to a pig named Maxwell riding in the back seat of an SUV holding pinwheels , yelling `` wee wee wee '' out the window , before being dropped off at his house by his friend 's exasperated mother . ) ( See section Maxwell the Pig ) Does it take two to tango ? : ( Cuts to a man and woman dancing the tango while another man tries to dance with them . ) What , do you live under a rock ? : ( Cuts to a man living underground who moves a rock so he can raise his head above ground to see outside , and then gets excited when he sees a GEICO billboard and invites his friend Rick to move his own rock and take a peek . ) Does the buck stop here ? ; ( The camera zooms out as a deer walks onto the soundstage and stops next to McGlone , who then shrugs his shoulders . ) Do dogs chase cats ? : ( Cuts to a dog and cat engaged in a Bullitt - style car chase . ) Would Foghorn Leghorn make a really bad book narrator ? : ( Cuts to a recording studio where Foghorn is reading A Tale of Two Cities -- his ad - libbing and talking over the director cause an exasperated Henery Hawk to get up from the control panel and whack him with a club . ) Is the pen mightier than the sword ? : ( Cuts to a ninja menacingly demonstrating his swordsmanship to his opponent , who countermaneuvers by using a pen to sign for the delivery of his new taser , with which he promptly dispatches the ninja . ) Do people use smartphones to do dumb things ? : ( Cuts to three office workers using very silly smartphone apps to help celebrate the end of the workweek . ) Radio ( edit ) Would helium make opera sound less stuffy ? : ( Cuts to male opera singer singing in a deep voice , then inhaling helium , and continuing in a high - pitched voice . ) Do mimes make even less sense when you ca n't see them ? : ( Cuts to a narrator describing a mime pretending to be inside an invisible box . ) Is sneaking out of a really boring meeting while wearing tap shoes a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to a boring meeting with tap shoes in the background , until the boss catches on . ) Does a rolling stone gather no moss ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a boulder rolling through various things until it crashes to a stop , with McGlone then saying , `` No moss -- you 're gon na have to trust me on this one . '' ) Do only dogs hear dog whistles ? : ( Cuts to the sound of someone breathing in , then blowing in a dog whistle a few times , before being interrupted by several barking dogs . ) If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , does it make a noise ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a tree falling and crashing , with McGlone then saying , `` Yep . '' ) Is texting getting way out of hand ? : ( McGlone then begins to elaborate , but is interrupted and distracted by several incoming texts , ultimately responding to one message with `` LOL , UR my BFF . '' ) Short stories and tall Tales ( edit ) Starting in 2010 , there have been TV commercials in which a nursery rhyme , being read to the audience from an illustrated book entitled Short Stories and Tall Tales , turns into an ad for GEICO homeowner 's and renters insurance : In one , the cow who jumped over the moon crashes down through someone 's roof ; luckily , the owner was insured with GEICO . In another , Jack Be Nimble accidentally knocked over a candlestick onto the shagged carpeting and insured with GEICO because of his flaming pants , his new pants are bought from Banana Republic . In another , Baa Baa Black Sheep got three bags of wool taken and insured GEICO , but the hooligan down the lane is caught , selling the stolen goods online . In another , the Itsy Bitsy Spider 's home is flooded as a result of a clogged downspout , and his mattress is ruined ; thanks to GEICO , he now has a `` Sleep Number '' bed . His sleep number is 25 . Little Jack Horner sat in a corner on a department and insured GEICO with renters insurance , it turns out Little Jack Horner got his stomach pumped because of eating a 6 - month - old Christmas pie . Little Bo Peep accidentally broke into her apartment and got her sheep stolen . A burglar breaks into Little Miss Muffet 's house and steals her tuffets , which were fortunately insured . The burglar was later caught , given away by a whey stain . Goldilocks breaks into the home of the Three Bears , eats some porridge , breaks a chair , and steals their laptop . Thanks to GEICO insurance , the Bears are able to replace their things , including a new chair from Crate & Barrel . After his straw house is blown away by the Big Bad Wolf , the Little Pig is able to build a more elaborate straw house thanks to GEICO homeowner 's insurance . The Wolf then gets a job blowing at a wind farm . Hansel and Gretel broke outside the Gingerbread house and ate the whole roof , then GEICO Homeowners Insurance gets the roof covered for the witch . Hansel and Gretel are sent through the candy cane forest . An old woman who lived in a shoe buys groceries when burglars broke into her shoe and avoids stolen things with juice press for GEICO Homeowners Insurance , then gets a job for the Mountain Bike Juice Delivery Service . Mary and her lamb turned out her dress is ruined by an electrical fire and takes a hobby at Bloomingdale 's for her new dress and exclusively for little lambs after using GEICO Renters Insurance . Jack and Jill are about to fetch water from a well until an overflowing kitchen sink sprung a leak , and they use GEICO Homeowners Insurance , and they went to fetch lattes and almond milk instead of just water . Xtranormal ( edit ) Near the end of 2010 , a new advertising campaign began made up of amateurish computer animated advertisements , supposedly made in 15 minutes , created with the computer software program Xtranormal . `` Easier way to save '' ( edit ) Starting in the summer of 2011 , a new series of advertising involved people discovering unusual ways to save money . Television ( edit ) A couple teaching their 6 - year - old son how to dunk a basketball in order to help him get a scholarship , with him getting stuck on the basket . A dog and a cockatoo playing A-Ha 's `` Take on Me '' because their owner ca n't afford to keep downloading music . A sea captain living as a roommate , rehearsing `` Major - General 's Song . '' A woman turning her daughter 's pet fish into her husband 's meal . Robots hired in a daycare center because they `` work for free '' . Three guinea pigs rowing their boat to produce electricity for their owner 's computer . A couple adopting a black rescue panther who can protect their house . A man singing a personal ad to the tune of Bonnie Tyler 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' because dating websites cost too much money . Three middle school girls criticize on what the man is eating , only to watch his weight . A family forming their own theme park . Boy Scouts using paintball guns to decorate a couple 's living room . A man adopting a pet possum for his kids , as a cheaper alternative to a puppy . Radio commercials ( edit ) A man who tries to cut his wife 's hair , while she sleeps , instead of going to the hairstylist . A man who can only rely on toll - free numbers . A man consolidating his 5 daughters ' weddings into one day . A woman carpooling with her daughter 's school bus . An umpire who can not pay for his contacts , using the lost pair of eyeglasses he found . A man turning his bathroom shower into an amusement attraction , instead of taking his family to an amusement park . A man using carrier pigeons to send letters because of the high cost of postage stamps . A man who ca n't spend money on the Internet for his home , thus using his neighbor 's unprotected connection . A woman who is dreaming of being in Machu Picchu because she can not buy airline tickets . `` Brighter side '' ( edit ) This campaign shows two people in a sticky situation . One of them is not as worried as the other , explaining `` I 'm looking on the brighter side . I save over 15 % on my car insurance by switching to GEICO . '' Commercials from this campaign include : A magician feels guilty for sawing his assistant in half . A woman and her neighbor observe a fallen giant in the middle of her garden . Two fisherman are being abducted by aliens and fear what the aliens are going to do with them . Divers have been swallowed by a whale . `` Get happy , get GEICO '' ( edit ) From early - 2012 to early 2013 , GEICO had a family of commercials where bluegrass pickers named Ronnie ( played by director / musician Alex Harvey ) and Jimmy ( played by actor / comedian Timothy Ryan Cole ) talk about how happy saving money on insurance can make someone do certain things intended to be humorous : Happier than Gallagher at a Farmer 's market : Gallagher runs amok at a farmer 's market , smashing watermelons with a huge mallet and laughing maniacally . Happier than a Bodybuilder Directing Traffic : A smiling bodybuilder is standing in an intersection and directing traffic while striking poses . This was the last commercial from the Get Happy , Get GEICO series to ever come on TV , having last aired on 19 March 2016 . Happier than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats : Christopher Columbus is shown on a speeding motoboat , accompanied by two other boats , while a crew member looks seasick . Happier than Eddie Money running a travel agency : A family is shown sitting in front of a desk in an office . An excited Eddie Money is then shown behind the desk holding airline tickets , where he begins singing ( a cappella ) , `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' while the family appears increasingly annoyed . Happier than a Witch at a Broom Factory : A witch is seen flying around on a broom inside of a broom factory . She lands and demands another broom from one of the employees and begins flying again , laughing and having fun . Happier than a Slinky on an Escalator : A Slinky is seen stepping backwards on an up escalator . While the Slinky goes backwards , others try to avoid it as they go to work and the slinky says `` This is Awesome ! '' Happier than an Antelope with Nightvision Goggles : Two antelopes are seen watching a lion through nightvision goggles . The two are secretly laughing at the lion and his poor stealth skills ( they incorrectly and sarcastically label the lion as `` king of the jungle '' -- the correct term is `` king of beasts '' ) . Happier than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot : Dikembe Mutombo appears blocking various things that people throw , such as a crumpled piece of paper , a pile of laundry , and a box of cereal . The GEICO Logo then appears and Mutombo knocks off the `` G '' . It 's `` EICO '' now . Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell phone : Paul Revere who is inside a home in Concord , Massachusetts , notices a bell ringing from a church . As he looks out the window , he calls on his cell phone and warns that the British are coming . Afterwards , he returns to his guests and plays charades . Happier than Dracula Volunteering at a Blood Drive : At a blood drive , Dracula Actor Frankie Ray asks a man his blood type and what he ate today . The man replies either A or B positive and that he ate Lebanese food . Dracula says that he loves the Lebanese . He then excitedly decides to skip the formalities and `` get started '' . He is then seen following the man out at the end . Happier than the Pillsbury Doughboy on his way to a Baking Convention : At an airport , the Pillsbury Doughboy is going through airport security , but every time the security guard tries to pat him down , he is easily tickled . He promises to hold it together , but keeps failing . Once he gets on his way , the Doughboy sings along as Ronny and Jimmy continue playing the guitar . Happier than a Camel on Wednesday / Hump Day : At an office , a camel asks workers what day it is . A woman ( originally named Leslie ) tells him that it is Hump day . The camel whoops with excitement . This commercial soon received over 22 million views on YouTube and inspired a popular Internet meme . The camel appeared in the pregame show of Super Bowl XLVIII where he was named Caleb . Caleb also appeared with the Gecko in a crossover ad with M&M 's . Museum of modern insurance ( edit ) This campaign involves paintings in a museum encouraging their fellow paintings to switch to GEICO . A mountain climber in an `` ACHIEVEMENT '' motivational picture feels accomplished for climbing the mountain . The cat in the painting beneath says he saved hundreds on car insurance with GEICO , and draws a question mark next to `` ACHIEVEMENT '' . An excited cat tells a mouse on a teeter - totter that he saved a bunch on car insurance with GEICO , and that they should celebrate . The mouse thinks this is a bad idea . The cat launches the mouse into the air and prepares to eat him , but is beaten to it by an eagle in the motivational picture above . A teacher asks his student to fill in the blank : `` Fifteen Minutes could save you ( blank ) on car insurance . '' The student answers 9 % , which the teacher says is incorrect and asks his pterodactyls , Steve and Rick , to `` go to work , '' to which the student replies `` Not again ! '' . A painting of Washington crossing the Delaware River notices a cat in front of them , and proceeds to ask the cat to get out of the way , claiming he does n't want her to scratch the vessel , `` for ( he is ) drifting , uninsured . '' She tells him that he needs to get insured right `` meow , '' via calling GEICO . Her torso then falls off the painting to reveal a phone keypad , and one of the rowers pushes the buttons with his oar . Dogs player poker ask for their friend called Rudy / Mr. Tickles , who is in a photo of him and his owner . The owner saved so much money by switching to GEICO that he wanted a photo to commemorate the occasion . Uncle Sam talks to a family of people wearing `` mom jeans '' . A little girl asks her mother where babies come from , and in return the mother asks if her daughter knew that GEICO was saving people money for over 75 years . The mother then shouts `` DINNER ! '' before the daughter can ask her question again . Two 1980s valley girls fall for a band student whose grandparents have been saving money with GEICO for more than 75 years . The photo for the band student is the same photo used for the meme `` PTSD Clarinet Boy '' . `` Did You Know ? '' ( edit ) From mid-June 2013 to late 2014 , a family of TV ads came on where one person reads a GEICO ad , which has the well - known tagline ( often with the Gecko in it as well ) and a second person says `` Everybody knows that . '' to which the first person says , `` Well , did you know ... '' followed by an amusing ( and fictional ) `` fact '' which is then illustrated in a cutaway scene . Prior to Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? , the closing line was temporarily changed to `` GEICO : 15 minutes could save you ... well , you know . '' Did You Know That Some Owls Are n't That Wise ? : A female owl is talking to her owl husband about having lunch with her co-worker Meghan , and the husband owl constantly responds `` Who ? '' Did You Know Old MacDonald Was a Really Bad Speller ? : Old MacDonald is a contestant in a spelling bee , and is asked to spell `` cow '' . He spells it `` C-O-W , E-I-E-I-O . '' The buzzer goes off , indicating that he 's wrong , and he exclaims , `` Dangnabbit '' and exits the stage , exasperated ( the `` Dangnabbit '' line would since then evolve into a viral quote ) . Did you know the Ancient Pyramids were actually a mistake ? : An overseer is monitoring the construction of the Pyramids when he looks at the blueprints and sees that they were supposed to be cubes . He then says , `` Uh - oh . '' Did you know that when a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , it does make a sound ? : An anthropomorphized tree starts to tip , leading the tree to start shouting that it 's going to fall . As it falls , the tree screams until it hits the ground . The tree then asks , `` A little help ? '' Did You Know That Houdini Could n't Escape from Everything ? : Houdini comes up with something stuck in between his fingers and ca n't escape from them . He says to his mom , `` Help , you got ta get me out of this ! '' Did You Know There Is an Oldest Trick in the Book ? : In the Medieval era , an old man reads to a young apprentice from a large book : `` Trick Number One ... Lookest over there . '' The apprentice looks in the direction indicated , and the old man says , `` Ha - ha ! Made - est thou look . So end - eth the trick . '' Did You Know Auctioneers Make Bad Grocery store Clerks ? : A cashier in a grocery store tells a customer what the total of her purchase is , then starts rapidly `` auctioning '' it , taking bids from the woman and the man in line behind her . Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? : A life - size Pinocchio gives a speech about noticing untapped potential . He points to a select few saying , `` You have potential '' , but his nose grows every time , shocking the audience and indicating that he was lying . An extended version of this commercial was posted on YouTube . In it , Pinocchio begins feeling stressed out from his book failing , ultimately he decides to write a new book . Did You Know Bad News Does n't Always Travel Fast ? : A boss , personified as a snail , fires one of his employees , Todd . He then says , `` Well , got ta run '' , and slowly crawls away . Did You Know Game Show Hosts Should Only Host Game Shows ? : A game show host delivers the wedding vows at a wedding , but he asks the bride if she takes her husband or a new sports car , at which point the camera cuts to the car being given away as a prize . She dumps her husband for the car right there at the altar . Did You Know Playing Cards with Kenny Rogers Gets Old Pretty Fast ? : Rogers plays poker while singing the lyrics from `` The Gambler '' , which annoys the others . This was the last commercial from the Did You Know ? series to ever be played on TV , having last aired on 30 November 2015 . Did You Know Words Really Can Hurt You ? : A cowboy breaks up with his girlfriend , and rides off into the sunset , but when the words `` The End '' appear , he crashes into the `` E '' in `` End '' and is knocked off his horse . Did You Know the Great Wall of China Was n't Always So Great ? : An army of Mongols ride up to a fence - sized Wall of China . After a few moments of contemplation , they simply step over it and proceed on their way . Did You Know Former Pro Football Player Ickey Woods Will Celebrate Almost Anything ? : Woods is seen at a deli counter and does his touchdown dance , the Ickey Shuffle , and yells out , `` Gonna get some cold cuts today ! '' when his number 44 is called . Did You Know Certain Cartoon Characters Should Never Have an Energy Drink ? : A commercial for an energy drink is being filmed , starring the Tasmanian Devil ; after drinking the product , he spins out of control and leaves the set . The GEICO ad appears to be over as an entirely different commercial in another room advertises the `` Birds of America collection '' ( 50 state bird hand - painted china plate collection ) . It is then promptly given a `` bull in a china shop '' treatment when Taz bursts through the wall from the other commercial and demolishes the plates and displays . Did You Know Genies Can Be Really Literal ? : A man finds a genie in a lamp and wishes for `` a million bucks '' , clearly meaning `` $1 million '' . The genie proceeds to grant him a million male deers . This bit was extended into a web series . `` It 's what You do '' ( edit ) From late 2014 to 2017 , a family of commercials featured people doing irrelevant or weird actions , while in the end the long - time endboard narrator says , `` If ( you 're ) ( ... ) , you ( ... ) . It 's what you do . If you want to save 15 % or more on car insurance , you switch to GEICO . It 's what you do . '' When the ads appear in a movie theater before the previews start , the second line would be replaced with , `` If you 're in the movie theater , you silence your cell phone . It 's what you do . '' If You 're in a Horror Movie , You Make Poor Decisions : Four teenagers representing characters in a generic horror movie are running from a madman near an eerie farmhouse . They argue about whether to hide in the basement or the attic of the house , and when one girl suggests they get into the conveniently running car just behind them , the others call her crazy . Someone else suggests they go into the barn filled with chainsaws , and as they hide there the madman lurking behind them takes off his mask and shakes his head at their stupidity . The advertisement ends with the teenagers running from the madman toward the cemetery . If You 're Salt - N - Pepa , You Tell People to Push It - Salt - N - Pepa sing `` Push It '' to various people , including a businessman at the entrance doors , a woman on an elevator , a pregnant woman practicing the Lamaze technique , football players pushing against tackling dummies , and a man mowing his front lawn . If You 're a Camel , You Put Up with This All the Time - In reference to the viral `` Hump Day '' ad , a bunch of people at the zoo quote the ad to the camels , who are annoyed by it . One camel , named Phil , even complains that it is not even Wednesday . If Something Goes Wrong , You Find a Scapegoat - At a peanut butter factory , the machines act haywire . The boss asks who is to blame , and a worker points to a goat named Rick , who then screams . If You 're a Free Range Chicken , You Roam Free : A chicken travels the world and texts selfie MMS 's to its owners while `` Ride Away '' by Roy Orbison plays . If You 're a Cat , You Ignore People : A guy out in the desert falls into some quicksand , sees a cat and asks it for help , but the cat just stands there . If You 're Dora the Explorer , You Explore : A group of people struggle against harsh polar conditions to travel to the South Pole , but just as they 're about to plant their flag to stake their claim , they find that Dora the Explorer and Boots are already there to greet them . The travelers walk away while Dora and Boots do a dance and say , `` You did it ! Yay ! '' If You 're a Fisherman , You Tell Tales : A fisherman exaggerates the day he caught a small fish . If Your Boss Stops By , You Act Like You 're Working : In medieval times , a group of armored knights led by an imposing leader enter a room lit only by torches . He 's come to check on the progress of his men with their interrogation of a prisoner who is strapped to a large table . The two men sternly reply that the prisoner will tell them everything very shortly as they each hold a sharp , pointy weapon . As soon as the leader and his entourage take off , however , a bunch of other men emerge from their hiding spots and the group resumes their ping - pong match on the table . As it turns out , the prisoner is acting as their net and keeping score the entire time . If You 're the Guy from the Operation Game , You Get Operated On : A patient is rushed into an operating room ; he 's said to have several foreign objects in his body . The surgeon tries to remove one with tweezers , and a buzzer sounds . The patient turns out to be Cavity Sam . If You 're a Golf Commentator , You Whisper : Commentators are quietly describing the action during a golf tournament , when a kraken suddenly reaches out of the water hazard and grabs the golfer and some other people . The commentators continue to describe the scene , calmly and quietly . If You 're the Band Europe , You Love a Final Countdown : In a company break room , an employee cooks a burrito in a microwave oven ; suddenly , the rock band Europe is in the room with him , singing `` The Final Countdown '' while the timer on the microwave counts down . If You 're Peter Pan , You Stay Young Forever : Peter flies in at a high school reunion that shows people who graduated in 1965 at their 50th class reunion . If You 're a Mom , You Call at the Worst Time -- An action movie hero is saving the day when a call from his mother inconveniences him . If You 're a Couple , You Fight Over Directions -- Tarzan and Jane are lost . Tarzan is confident about his way , but Jane asks Cheeta for directions . If You Have Alligator Arms , You Avoid Picking up the Check -- A group of people at a Chinese restaurant are given their bill , and a talking alligator suggests he take care of it , but he can not reach it because of his tiny arms . If You Sit on Your Phone , You Butt Dial People -- A man is about to propose to his girlfriend , but her brother calls her . She answers , but it turns out to be a pocket dial from him at a sporting event . If You 're a Parrot , You Repeat Things -- A parrot on a pirate 's shoulder repeats everything the pirate said privately to everyone , causing the crew to mutiny against him . The parrot even repeats the voiceover 's GEICO slogan `` It 's What You Do '' . If You Want Someone to Leave You Alone , You Pretend Like You 're Sleeping -- Prince Charming attempts to awaken Sleeping Beauty from her slumber , but fails . After he leaves , Sleeping Beauty reveals she was faking just so she could catch up on her reality television . If You Taste Something Bad , You Want Someone Else to Try It -- Some talking raccoons are rummaging through the garbage , and one of them comes upon something foul and wants the others to taste it as well . This commercial appeared in the 2017 film The Dark Tower . If You Walk the Walk , You Talk the Talk -- A western sheriff confronts the villains and tells them to vamoose , and speaks his every move every time he walks . If You 're a Stuntman , You Cheat Death -- A stunt man and the Grim Reaper compete in a 10K , but neither play fair . If You 're Boyz II Men , You 'd Make Anything Sound Good -- At a pharmacy , the Grammy - winning R&B group sing the possible side effects of a drug . If You 're a Ref , You Way Over-explain Things -- A referee yells his order to a waiter at a restaurant . `` Unskippable '' freeze frames ( edit ) Debuted in 2015 , these ads employ a satire of the technique of frame freezing , by showing live actors attempting to mimic a freeze - frame , often in awkward positions and sometimes assisted by intentionally visible stunt tools , such as suspension cords when paused in mid-air . The premise is that when viewing ads on sites like YouTube , usually a viewer can not skip the ad until 5 seconds in then the commercial announcer saying `` You ca n't skip this GEICO ad because it 's already over '' then the commercial announcer saying the GEICO slogan . If a user watches the entire video , events turn disastrous . Family : At the dinner table , a mother tells her family that they can `` thank the savings '' . During the freeze - frame , the family dog starts eating from the father 's plate . High Five : Two friends celebrate saving money by performing a jumping high - five . During the freeze - frame , the stunt wires become visible and one of the actors ' feet catches fire . Cleaning Crew : A janitor mishears a businessman saying `` savings '' . He loses control of the vacuum cleaner which runs over the cord and causes the electricity to short out . Elevator : Two businessmen shake hands in an elevator . A woman enters the elevator asking to get off at the second floor , but the men are in a freeze - frame so she must press the button herself . Preceded by The Epic Split feat . Jean - Claude Van Damme and Sorry , I Spent It on Myself Cannes Lions Film Grand Prix Winner 2015 Succeeded by Love freebies ? Get them legally aka Shoplifters Fast forward ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads show the beginning portion of a 45 -- 90 - second ad before a blue screen disclaimer appears telling the viewers that the ad is being fast forward to the end portion so that they can get to their video faster . If an extended version of the ad or just the regular 15 - second ad is shown on sites like YouTube , the viewer is usually welcome to skip the ad when 5 seconds have been used . Forest : In the lodge in the forest , two brothers were sawing a log when they were talking about savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to one of the brothers hugging a bear thinking that `` he 's my brother '' . Hike : Two hikers were walking a mountain telling that GEICO has been around for a very long time until a disclaimer appears skipping to the hikers being taken by an eagle while one of them holds a saxophone claiming that `` not everyone likes smooth jazz ! '' Lake : Two fishermen were talking in the canoe in the lake talking about 24 / 7 claims from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to the fishermen being hung as plaques in a fish 's house calling each other `` gullible '' . Going up : Almost similar to the `` Unskippable '' version of `` Elevator '' , two women and a man discuss about their savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping two bald women coming out from the elevator leaving the man behind and declaring that they are `` taking the stairs '' next time . Surprising ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads depict celebrities or historical figures in outlandish situations . TV ( edit ) Playing Marco Polo with Marco Polo : Two kids play Marco Polo in their pool to the confusion of the historical Marco Polo , who eventually joins them in playing . Ice - T at a Lemonade Stand : The famous American rapper runs a lemonade stand with two young boys but gets frustrated when customers repeatedly ask `` Is that Ice T ( iced tea ) and yells that it 's lemonade . A Sumo Wrestler Figure skating : A Sumo Wrestler skates around and does some silly moves , including his signature `` Flying Dutchman '' only to get an applause from the crowd . Tiki Barber Running a Barber Shop : Another barber says football plays before giving a buzzer to Tiki Barber , who sprints to each client and shaves a large part of their hair off . Once Tiki is done , he starts to celebrate and a person waiting leaves when he asks `` Who 's next ? '' Ordering a Getaway Car with an App : A group of robbers escape with valuables but get upset when they find out their getaway car they ordered on a rideshare app is late . One remains optimistic and comments on how the driver 's name , Randy , is trustworthy , but when the car comes , the police catch up to them . Caesar on a Caesar Salad : A man portraying as Julius Caesar stands on top of a Caesar salad on the table in a restaurant . Runway models on a runway : A group of notorious models delay a flight to hold a fashion show on an airport runway . The Running of the Bulldogs : A runner trips in the Running of the Bulls race and faces imminent danger from ... bulldogs . A Triangle solo : An orchestra is performing Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major , when the trianglist begins stealing the spotlight . ( Side note : None of the Brandenburg Concertos call for a triangle . ) Casual Fridays at Buckingham Palace - A British royal guard slacker takes the place of a formal royal guard . Randy Jackson Judging a Dog Show - The ex-American Idol judge gives his trademark critiques to a dog show . Washington Crossing the Delaware Turnpike - The general holds up traffic by having his men drag his boat across the turnpike . Manatees in Novelty Tees - A family at an aquarium visits the manatee exhibit , and sees that all the manatees are wearing T - shirts with slogans on them like `` Come at Me , Bro '' and `` I 'm with Stupid '' . Radio ( edit ) A Computer with a Virus : A computer suddenly comes down with a ( literal ) virus , admitting he ate spoiled Oysters Rockefeller . A Really Charming Snake Charmer : A Fortune Bank Teller : A man goes to the bank , but the teller is a gypsy woman who tells him his future . Supermarket Beatboxing : A bored supermarket employee , told cleanup is needed in one of the aisles , begins beatboxing the announcement , and then continues the beatboxing with various other announcements ( such as informing shoppers of a parked minivan with its headlights on ) . The spot won the Westwood One Sports Sounds Awards Media Choice Award for best commercial heard during the radio network 's coverage of Super Bowl LII . Great answer ( edit ) These ads show a person seemingly in trouble , until they state that switching to GEICO could save you money on car insurance ; at which point this unrelated answer is accepted as a great answer . Courtroom : A defendant in court is accused of robbing a safe . The prosecution has fingerprint evidence , photo evidence , and even a Twitter post using # JustRobbedTheSafe . The defendant 's response is to tell everyone that switching to GEICO could save them money on car insurance , at which point he is dismissed . Undercover : An undercover agent , wearing a disguise , is caught . When forced to explain himself , he says that you can save money on car insurance , at which point the people he was spying on let him go . Meteor : After it is discovered that a meteor is heading toward earth , one of the people in the room tells everybody that switching to GEICO could save them money . Adrift and Hungry : There are three men in a lifeboat , starving when one of them notices cheese on one of the men 's beard . The man simply mentions that switching to GEICO could save them money . At the end , a fish jumps into their raft and they fight over it . He - Man vs. Skeletor : He - Man and his posse are about to defeat Skeletor , until Skeletor tells them they should switch to GEICO and makes his escape . Radio ( edit ) Painting : A man is showing a woman his new painting and asks for her opinion . Instead , she tells him that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Call - in Show : A woman is hosting a talk radio show , until the guy she once dated calls in asking why she never called back , so she says switching to GEICO could save hundreds on car insurance . Trivia Contest : The question being asked is `` What color is the White House ? '' When the contestant does not know the answer to this simple question , he says that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Love Advice : Take a Closer Look ( edit ) Since late 2016 , a series of TV ads shows two people talking about GEICO , and one of them saying he / she should `` take a closer look '' at it ; the camera then focuses on an inanimate object or animal in the background , which starts talking about the insurance company . Plate : In this ad , painted figures on a decorative plate -- a woman on a balcony and a man with a guitar in the garden below -- talk about GEICO , and then the man plays music while the woman goes back inside . Cuckoo clock : In this ad , moving figures on a cuckoo clock talk about GEICO and also about the futility of their repetitive actions . RV : Three bumper stickers on the back of a recreational vehicle talk about GEICO , and the one shaped like a moose is shocked to learn that he 's not a real moose . Pigeon : A group of pigeons on a telephone wire talk about GEICO saying they have umbrella coverage , which gets one pigeon to say a person below them will wish he had an umbrella and to `` fire at will . '' He later becomes frustrated at how none of the other pigeons understand that `` fire at will '' is a saying . Fleas : Two fleas ( actually two humans in badly - made flea suits ) play badminton on a golden retriever until a disagreement results in the loss of a shuttlecock . You had one job ( edit ) Since 2017 on ESPN , the VO 's tagline : `` You had one job , brought to you by GEICO '' and referee Shaun Irving blows his whistle to do jobs right . Expect more ( edit ) Since 2017 , there have been ads in which one person is talking to another person about switching to GEICO and during each cut , the one who switched to GEICO gets more stuff . Bro - Two `` bros '' working out in the gym , who keep using `` bro - '' words ( `` broheem '' , `` Teddy Brosevelt '' , etc . ) , the one who switched to GEICO keeps gaining more muscles . Sandcastle - Two dads are building sandcastles . Every time it cuts back to the dad who switched to GEICO , his sandcastle gets bigger and more elaborate until it becomes an actual sand - mansion complete with a sand - fountain and sand - butler . Christmas lights - Two guys putting up Christmas lights discuss switching to GEICO , the one who switched to GEICO 's house becomes more and more elaborate , to the point where it is seen from space . Still - life drawing - At a painting class , a man and a woman discuss switching to GEICO , while the woman 's drawing becomes more detailed , and at the end , even comes to life . We interrupt your life ( edit ) Since 2018 , the announcer proclaims interrupting your life for multiple GEICO ads at the end of each ad and proclaims `` We interrupt this message to bring you our logo . '' Count on GEICO ( edit ) Since 2017 , there has been a new campaign in which humorous situations are presented as spokesman Steve Tom says , `` As long as ( such and such ) , you can count on GEICO saving folk money . '' As Long As Sloths are Slow ... : A three - toed sloth is playing Pictionary with a group of humans . Of course , he only draws a single line , due to his speed , leaving the contestants to guess random things . As Long As People Misplace Their Keys ... : A space captain is about to fight a huge battle , but he ends up not being able to find his keys . As Long AS GPS Can Still Get You Lost ... : Two Emperor penguins separate from the Great Penguin Migration and use an unreliable mapping app on their phone . As Long As Hecklers Love to Heckle ... : At a jousting tournament , an audience member makes fun of one of the competitors , much to the delight of everyone else in the audience . As Long as People Talk Baby Talk to Dogs ... : McGruff the Crime Dog wants to be taken seriously in a police precinct , but the others act very condescending towards him . A GEICO commercial ? ( edit ) Since 2018 , there has been a new campaign that breaks the fourth wall revealing the actors are actually in an advertisement for GEICO , as revealed by spokesman David Ebert . Weekend Gardening Shopping Trip Tea Time Couple in the Park Family Dinner Vending Machine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ How Big Data Spawned the Geico Gecko Retrieved 6 April 2013 Jump up ^ 43rd Annual Marketer of the Year Archived 1 Dec 20111 Jump up ^ Ben ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` The Inoculated Investor : 2009 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting Notes '' . Inoculatedinvestor.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` How a Lizard Became the Biggest Ad Spender ( and Nine More Marketer Facts ) '' . Ad Age . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Success Highlights Advertising Dollars vs. Agent Commissions Debate '' . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Plymptoons ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` GEICO DIRECT commercials -- Bill Plympton '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ 1994 Geico commercial . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gecko was n't first choice for GEICO . USA Today , 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Advertising > Animal Mascots > Geico Gecko ( GEICO Insurance ) '' . tvacres.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Weir , William ( 21 February 2006 ) . `` Little Lizard Says ' Ello To A New Inflection '' , The Hartford Courant , Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` This Is What Chelsea Clinton Does at NBC '' . NY Mag . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 1 March 2007 ) . `` ABC developing ' Cavemen ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Geico Gecko Doing the Robot '' . Auto Insurance helper . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The End of The Ride , and The Ride Goes On -- GEICO '' . Jump up ^ `` Mike Wallace -- NASCAR -- Nationwide Series drivers '' . autoevolution . Archived from the original on 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lee ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Mike Wallace scrambling to find sponsor for 2009 Nationwide season '' . scenedaily.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Wallace : ' I 'm a hundred miles away , son , ready to strike ' '' . NASCAR News . 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Geico Has the Best Car Insurance Ads in the Industry Bar None '' . Car Insurance 357 . 25 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( 26 October 2010 ) , `` Video : Robo - Talking Superhero Ad Uses Text - to - Voice Trick '' , Wired Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Bodybuilder Commercial -- Happier Than a Body Builder Directing Traffic '' . YouTube . 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Bodybuilder Directing Traffic ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Christopher Columbus Commercial -- Happier Than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats '' . YouTube . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Two Tickets to Paradise Commercial -- Happier Than Eddie Money Running a Travel Agency '' . YouTube . 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Witch Commercial -- Happier Than a Witch in a Broom Factory '' . YouTube . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Slinky Commercial -- Happier Than A Slinky on an Escalator '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Night Vision Commercial -- Happier than an Antelope with Night Vision Goggles '' . YouTube . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Dikembe Mutombo Commercial -- Happier Than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot '' . YouTube . 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bruce Allen Clark ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` GEICO Paul Revere Commercial Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell Phone YouTube '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Camel on Hump Day ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ NoMoreBoredom ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` GEICO TV Commercial -- Did You Know : Houdini Could n't Escape '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO : Did You Know Game Show Hosts should only host game shows ? '' Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Kenny Rogers : Did You Know ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ GEICO Taz energy drink commercial at MarketMeNot.com Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` Motel 6 , GEICO Win Westwood One 's Sports Sounds Awards . '' Inside Radio , February 7 , 2018 . Accessed 02 - 07 - 2018 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Cuckoo Clock : Take a Closer Look '' , YouTube . GEICO. 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 External links ( edit ) Who provided the voice of the Geico Insurance Company gecko in its TV ad debut ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GEICO_advertising_campaigns&oldid=834213192 '' Categories : Advertising campaigns GEICO Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. GEICO advertising campaigns 2. Surreal humor and satire 3. GEICO gecko mascot 4. "15 minutes could save you 15% or more on car insurance" 5. Warren Buffett and GEICO ad spending

where does maxwell house coffee beans come from

Maxwell House - wikipedia Maxwell House Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the coffee brand . For other uses , see Maxwell House ( disambiguation ) . Maxwell House <Td_colspan="2"> Type Subsidiary Industry Beverage Founded 1892 ; 125 years ago ( 1892 ) Headquarters Tarrytown , New York Parent Kraft Heinz Website maxwellhousecoffee.com Maxwell House is a brand of coffee manufactured by a like - named division of Kraft Heinz . Introduced in 1892 by wholesale grocer Joel Owsley Cheek ( 1852 - 1935 ) , it was named in honor of the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville , Tennessee . For many years , until the late 1980s , it was the largest - selling coffee in the United States . The company 's slogan is `` Good to the last drop '' , which is often incorporated into their logo and is printed on their labels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early origins 2 `` Good to the last drop '' 3 Expansion of the product line 4 Decaffeinated coffee 5 Advertising 6 Manufacturing facilities 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early origins ( edit ) In 1884 Joel Cheek moved to Nashville and met Roger Nolley Smith , a British coffee broker who could reportedly tell the origin of a coffee simply by smelling the green beans . Over the next few years , the two worked on finding the perfect blend , and in 1892 Cheek approached the food buyer for the Maxwell House Hotel and gave him 20 pounds of his special blend for free . After a few days , the coffee was gone , and the hotel returned to its usual brand until hearing of complaints from patrons and others who liked Cheek 's coffee better , the hotel bought Cheek 's blend exclusively Inspired by his success , Cheek resigned from his job as a coffee broker and formed a wholesale grocery distributor with partner John Neal , the Nashville Coffee and Manufacturing Company , specializing in coffee with Maxwell House Coffee , as it came to be known , as the central brand . Later , the Nashville Coffee and Manufacturing Company was renamed the Cheek - Neal Coffee Company . Over the next several years , the Maxwell House Coffee brand became a well - respected name that set it apart from the competition . `` Good to the last drop '' ( edit ) Maxwell House newspaper ad from 1921 In 1915 Cheek - Neal began using a `` Good to the last drop '' slogan to advertise their Maxwell House Coffee . For several years , the ads made no mention of Theodore Roosevelt as the phrase 's originator . By the 1930s , however , the company was running advertisements that claimed that the former president had taken a sip of Maxwell House Coffee on a visit to Andrew Jackson 's estate , The Hermitage , near Nashville on October 21 , 1907 , and when served coffee , he proclaimed it to be `` good to the last drop '' . During this time , Coca - Cola also used the slogan `` Good to the last drop '' . Later , Maxwell House distanced itself from its original claim , admitting that the slogan was written by Clifford Spiller , former president of General Foods Corporation , and did not come from a Roosevelt remark overheard by Cheek - Neal . The phrase remains a registered trademark of the product and appears on its logo . The veracity of the Roosevelt connection to the phrase has never been historically established . In the local press coverage of Roosevelt 's October 21 visit , a story concerning Roosevelt and the cup of coffee he drank features a quote which does not resemble the slogan . The Maxwell House Company claimed in its own advertising that the Roosevelt story was true ; in 2009 , Maxwell House ran a commercial with Roosevelt repriser Joe Wiegand , who tells the `` Last Drop '' story . Expansion of the product line ( edit ) In 1942 General Foods Corporation , successor to the Postum Company that Charles William `` C.W. '' Post had established , began supplying instant coffee to the U.S. armed forces . Beginning in the fall of 1945 , this product , which by that time had come to be branded as Maxwell House Instant Coffee , entered test markets in the eastern U.S. and began national distribution the following year . In 1966 the company introduced `` Maxwell House ElectraPerk , '' developed specifically for electric percolators . In 1969 General Foods in the UK launched granulated coffee , using a pantomime stage format in the London Hilton for a show called `` Once Upon a Coffee Time . '' In this story , the weak `` Prince of Powdah '' and his mentor `` Reschem '' travel the world in search of blends . Meeting and falling in love with `` Princess Purity , '' and fighting the dragon `` Old Hat , '' the young man emerges as `` Prince Granulo , '' heir to the Kingdom of Maxwell . This show was written by Michael Ingrams , produced by the Mitchell Monkhouse Agency , and designed by Malcolm Lewis and Chris Miles of Media . In 1976 the product was joined by `` Maxwell House A.D.C. '' coffee , the name reflecting its intended use in automatic drip coffee makers such as Mr. Coffee , which were in the process of pushing aside traditional coffee - preparation methods . In 1972 , the company had introduced `` Max - Pax '' ground coffee filter rings , aimed at the then still - strong market for drip coffee preparation . Although this method , too , has been eclipsed , the Max - Pax concept was subsequently adapted as Maxwell House Filter Packs , first so called in 1989 , for use in automatic coffee makers . By the 1990s , the company had quietly discontinued formulations for specific preparation methods . The brand is now marketed in ground and measured forms , as well as in whole - bean , flavored , and varietal blends . A higher - yield ground coffee , `` Maxwell House Master Blend , '' was introduced in 1981 and `` Rich French Roast , '' `` Colombian Supreme , '' described as being 100 % Colombian coffee , and `` 1892 , '' which was called a `` slow - roasted '' formulation , in 1989 . In 1992 , the company added cappuccino products to its line with Cappio Iced Cappuccino in that year and Maxwell House Cappuccino in 1993 . In recent years , the names of these products have been modified by the company to present a more `` uniform '' Maxwell House brand image . Decaffeinated coffee ( edit ) Although General Foods had been marketing decaffeinated coffee under various brand names such as `` Sanka '' since 1927 , and `` Brim '' and `` Maxim '' , the latter a freeze - dried instant coffee , since the 1950s , it refrained from actually selling Maxwell House - labeled decaffeinated coffee products until 1983 , when it introduced ground `` Maxwell House Decaffeinated '' into East Coast markets . ( At the same time , a decaffeinated version of its long - established , lighter - tasting `` Yuban '' brand was introduced on the West Coast . ) `` Maxwell House Instant Decaffeinated Coffee '' finally came to store shelves in 1985 . A further modification of the decaf theme , `` Maxwell House Lite '' , a `` reduced - caffeine '' blend , was introduced nationally in 1992 and its instant form the following year . Advertising ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton as Cora , circa 1977 . During the 1920s , the Maxwell House brand began to be extensively advertised across the US . Total advertising expenditures rose from $19,955 in 1921 to $276,894 in 1924 , and consequently the brand was cited as the most well - known coffee brand in a 1925 study of consumer goods . Maxwell House was the sponsor of Maxwell House Coffee Time , which ran from 1937 to 1949 and featured Baby Snooks , Charles Ruggles , Frank Morgan , Topper , and George Burns and Gracie Allen over the years in a predominately radio comedy and variety format . Maxwell House also sponsored Molly Goldberg on radio and later on television . Maxwell House was also the sponsor of the radio version of Father Knows Best . Each episode began with the youngest daughter Kitten Anderson asking , `` Mother , is Maxwell House really the best coffee in the whole world ? '' To that question , her mother , Betty Anderson , would reply , `` Well , your father says so , and Father Knows Best ! '' It was later replaced by Postum , a hot decaffeinated beverage that was touted by `` Father '' James `` Jim '' Anderson as being a calming beverage that would neither keep you up nor make you jittery . ( In the 1980s , series lead Robert Young was an endorser of the Sanka brand that Maxwell House Decaffeinated later superseded in the United States . ) Canadian advertising of Maxwell House has differed . In the early 1980s , actor Ricardo Montalban promoted Maxwell House in commercials with the theme `` Morning and Maxwell House . '' In 1985 , the company switched to more upbeat ' Me and Max ' campaigns with the common tagline `` Hugga Mugga Max '' and `` Good to the last drop . '' Maxwell House was the long - time sponsor of the early television series Mama , based on the play and film I Remember Mama . It starred Peggy Wood as the matriarch of a Norwegian - American family . It ran on the CBS network from 1949 to 1957 and was perhaps the first example of product placement on a TV show , as the family frequently gathered around the kitchen table for a cup of Maxwell House coffee , though these segments , aired towards the end of each episode , were usually kept separate from the main storyline . Early television programs were frequently packaged by the advertising agencies of individual sponsors . As this practice became less common in the late 1950s , Maxwell House , like most national brands , turned to `` spot '' advertising , with the agencies creating sometimes long - running campaigns in support of their products . One such 1970s campaign for Maxwell House featured the actress Margaret Hamilton , the former wicked witch in The Wizard of Oz , as Cora , the general store owner who proudly announced that Maxwell House was the only brand she sold . Maxwell House was also a well - known sponsor of the Burns and Allen radio show , during which Maxwell House spots were incorporated into the plots of the actual radio scripts . Along with television advertising , Maxwell House used various print campaigns , always featuring the tagline `` good to the last drop . '' The publication of its Passover Haggadah by the Joseph Jacobs Advertising Agency , beginning in 1932 , made Maxwell House a household name with many American Jewish families . This was part of a marketing strategy by advertiser Jacobs , who also hired an Orthodox rabbi to certify that the coffee bean was technically not `` kitniyot '' ( because it was more like a berry than a bean ) and , consequently , kosher for Passover . Maxwell House was the first coffee roaster to target a Jewish demographic . The Maxwell House Haggadah was also the Haggadah of choice for the annual White House Passover Seder which President Barack Obama conducted from 2009 to 2016 . Manufacturing facilities ( edit ) The Maxwell House factory in Jacksonville , Florida A former Maxwell House factory located in Houston , Texas Maxwell House coffee is produced in Jacksonville , Florida . A second plant located in San Leandro , California , was closed in 2016 . A third plant ( the oldest of the group ) , located in Hoboken , New Jersey , was closed in the early 1990s . Its enormous rooftop sign , proclaiming the brand name and a dripping coffee cup , was a landmark visible in New York City across the Hudson River from Manhattan . The plant was later sold and demolished , and a condominium was subsequently built to occupy the site . A fourth facility , located in Houston , was divested by Kraft Foods to Maximus Coffee Group LP in late 2006 . In March 2007 , the neon coffee cup sign that glowed like a beacon over the city 's East End was removed from the side of the 16 - story coffee roaster building . The company also had a roasting plant in New Orleans for many years . That plant was sold to Folgers , whose gourmet roasting plant it remains as of June 2016 . In popular culture ( edit ) In Tove Jansson 's book , The Exploits of Moominpappa , Sniff 's father lives in a blue Maxwell House Coffee can . In his song `` Coffee Blues '' , Mississippi John Hurt declares his preference for Maxwell House Coffee and sings about a former lover that used to cook `` a good Maxwell House . '' See also ( edit ) Maxwell House Haggadah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ www.findagrave.com Jump up ^ `` Maxwell House Coffee History '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ TNhistoryforkids.org See link with 1930s Maxwell House `` TR '' advertisement Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Television Advertisements : Timeline '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ TNhistoryforkids.org He is quoted as saying : `` This is the kind of stuff I like to drink , by George , when I hunt bears . '' Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLmVPufCd1w Joe Wiegand Portrays Theodore Roosevelt in Maxwell House Commercial Jump up ^ George B. Hotchkiss and Richard B. Franken , The Measurement of Advertising Effects ( NY : Harper and Brothers , 1927 ) , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Joseph ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Giving a Haggadah a Makeover '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Jacobs Advertising '' . Joseph Jacobs Advertising . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Lynn ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` Obama 2015 Passover Seder : Guests , menu & Maxwell House Haggadah '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Muumipapan urotyöt , Tove Jansson 2010 ( p. 33 ) , ISBN 978 - 951 - 0 - 37218 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi John Hurt lyrics '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) MaxwellHouseCoffee.com Kraft.com , Joel Cheek biography at Kraft Foods Maxwell House Hagaddah and Joseph Jacobs Advertising <Th_colspan="2"> Kraft Foods Group brands Condiments A. 1 . Steak Sauce Bonox Bull 's - Eye Barbecue Sauce Grey Poupon Kraft Mayo Miracle Whip Vegemite Beverages Café HAG Capri Sun Country Time Crystal Light Gevalia Kool - Aid Maxwell House Tassimo Convenience foods and baking goods Boca Burger Calumet Kraft Macaroni and Cheese Oscar Mayer Planters Shake ' n Bake South Beach Living Stove Top Velveeta Shells & Cheese Dairy products Cheez Whiz Cool Whip Dairylea Easy Cheese Philadelphia Polly - O Provel cheese Singles Velveeta Desserts Jell - O <Td_colspan="2"> This brand is owned by Rudolf Wild GmbH and manufactured under license by Kraft Foods only in the United States , Canada , and Greenland . <Th_colspan="3"> Coffee Topics Economics Fair trade History Production Coffee production List of countries by coffee production Species and varieties Arabica Kona coffee S795 coffee Charrieriana Liberica Robusta Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Processing Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Brewed coffee Canned coffee Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Coffee syrup Cold brew Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French press Handpresso Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol Instant coffee Knockbox List of coffee dishes Moka pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê sữa đá Café au lait Café de olla Café con leche Caffè crema Café Cubano Caffè mocha Café Touba Caffè corretto Café com Cheirinho Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Galão Garoto Greek frappé coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Luwak Kopi tubruk Latte Latte macchiato Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Mazagran Oliang Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organisation lists Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee Palace Coffeehouse Fika Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley tea Barleycup Caro Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Postum Qishr Roasted grain beverage Misc . Coffee and doughnuts Coffee cup Coffee cup sleeve Demitasse Tasse à café Coffee leaf rust King Gustav 's twin experiment Coffee vending machine Demitasse spoon Single - serve coffee container Third wave of coffee <Td_colspan="3"> Coffee portal Category : Coffee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_House&oldid=798831278 '' Categories : Coffee brands Kraft Foods brands Products introduced in 1892 Hidden categories : Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 02 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Maxwell House coffee brand 2. History of Maxwell House 3. "Good to the last drop" slogan 4. Expansion of Maxwell House product line 5. Maxwell House manufacturing facilities

when did the france enter the american revolutionary war

France in the American Revolutionary war - wikipedia France in the American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search French and British ships at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781 ; the British fleet departed , leaving the army with no choice but to surrender . The British ( left ) surrender to French ( left ) and American ( right ) troops , at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 . France played a key role in the American Revolutionary War ( American War of Independence ; 1775 -- 1783 ) . Motivated by the ideals of the new nation which were inspired by the French Enlightenment , as well as its long - term rivalry with Britain and so as to avenge their territorial losses during the French and Indian War , France secretly began sending supplies to the Americans in 1775 . By 1763 , the French debt acquired to fight in the French and Indian War came to a staggering 1.3 billion livres . It `` set off France 's own fiscal crisis , in which a political brawl over taxation soon became one of the reasons for the French Revolution . '' France obtained its revenge against Britain by assisting the Americans ; however , it gained little real value and her massive debt severely weakened the government and escalated it towards the French Revolution . The French objective in assisting the Americans was to weaken Britain and to seek revenge for the defeat in the Seven Years ' War . In 1777 , America captured the British invasion army at Saratoga . In 1778 , France recognized the United States of America as a sovereign nation , signed a military alliance , and went to war with Britain . France built coalitions with the Netherlands and Spain , provided Americans with grants , weapons and loans , sent a combat army to serve under George Washington , and provided a navy that prevented the second British army from escaping Yorktown in 1781 . Benjamin Franklin served as the American ambassador to France from 1776 to 1785 and he met with many leading diplomats , aristocrats , intellectuals , scientists and financiers . Franklin 's image and writings caught the French imagination . There were many images of Franklin being sold on the market , and he became the cultural icon of the archetypal new American . Franklin even became a hero for a call for new order inside France . Contents ( hide ) 1 American origins of the conflict 2 French involvement 2.1 Reasons for French interest 2.2 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war 2.3 Entry into the war 2.4 North American operations 2.5 Other theaters 3 Peace and consequences 4 Financial aspects 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 7.1 English 7.2 Primary sources 7.3 French American origins of the conflict ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution Having lost Canada in the Conquest of 1760 , France wanted revenge . Meanwhile , the American colonists and the British government began a dispute over whether Parliament in London , or the colonial assemblies had primary responsibility for taxation . The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775 , at which point the American patriots took control of each of the 13 colonies away from Royal officials . Britain refused to accept the independence . France , which had been rebuilding their Navy and other forces , now saw an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy . French involvement ( edit ) Choiseul actively reorganized the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain . France bitterly resented her loss in the Seven Years ' War and sought revenge ; it also wanted to keep Britain from becoming too powerful . The opportunity came following the Declaration of Independence . The American Revolution was well received in France , by both the general population and the aristocracy . The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the `` English tyranny . '' Benjamin Franklin , dispatched to France in December 1776 to rally its support , was welcomed with great enthusiasm . The French had become interested in the American Revolution from the outset . They saw the revolution as an opportunity to strip Britain of its North American possessions in retaliation for France 's loss of Canada a decade earlier . At first , French support was covert ; French agents sent the Patriots military aid ( predominantly gunpowder ) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie , beginning in the spring of 1776 . Estimates place the percentage of French - supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign up to 90 % . By 1777 , over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels . Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism , volunteers joined the American army such as Pierre Charles L'Enfant . The most famous was Lafayette , a charming young aristocrat who defied the king 's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 19 . He became an aide to Washington and a combat general . More importantly , he solidified a favorable American view of France . Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence . Lafayette 's personal style was highly attractive . The young man learned quickly , adapted to the Patriot style , avoided politics , and quickly became a friend of General Washington . Fifty years later , after a long career in French politics , he returned as a beloved war hero . Reasons for French interest ( edit ) France initially sent agents to observe the war , organised secret supplies , and began preparations for war against Britain in support of the rebels . Although France might seem an odd choice for the revolutionaries to deal with ; the nation was ruled by an absolutist monarch who was not sympathetic to claims of ' no taxation without representation ' , even if the plight of the colonists and their perceived fight against a domineering empire excited idealistic Frenchmen like the Marquis de Lafayette . France was also predominantly Catholic , and the colonies were Protestant ; this was a major issue at the time and had coloured several centuries of foreign relations . But France was a colonial rival of Britain , and while arguably being Europe 's most prestigious nation , France had suffered humiliating defeats against the British during the Seven Years ' War - especially its American theatre , the French and Indian War - only years earlier . France was looking for any way to strengthen its own reputation whilst undermining Britain ; helping the colonists gain independence looked like the ideal way to do so . The fact that some of the revolutionaries had fought France in the French - Indian war scant years earlier was expediently overlooked . In fact , the French Duc de Choiseul had outlined how France would restore their prestige from the Seven Years ' War as early as 1765 , saying the colonists would soon throw the British out , and then France and Spain would unite and fight Britain over naval dominance . Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war ( edit ) Before open war between France and Britain , Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents . Up against the British power , the young nation lacked arms and allies , and turned to France for help . France was not directly interested in the conflict , but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent . Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then Benjamin Franklin , France began covert support of the American cause . Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France 's foreign minister , the comte de Vergennes , Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie . The aid given by France , much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius , contributed to George Washington 's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777 and was a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne 's expedition down the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga . French ports accommodated American ships , including privateers and Continental Navy warships , that acted against British merchant ships . France provided significant economic aid , either as donations or loans , and also offered technical assistance , granting some of its military strategists `` vacations '' , so they could assist American troops . Silas Deane , appointed by the Americans , and , helped by French animosity towards Britain , obtained unofficial aid , starting in early 1776 . However , the goal was the total involvement of France in the war . A new delegation composed of Franklin , Deane , and Arthur Lee , was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations . Franklin , age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries , served as the chief diplomat with the title of `` minister '' ( the term `` ambassador '' was not used ) . He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress , and met with many leading diplomats , aristocrats , intellectuals , scientists and financiers . When the international climate at the end of 1777 had intensified , Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against Prussia in line with the Franco - Austrian Alliance . France refused , causing a diplomatic crisis between the two nations . Under these conditions , asking Austria for assistance in a war against the British was impossible . Attempts to rally Spain failed as well : Spain did not immediately recognize the potential gains , and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies . Public opinion in France favoured open war , but King Louis and his advisers , in particular his economic and military advisers , were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved . The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt , but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious combat . Financiers Turgot and Necker pointed out , how war would be very expensive for France 's wobbly system of taxation and finance . The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States , France , and Spain would assure a quick defeat of the British , but Vergennes , waiting until his navy was ready , hesitated . On July 23 , 1777 , Vergennes decided it was time to decide either total involvement , or abandonment of the new nation . The choice , ratified by the king , was war . Entry into the war ( edit ) Main article : Franco - American alliance Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga , by John Trumbull , 1822 The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777 , but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasts in France . The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious . The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans . France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 , with the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce , which was immediately followed by signing the Treaty of Alliance in anticipation of conflict as a result . Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17 , 1778 . The British naval force , at that time the largest fleet afloat , and the French fleet confronted each other from the beginning . The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America , fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain . France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters , and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing , thus weakening the British Channel fleet . In spite of this reduction the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest , and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July . D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27 , after which both fleets returned to port for repairs . France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues . On the continent , France was protected through its alliance with Austria which , even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War , affirmed its diplomatic support to France . Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war , but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause . Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and , in 1780 , Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality . North American operations ( edit ) George Washington waves to Rochambeau when his ship arrives at Chester , Pennsylvania for a conference in 1781 . Franco - American routes during the Yorktown campaign . French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders . In 1778 , American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport , Rhode Island , then under British occupation . The attempt failed , in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet . He then sailed for Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm . In 1779 , d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations , this time against British - held Savannah , Georgia . About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah , in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful . An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses . Support became more notable when , in 1780 , 6.000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport , which was abandoned in 1779 by the British . Here the French established a naval base . These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island . By early 1781 , with the war dragging on , French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war . That year 's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse , and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him . De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute . Rochambeau and Washington met at Wethersfield , Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options . Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia ( the latter led first by turncoat Benedict Arnold , then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis ) . Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance . These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots . Rochambeau , in a separate letter , urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia . Following the Wethersfield conference , Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains , New York and placed his command under Washington . De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown , Virginia . De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October . The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco - American army to begin a march for Virginia . De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette 's army in the blockade of Cornwallis . A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse 's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival . The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America . Other theaters ( edit ) The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing . Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the globe , from the West Indies to India . France 's navy at first dominated in the West Indies , capturing Dominica , Grenada , Saint Vincent , Montserrat , Tobago , and St. Kitts , but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war . A planned Franco - Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782 . At the end of the war the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands . In European waters , France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779 . An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors . French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783 , but were unsuccessful in either storming the site or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison . They were more successful in capturing Menorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782 . In India , British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779 , sparking the Kingdom of Mysore , a longtime French ally , to begin the Second Anglo - Mysore War . Allied with the French , the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast , but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784 . A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes , and the only major military land action , the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore , was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed . Because of decisive battles on American soil , the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris . Peace and consequences ( edit ) Starting with the Siege of Yorktown , Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States . Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River , except for Florida ( which went to Spain ) . However , since France was not included in the American - British peace discussions , the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened . Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited . Ratification of the Treaty of Paris , 1783 . The British delegation refused to pose for the picture The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris . France gained ( or regained ) territories in the Americas , Africa , and India . Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) were in part regained : Tobago , Saint Lucia , the Senegal River area , as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova . Spain regained Florida and Menorca , but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British . Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature , over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort . That sum was double the normal annual income of the French government , making the finances of the French state in disastrous shape . The heavy cost of servicing the debt , given the highly inefficient financial system , caused political instability in France . That instability was one of the immediate causes of the French Revolution of 1789 . The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France , who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter . However , Great Britain , not France , became the leading trading partner of the United States . The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment , as attested by Franklin and Jefferson , and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787 . In turn the Revolution influenced France . Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences . European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous , and began to take measures in order to secure their positions . On May 22 , 1781 , the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons , reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility . Financial aspects ( edit ) Further information : Causes of the French Revolution In all the French spent 1.3 billion livres to support the Americans directly , in addition to the money it spent fighting Britain on land and sea outside the U.S. France 's status as a great modern power was affirmed by the war , but it was detrimental to the country 's finances . Even though France 's European territories were not affected , victory in a war against Great Britain with battles like the decisive Siege of Yorktown in 1781 had a large financial cost which severely degraded fragile finances and increased the national debt . France gained little except that it weakened its main strategic enemy and gained a new , fast - growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner . However , the trade never materialized , and in 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic . Most historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict . However , Jonathan R. Dull argued that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation , not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada . See also ( edit ) Franco - American alliance Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 83 ) List of French units in the American Revolutionary War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth , `` Bridging the Continental Divide : Colonial America 's ' French Quarter . ' '' OAH Magazine of History 25.1 ( 2011 ) : 19 - 24 . Jump up ^ Peter McPhee ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Melbourne U. p. 34 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer ( 2005 ) . Liberty and Freedom : A Visual History of America 's Founding Ideas . Oxford UP . pp. 185 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ronald , and Peter J. Albert , eds . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 ( United States Capitol Historical Society , 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` Journal of the American Revolution , The Gunpowder shortage ( September 9 , 2013 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ James Brown Scott , Historical Introduction , p. 8 -- 9 in Samuel Flagg Bemis , Ed . The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy V. 1 - 2 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer , `` America 's Lafayette and Lafayette 's America : A European and the American Revolution , '' William & Mary Quarterly ( 1981 ) 38 # 2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Wilde , Robert , `` France In The American Revolutionary War '' . About.com Education . N.p. , 2016 . Web . 29 Nov. 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Robert , `` France In The American Revolutionary War '' . About.com Education . N.p. , 2016 . Web . 29 Nov. 2016 . Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître ( 2005 ) . Beaumarchais . Kessinger Publishing . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Paterson , Thomas G. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . American Foreign Relations , Volume 1 : A History to 1920 . Cengage Learning . pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin ( 2000 ) . From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South . iUniverse . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Peter McPhee ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Melbourne U. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf ( 1991 ) . Establishing the New Regime : The Washington Administration . Taylor & Francis . pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( 2002 ) . The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad . The Minerva Group , Inc . pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Stacy ( 2006 ) . A Great Improvisation : Franklin , France , and the Birth of America . Macmillan . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Doyle , William ( 1989 ) . Oxford History of the French Revolution . Oxford University Press . pp. 67 -- 74 . ISBN 9780198227816 . OCLC 18948537 . Jump up ^ Dull , Jonathan R. ( 1975 ) . The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy , 1774 - 1787 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691069203 . OCLC 1500030 . Bibliography ( edit ) English ( edit ) Bemis , Samuel Flagg . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1935 ) Brown , John L. `` Revolution and the Muse : the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry . '' William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41 ( 4 ) : 592 -- 614. ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext in : Jstor Brecher , Frank W. Securing American Independence : John Jay and the French Alliance . Praeger Publishers , 2003 . Pp . xiv , 327 online Chartrand , René , and Back , Francis . The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey ; 1991 . Corwin , Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books ; 1962 . Dull , Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ; Yale U. Press , 1985 . Dull , Jonathan R . The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774 -- 1787 ( 1975 ) Kaplan , Lawrence S . `` The Diplomacy of the American Revolution : the Perspective from France . '' Reviews in American History 1976 4 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 390 . review of Dull ( 1975 ) in JSTOR Gottschalk , Louis . Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online ; Lafayette Joins the American Army ( 1937 ) Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Peace and the Peacemakers : The Treaty of 1783 . U. Press of Virginia , 1986 . 263 pp . Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 . U. Press of Virginia , 1981 . 200 pp . Hudson , Ruth Strong . The Minister from France : Conrad - Alexandre Gérard , 1729 -- 1790 . Lutz , 1994 . 279 pp . Hutson , James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1980 ) Kennett , Lee . The French Forces in America , 1780 -- 1783. Greenwood , 1977 . 188 pp . Kramer , Lloyd . Lafayette in Two Worlds : Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. ( 1996 ) . 355 pp . Morris , Richard B . `` The Great Peace of 1783 , '' Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings ( 1983 ) Vol. 95 , pp 29 -- 51 . Morris , Richard B . The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Perkins , James Breck . France in the American Revolution 1911 online Popofsky , Linda S. and Sheldon , Marianne B. `` French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution , 1770 -- 1815 : a Comparative Perspective . '' History of European Ideas1987 8 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 597 -- 609. ISSN 0191 - 6599 Pritchard , James . `` French Strategy and the American Revolution : a Reappraisal . '' Naval War College Review 1994 47 ( 4 ) : 83 -- 108. ISSN 0028 - 1484 Schaeper , Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era : The Life of Jacques - Donatien Leray de Chaumont , 1725 -- 1803 . Berghahn Books , 1995 . 384 pp. He provided military supplies . Unger , Harlow Giles . Lafayette Wiley , 2002 online Van Tyne , C.H. `` Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America , 1778 , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 3 pp. 528 -- 541 in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) Lafayette , Marquis de . Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution : Selected Letters and Papers , 1776 -- 1790 . Vol. 2 : April 10 , 1778 -- March 20 , 1780 . Cornell U. Press , 1979 . 518 pp . French ( edit ) Susan Mary Alsop , Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI , 1982 . Traduction française : Jean - Claude Lattès ( 1983 ) . Henri Haeau , Complot pour l'Amérique 1775 -- 1779 , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 1990 , ISBN 2 - 221 - 05364 - 8 J. - M. Bizière et J. Sole , Dictionnaire des Biographies , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 1993 . Olivier Chaline , La France au XVIIIe siècle ( 1715 -- 1787 ) , Paris , Éditions Belin , 1996 . Joël Cornette , Absolutisme et Lumière 1652 -- 1783 , collection Carré Histoire , Paris , Éditions Hachette , 2000 . ISBN 2 - 01 - 145422 - 0 Jean Egret , Necker , ministre de Louis XVI , 1776 -- 1790 , Honoré Champion ; Paris , 1975 . André Zysberg , La Monarchie des Lumières ( 1775 -- 1786 ) , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 2002 . <Th_colspan="2"> French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - 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1960 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) American Revolutionary War <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins of the American Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Philosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen Common Sense Spirit of ' 76 `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Royalists Pitt -- Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox -- North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related British Acts of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Sons of Liberty Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Boston Massacre Gaspee Affair Hutchinson Letters Affair Boston Tea Party Powder Alarm <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies <Td_colspan="2"> Combatants Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy German allies Colonial allies France army navy Hortalez et Cie Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St. Vincent Charleston Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Guilford Court House Lochry 's Defeat Yorktown Saintes Cuddalore Other events Staten Island Peace Conference `` First Salute '' Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee -- American wars Fourth Anglo - 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1. France's role in the American Revolutionary War 2. French support for the American colonies 3. French objectives and motivations in assisting the Americans 4. French military involvement in North America 5. Consequences and impact of France's involvement in the war

located in the middle region of the retina is the yellowish structure called the macula

Macula of retina - wikipedia Macula of retina This article is about the macula of the eye . For other uses of the term macula , see Macula ( disambiguation ) . For Yellow Spot Irish whiskey , see Green Spot ( whiskey ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Macula of retina <Td_colspan="2"> The macula sits near the centre of the retina of the human eye . <Th_colspan="2"> Details Part of Retina of Human eye System Visual system <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin macula lutea MeSH D008266 TA A15. 2.04. 021 FMA 58637 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The macula or macula lutea is an oval - shaped pigmented area near the center of the retina of the human eye and some other animalian eyes . The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm ( 0.22 in ) and is subdivided into the umbo , foveola , foveal avascular zone , fovea , parafovea , and perifovea areas . The anatomical macula at 5.5 mm ( 0.22 in ) is much larger than the clinical macula which , at 1.5 mm ( 0.059 in ) , corresponds to the anatomical fovea . The macula is responsible for the central , high - resolution , color vision that is possible in good light ; and this kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged , for example in macular degeneration . The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil , as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography . The term macula lutea comes from Latin macula , `` spot '' , and lutea , `` yellow '' . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Color 1.2 Regions 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Photograph of the retina of the human eye , with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula , fovea , and optic disc Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina , showing perifovea , parafovea , fovea , and clinical macula The macula is an oval - shaped pigmented area near the center of the retina of the human eye and some other animalian eyes . The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm ( 0.22 in ) and is subdivided into the umbo , foveola , foveal avascular zone , fovea , parafovea , and perifovea areas . The anatomical macula at 5.5 mm ( 0.22 in ) is much larger than the clinical macula which , at 1.5 mm ( 0.059 in ) , corresponds to the anatomical fovea . The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil , as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography . The anatomical macula is defined histologically in terms of having two or more layers of ganglion cells . The umbo is the center of the foveola which in turn is located at the center of the fovea . The fovea is located near the center of the macula . It is a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells . The retina contains two types of photosensitive cells , the rod cells and the cone cells . Color ( edit ) Because the macula is yellow in colour it absorbs excess blue and ultraviolet light that enter the eye , and acts as a natural sunblock ( analogous to sunglasses ) for this area of the retina . The yellow color comes from its content of lutein and zeaxanthin , which are yellow xanthophyll carotenoids , derived from the diet . Zeaxanthin predominates at the macula , while lutein predominates elsewhere in the retina . There is some evidence that these carotenoids protect the pigmented region from some types of macular degeneration . A formulation of 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin has been shown to reduce the risk of age - related macular degeneration progressing to advanced stages , although these carotenoids have not been shown to prevent the disease . After death or enucleation ( removal of the eye ) the macula appears yellow , a color that is not visible in the living eye except when viewed with light from which red has been filtered . Regions ( edit ) Fovea - 1.55 mm ( 0.061 in ) Foveal avascular zone ( FAZ ) - 0.5 to 0.6 mm ( 0.020 to 0.024 in ) Foveola - 0.35 mm ( 0.014 in ) Umbo - 0.15 mm ( 0.0059 in ) Function ( edit ) Structures in the macula are specialized for high - acuity vision . Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of cones , which are nerve cells that are photoreceptors with high acuity . In details , the normal human eye contains three different types of cones , with different ranges of spectral sensitivity . The brain combines the signals from neighboring cones to distinguish different colors . There is only one type of rod , but the rods are more sensitive than the cones , so in dim light they are the dominant photoreceeptors active , and without information provided by the separate spectral sensitivity of the cones it is impossible to discriminate colors . In the fovea centralis , cones predominate , and are present at high density . The macula is thus responsible for the central , high - resolution , color vision that is possible in good light ; and this kind of vision is impaired if the macula is damaged , for example in macular degeneration . Clinical significance ( edit ) Fundus photographs of the right eye ( left image ) and left eye ( right image ) , seen from front so that left in each image is to the person 's right . The gaze is into the camera , so in each picture the macula is in the center of the image , and the optic disk is located towards the nose . The clinical macula is seen when viewed from the pupil , as in ophthalmoscopy or retinal photography . Whereas loss of peripheral vision may go unnoticed for some time , damage to the macula will result in loss of central vision , which is usually immediately obvious . The progressive destruction of the macula is a disease known as macular degeneration and can sometimes lead to the creation of a macular hole . Macular holes are rarely caused by trauma , but if a severe blow is delivered it can burst the blood vessels going to the macula , destroying it . Visual input from the macula occupies a substantial portion of the brain 's visual capacity . As a result , some forms of visual field loss that occur without involving the macula are termed macular sparing . ( For example , visual field testing might demonstrate homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing . ) In the case of occipitoparietal ischemia owing to occlusion of elements of either posterior cerebral artery , patients may display cortical blindness ( which , rarely , can involve blindness that the patient denies having , as seen in Anton 's Syndrome ) , yet display sparing of the macula . This selective sparing is due to the collateral circulation offered to macular tracts by the middle cerebral artery . Neurological examination that confirms macular sparing can go far in representing the type of damage mediated by an infarct , in this case , indicating that the caudal visual cortex ( which is the principal recipient of macular projections of the optic nerve ) has been spared . Further , it indicates that cortical damage rostral to , and including , lateral geniculate nucleus is an unlikely outcome of the infarction , as too much of the lateral geniculate nucleus is , proportionally , devoted to macular - stream processing . Additional images ( edit ) A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left . The optic disc is the area on the right where blood vessels converge . The grey , more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow artifact . An optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) scan of a macula at 800 nm , with an axial resolution of 3 μm See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Macular degeneration Macular edema Macular pucker Cherry - red spot Macular hypoplasia Photic retinopathy Intermediate uveitis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Stereo Ocular Angiography : Retinal and Choroidal Anatomy '' . Project Orbis International . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yanoff , Myron ( 2009 ) . Ocular Pathology . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 393 . ISBN 0 - 323 - 04232 - 5 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Small , R.G. ( 15 August 1994 ) . The Clinical Handbook of Ophthalmology . CRC Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85070 - 584 - 0 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peyman , Gholam A. ; Meffert , Stephen A. ; Chou , Famin ; Mandi D. Conway ( 27 November 2000 ) . Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques . CRC Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85317 - 585 - 5 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Stereo Ocular Angiography : Retinal and Choroidal Anatomy '' . Project Orbis International . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Remington , Lee Ann ( 29 July 2011 ) . Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 314 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4557 - 2777 - 6 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hobbs RP , Bernstein PS ( 2014 ) . `` Nutrient Supplementation for Age - related Macular Degeneration , Cataract , and Dry Eye '' . Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research . 9 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 493 . doi : 10.4103 / 2008 - 322X. 150829 . PMC 4329711 . PMID 25709776 . Jump up ^ Britton , George ; Liaaen - Jensen , Synnove ; Pfander , Hanspeter ( 29 December 2009 ) . Carotenoids Volume 5 : Nutrition and Health . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 7501 - 0 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Helseth , , Erek . `` Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke '' . Medscape Reference . Medscape . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Allan ; Sapru , Hreday N. ( 2006 ) . Betty Sun , ed . Essential Neuroscience ( First Revised ed . ) . Baltimore , Maryland : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 9121 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Macula lutea at Wikimedia Commons MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002252 <Th_colspan="3"> Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macula_of_retina&oldid=860249854 '' Categories : Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 11 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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1. Macula of retina 2. Anatomy of the macula 3. Function of the macula 4. Clinical significance of the macula 5. Macular degeneration

when did the sea of monsters movie come out

Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters - wikipedia Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film adaptation . For the original novel , see The Sea of Monsters . <Th_colspan="2"> Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Thor Freudenthal Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Michael Barnathan Screenplay by Marc Guggenheim Based on The Sea of Monsters by Rick Riordan Starring Logan Lerman Brandon T. Jackson Alexandra Daddario Jake Abel Douglas Smith Stanley Tucci Music by Andrew Lockington Cinematography Shelly Johnson Edited by Mark Goldblatt Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Sunswept Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $202.2 million Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Sea of Monsters ) is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Thor Freudenthal . It is the second installment in the Percy Jackson film series and is loosely based on the novel The Sea of Monsters by Rick Riordan . It is a stand - alone sequel to the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief . The film continues the adventures of Percy Jackson ( Logan Lerman ) and his friends , as they search for the Golden Fleece at the Sea of Monsters . Brandon T. Jackson , Alexandra Daddario , and Jake Abel reprise their roles from the previous film , while Nathan Fillion and Anthony Head replace Dylan Neal and Pierce Brosnan . New additions to the cast include Leven Rambin , Douglas Smith , and Stanley Tucci . The film was produced by Michael Barnathan and Karen Rosenfelt . Chris Columbus , who directed Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , serves as executive producer . The plot centers on Percy and his friends as they journey to the eponymous Sea of Monsters to retrieve the Golden Fleece in order to save the tree ( barrier ) that protects their home . The film was released in North America on August 7 , 2013 , receiving mixed critical reviews and became commercially successful having grossed over $202 million at the box office exceeding its $90 million budget . The film was released on 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 17 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast / Characters 2.1 Demigods 2.2 Gods 2.3 Other characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Home media 8 Possible sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) While in Camp Half - Blood , Percy recounts the story of Thalia and her sacrifice . A young Annabeth , Luke , Grover and Thalia are running to Camp Half - Blood while being pursued by monsters . Thalia sacrifices herself to get the others into the camp , and her father Zeus transforms her into a pine tree , creating a magical border around the camp . Soon a Cyclops passes through the border and is revealed to be Tyson , Percy 's half - brother . The camp is later attacked by a Colchis Bull who breaks through the border and ravages Camp Half - Blood . Percy defeats it with the help of Tyson , Annabeth , and Clarisse . Following this , Luke ( who had survived his and Percy 's battle in the previous film ) appears and confronts Percy , trying to convert him to his cause . When Percy refuses , Luke disappears . The campers realize that Thalia 's tree has been poisoned by Luke and they are vulnerable to attacks . Percy visits the Oracle , who tells him of a prophecy of a half - blood of the eldest gods either saving or destroying Olympus . Chiron tells Percy that he is the only living , human half - blood of the eldest gods , so the half - blood in the Prophecy may refer to him . Annabeth and Grover learn about the Golden Fleece , which has the power to heal anything , and propose a quest in which they retrieve the Fleece and use it to heal Thalia 's tree . Mr. D chooses Clarisse to lead the quest , much to Annabeth 's and Percy 's dismay . Percy convinces Grover and Annabeth to accompany him on the quest , and Tyson joins them . Annabeth hails the Chariot of Damnation , and Percy threatens the three drivers ( the Graeae ) to tell him of his prophecy , giving him coordinates for the Sea of Monsters ( the Bermuda Triangle ) before ejecting the group from the cab in Washington D.C. because they lack money . While walking down the street , Grover is kidnapped by Chris Rodriguez and taken to Luke . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson first locate Luke with the help of Hermes , then ride a Hippokampos to his yacht , the Andromeda . Luke reveals his plan to revive Kronos using the Fleece so Olympus will be destroyed . Percy and they are then locked in the brig , though they later escape when Percy uses his ability to manipulate water . The group is consumed by Charybdis , and they discover Clarisse in the monster 's stomach . Percy and Clarisse work together to escape Charybdis by shooting a hole through its gut , and soon they arrive at Circeland , Polyphemus 's lair . Percy finds Grover , and the five escape Polyphemus , retrieving the fleece and trapping him in his cave . Afterwards , Luke arrives and demands the fleece from Percy , who refuses . Luke shoots a crossbow bolt at Percy , but Tyson takes the bolt in the chest and falls into the water below . Luke begins reviving Kronos and Annabeth encourages Percy to take leadership . The team escapes captivity , and Percy grapples with Luke over the Fleece , like the prophecy said they would , but Luke easily gains the upper hand . Luke is suddenly thrown away by Tyson , revealed to have survived his wound due to the water healing it , as he is Poseidon 's son . Kronos rises from the sarcophagus and consumes Luke and Grover before battling Percy . Percy realizes that Riptide is the `` cursed blade '' of the prophecy and slices Kronos into pieces imprisoning Kronos in the sarcophagus once again , causing him to regurgitate Grover and Luke , the latter landing in Polyphemus 's Lair . Their victory is short lived as Annabeth is stabbed by the Manticore , who is killed in turn by Clarisse and Grover . Annabeth dies in Percy 's arms but is resurrected by the Fleece . Percy then gives the fleece to Clarisse , and they return to Camp Half - Blood . Clarisse places the fleece on Thalia 's tree . The group returns the next day to find Thalia alive , as the fleece returned her to human form . Percy realizes that Thalia , as a child of Zeus , is another possible child of the prophecy about either preserving or destroying Olympus . The film ends showing the sarcophagus with Kronos 's remains in it glowing , implying that Kronos still has some degree of his power , and is still planning to return . Cast / characters ( edit ) See also : List of Percy Jackson & the Olympians cast members Demigods ( edit ) Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson , the demigod son of Poseidon . Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase , the demigod daughter of Athena , and Percy 's secret crush . Alisha Newton portrays the younger Annabeth . Douglas Smith as Tyson , Percy 's Cyclops half - brother . Leven Rambin as Clarisse La Rue , the demigod daughter of Ares . Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood , Percy 's best friend and keeper , a satyr . Bjorn Yearwood portrays the younger Grover . Jake Abel as Luke Castellan , the demigod son of Hermes and the main antagonist . Samuel Braun portrays the younger Luke . Paloma Kwiatkowski as Thalia Grace , the demigod daughter of Zeus . Katelyn Mager portrays the younger Thalia . Grey Damon as Chris Rodriguez , a rogue demigod of unknown parentage who helps Luke to resurrect Kronos . Gods ( edit ) Stanley Tucci as Mr. D / Dionysus , the god of wine , celebrations , ecstasy , and theatre and director of Camp Half - Blood . He was previously played by Luke Camilleri in the first film . Nathan Fillion as Hermes , Luke 's father ; the god of trade , thieves , travelers , sports , athletes , and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus . He was previously played by Dylan Neal in the first film . Octavia Spencer as the voice of Martha , a snake that is in Hermes ' caduceus . Craig Robinson as the voice of George , a snake that is in Hermes 's caduceus . Robert Knepper as the voice of Kronos , the King of the Titans , father of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Hestia , Demeter , Hera , Chiron , and Luke 's master . Other characters ( edit ) Anthony Head as Chiron , the activities director at Camp Half Blood . Chiron is a centaur and the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Demeter , Hestia and Hera . Chiron was previously played by Pierce Brosnan in The Lightning Thief . Robert Maillet as Polyphemus , the Cyclops that is guarding the Golden Fleece . Ron Perlman as the voice of Polyphemus Shohreh Aghdashloo as the voice of Oracle of Delphi Missi Pyle , Yvette Nicole Brown and Mary Birdsong as the Graeae Jordan Weller as Ichneutae , the acolyte of Clarisse Derek Mears and Aleks Paunovic as Cyclopes . Production ( edit ) Reports of a second Percy Jackson film first surfaced in March 2011 . On October 12 , 2011 , a sequel was officially confirmed by 20th Century Fox . Filming for Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters began on April 16 , 2012 . The film was originally going to be released on March 15 , 2013 , but in May 2012 , the release date was postponed to August 16 , 2013 . In April 2013 , a final release date was set for August 7 , 2013 . Filming took place in Robert Burnaby Park in Burnaby , B.C. ; however from June 20 to July 22 , they filmed in New Orleans for Princess Andromeda scenes , including the former site of Six Flags New Orleans . More filming took place in January 2013 . On January 22 , 2013 , Logan Lerman released a statement on Twitter that read `` Last day of shooting on Percy Jackson 2 '' accompanied by a photo of the shooting . Development ( edit ) Logan Lerman on the last day for the shooting of the film . In February 2011 , it was revealed in the online subscription magazine Production Weekly that the film was in production . In another source , the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles . Chris Columbus would not be returning as director , though he would be producing the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt ( producer of the Twilight movie Breaking Dawn ) . Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters . Marc Guggenheim was hired to re-write the screenplay and Alexander and Karaszewski were uncredited . On June 16 , 2011 , it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the movie . Shooting began in summer 2012 . On October 12 , 2011 , it was announced that the film would be released on March 26 , 2013 . On April 6 , it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7 , 2013 . On May 31 , 2012 , it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16 , 2013 . Filming ( edit ) On January 13 , 2012 , a brand new production list was released and stated that filming would take place between April 26 , 2012 and July 11 , 2012 . It was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , and New Orleans , Louisiana , with the abandoned Six Flags New Orleans also serving as a filming location . Filming wrapped up in July and then started again in January for reshoots . It wrapped up on January 22 , 2013 . Marketing ( edit ) Five official stills were released on March 21 , 2013 . On April 2 , the trailer for the film was uploaded on YouTube . A teaser poster was released on April 16 . A second trailer was released on May 29 , 2013 . A third international trailer was released on the June 25 , 2013 , on YouTube . Since July 19 , three TV spots have been released known as `` Story '' , `` Cast '' and `` Family '' . A clip from the film was released on the internet on July 23 , where it was later uploaded onto YouTube . Later many more new clips were released . Smart & Final stores in California , Arizona , and Nevada offered Hollywood Movie Money Certificate good for one free movie ticket with the purchase of two First Street Bakery items as part of the movie promotion . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 41 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 based on 111 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It 's pretty and packed with action ; unfortunately , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters is also waterlogged with characters and plots that ca n't help but feel derivative . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 39 based on 33 collected reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the movie a 6 out of 10 : `` There are worse sequels than the CG - heavy Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , but it 's just such overly familiar territory . '' Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review , saying that `` tweens and young teens should be sufficiently distracted by the movie 's brisk pace and heroic mayhem -- if they 're not too unnerved by its at times nightmarish imagery '' . James Rocchi of ScreenCrush wrote that the film `` is hardly the stuff of legend , but by keeping the plot straightforward and the storytelling clean , it 's an odyssey the intended young audience will be glad to take . '' Marsha McCreadie on RogerEbert.com rated the film two and a half stars out of four , calling it `` a gentler - spirited , less flashy enterprise , though it still presents a natural world that can morph at the whim of a god . '' Andy Webster of The New York Times commented : `` Sea of Monsters is diverting enough -- the director , Thor Freudenthal ... is savvy with effects and keeps his young cast on point -- but it does n't begin to approach the biting adolescent tension of the Harry Potter movies . '' However , Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film as `` lack ( ing ) the energetic zip of its predecessor , '' while Bruce Ingram of Chicago Sun - Times opined that `` faithful fans of the novels will be unhappy with the liberties taken with the adaptation like they were with the first film . '' Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald wrote , `` ( Are ) these characters merely prisoners -- much like the audience -- of a script so uninspired that it demands their stupidity ? '' Josh Bell of Las Vegas Weekly lambasted the series as a whole as `` a thoroughly second - rate franchise ... with movies like Sea of Monsters , it can probably continue in acceptable mediocrity for years to come '' . Box Office ( edit ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters grossed an $68,559,554 in North America and $133,688,197 internationally for a worldwide total of $202,247,751 . The film grossed $5.4 million on its opening day , taking the number No. 2 spot at the domestic box office . During its extended five - day opening weekend the film debuted at the No. 4 spot and grossed $23,258,113 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 Young Artist Award Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film Katelyn Mager Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Hero : Percy Jackson Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Andrew Lockington Released August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 68 : 54 Label Sony Classical Producer Brian Liesegang No . Title Length 1 . `` Thalia 's Story '' 3 : 42 2 . `` Percy at the Lake '' 1 : 29 3 . `` Colchis Bull '' 4 : 08 4 . `` The Shield is Gone '' 1 : 31 5 . `` The Oracle 's Prophecy '' 3 : 08 6 . `` Cursed Blade Shall Reap '' 1 : 43 7 . `` Wild Taxi Ride '' 3 : 25 8 . `` Hermes '' 2 : 34 9 . `` Hippocampus '' 3 : 34 10 . `` Onboard the Yacht '' 1 : 39 11 . `` Wave Conjuring '' 6 : 49 12 . `` Sea of Monsters '' 2 : 31 13 . `` Belly of the Beast '' 3 : 52 14 . `` New Coordinates '' 2 : 13 15 . `` Polyphemus '' 2 : 58 16 . `` Thank You Brother '' 6 : 01 17 . `` Kronos '' 5 : 08 18 . `` Annabeth and the Fleece '' 2 : 03 19 . `` Resurrection '' 3 : 04 20 . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters -- Main Titles '' 3 : 15 21 . `` To Feel Alive '' ( composed by Andrew Lockington & Tiff Randol and performed by IAMEVE ) 4 : 06 `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' by Fall Out Boy and `` Cameo Lover '' by Kimbra were featured in the movie but are unavailable on the soundtrack . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 17 , 2013 . The film was additionally released for Digital HD download on December 3 . Possible sequel ( edit ) On March 25 , 2014 , Lerman said that a sequel to Sea of Monsters would not be made . However , a report of March 31 , 2014 stated `` Logan Lerman has said Percy Jackson 3 could still go ahead '' and that the previous report `` was taken out of context '' . At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival , Lerman said that while he finds the Percy Jackson films fun to make , he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts . In December 2017 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4 - billion - dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox , including the film rights for Percy Jackson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea Of Monsters '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . proboxoffice . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOffice ® -- Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . 2014 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony Head to Play Chiron in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy ' sequel zeroes in on Smith '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Logan Lerman Returns for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' with New Backup ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look at Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . ComingSoon.net . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to Play Hermes in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' First Look : Stanley Tucci in Leopard Print ! '' . Screencrush.com . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson and the Olympians ' Sequel Could Be Coming Soon ? First Showing . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson ' sequel could be on its way Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson ' Films The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean . `` Percy Jackson Sequel Moves Up Calendar 7500 Disappears '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Photos.nola.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' shoot '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LoganLerman : Last day of shooting on Percy '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Production Weekly issue 749 , February 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel ' The Sea of Monsters ' Hires Screenwriters '' PageToPremier.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thor Freudenthal to Direct PERCY JACKSON AND THE OLYMPIANS : THE SEA OF MONSTERS ; Logan Lerman Confirmed for Return '' Collider.com . Retrieved September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' ComingSoon.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' release date pushed back several months '' Hypable.com . Retrieved September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directors Guild of Canada British Columbia '' ( PDF ) . DGCBC.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon T Jackson ( brandontjackson ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Michael ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Vancouver Film Production Update - April 2012 '' . Sneakpeek.ca . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' shoot '' . NOLA.com . July 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' : First look at 5 official stills '' . Hypable.com . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Free Percy Jackson Movie Ticket at Smart and Final '' . Comic Con Family . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Gary ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' a heroic effort for demigod '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rocchi , James ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' Review '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCreadle , Marsha ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` PERCY JACKSON : SEA OF MONSTERS '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What a Hero Goes Through to Become a Healer ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , ' With Logan Lerman '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Bruce ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thrills lacking in Percy Jackson 's second film mission '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Connie ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' ( PG ) '' . Miami.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bell , Josh ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` The second - rate franchise that is ' Percy Jackson ' '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Wednesday , August 7 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Audiences Travel to ' Elysium ' Over Crowded Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson Sea of Monsters - Official Movie Site - View Trailers '' . Percyjacksonthemovie.com . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' hits DVD / Blu - ray December 17 '' . Hypable.com . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles . `` Logan Lerman Says ' Percy Jackson 3 ' Is Officially Dead '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Daisy ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Noah star Logan Lerman : Percy Jackson 3 could still happen '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A-List Celebrities Flood to the Arlington for Virtuosos Award '' . The Daily Nexus . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney buys much of Fox in megamerger that will shake world of entertainment and media '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters on IMDb Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters at Rotten Tomatoes Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles by Rick Riordan Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members Stage The Lightning Thief ( musical ) The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski Films written Problem Child ( 1990 ) Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) That Darn Cat ( 1997 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Agent Cody Banks ( 2003 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) TV series created American Crime Story ( 2016 -- present ) Films directed Screwed ( 2000 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Thor Freudenthal <Td_colspan="2"> Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Today : The Movie ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Jackson:_Sea_of_Monsters&oldid=839312979 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2013 3D films Teen fantasy films Teen adventure films American fantasy adventure films American films Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films based on the Odyssey Films based on the Jason - Medea myth Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in New Orleans Sequel films Percy Jackson & the Olympians Giants in film Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan 1492 Pictures films Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters 2. Film adaptation 3. Fantasy adventure 4. Rick Riordan 5. Box office success

on which of the following rivers is ukai dam located

Ukai dam - wikipedia Ukai dam <Th_colspan="2"> Ukai dam <Td_colspan="2"> Ukai Dam Official name Ukai Water Resources Project Country India Location Surat district and Tapi district Coordinates 21 ° 14 ′ 53.67 '' N 73 ° 35 ′ 21.87 '' E  /  21.2482417 ° N 73.5894083 ° E  / 21.2482417 ; 73.5894083 Coordinates : 21 ° 14 ′ 53.67 '' N 73 ° 35 ′ 21.87 '' E  /  21.2482417 ° N 73.5894083 ° E  / 21.2482417 ; 73.5894083 Status Operational Construction began 1964 Opening date 1972 Construction cost Rs 1389.6 Million <Th_colspan="2"> Dam and spillways Impounds Tapti River Height ( foundation ) 80.772 metres ( 270 ft ) Length 4,927 metres ( 16,000 ft ) Spillways 22 , radial Spillway type Ogee Spillway capacity 46,269 m / s <Th_colspan="2"> Reservoir Creates Vallabhsagar Total capacity 7,414 MCM Active capacity 6,730 MCM Catchment area 62,225 square kilometres ( 6.7 × 10 sq ft ) Surface area 612 square kilometres ( 6.6 × 10 sq ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Power Station Type Conventional Hydraulic head 57 metres ( 190 ft ) to 34 metres ( 110 ft ) Installed capacity 300 MW <Td_colspan="2"> Website Ukai dam The Ukai Dam , constructed across the Tapti River , is the second largest reservoir in Gujarat after the Sardar Sarovar . It is also known as Vallabh Sagar . Constructed in 1972 , the dam is meant for irrigation , power generation and flood control . Having a catchment area of about 62,255 km and a water spread of about 52,000 hectares , its capacity is almost same as that of the Bhakra Nangal Dam . The site is located 94 km from Surat . The storage capacity of Ukai dam is almost 46 % of the total capacity of all the other existing dams in Gujarat if put together . Thus it can be concluded that the rest of the dams have as little as 0.1 % average storage capacity . During the last 40 years , the actual irrigation potential is attained through all the major and medium water resources projects in the State , which comprises only 14 million hectares . The dam is an earth - cum - masonry dam . Its embankment wall is 4,927 m long . Its earth dam is 80.77 meters high , whereas the masonry dam is 68.68 meters high . The dam 's left bank canal feeds water to an area of 1,522 km. and its right canal provides water to 2,275 km of land . Ukai hydro power station ( edit ) There are four hydro turbine units , each of 75 MW with a total installed capacity of 300 MW . All the above units were made by BHEL . Commissioning dates of units 1 to 4 are : 8 July 1974 , 13 December 1974 , 22 April 1975 and 4 March 1976 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grave danger to Ukai dam : Gujarat govt '' . The Times of India . 8 August 2006 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Water Resources Projects in the Tapi Basin '' . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Gujarat portal Water portal Renewable energy portal <Th_colspan="2"> Power stations and organizations of Gujarat Power stations Akrimota Thermal Power Station Dhuvaran Gas Based CCPP Dhuvaran Thermal Power Station Essar Bhander Power Plant Essar Hazira Power Plant Essar Salaya Power Plant Essar Vadinar Power Plant Gandhinagar Thermal Power Station Kakrapar Atomic Power Station Kadana Hydro Power Station Kutch Thermal Power Station Mundra Thermal Power Station Mundra Ultra Mega Power Plant Paguthan Combined Cycle Power Plant Sabarmati Thermal Power Station Sikka Thermal Power Station Surat Thermal Power Station Ukai Thermal Power Station Ukai Hydro Power Station Utran Gas Based Power Station Wanakbori Thermal Power Station NTPC Jhanor NTPC Kawas Organizations Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Ltd . Madhya Gujarat Vij Paschim Gujarat Vij Uttar Gujarat Vij Nuclear Power Corporation of India National Thermal Power Corporation PowerGrid Corporation of India Power System Operation Corporation Limited Related topics Electricity sector in India States of India by installed power capacity Indian states ranking by households having electricity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukai_Dam&oldid=827027088 '' Categories : Dams in Gujarat Dams on the Tapti River Hydroelectric power stations in Gujarat Surat district Masonry dams Dams completed in 1972 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 10 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Ukai Dam - Second largest reservoir in Gujarat 2. Vallabh Sagar - Alternate name for Ukai Dam 3. Purpose - Irrigation, power generation, and flood control 4. Capacity - Almost same as Bhakra Nangal Dam 5. Ukai Hydro Power Station - Four turbine units with a total capacity of 300 MW

what is the best selling game on xbox one

List of best - selling Xbox One video games - Wikipedia List of best - selling Xbox One video games Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on : Video games Platforms ( show ) Arcade game Console game Game console Home console Electronic game Audio game Electronic handheld Handheld game Handheld console Mobile game Online game Social network game PC game Linux Mac Genres ( show ) Action Beat ' em up Fighting Platform Shooter Survival Action - adventure Stealth Survival horror Adventure Interactive fiction Interactive movie Visual novel Role - playing Action role - playing Tactical role - playing Simulation Construction and management Life simulation Sports Vehicle Strategy Multiplayer online battle arena Real - time strategy Real - time tactics Turn - based strategy Turn - based tactics Massively multiplayer online Related ( show ) List of arcade video games List of best - selling video games List of best - selling video game franchises List of highest - grossing arcade games List of video games considered the best List of video game soundtracks considered the best List of Game of the Year awards List of video games notable for negative reception Development ( show ) Game AI Game design Interaction design Game programming Level design Video game art Video game design Video game graphics Video game music This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2017 ) This is a list of Xbox One video games that have sold or shipped 1,000,000 + units . List ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) Xbox One console ( 2013 edition ) Xbox One S Xbox One games which have sold or shipped 1,000,000 + copies Title Total copies sold Sales Breakdown Release date Genre Developer Publisher Halo 5 : Guardians 5 million N / A WW : October 27 , 2015 First - person shooter 343 Industries Microsoft Studios PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds 5 million N / A WW : December 12 , 2017 Battle Royale PUBG Corporation PUBG Corporation Forza Horizon 3 2.5 million N / A WW : September 27 , 2016 Racing Playground Games Microsoft Studios Dead Rising 3 2.5 million N / A WW : November 22 , 2013 JP : September 4 , 2014 Survival horror Capcom Vancouver Microsoft Studios ARK : Survival Evolved 1.5 million N / A WW : August 29th 2017 Action - adventure Studio Wildcard Studio Wildcard Forza Motorsport 6 1 million N / A NA : September 15 , 2015 EU : September 18 , 2015 Racing Turn 10 Studios Microsoft Studios Forza Motorsport 5 1 million N / A WW : November 22 , 2013 Racing Turn 10 Studios Microsoft Studios Gears of War : Ultimate Edition 1 million N / A WW : August 25 , 2015 EU : August 28 , 2015 Third - person shooter The Coalition Microsoft Studios Rise of the Tomb Raider 1 million N / A NA : November 10 , 2015 AU : November 10 , 2015 EU : November 13 , 2015 Action - adventure Crystal Dynamics Microsoft Studios References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Halo 5 Sold Five Million Copies in Three Months '' . Gamingbolt . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PUBG On Xbox One Hits The 5 Million Player Mark ! '' . Major Nelson . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forza Horizon 3 hits 2.5 M copies sold , pushing Forza series above $1 B ( update ) '' . Polygon. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Capcom platnum titles '' . Capcom.co.jp. 2017 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ark : Survival Evolved hits 5.5 m on PC and Xbox One '' . mcvuk.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Scammell , David ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider , Halo 5 , Forza 6 & Gears of War : UE have all sold over 1 million units '' . Videogamer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One racing game Forza 5 sells 1 million copies '' . 2014 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling video game hardware and software General Video games Video game franchises longest - running Console hardware by region Arcade games Best - selling video games by platform Atari Atari 2600 Microsoft Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Nintendo Nintendo Entertainment System Super Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo 64 GameCube Wii Wii U Nintendo Switch Game Boy and Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance Nintendo DS and DSi Nintendo 3DS and New 3DS Sega Sega Genesis / Mega Drive Sony PlayStation PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Other PC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_Xbox_One_video_games&oldid=835185801 '' Categories : Xbox One games Lists of best - selling video games Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 02 : 33 . About Wikipedia

1. Best-selling Xbox One video games 2. Halo 5: Guardians 3. PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds 4. Forza Horizon 3 5. Dead Rising 3

according to research all of the following are factors linked to the age of menarche

Menarche - wikipedia Menarche Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Menarche <Th_colspan="2"> Classification and external resources Specialty Gynecology ICD - 10 E30 <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) Menarche ( / mɪˈnɑːrkiː / mi - NAR - kee ; Greek : μήν mēn `` month '' + ἀρχή arkhē `` beginning '' ) is the first menstrual cycle , or first menstrual bleeding , in female humans . From both social and medical perspectives , it is often considered the central event of female puberty , as it signals the possibility of fertility . Girls experience menarche at different ages . The timing of menarche is influenced by female biology , as well as genetic and environmental factors , especially nutritional factors . The mean age of menarche has declined over the last century , but the magnitude of the decline and the factors responsible remain subjects of contention . The worldwide average age of menarche is very difficult to estimate accurately , and it varies significantly by geographical region , race , ethnicity and other characteristics . Various estimates have placed it at 13 . Some estimates suggest that the median age of menarche worldwide is 14 , and that there is a later age of onset in Asian populations compared to the West . The average age of menarche is about 12.5 years in the United States , 12.72 in Canada , and 12.9 in the UK . A study of girls in Istanbul , Turkey , found the median age at menarche to be 12.74 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Puberty 1.2 Relation to fertility 1.3 Onset 1.4 Timing 1.4. 1 Chronic illness 1.4. 2 Effects of stress and social environment 1.4. 3 Changes in time of average age 2 Culture 2.1 Celebratory ceremonies 2.2 Rituals of learning 2.3 Rituals of cleansing or purification 2.4 Rituals of transformation and scarification 2.5 Rituals of strength 2.6 Movies 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Physiology ( edit ) Puberty ( edit ) Menarche is the culmination of a series of physiological and anatomic processes of puberty : Attainment of a sufficient body mass ( typically 17 % body fat ) . Disinhibition of the GnRH pulse generator in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus . Secretion of estrogen by the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones . Over an interval of about 2 to 3 years , estrogen stimulates growth of the uterus ( as well as height growth , breast growth , widening of the pelvis , and increased regional adipose tissue ) . Estrogen stimulates growth and vascularity of the endometrium , the lining of the uterus . Fluctuations of hormone levels can result in changes of adequacy of blood supply to parts of the endometrium . Death of some of the endometrial tissue from these hormone or blood supply fluctuations leads to deciduation , a sloughing of part of the lining with some blood flow from the vagina . No specific hormonal signal for menarche is known ; menarche as a discrete event is thought to be the relatively chance result of the gradual thickening of the endometrium induced by rising but fluctuating pubertal estrogen . The menstruum , or flow , consists of a combination of fresh and clotted blood with endometrial tissue . The initial flow of menarche is usually brighter than mature menstrual flow . It is often scanty in amount and may be very brief , even a single instance of `` spotting . '' Like other menses , menarche may be accompanied by abdominal cramping . Relation to fertility ( edit ) In most girls , menarche does not mean that ovulation has occurred . In postmenarchal girls , about 80 % of the cycles were anovulatory in the first year after menarche , 50 % in the third and 10 % in the sixth year . Regular ovulation is usually indicated by predictable and consistent intervals between menses , predictable and consistent durations of menses , and predictable and consistent patterns of flow ( e.g. , heaviness or cramping ) . Continuing ovulation typically requires a body fat content of at least 22 % . An anthropological term for this state of potential fertility is nubility . On the other hand , not every girl follows the typical pattern , and some girls ovulate before the first menstruation . Although unlikely , it is possible for a girl who has engaged in sexual intercourse shortly before her menarche to conceive and become pregnant , which would delay her menarche until after the end of the pregnancy . This goes against the widely held assumption that a woman can not become pregnant until after menarche . A young age at menarche is not correlated with a young age at first sexual intercourse . Onset ( edit ) When menarche occurs , it confirms that the girl has had a gradual estrogen - induced growth of the uterus , especially the endometrium , and that the `` outflow tract '' from the uterus , through the cervix to the vagina , is open . In very rare instances , menarche may occur at an unusually early age , preceding thelarche and other signs of puberty . This is termed isolated premature menarche , but other causes of bleeding must be investigated and excluded . Growth is usually normal . Isolated premature menarche is rarely the first manifestation of precocious puberty . When menarche has failed to occur for more than 3 years after thelarche , or beyond 16 years of age , the delay is referred to as primary amenorrhea . Timing ( edit ) Chronic illness ( edit ) Certain systemic or chronic illness can delay menarche , such as undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease ( which often occurs without gastrointestinal symptoms ) , asthma , diabetes mellitus type 1 , cystic fibrosis and inflammatory diseases , among others . In some cases , because biochemical tests are not always discriminatory , underlying pathologies are not identified and the girl is classified as constitutional growth delay . Short stature , delayed growth in height and weight , and / or delayed menarche may be the only clinical manifestations of celiac disease , in absence of any other symptoms . Effects of stress and social environment ( edit ) Some of the least understood environmental influences on timing of puberty are social and psychological . Nearly all of the research on these effects has concerned girls , partly because female puberty requires greater physiological resources and partly because menarche involves a clear threshold event that makes survey research into female puberty much simpler than male . In most of these studies menarche was specifically examined , assuming it to be a valid `` proxy '' for the more general process of puberty . In comparison with the effects of genetics , nutrition , and general health , social influences are small , shifting timing by a few months rather than years . The most important part of a child 's psychosocial environment is the family . Some of the aspects of family structure and function reported to be independently associated with earlier menarche ( antenatal and early childhood ) Are non-white Experienced pre-eclampsia in the womb Are singletons Had a low birthweight Were not breast - fed Were exposed to smoking High - conflict family relationships The increased incidence of childhood obesity . Lacked exercise in childhood Other research has focused on the effect of childhood stress on timing of puberty , especially female . Stress is a vague term and studies have examined conditions ranging from family tensions or conflict to wartime refugee status with threat to physical survival . The more dire social conditions have been found to be associated with delay of maturation , an effect that may be compounded by dietary inadequacy . There is more uncertainty and mixed evidence as to whether milder degrees of stress or early - life under - nutrition can accelerate puberty in girls as would be predicted by life history theory and demonstrated in many other mammals . The understanding of these environmental effects is incomplete and the following observations and cautions are relevant : Mechanisms of these social effects are unknown , though a variety of physiological processes , including pheromones , have been suggested based on animal research . Most of these `` effects '' are statistical associations revealed by epidemiologic surveys . Statistical associations are not necessarily causal , and a variety of secondary variables and alternative explanations can be possibly intervening . Effects of such small size can never be confirmed or refuted for any individual child . Despite the small magnitude of effect , interpretations of the data are politically controversial because of the ease with which this type of research can be used for political advocacy . Accusations of bias based on political agenda sometimes accompany scientific criticism . Correlation does not imply causation . While correlation can be objectively measured , causation is statistically inferred . Some suggest that childhood stress is caused by precocious puberty recognized later , rather than being the cause of it . Changes in time of average age ( edit ) Secular trend in decrease in age of menarche in Western European and North American girls After : Boaz ( 1999 ) There were few systematic studies of timing of menarche before the later half of the 20th century . Most older estimates of average timing of menarche were based on observation of a small homogeneous population not necessarily representative of the larger population , or based on recall by adult women , which is also susceptible to various forms of error . Most sources agree that the average age of menarche in girls in modern societies has declined , though the reasons and the degree remain subjects of controversy . From the sixth to the fifteenth centuries in Europe , most women reached menarche on average at about 14 , between the ages of 12 and 15 . A large North American survey reported only a 2 - 3 month decline from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s . A 2011 study found that each 1 kg / m increase in childhood body - mass index ( BMI ) can be expected to result in a 6.5 % higher absolute risk of early menarche ( before age 12 years ) . Fewer than 10 % of U.S. girls start to menstruate before 11 years of age , and 90 % of all US girls are menstruating by 13.75 years of age , with a median age of 12.43 years . This age at menarche is not much different ( 0.34 years earlier ) than that reported for U.S. girls in 1973 . Age at menarche for non-Hispanic black girls was significantly earlier than that of white girls at 10 % , 25 % , and 50 % of those who had attained menarche , whereas Mexican American girls were only slightly earlier than the white girls at 25 % . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture and menstruation See also : Seclusion of girls at puberty Menstruation is a cultural as well as scientific phenomenon as many societies have specific rituals and cultural norms associated with it . These rituals typically begin at menarche and some are enacted during each menstruation cycle . The rituals are important in determining a status change for girls . Upon menarche and completion of the ritual , they have become a woman as defined by their culture . For young women in many cultures , the first menstruation is a marker that signifies a change in status . Post-menarche , the young woman enters a stage called maidenhood , the stage between menarche and marriage . There are cultures that have in past centuries , and in present , practiced rites of passage for a girl experiencing menarche . Celebratory ceremonies ( edit ) Sekihan , a traditional Japanese dish of sticky rice steamed with azuki beans , is sometimes served after menarche . In some cultures , a party , or celebration is thrown to show the girl 's transition to womanhood . This party is similar to the quinceañera in Latin America , except that a specific age marks the transition rather than menarche . In Morocco , the girl is thrown a celebration . All of her family members are invited and the girl is showered with money and gifts . When a Japanese girl has her first period , the family sometimes celebrates by eating red - colored rice and beans ( sekihan ) . The color of blood and the red of sekihan are not related . All the rice of ancient times of Japan was red . Since rice was precious in ancient Japan ( usually , millet was eaten ) , it was eaten only during the celebration . Sekihan is the tradition of an ancient custom . The celebration is kept a secret from extended family until the rice is served . In some Indian communities , young women are given a special menarche ceremony called Ruthu Sadangu . The Mescalero Apaches place high importance on their menarche ceremony and it is regarded as the most important ritual in their tribe . Each year there is an eight - day event celebrating all of the girls who have menstruated in the past year . The days are split between feasting and private ceremonies reflecting on their new womanly status . Rituals of learning ( edit ) In Australia , the Aborigines treat a girl to `` love magic '' . She is taught the ways of womanhood by the other women in her tribe . Her mother builds her a hut to which she confines herself for the remainder of her menses . The hut is burned and she is bathed in the river at the end of menstruation . When she returns to the village , she is paired with a man who will be her husband . In the United States , public schools have a sex education program that teaches girls about menstruation and what to expect at the onset of menarche ( often this takes place during the 4th grade ) . Historically menstruation has been a social taboo and girls were taught about menarche and menstruation by their mothers or a female role model . Then , and to an extent now , menstruation was a private matter and a girl 's menarche was not a community phenomenon . Rituals of cleansing or purification ( edit ) The Ulithi tribe of Micronesia call a girl 's menarche kufar . She goes to a menstrual house , where the women bathe her and recite spells . She will have to return to the menstruation hut every time she menstruates . Her parents build her a private hut that she will live in until she is married . In Sri Lanka an astrologer is contacted to study the alignment of stars when the girl experiences menarche because it is believed that her future can be predicted . The women of the family then gather in her home and scrub her in a ritual bathing ceremony . Her family then throws a familial party at which the girl wears white and may receive gifts . In Ethiopia , Beta Jewish women were separated from male society and sent to menstruation huts during menarche and every menstruation following as the blood associated with menstruation in the Beta Jewish culture was believed to be impure . The Beta Jews built their villages surrounding and near bodies of water specifically for their women to have a place to clean themselves . The menstruation huts were built close to these bodies of water . Rituals of transformation and scarification ( edit ) In Nigeria , the Tiv ethnic group cut four lines into the abdomen of their girls during menarche . The lines are supposed to represent fertility . Rituals of strength ( edit ) The Navajo have a celebration called kinaalda ( kinn - all - duh ) . Girls are expected to demonstrate their strength through footraces . The girls make a cornmeal pudding for the tribe to taste . The girls who experience menarche wear special clothes and style their hair like the Navajo goddess `` Changing Woman '' . The Nuu - chah - nulth ( also known as the Nootka ) believe that physical endurance is the most important quality in young women . At menarche the girl is taken out to sea and left there to swim back . Movies ( edit ) Perhaps the most notable movie scene involving menarche is that from the 1976 horror movie Carrie . Carrie White experiences her first period as she showers after the school gym class , and unaware of what is happening to her , she panics and pleads for help , but the other girls respond by bullying her . The movie is an adaptation of the novel with the same name by Stephen King . Carrie 's first period unleashes her violent powers and is central to her dangerous and out of control transformation . This theme is common to horror movies , another notable example being the 2000 Canadian horror film Ginger Snaps , where the protagonist 's first period is central to her gradual transformation into a werewolf . Girls experiencing their first period is part of many movies , though not central to their plot , including The Blue Lagoon , My Girl , A Walk on the Moon . See also ( edit ) Adrenarche Delayed puberty Gonadarche Lina Medina , who had her menarche at age 8 months and is the youngest mother in history Menopause , the equivalent opposite change at the end of the child - bearing years Pubarche Spermarche Thelarche References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shawky , S. ; Milaat , W. ( 2000 ) . `` Early teenage marriage and subsequent pregnancy outcome '' ( PDF ) . Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal . 6 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in India : an INDOX Case - Control Study '' . INDOX Cancer Research Network . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Anderson SE , Dallal GE , Must A ( April 2003 ) . `` Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche : results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart '' . Pediatrics. 111 ( 4 Pt 1 ) : 844 -- 50 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 111.4. 844 . PMID 12671122 . Jump up ^ Al - Sahab B , Ardern CI , Hamadeh MJ , Tamim H ( November 2010 ) . `` Age at menarche in Canada : results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth '' . BMC Public Health . 10 : 736 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 10 - 736 . PMC 3001737 . PMID 21110899 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Fairley , Diana ( 2004 ) . Obstetrics and Gynaecology ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Blackwell . p. 29 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 2066 - 5 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Atay , Z. ; Turan , S. ; Guran , T. ; Furman , A. ; Bereket , A ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Puberty and Influencing Factors in Schoolgirls Living in Istanbul : End of the Secular Trend ? '' . Pediatrics. 128 ( 1 ) : e40 -- 5 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2010 - 2267 . PMID 21669888 . Jump up ^ Frisch RE ( August 1987 ) . `` Body fat , menarche , fitness and fertility '' . Human Reproduction. 2 ( 6 ) : 521 -- 33 . PMID 3117838 . Jump up ^ Apter D ( February 1980 ) . `` Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty : a partly longitudinal study '' . Clinical Endocrinology. 12 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 20 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2265.1980. tb02125. x . PMID 6249519 . Jump up ^ Marino , J.L. ; Skinner , S.R. ; Doherty , D.A. ; Rosenthal , S.L. ; Cooper Robbins , S.C. ; Cannon , J. ; Hickey , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Age at Menarche and Age at First Sexual Intercourse : A Prospective Cohort Study '' . Pediatrics. 132 : 1028 -- 1036 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2012 - 3634 . Jump up ^ R. Stanhope ; C. Traggiai ( 2006 ) . `` Isolated Menarche '' . Precocious Puberty ( Complete , Partial ) . Armenian Health Network . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Umławska W , Krzyzanowska M ( 2009 ) . `` Puberty in certain chronic illness '' . Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab ( Review ) . 15 ( 3 ) : 216 -- 8 . PMID 20384185 . Jump up ^ Traggiai C , Stanhope R ( Feb 2003 ) . `` Disorders of pubertal development '' . Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol ( Review ) . 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 56 . doi : 10.1053 / ybeog. 2003.0360 . PMID 12758225 . ^ Jump up to : Leffler DA , Green PH , Fasano A ( Oct 2015 ) . `` Extraintestinal manifestations of coeliac disease '' . Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol ( Review ) . 12 ( 10 ) : 561 -- 71 . doi : 10.1038 / nrgastro. 2015.131 . PMID 26260366 . Jump up ^ Tersigni C , Castellani R , de Waure C , Fattorossi A , De Spirito M , Gasbarrini A , Scambia G , Di Simone N ( 2014 ) . `` Celiac disease and reproductive disorders : meta - analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms '' . Hum Reprod Update ( Review ) . 20 ( 4 ) : 582 -- 93 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmu007 . PMID 24619876 . Jump up ^ Wei C , Crowne EC ( Sep 9 , 2015 ) . `` Recent advances in the understanding and management of delayed puberty '' . Arch Dis Child ( Review ) . 101 : 481 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / archdischild - 2014 - 307963 . PMID 26353794 . Jump up ^ Mearin ML ( Jun 2015 ) . `` The prevention of coeliac disease '' . Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol ( Review ) . 29 ( 3 ) : 493 -- 501 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpg. 2015.04. 003 . PMID 26060113 . Jump up ^ Guandalini S , Assiri A ( Mar 2014 ) . `` Celiac disease : a review '' . JAMA Pediatr. 168 ( 3 ) : : 272 -- 8 . doi : 10.1001 / jamapediatrics. 2013.3858 . PMID 24395055 . Jump up ^ Levy J , Bernstein L , Silber N ( Dec 2014 ) . `` Celiac disease : an immune dysregulation syndrome '' . Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care ( Review ) . 44 ( 11 ) : 324 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cppeds. 2014.10. 002 . PMID 25499458 . ^ Jump up to : D.H. Morris ; M.E. Jones ; M.J. Schoemaker ; A. Ashworth ; A.J. Swerdlow ( 2010 ) . `` Determinants of age at menarche in the UK : analyses from the Breakthrough Generations Study '' . British Journal of Cancer 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6605978 . 103 ( 11 ) : 1760 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6605978 . PMC 2994234 . PMID 21045834 . Jump up ^ Belsky , J. , Steinberg , L. , Houts , R. , & Halpern - Felsher , B. ( 2010 ) . The development of reproductive strategy in females : Early maternal harshness - > early mearche - > increased sexual risk taking '' Developmental Psychology 46 , 120 - 128 . Jump up ^ The Australian , 3 April 2013 . Early onset puberty causes emotional issues at preschool age Archived April 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Boaz N.T. ( 1999 ) : Essentials of biological anthropology . Prentice Hall , New Jersey , ISBN 0 - 13 - 080793 - 1 . Jump up ^ Amundsen Darrel ; Dreis Carol Jean ( 1973 ) . `` The Age of Menarche in Medieval Europe '' . Human Biology . 45 : 363 -- 368 . Jump up ^ Anderson SE , Dallal GE , Must A ( April 2003 ) . `` Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche : results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart '' . Pediatrics. 111 ( 4 ) : 844 -- 850 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 111.4. 844 . PMID 12671122 . Jump up ^ Mumby , HS ; Elks , CE ; Li , S ; Sharp , SJ ; Khaw , KT ; Luben , RN ; Wareham , NJ ; Loos , RJ ; Ong , KK ( 2011 ) . `` Mendelian Randomisation Study of Childhood BMI and Early Menarche '' . Journal of obesity. 2011 : 180729 . doi : 10.1155 / 2011 / 180729 . PMC 3136158 . PMID 21773002 . Jump up ^ Chumlea WC , Schubert CM , Roche AF , et al. ( January 2003 ) . `` Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls '' . Pediatrics. 111 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 3 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 111.1. 110 . PMID 12509562 . Jump up ^ School - age Pregnancy and Parenthood : Biosocial Dimensions . New York : Aldine De Gruyter. 1986 . pp. 273 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 202 - 30321 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Holly . Girlwonder : Every Girl 's Guide to the Fantastic Feats , Cool Qualities , and Remarkable Abilities of Women and Girls . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Alice ( 1995 ) . Information Please Girls ' Almanac . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0395694582 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chockalingam , K. Census of India , 1971 : A. General report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Crawford O'Brien , Suzanne J. ( 2005 ) . American Indian religious traditions : an encyclopedia , Volume 2 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576075173 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Freidenfelds , Lara ( 2009 ) . The Modern Period : Menstruation in Twentieth Century America . JHU Press . ISBN 0801892457 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tal , Ilana ( 2004 ) . Exploring the Meaning of Becoming a Woman in Non-Western Culture : A narrative Analysis of First Menstruation Stories of Ethiopian Jewish Women . ProQuest Information and learning Company . p. 64 . Further reading ( edit ) Quinlan , R ( 2003 ) . `` Father absence , parental care , and female reproductive development '' ( PDF ) . Evolution and Human Behavior . 24 ( 6 ) : 376 -- 390 . doi : 10.1016 / S1090 - 5138 ( 03 ) 00039 - 4 . External links ( edit ) For mothers supporting their daughters as they come of age Gluckman , PD ; Hanson , MA ( January 2006 ) . `` Evolution , development and timing of puberty '' . Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 17 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tem. 2005.11. 006 . ISSN 1043 - 2760 . PMID 16311040 . Discusses some of the social influences <Th_colspan="2"> Menstrual cycle Events and phases Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Life stages Menarche Menopause Tracking Signs Basal body temperature Cervical mucus Mittelschmerz Systems Fertility awareness Calendar - based methods Billings Ovulation Method Creighton Model Suppression Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive Lactational amenorrhea Disorders Amenorrhea Anovulation Dysmenorrhea Hypomenorrhea Irregular menstruation Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Related events Folliculogenesis Menstrual synchrony Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Sexual activity In culture and religion Chhaupadi Menstrual taboo Niddah <Th_colspan="2"> Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding GND : 4131410 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menarche&oldid=822112986 '' Categories : Developmental biology Menstrual cycle Pediatrics Puberty Sexuality and age Human female endocrine system Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 13 : 25 . 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1. Menarche 2. Female puberty 3. Timing of menarche 4. Factors influencing menarche 5. Cultural rituals and beliefs surrounding menarche

in a grand jury proceeding which of the following is false

Grand juries in the United States - wikipedia Grand juries in the United States Jump to : navigation , search A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston , Massachusetts in November 1913 . The United States is one of only two common law jurisdictions in the world , along with Liberia , that continues to use the grand jury to screen criminal indictments . Generally speaking , a grand jury may issue an indictment for a crime , also known as a `` true bill , '' only if it finds , based upon the evidence that has been presented to it , that there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed by a criminal suspect . Unlike a petit jury , which resolves a particular civil or criminal case , a grand jury ( typically having twelve to twenty - three members ) serves as a group for a sustained period of time in all or many of the cases that come up in the jurisdiction , generally under the supervision of a federal U.S. attorney , a county district attorney , or a state attorney - general and hears evidence ex parte ( i.e. without suspect or person of interest involvement in the proceedings ) . While all states in the U.S. currently have provisions for grand juries , only half of the states actually employ them and twenty - two require their use , to varying extents . The modern trend is to use an adversarial preliminary hearing before a trial court judge , rather than grand jury , in the screening role of determining whether there is evidence establishing probable cause that a defendant committed a serious felony before that defendant is required to go to trial and risk a conviction on those charges . California , Florida , and some other states , also use ' civil grand juries ' , ' investigating grand juries ' , or the equivalent , to oversee and investigate the conduct of government institutions , in addition to dealing with criminal indictments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Federal law 2.1 Grand Jury Clause 2.2 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6 2.3 Secrecy 2.4 Investigatory role 2.5 Special grand jury 3 State law 3.1 California 3.2 Kentucky 3.3 Louisiana 3.3. 1 Suggestions for improvement 3.4 Minnesota 3.5 New York 3.6 Virginia 4 Criticism 4.1 Jury makeup 4.2 Limited constitutional rights 4.3 Intimidation tactic 4.4 Rubber stamp for the prosecution 4.5 2014 police incidents 5 Reform of federal grand jury system 6 `` Runaway '' grand jury 7 Grand juries in literature 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In the early decades of the United States grand juries played a major role in public matters . During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least twelve of the grand jurors , ( e.g. , for a twenty - three - person grand jury , twelve people would constitute a bare majority ) . Any citizen could bring a matter before a grand jury directly , from a public work that needed repair , to the delinquent conduct of a public official , to a complaint of a crime , and grand juries could conduct their own investigations . In that era most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties , either a law enforcement officer , a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family , or even by laymen . A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury ; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial , that the act was a crime under law , and that the court had jurisdiction , it would return the indictment to the complainant . The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise the authority of an attorney general , that is , one having a general power of attorney to represent the state in the case . The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions . The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions . The federal constitutional right to have federal criminal charges screened by a grand jury is one of just a handful of provisions of the federal Bill of Rights that does not also apply to state and local governments . Federal law ( edit ) Grand jury clause ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that `` No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ... '' Misdemeanors are not presented to a grand jury , and are instead charged by prosecutor 's `` information . '' In the United States armed forces , an Article 32 hearing is used for a similar purpose . The grand jury right may be waived , including by plea agreement . A valid waiver must be made in open court and after the defendant has been advised of the nature of the charge and of the defendant 's rights . Federal rule of criminal Procedure 6 ( edit ) Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure governs grand juries . It requires grand juries to be composed of 16 to 23 members and that 12 members must concur in an indictment . A grand jury is instructed to return an indictment if the probable cause standard has been met . The grand jury 's decision is either a `` true bill '' ( formerly billa vera , resulting in an `` indictment '' ) , or `` no true bill '' . Secrecy ( edit ) Grand jury proceedings are secret . No judge is present ; the proceedings are led by a prosecutor ; and the defendant has no right to present his case or ( in many instances ) to be informed of the proceedings at all . While court reporters usually transcribe the proceedings , the records are sealed . The case for such secrecy was unanimously upheld by the Burger Court in Douglas Oil Co. of Cal . v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) . The dissenting opinion was joined by Justices Burger and Stewart but concurred with the Court 's opinion as to the importance and rationale of grand jury secrecy . Writing for the Court , Justice Powell found that `` if preindictment proceedings were made public , many prospective witnesses would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily '' ; `` witnesses who appeared before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly '' ; and `` there also would be the risk that those about to be indicted would flee , or would try to influence individual grand jurors '' . Further , `` persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand jury ( should ) not be held up to public ridicule '' . United States v. Procter & Gamble Co. , 356 US 677 ( 1958 ) , permitted the disclosure of grand jury transcripts under certain restrictions : `` a private party seeking to obtain grand jury transcripts must demonstrate that ' without the transcript a defense would be greatly prejudiced or that without reference to it an injustice would be done ' '' and must make its requests `` with particularity '' . Further , First Amendment protections generally permit the witnesses summoned by a grand jury to discuss their testimony , although Dennis v. United States , 384 US 855 ( 1966 ) , found that such public discussion permits release of the transcripts of their actual testimony . The Jencks Act , 18 U.S.C. § 3500 , requires the government to disclose to the defense any statements made by the accused to the grand jury , and , with respect to non-party witnesses , that after a witness has testified on direct examination at trial , any statement made to the grand jury by such witness be disclosed to the defense . Investigatory role ( edit ) The grand jury can compel a witness to testify . The target of a grand jury investigation has no right to testify or put on a defense before the grand jury . The U.S. Attorney 's Manual anticipates the possibility of allowing investigatory targets to testify . The U.S. Attorneys ' Manual states that prosecutors `` must recognize that the grand jury is an independent body , whose functions include not only the investigation of crime and the initiation of criminal prosecution but also the protection of the citizenry from unfounded criminal charges '' and that targets of investigations have the right to , and can , `` request or demand the opportunity to tell the grand jury their side of the story . '' Special grand jury ( edit ) United States law also provides for the formation of special grand juries . While a regular grand jury primarily decides whether to bring charges , a special grand jury is called into existence to investigate whether organized crime is occurring in the community in which it sits . This could include , for instance , organized drug activity or organized corruption in government . As provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3331 ( a ) , the U.S. District Court in every judicial district having more than four million inhabitants must impanel a special grand jury when requested by a designated official of the Justice Department . State law ( edit ) The grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated against the U.S. states . As a matter of state law , the states of Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan ( convened by the Court of Appeals ) , Minnesota , Missouri , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah ( convened by a panel of judges ) , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wyoming , as well as the District of Columbia , employ some form of grand jury . California ( edit ) The California constitution requires each county to have at least one grand jury impaneled at all times . Grand juries are governed by Title 4 and Title 5 of the California Penal Code , as well as Government Code 3060 and other more general provisions . In addition , grand juries are not subject to the Brown Act . Most county grand juries in California do not consider criminal matters . A decision to present criminal cases to the grand jury may be made by the county District Attorney , but it is neither a constitutional nor a statutory requirement . These county - level grand juries primarily focus on oversight of government institutions at the county level or lower . This is why California 's grand juries are often called civil grand juries . Almost any entity that receives public money can be examined by the grand jury , including county governments , cities , and special districts . Each panel selects the topics that it wishes to examine each year . A jury is not allowed to continue an oversight from a previous panel . If a jury wishes to look at a subject that a prior jury was examining , it must start its own investigation and independently verify all information . It may use information obtained from the prior jury but this information must be verified before it can be used by the current jury . Upon completing its investigation , the jury may , but is not required to , issue a report detailing its findings and recommendations . Most grand juries are seated on a fiscal cycle , i.e. July through June . Most counties have panels consisting of nineteen jurors , some have as few as eleven jurors , others have as many as twenty - three . Due to the length of service , grand jurors are usually selected on a volunteer basis . The grand jury is required to publish a minimum of one report containing a minimum of one finding and one recommendation . The published reports are the only public record of the grand jury 's work ; there is no minority report . Each published report includes a list of those public entities that are required or requested to respond . The format of these responses is dictated by California Penal Code Section 933.05 , as is the time span in which they must respond . County grand juries develop areas to examine by two avenues : juror interests and public complaints . Complaints filed by the public are kept confidential . The protection of whistleblowers is one of the primary reasons for the confidential nature of the grand jury 's work . Grand juries may charge public officials of `` willful or corrupt misconduct in office . '' The accusation is tried as if it were an indictment , and may not be dismissed for political or extra-legal motives . The definition of `` willful misconduct in office '' is reserved for serious misconduct , that is , criminal behavior or `` purposeful failure to carry out mandatory duties of office . '' In addition to the county grand juries in California , at least twice a year , the state impanels several Federal Grand Juries . The summons arrive in the mail just like regular jury summons . Jurors are requested to come on a certain date to be impaneled on the jury . There are over 500 people that attend this impanelment and multiple grand juries are chosen at this time . When the juries are chosen there are at least 50 alternates chosen as well . Each Grand Jury has 23 members and are expected to attend jury service one day per week for the time impaneled . The California Federal Grand Jury has two sections - the Accusatory and the Investigatory . Accusatory Grand Juries hear shorter less complicated criminal cases and often hear several cases each day in attendance . Accusatory Grand Juries are impaneled for four to six months . Accusatory grand jurors meet one day each week , always on the same day of the week . Each day met , the number of cases varies and jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for these cases . Often accusatory jurors have a shortened day , but this is never predictable . A typical Accusatory Grand Juror 's day begins at 9 : 00 a.m. A Federal Attorney , the prosecutor , presents an indictment to the members of the jury . Then he brings in a witness , usually a Federal agent involved with the case , and questions him . When there are no more questions , the attorney , court reporter , and witness exit the room and the jurors are asked to deliberate the case . Grand jurors do not choose guilt but only decide if the case has probable cause to go to trial . Investigatory Grand Jurors are impaneled for at least one year of service . They meet one day a week , the same day of the week each week , to discuss and hear more involved Federal criminal cases that took place in California and in the county of the grand jury , some extending from week to week . Investigatory Grand Jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for their cases . They are expected to return each week when called in to continue cases or start new ones . Federal Grand Jurors are paid a nominal fee for all days they are in court and receive travel expenses . The experience opens a small window into the inner workings of criminal proceedings and the input of Grand Jurors is an important check and balance to the government . Jurors are exposed to all manner of cases and work with a cross section of society to come to decisions on probable cause . Kentucky ( edit ) In Kentucky , grand jurors are impaneled in each county , at the Circuit Court level ( felonies only ) for a four - month term ( three panels per year ) . During the trial jury orientation for the given four - month term , the grand jurors are selected from the trial jury pool , although the method of selection is not necessarily random . The meetings are twice a month in most counties ( however , grand juries in more populous counties such as Jefferson ( Louisville ) and Fayette ( Lexington ) generally meet more often ) , with each meeting usually going through 20 - 30 cases in a four - to five - hour period . The indictment rate is about 98 - 99 % ; the grand jury can broaden ( about 1 % of the time ) or narrow ( about 3 % of the time ) the counts in the indictment as well . Usually , fifteen to twenty grand jurors are required to report to meetings ; the hope is that twelve will show to each meeting , which is the number of jurors required to hear cases ( an additional juror may be kept as an alternate while other extra jurors are typically excused for the day ) . It takes nine yes votes to the question of probable cause to sign a true bill of indictment . Fewer than nine yes votes either causes a no true bill or a narrowing of the indictment ( depending on the votes per count ) . The rules are very similar to the federal process ; the grand jury usually only hears from law enforcement personnel , with the exception of property crimes , where store detectives or actual victims of theft or vandalism are called to testify . The only cases brought to the grand jury are those initiated from the Commonwealth 's Attorney 's office ( the prosecutor for felonies ) . For the vast majority of cases , the grand jurors generally only hear a recitation of facts from the police report , crime laboratory & medical examiner reports , and other documentation generated during the evidence gathering process . Grand jurors can ask factual questions of the witnesses and legal questions of the Commonwealth 's Attorney or Assistant Commonwealth 's Attorney . The ability to broaden or narrow indictments does technically allow for grand juries to open new avenues of investigation , although since it is dependent on prosecutors for facts , this is very rarely done . Rules of confidentiality that apply to Kentucky grand jurors are similar to those that apply to federal grand juries . Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Law of Louisiana The law of Louisiana is distinct from the other 49 states ; it has a civil law legal system rather than a common law system . The start of a grand jury may be attributed to an 1805 enactment of a law requiring all `` crimes , offenses and misdemeanors ( to ) be taken , intended and construed according to and in conformity with the common law of England . '' Provisions for a grand jury are spelled out in Article V Section § 34 ( a ) of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 which states a grand jury shall consist of twelve members of a community , as peers of an accused , to weigh evidence presented to them to determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense . Secrecy is also covered , to be stipulated by law . Section § 34 ( b ) provides for a witness ' right to counsel stating , `` The legislature may establish by law the terms and conditions under which a witness may have the right to the advice of counsel while testifying before the grand jury . '' However , since a witness has no `` right to counsel '' under the United States Constitution , a Constitutional Amendment would be required to implement this language . Historically , a grand jury was empowered to investigate crimes committed within its jurisdiction , identify persons suspected of having committed offenses , determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense , and publish its findings to the court . This has changed over time , most notably in Article 209 of the 1928 Code stating the grand jury `` is to investigate non-capital offenses triable within the parish only when called to their attention by the district attorney or the court , '' and further removing the ability `` to act as a censory body of public morals . '' This effectively relegated the grand jury as a tool of the prosecutor . The 1950 Revised Statutes made a return to an 1870 provision that `` any member of the grand jury is required , under penalty of law , to bring to the attention of his fellow members any violation of the criminal law which may have come to his personal knowledge , or of which he may have been informed . '' This gives the view that a grand jury could initiate investigations or file charges on its own . Privileges against self - incrimination and the fact that a prosecutor can declare Nolle prosequi provides limitations . Although a grand jury may have the right to subpoena and to have persons and documents called before it , this is almost always limited to evidence and witnesses presented by a prosecutor . A grand jury is considered a jury of accusation and the petit jury as the jury of conviction . A grand jury may be presented with a bill of indictment , before or after a warrant of arrest on an indictable charge , at the discretion of a district attorney . He or she then presents evidence and witnesses to prove the charge . A grand jury can return a true bill , no true bill or a third option , `` pretermitting entirely the matter investigated '' . This requires nine of the twelve grand jurors to determine there is not enough evidence presented to determine if a person should or should not be charged with a crime . A grand jury is sometimes referred to as the passive collaborator of a prosecutor or a `` rubber stamp '' for an indictment , especially if simple acceptance of the bill of indictment is returned as a `` true bill . '' If a `` No True Bill '' is presented by a grand jury , the case is usually dropped . If a defendant is incarcerated , unless there are other charges , a prosecutor declares nolle prosequi , resubmits an indictment with new evidence , or brings charges of a lesser crime then , providing there is no gross oversight , the defendant is released . The theory is that if a prosecutor can not obtain a true bill , presenting the prosecutorial evidence with no defensive rebuttal , then a conviction is not likely . Suggestions for improvement ( edit ) A 1979 National Criminal Justice Reference Service ( NCJRS ) document identifies three steps that could be taken to remove the adversarial role of the grand jury and make them more independent ; ( 1 ) giving the target of the grand jury investigation the opportunity to testify ; ( 2 ) making a grand jury subpoena returnable only when the grand jury is sitting and identifying the general subject area of the investigation ; and ( 3 ) recording all grand jury proceedings ( except the jurors ' deliberations ) , making them accessible for pretrial discovery . Minnesota ( edit ) Hennepin County , Minnesota ( which contains Minneapolis ) keeps a grand jury impaneled at all times . Each grand jury serves a term of four months , typically meets one day each week , and focuses almost exclusively on homicide cases . New York ( edit ) In the State of New York , while a person can initially be charged with a felony via a sworn written accusation alone ( a `` felony complaint '' ) , the state constitution provides a defendant with a right to have all felonies prosecuted by way of a grand jury indictment . This right can be waived by a defendant , who can then be prosecuted using an indictment substitute called a `` superior court information . '' Grand juries are composed of between 16 and 23 jurors ( 16 being a quorum for all proceedings ) and indictments require a minimum vote of 12 such jurors . Grand juries may produce not only indictments but may direct the filing of misdemeanor charges in local courts , the removal of cases to Family Court , and may also issue `` grand jury reports '' concerning malfeasance of public officials and recommending their discipline . Both the prosecutor and the grand jury itself have the right to call witnesses to testify before the grand jury . With few exceptions , every witness who testifies before a grand jury receives transactional immunity automatically , whether they invoke their right to silence or not . If a grand jury is considering criminal charges against a person , that person has a right to testify before that grand jury , provided they make a timely written demand and then agree to waive their right to immunity . Despite this fact , an unwitting target of a grand jury proceeding has no right to be informed that their case is even being considered by a grand jury in the first place , unless they have already been arraigned on a felony complaint charging a related crime and are awaiting a preliminary hearing on that complaint . A defendant held in the state may testify to the grand jury . Virginia ( edit ) The Commonwealth of Virginia requires that all felonies be presented to a grand jury either directly or , more often , after certification following a preliminary hearing in district court . Commonwealth 's attorneys also have the option of obtaining a misdemeanor indictment from a grand jury . Grand juries are a part of the Commonwealth 's circuit court system and they meet at the beginning of each court term . Criticism ( edit ) Jury makeup ( edit ) The most persistent criticism of grand juries is that jurors are not a representative sampling of the community , and are not qualified for jury service , in that they do not possess a satisfactory ability to ask pertinent questions , or sufficient understanding of local government and the concept of due process . Unlike potential jurors in regular trials , grand jurors are not screened for bias or other improper factors . They are rarely read any instruction on the law , as this is not a requirement ; their job is only to judge on what the prosecutor produced . The prosecutor drafts the charges and decides which witnesses to call . Limited constitutional Rights ( edit ) The prosecutor is not obliged to present evidence in favor of those being investigated . Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel in the grand jury room , nor do they have a Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses . Additionally , individuals in grand jury proceedings can be charged with holding the court in contempt ( punishable with incarceration for the remaining term of the grand jury ) if they refuse to appear before the jury . Media coverage is not allowed . Furthermore , all evidence is presented by a prosecutor in a cloak of secrecy , as the prosecutor , grand jurors , and the grand jury stenographer are prohibited from disclosing what happened before the grand jury unless ordered to do so in a judicial proceeding . In 1974 the Supreme Court of the United States held in U.S. v. Calandra that `` the exclusionary rule in search - and - seizure cases does not apply to grand jury proceedings because the principal objective of the rule is ' to deter future unlawful police conduct , ' ( ... ) and ' it is unrealistic to assume that application of the rule to grand jury proceedings would significantly further that goal . ' '' Illegally obtained evidence , therefore , is admissible in grand jury proceedings , and the Fourth Amendment 's exclusionary rule does not apply . Intimidation tactic ( edit ) After a grand jury was commissioned to investigate whistleblowers organization WikiLeaks , grand juries have been accused of being used as an intimidation and persecution mechanism against whistleblowers who have been accused of leaking classified information . Rubber stamp for the prosecution ( edit ) According to the American Bar Association ( ABA ) , the grand jury has come under increasing criticism for being a mere `` rubber stamp '' for the prosecution without adequate procedural safeguards . Critics argue that the grand jury has largely lost its historic role as an independent bulwark protecting citizens from unfounded accusations by the government . Grand juries provide little protection to accused suspects and are much more useful to prosecutors . Grand juries have such broad subpoena power that they can investigate alleged crimes very thoroughly and often assist the prosecutor in his or her job . Grand juries sometimes compel witnesses to testify without the presence of their attorneys . Evidence uncovered during the grand jury investigation can be used by the prosecutor in a later trial . Grand jurors also often lack the ability and knowledge to judge sophisticated cases and complicated federal laws . This puts them at the mercy of very well trained and experienced federal prosecutors . Grand jurors often hear only the prosecutor 's side of the case and are usually persuaded by them . Grand juries almost always indict people on the prosecutor 's recommendation . A chief judge of New York State 's highest court , Sol Wachtler , once said that grand juries were so pliable that a prosecutor could get a grand jury to `` indict a ham sandwich . '' And William J. Campbell , a former federal district judge in Chicago , noted : `` ( T ) oday , the grand jury is the total captive of the prosecutor who , if he is candid , will concede that he can indict anybody , at any time , for almost anything , before any grand jury . '' 2014 police incidents ( edit ) The grand jury system in the United States came under renewed criticism following three high - profile cases in 2014 , where police officers caused the deaths of Michael Brown , Eric Garner , and Tamir Rice , all of whom were unarmed at the time they were killed . In all three cases , the grand juries voted not to return indictments , despite concerns that the officers involved had failed to follow proper police procedure . The grand jury decisions sparked protests across the United States . Reform of federal grand jury system ( edit ) Due to the criticism against the federal grand jury system there are some reform proposals which include the following proposals : Better instructions from judges to jurors about the grand jury 's powers and its independence from prosecutors Increased access to grand jury transcripts for suspects who are eventually indicted Expanded safeguards against abuse of witnesses , including education about their rights and the presence of their attorneys Notification of targets of investigations that they are targets Optional rather than mandatory appearances by targets of investigations An end to the requirement that prosecutors present defense evidence , and replacement with a requirement that grand jurors be informed that the defense was not represented in the hearing . Besides the above stated reform proposals , the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) established The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury , a bi-partisan , blue - ribbon panel that included current and former prosecutors , as well as academics and defense attorneys . The unanimous conclusions and proposals of this diverse group were contained in the publication Federal Grand Jury Reform Report & ' Bill of Rights ' . Among the reforms detailed in that report were the right to counsel for grand jury witnesses who are not receiving immunity , an obligation to present evidence which may exonerate the target or subject of the offense , and the right for targets or subjects to testify . Researchers Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard of the Center for Justice , Law & Society at George Mason University studied the experiences of prosecutors , defense lawyers , and retired judges in New York and Colorado . Four key reform recommendations emerged from their Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform research study are : Defense representation in the grand jury room , production of witness transcripts for the defense , advance notice for witnesses to appear , and the presentation of exculpatory evidence to the grand jury . The Cato Institute , an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington , D.C. , presented a report , A Grand Facade : How the Grand Jury was Captured by Government which addresses the history of , problems with , and reforms for the grand jury system . `` Runaway '' grand jury ( edit ) Occasionally , grand juries go aggressively beyond the control of the prosecuting attorney . When the grand jury does so the situation is called a `` runaway '' grand jury . Runaway grand juries sometimes happen in government corruption or organized crime cases if the grand jury comes to believe that the prosecutor himself has been improperly influenced . Such cases were common in the 19th century but have become infrequent since the 1930s . The 1935 Runaway Grand Jury in New York County was investigating gambling and mobster Dutch Schultz when jury members complained in open court that prosecutors were not pursuing obvious leads and hinted that the district attorney was possibly receiving payoffs . Thomas E. Dewey was appointed as an independent prosecutor . Grand juries in literature ( edit ) Scott Turow 's second novel The Burden of Proof deals extensively with the workings and shortcomings of the Federal Grand Jury system in a fictional county in Illinois . Turow is himself a practicing lawyer and acted as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in Chicago between 1978 and 1986 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nestmann , Mark ( March 15 , 2011 ) . The Lifeboat Strategy . The Nestmann Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9781891266409 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Zapf , Patricia A. ; Roesch , Ronald ; Hart , Stephen D. ( Dec 4 , 2009 ) . Forensic Psychology and Law . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 57039 - 5 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` State Grand Juries '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs about the Grand Jury System '' . American Bar Association . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` Power to abolish Grand Jury '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CURRENT GRAND JURY REPORTS - Miami Dade Office of the State Attorney '' . www.miamisao.com . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , these 2003 and 2011 grand jury investigation of this type in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2003_09_25_First_Philadelphia_Grand_Jury_Report.pdf http://www.phila.gov/districtattorney/PDFs/GrandJuryWomensMedical.pdf Jump up ^ See , e.g. , this 2002 grand jury investigation of this type in Westchester County , New York http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2002_06_19_Westchester_NY_Grand_Jury/ Jump up ^ See , e.g. , a new report concerning of civil grand jury investigation in DeKalb County , Georgia on February 11 , 2013 http://www.wsbtv.com/news/news/local/judge-refuses-seal-grand-jury-report-burrell-ellis/nWMFK/ Jump up ^ Edwards , George John ( 1906 ) . Richard H. Ward , ed . The grand jury : considered from an historical , political and legal standpoint , and the law and practice relating thereto . University of Michigan : G.T. Bisel . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ If It 's Not a Runaway , It 's Not a Real Grand Jury , Roger Roots , Creighton L.R. , Vol. 33 , No. 4 , 1999 - 2000 , 821 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . V . Jump up ^ `` Rule 7 . The Indictment and the Information '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Fed . R. Crim . P. 6 . The Grand Jury '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( May 13 , 2003 ) , A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government , Cato Institute ^ Jump up to : Powell , J. and Stevens , J . Jump up ^ The opinion of the Court and a dissenting opinion , Douglas Oil Company of California v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) , at Justia . Accessed 17 Jun 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. Leverage Funding System , Inc. , 637 F. 2d 645 ( 9th Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Gardner , 516 F. 2d 334 ( 7th Cir. 1975 ) . Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.152 , Requests by Subjects and Targets to Testify Before the Grand Jury '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.010 '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 158 . Impaneling Special Grand Juries - USAM - Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Miss . Const. § 27 Jump up ^ `` Grand Juries State Links - NCSC.org '' . www.ncsc.org . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 888.2 '' . Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 933.05 '' . ^ Jump up to : Francke , Terry ( 2005 ) . The CalAware Guide : Open Meetings in California . Californians Aware . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769062 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steiner v. Superior Court , 50 Cal . App . 4th 1771 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ LexisNexis - 1978 Tulane University Tulane Law Review ; Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Slovenko , Ralph ( June 1957 ) . `` The Jury System in Louisiana Criminal Law '' . Louisiana Law Review . 17 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Judicial District Attorney 's Office The Grand Jury Procedure ; What action may a grand jury take after hearing evidence in a case ? # 3 . retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 '' . Jump up ^ Toncray , Marla ( 4 August 2013 ) . `` Error results in unnecessary jail time '' . The Ledger Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ J Shropshire ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Louisiana Grand Jury - Its Precarious Relationship With the District Attorney '' . Southern University Law Review . 6 : 151 -- 173 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 100.10 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Procedure Law article 180 , NY Const . article 1 , § 6 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law article 195 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.05 & 190.25 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.60 & 190.85 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.40 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ `` Va . Code Ann . § 19.2 - 237 '' . Legislative Information System . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olson , Bruce T. ; Edwards , George John ( 1973 ) . `` Preface by Bruce T. Olson '' . In Richard H. Ward . THE GRAND JURY . Tulsa , Oklahoma : AMS Press Inc. 56 East 13th Street , New York , N.Y. 10003 . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia . `` U.S. v. Williams , 504 U.S. 36 ( 1992 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice Warren E. Burger . `` U.S. v. Mandujano , 425 U.S. 564 , 581 , 96 S. Ct. 1768 , 1779 , 48 L. Ed . 2d 212 ( 1976 ) '' . Justicia . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice William Rehnquist . `` Connecticut v. Gabbert , 526 U.S. 286 , 292 ( 1999 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gosztola , Kevin ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` 2011 - 05 - 11 What to Expect in the WikiLeaks Grand Jury Investigation '' . WL Central . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ from the dissenting opinion written by Justice William J. Brennan , Jr . `` United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338 , 355 , 94 S. Ct. 613 , 624 , 38 L. Ed . 2d 561 ( 1974 ) '' . Cornell Law . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` The WikiLeaks Grand Jury and the still escalating War on Whistleblowing '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury Reform Links '' . Grand Jury Resistance Project . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Jury Clause - 5th Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zimmerman 's Bill of Rights '' . The New York Sun . 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , William J. ( 1973 ) . Eliminate the Grand Jury , 64 J. Crim . L. & Criminology 174 , 180 . Jump up ^ Dana Ford ; Greg Botelho ; Ben Brumfield ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Protests erupt in wake of chokehold death '' . CNN . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Scher Zagier and Jim Salter , Associated Press ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Mayor : No severance package for resigned Ferguson officer '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury - Hearsay Evidence : Admissible Before A Grand Jury ? , Should The Grand Jury Be Abolished ? , Further Readings '' . law.jrank.org . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury : Elkan Abramowitz , Professor Barbara Bergman , Arnold I. Burns , J. William ( Bill ) Codinha , W. Thomas ( Tom ) Dillard , III , Peter E. Fleming , Jr. , Howard W. Goldstein , Frederick ( Fred ) Hafetz , John W. Keker , Jim E. Lavine , Gerald B. ( Jerry ) Lefcourt , Herbert J. ( Jack ) Miller , Jr. , Robert ( Bob ) Mosteller , William L. ( Bill ) Murphy , Richard Rosen , David S. Rudolf , Neal R. Sonnett , Brendan Sullivan , William W. ( Bill ) Taylor , III , Larry D. Thompson , Anton R. ( Tony ) Valukas , Martin G. ( Marty ) Weinberg , Theodore V. ( Ted ) Wells , Jr. , Frank Wohl ( 18 May 2000 ) . `` Federal Grand Jury Reform Report and Bill of Rights '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard ( November 2011 ) . `` Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' - Executive Summary `` . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' '' ( PDF ) . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` What is a `` runaway '' grand jury ? `` . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fighting Organized Crime : Politics , Justice , and the Legacy of Thomas E. Dewey by Mary M. Stolberg ( Northeastern ( October 5 , 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 55553 - 245 - 4 External Links ( edit ) California Grand Jurors ' Association -- Contains information specific to California and grand juries in general . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States Fifth Amendment criminal procedure case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Grand Jury Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Double Jeopardy Clause <Td_colspan="2"> After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) After conviction United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) United States v. Wilson ( 1975 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Self - Incrimination Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_juries_in_the_United_States&oldid=809692503 '' Categories : Grand juries in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 20 : 04 . 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1. Grand juries in the United States 2. Role and function of grand juries 3. Differences between grand juries and petit juries 4. Criticisms and reforms of the grand jury system 5. State laws and variations in grand jury practices

who has won the most matches between real madrid and barcelona

El Clásico - wikipedia El Clásico Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see El Clásico ( disambiguation ) . El Clásico <Td_colspan="2"> Team kits Locale Spain Teams Barcelona Real Madrid Latest meeting Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Barcelona Supercopa de España ( 16 August 2017 ) Next meeting Real Madrid v Barcelona La Liga ( 23 December 2017 ) Stadiums Camp Nou ( Barcelona ) Santiago Bernabéu ( Real Madrid ) <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Meetings total Competitive matches : 235 Exhibition matches : 34 Total matches : 269 Most wins Competitive matches : Real Madrid ( 95 ) Exhibition matches : Barcelona ( 20 ) Total matches : Barcelona ( 111 ) Most player appearances Manolo Sanchís ( 43 ) Top scorer Lionel Messi ( 25 ) Largest victory Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey ( 19 June 1943 ) El Clásico ( Spanish pronunciation : ( el ˈklasiko ) ; Catalan : El Clàssic , pronounced ( əɫ ˈkɫasik ) ; `` The Classic '' ) is the name given in football to any match between fierce rivals Real Madrid and FC Barcelona . Originally it referred only to those competitions held in the Spanish championship , but nowadays the term has been generalized , and tends to include every single match between the two clubs : UEFA Champions League , Copa del Rey , etc . Other than the UEFA Champions League Final , it is considered one of the biggest club football games in the world , and is among the most viewed annual sporting events . The match is known for its intensity . The rivalry comes about as Madrid and Barcelona are the two largest cities in Spain , and they are sometimes identified with opposing political positions , with Real Madrid viewed as representing Spanish nationalism and Barcelona viewed as representing Catalan nationalism . The rivalry is regarded as one of the biggest in world sport . The two clubs are among the richest and most successful football clubs in the world ; in 2014 Forbes ranked them the world 's two most valuable sports teams . Both clubs have a global fanbase ; they are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media . Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona 's 91 , while Barcelona leads in total matches with 111 wins to Real Madrid 's 99 . Along with Athletic Bilbao , they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rivalry 1.1 History 1.2 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals 1.3 Di Stéfano transfer 1.4 Final of the bottles 1.5 Luís Figo Transfer 1.6 Recent issues 2 Results 3 Records 3.1 Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 3.2 Longest runs 3.2. 1 Most consecutive wins 3.2. 2 Most consecutive draws 3.2. 3 Most consecutive matches without a draw 3.2. 4 Longest undefeated runs 3.2. 5 Longest undefeated runs in the league 3.2. 6 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal 3.2. 7 Most consecutive games scoring 3.3 Goalscoring 3.3. 1 Top goalscorers 3.3. 2 Consecutive goalscoring 3.4 Most hat - tricks 3.5 Most assists 3.6 Most appearances 4 Players who played for both clubs 5 Honours 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Rivalry History Santiago Bernabéu , home of Real Madrid , hosted its first Clásico in 1948 . Camp Nou , home of FC Barcelona , hosted its first Clásico in 1958 . The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension , so that elections to the clubs ' presidencies are strongly politicized . As early as the 1930s , Barcelona `` had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity , opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid '' . In 1936 , when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic , the president of Barcelona , Josep Sunyol , member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes , was arrested and executed without trial by Franco 's troops ( Sunyol was exercising his political activities , visiting Republican troops north of Madrid ) . Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction , just after communists , anarchists , and independentists . During the Franco dictatorship , most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist - like régime . Phil Ball , the author of Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football , says about the match ; `` they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider '' . During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco , all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained . In this period , Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club ( English : More than a club ) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs . During Franco 's regime , however , Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level , even giving two awards to him . The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable ; for most of the Catalans , Real Madrid was regarded as `` the establishment club '' , despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra , suffered at the hands of Franco 's supporters in the Spanish Civil War . The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups , some of which became hooligans . In 1980 , Ultras Sur was founded as a far - right - leaning Real Madrid ultras group , followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left - leaning and later on far - right , Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois . Both groups became known for their violent acts , and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters , the Casuals , became a full - fledged criminal organisation . For many people , Barcelona is still considered as `` the rebellious club '' , or the alternative pole to `` Real Madrid 's conservatism '' . According to polls released by CIS ( Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ) , Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents , while Barcelona stands in the second position . In Catalonia , forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona . Nevertheless , the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region , earning its best results among young people , sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left - wing ideology , in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right - wing views . 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals On 13 June 1943 , Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11 -- 1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo , the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco . The first leg , played at Barcelona 's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia , had ended with Barcelona winning 3 -- 0 . Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona , with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout , whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics , and Fombona for allowing them to . A campaign began in Madrid . Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled : `` The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies , really terrible things , winding up the Madrid fans like never before '' . While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus , who admitted that Madrid had `` above all played hard '' , wrote in a newspaper : `` the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals , goals that were totally unfair '' . Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid . Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Ramón Mendoza explained , `` The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid 's social center was . There , they were given a whistle . Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets . '' The day of the second leg , the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel . Barcelona 's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incedent , `` Five minutes before the game had started , our penalty area was already full of coins . '' Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line -- when he did , he was armed with stones . As Francisco Calvet told the story , `` They were shouting : Reds ! Separatists ! ... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him . It was all set up . '' Down in the Barcelona dugout , Ángel Mur who watched events unfold , stated , `` When I took up my place on the bench , a policeman came up to me and said ' Today you 're going to lose ' ... another armed police lieutenant spent the whole game calling me a Catalan dog and a red separatist . When I got up to treat an injured player , he grabbed me and told me to sit back down again . At which point , Piñeyro intervened . '' The policeman told the Barcelona president to shut up or he would be arrested . Piñeyro was assaulted by Madrid fans . Real Madrid went 2 -- 0 up within half an hour . The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona 's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a `` completely normal tackle '' . Madrid 's José Llopis Corona recalled , `` At which point , they got a bit demoralized , '' while Mur countered , `` at which point , we thought : ' go on then , score as many as you want ' . '' Madrid scored in minutes 31 ' , 33 ' , 35 ' , 39 ' , 43 ' and 44 ' , as well as two goals ruled out for offside , made it 8 -- 0 . Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals . At half - time , Barcelona 's players decided that they were not going out for the second half . According to an interview Valle and Calvet gave to La Vanguardia in May 2000 , a colonel appeared in the dressing room and said , `` Go back out on to the pitch or you 're all going to jail . '' Calvet later added an important detail when he told the story to his biographer Guillem Gómez , noting that when he questioned why there were not more police on duty given the atmosphere , he was told , `` Shut up , obey , go out there and play ... and lose ! . '' Juan Antonio Samaranch , former Spanish minister of sports and International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) president , wrote , `` Barcelona did not exist and the same would have happened to any team . In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications , it was humanly impossible to play ... If the azulgranas had played badly , really badly , the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure . The point is that they did not play at all . '' Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and , although Barcelona appealed , it made no difference . Piñeyro resigned in protest , complaining of `` a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín '' . The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona 's only goal as a `` reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon , it was not exactly their fault '' . Another newspaper called the scoreline `` as absurd as it was abnormal '' . According to football writer Sid Lowe , `` There have been relatively few mentions of the game ( since ) and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid . Indeed , the 11 -- 1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona 's history . This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims . '' Fernando Argila , Barcelona 's reserve goalkeeper from the game , said , `` There was no rivalry . Not , at least , until that game . '' Di Stéfano transfer Alfredo Di Stéfano 's controversial 1953 transfer to Real Madrid instead of Barcelona intensified the rivalry . The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano . Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá , Colombia , during a players ' strike in his native Argentina . Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and , due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike , both clubs claimed to own his registration . After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero , it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons . Barcelona 's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board , with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano 's contract . This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano , as he moved definitively to Real Madrid . Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid , scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona . With him , Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions . The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup , Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961 . Final of the bottles On 5 July 1968 , Barcelona beat Real Madrid 1 -- 0 in the Copa del Generalísimo final at the Santiago Bernabéu . Angry about the refereeing , Real Madrid supporters began throwing glass bottles at the referee and at Barcelona players in the last minutes of the match . Antonio Rigo , referee of the final , was accused of being favourable towards Barcelona . He said of the incident , `` After the final of 1968 , I became more ' antimadridista ' , rather than a fan of Barcelona . But for a reason , I noticed that Madrid 's ' hand ' reached far and harmed me ... Barça never offered me anything , not even a badge . However , Antonio Calderón , I think he was Real Madrid 's manager , came to my room in the dugout before the game , and said ' I want to give you a good gift ' . It was Madrid 's custom of giving a golden watch . I guess it was conditioned on the victory of his team because I am still waiting for that gift . '' Regarding the moments of two not - given penalties , he said , `` I did n't see a penalty in Amancio , and Serena stumbled . Serena wanted to deceive me falling when he entered 7mm in the area . '' General Franco handed Barcelona the cup with the pitch full of bottles , hence the name . Luís Figo transfer Luís Figo 's transfer from Barcelona to Real Madrid in 2000 resulted in a hate campaign by some of his former club 's fans . In 2000 , Real Madrid 's then - presidential candidate , Florentino Pérez , offered Barcelona 's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections . If the player broke the deal , he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation . When his agent confirmed the deal , Figo denied everything , insisting , `` I 'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses . '' He accused the presidential candidate of `` lying '' and `` fantasizing '' . He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad . On 9 July , Sport ran an interview in which he said , `` I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona 's fans , for whom I always have and always will feel great affection . I want to assure them that Luís Figo will , with absolute certainty , be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season ... I 've not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid . No . I 'm not so mad as to do a thing like that . '' The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo 's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause , $30 million . That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player . Barcelona 's new president , Joan Gaspart , called the media and told them , `` Today , Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things : get richer and stay at Barça . '' Only one of them happened . The following day , 24 July , Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano . His buyout clause was set at $180 million . Gaspart later admitted , `` Figo 's move destroyed us . '' On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt , banners with `` Judas '' , `` Scum '' and `` Mercenary '' were hung around the stadium . Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image , were among the missiles of oranges , bottles , cigarette lighters , even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him . In his third season with Real Madrid , the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry . Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout ; missiles of coins , a knife , a whisky bottle , were raining down from the stands , mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner . Among the debris was a pig 's head . Recent issues During the last three decades , the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo , where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team , once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place . This has happened in three occasions . First , during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988 , where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round . Then , three years later , when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991 . The last pasillo , and most recent , took place on 7 May 2008 , and this time Real Madrid had won the championship . The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002 , with Real Madrid winning 2 -- 0 in Barcelona and a 1 -- 1 draw in Madrid . The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the `` Match of the Century '' . In 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player , after Diego Maradona in 1983 , to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football , there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team . In 1980 , Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou ; after excelling during the match , and with Madrid winning 2 -- 0 , Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals . On 26 June 1983 , during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid , having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper , Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post , before Maradona slotted the ball into the net . The manner of Maradona 's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding . In November 2005 , Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu . After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3 -- 0 win , Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause . On 21 November 2015 , Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4 -- 0 away win , with Iniesta scoring Barça 's third . A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32 % of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid , while 25 % supported Barcelona . In third place came Valencia , with 5 % . According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011 , Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44 % of preferences , while Real Madrid is second with 37 % . Atlético Madrid , Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five . Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world 's two most followed sports teams on social media -- on Facebook , as of March 2016 , Barcelona has 91 million fans , Real Madrid has 87 million fans . Barcelona 's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid midfielder Lassana Diarra in a 2011 Clásico . The rivalry intensified in 2011 where , due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League , Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days . Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards . Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was `` concerned '' that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs , that this could cause friction in the Spain team . In recent years , the rivalry has been `` encapsulated '' by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi . Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona , and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid , the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios , `` BBC '' ( Bale , Benzema , Cristiano ) against `` MSN '' ( Messi , Suárez , Neymar ) . Results Main article : List of El Clásico matches As of 16 August 2017 Matches <Th_colspan="2"> Wins Draws <Th_colspan="2"> Goals <Th_colspan="2"> Home Wins <Th_colspan="2"> Home Draws <Th_colspan="2"> Away Wins La Liga 174 72 69 33 284 277 52 49 15 18 20 20 Copa del Rey 33 12 14 7 64 63 5 7 5 5 Copa de la Liga 6 0 8 13 0 0 Supercopa de España 14 8 30 18 6 0 Champions League 8 13 10 All competitions 235 95 91 49 399 381 64 61 25 24 27 27 Friendly / Other 34 20 10 44 86 11 6 8 All matches 269 99 111 59 443 467 67 72 29 30 28 35 Records Biggest wins ( 5 + goals ) 10 Real Madrid 11 -- 1 Barcelona 19 June 1943 Copa del Rey 7 Barcelona 7 -- 0 Real Madrid 1 November 1913 Exhibition 6 Real Madrid 8 -- 2 Barcelona 3 February 1935 La Liga Barcelona 7 -- 1 Real Madrid 18 February 1920 Exhibition 5 Barcelona 7 -- 2 Real Madrid 24 September 1950 La Liga Barcelona 6 -- 1 Real Madrid 19 May 1957 Copa del Rey Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Barcelona 18 September 1949 La Liga Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 21 April 1935 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 25 March 1945 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 5 October 1953 Real Madrid 0 -- 5 Barcelona 17 February 1974 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 8 January 1994 Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Barcelona 7 January 1995 Barcelona 5 -- 0 Real Madrid 29 November 2010 Longest runs Most consecutive wins Games Club Period 6 Barcelona 25 January 1948 -- 15 January 1949 6 Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 5 Real Madrid 5 March 1933 -- 3 February 1935 5 Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive draws Games Period 11 September 1991 -- 7 March 1992 1 May 2002 -- 20 April 2003 Most consecutive matches without a draw Games Period 18 25 January 1948 -- 21 November 1954 17 23 November 1960 -- 19 March 1967 14 4 December 1977 -- 4 June 1983 12 19 May 1957 -- 27 April 1960 10 5 March 1933 -- 28 January 1940 Longest undefeated runs Games Club Period 14 Real Madrid 31 January 1931 -- 3 February 1935 13 Barcelona 1 November 1917 -- 3 June 1928 Longest undefeated runs in the league Games Club Period 7 ( 6 Wins ) Barcelona 13 December 2008 -- 10 December 2011 7 ( 5 Wins ) Real Madrid 31 January 1932 -- 3 February 1935 6 ( 6 Wins ) Real Madrid 30 September 1962 -- 28 February 1965 6 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1997 -- 13 October 1999 6 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 28 November 1971 -- 17 February 1974 5 ( 4 Wins ) Barcelona 30 March 1947 -- 15 January 1949 5 ( 3 Wins ) Barcelona 11 May 1975 -- 30 January 1977 Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal Games Club Period 5 Barcelona 3 April 1972 -- 17 February 1974 Barcelona 10 January 1914 -- 7 March 1916 Real Madrid 29 June 1974 -- 11 May 1975 Barcelona 29 November 2009 -- 29 November 2010 Most consecutive games scoring Games Club Period 23 Barcelona 27 April 2011 -- 13 August 2017 18 Real Madrid 3 May 2011 -- 22 March 2015 17 Barcelona 27 November 1982 -- 31 January 1987 14 Real Madrid 15 February 1959 -- 21 January 1962 14 Real Madrid 5 December 1990 -- 16 December 1993 13 Real Madrid 1 December 1946 -- 23 November 1952 13 Real Madrid 22 April 1962 -- 9 April 1968 12 Barcelona 26 March 1916 -- 26 April 1926 11 Barcelona 11 September 1991 -- 7 May 1994 10 Barcelona 30 January 1997 -- 13 October 1999 Goalscoring Top goalscorers Players in bold players are still active Player Club La Liga Copa Super Cup League Cup Europe Total Lionel Messi Barcelona 16 -- 6 -- 25 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 14 -- -- 18 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 8 5 -- -- 17 Raúl Real Madrid 11 -- -- 15 César Barcelona 12 -- -- -- 14 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 10 -- -- 14 Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 9 -- -- 14 Santillana Real Madrid 9 -- -- 12 Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Juanito Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- 10 Josep Samitier Barca / Real 6 -- -- -- 10 Estanislao Basora Barcelona 8 -- -- -- 9 Jaime Lazcano Real Madrid 8 -- -- -- -- 8 Karim Benzema Real Madrid 6 -- -- 8 Iván Zamorano Real Madrid -- -- 8 Eulogio Martínez Barcelona 5 -- -- 8 Luis Suárez Barcelona -- -- 8 Santiago Bernabéu Real Madrid -- 8 -- -- -- 8 Consecutive goalscoring Player Club Consecutive matches Total goals in the run Start End Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 6 7 2011 -- 12 Copa del Rey ( 1st leg ) 2012 -- 13 La Liga ( 7th round ) Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 5 5 1992 -- 93 La Liga ( 20th Round ) 1993 Supercopa de España ( 2nd leg ) Simón Lecue Real Madrid 5 1935 -- 36 La Liga ( 7th Round ) 1939 -- 40 La Liga ( 9th Round ) Ronaldinho Barcelona 5 2004 -- 05 La Liga ( 12th Round ) 2005 -- 06 La Liga ( 31st Round ) Giovanni Barcelona 1997 Supercopa de España ( 1st leg ) 1997 -- 98 La Liga ( 28th Round ) Lionel Messi is the all - time top scorer in El Clásico history with 25 goals . Most hat - tricks Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick : Jaime Lazcano , Santiago Bernabéu , Paulino Alcántara , Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat - tricks in El Clásico history ( 2 ) . Most assists Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history ( 13 ) . Most appearances Players in bold are still active Appearances Player Club 43 Manuel Sanchís Real Madrid 42 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 42 Xavi Barcelona 37 Fernando Hierro Real Madrid 37 Raúl Real Madrid 37 Iker Casillas Real Madrid 35 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 34 Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 Sergio Ramos Real Madrid Players who played for both clubs Javier Saviola was the most recent player to transfer between the two rivals , in 2007 . Barcelona then Madrid 1902 : Alfonso Albéniz 1906 : José Quirante 1911 : Alfonso Albéniz 1911 : Arsenio Comamala 1913 : Walter Rozitsky 1930 : Ricardo Zamora ( via Espanyol ) 1932 : Josep Samitier 1950 : Alfonso Navarro 1961 : Justo Tejada 1962 : Evaristo 1965 : Fernand Goyvaerts 1988 : Bernd Schuster 1990 : Luis Milla 1992 : Nando 1994 : Michael Laudrup 1995 : Miquel Soler ( via Sevilla ) 2000 : Luís Figo 2000 : Albert Celades ( via Celta Vigo ) 2002 : Ronaldo ( via Inter Milan ) 2007 : Javier Saviola Madrid then Barcelona 1905 : Luciano Lizarraga 1939 : Hilario ( via Valencia ) 1961 : Jesús María Pereda ( via Real Valladolid , then Sevilla ) 1965 : Lucien Muller 1980 : Lorenzo Amador ( via Hércules ) 1994 : Gheorghe Hagi ( via Brescia ) 1994 : Julen Lopetegui ( via Logroñés ) 1995 : Robert Prosinečki ( via Real Oviedo ) 1996 : Luis Enrique 1999 : Dani García ( via Mallorca ) 2000 : Alfonso Pérez ( via Real Betis ) 2004 : Samuel Eto'o ( via Mallorca ) From Barcelona to Madrid 17 From Barcelona to another club before Madrid Total 21 From Madrid to Barcelona From Madrid to another club before Barcelona 9 Total 12 Total Switches 33 Honours The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain . As seen below , Barcelona leads Real Madrid 90 -- 87 in terms of official overall trophies . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , it was not organised by UEFA . Consequently , UEFA does not consider clubs ' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record . However , FIFA does view the competition as a major honour . Real Madrid Competition Barcelona <Td_colspan="4"> Domestic 33 La Liga ( Primera División ) 24 19 Copa del Rey 29 10 Supercopa de España 12 Copa Eva Duarte ( defunct ) Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) 64 Aggregate 70 <Td_colspan="4"> European and Worldwide 12 UEFA Champions League 5 -- UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UEFA Europa League -- UEFA Super Cup 5 -- Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( defunct ) UEFA / CONMEBOL Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) -- FIFA Club World Cup 23 Aggregate 20 87 Total Aggregate 90 Note : FC Barcelona won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup three times , but it does n't count towards their UEFA European Record . See also Association football portal Madrid derby Derbi barceloní Major football rivalries Nationalism and sport Sports rivalry Notes ^ Jump up to : Includes a goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . References Jump up ^ `` El clàssic es jugarà dilluns '' . El Punt. 18 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Johanthan ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` Barca & Real renew El Clasico rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ Benjamin Morris . `` Is Messi vs. Ronaldo Bigger Than The Super Bowl ? '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ El Clasico : Real Madrid Vs Barcelona Fights , Fouls , Dives & Red Cards Jump up ^ `` Castilian Oppression v Catalan Nationalism -- `` El Gran Classico '' `` . Footballblog.co.uk. 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Barcelona vs Real Madrid rivalry comes to the fore '' . Google.com. 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rookwood , Dan ( 28 August 2002 ) . `` The bitterest rivalry in world football '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` El Clasico : When stars collide '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 21 October 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Barça , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` Barcelona becomes first sports team to have 50 million Facebook fans '' . Forbes.com . Jump up ^ Palomares , Cristina The quest for survival after Franco : moderate Francoism and the slow journey , p. 231 Jump up ^ Cambio 16 , 6 -- 12 , Enero 1975 p. 18 ^ Jump up to : McNeill , Donald ( 1999 ) Urban change and the European left : tales from the new Barcelona p. 61 ^ Jump up to : Burns , Jimmy , ' Don Patricio O'Connell : An Irishman and the Politics of Spanish Football ' in `` Irish Migration Studies in Latin America '' 6 : 1 ( March 2008 ) , p. 44 . Available online pg. 3 , pg. 4 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ham , Anthony p. 221 Jump up ^ Vázquez Montalbán ( 1992 ) Barcelonas , ch. 4 ' La Ben Plantada ' p. 109 Jump up ^ Ball , Phil ( 21 April 2002 ) . `` Mucho morbo '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ball , Phil p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Franco recibió dos medallas del Barça '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario AS . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` El deporte en la guerra civil '' ( in Spanish ) . EL CULTURAL . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Sánchez Guerra '' ( in Spanish ) . elpueblodeceuta.es. 30 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultra Sur El Centrocampista - Spanish Football and La Liga News in English '' . El Centrocampista. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dos Manzanas ( 14 June 2011 ) . `` Tres Boixos Nois detenidos por agredir a una mujer transexual en Barcelona '' . Dos manzanas . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La mafia de boixos nois se especializó en atracar a narcos - Sociedad - El Periódico '' . Elperiodico.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Great similarities between Barcelona and Celtic '' . vavel.com. 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 50 Biggest Derbies in the World , No. 2 : Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' . fourfourtwo.com. 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La izquierda es culé y la derecha , merengue , según el CIS '' ( in Spanish ) . LaVanguardia.com. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Del Madrid o del Barça ? '' ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com. 23 February 2003 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : six of the best ' El Clásicos ' '' . London : The Telegraph . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 67 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 68 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 70 . Random House . 26 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid . p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Spaaij , Ramn ( 2006 ) . Understanding football hooliganism : a comparison of six Western European football clubs . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5629 - 445 - 8 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 73 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 77 . Random House . 26 September 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` BBC SPORT Football Alfredo Di Stefano : Did General Franco halt Barcelona transfer ? '' . BBC News . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antonio Rigo : `` The final of the bottles made me Antimadridista '' `` . AS ( Spanish ) . 11 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Barca take the cup of `` the final of the bottles '' `` . Sport ( Spanish ) . 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 . The `` Bottle Final '' : Barça wins the Spanish Cup at the Bernabéu amidst a tense atmosphere `` . FCBarcelona . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Sid . p. 344 Jump up ^ `` Sid Lowe : Fear and loathing in La Liga ... Barcelona vs Real Madrid '' p. 345 , 346 . Random House . 26 September 2013 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 339 Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid . p. 338 Jump up ^ Jefferies , Tony ( 27 November 2002 ) . `` Barcelona are braced for a stiff penalty '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Deportes . `` ( Spanish ) '' . 20minutos.es . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v. Barcelona : A Glance Back at Past Pasillos Futfanatico : Breaking Soccer News '' . Futfanatico. 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real win Champions League showdown '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Applauding the enemy '' , FIFA.com , 15 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El - Clasico Preview '' , The Independent , 17 January 2012 , Jump up ^ `` 30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rampant Ronaldinho receives standing ovation '' . BBC News . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3 : Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos '' . The Independent . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona 's Andres Iniesta In ' El Clasico ' '' . NESN. 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CIS Mayo 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas . May 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` España se pasa del Madrid al Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . www.as.com. 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . FanPageList.com . Retrieved 31 March 2016 Jump up ^ Sapa - DPA ( 29 April 2011 ) . `` Del Bosque concerned over Real - Barca conflict - SuperSport - Football '' . SuperSport . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Fear and Loathing '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El club de los 100 : MSN 91 - 88 BBC '' . Marca. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs Barcelona : El Clasico Stats and Head to Head Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 January 2015 Jump up ^ Copa Eva Duarte ( Defunct ) is not listed as an official title by the UEFA , but it is considered as such by the RFEF , as it is the direct predecessor of the Supercopa de España Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League : History : New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Football : Clubs : FC Barcelona '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . `` Classic Football : Clubs : AS Roma '' . FIFA . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Real Madrid - FC Barcelona rivalry . Ball , Phill ( 2003 ) . Morbo : The Story of Spanish Football . WSC Books Limited . ISBN 0 - 9540134 - 6 - 8 . Farred , Grant ( 2008 ) . Long distance love : a passion for football . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 374 - 6 . Lowe , Sid ( 2013 ) . Fear and Loathing in La Liga : Barcelona vs Real Madrid . Random House . ISBN 9780224091800 . <Th_colspan="2"> Real Madrid Club de Fútbol <Td_colspan="2"> Honours Players Managers Presidents Seasons Europe Records and statistics Current season History History of Real Madrid C.F. 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which american state still have the death penalty

Capital punishment in the United states - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United states Jump to : navigation , search A map showing the use of the death penalty in the United States by individual states . Note that the death penalty is used throughout the United States for certain federal crimes . States with a valid death penalty statute States without the death penalty Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 31 states and the federal government . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty , one of 57 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,400 have been executed , 159 were exonerated before their execution , and more than 2,900 are still on death row . The death penalty is applied only for murder involving an `` aggravating factor '' such as multiple victims , rape , or robbery . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Furman history 1.2 Early abolition movement 1.3 Constitutional law developments 1.4 Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) 1.5 Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) 1.6 Supreme Court narrows capital offenses 1.7 Repeal movements and legal challenges 1.8 Lethal injection era 2 Capital crimes 2.1 Aggravated murder 2.2 Crimes against the state 3 Legal process 3.1 Decision to seek the death penalty 3.2 Sentencing 3.3 Direct review 3.4 State collateral review 3.5 Federal habeas corpus 3.6 Section 1983 3.7 Execution warrant 4 Distribution of sentences 4.1 Among states 4.2 Among races 4.3 Among sexes 5 Methods 5.1 Offender - selected methods 5.2 Backup methods 5.3 Federal executions 6 Execution attendance 7 Public opinion 8 Debate 9 Clemency and commutations 10 Execution hiatus 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Books 13.2 Journal articles 14 External links History ( edit ) Pre-Furman History ( edit ) Executions in the United States from 1608 to 2009 The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall , who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for allegedly spying for the Spanish government . The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty , requiring a grand jury indictment for `` capital crime '' and a due process of law for deprivation of `` life '' by the government . The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any state . The Espy file , compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla , lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991 . From 1930 to 2002 , there were 4,661 executions in the U.S. , about two - thirds of them in the first 20 years . Additionally , the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 ( the most recent ) . Early Abolition movement ( edit ) Three states abolished the death penalty for murder during the 19th century : Michigan in 1846 ( has never executed a prisoner since achieving statehood ) , Wisconsin in 1853 and Maine in 1887 . Rhode Island is also a state with a long abolitionist background , having repealed the death penalty in 1852 , though it was theoretically available for murder committed by a prisoner between 1872 and 1984 . Other states which abolished the death penalty for murder before Gregg v. Georgia include : Minnesota in 1911 , Vermont in 1964 , Iowa and West Virginia in 1965 and North Dakota in 1973 . Hawaii abolished the death penalty in 1948 and Alaska in 1957 , both before their statehood . Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981 . Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively , but both reinstated it , again by popular vote , some years later : Arizona in 1918 and Oregon in 1978 . Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions : in 1952 and 1964 , respectively . Constitutional law developments ( edit ) Nevertheless , capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various crimes , especially murder and rape , from the creation of the United States up to the beginning of the 1960s . Until then , `` save for a few mavericks , no one gave any credence to the possibility of ending the death penalty by judicial interpretation of constitutional law , '' according to abolitionist Hugo Bedau . The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Trop v. Dulles in 1958 , when the court said explicitly for the first time that the Eighth Amendment 's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the `` evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society '' rather than from its original meaning . Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama , the court made the first step of what would be later be called `` death is different '' jurisprudence , when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court - appointed attorney in capital cases -- a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963 , with Gideon v. Wainwright . Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Further information : Furman v. Georgia Executions in the United States since 1960 In Furman v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases . The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia 's death penalty statute , which featured a `` unitary trial '' procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and , simultaneously , determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment . The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2 , 1967 . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional . The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision , however , and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result . The narrowest opinions , those of Byron White and Potter Stewart , expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law . Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty . Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment . The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell '' . The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) ( edit ) Further information : Gregg v. Georgia U.S. Supreme Court seat in Washington , D.C. Instead of abandoning capital punishment , 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in Furman . Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain forms of murder . White had hinted that such a scheme would meet his constitutional concerns in his Furman opinion . Other states adopted `` bifurcated '' trial and sentencing procedures , with various procedural limitations on the jury 's ability to pronounce a death sentence designed to limit juror discretion . On July 2 , 1976 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld 7 -- 2 a Georgia procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt - innocence and sentencing phases . At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first - degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed . At the second hearing , the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist , whether any mitigating factors exist , and , in many jurisdictions , weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty -- either death or life in prison , either with or without parole . The same day in Woodson v. North Carolina and Roberts v. Louisiana , the court struck down 5 -- 4 statutes providing a mandatory death sentence . Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah . Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s , only ten people besides Gilmore ( who had waived all of his appeal rights ) were actually executed prior to 1984 . Supreme court narrows capital offenses ( edit ) In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman . Previously , the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States , and at the time of the decision , Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense . In the 1980 case Godfrey v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor . The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty . First , the case of Atkins v. Virginia , decided on June 20 , 2002 , held that the execution of intellectually retarded inmates is unconstitutional . Second , in 2005 , the court 's decision in Roper v. Simmons struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . In the 2008 case Kennedy v. Louisiana , the court also held 5 -- 4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person , including child rape . Only two death row inmates ( both in Louisiana ) were affected by the decision . Nevertheless , the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain . Repeal movements and legal challenges ( edit ) In 2004 , New York and Kansas capital sentencing schemes were struck down by their respective state highest courts . Kansas successfully appealed the Kansas Supreme Court decision to the United States Supreme Court , who reinstated the statute in Kansas v. Marsh ( 2006 ) , holding it did not violate the U.S. Constitution . The decision of New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution , making unavailable any appeal . The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme . In 2016 , Delaware 's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court . In 2007 , New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since Gregg v. Georgia , followed by New Mexico in 2009 , Illinois in 2011 , Connecticut in 2012 , and Maryland in 2013 . The repeals were not retroactive , but in New Jersey , Illinois and Maryland , governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law . In Connecticut , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive . New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute . Nebraska 's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015 , but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it . Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8 , 2016 . The same day , California 's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty , and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process . Since Furman , 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process . All resulted in a vote for reinstating it , rejecting its abolition , expanding its application field , specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional , or expediting the appeal process in capital cases . Lethal injection era ( edit ) The lethal injection room in Florida State Prison . From 1976 to January 1 , 2017 , there were 1,442 executions , of which 1,267 were by lethal injection , 158 by electrocution , 11 by gas inhalation , 3 by hanging , and 3 by firing squad . Executions rose at a near - continuous pace until 1999 , when it peaked at 98 . After 1999 , the number of executions lowered nearly every year , and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991 . The death penalty was a notable issue during the 1988 presidential election . It came up in the October 13 , 1988 debate between the two presidential nominees George H.W. Bush and Michael Dukakis when Bernard Shaw , the moderator of the debate , asked Dukakis , `` Governor , if Kitty Dukakis ( his wife ) were raped and murdered , would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer ? '' Dukakis replied , `` No , I do n't , and I think you know that I 've opposed the death penalty during all of my life . I do n't see any evidence that it 's a deterrent , and I think there are better and more effective ways to deal with violent crime . '' Bush was elected and many , including Dukakis himself , cite the statement as the beginning of the end of his campaign . In 1996 , Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act to streamline the appeal process in capital cases . The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , who had endorsed capital punishment during his 1992 presidential campaign . A study found that at least 34 of the 749 executions carried out in the U.S. between 1977 and 2001 , or 4.5 % , involved `` unanticipated problems or delays that caused , at least arguably , unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner '' . The rate of these `` botched executions '' remained steady over the period . A study published in The Lancet in 2005 found that in 43 % of cases of lethal injection , the blood level of hypnotics in the prisoner was insufficient to ensure unconsciousness . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court ruled in 2008 ( Baze v. Rees ) and again in 2015 ( Glossip v. Gross ) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder ( edit ) Aggravating factors for seeking capital punishment of murder vary greatly among death penalty states . California has twenty - two ; New Hampshire has seven . Some aggravating circumstances are nearly universal , such as robbery - murder , murder involving rape of the victim , and murder of an on - duty police officer . Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors , but the victim 's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies . In 2011 , Texas raised this age from six to ten . In some states , the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted . In California especially , an official commission proposed in 2008 to reduce these factors to five ( multiple murders , torture murder , murder of a police officer , murder committed in jail , and murder related to another felony ) . Columnist Charles Lane went further , and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed . Crimes against the state ( edit ) The opinion of the court in Kennedy v. Louisiana says that the ruling does not apply to `` treason , espionage , terrorism , and drug kingpin activity , which are offenses against the State '' . Since no one is on death row for such offenses , the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them . Treason , espionage and large - scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law . Treason is also punishable by death in six states ( Arkansas , California , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi and Missouri ) . Vermont still has a pre-Furman statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965 . Large - scale drug trafficking is punishable by death in two states ( Florida and Missouri ) . Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi . Legal process ( edit ) The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps : ( 1 ) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty ( 2 ) sentencing , ( 3 ) direct review , ( 4 ) state collateral review , and ( 5 ) federal habeas corpus . Clemency , through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence , is an executive rather than judicial process . Decision to seek the death penalty ( edit ) While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution , the death penalty can be handed down only if the accuser has specifically decided to seek it . In the decades since Furman , new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness . A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review , surveyed the decision - making process among prosecutors in various states . The authors found that prosecutors ' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local `` idiosyncrasies , '' suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court 's directive . This means that `` the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate '' may still `` infect capital cases . '' Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria . California law , for example , has 22 `` special circumstances , '' making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases . A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general . Sentencing ( edit ) Of the 31 states with the death penalty , 29 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury , and 28 require a unanimous sentence . However , the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury : In four states ( Arizona , California , Kentucky and Nevada ) , a retrial of the penalty phase will be conducted before a different jury ( the common - law rule for mistrial ) . In two states ( Indiana and Missouri ) , the judge will decide the sentence . In the 22 other states , a hung jury results in a life sentence , even if only one juror opposed death . Federal law also provides that outcome . The first outcome is referred as the `` true unanimity '' rule , while the third has been criticized as the `` single - juror veto '' rule . In Alabama , the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur . A retrial happens if the jury deadlock . Nebraska is the only state in which the sentence is decided by a three - judge panel . If one of the judges on the panel opposes death , the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment . Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone . In all states in which the jury is involved , only death - qualified veniremen can be selected in such a jury , to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it . Direct review ( edit ) If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level , the case then goes into a direct review . The direct review process is a typical legal appeal . An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not . Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes . If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing , the appellate court will affirm the judgment , or let the sentence stand . If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur , then it will reverse the judgment , or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing . Lastly , if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty , a rarity , then it will order the defendant acquitted , or not guilty , of the crime for which he / she was given the death penalty , and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible . About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact . State collateral review ( edit ) At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review , supplemental methods to attack the judgment , though less familiar than a typical appeal , do remain . These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review , that is , an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final . Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state - level trial , as is usually the case , the first step in collateral review is state collateral review , which is often called state habeas corpus . ( If the case is a federal death penalty case , it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus . ) Although all states have some type of collateral review , the process varies widely from state to state . Generally , the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review . Most often these are claims , such as ineffective assistance of counsel , which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record , something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal . State collateral review , though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus , is rarely successful in and of itself . Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review . In Virginia , state habeas corpus for condemned men are heard by the state supreme court under exclusive original jurisdiction since 1995 , immediately after direct review by the same court . This avoids any proceeding before the lower courts , and is in part why Virginia has the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution ( less than eight years ) and has executed 113 offenders since 1976 with only five remaining on death row as of June 2017 . To reduce litigation delays , other states require convicts to file their state collateral appeal before the completion of their direct appeal , or provide adjudication of direct and collateral attacks together in a `` unitary review '' . Federal habeas corpus ( edit ) After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts . Federal habeas corpus is a type of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court ( other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review ) . The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , which restricted significantly its previous scope . The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts , through the process of direct review and state collateral review , have done a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner 's federal constitutional rights . Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling . According to Eric Freedman , 21 percent of death penalty cases are reversed through federal habeas corpus . James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . '' Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted . '' The different numbers are largely definitional , rather than substantive : Freedam 's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed , while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review . A similar process is available for prisoners sentenced to death by the judgment of a federal court . The AEDPA also provides an expeditious habeas procedure in capital cases for states meeting several requirements set forth in it concerning counsel appointment for death row inmates . Under this program , federal habeas corpus for condemned prisoners would be decided in about three years from affirmance of the sentence on state collateral review . In 2006 , Congress conferred the determination of whether a state fulfilled the requirements to the U.S. attorney general , with a possible appeal of the state to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . As of March 2016 , the Department of Justice has still not granted any certifications . Section 1983 ( edit ) If the federal court refuses to issue a writ of habeas corpus , the death sentence becomes final for all purposes . In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through another way of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 -- codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 -- which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights . While the aforementioned appeals are normally limited to one and automatically stay the execution of the death sentence , Section 1983 lawsuits are unlimited , but the petitioner will be granted a stay of execution only if the court believes he has a likelihood of success on the merits . Traditionally , Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus , not Section 1983 , is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death . In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment . The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death , but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out . Therefore , the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit . Yet , as Clarence Hill 's own case shows , lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay . Further , the Court 's decision in Baze v. Rees , upholding a lethal injection method used by many states , has narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983 . Execution warrant ( edit ) While the execution warrant is issued by the governor in several states , in the vast majority it is a judicial order , issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution . The warrant usually sets an execution day . Some states instead provide a longer period , such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution . This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last - minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later . Distribution of sentences ( edit ) Total number of prisoners on Death Row in the United States from 1953 to 2008 Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions . Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences . This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment , a possibility it removed in March 2017 . Among states ( edit ) The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates . California , which is the most populous state , has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates . Wyoming , which is the least populous state , has only one condemned man . But executions are more frequent ( and happen more quickly after sentencing ) in conservative states . Texas , which is the second most populous state of the Union , carried out over 500 executions during the post-Furman era , more than a third of the national total . California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period . Among races ( edit ) Main article : Race and capital punishment in the United States African Americans made up 41 % of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 % of the general population . They have made up 34 % of those actually executed since 1976 . However , this is an under - representation relative to the proportion of convicted murderers ; 52.5 % of all homicide offenders between 1980 and 2008 were African Americans . According to a 2003 Amnesty International report , blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers , yet 80 % of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims . Approximately 13.5 % of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent , while they make up 17.4 % of the general population . Among sexes ( edit ) As of October 1 , 2014 , men accounted for 98 % of people on death row and 99 % of executions since 1976 . Methods ( edit ) Usage of lethal injection in the US . State uses only this method . State uses this method primarily but also has other methods . State once used this method , but does not today . State once adopted this method , but dropped before its use . State has never adopted this method . Number of executions each year by the method used in the United States and the earlier colonies from 1608 to 2004 . The adoption of electrocution caused a marked drop off in the number of hangings , which was used even less with the use of gas inhalation . After Gregg v. Georgia , most states changed to lethal injection , leading to its rise . All 31 states with the death penalty provide lethal injection as the primary method of execution . Some states allow other methods than lethal injection , but only as secondary methods to be used merely at the request of the prisoner or if lethal injection is unavailable . Several states continue to use the historical three - drug protocol : an anesthetic , pancuronium bromide a paralytic , and potassium chloride to stop the heart . Eight states have used a single - drug protocol , inflicting only an overdose of a single anesthetic to the prisoner . While some state statutes specify the drugs required , a majority do not , giving more flexibility to corrections officials . Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals . Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 . In 2016 , it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer ( the owner of Hospira ) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections . Since then , some states have used other anesthetics , such as pentobarbital , etomidate , or fast - acting benzodiazepines like midazolam . Many states have since bought lethal injection drugs from foreign furnishers , and most states have made it a criminal offense to reveal the identities of furnishers or execution team members . In November 2015 , California adopted regulations allowing the state to use its own public compounding pharmacies to make the chemicals . In 2009 , Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone ( a 333-fold overdose for an opioid - naïve patient of this narcotic analgesic closely related to and five times stronger than morphine ; this is the equivalent of an entire 50 - ml bottle of Dilaudid HP , the most powerful commercially available form , although the advantage of hydromorphone is its very high solubility allowing for solutions of almost arbitrary concentration ; 500 mg of hydromorphone HCl as pure powder can be dissolved in isotonic saline in volumes as small as under 2 cc ) and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions when a suitable vein can not be found for intravenous injection . Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases : Baze v. Rees ( 2008 ) and Glossip v. Gross ( 2015 ) . Offender - selected methods ( edit ) In the following states , death row inmates with an execution warrant may choose to be executed by : Electrocution in Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Kentucky , South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia . Gas inhalation in Arizona and California . Firing squad in Utah . Hanging in Washington . In five states ( Arizona , Arkansas , Kentucky , Tennessee and Utah ) , the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date ( usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection ) . When an offender chooses to be executed by a means different from the state default method , which is always lethal injection , he loses the right to challenge its constitutionality in court ( Stewart v. LaGrand , 1999 ) . The last executions by methods other than injection are as follows ( all chosen by the inmate ) : Method Date State Inmate Electrocution 000000002013 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2013 Virginia Robert Gleason Firing squad 000000002010 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2010 Utah Ronnie Lee Gardner Lethal gas 000000001999 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1999 Arizona Walter LaGrand Hanging 000000001996 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1996 Delaware William Bailey Backup methods ( edit ) Depending on the state , the following alternative methods are statutorily provided in the event that lethal injection is either found unconstitutional by a court or unavailable for practical reasons : Electrocution in Florida , Oklahoma , South Carolina and Tennessee . Gas inhalation in California , Missouri , Oklahoma and Wyoming . Firing squad in Oklahoma and Utah . Hanging in New Hampshire . Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes , providing lethal injection , nitrogen hypoxia , electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable . The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution , though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia . Three states ( Oklahoma , Tennessee and Utah ) have added back - up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 ( or have expanded their application fields ) in reaction to the shortage of lethal injection drugs . Some states such as Florida have a larger provision dealing with execution methods unavailability , requiring their state departments of corrections to use `` any constitutional method '' if both lethal injection and electrocution are found unconstitutional . This was designed to make unnecessary any further legislative intervention in that event , but the provision apply only to legal ( not practical ) infeasibility . In May 2016 , an Oklahoma grand jury recommended the state to use nitrogen hypoxia as its primary method of execution rather than as a mere backup , after experts testified that the method would be painless , easy and `` inexpensive '' . Federal executions ( edit ) The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place . If the state has no death penalty , the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution . The federal government has a facility and regulations only for executions by lethal injection , but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions . Execution attendance ( edit ) The over 200 witnesses to the execution of Timothy McVeigh were mostly survivors and victims ' relatives of the Oklahoma City bombing . The last public execution in the U.S. was that of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro , Kentucky , on August 14 , 1936 . It was the last execution in the nation at which the general public was permitted to attend without any legally imposed restrictions . `` Public execution '' is a legal phrase , defined by the laws of various states , and carried out pursuant to a court order . Similar to `` public record '' or `` public meeting , '' it means that anyone who wants to attend the execution may do so . Around 1890 , a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions . Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a `` wall '' or `` enclosure '' or to `` exclude public view . '' Most states laws currently use such explicit wording to prohibit public executions , while others do so only implicitly by enumerating the only authorized witnesses . All states allow news reporters to be execution witnesses for information of the general public , except Wyoming which allow only witnesses authorized by the condemned . Several states also allow victims ' families and relatives selected by the prisoner to watch executions . An hour or two before the execution , the condemned is offered religious services and to choose his last meal ( except in Texas which abolished it in 2011 ) . The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11 , 2001 , was witnessed by over 200 people , most by closed - circuit television . Public opinion ( edit ) Gallup , Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking `` Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder ? '' In their last poll in October 2016 , 60 % of respondents said they were in favor and 37 % were opposed . A month earlier , a Pew Research poll found that 49 % of Americans supported the death penalty for convicted murderers and 42 % opposed , down from 80 % in 1974 . A 2010 poll found that 61 % of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder . When persons surveyed are given a choice between the death penalty and life without parole for persons convicted of capital crimes , support for execution has traditionally been significantly lower than in polling that asks only if a person does or does not support the death penalty . In 2010 , for instance , a Gallup poll that offered a choice showed 49 % favoring the death penalty and 46 % favoring life imprisonment . On the other hand , in November 2009 , another Gallup poll found that 77 % of Americans say that September 11 attacks ' mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed should get the death penalty if convicted , including 12 who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question . A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims . Debate ( edit ) Main article : Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment is a controversial issue , with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate . Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds . Some law enforcement organizations , and some victims ' rights groups support capital punishment . The United States is one of four industrialized democracies that still practice capital punishment with Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan . Religious groups are widely split on the issue of capital punishment . The Fiqh Council of North America , a group of highly influential Muslim scholars in the United States , has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States until various preconditions in the legal system are met . In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment . '' A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled . As of 2017 , 159 prisoners have been exonerated due to evidence of their innocence . Advocates of the death penalty say that it deters crime , is a good tool for prosecutors in plea bargaining , improves the community by eliminating recidivism by executed criminals , provides `` closure '' to surviving victims or loved ones , and is a just penalty . The murder rate is highest in the South ( 6.5 per 100,000 in 2016 ) , where 80 % of executions are carried out , and lowest in the Northeast ( 3.5 per 100,000 ) , with less than 1 % of executions . A report by the US National Research Council in 2012 stated that studies claiming a deterrent effect are `` fundamentally flawed '' and should not be used for policy decisions . According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the country 's top academic criminological societies , 88 % of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder . ( Radelet & Lacock , 2009 ) Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias . In addition , its use risks the execution of the innocent ; it is unnecessarily barbaric in nature ; it cheapens human life ; and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals who have murdered . Furthermore , some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio - economic , geographic , and gender factors . Another argument in the capital punishment debate is the cost . Clemency and commutations ( edit ) The largest number of clemencies was granted in January 2003 in Illinois when outgoing Governor George Ryan , who had already imposed a moratorium on executions , pardoned four death - row inmates and commuted the sentences of the remaining 167 to life in prison without the possibility of parole . When Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in Illinois in March 2011 , he commuted the sentences of the fifteen inmates on death row to life imprisonment . Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty . In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row . And during his two terms ( 1979 -- 1987 ) as Florida 's Governor , Bob Graham , although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others , agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of doubts about guilt or disproportionality . Execution hiatus ( edit ) All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008 . At that time , the U.S. Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in Baze v. Rees . This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982 . The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7 -- 2 ruling . In addition to the states that have no valid death penalty statute , the following states and jurisdictions are noted that have an official moratorium , or have had no executions for more than ten years , as of 2017 : State / Jurisdiction Status Hiatus status Federal de facto Since 2003 , issues with lethal injection have delayed any executions ; status unclear Arizona by Attorney General In 2014 , Attorney General indefinitely stayed executions California de facto No executions since 2006 Colorado by Governor In 2013 , Governor set a moratorium Kentucky by court order In 2009 , a federal judge suspended executions pending a new protocol Montana by court order In 2015 , a federal judge ruled the state 's lethal injection protocol is unlawful , stopping executions Nebraska de facto Last execution took place in 1997 Nevada de facto Last execution in 2006 North Carolina de facto Last execution in 2006 Oklahoma by implementers In 2014 , state Dept. of Corrections recommended an indefinite hold on executions after a botched execution Oregon by Governor In 2011 , Governor announced a moratorium and a review Pennsylvania by Governor In 2015 , Governor announced a moratorium pending review Washington by Governor In 2014 , Governor announced a moratorium and reprieve for new cases Kansas , New Hampshire , Wyoming , and the U.S. Military have also no executions for over ten years , but in these states it is because of the lack of death row inmates having exhausted the appeal process . Since 1976 , four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals : Pennsylvania has executed three inmates , Oregon two , Connecticut one , and New Mexico one . In North Carolina , executions are suspended following a decision by the state 's medical board that physicians can not participate in executions , which is a requirement under state law . In California , United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15 , 2006 , ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed . On November 25 , 2009 , the Kentucky Supreme Court suspended executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection . In November 2011 , Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . On February 11 , 2014 , Washington Governor Jay Inslee announced a capital punishment moratorium . All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve , not a pardon or commutation . On February 13 , 2015 , Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty . Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment , which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate , produces a recommendation . Effectively there was a moratorium in place , as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999 . See also ( edit ) United States portal Criminal justice portal Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment by the United States federal government List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017 List of death row inmates in the United States List of last executions in the United States by crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STATES AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leigh B. Bienen ( 2010 ) . Murder and Its Consequences : Essays on Capital Punishment in America ( 2 ed . ) . Northwestern University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8101 - 2697 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal injection . '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . China ... Guatemala , Philippines , Thailand ... Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execution Statistics Summary -- State and Year '' . people.smu.edu/rhalperi/ . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 2 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AGGRAVATING FACTORS FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BY STATE '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . 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Bennett Jump up ^ `` Executions in the Military '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death penalty on the ballot '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Courts , the Constitution , and Capital Punishment 118 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : New laws unlikely on death penalty , by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Woodson v. North Carolina , 428 U.S. 280 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Roberts v. Louisiana , 428 U.S. 325 ( 1976 ) , 431 U.S. 633 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ `` Godfrey v. Georgia '' . supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DARYL RENARD ATKINS , PETITIONER v. VIRGINIA '' . June 20 , 2002 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roper v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Child rapists ca n't be executed , Supreme Court rules '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sara Kugler ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Obama Disagrees With High Court on Child Rape Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( April 13 , 2005 ) . `` In N.Y. , Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . NEW YORK , April 12 -- New York 's death penalty is no more . A legislative committee tossed out a bill Tuesday aimed at reinstating the state 's death penalty , which a court had suspended last year . It was an extraordinary bit of drama , not least because a top Democrat who once strongly supported capital punishment led the fight to end it . Jump up ^ `` Top court : Delaware 's death penalty law unconstitutional '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richburg , Keith B. ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` N.J. Approves Abolition of Death Penalty ; Corzine to Sign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in English ) Maria Medina , `` Governor OK with Astorga capital case '' Jump up ^ `` New Mexico governor bans death penalty '' . Agence France - Presse . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson made his state the 15th in the nation to outlaw capital punishment when he signed a law abolishing the death penalty , his office said . ^ Jump up to : `` Quinn signs death penalty ban , commutes 15 death row sentences to life '' . Chicago Tribune . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT LEGISLATION : Death Penalty Repeal Passes Second Connecticut House , Awaits Governor 's Signature Death Penalty Information Center '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty '' . FOX News Network , LLC. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . 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The court went beyond the question in the case to rule out the death penalty for any individual crime -- as opposed to `` offenses against the state , '' such as treason or espionage -- `` where the victim 's life was not taken . '' Jump up ^ `` § 3401 . Definition and punishment of treason '' . legislature.vermont.gov . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty for Offenses Other Than Murder '' . Death Penalty Information Center . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See generally Separation of powers . Jump up ^ `` Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice : An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ Adam M. Gershowitz . `` Statewide Capital Punishment : The Case for Eliminating Counties ' Role in the Death Penalty '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury can not agree '' ( PDF ) . A. Parrent , Conn . Public Def . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB 280 : Sentencing for Capital Felonies '' . flsenate.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See United States v. Perez , 1824 Jump up ^ K. Scheidegger , `` Hurst v. Florida Remedial Legislation and SBP 7068 '' , February 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` SB 16 To amend Sections 13A - 5 - 45 , 13A - 5 - 46 , and 13A - 5 - 47 , Code of Alabama 1975 , relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts ; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict . '' . legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes - Chapter 29 - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - 29 - 2521 - Sentencing determination proceeding . '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 - 18 - 301 . Hearing on imposition of death penalty . '' . leg.mt.gov . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , 18 U.S.C. § 3595 . ( `` In a case in which a sentence of death is imposed , the sentence shall be subject to review by the court of appeals upon appeal by the defendant . '' ) Jump up ^ See generally Appeal . ^ Jump up to : Poland v. Arizona , 476 U.S. 147 152 -- 54 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , Legalize Drugs '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( b ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( a ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia - § 8.01 - 654 . 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Jump up ^ `` Secret Execution Team , Firing Squads , Restricted Media Included in House Bill '' . jacksonfreepress.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NOTICE OF CHANGE TO REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . cdcr.ca.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosby 's 2004 `` Hydromorphone '' Jump up ^ `` Ohio Prisons Director Announces Changes to Ohio 's Execution Process '' . Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona execution takes two hours '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` High court upholds lethal injection method '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court backs use of lethal injection drug '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Code of Laws : `` Section 24 - 3 - 530 . 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Jump up ^ Connecticut § 54 -- 100 Kentucky 431.220 Missouri § 546.730 New Mexico § 31 - 14 - 12 ch. 279 Massachusetts § 60 North Carolina § 15 - 188 Oklahoma Title 22 § 1015 Montana § 46 - 19 - 103 Ohio § 2949.22 Tennessee § 40 - 23 - 116 US Code Title 18 § 3596 Federal regulations 28 CFR 26.4 Archived 2014 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information - Texas Execution Primer '' . www.txexecutions.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` States go hunting for execution witnesses '' . jacksonsun.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Code § 7 - 13 - 908 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60 % '' . gallup.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Baxter ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Support for death penalty lowest in more than four decades '' . Dactank ; News in Numbers . Pew Research Centre . 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Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions , '' Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ Pitkin , James ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Killing Time Dead Men Waiting on Oregon 's Death Row '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Justice Volume 1 Jump up ^ Londono , O. ( 2013 ) , `` A Retributive Critique of Racial Bias and Arbitrariness in Capital Punishment . '' Journal of Social Philosophy , 44 : 95 -- 105 . doi : 10.1111 / josp. 12013 Jump up ^ `` Letter -- Cost of the Death Penalty '' . The New York Times . California . February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Death Row Inmates Granted Commutation by Governor George Ryan on January 12 , 2003 '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California moves -- slowly -- toward resuming executions '' . seattletimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . California has long been what one expert calls a `` symbolic death penalty state , '' one of 12 that has capital punishment on the books but has not executed anyone in more than a decade . Jump up ^ `` The History of Capital Punishment in California '' . California Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation . State of California . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Judge Rules Against Lethal Injection Protocol and Halts Execution '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellware , Kim . `` Montana Judge Strikes Down State 's Lethal Injection Protocol '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge says executions unconstitutional Archived December 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Decision halts lethal injections Latest Local , State News '' . Kentucky.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executions Are Suspended by Governor in Washington '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pennsylvania 's governor suspends the death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. ( 2004 ) . On botched executions . In : Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas ( eds . ) Capital Punishment . pp. 143 -- 68 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511489273. 006 . Gail A. Van Norman . ( 2010 ) . Physician participation in executions . In : Gail A. Van Norman et al. ( eds . ) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology . pp. 285 -- 91 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511841361. 051 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bakken , Gordon Morris , ed. ( 2010 ) . Invitation to an Execution : A History of the Death Penalty in the United States . University of New Mexico Press Banner , Stuart ( 2002 ) . The Death Penalty : An American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00751 - 4 . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . Boston , MA : Northeastern University Press ; Blecker , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Death of Punishment : Searching for Justice among the Worst of the Worst . St. Martin 's Press ; Delfino , Michelangelo and Mary E. Day . ( 2007 ) . Death Penalty USA 2005 -- 2006 MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 2 - 5 ; and Death Penalty USA 2003 -- 2004 ( 2008 ) . MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 3 - 2 . Dow , David R. , Dow , Mark ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Machinery of Death : The Reality of America 's Death Penalty Regime . Routledge , New York . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93266 - 1 ( cloth ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93267 - X ( paperback ) ( Provides critical perspectives on the death penalty ) Garland , David ( 2010 ) . Peculiar Institution : America 's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition . Harvard University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2010 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 1 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1683 -- 1807 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2012 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 2 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1635 -- 1843 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Lane , Charles ( 2010 ) . Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . Megivern , James J. ( 1997 ) , The Death Penalty : An Historical and Theological Survey . Paulist Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0487 - 3 Osler , Mark William ( 2009 ) . Jesus on Death Row : The Trial of Jesus and American Capital Punishment . Abingdon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64756 - 9 Prejean , Helen ( 1993 ) . Dead Man Walking . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75131 - 9 ( paperback ) ( Describes the case of death row convict Elmo Patrick Sonnier , while also giving a general overview of issues connected to the death penalty ) Journal articles ( edit ) Vidma , Neil and Phoebe Ellsworth . `` Public Opinion and the Death Penalty '' ( Archive ) . Stanford Law Review . June 1974 . Volume 26 , pp. 1245 -- 1270 . Hoffmann , Joseph L. ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting the Innocent : The Massachusetts Governor 's Council Report . '' 95 J. of Crim . L. & Criminology 561 . External links ( edit ) Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority in the United States , by Year , Region , and Jurisdiction , 1977 -- 2016 Bureau of Justice Statistics United States of America : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . <Th_colspan="2"> Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt Guatemala India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / Firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged , drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking <Th_colspan="2"> Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. 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1. Capital punishment in the United States 2. Death penalty statutes 3. Legal process of the death penalty 4. Repeal movements and legal challenges 5. Lethal injection as a method of execution

who wrote the song i will always love you sung by whitney houston

I Will Always Love You - wikipedia I Will Always Love You Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dolly Parton song also recorded by Whitney Houston . For other uses , see I Will Always Love You ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' <Td_colspan="2"> 1982 re-release picture sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Dolly Parton <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Jolene B - side `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' ( 1974 version ) `` Do I Ever Cross Your Mind '' ( 1982 version ) Released June 6 , 1974 ( 1974 - 06 - 06 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded June 13 , 1973 Genre Country Length 2 : 53 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) Bob Ferguson <Th_colspan="2"> Dolly Parton 1970s singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Jolene '' ( 1973 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1974 ) `` Love Is Like a Butterfly '' ( 1974 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Dolly Parton 1980s singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Heartbreak Express '' ( 1982 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1982 ) `` Hard Candy Christmas '' ( 1982 ) <Td_colspan="2"> The song , `` I Will Always Love You '' was originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter Dolly Parton . Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years , Porter Wagoner , following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career . Parton 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice . It first reached number one in June 1974 , and then in October 1982 , with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , making Parton the first singer ever to achieve the number one position twice with the same song . Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard . Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time . It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history . Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death , making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs . The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dolly Parton original version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Reception 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Track listing 1.5 Credits and personnel 1.6 Charts 1.7 Controversy 2 Whitney Houston cover version 2.1 Background 2.2 Reception 2.3 Commercial performance 2.4 Critical reception 2.5 Accolades 2.6 Music video 2.7 Formats and track listings 2.8 Credits and personnel 2.9 Charts 2.10 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts 2.11 Certifications 2.12 Tributes 2.12. 1 Jennifer Hudson 2.12. 2 Beyoncé 2.12. 3 Jessica Sanchez 2.12. 4 Edyta Górniak 2.12. 5 Will Ferrell 3 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Dolly Parton original version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' An 18 second sample of Parton 's 1982 recording of `` I Will Always Love You '' . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . A-side label of the original 1974 45 rpm release Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner , from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership . She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13 , 1973 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6 , 1974 , as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album , Jolene ( 1974 ) . In 1982 , Parton re-recorded the song , when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas . In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album , Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore , and the 1996 film It 's My Party . The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards . Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song `` speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil , but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman '' . According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute . ( Larghetto / Adagio ) Although Parton found much success with the song , many people are unaware of its origin ; during an interview , Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that `` one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote ( the track ) '' . Reception ( edit ) During its original release in 1974 , `` I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974 . When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas , the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song . After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album Something Special , `` I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15 . Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema . When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts , Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song . Parton was interested until Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded . Parton refused . She recalls : I said , ' I 'm really sorry , ' and I cried all night . I mean , it was like the worst thing . You know , it 's like , Oh , my God ... Elvis Presley . ' And other people were saying , ' You 're nuts . It 's Elvis Presley . ' ... I said , ' I ca n't do that . Something in my heart says , ' Do n't do that . And I just did n't do it ... He would have killed it . But anyway , so he did n't . Then when Whitney ( Houston 's version ) came out , I made enough money to buy Graceland . Critical reception ( edit ) In Curtis W. Ellison 's book Country Music Culture : From Hard Times to Heaven ( 1995 ) , he stated : `` In the early 1990s , when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women , this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market . '' Ken Knight , author of The Midnight Show : Late Night Cable - TV `` Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s ( 2008 ) , commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing `` I Will Always Love You '' and `` make it memorable '' . Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer , stating that the track was only written to `` soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 2 : 53 `` Lonely Comin ' Down '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Dolly Parton -- vocals , guitar Jimmy Colvard -- guitar Chip Young -- guitar Stu Basore -- pedal steel guitar Bobby Dyson -- bass Larrie Londin -- drums Ralph Gallant -- drums Buck Trent -- banjo Bobby Thompson -- banjo Mack Magaha -- fiddle Johnny Gimble -- fiddle Hargus `` Pig '' Robbins -- piano Dolores Edgin -- background vocals Hershel Winginton -- background vocals Joe Babcock -- background vocals June Page -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1982 ) Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 72 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 1995 ) Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 22 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 15 Controversy ( edit ) After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992 , the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers , stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts , so as not to compete with Houston 's recording . However , both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews . Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song . In return , Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process . Dolly Parton also gave a live interview , confirming this . When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording , Parton ( along with David Foster ) presented her with the award . In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012 , Parton said : Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston . I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart , ' Whitney , I will always love you . You will be missed . ' Whitney Houston cover version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' <Td_colspan="2"> US CD single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Whitney Houston <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album B - side `` Jesus Loves Me '' ( all singles ) `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ( 12 - inch & CD singles ) Released November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) Format CD single cassette single 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Recorded Spring 1992 Genre Pop Length 4 : 31 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Dolly Parton Producer ( s ) David Foster <Th_colspan="2"> Whitney Houston singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` We Did n't Know '' ( 1992 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1992 ) `` I 'm Every Woman '' ( 1993 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Will Always Love You '' ( 1 ) `` I Have Nothing '' ( 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Background ( edit ) In 1992 , R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of `` I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard , her film debut . She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard . However , when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes , Houston requested a different song . It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested `` I Will Always Love You '' , playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise . Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad . Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful ; however , Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it . When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template , she called Foster to give him the final verse , which was missing from the Ronstadt recording , as she felt it was important to the song . The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum . Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie . In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner , a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox . Whitney Houston covered the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard , in which she starred with Kevin Costner . Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list . In 2004 , Houston 's version of `` I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs , published in May 2002 . In February 2014 , the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time . A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99 , and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances , a 1994 performance of the song was included as well . Reception ( edit ) The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 , which at the time was a record . It became Houston 's longest run at number one , surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the `` Greatest Love of All '' in 1986 . It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album . It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later . It also dominated other Billboard charts , spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart , and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time ; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks . It became Arista Records ' biggest hit . The song was number one on the Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks ; Ray Charles ' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts . The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993 , making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year . Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US . Similarly , in the UK , Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992 , and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine , marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row . In Australia , it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993 . Houston 's single was also an international success , peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries , including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , where it spent 13 weeks at the top . The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia , five weeks in Austria , seven weeks for Belgium , eight weeks in France , six weeks in Germany , eight weeks in Ireland , two weeks in Italy , six weeks in Netherlands , 11 weeks in New Zealand , nine weeks in Norway , one week in Spain , six weeks in Sweden , eight weeks in Switzerland , and ten weeks in the United Kingdom . Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart . It is the only single to have topped the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks . Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11 , 2012 , `` I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts . Also , in the week following her death , the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years , debuting at number 7 , and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston , the first one since 2001 . The song eventually peaked at No. 3 , two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since `` The Twist '' by Chubby Checker . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25 , 2012 , with over 195,000 copies downloaded . In the United Kingdom , the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death . Commercial performance ( edit ) Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts , making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . It broke its own record in the following three weeks , peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The January 9 , 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era . This record was broken by Elton John 's `` Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' , which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997 . `` I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 12 , 1993 , making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history . According to Nielsen SoundScan , as of 2009 , the single had sold 4,591,000 copies , and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone , only behind Elton John 's single in 1997 . In the United Kingdom , the single sold over 1,550,000 copies , becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s , and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on January 1 , 1993 . It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) in Germany . In Japan , `` I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies , staying for 27 weeks on the chart , and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time , despite not topping the charts . Critical reception ( edit ) Houston 's version was later called her `` signature song '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a `` magnificent rendition '' , commenting Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover . Her voice breaking and tensing , she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation . Along the way , her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental . Writing for USA Today on November 17 , 1992 , James T. Jones IV called it a `` tour - de-force '' , and added `` ( Houston ) gives a 3 ​ ⁄ - star ( out of four ) performance . Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained , Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic . '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale , when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival . '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version `` is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird . '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover `` repulsively overwrought ... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year , and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988 . During the Grammy Award telecast , the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster . The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously , becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's `` When Doves Cry '' in 1984 . In addition , it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards , which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories , and the third overall in AMA history behind `` Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984 . `` I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year , and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units . In 2015 , `` I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era : 1955 - 2015 . Year Awards ceremony Award description ( s ) Results The 19th People 's Choice Awards Favorite New Music Video Won The 7th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B / Soul Single , Female Won The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards Song of the Year ( International ) Won The 2nd MTV Movie Awards Best Song from a Movie Won The 4th Billboard Music Awards # 1 Hot 100 Single ( Hot 100 Single of the Year ) Won # 1 Hot R&B Single ( R&B Single of the Year ) Won Special Award : Single Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) Won No. 1 World Single Won No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales Won No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales Won 1994 The 21st American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Single Won Favorite Soul / R&B Single Won 36th Grammy Awards Record of the Year Won Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Won The 8th Soul Train Music Awards Best R&B Song of the Year Won The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards Special Award Won Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , is credited to Alan Smithee ( Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video ) , and produced by Rob Newman . It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard . The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her , singing of her love . The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer . At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes . Formats and track listings ( edit ) ' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B1 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 B2 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single A `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 B `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 US / Europe Maxi - CD single `` I Will Always Love You '' -- 4 : 31 `` Jesus Loves Me '' -- 5 : 11 `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' -- 3 : 31 Maxi - CD singles ( 1999 Remixes ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 50 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector 12 '' Club Mix ) -- 9 : 51 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 44 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Performed by Whitney Houston Produced and arranged by David Foster Vocal arrangement -- Whitney Houston Directed by Rickey Minor Keyboards -- David Foster Sax solo -- Kirk Whalum Drums -- Ricky Lawson Guitars -- Dean Parks , Michael Landau Bass -- Neil Stubenhaus Synth programmers -- Tony Smith , Claude Gaudette String arrangements -- Ronn Huff Recording engineers -- Bill Schnee , Dave Reitzas , Peter J. Yianilos Mixing engineer -- Dave Reitzas Charts ( edit ) Weekly chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Weekly chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Luxembourg ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 Portugal ( Billboard ) Russia ( Russia Top 10 ) Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 19 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) 23 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 Weekly chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 132 Weekly chart ( 2014 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 68 Weekly chart ( 2015 ) France ( SNEP ) 83 Weekly chart ( 2016 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 182 Year - end chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 17 Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks 97 Dutch Top 40 61 Italian Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 8 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 16 Canadian Singles Chart Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles 7 Dutch Top 40 13 Dutch Single Top 100 5 Finnish Singles Chart 5 Japanese Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 7 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 18 US Hot Pop Singles US Hot R&B Singles Year - end chart ( 2012 ) Position Spanish Singles Chart 49 Decade - end chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Dutch Top 40 14 UK Singles Chart 10 US Billboard Hot 100 7 All - time chart ( 2015 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 51 Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts ( edit ) Year Title Category Position Source 1998 Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40 The Top 10 Remakes No. 2 The Top 10 `` Love '' Songs No. 2 Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100 : Top Songs of Four Decades No. 6 The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs No. 1 Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 ( 14 weeks ) No. 2 2008 Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 68 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 2013 Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs No. 49 The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs No. 27 Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 No. 1 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 332,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 15,000 Japan 810,080 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,638,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,591,000 <Th_colspan="3"> Digital Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,016,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tributes ( edit ) Since Houston 's death in 2012 , many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song . Jennifer Hudson ( edit ) Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston , who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry . The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington , D.C. and aired on February 1 , 2010 . On February 12 , 2012 , Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards , the day after Houston 's death , alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012 , including Amy Winehouse and Etta James . The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church . Parton complimented Hudson on her performance , saying , I was brought to tears again last night , as I 'm sure many were , when Jennifer Hudson sang `` I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney . Like everybody else , I am still in shock . But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind . I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world . Rest in peace , Whitney . Again , we will always love you . Beyoncé ( edit ) In 2012 , following Whitney Houston 's death , American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City , New Jersey at the Revel resort . She began the performance of her song `` Halo '' singing the first verse of `` I Will Always Love You '' a cappella . Later , in 2013 , during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of `` I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of `` Halo '' as the final song of the tour . Jessica Sanchez ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , on the eleventh season of American Idol , during the Top 13 week , Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song . She received a standing ovation for her performance . She performed the song again on the season finale , where she would finish as the eventual runner - up . Edyta Górniak ( edit ) During the festival TOP trends in 2012 , Edyta Górniak performed `` I Will Always Love You '' as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26 . Will Ferrell ( edit ) At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California , Will Ferrell sang `` I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class . See Washington Post commentary : Other versions ( edit ) In 1997 Kenny Rogers recorded a version of the song on his best selling tv - advertised collection of love songs , via QVC . Previous to this ; in 1983 , Rogers released an album called Eyes That See In The Dark which features a song called `` I Will Always Love You '' but this is a different song of the same name . The album also featured Islands In The Stream , a hit duet between Rogers & Parton . In 2002 , English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of `` I Will Always Love You '' into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at number 6 . It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now ... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . `` Forever Country '' , released in September 2016 , is a medley of the song along with `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' and `` On the Road Again '' . See also ( edit ) List of Australian number - one hits of 1993 List of Austrian number - one hits of 1993 List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Belgium Flanders ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1992 List of RPM number - one singles of 1993 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1992 Dutch Top 40 number - one hits of 1993 List of European number - one hits of 1992 List of European number - one hits of 1993 List of French number - one hits of 1993 Number - one hits of 1993 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1992 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 1992 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 1992 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles in 1993 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1993 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one hits of 1993 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1993 ( U.S. ) List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) R&B number - one hits of 1993 ( USA ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles by year ( UK ) List of UK top 10 singles in 1992 List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1992 in Australia List of Top 25 singles for 1993 in Australia Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1993 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2012 List of top 10 singles in 2012 ( France ) List of best - selling singles in Japan List of best - selling singles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellison 1995 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : I Will Always Love You ( 7 vinyl liner notes ) . 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Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry 's ' Part of Me ' Debuts Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The best selling single of 1992 in Italy '' . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Singles Year - End Chart of 1993 '' . austriancharts. a . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1993 '' . Hung Medien . Ultratop . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks listing for the week of December 18 , 1993 '' . December 18 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 58 ( 23 ) . December 18 , 1993 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin : Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Finland : Otava . p. 54 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Year - end Singles Chart of 1993 '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1993 '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts of 1993 : Singles '' . swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 : Year - End USA Charts ( Singles ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . ( archived by Top40-Charts.com ) Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Adult Contemporary Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Year - end Charts -- Top R&B Singles '' . Billboard . December 31 , 1993 . 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Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary : Hot 100 Song of the Year -- 1993 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Hot 100 Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . 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Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Whitney Houston ; ' I Will Always Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . ^ Jump up to : レコード 協会 調べ 1 月度 有料 音楽 配信 認定 < 略称 : 1 月度 認定 > ( Record Association report : February 2014 digital music download certifications ( Abbreviation : 2013 Certifications ) ) . RIAJ ( in Japanese ) . February 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Whitney Houston '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Will Always Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Whitney Houston -- I Will Always Love You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` Billboard : Battle of the Divas , Round 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's ' I Will Always Love You ' : Behind The Song '' . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Grammy Ratings Up Thanks To Adele , Whitney Houston Tribute '' . MTV . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Beyonce 's post-baby concerts : Whitney Houston tribute , Goo Goo Dolls and Lauryn Hill songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Beyoncé Brings The House Down At Atlantic City 's Newest Casino '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Run the World ( Showgirls ) : Beyonce Gets Back to Business in Atlantic City '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé makes nod to The Verve at London 's O2 Arena '' . NME. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ferrell Singing Whitney Houston at USC Graduation Is Exactly What We Need Right Now '' . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 590 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Story Behind Country Music 's Epic Mash - Up ! Plus : Hear Blake , Carrie , Miranda and 36 Other Stars Sing ' Forever Country ' '' . People . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) I Will Always Love You at Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dolly Parton version Preceded by `` Pure Love '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single June 8 , 1974 Succeeded by `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' by Charlie Rich Preceded by `` Yesterday 's Wine '' by Merle Haggard and George Jones Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 16 , 1982 Succeeded by `` He Got You '' by Ronnie Milsap Preceded by `` What 's Forever For '' by Michael Martin Murphey RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 -- 30 , 1982 Succeeded by `` Let It Be Me '' by Willie Nelson Whitney Houston version Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Australian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` You Do n't Treat Me No Good '' by Sonia Dada Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Austrian Singles Chart number - one single January 24 -- February 7 , 1993 February 21 -- 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Highland '' by One More Time `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie Belgian Singles Chart number - one single January 9 -- 15 , 1993 January 23 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie `` It 's OK , All Right '' by Def Dames Dope Preceded by `` Song Instead of a Kiss '' by Alannah Myles Canadian Singles Chart number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- February 26 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Steam '' by Peter Gabriel Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Dutch Singles Chart number - one single Dutch Top 40 December 12 , 1992 -- February 19 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mockin ' Bird Hill '' by Roots Syndicate Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 13 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy French Singles Chart number - one single January 30 -- March 20 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Alison '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie German Singles Chart number - one single January 25 -- March 7 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men Irish Singles Chart number - one single December 3 , 1992 -- January 23 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` This Time '' by Christy Moore Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by Felix Italian Singles Chart number - one single December 5 -- 18 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie New Zealand Singles Chart number - one single December 18 , 1992 -- March 25 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` In the Still of the Nite ( I 'll Remember ) by Boyz II Men Preceded by `` Wheel of Fortune by Ace of Base Norwegian Singles Chart number - one single 53rd week , 1992 -- 8th week , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! '' by Jordy Spanish Singles Chart number - one single February 20 , 1993 Succeeded by `` I Feel You '' by Depeche Mode Preceded by `` House of Love '' by East 17 Swedish Singles Chart number - one single January 13 -- February 23 , 1993 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` Die da ! ? '' by Die Fantastischen Vier Swiss Singles Chart number - one single January 17 -- March 13 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Somebody Dance with Me by DJ BoBo Preceded by `` Would I Lie to You ? '' by Charles & Eddie UK Singles Chart number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 12 , 1993 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` No Limit '' by 2 Unlimited Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 28 , 1992 -- March 5 , 1993 ( 14 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` To Love Somebody '' by Michael Bolton US Adult Contemporary number - one single December 19 , 1992 -- January 16 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Whole New World '' by Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle Preceded by `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' by The Heights US Top 40 / Mainstream number - one single December 12 , 1992 -- February 6 , 1993 ( 9 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran Preceded by `` If I Ever Fall In Love '' by Shai US R&B Singles number - one single December 5 , 1992 -- February 13 , 1993 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hip Hop Hooray '' by Naughty by Nature <Th_colspan="2"> Dolly Parton <Td_colspan="2"> Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> The Bodyguard Soundtrack `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' `` Someday ( I 'm Coming Back ) '' Related Musical <Th_colspan="2"> Whitney Houston singles Whitney Houston `` Hold Me '' `` Thinking About You '' `` You Give Good Love '' `` All at Once '' `` Saving All My Love for You '' `` How Will I Know '' `` Greatest Love of All '' Whitney `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' `` So Emotional '' `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' `` Love Will Save the Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' I 'm Your Baby Tonight `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' `` All the Man That I Need '' `` Miracle '' `` My Name Is Not Susan '' `` I Belong to You '' `` We Did n't Know '' The Bodyguard `` I Will Always Love You '' `` I 'm Every Woman '' `` I Have Nothing '' `` Run to You '' `` Queen of the Night '' Waiting to Exhale `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' `` Count On Me '' `` Why Does It Hurt So Bad '' The Preacher 's Wife `` I Believe in You and Me '' `` Step by Step '' `` My Heart Is Calling '' My Love Is Your Love `` When You Believe '' `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' `` My Love Is Your Love '' `` I Learned from the Best '' Whitney : The Greatest Hits `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' `` If I Told You That '' `` Fine '' `` Same Script , Different Cast '' Just Whitney ... `` Whatchulookinat '' `` One of Those Days '' `` Try It on My Own '' `` Love That Man '' One Wish : The Holiday Album `` One Wish ( for Christmas ) '' I Look to You `` I Look to You '' `` Million Dollar Bill '' Sparkle `` Celebrate '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' I Will Always Love You : The Best of Whitney Houston `` I Look to You '' Other / featured / promotional singles `` One Moment in Time '' `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' `` The Star Spangled Banner '' `` Something in Common '' `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' `` Memories '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Vince Gill <Th_colspan="2"> UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1990s <Td_colspan="2"> `` Saviour 's Day '' ( Cliff Richard , 1990 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' / `` These Are the Days of Our Lives '' ( Queen , 1991 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston , 1992 ) `` Mr Blobby '' ( Mr Blobby , 1993 ) `` Stay Another Day '' ( East 17 , 1994 ) `` Earth Song '' ( Michael Jackson , 1995 ) `` 2 Become 1 '' ( Spice Girls , 1996 ) `` Too Much '' ( Spice Girls , 1997 ) `` Goodbye '' ( Spice Girls , 1998 ) `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' ( Westlife , 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) <Th_colspan="2"> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? 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1. Dolly Parton's original version of "I Will Always Love You" 2. Whitney Houston's cover version of "I Will Always Love You" 3. Success and chart performance of the song 4. Background and composition of the song 5. Controversy and rumors surrounding the song

who sang killing me softly with her song

Killing Me Softly with His song - wikipedia Killing Me Softly with His song Jump to : navigation , search `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' is a song composed by Charles Fox with lyrics by Norman Gimbel . The song was written in collaboration with Lori Lieberman , who recorded the song in late 1971 . In 1973 it became a number - one hit in the US and Canada for Roberta Flack , also reaching number six in the UK Singles Chart . The song has since been covered by numerous artists , including the version by the Fugees , which won the 1997 Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lori Lieberman version and disputed origins 2 Roberta Flack version 3 Cover versions 3.1 Chart performance 3.2 Weekly 3.3 All - time 4 Fugees version 4.1 Background 4.2 Composition 4.3 Critical reception 4.4 Music video 4.5 Bounty Killer remix 4.6 Track listing 4.6. 1 UK CD1 4.6. 2 UK CD2 4.7 Chart performance 5 Charts on which `` Killing Me Softly '' reached number one 6 References 7 External links Lori Lieberman version and disputed origins ( edit ) According to Lori Lieberman , who performed the original recording in 1971 , the song was born of a poem she wrote after experiencing a strong reaction to the Don McLean song ' Empty Chairs . ' She then related this information to Gimbel , who took her feelings and put them into words . Then Gimbel passed the words to Fox , who set them to music . According to Norman Gimbel , Gimbel was introduced to the Argentinean - born composer Lalo Schifrin ( then of Mission : Impossible fame ) and began writing songs to a number of Schifrin 's films . Both Gimbel and Schifrin made a suggestion to write a Broadway musical together , and Schifrin gave Gimbel an Argentinean novel -- Hopscotch by Julio Cortázar -- to read as a possible idea . The book was never made into a musical , but in chapter two , the narrator describes himself as sitting in a bar listening to an American pianist friend `` kill us softly with some blues '' . Gimbel put the phrase in his `` idea book '' for use at a future time with a parenthesis around the word `` blues '' and substituted the word `` song '' instead . Don McLean said he did n't know the song described him and , when asked about it , said `` I 'm absolutely amazed . I 've heard both Lori 's and Roberta 's version and I must say I 'm very humbled about the whole thing . You ca n't help but feel that way about a song written and performed as well as this one is . '' Nevertheless , Fox has repudiated Lieberman 's having input into the song 's creation , saying : `` We ( Gimbel and Fox ) wrote the song and ( Lieberman ) heard it and said it reminded her of how she felt at ( a Don McLean ) concert . Don McLean did n't inspire Norman or me to write the song but even Don McLean thinks he 's the inspiration for the song . '' Don McLean supported Lieberman both on his website and from the stage of a concert which he invited her to attend in 2010 . However , the matter only reached an unequivocal conclusion when contemporaneous articles from the early 1970s were exhumed , all of them vindicating Lieberman . In an April 5 , 1973 article in the Daily News , Norman Gimbel was quoted as follows : `` She ( Lori Lieberman ) told us about this strong experience she had listening to McLean ( ' I felt all flushed with fever / Embarrassed by the crowd / I felt he had found my letters / And read each one out loud / I prayed that he would finish / But he just kept right on ' ) . I had a notion this might make a good song so the three of us discussed it . We talked it over several times , just as we did for the rest of the numbers we wrote for this album and we all felt it had possibilities . '' Roberta Flack version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' <Td_colspan="2"> One of A-side labels of U.S. vinyl single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Roberta Flack <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Killing Me Softly B - side `` Just Like a Woman '' Released January 21 , 1973 Format 7 '' single Recorded November 17 , 1972 Genre Soul Length 4 : 46 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Charles Fox Norman Gimbel Producer ( s ) Joel Dorn <Th_colspan="2"> Roberta Flack singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' ( 1973 ) `` Jesse '' ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Where Is the Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' ( 1973 ) `` Jesse '' ( 1973 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative release <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> German vinyl single <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Killing Me Softly With His Song '' Roberta Flack 's `` Killing Me Softly With His Song '' from Killing Me Softly <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Lieberman was the first to record the song in late 1971 , releasing it in early 1972 . Helen Reddy has said she was sent the song , but `` the demo ... sat on my turntable for months without being played because I did n't like the title '' . Roberta Flack first heard the song on an airline , when the Lieberman original was featured on the in - flight audio program . After scanning the listing of available audio selections , Flack would recall : `` The title , of course , smacked me in the face . I immediately pulled out some scratch paper , made musical staves ( then ) play ( ed ) the song at least eight to ten times jotting down the melody that I heard . When I landed , I immediately called Quincy ( Jones ) at his house and asked him how to meet Charles Fox . Two days later I had the music . '' Shortly afterwards Flack rehearsed the song with her band in the Tuff Gong Studios in Kingston , Jamaica , but did not then record it . In September 1972 , Flack was opening for Marvin Gaye at the Greek Theater ; after performing her prepared encore song , Flack was advised by Gaye to sing an additional song . Flack later said , `` I said well , I got this song I 've been working on called ' Killing Me Softly ... ' and he said ' Do it , baby . ' And I did it and the audience went crazy , and he walked over to me and put his arm around me and said , ' Baby , do n't ever do that song again live until you record it . ' '' Released in January 1973 , Flack 's version spent a total of five non-consecutive weeks at # 1 in February and March , more weeks than any other record in 1973 , being bumped to number 2 by the O'Jays ' `` Love Train '' after four straight weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 3 song for 1973 . Charles Fox suggested that Flack 's version was more successful than Lieberman 's because Flack 's `` version was faster and she gave it a strong backbeat that was n't in the original '' . According to Flack : `` My classical background made it possible for me to try a number of things with ( the song 's arrangement ) . I changed parts of the chord structure and chose to end on a major chord . ( The song ) was n't written that way . '' Flack plays electric piano on the track . The bass is played by Ron Carter , the guitar by Hugh McCracken and the drums by Ray Lucas . The single appeared as the opening track of the album of the same name , issued in August 1973 . Flack won the 1973 Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female , for the single , with Gimbel and Fox earning the Song of the Year Grammy . In 1996 a house remix of Flack 's version went to number one on the US dance chart . In 1999 Flack 's version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . It ranked number 360 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and number 82 on Billboard 's greatest songs of all time . Cover versions ( edit ) Contralto pop singer Vicki Lawrence covered this song on her 1973 debut album , `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( Vicki Lawrence album ) '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 32 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B Singles US Hot Adult Contemporary Singles All - time ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 92 Preceded by `` Crocodile Rock '' by Elton John Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 24 , 1973 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Love Train '' by The O'Jays Preceded by `` Love Train '' by The O'Jays Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 31 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' by Vicki Lawrence Fugees version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Killing Me Softly '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Fugees <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Score Released May 31 , 1996 Format CD single Recorded 1995 Genre R&B , hip hop soul Length 4 : 58 ( album version ) 4 : 16 ( radio edit ) 4 : 00 ( radio edit : without intro ) Label Ruffhouse Songwriter ( s ) Charles Fox Norman Gimbel Producer ( s ) The Fugees <Th_colspan="2"> Fugees singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Fu - Gee - La '' ( 1996 ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( 1996 ) `` Ready or Not '' ( 1996 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Fu - Gee - La '' ( 1996 ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( 1996 ) `` Ready or Not '' ( 1996 ) `` Killing Me Softly '' The Fugees ' `` Killing Me Softly '' from The Score <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Hip hop group Fugees covered the song ( as simply `` Killing Me Softly '' ) on their 1996 album The Score , with Lauryn Hill singing the lead vocals . Their version became a hit , reaching number two on the U.S. airplay chart . The song topped the charts in the United Kingdom , where it became the country 's biggest - selling single of 1996 . It has since sold 1.36 million copies in Britain . The Fugees recording won the 1997 Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and their video earned the MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video . This version sampled the 1990 song `` Bonita Applebum '' by A Tribe Called Quest ( ATCQ ) from their debut album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm . ATCQ themselves had sampled the riff from the song `` Memory Band '' from psychedelic soul band Rotary Connection 's 1967 eponymous debut album . The Fugees single was so successful that the track was `` deleted '' and thus no longer supplied to retailers whilst the track was still in the top 20 so that attention could be drawn to the next single , `` Ready or Not '' . Propelled by the success of the Fugees track , the 1972 recording by Roberta Flack was remixed in 1996 with the vocalist adding some new vocal flourishes : this version topped the Hot Dance Club Play chart . Flack and the Fugees have performed the song together since then . In 2008 , `` Killing Me Softly '' was ranked number 25 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop and # 44 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s '' . Background ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly '' was the last song the Fugees recorded for The Score , after member Pras Michael made the suggestion to cover it . They wanted to `` see how we can create break beats . And of course , we all love A Tribe Called Quest and we went in like ' Okay , let 's cut that sample ' . '' They then added a bass reggae drop . Initially , the Fugees wanted to change the lyrics of the song to make it anti-drugs and anti-poverty but the songwriters , Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox , refused . Composition ( edit ) The Fugees ' version features `` percussive rhythms '' with `` a synth sitar sound , Wyclef 's blurted chants , Hill 's vocal melisma on the scatted bridage , and a bombastic drum - loop track '' . Critical reception ( edit ) In January 1997 , Spin called the song `` an instant classic , pumped out of every passing car from coast to coast , with Lauryn Hill 's timeless voice never losing its poignant kick '' . Celebrating the album 's 20th anniversary in February 2016 , Billboard reviewed the song , saying : `` It 's a lovely cover that maintains the spirit of the original while taking the material in new directions . '' Music Video ( edit ) The video , directed by Aswad Ayinde and based on Lauryn Hill 's ideas , never came out commercially in America . It features Roberta Flack . Bounty Killer remix ( edit ) The Fugees recorded a dancehall version with Bounty Killer rapping and Hill singing a rewritten chorus . However , they did not receive permission to release it on The Score . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD1 ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( Album Version W / Out Intro ) -- 4 : 03 `` Killing Me Softly '' ( Album Instrumental ) -- 4 : 03 `` Cowboys '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 35 `` Nappy Heads '' ( Remix ) -- 3 : 49 UK CD2 ( edit ) `` Killing Me Softly '' ( Album Version With Intro ) -- 4 : 16 `` Fu - Gee - La '' ( Refugee Camp Global Mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` Vocab '' ( Refugees Hip Hop Mix ) -- 4 : 07 `` Vocab '' ( Salaam 's Acoustic Remix ) -- 5 : 54 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) 6 Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 30 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 48 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts Chart ( 1996 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 43 Preceded by `` Three Lions '' by Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds UK Singles Chart Number 1 single June 2 , 1996 -- June 30 , 1996 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Three Lions '' by Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds Preceded by `` Three Lions '' by Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds UK Singles Chart Number 1 single July 7 , 1996 -- July 13 , 1996 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Forever Love '' by Gary Barlow Charts on which `` Killing Me Softly '' reached number one ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one singles in 1973 ( New Zealand ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1990s List of number - one hits of 1996 ( Austria ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1996 List of European number - one hits of 1996 List of number - one hits of 1996 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1996 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles in 1996 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles from the 1990s ( UK ) List of number - one dance singles of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 1996 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 1990s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9McU5zPEjs Jump up ^ `` The `` Killing Me Softly '' Story `` . Don-mclean.com . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lori Lieberman - Killing Me Softly ( The Story Behind ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Billboard Magazine , June 22 , 1974 . p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Davis , Sheila ( 1984 ) . The Craft of Lyric Writing . Writers Digest Books . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 89879 - 149 - 9 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Cortázar , Julio ( 1966 ) . Hopscotch . Pantheon Books . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 75284 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Killing Me Softly '' Story `` . Don-mclean.com. 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Daeida February 2012 . p. 11 Jump up ^ O'Haire , Patricia `` A Killer of a Song , '' Daily News Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Helen . The Woman I Am. Penguin Group , New York , NY . ISBN 1 - 58542 - 489 - 7 . p. 158 Jump up ^ Fox , Charles . Killing Me Softly : My Life In Music . Scarecrow Press , Lanham , MD . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6991 - 2 . ( 2010 ) p . X Jump up ^ `` Roberta Flack Recalls Debuting `` Killing Me Softly '' At The Greek Theatre With Marvin Gaye `` . 94.7 The WAVE -- Smooth R&B. 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1973 Jump up ^ Cresswell , Toby. 1001 Songs . Hardie Grant Books , Pahran , Aus . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74066 - 458 - 5 . ( 2005 ) p. 388 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame '' . GRAMMY.org . Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 29 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Roberta Flack -- Killing Me Softly with His Song '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Roberta Flack Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Roberta Flack search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Roberta Flack -- Killing Me Softly with His Song '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Roberta Flack -- Killing Me Softly with His Song '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Killing Me Softly With His Song '' . Official UK Charts Co . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Purple Rain > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles at AllMusic . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music - Band of the Year '' . Spin . Camouflage Associates : 54 . January 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Various Mojo Magazine ( November 1 , 2007 ) . The Mojo Collection : 4th Edition . Canongate Books . p. 626 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Producer Jerry Wonder Talks About The 16th Anniversary of `` The Score '' `` . Complex . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Inside Fugees ' The Score , 20 Years Later , With Its Collaborators '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weisbard , Eric ( 2007 ) . Listen Again : A Momentary History of Pop Music . Duke University Press . p. 194 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music - Band of the Year '' . Spin : 54 . January 1997 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fugees ' ' The Score ' at 20 : Classic Track - by - Track Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tardio , Andres ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Fugees ' `` Killing Me Softly '' Video Director Sentenced To 50 Years In Prison For Sexual Assault `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Brian ( March 12 , 2009 ) . Check the Technique : Liner Notes for Hip - Hop Junkies . New York : Random House Publishing Group . p. 218 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Charles ( 2010 ) . Killing Me Softly : My Life in Music . Scarecrow Press . p. x . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fugees : Killing Me Softly '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly ( With His Song ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Fugees Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Fugees search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly ( With His Song ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fugees -- Killing Me Softly '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Fugees : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Fugees Chart History ( Radio Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1996 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Music video at MTV.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Roberta Flack Studio albums First Take ( 1969 ) Chapter Two ( 1970 ) Quiet Fire ( 1971 ) Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway ( 1972 ) Killing Me Softly ( 1973 ) Feel Like Makin ' Love ( 1975 ) Blue Lights in the Basement ( 1977 ) Roberta Flack ( 1978 ) Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway ( 1980 ) I 'm the One ( 1982 ) Born to Love ( 1983 ) Oasis ( 1988 ) Set the Night to Music ( 1991 ) Roberta ( 1994 ) The Christmas Album ( 1997 ) Holiday ( 2003 ) Live albums Live & More ( 1980 ) At Her Best -- Live ( 2008 ) Soundtrack albums Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) Compilation albums The Best of Roberta Flack ( 1981 ) Greatest Hits ( 1984 ) Softly with These Songs : The Best of Roberta Flack ( 1993 ) The Very Best of Roberta Flack ( 2006 ) Singles `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Where Is the Love '' `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' `` Feel Like Makin ' Love ( Roberta Flack song ) '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` If Ever I See You Again '' `` Making Love '' `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' `` Oasis '' `` Uh - Uh Ooh - Ooh Look Out ( Here It Comes ) '' Related articles Discography Donny Hathaway <Th_colspan="2"> Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1970s ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) produced by Bones Howe ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) produced by Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon & Roy Halee ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King produced by Lou Adler ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John produced by John Farrar ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) produced by Daryl Dragon ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson produced by Tommy LiPuma ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) produced by Bill Szymczyk ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel produced by Phil Ramone ( 1979 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1970s ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1970 Joe South - `` Games People Play '' 1971 Paul Simon - `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' 1972 Carole King - `` You 've Got a Friend '' 1973 Ewan MacColl - `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox - `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch - `` The Way We Were '' 1976 Stephen Sondheim - `` Send in the Clowns '' 1977 Bruce Johnston - `` I Write the Songs '' 1978 Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams - `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' and Joe Brooks - `` You Light Up My Life '' 1979 Billy Joel - `` Just the Way You Are '' <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_Me_Softly_with_His_Song&oldid=812242830 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1973 singles 1996 singles Soul ballads Pop ballads Fugees songs Songs with lyrics by Norman Gimbel Songs with music by Charles Fox ( composer ) Roberta Flack songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Torch songs Songs about music Atlantic Records singles Ruffhouse Records singles Hip hop soul songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 20 : 59 . 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1. "Killing Me Softly with His Song" - song composition and history 2. Lori Lieberman version and disputed origins 3. Roberta Flack version - success and accolades 4. Fugees version - cover and chart-topping success 5. Cover versions and chart performance

where does the dna molecule separate during replication

DNA replication - wikipedia DNA replication Jump to : navigation , search DNA replication : The double helix is un'zipped ' and unwound , then each separated strand ( turquoise ) acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand ( green ) . Nucleotides ( bases ) are matched to synthesize the new partner strands into two new double helices . In molecular biology , DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule . This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance . The cell possesses the distinctive property of division , which makes replication of DNA essential . DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands . During replication , these strands are separated . Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart , a process referred to as semiconservative replication . Cellular proofreading and error - checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication . In a cell , DNA replication begins at specific locations , or origins of replication , in the genome . Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands , accommodated by an enzyme known as ligase , results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin . A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis . Most prominently , DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each ( template ) strand . DNA replication occurs during the S - stage of interphase . DNA replication can also be performed in vitro ( artificially , outside a cell ) . DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule . The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , a common laboratory technique , cyclically applies such artificial synthesis to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 DNA structure 2 DNA polymerase 3 Replication process 3.1 Initiation 3.2 Elongation 3.3 Replication fork 3.3. 1 Leading strand 3.3. 2 Lagging strand 3.3. 3 Dynamics at the replication fork 3.4 DNA replication proteins 3.5 Replication machinery 3.6 Termination 4 Regulation 4.1 Eukaryotes 4.1. 1 Replication focus 4.2 Bacteria 5 Polymerase chain reaction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References DNA structure ( edit ) DNA exists as a double - stranded structure , with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic double - helix . Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides . Nucleotides in DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar , a phosphate , and a nucleobase . The four types of nucleotide correspond to the four nucleobases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine , commonly abbreviated as A , C , G and T. Adenine and guanine are purine bases , while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines . These nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds , creating the phosphate - deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nucleobases pointing inward ( i.e. , toward the opposing strand ) . Nucleobases are matched between strands through hydrogen bonds to form base pairs . Adenine pairs with thymine ( two hydrogen bonds ) , and guanine pairs with cytosine ( three hydrogen bonds ) . DNA strands have a directionality , and the different ends of a single strand are called the `` 3 ' ( three - prime ) end '' and the `` 5 ' ( five - prime ) end '' . By convention , if the base sequence of a single strand of DNA is given , the left end of the sequence is the 5 ' end , while the right end of the sequence is the 3 ' end . The strands of the double helix are anti-parallel with one being 5 ' to 3 ' , and the opposite strand 3 ' to 5 ' . These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches . Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis , because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a DNA strand . The pairing of complementary bases in DNA ( through hydrogen bonding ) means that the information contained within each strand is useless . phosphoodiester ( intra-strand ) bonds are stronger than hydrogen ( inter-strand ) bonds . This allows the strands to be separated from one another . The nucleotides on a single strand can therefore be used to reconstruct nucleotides on a newly synthesized partner strand . DNA polymerase ( edit ) Main article : DNA polymerase DNA polymerases adds nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a strand of DNA . If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated , the polymerase is inhibited from further extension . Proofreading removes the mismatched nucleotide and extension continues . DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication . DNA polymerases in general can not initiate synthesis of new strands , but can only extend an existing DNA or RNA strand paired with a template strand . To begin synthesis , a short fragment of RNA , called a primer , must be created and paired with the template DNA strand . DNA polymerase adds a new strand of DNA by extending the 3 ' end of an existing nucleotide chain , adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds . The energy for this process of DNA polymerization comes from hydrolysis of the high - energy phosphate ( phosphoanhydride ) bonds between the three phosphates attached to each unincorporated base . Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called nucleotides ; in particular , bases with three attached phosphate groups are called nucleoside triphosphates . When a nucleotide is being added to a growing DNA strand , the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the proximal phosphate of the nucleotide to the growing chain is accompanied by hydrolysis of a high - energy phosphate bond with release of the two distal phosphates as a pyrophosphate . Enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate consumes a second high - energy phosphate bond and renders the reaction effectively irreversible . In general , DNA polymerases are highly accurate , with an intrinsic error rate of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . In addition , some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability ; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a growing strand in order to correct mismatched bases . Finally , post-replication mismatch repair mechanisms monitor the DNA for errors , being capable of distinguishing mismatches in the newly synthesized DNA strand from the original strand sequence . Together , these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . The rate of DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage - infected E. coli . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate was 749 nucleotides per second . The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 10 . Replication process ( edit ) Main articles : Prokaryotic DNA replication and Eukaryotic DNA replication DNA replication , like all biological polymerization processes , proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps : initiation , elongation and termination . Initiation ( edit ) Role of initiators for initiation of DNA replication . Formation of pre-replication complex . For a cell to divide , it must first replicate its DNA . This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA , known as `` origins '' , which are targeted by initiator proteins . In E. coli this protein is DnaA ; in yeast , this is the origin recognition complex . Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be `` AT - rich '' ( rich in adenine and thymine bases ) , because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds ( rather than the three formed in a C-G pair ) and thus are easier to strand - separate . Once the origin has been located , these initiators recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex , which unwinds the double - stranded DNA . Elongation ( edit ) DNA polymerase has 5 ′ -- 3 ′ activity . All known DNA replication systems require a free 3 ' hydroxyl group before synthesis can be initiated ( note : the DNA template is read in 3 ′ to 5 ′ direction whereas a new strand is synthesized in the 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction -- this is often confused ) . Four distinct mechanisms for DNA synthesis are recognized : All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses , phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3 ′ OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase . The retroelements ( including retroviruses ) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3 ′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase . In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages , the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand . In the single stranded DNA viruses -- a group that includes the circoviruses , the geminiviruses , the parvoviruses and others -- and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication ( RCR ) mechanism , the RCR endonuclease creates a nick in the genome strand ( single stranded viruses ) or one of the DNA strands ( plasmids ) . The 5 ′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a tyrosine residue on the nuclease and the free 3 ′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new strand . The first is the best known of these mechanisms and is used by the cellular organisms . In this mechanism , once the two strands are separated , primase adds RNA primers to the template strands . The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several . The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity , while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments . RNase removes the primer RNA fragments , and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps . When this is complete , a single nick on the leading strand and several nicks on the lagging strand can be found . Ligase works to fill these nicks in , thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule . The primase used in this process differs significantly between bacteria and archaea / eukaryotes . Bacteria use a primase belonging to the DnaG protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type . The TOPRIM fold contains an α / β core with four conserved strands in a Rossmann - like topology . This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia , topoisomerase II , the OLD - family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein . The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes , in contrast , contains a highly derived version of the RNA recognition motif ( RRM ) . This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA - dependent RNA polymerases , reverse transcriptases , cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A / B / Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair . In eukaryotic replication , the primase forms a complex with Pol α . Multiple DNA polymerases take on different roles in the DNA replication process . In E. coli , DNA Pol III is the polymerase enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication . It assembles into a replication complex at the replication fork that exhibits extremely high processivity , remaining intact for the entire replication cycle . In contrast , DNA Pol I is the enzyme responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA . DNA Pol I has a 5 ′ to 3 ′ exonuclease activity in addition to its polymerase activity , and uses its exonuclease activity to degrade the RNA primers ahead of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it , in a process called nick translation . Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions . In eukaryotes , the low - processivity enzyme , Pol α , helps to initiate replication because it forms a complex with primase . In eukaryotes , leading strand synthesis is thought to be conducted by Pol ε ; however , this view has recently been challenged , suggesting a role for Pol δ . Primer removal is completed Pol δ while repair of DNA during replication is completed by Pol ε . As DNA synthesis continues , the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble , forming a replication fork with two prongs . In bacteria , which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome , this process creates a `` theta structure '' ( resembling the Greek letter theta : θ ) . In contrast , eukaryotes have longer linear chromosomes and initiate replication at multiple origins within these . Replication fork ( edit ) Scheme of the replication fork . a : template , b : leading strand , c : lagging strand , d : replication fork , e : primer , f : Okazaki fragments Many enzymes are involved in the DNA replication fork . The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication . It is created by helicases , which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together . The resulting structure has two branching `` prongs '' , each one made up of a single strand of DNA . These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands , which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates ; the templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template . DNA is always synthesized in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction . Since the leading and lagging strand templates are oriented in opposite directions at the replication fork , a major issue is how to achieve synthesis of nascent ( new ) lagging strand DNA , whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Leading strand ( edit ) The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is being synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork . A polymerase `` reads '' the leading strand template and adds complementary nucleotides to the nascent leading strand on a continuous basis . Lagging strand ( edit ) The lagging strand is the strand of nascent DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Because of its orientation , replication of the lagging strand is more complicated as compared to that of the leading strand . As a consequence , the DNA polymerase on this strand is seen to `` lag behind '' the other strand . The lagging strand is synthesized in short , separated segments . On the lagging strand template , a primase `` reads '' the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short complementary RNA primer . A DNA polymerase extends the primed segments , forming Okazaki fragments . The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA , and the fragments of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase . Dynamics at the replication fork ( edit ) The assembled human DNA clamp , a trimer of the protein PCNA . As helicase unwinds DNA at the replication fork , the DNA ahead is forced to rotate . This process results in a build - up of twists in the DNA ahead . This build - up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork . Topoisomerases are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA , relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix ; topoisomerases ( including DNA gyrase ) achieve this by adding negative supercoils to the DNA helix . Bare single - stranded DNA tends to fold back on itself forming secondary structures ; these structures can interfere with the movement of DNA polymerase . To prevent this , single - strand binding proteins bind to the DNA until a second strand is synthesized , preventing secondary structure formation . Clamp proteins form a sliding clamp around DNA , helping the DNA polymerase maintain contact with its template , thereby assisting with processivity . The inner face of the clamp enables DNA to be threaded through it . Once the polymerase reaches the end of the template or detects double - stranded DNA , the sliding clamp undergoes a conformational change that releases the DNA polymerase . Clamp - loading proteins are used to initially load the clamp , recognizing the junction between template and RNA primers . DNA replication proteins ( edit ) At the replication fork , many replication enzymes assemble on the DNA into a complex molecular machine called the replisome . The following is a list of major DNA replication enzymes that participate in the replisome : Enzyme Function in DNA replication DNA Helicase Also known as helix destabilizing enzyme . Helicase separates the two strands of DNA at the Replication Fork behind the topoisomerase . DNA Polymerase The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction during DNA replication . Also performs proof - reading and error correction . There exist many different types of DNA Polymerase , each of which perform different functions in different types of cells . DNA clamp A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand . Single - Strand Binding ( SSB ) Proteins Bind to ssDNA and prevent the DNA double helix from re-annealing after DNA helicase unwinds it , thus maintaining the strand separation , and facilitating the synthesis of the nascent strand . Topoisomerase Relaxes the DNA from its super-coiled nature . DNA Gyrase Relieves strain of unwinding by DNA helicase ; this is a specific type of topoisomerase DNA Ligase Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins Okazaki Fragments of the lagging strand . Primase Provides a starting point of RNA ( or DNA ) for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand . Telomerase Lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes . This allows germ cells and stem cells to avoid the Hayflick limit on cell division . Replication machinery ( edit ) Replication machineries consist of factors involved in DNA replication and appearing on template ssDNAs . Replication machineries include primosotors are replication enzymes ; DNA polymerase , DNA helicases , DNA clamps and DNA topoisomerases , and replication proteins ; e.g. single - stranded DNA binding proteins ( SSB ) . In the replication machineries these components coordinate . In most of the bacteria , all of the factors involved in DNA replication are located on replication forks and the complexes stay on the forks during DNA replication . These replication machineries are called replisomes or DNA replicase systems . These terms are generic terms for proteins located on replication forks . In eukaryotic and some bacterial cells the replisomes are not formed . Since replication machineries do not move relatively to template DNAs such as factories , they are called a replication factory . In an alternative figure , DNA factories are similar to projectors and DNAs are like as cinematic films passing constantly into the projectors . In the replication factory model , after both DNA helicases for leading strands and lagging strands are loaded on the template DNAs , the helicases run along the DNAs into each other . The helicases remain associated for the remainder of replication process . Peter Meister et al. observed directly replication sites in budding yeast by monitoring green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) - tagged DNA polymerases α . They detected DNA replication of pairs of the tagged loci spaced apart symmetrically from a replication origin and found that the distance between the pairs decreased markedly by time . This finding suggests that the mechanism of DNA replication goes with DNA factories . That is , couples of replication factories are loaded on replication origins and the factories associated with each other . Also , template DNAs move into the factories , which bring extrusion of the template ssDNAs and nascent DNAs . Meister 's finding is the first direct evidence of replication factory model . Subsequent research has shown that DNA helicases form dimers in many eukaryotic cells and bacterial replication machineries stay in single intranuclear location during DNA synthesis . The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids . The disentanglement is essential for distributing the chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication . Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by Cohesin rings , there is the only chance for the disentanglement in DNA replication . Fixing of replication machineries as replication factories can improve the success rate of DNA replication . If replication forks move freely in chromosomes , catenation of nuclei is aggravated and impedes mitotic segregation . Termination ( edit ) Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome , so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome . Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes , DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes . Due to this problem , DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome . Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening . Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells . This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome . As a result , cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division . ( This is known as the Hayflick limit . ) Within the germ cell line , which passes DNA to the next generation , telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation . Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells , sometimes leading to cancer formation . Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer . Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked . Termination at a specific locus , when it occurs , involves the interaction between two components : ( 1 ) a termination site sequence in the DNA , and ( 2 ) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication . In various bacterial species , this is named the DNA replication terminus site - binding protein , or Ter protein . Because bacteria have circular chromosomes , termination of replication occurs when the two replication forks meet each other on the opposite end of the parental chromosome . E. coli regulates this process through the use of termination sequences that , when bound by the Tus protein , enable only one direction of replication fork to pass through . As a result , the replication forks are constrained to always meet within the termination region of the chromosome . Regulation ( edit ) Main articles : Cell division and Cell cycle The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes ( edit ) Within eukaryotes , DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle . As the cell grows and divides , it progresses through stages in the cell cycle ; DNA replication takes place during the S phase ( synthesis phase ) . The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled by cell cycle checkpoints . Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins , including cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases . Unlike bacteria , eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus . The G1 / S checkpoint ( or restriction checkpoint ) regulates whether eukaryotic cells enter the process of DNA replication and subsequent division . Cells that do not proceed through this checkpoint remain in the G0 stage and do not replicate their DNA . Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle , through the process of D - loop replication . Replication focus ( edit ) In vertebrate cells , replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci . Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP - tagged replication factors . By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks . P. Heun et al. ( 2001 ) tracked GFP - tagged replication foci in budding yeast cells and revealed that replication origins move constantly in G1 and S phase and the dynamics decreased significantly in S phase . Traditionally , replication sites were fixed on spatial structure of chromosomes by nuclear matrix or lamins . The Heun 's results denied the traditional concepts , budding yeasts do n't have lamins , and support that replication origins self - assemble and form replication foci . By firing of replication origins , controlled spatially and temporally , the formation of replication foci is regulated . D.A. Jackson et al. ( 1998 ) revealed that neighboring origins fire simultaneously in mammalian cells . Spatial juxtaposition of replication sites brings clustering of replication forks . The clustering do rescue of stalled replication forks and favors normal progress of replication forks . Progress of replication forks is inhibited by many factors ; collision with proteins or with complexes binding strongly on DNA , deficiency of dNTPs , nicks on template DNAs and so on . If replication forks stall and the remaining sequences from the stalled forks are not replicated , the daughter strands have nick obtained un-replicated sites . The un-replicated sites on one parent 's strand hold the other strand together but not daughter strands . Therefore , the resulting sister chromatids can not separate from each other and can not divide into 2 daughter cells . When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled , fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites . As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins do n't fire in normal DNA replication . Bacteria ( edit ) Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication . Most bacteria do not go through a well - defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA ; during rapid growth , this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication . In E. coli , the best - characterized bacteria , DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms , including : the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence , the ratio of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) to adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the levels of protein DnaA . All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences . Because E. coli methylates GATC DNA sequences , DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences . This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein SeqA , which binds and sequesters the origin sequence ; in addition , DnaA ( required for initiation of replication ) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA . As a result , newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication . ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium , triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size . ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA , and the DnaA - ATP complex is able to initiate replication . A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication -- each time the origin is copied , the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles , requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication . See also : Plasmid , Plasmid copy number , and Plasmid partition system Polymerase chain reaction ( edit ) Main article : Polymerase chain reaction Researchers commonly replicate DNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) . PCR uses a pair of primers to span a target region in template DNA , and then polymerizes partner strands in each direction from these primers using a thermostable DNA polymerase . Repeating this process through multiple cycles amplifies the targeted DNA region . At the start of each cycle , the mixture of template and primers is heated , separating the newly synthesized molecule and template . Then , as the mixture cools , both of these become templates for annealing of new primers , and the polymerase extends from these . As a result , the number of copies of the target region doubles each round , increasing exponentially . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA replication . Wikiversity has learning resources about DNA # DNA_Replication Autopoiesis Data storage device Self - replication Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The energetics of this process may also help explain the directionality of synthesis -- if DNA were synthesized in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction , the energy for the process would come from the 5 ' end of the growing strand rather than from free nucleotides . The problem is that if the high energy triphosphates were on the growing strand and not on the free nucleotides , proof - reading by removing a mismatched terminal nucleotide would be problematic : Once a nucleotide is added , the triphosphate is lost and a single phosphate remains on the backbone between the new nucleotide and the rest of the strand . If the added nucleotide were mismatched , removal would result in a DNA strand terminated by a monophosphate at the end of the `` growing strand '' rather than a high energy triphosphate . So strand would be stuck and would n't be able to grow anymore . In actuality , the high energy triphosphates hydrolyzed at each step originate from the free nucleotides , not the polymerized strand , so this issue does not exist . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Imperfect DNA replication results in mutations . Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 : DNA Replication , Recombination , and Repair '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . `` 5DNA Replication , Repair , and Recombination '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 , Section 4 : DNA Replication of Both Strands Proceeds Rapidly from Specific Start Sites '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alberts , B. , et al. , Molecular Biology of the Cell , Garland Science , 4th ed. , 2002 , pp. 238 -- 240 ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 Jump up ^ Allison , Lizabeth A. Fundamental Molecular Biology . Blackwell Publishing . 2007 . p. 112 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0379 - 4 Jump up ^ Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . Chapter 27 , Section 2 : DNA Polymerases Require a Template and a Primer ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , Scott D ; Kunkel , Thomas A ( January 2008 ) . `` The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases '' . Cell Research . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 161 . doi : 10.1038 / cr. 2008.4 . PMC 3639319 . PMID 18166979 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , David ; Minner , Charles ; Bernstein , Harris ; Bernstein , Carol ( October 1976 ) . `` DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild - type phage T4 and a DNA - delay amber mutant '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 106 ( 4 ) : 963 -- 981 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 76 ) 90346 - 6 . PMID 789903 . Jump up ^ Drake JW ( 1970 ) The Molecular Basis of Mutation . Holden - Day , San Francisco ISBN 0816224501 ISBN 978 - 0816224500 Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Chapter 5 : DNA Replication Mechanisms Jump up ^ Weigel C , Schmidt A , Rückert B , Lurz R , Messer W ( November 1997 ) . `` DnaA protein binding to individual DnaA boxes in the Escherichia coli replication origin , oriC '' . The EMBO Journal . 16 ( 21 ) : 6574 -- 83 . doi : 10.1093 / emboj / 16.21. 6574 . PMC 1170261 . PMID 9351837 . Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky LS , Matsudaira P , Baltimore D , Darnell J ( 2000 ) . Molecular Cell Biology . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3136 - 3 . 12.1 . General Features of Chromosomal Replication : Three Common Features of Replication Origins Jump up ^ Aravind , L. ; Leipe , D.D. ; Koonin , E.V. ( 1998 ) . `` Toprim -- a conserved catalytic domain in type IA and II topoisomerases , DnaG - type primases , OLD family nucleases and RecR proteins '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 26 ( 18 ) : 4205 -- 4213 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 26.18. 4205 . PMC 147817 . PMID 9722641 . Jump up ^ Frick , David ; Richardson , Charles ( July 2001 ) . `` DNA Primases '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 70 : 39 -- 80 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 70.1. 39 . PMID 11395402 . Jump up ^ Barry , Elizabeth R. ; Bell , Stephen D. ( 8 December 2006 ) . `` DNA Replication in the Archaea '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 70 ( 4 ) : 876 -- 887 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 00029 - 06 . PMC 1698513 . PMID 17158702 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Bruce ( July 2015 ) . `` Reconsidering DNA Polymerases at the Replication Fork in Eukaryotes '' . Molecular Cell. 59 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 141 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2015.07. 004 . PMC 4636199 . PMID 26186286 . Jump up ^ Distinguishing the pathways of primer removal during Eukaryotic Okazaki fragment maturation Contributor Author Rossi , Marie Louise . Date Accessioned : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Available : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Issued : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Identifier Uri : http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6537 . Description : Dr. Robert A. Bambara , Faculty Advisor . Thesis ( PhD ) -- School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Rochester . UR only until January 2010 . UR only until January 2010 . Jump up ^ Huberman , Joel A. ; Riggs , Arthur D. ( March 1968 ) . `` On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 32 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 341 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 68 ) 90013 - 2 . PMID 5689363 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : DNA Topoisomerases Prevent DNA Tangling During Replication Jump up ^ Reece , Richard J. ; Maxwell , Anthony ; Wang , James C. ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` DNA Gyrase : Structure and Function '' . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 26 ( 3 - 4 ) : 335 -- 375 . doi : 10.3109 / 10409239109114072 . PMID 1657531 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : Special Proteins Help to Open Up the DNA Double Helix in Front of the Replication Fork Jump up ^ Griffiths A.J.F. ; Wessler S.R. ; Lewontin R.C. ; Carroll S.B. ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Genetic Analysis . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6887 - 9 . ( Chapter 7 : DNA : Structure and Replication . pg 283 -- 290 ) Jump up ^ `` Will the Hayflick limit keep us from living forever ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James D. Watson et al. ( 2008 ) , `` Molecular Biology of the gene '' , Pearson Education : 237 ^ Jump up to : Peter Meister , Angela Taddei1 , Susan M. Gasser ( June 2006 ) , `` In and out of the Replication Factory '' , Cell 125 ( 7 ) : 1233 -- 1235 Jump up ^ TA Brown ( 2002 ) . Genomes . BIOS Scientific Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85996 - 228 - 9 . 13.2. 3 . Termination of replication Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Intracellular Control of Cell - Cycle Events : S - Phase Cyclin - Cdk Complexes ( S - Cdks ) Initiate DNA Replication Once Per Cycle Jump up ^ Brown , TA ( 2002 ) . `` 13 '' . Genomes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Wiley - Liss . Jump up ^ Tobiason DM , Seifert HS ( 2006 ) . `` The Obligate Human Pathogen , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Is Polyploid '' . PLoS Biology . 4 ( 6 ) : e185 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040185 . PMC 1470461 . PMID 16719561 . Jump up ^ Slater , Steven ; Wold , Sture ; Lu , Min ; Boye , Erik ; Skarstad , Kirsten ; Kleckner , Nancy ( September 1995 ) . `` E. coli SeqA protein binds oriC in two different methyl - modulated reactions appropriate to its roles in DNA replication initiation and origin sequestration '' . Cell. 82 ( 6 ) : 927 -- 936 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 95 ) 90272 - 4 . PMID 7553853 . Jump up ^ Saiki , Randall ; Gelfand , David H. ; Stoffel , Susanne ; Scharf , Stephen J. ; Higuchi , Russell ; Horn , Glenn T. ; Mullis , Kary B. ; Erlich , Henry A. ( 29 January 1988 ) . `` Primer - directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase '' . Science . 239 ( 4839 ) : 487 -- 491 . Bibcode : 1988Sci ... 239 ... 487S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2448875 . PMID 2448875 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) DNA replication ( comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic ) Initiation Prokaryotic ( initiation ) Pre-replication complex dnaC Cdc6 Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG Eukaryotic ( preparation in G1 phase ) Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single - strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase : HFM1 Primase : PRIM1 PRIM2 Both Origin of replication / Ori / Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer Replication Prokaryotic ( elongation ) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase : DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment Eukaryotic ( synthesis in S phase ) Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase : alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication Both Movement : Processivity DNA ligase Termination Telomere : Telomerase TERT TERC DKC1 Molecular and cellular biology portal GND : 4153174 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_replication&oldid=832283210 '' Categories : DNA replication Senescence Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 00 : 31 . 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1. DNA replication process 2. DNA polymerase and its function 3. Leading and lagging strands in DNA replication 4. Replication fork and its dynamics 5. Replication machinery and enzymes involved

what is the distance the earth travels around the sun

Earth 's orbit - wikipedia Earth 's orbit Jump to : navigation , search The Earth at different points in its orbit Earth 's orbit is the trajectory along which Earth travels around the Sun . The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km ( 92.96 million mi ) , and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days ( 1 sidereal year ) , during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km ( 584 million mi ) . Earth 's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167 . As seen from Earth , the planet 's orbital prograde motion makes the Sun appear to move with respect to other stars at a rate of about 1 ° ( or a Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours ) eastward per solar day . Earth 's orbital speed averages about 30 km / s ( 108,000 km / h ; 67,000 mph ) , which is fast enough to cover the planet 's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours . From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth , Earth would appear to revolve in a counter clockwise direction around the Sun . From the same vantage point , both the Earth and the Sun would appear to rotate also in a counterclockwise direction about their respective axes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of study 2 Influence on Earth 3 Events in the orbit 4 Future 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of study ( edit ) Main article : Heliocentrism Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism ( lower panel ) in comparison to the geocentric model ( upper panel ) Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets , including Earth , in its orbit . Historically , heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC . In the 16th century , Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century . This `` Copernican revolution '' resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent . `` Although Copernicus 's groundbreaking book ... had been ( printed ) over a century earlier , ( the Dutch mapmaker ) Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world . '' Influence on Earth ( edit ) Main article : Season Because of Earth 's axial tilt ( often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic ) , the inclination of the Sun 's trajectory in the sky ( as seen by an observer on Earth 's surface ) varies over the course of the year . For an observer at a northern latitude , when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky . This results in warmer average temperatures , as additional solar radiation reaches the surface . When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun , the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler . Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle , an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year . This is called a polar night . This variation in the weather ( because of the direction of the Earth 's axial tilt ) results in the seasons . Events in the orbit ( edit ) By astronomical convention , the four seasons are determined by the solstices -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth 's axis , towards the Sun or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes -- the two points in the Earth 's orbit where the Earth 's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another . The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts . In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21 ; summer solstice is near June 21 ; spring equinox is around March 20 ; and autumnal equinox is about September 23 . The effect of the Earth 's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere , thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere ( e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice ) . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around January 3 , and the aphelion around July 4 ( for other eras , see precession and Milankovitch cycles ) . The changing Earth -- Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9 % in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . However , this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere . The Hill sphere ( gravitational sphere of influence ) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers ( 0.01 AU ) in radius , or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon . This is the maximal distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius , otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Orbital characteristics epoch J2000. 0 aphelion 152.10 × 10 ^ km ( 94.51 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.0167 AU perihelion 147.10 × 10 ^ km ( 91.40 × 10 ^ mi ) 0.98329 AU semimajor axis 149.60 × 10 ^ km ( 92.96 × 10 ^ mi ) 1.000001018 AU eccentricity 0.0167086 inclination 7.155 ° to Sun 's equator 1.578690 ° to invariable plane longitude of the ascending node 174.9 ° longitude of perihelion 102.9 ° argument of periapsis 288.1 ° period 365.256 363 004 days average speed 29.78 km / s ( 18.50 mi / s ) 107,200 km / h ( 66,600 mph ) The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth 's elliptical orbit . The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images , which are sequentially the perihelion ( periapsis -- nearest point to the Sun ) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5 , the point of March equinox on March 19 , 20 , or 21 , the point of June solstice on June 20 , 21 , or 22 , the aphelion ( apoapsis -- farthest point from the Sun ) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5 , the September equinox on September 22 , 23 , or 24 , and the December solstice on December 21 , 22 , or 23 . The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth 's orbit ; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured . Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit , the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice ( at the Tropic of Cancer ) , and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice ( at the Tropic of Capricorn ) . Future ( edit ) Main article : Stability of the Solar System Mathematicians and astronomers ( such as Laplace , Lagrange , Gauss , Poincaré , Kolmogorov , Vladimir Arnold , and Jürgen Moser ) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions , and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive `` proofs '' of stability for the Solar System . By most predictions , Earth 's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods . In 1989 , Jacques Laskar 's work indicated that the Earth 's orbit ( as well as the orbits of all the inner planets ) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years ' time . Modeling the Solar System is subject to the n - body problem . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Astronomical unit Barycenter Earth 's axial tilt Earth 's rotation Geocentric orbit -- the orbit of any object orbiting the Earth , such as the Moon or an artificial satellite Satellite Space station Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Our planet takes about 365 days to orbit the Sun . A full orbit has 360 ° . That fact demonstrates that each day , the Earth travels roughly 1 ° in its orbit . Thus , the Sun will appear to move eastward across the sky relative to the stars by that same amount . Jump up ^ For the Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 / 3 , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) , ) where m is the mass of the Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 946 ) 1 / 3 ≈ 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332 \ , 946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) \ approx 0.01 ) . Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . Jump up ^ The reference lists the longitude of perihelion , which is the sum of the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of perihelion . Subtracting from that ( 102.937 ° ) the node longitude of 174.873 ° gives − 71.936 ° . Adding 360 ° gives 288.064 ° . That addition does not change the angle but expresses it in the usual 0 -- 360 ° range for longitudes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sun : Facts & Figures '' . Solar System Exploration . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms 2nd ed , ISBN 0 - 943396 - 61 - 1 ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) 238 . See Ellipse # Circumference . The formula by Ramanujan is accurate enough . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . Johannes Petreius. 1543 . Jump up ^ Jerry Brotton , A History of the World in Twelve Maps , London : Allen Lane , 2012 , ISBN 9781846140990 p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` What causes the seasons ? ( NASA ) '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Date & Time of Solstices & Equinoxes '' . August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . See `` Orbital characteristics '' table . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % of the radiation at aphelion . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack ( 2005 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Earth 's tilt creates seasons '' . USAToday . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vázquez , M. ; Montañés Rodríguez , P. ; Palle , E. ( 2006 ) . `` The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets '' ( PDF ) . Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ Allen , Clabon Walter ; Cox , Arthur N. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ The figure appears in multiple references , and is derived from the VSOP87 elements from section 5.8. 3 , p. 675 of the following : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 683 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer , Tropic of Capricorn , Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle ? '' . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laskar , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Solar System : Stability '' . In Murdin , Paul . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astropvhysics . Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing . article 2198 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ( 2004 ) . Deep simplicity : bringing order to chaos and complexity ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6256 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Earth - Venus smash - up possible '' . June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved Jan 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Earth 's orbit at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements <Td_colspan="2"> List of orbits Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_orbit&oldid=808579139 '' Categories : Earth Dynamics of the Solar System Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 19 : 01 . 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1. Earth's orbit around the Sun 2. Axial tilt and its influence on seasons 3. Solstices and equinoxes 4. Stability of the Solar System 5. Orbital characteristics and parameters

what channels is formula 1 on in 2018

List of Formula One broadcasters - wikipedia List of Formula One broadcasters Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Formula One Current season ( show ) 2018 Formula One World Championship Related articles ( show ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( hide ) Drivers ( GP winners Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( show ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association This is a List of Formula One broadcasters and ' World Feed ' producers . Formula One , the highest level of circuit racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile , motor sport 's world governing body , can be seen live or tape delayed on television in almost every country and territory around the world . It attracts one of the largest global TV audiences after the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games , with a total global audience of about 352 million people for the 2017 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Broadcasters 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 United States 2.3 2018 TV broadcasters 2.4 Radio broadcasters 2.5 Official internet broadcasters 3 World Feed producers 3.1 Current producers 3.2 Former producers ( 1950 -- 2018 ) 4 Commentators 4.1 Austria 4.2 Brazil 4.3 Bulgaria 4.4 China 4.5 Croatia 4.6 Finland 4.7 Greece 4.8 Hungary 4.9 Italy 4.10 Portugal 4.11 Spain 4.12 Spanish - speaking Latin America 4.13 United Kingdom and Ireland 4.14 United States 5 References Overview ( edit ) TV broadcasters all take what is known as the ' World Feed ' , which since 2007 has been produced by FOM ( Formula One Management ) , for almost every round of the World Championship . Every race is produced in 16 : 9 widescreen . Previously , a ' host broadcaster ' from each nation produced the World Feed for their home race , for example TF1 for the French Grand Prix . This led to a two - tier system which was unpopular with viewers due to local broadcasters focusing heavily on local teams and drivers , whilst missing key moments . For the 2018 season , the World Feed is produced by FOM for every race apart from the Monaco Grand Prix , which is produced by Télé Monte Carlo . Alongside the main World Feed , FOM also produce a Pit - lane channel , showing shots from the pitlane and alternative camera angles , along with detailed weather and tyre information , and extra team radio . FOM also produce onboard channels , showing live video from cameras installed on the drivers ' cars . The channels switch between different cars throughout the session . FOM also make available a `` Driver tracker '' channel , showing live positions of all the cars on the track during a session , as well as a timing screen showing live lap - times and circuit sector information . Currently , broadcasters offering coverage of these FOM - produced extra channels include Sky Sports F1 ( UK ) , Fox Sports Australia , Sky Sport F1 ( Italy ) , Movistar F1 ( Spain ) and Play Sports ( Belgium ) . Out of the 9 on board channels , Fox Sports Australia only shows the Master onboard channel to its viewers , whereas Sky Sports F1 makes all the on board channels available . The Pit lane , Driver Tracker and Live Timing channels are available to Sky viewers in the United Kingdom . For the 2011 season , FOM released a high definition feed to broadcasters for the first time , and for 2012 , the footage was filmed with 5.1 channel Dolby Digital surround sound audio . From 2017 , footage began being broadcast in 4K ultra-high definition by Sky Sports F1 in the UK . In 2018 , FOM launched an over-the - top streaming platform known as F1 TV , providing live commercial - free coverage of all races including access to all on - board cameras . The service launched initially in Germany , France , the United States , Mexico , Belgium , Austria , Hungary and parts of Latin America . Broadcasters ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) In 2011 , Sky Sports signed a 7 - year deal with the BBC to show live Formula One on Sky in the United Kingdom for the first time . The deal which ran between 2012 and 2015 saw Sky Sports show live coverage of every session of the season on their own F1 dedicated channel , Sky Sports F1 . Sky Sports F1 show all races and qualifying sessions live without the interruption of adverts . In 2016 , Sky extended their contract to 2024 , and will be the exclusive live rights holders in the UK and Ireland from 2019 ; the British Grand Prix and highlights of all other races will be shown free - to - air . At the same time it was announced that Sky will broadcast all events in ultra-high - definition ( UHD ) from 2017 . The BBC continued to broadcast live coverage of half the races and all 20 races had `` extended highlights '' . In 2012 , they broadcast live coverage from China , Spain , Monaco , Europe ( Valencia ) , Britain , Belgium , Singapore , Korea , Abu Dhabi and Brazil . They also showed live coverage of practice and qualifying sessions from those races . The deal set that the British Grand Prix and the final race had to be shown live on the BBC . For each Grand Prix ( even if live ) the BBC showed `` extended highlights '' of the race just a few hours after it had been broadcast . Late afternoon for early hours races and / or early evening . Late evening races were shown on the day and repeated on Monday evening . The BBC Radio 5 Live coverage was unaffected . BBC ended their television contract after the 2015 season , transferring their rights to Channel 4 until the end of the 2018 season . Sky Sports F1 remained unaffected and BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra 's coverage was extended until 2021 . Like the BBC , Channel 4 always show the British Grand Prix and the final race live . Channel 4 's live broadcasts for 2016 were Bahrain , Spain , Europe , Britain , Hungary , Belgium , Italy , Malaysia , Mexico and Abu Dhabi . Non-live races have `` extended highlights '' of the race shown a few hours after it has taken place . Highlights of races held early morning are broadcast mid-afternoon , with afternoon races shown early evening and late evening races shown later in the evening . Sky Sports F1 will broadcast every 2017 race in 4K Ultra-HD , exclusively for Sky Q Ultra-HD Silver customers . United States ( edit ) On 14 October 2012 , NBC Sports reached a 4 - year deal to broadcast Formula One races in the United States , replacing Speed and Fox Sports -- who have been long - time F1 broadcast partners . The majority of its coverage ( including most races , and all practice / qualifying sessions ) was broadcast by the pay channel NBCSN ( with CNBC as an overflow channel ) , while 4 races were aired by the free - to - air NBC network per - season . The network also streamed additional camera feeds through its digital platforms . NBC 's broadcast team consisted of David Hobbs , Steve Matchett , and Leigh Diffey ( who commentated from NBC Sports ' headquarters in Stanford , Connecticut ) , with Will Buxton as pit reporter . On 4 October 2017 , ESPN announced that it had acquired rights to Formula One under a multi-year deal beginning in 2018 . ESPN had previously broadcast Formula One from 1984 to 1997 . The majority of coverage will be carried by ESPN2 , but two races ( Monaco , Britain ) will be carried on the main ESPN channel , and four races ( Canada , United States , Mexico , and Brazil ) , as well as an afternoon encore of the Monaco Grand Prix following its Indianapolis 500 telecast , will be broadcast free - to - air on ABC . Unlike the previous contract with NBC Sports , Formula One will retain over-the - top rights , ESPN will reportedly not pay a traditional rights fee , and it was originally announced that the broadcasts would rely primarily on the world feed . However , it was later announced that ESPN would utilize Sky Sports ' coverage . 2018 TV broadcasters ( edit ) These are the broadcasters for the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship . <Th_colspan="10"> hide 2018 TV Broadcasters Country TV Network Language Free - to - air / Free - to - view / Pay Practice 1 Practice 2 Practice 3 Qualifying Race Notes Albania RTSH Sport Albanian Free No No Live Live Live HDTV . Choice of different perspectives . Andorra Movistar F1 Spanish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Choice of different perspectives . Armenia Setanta Sports + Russian Pay No No No Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed Asia STAR Sports Channels English Pay Live * Live * Live * Live Live SD / HDTV Channels . * Subject to other live events . For more information , visit the TV Schedules : Fox Sports Asia Channels English Pay Live * Live * Live * Live Live SD / HDTV Channels . * Subject to other live events . For more information , visit the TV Schedules : Australia Network Ten English Free Live Live Live Live Live SD / HD Feed , for Australian Grand Prix . No No No No Highlights SD feed , highlights of All other races . Fox Sports English Pay Live Live Live Live Live Coverage identical to Sky Sports F1 ; alternate feeds ( on board , pitlane , etc . ) ( branded as Viewer 's Choice ) usually offered only for race , and dependent on other sporting conflicts . Austria ORF eins German DVB - T Free in AT , DVB - S2 with encryption on Astra 19.2 ° E ( EU ) No Live No Live Live HDTV . Live all sessions for Austrian GP Azerbaijan Idman TV Azerbaijani Free , DVB - S FTA on Azerspace1 46 ° E ( EU ) No No No Live Live Setanta Sports + Russian Pay No No No Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed Belarus Setanta Sports + Russian Pay No No No Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed Belgium Play Sports Dutch Pay No Live No Live Live Choice of different perspectives at qualifying and race . Sporza Dutch DVB - C and DVB - T Free in Belgium , DVB - S with encryption on Astra 19.2 ° E ( EU ) No No No No Highlights HDTV . 16 : 9 feed . Only Belgian GP ( Qualifying and Race ) live . Highlights of other races . No No No Live Live RTBF La Deux French DVB - C and DVB - T Free in Belgium , DVB - S with encryption on Astra 19.2 ° E ( EU ) No No No Live * Live * HDTV . * Some races on RTBF La Une , subject to other live events . Bosnia and Herzegovina Sport Klub Serbian Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . 16 : 9 feed . Except Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Diema Sport Bulgarian Pay Live Live Live Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed Diema Sport 2 Bulgarian Pay Live Live Live Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed Brazil Globo Portuguese Free No No No No Live 16 : 9 feed and HDTV . Every race live except for Canada , US and Mexico which are shown delayed on Sunday night . SporTV Portuguese Pay Live Live Live Live Delayed HDTV . Live coverage of Canada , US and Mexico GPs . Canada RDS French Pay No No No Live Live HDTV , Side - by - Side coverage during the race ( live broadcast only ) . All practices live for Canadian GP . Rights until 2019 . TSN English Pay No Live No Live Live HDTV , Sky Sports F1 coverage , Side - by - Side coverage during the race ( live broadcasts only ) . Rights until 2019 . Central Asia Setanta Sports + Russian Pay No No No Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed China CCTV - 5 Chinese Free No No No No Live CCTV will broadcast approximately 100 hours of live coverage across the 2018 FIA Formula 1 World Championship season . CCTV - 5 + Pay No No No Live No Great Sports Chinese Free No No No Sometimes delayed Sometimes delayed Mad Sports Pay No No No Live Live Guangdong Sports Chinese Free No No No Sometimes delayed Sometimes delayed Croatia Arena Sport Croatian Pay No No No Live Live HDTV , TV commercials included . Only available on MAXtv SPTV Croatian Free No No No No Highlights 60 minutes highlights in the evening Czech Republic Sport 1 Czech / Slovak Pay Live Live Live Live No Also in HD on Sport 1 HD and Sport 2 HD . Sport 2 No No No No Live Sport 3 Live Live Live Live Live Onboard Feed , SD only . Cyprus CytaVision Greek Pay No No No Live Live Rights until 2016 . Denmark TV3+ / TV3+ HD Danish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HD 16 : 9 and SD 4 : 3 -- Some sessions on TV3 SPORT 1 / 2 or TV3 Puls , subject to other live events . Estonia Kanal 12 Estonian Free No No No No Highlights 60 minutes highlights in the evening . Finland MTV3 Finnish DVB - T Free in Finland , DVB - S Encrypted on Thor 1 ° W ( EU ) No No No No Delayed HDTV . Race shown on the next day . C More Max Finnish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Sub Finnish DVB - T Free in Finland , DVB - S Encrypted on Thor 1 ° W ( EU ) Highlights Highlights No Highlights Highlights 30 minutes highlights of practices and 60 minutes highlights of qualification and race are shown at 7 pm EET on the same day . France Canal+ French Pay No No No only once Live Only race on C+ Canal+ Sport French Pay Live Live Live Live Delayed Only race on C+ TF1 French Free No No No No Live HDTV 4 races live per season : Monaco GP , French GP , Belgium GP , Brazil GP Georgia Setanta Sports + Russian Pay No No No Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed Germany n - tv German DVB - T2 with encryption , DVB - S FTA ( only SD ) on Astra 19.2 ° E ( EU ) Live * Live * No Highlights Highlights * Not all FP1 and FP2 live on TV . Shows highlights on Saturday and Sunday evening . RTL Television German DVB - T2 with encryption , DVB - S FTA ( only SD ) on Astra 19.2 ° E ( EU ) No No Highlights Live Live HDTV feed confirmed ( HD feed encrypted and part of HD+ package , SD is FTA ) . Rights until 2020 . Greece OTE Sport Greek Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV 1080i ERT Greek DVB - T Free in Greece , DVB - S / 2 with encryption on Eutelsat 9A / Hotbird 13B No No No No Live * HD feed . Australia , China and Japan GP are tape delayed . Hungary M4 Sport Hungarian DVB - T Free in HU , DVB - S2 FTV on Eurobird 9A 9.0 ° E ( EU ) Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Iceland Stöð 2 Sport Icelandic Pay No No Live Live Live Ireland Eir Sport 1 English Pay Live Live Live Live Live With Channel 4 commentary team . Channel 4 UK English DVB - T Free in UK , DVB - S FTA on Astra 28.2 ° E ( UK ) Live Live Live Live Live HDTV , only selected 10 races . Sky and Virgin customers only No No No Highlights Highlights HDTV , Every race as well as live . Sky and Virgin customers only Sky Sports F1 English Pay Live Live Live Live Live Available in Ultra HD Israel Sport 5 Hebrew Pay No No No Live Live HDTV . Italy Sky Sport F1 Italian Pay Live Live Live Live Live Choice of different perspectives . Available in Ultra HD . Rights until 2020 . TV8 Italian Free in Italy , DVB - S with encryption on Eutelsat Hot Bird 13 ° E ( EU ) No No No Live Live HDTV ( available only for Sky customers ) , 4 races live per season ( Italy , United States , Mexico , Brazil ) . Sky Sport F1 coverage with Side - by - side commercials . No No No Delayed Delayed HDTV ( available only for Sky customers ) , delayed broadcasts of qualifying and races that are not live in their entirety . Sky Sport F1 coverage with Side - by - side commercials . RAI Italian Free in Italy , DVB - S with encryption on Eutelsat Hot Bird 13 ° E ( EU ) Live * Live * Live * Live * Live * HDTV * Only for the Italian Grand Prix . Kosovo ArtSport Albanian Pay No No Live Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed . Japan Fuji TV Next Japanese Pay Live Live Live Live Live From 2016 , the free broadcast on Fuji TV and BS Fuji was ended . HDTV . DAZN Japanese Pay Live Live Live Live Live Latin America ( except Brazil ) Fox Sports LatAm Channels Spanish Pay Live Live Live Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HDTV feed . Exclusive TV rights from 2018 to 2022 ( Except Brazil ) Liechtenstein SRG SSR German , French and Italian DVB - T Free in Switzerland , DVB - S Encrypted on Hot Bird ( 13 ° E ) ( EU ) No No No Live Live The qualifyings and the races are broadcast on RSI La 2 , RTS Deux and SRF zwei . Rights until 2019 . Malta GO English Pay Live Live Live Live Live Uses the commentary of Channel 4 's coverage in the UK . Middle East and North Africa beIN Sports Arabic / English Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV feed . Rights until 2019 . Macedonia Sport Klub Serbian DVB - S2 Encrypted on Eutelsat 16A ( 16.0 ° E ) Live Live Live Live Live HDTV feed , only available on Sport Klub 1 Serbia , but this channel currently is forbidden ( Not Available ) for broadcasting in Macedonia . 24 Vesti Macedonian DVB - S Encrypted on Eutelsat 16A ( 16.0 ° E ) No No No Live Live SD feed . Moldova Setanta Sports + Russian Pay No No No Live Live 16 : 9 SD / HD feed Montenegro Sport Klub Serbian Pay Live Live Live Live Live 16 : 9 feed , HDTV . Netherlands Ziggo Sport Totaal Dutch Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Ziggo Sport Go Dutch Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Ziggo Sport Dutch Free for Ziggo subscribers No No No Live * Live HDTV . * Subject to other ( live ) events . Ziggo Sport Totaal will broadcast all sessions live . New Zealand Sky Sport English Pay Live Live Live Live Live Norway Viasat Motor and Viasat Sport Norwegian / Swedish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV on Viasat Motor HD . Always Norwegian during race . Partly Swedish during some P and Q . Viaplay Norwegian / Swedish Pay Live Live Live Live Live Viaplay streams the broadcast of Viasat Motor HD . Viaplay is available on web - apps , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Windows 8. x , smart - TV , Android and iOS ( phones and tablets ) . Viasat 4 Norwegian Free No No No No Highlights One hour with highlights from Viasat Motor . Commercials every 15 min . Papua New Guinea Fox Sports Asia Channels English Pay Live * Live * Live * Live Live SD / HDTV Channels . * Subject to other live events . For more information , visit the TV Schedules : Poland Eleven Sports Polish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Live streaming on web page , desktop and mobile apps . Puerto Rico ABC English Free No No No No Live Three races . HDTV , Side - by - Side coverage during race , mobile streaming available through ESPN app . ESPN Pay No No Live Live Live HDTV , Side - by - Side coverage during race ( live broadcast only ) ( Scrapped after Australia race ) , mobile streaming available through ESPN app . Choice of perspectives available online and via streaming app . ESPN2 Pay No No Live Live Live Univision Deportes Network Spanish Pay No No No Live Live Portugal SportTV Portuguese Pay Live Live Live Live Live HD feed . Romania Telekom Sport Romanian Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Digi Sport Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV Russia Match TV Russian Free No No No Live Live with timeshift HDTV Match ! Arena Pay Live Live Live Replay Replay HDTV without advertising . San Marino Sky Sport F1 Italian Pay Live Live Live Live Live Choice of different perspectives . Available in Ultra HD . Rights until 2020 . RAI Italian Free in San Marino , DVB - S with encryption on Eutelsat Hot Bird 13 ° E ( EU ) Live * Live * Live * Live * Live * HDTV * Only for the Italian Grand Prix . Serbia Sport Klub Serbian Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV Slovakia Sport 1 Czech / Slovak Pay Live Live Live Live No Also in HD on Sport 1 HD and Sport 2 HD . Sport 2 No No No No Live Slovenia TV3 Slovenija Slovenian Free No No No Live Live SD on antenna , HD on cable South Korea JTBC3 Fox Sports Korean Pay No No No No Delayed Delayed HDTV feed on cable / IPTV . Spain Movistar F1 Spanish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Choice of different perspectives ( only for IPTV subscribers ) . Sub-Saharan Africa Supersport English and Portuguese Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Canal+ Sport French Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV . Sweden Viasat Motor Swedish Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV on Viasat Motor HD . Switzerland SRG SSR German , French and Italian DVB - T Free in Switzerland , DVB - S Encrypted on Hot Bird ( 13 ° E ) ( EU ) No No No Live Live The qualifyings and the races are broadcast on RSI La 2 , RTS Deux and SRF zwei . Rights until 2019 . Canal+ French Pay No No No only once Live Only race on C+ Canal+ Sport Live Live Live Live Delayed Only race on C+ Tajikistan Varzish TV Tajik Free No No No sometimes delayed sometimes delayed Turkey S Sport Turkish Pay No No Live Live Live SD / HD Feed United Kingdom Channel 4 English DVB - T Free in UK , DVB - S FTA on Astra 28.2 ° E ( UK ) Live Live Live Live Live HDTV , only selected 10 races . No No No Highlights Highlights HDTV , Every race as well as live Sky Sports Mix Pay Live Live Live Live Live HDTV , only selected British Grand Prix & at least two prime time races . No No No Highlights Highlights HDTV , Every race . Sky Sports F1 Live Live Live Live Live Available in Ultra HD Ukraine Перший автомобільний Ukrainian Pay Live Live Live Live Live SD Feed United States ABC English Free No No No No Live Five races . HDTV , Side - by - Side coverage during race ( Scrapped after Australia race ) , mobile streaming available through ESPN app . Using Sky Sports F1 Coverage . ESPN Pay No No Live Live Live HDTV , Side - by - Side coverage during race ( live broadcast only ) ( Scrapped after Australia race ) , mobile streaming available through ESPN app . Using Sky Sports F1 Coverage . ESPN2 Pay No No Live Live Live Univision Deportes Network Spanish Pay No No No Live Live Radio broadcasters ( edit ) Country Network Language Argentina ESPN 107 , 9 FM Spanish Australia 3AW ( Australian Grand Prix only ) English Brazil Bandeirantes - BandNews FM Portuguese Denmark Danmarks Radio Danish France RMC French Hungary Kossuth Rádió Hungarian Indonesia Sindo Trijaya FM Indonesian Italy Rai Radio 1 Italian Malaysia AMC English The Netherlands NPO Radio 1 Dutch Slovenia Val 202 Slovene Spain Radio Marca Spanish Cadena SER Spanish Cadena COPE Spanish United Kingdom BBC Radio 5 Live English BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra English United States Canada SiriusXM English Official Internet broadcasters ( edit ) Country Website Practice 1 Practice 2 Practice 3 Qualifying Race Notes Worldwide F1 TV Live Live Live Live Live Live video of all races in select regions only Formula One App Live Live Live Live Live Audio only ; with BBC Sport commentary Australia Tenplay No No No No Live live stream of the Australian Grand Prix only . Fox Sports Australia Live Live Live Live Live All races live . Brazil Globo Play No No No No Live SporTV Play Live Live Live Live No Canada TSN GO No Live No Live Live RDS GO No No No Live Live All practices live for Canadian GP . China Tencent Sports Live Live Live Live Live All practices and races are free to watch , qualifyings needs to pay to become Tencent Sports VIP . Croatia MAXtv To Go Match Live Live Live Live Live Finland MTV3 Live Live Live Live Live Germany n - tv Live Live No No No RTL No No Highlights Live Live Japan DAZN Live Live Live Live Live Sub-Saharan Africa SuperSport Live Live Live Live Live Middle East and North Africa beIN Sports Connect Live Live Live Live Live Poland Eleven Sports Live Live Live Live Live available also on Player , Ipla Portugal SportTV Multiscreen Live Live Live Live Live Sweden Viasat Live Live Live Live Live United Kingdom All 4 Live Live Live Live Live Ten live races ; highlights streamed as live broadcast Sky Sports Live Live Live Live Live BBC iPlayer Radio Live Live Live Live Live audio only ; UK only United States WatchESPN Live Live Live Live Live Univision NOW Live Live Live Live Live World feed producers ( edit ) Current producers ( edit ) For the 2018 season , only the Monaco Grand Prix is not produced by FOM . Grand Prix Circuit Broadcaster Year Australian Melbourne FOM 2004 -- Bahrain Sakhir FOM 2004 -- 2010 , 2012 -- Chinese Shanghai FOM 2004 -- Azerbaijan Baku FOM 2017 -- Spanish Catalunya FOM 2007 -- Monaco Monte Carlo TMC 1961 -- Canadian Montreal FOM 2005 -- 2008 , 2010 -- French Paul Ricard FOM 2018 -- Austrian Red Bull Ring FOM 2014 -- British Silverstone FOM 2007 -- German Hockenheimring FOM 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 Hungarian Hungaroring FOM 2007 -- Belgian Spa - Francorchamps FOM 2007 -- Italian Monza FOM 2007 -- Singapore Marina Bay FOM 2008 -- Russian Sochi FOM 2014 -- Japanese Suzuka FOM 2012 -- United States Circuit of the Americas FOM 2012 -- Mexican Mexico City FOM 2015 -- Brazilian Interlagos FOM 1997 -- 1999 , 2008 -- Abu Dhabi Yas Marina FOM 2009 -- Former producers ( 1950 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below are the previous World Feed Producers for Grands Prix from 1950 until 2015 . Between 1997 and 1999 the Brazilian GP World Feed was produced by FOM . What was shown was a reduced version of the F1 Digital+ main feed , mainly lacking onboard angles and without the pay per view graphics . Rede Globo continued to produce an alternative National Feed for Brazilian viewers . From 2001 to 2003 , the Australian Grand Prix was broadcast locally in widescreen ( 16 : 9 ) on Channel 9 Digital ( 2001 - 2002 ) and Channel 10 Digital ( 2003 ) . For Non-Digital Local viewers , they received a letterbox ( 16 : 10 feed in a 4 : 3 frame ) version of the Feed , while international viewers got a standard 4 : 3 feed . When FOM took over the broadcast in 2004 , the local coverage was reverted to 4 : 3 . In 2001 and 2002 the US Grand Prix was broadcast locally by ABC Sports . However , they did not ever produce the World Feed . In 1991 , the French GP was broadcast in France by La Cinq , which held rights for F1 . Grand Prix Circuit Broadcaster Years Australian Adelaide Nine Network 1985 -- 1995 Melbourne 1996 - 2002 Network Ten 2003 Argentine Buenos Aires Telefe 1995 -- 1998 Austrian Red Bull Ring ORF 1976 -- 1987 , 1997 -- 2003 WIGE 1997 -- 2003 Belgian Spa - Francorchamps RTBF 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 -- 2005 Brazilian Interlagos Globo 1972 - 1977 , 1979 , 1990 -- 1996 , 2000 -- 2007 Band 1980 Jacarepaguá Globo 1978 , 1981 - 1989 British Silverstone BBC Sport 1953 - 1954 , 1956 , 1958 , 1960 , 1963 , 1971 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 -- 1996 ITV Sport 1969 , 1997 -- 2006 Brands Hatch 1970 BBC Sport 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1986 Aintree 1957 , 1959 , 1961 - 1962 Canadian Montreal CBC 1990 -- 2004 Caesars Palace Caesars Palace NBC Sportsworld 1981 - 1982 Detroit Detroit ABC Sports 1982 CBS Sports 1983 - 1988 Dallas Dallas CBS Sports 1984 European Brands Hatch BBC Sport 1983 , 1985 Donington Park 1993 Nürburgring RTL Television 1984 - 1985 , 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 2006 WIGE FOM 2007 Jerez Telecinco 1994 , 1997 Valencia FOM 2008 -- 2012 Baku FOM 2016 French Paul Ricard TF1 1990 Magny - Cours 1991 -- 2006 FOM 2007 -- 2008 German Hockenheimring RTL Television 1990 -- 2006 WIGE Nürburgring FOM 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Hungarian Hungaroring Magyar Televízió 1990 -- 2001 RTL Television 2002 -- 2006 WIGE Indian Buddh FOM 2011 -- 2013 Italian Monza RAI 1981 -- 2006 Imola 1980 Japanese Suzuka Fuji Television 1987 -- 2006 , 2009 - 2011 Fuji 1976 -- 1977 , 2007 -- 2008 Korean Korea FOM 2010 -- 2013 Luxembourg Nürburgring RTL Television 1997 -- 1998 WIGE Malaysian Sepang TV3 1999 -- 2003 RTM FOM 2004 -- 2017 Mexican Mexico City Imevisión 1986 -- 1992 Pacific TI Circuit Fuji Television 1994 -- 1995 Portuguese Estoril RTP 1990 -- 1996 San Marino Imola RAI 1981 -- 2006 South African Kyalami SABC 1979 - 1980 , 1982 - 1985 DStv 1992 -- 1993 Spanish Jerez TV3 1990 Catalunya 1991 -- 2006 Turkish Istanbul FOM 2005 -- 2011 United States Watkins Glen ABC 's WWOS 1966 , 1974 CBS Sports 1976 - 1978 Mizlou 1979 - 1980 Phoenix ESPN 1989 -- 1991 Indianapolis 2001 Fox Sports Net 2000 F1 Digital+ 2002 FOM 2002 , 2005 -- 2007 Speed Channel 2003 -- 2004 United States West Long Beach CBS Sports 1976 - 1983 Commentators ( edit ) By zones Austria ( edit ) Live broadcasts of Formula One Championship races on ORF are commentated by ORF 's sport correspondent Ernst Hausleitner with aid from Alexander Wurz . Occasionally other co-commentators like Adrian Sutil or Christian Klien substituted for Wurz . For the entire 2015 Formula One season , Pascal Wehrlein was Hausleitner 's main co-commentator . With the beginning of the 2009 Formula One season , Hausleitner took over the Formula 1 commentator position from Heinz Prüller , who is a legend in Austrian television history because of his enthusiasm for the sport and immersion into the races . Brazil ( edit ) Live broadcasts of Formula One Championship races in the Globo network are called by Galvão Bueno , Luís Roberto or Cléber Machado , with Reginaldo Leme and former F1 driver Luciano Burti serving as race analysts . Pit reports are provided by Mariana Becker or Guilherme Pereira . On SporTV , all practices , qualifying and races except for Canada , US and Mexico GPs , are called by Sérgio Maurício or Daniel Pereira , with Brazilian motorsports journalist Lito Cavalcanti and Stock Car driver Max Wilson as analysts . For Canada , US and Mexico GPs , the commentary team is Sergio Mauricio , Reginaldo Leme and Luciano Burti and the race commentary is the same shown on the Globo delayed Sunday night broadcast . Pit reports are provided by Mariana Becker or Guilherme Pereira . Bulgaria ( edit ) Ivan Tenchev , Trayan Sarafov , Georgi Ivanov and Momchil Manchev . China ( edit ) In China , the main commentators for CCTV are Sha Tong and Cheng Congfu . The commentators for Great Sports ( Shanghai Sports ) are Li Bing , Ye Fei and Shi Yiying . Main commentator for Tencent are Liu Yao and He Xin . Croatia ( edit ) Live broadcasts of Formula One Championship races on Arenasport which is only available on MAXtv because of exclusive rights and on the MAXtv To Go Match via Internet are commentated by Ivica Blažičko with Neven Novak as co-commentator . Free practice sessions commentating Ante Vetma and Zvonimir Martinčević . Finland ( edit ) Live broadcasts of Formula One Championship races were available on MTV3 's pay - TV - channel C More Max . Current main commentator since 2017 is Niki Juusela . Before him Formula One Championship races commentate Matti Kyllönen ( 1985 -- 2009 ) and Oskari Saari ( 2004 -- 2016 ) . Nowadays co-commentators are Ossi Oikarinen , Mika Salo , Toni Vilander , Aaro Vainio and Tommi Pärmäkoski . Studio host is Tomi Tuominen . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , the commentators for OTE TV ( pay tv ) are Kostas Psarras with Giannis - Marios Papadopoulos . In free - to - air coverage from ERT , main commentators are Nikos Koromilas with Ilias Papaioannou . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , the commentator is Zoltán Szujó , who had been previously pit reporter between 2002 - 2012 . The colour commentator is the former Seat Leon Eurocup Champion and the former chief - editor of F1 Racing Hungary , Gábor Wéber . The studio analysts are the FIA European Rallycross Championship driver Tamás Pál Kiss , the two - time FIA European Truck Racing Championship champion , Norbert Kiss , and the two - time WTCC Yokohama Driver 's Trophy winner WTCR driver , Norbert Michelisz . The pit riporters are ( in changing each other ) Róbert Bobák , Máté Ujvári and Ádám Szeleczki . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , Sky Italia 's commentator is Carlo Vanzini , co-commentated by ex-F1 driver and Ferrari test driver Marc Gené . Davide Valsecchi and Matteo Bobbi serve as pit lane reporters . Paddock reporter is Mara Sangiorgio . Presenter is Federica Masolin . Portugal ( edit ) Live broadcasts of Formula One Championship races were available on Eurosport ( through the Eurosport 2 Xtra channel ) for the 2016 Formula One season only , with João Carlos Costa as the lead lap - by - lap commentator , former F1 driver Tiago Monteiro and DTM driver António Félix da Costa as the co-commentators and Pedro Nascimento as the pit reporter . Spain ( edit ) In the pay - per - view channel Movistar F1 , which holds the rights of the entire championship exclusively in Spain from the 2016 season , the main commentator is journalist Miguel Portillo . Co-commentators are former Arrows , Jaguar , McLaren , Sauber and HRT driver Pedro de la Rosa and F1 engineer Toni Cuquerella , who worked for Williams , Ferrari , and HRT . They comment from a TV studio in Madrid , where journalist Iñaki Cano acts as presenter . Pit reporter are female journalists Noemí de Miguel and Roberto Rodríguez , as well as former F1 engineer in Super Aguri and HRT Albert Fàbrega . Also , Ferrari test driver Marc Gené provides analysis from the circuit during some periods throughout the weekend . In Teledeporte , the sports channel of the Spanish national public TV , which offers a 60 - minutes time highlights of every race ( except the Spanish Grand Prix , which is shown live in the TVE main channel La 1 ) , journalist Marc Martí is the main commentator , with GP3 Series driver Alex Palou as co-commentator . In the live broadcast of the Spanish Grand Prix , they were joined by FIA World Endurance Championship and former Manor Marussia F1 driver Roberto Merhi and journalist Juan Carlos Garcia , who was the pit reporter . In Catalan channel TV3 , which has the same coverage as TVE , the main commentator is Francesc Latorre , with veteran journalist Francesc Rosés as co-commentator . In the live coverage of the Spanish Grand Prix , they were joined by former HRT and current DTM engineer Arnau Niubó , with journalist Jordi Gil as pit reporter . Spanish - speaking Latin America ( edit ) Live broadcasts of Formula One Championship races on Mediapro - owned Canal F1 Latin America are called by lap - by - lap announcer Christian González Rouco , son of Argentine motorsports journalist Eduardo Gocuntlez Rouco , and grandson and grandnephew , respectively , of Isidro González Longhi and Andrés Rouco , with Colombian motorsports journalist Diego Mejía as race analyst . Pit reports are provided by Spanish sports journalist Nira Juanco , who previously worked on Antena 3 's F1 broadcasts , and has been with Canal F1 since its launch in 2015 . Fox Sports , who was formerly the official Latin American Formula 1 broadcaster from the 2002 until the 2014 seasons , broadcasts , in the 2016 season , ten races live and the other eleven races on a delayed basis . The races are called by Argentine motorsports journalist Fernando Tornello , with fellow Argentine motorsports journalist Adrián Puente and Mexican motorsports journalist Luis Manuel `` Chacho '' López as analysts and Juan Fossaroli handling the pit reports and pre-race interviews . ESPN Latin America broadcasts the highlights show ESPN F1 , hosted by Mexican sports journalists Javier Trejo Garay and Adalberto Franco in Mexico and Central America . The show highlights the races , from the practices to the checkered flag and shows interviews with the F1 drivers . United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) In the UK , Channel 4 's commentator is Ben Edwards , co-commentated by ex-F1 driver and 13 time GP winner David Coulthard , with some races a third man commentary team in Mark Webber is used . Also , Karun Chandhok and Lee McKenzie serve as pit lane reporters . For Sky Sports F1 , David Croft commentates with Martin Brundle with Ted Kravitz in the pit lane . In practice sessions for both broadcasters have the same lead commentators as they do for the races but the co-comentator for Channel 4 is either Karun Chandhok or Tony Dodgins whilst for Sky F1 , either Anthony Davidson or Paul di Resta will co-comentate during practice sessions . Both coverages are also available in the Republic of Ireland . For BBC Radio 5 Live and the Formula One App , Jack Nicholls ( or Tom Clarkson when Nicholls is unavailable ) commentates with Allan McNish or Mark Gallagher . United States ( edit ) In the US , NBC 's F1 commentary team was composed of lap - by - lap announcer Leigh Diffey and analysts David Hobbs and Steve Matchett . However , they would call the Monaco , Canadian , and United States Grands Prix on location . Hobbs and Matchett previously worked on F1 broadcasts on the defunct Fox - owned network Speed , along with former F1 lap - by - lap announcer Bob Varsha . Former GP2 commentator Will Buxton served as pit reporter . In 2018 , F1 's broadcast rights moved to ESPN , with commentary from Sky F1 's David Croft and Martin Brundle . Univision Deportes serves as the official F1 broadcaster for the Spanish community in the United States , with Sergio Rodriguez handling lap - by - lap commentary , Gustavo Roche handling race analysis and Christina Romero handling pit reports . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Strong growth for F1 's TV and digital audiences in 2017 '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formula 1 to launch F1 TV , a live Grand Prix subscription service '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` F1 coming to Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Race Calendar '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports to show every F1 race live from 2019 until 2024 '' . Sky Sports . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals F1 coverage schedule for 2012 '' . BBC . 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC and Sky awarded rights in new Formula 1 deal '' . BBC . 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New details of co-operation between Sky and BBC emerge '' . James Allen on F1. 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Channel 4 becomes terrestrial home of Formula 1 '' . Channel 4 . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC to end formula 1 television contract early '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 announces 2016 live Formula 1 races '' . Channel 4 . 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Sports Group F1 coverage for 2013 '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on 16 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN reveals F1 TV schedule for 2018 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 says goodbye to NBC , hello to ESPN in 2018 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` F1 Rights Move From NBC To ESPN in New Multiyear Rights Deal '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN will simulcast Sky Sports ' F1 coverage '' . Awful Announcing. 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Schedule STAR Sports '' . STAR Sports . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Schedule Fox Sports Asia '' . Fox Sports Asia . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Komend seizoen kunt u opnieuw F1 bekijken op Sporza '' . Sporza.be. 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` tv '' . Sporza.be. 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TSN and RDS Reach Media Rights Extension with the Formula One Group Through to 2019 '' . Bell Media . 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSN Announces New Partnership with Sky Sports ; Expands Coverage of All 21 Races from the 2016 FIA Formula One World Championship '' . Bell Media . 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 and CCTV strike new multi-year partnership '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` News round - up : Two countries lose F1 FTA ; Berger subject of Ofcom complaint '' . The F1 Broadcasting Blog. 29 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ MTV Sport ( 26 February 2014 ) . `` Näin otat kaiken irti tulevasta F1 - kaudesta - MTV.fi - Urheilu - F1 - Uutiset '' . MTV.fi . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sport : Formule 1 : formule 1 '' . Canalplus.Fr . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Formel - 1 - Trainingseinheiten zukünftig live auf n - tv '' . Jump up ^ `` Formel 1 im TV : RTL und n - tv zeigen 2018 alle Sessions '' . motorsport-total.com . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Nachrichten , n - tv . `` TV - Programm - n-tv.de '' . www.n-tv.de . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` F1 and RTL Germany extend broadcast deal until 2020 '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 19 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.focus.de/sport/formel1/kurz-vor-saisonstart-formel-1-im-tv-rtl-und-n-tv-zeigen-2018-alle-sessions-live_id_8635850.html Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports Pack '' . Sky . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formula 1 and Sky Italia renew broadcast partnership '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` F1 and FOX Sports LatAm strike new TV partnership '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` SRG SSR : Formula 1 e MotoGP ancora sulle reti SRG SSR '' . 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BeIN Sports secures MENA Formula One rights - Sports Broadcast news - Formula OneMotorsport Global Middle East '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formule 1 komende drie jaar live op Sport1 '' . GPUpdate.net . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alle F1 - races live op Ziggo Sport en jij bent erbij '' . Ziggo Sport . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ziggo Sport ( @ ZiggoSport ) ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` @ Fritsie25 De vrije trainingen zullen niet te zien zijn op het open kanaal . De kwalificaties zullen we zo veel mogelijk op 14 uitzenden '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Univision Deportes coverage of Formula One '' . corporate.univision.com . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV confirma transmissão da Fórmula 1 em 2017 '' . F1PT ( in Portuguese ) . 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Abonnentnummer eller e-post * . `` Viasat Motor -- Motorsport live i din TV '' ( in Swedish ) . Viasat.se . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Трансляції Формули 1 повернуться в Україну у 2018 - му '' . Motorsport.com ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` SIRIUS Satellite Radio Adds FORMULA 1 Motor Racing to Sports Programming Lineup '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire via sirius.com. 22 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . SIRIUS Will Be Exclusive North American Radio Broadcaster of F1 Jump up ^ `` F1 Live Stream - Network Ten '' . archive.org. 7 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 comes to Fox Sports in 2015 '' . foxsports.com.au. 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Katsomo - Ohjelmat - Formula 1 '' . Katsomo.fi . Archived from the original on 12 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DAZN '' . DAZN . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` F1 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Παπαϊωάννου , Η - Β ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` To Γκραν Πρι του Άμπου Ντάμπι στην ΕΡΤ2 και ΕΡΤ HD και στο ert.gr '' . ert.gr . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 8 March 2016 ) . `` F1 : Murray Walker and Eddie Jordan to join Steve Jones on Channel 4 team '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Every 2016 race live on Sky Sports F1 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN replaces NBC as F1 broadcaster in the US '' . motorsport.com . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Formula_One_broadcasters&oldid=843299768 '' Categories : Formula One - related lists Lists of sporting event broadcasters Formula One media Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Română Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 06 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when does castiel first show up in supernatural

Castiel ( Supernatural ) - wikipedia Castiel ( Supernatural ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Castiel <Td_colspan="2"> Supernatural character <Td_colspan="2"> Castiel portrayed by Misha Collins in the TV series Supernatural First appearance `` Lazarus Rising '' ( 4.01 ) September 18 , 2008 Created by Eric Kripke Portrayed by Misha Collins <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Cass Clarence Species Angel ( Seraph ) Castiel / ˌkæstiˈɛl / is a fictional character portrayed by Misha Collins on the CW Television Network 's American television series Supernatural . An Angel of the Lord , he first appears in the fourth season , and is used to introduce the theme of Christian theology to the series . In the series , Castiel brings Dean Winchester back from Hell and frequently helps him and his brother Sam in their battles with various demons and angels along the way . During his travels with the Winchesters , Castiel develops friendships with both men . As an angel , he possesses a number of supernatural abilities , including the ability to kill demons . Initially , the character demonstrates complete devotion to God and little emotion . However , his interactions and experiences with Dean Winchester and Sam Winchester , as well as certain revelations about God and his fellow angels , have a humanizing effect on him . This , despite the stress and harm it causes his character , allows him to develop an independent will as the series progresses and helps the show address topics related to free will . Unlike the stereotypical portrayal of television angels , Castiel does not always help people , and is willing to kill innocents if needed . Collins originally read for the part of a demon , as series creator Eric Kripke did not want fans to find out that angels were being introduced to the series . Collins prepared for the role by reading the Book of Revelation , and based his portrayal on his younger brother . Critics and fans have responded highly favorably to the character . In response , the show 's creators expanded his role in the series , upgrading him to a main cast member in the fifth and sixth seasons . After being a special guest star in the seventh and eighth seasons , Collins was upgraded once again to regular cast member status for the ninth , tenth and eleventh seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Arrival on Earth 1.2 Jimmy Novak alone 1.3 Servant of Heaven 1.4 Fall to Earth 1.5 Powerless 1.6 Post-Apocalyptic alliances 1.7 Godhood 1.8 Return to madness 1.9 Out of Purgatory 1.10 On the run from Heaven 1.11 Metatron 's betrayal 1.12 Back to humanity 1.13 Stolen Grace 1.14 Facing Metatron 1.15 Lack of Grace 1.16 Grace restored 1.17 Lucifer 's Vessel 1.18 Quest for Lucifer 2 Characterization 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References Plot Arrival on Earth At the end of the third season of Supernatural , main character Dean Winchester is in Hell after being killed by the hellhounds of the demonic antagonist Lilith . In the season four premiere `` Lazarus Rising '' , the angel Castiel is introduced as the one who brought Dean back from Hell and resurrected him . Because merely perceiving his actual form typically results in blindness , he takes a human host -- James `` Jimmy '' Novak , a `` devout man '' who prayed for it -- to communicate with Dean , and tells him that he has been brought back because God has work for him . Lilith is breaking the 66 seals in order to free Lucifer , and Dean must stop her . Castiel continues to appear throughout the season , at one point sending Dean back in time and later tasking him and his brother Sam with stopping witches from breaking another seal . He returns with fellow angel Uriel at the end of the episode `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' , seeking to kill Anna Milton , a fallen angel with the ability to `` hear '' the communications between angels . In the following episode , `` Heaven and Hell '' , Anna uses an ancient Enochian sigil to send the angels away , though they manage to track them down later . Once there , Castiel expresses regret at having to kill Anna . Before they can carry out their duty , however , they are confronted by the demon Alastair and two of his minions . A fight ensues , and Castiel is nearly defeated in the battle by Alastair . He is saved by Dean , and they in turn are rescued when Anna regains her powers . Although Uriel nearly vents his frustration on Dean , Castiel stops him , and the two leave . Castiel later becomes suspicious of Uriel and confronts him in `` On the Head of a Pin '' . Uriel admits he and certain other angels are now working together to free Lucifer , having grown weary of never hearing from God and jealous of His favoritism for humanity . He asks Castiel to join him , but Castiel refuses and attacks him . Uriel eventually overpowers Castiel , but is killed by Anna before he can strike the finishing blow . During this time , the orders he is getting from Heaven of questionable morality and the influence of Anna cause him to start to have doubts about Heaven 's plans . He later returns in `` The Monster At the End of This Book '' to explain Chuck 's role as a Prophet and later when Dean calls him to help save Sam . Castiel informs Dean he ca n't interfere due to how important Prophets are , but he impresses upon Dean how the archangel protecting a Prophet will intervene if said Prophet is in trouble to secretly let him know a way to save Sam . Jimmy Novak alone In `` The Rapture '' , Castiel enters Dean 's dreams and arranges a meeting to tell him something important . However , when Sam and Dean go to meet him , they instead find Jimmy , Castiel 's vessel , who claims to have little memory of his life as a vessel . Anna theorizes Castiel must have angered his superiors , prompting him to be taken back to Heaven . When Jimmy is shot at the end of the episode trying to save his family from demons , Castiel returns , taking Jimmy 's daughter as his new vessel . After the demons are killed , a dying Jimmy begs Castiel to take him back as a host so his daughter will not have to go through what he did , and the angel acquiesces . Dean then asks him what he needed to tell him , but Castiel coldly replies his loyalty is to Heaven , not to mankind or to him . Servant of Heaven In `` When the Levee Breaks '' , Castiel has Dean take the oath of allegiance to God and His angels , to which Dean agrees under the impression it will keep Sam safe . Later in the episode , Castiel releases Sam , who is on detox from Ruby 's demon blood , from Bobby 's Panic Room . When Anna confronts him about his actions , other angels appear and capture her . With Sam closing in on Lilith , Castiel and Zachariah imprison Dean within an idyllic waiting room , where he will be made comfortable until the time comes for him to play his role in stopping the Apocalypse . Dean refuses to remain idle , and continually requests to be able to see Sam , which is denied . Once Dean discovers the angels are allowing the Apocalypse to happen , he implores for Castiel to help him stop the final seal from being broken . Though Castiel refuses at first , he returns ready to help not long after . He takes Dean to see the prophet Chuck for information on Sam . Their presence does not fall in line with Chuck 's Gospel , so the Archangel Raphael begins to descend . Castiel sends Dean to Sam , remaining behind to hold back the archangel and any others who might come . He is subsequently killed , with his host 's body being blown to pieces . Fall to Earth However , Castiel later returns -- still in Jimmy Novak 's body -- in the fifth - season premiere , `` Sympathy for the Devil '' , killing two fellow angels in order to save Sam and Dean . He is uncertain as to how he was resurrected , but alludes to Zachariah it may have been God 's doing . After ordering Zachariah away , Castiel carves Enochian sigils into Sam and Dean 's ribs to hide them from all angels , including Lucifer . Castiel later returns to the brothers in `` Good God Y'All ! '' , and reveals his plans to find God . He borrows Dean 's amulet , as it burns hot in God 's presence , and departs . He has also been completely cut off from Heaven as a result of his rebellion and has lost some of his powers as a result , including his ability to heal injuries . He remains on Earth hunting for God , although acquires a cellphone so that the Winchesters can call for his aid when dealing with particularly challenging cases , such as their discovery of the Antichrist or their latest confrontation with the Trickster ( who is revealed to be the lost archangel Gabriel ) . In `` Abandon All Hope ... '' , Castiel helps the Winchesters retrieve the Colt , and joins them on their hunt for Lucifer . However , he ventures off after discovering hundreds of Reapers are already in the town , hoping to discover what has called them there . He soon becomes imprisoned by Lucifer , who tries to tempt Castiel into joining him , pointing out they are both targets of Heaven , but Castiel refuses . He later manages to free himself , but finds he no longer has the power to kill demons . After Sam and Dean fail in their attempt to kill the Devil , Castiel teleports them to safety . After exhausting most of his remaining power to take Sam and Dean back in time to save their parents from renegade angel Anna , Castiel aids the Winchesters in their battle with Famine , the Horseman of the Apocalypse -- the brothers having already defeated War -- but his weakened powers render him susceptible to Famine 's influence , Famine attacking Jimmy 's hunger for red meat to make Castiel more interested in eating burgers than actually fighting . When the brothers are killed by vengeful hunters in `` Dark Side of the Moon '' , Castiel -- unable to return to Heaven -- briefly communicates with them . He tasks them with finding the angel Joshua , who communicates directly with God . Although Joshua reveals God is alive , he claims He is apathetic to the Apocalypse ; having saved the brothers and Castiel , God feels He has done enough . When relayed to Castiel , his hopes and faith are shattered , leading him to drink heavily in the subsequent episode `` 99 Problems '' when Sam summons him for answers about the actions of the people in a town . Castiel reveals that they are dealing with the Whore of Babylon and provides the stake that can kill her , but as he is no longer a true servant of Heaven , is unable to do it himself . He gets Pastor Gideon so they can have him do it and tries to hold the Whore in place so the Pastor can stab her . However , she casts a spell that causes him great pain and knocks him out of the fight . In the end , Dean stabs her with the stake , identifying himself as a true servant of heaven . Powerless In `` Point of No Return '' , Castiel helps Sam to keep Dean from becoming Michael 's vessel . He leaves after hearing a signal from the angels , and finds a resurrected Adam Milligan -- Sam and Dean 's half - brother who had been previously killed by ghouls . When Dean escapes and tries to contact the angels , Castiel finds him , and angrily attacks him for making Castiel 's rebelling against Heaven worthless . Later , he carves a banishing sigil into his own chest and activates it in the presence of multiple angels in order to clear the way for Sam and Dean to attack Zachariah and save Adam . The effects of the sigil send him onto a fishing boat , now completely human . Despite his lack of power , he is able to defeat the Horseman Pestilence using what appears to be what little is left of his angelic strength , and assists Bobby and Sam in preventing nationwide distribution of the Croatoan virus . In the fifth - season finale , `` Swan Song '' , Castiel loses faith after Sam fails to overpower Lucifer when he possesses him and suggests they get drunk and wait for the end to come . When Dean refuses to give up , Castiel and Bobby follow him and Castiel uses a Molotov cocktail of Holy Fire to temporarily banish Michael to buy Dean time to try to reach Sam . Angry that Castiel attacked his brother , Lucifer obliterates Castiel with a snap of his fingers . After Sam and Dean avert the Apocalypse , Castiel is resurrected once more by God , now more powerful than ever . He heals Dean 's injuries and resurrects Bobby and reminds Dean that he got what he wanted : no Apocalypse , no Paradise , just more of the same . Castiel then heads back to Heaven to restore order and become its new leader , believing it to be in chaos as Sam trapped Michael in Lucifer 's Cage as well . Post-apocalyptic alliances A year after the Apocalypse , Castiel returns to Earth in `` The Third Man '' to get Sam and Dean 's help to find the Staff of Moses , which , along with many other weapons of Heaven , has been stolen during the war . They soon discover that the angel Balthazar has stolen it and sold pieces of it to people in exchange for their souls . They confront Balthazar , but are interrupted by Raphael . Before Raphael is able to get his revenge against Castiel , Balthazar destroys Raphael 's vessel and sends him back to Heaven . After trapping Balthazar within a ring of ignited holy oil and forcing him to restore the souls he has taken , Castiel sets him free , claiming his debt has been paid off . In `` Family Matters '' , Castiel returns to `` diagnose '' Sam by asking him several questions . Sam , still dizzy and unsure of what is going on after being knocked unconscious by Dean , reveals that he no longer sleeps and has become a better hunter . Castiel has an idea of what 's wrong and decides to read Sam 's soul by reaching inside him , and the truth is finally revealed : that Sam has no soul , and it was locked in the cage with Lucifer . Both Dean and Castiel are unsure whether Sam is still Sam without his soul , but they let Sam go and Castiel heals his wounds from being beaten by Dean . In `` Caged Heat '' , Sam tries to trick Castiel into coming to Earth to help the brothers get Sam 's soul back . When he comes , Sam threatens Castiel saying that if he does not help , then he will hunt him down and kill him . Despite knowing Sam never could , he helps them . Later , while Sam and Dean are doing research , Castiel discovers porn on TV ; when Dean asks why he was watching porn , he replies , `` It was there . '' Castiel later discovers Sam and Dean are working with a demon named Meg , whom he refers to as an abomination . When Crowley admits that he can not get Sam 's soul back , Castiel burns Crowley 's human remains . At the end of the episode Castiel explains to Sam and Dean that the celestial war is not going well for him and he would rather be on Earth with them , but leaves anyway to continue fighting , but promises to take care of Crowley 's captured monsters first . After acquiring the holy weapons from Balthazar in `` The French Mistake '' , Castiel suggests that he now has a military advantage in the war . Unfortunately , this advantage seems limited ; he orders Balthazar in `` My Heart Will Go On '' to save the Titanic , spawning 50,000 new souls to empower his side . However , Fate works to undo the impossible births and begins killing them . Once the brothers encounter the string of odd deaths Fate takes this opportunity to eliminate them due to their part of undoing the destined Apocalypse . This forces Castiel to concede the loss and re-sink the Titanic . In `` Frontierland '' , Sam and Dean call for Castiel to send them back in time as they have learned that the ashes of a Phoenix can kill Eve and that Samuel Colt killed one in the past with The Colt . Rachel , Castiel 's lieutenant comes instead and berates the boys for only calling for him when they need something of him , but Castiel arrives himself and sends Rachel away . Castiel is able to send Dean and Sam back in time , but warns them that he has to retrieve them in 24 hours or they 'll be stuck in the past forever and tells Bobby to pray for him when the time comes . While waiting , Rachel approaches him about his plans and attacks him . Castiel kills her , but is left weakened by a stab wound she managed to inflict on him first . Castiel manages to teleport to Bobby 's and draws a sigil to hide himself from the other angels before passing out . He wakes in time to retrieve the Winchesters , but his weakened state prevents this so he is forced to draw power from Bobby 's soul . While Dean killed the Phoenix , Castiel brought them back before they could gather the ashes so it all appears for nothing and he lacks the power to send them back . Luckily , Samuel Colt collected the ashes and sent a package with them to be delivered to Bobby 's after the boys return . In `` Mommy Dearest '' , it is discovered that there is a possibility Crowley may have faked his death and might still be alive ; suggesting that perhaps Castiel had burned the wrong bones by mistake . Eve reveals this to Sam and Dean when they try to hunt her down . During the hunt , Eve is able to suppress Castiel 's powers as she is older than him . After Dean kills Eve , Castiel 's powers return and he kills all of her monsters with a blast of white light before transporting the group to the home of the uncle of two young boys who were turned into monsters . There , they find them dead , having been killed by demons , and Castiel promises to look into Crowley 's possible survival to find out for sure if he 's dead or not . However , Castiel is instead seen with a very alive Crowley who states that he is `` tired of cleaning up after ( Castiel 's ) messes '' , implying that Castiel had full knowledge of burning the wrong bones and that both he and Crowley have some sort of agreement between them and / or may be working together as partners . In `` The Man Who Would Be King '' , it is revealed that Castiel was the one who partially raised Sam from Hell , though due to the complication of the cage it was impossible to retrieve his soul , and that he has made a deal with Crowley in a desperate attempt to win the war . Sam and Dean also learn of his partnership with Crowley when he slips up and reveals he is spying on them . In `` Let it Bleed '' , Castiel is enraged to learn that Lisa and Ben Braeden have been kidnapped by Crowley and tries to get him to reveal where they are to no avail . Castiel saves Dean from a demon and tries and fails to convince him to back off . Later , after Lisa is mortally wounded by a demon possessing her in an attempt to force Dean not to exorcise her , Castiel arrives at the hospital and without being asked , heals her wounds and at Dean 's request , erases all of her and her son Ben 's memories of Dean . He does this as a final act of friendship towards Dean though both admit it does n't change the fact that they are now enemies . Castiel also spends the episode one step ahead of Bobby investigating H.P. Lovecraft 's opening of Purgatory in an attempt to find a way to open it himself . Godhood In `` The Man Who Knew Too Much '' , Castiel tricks Crowley and Raphael , eventually absorbing the souls from Purgatory . He demonstrates his new power by killing Raphael with a simple snap of his fingers . While talking to Dean , who unsuccessfully begs him to give up the power , Sam sneaks up behind them and attempts to kill him with an angelic blade by stabbing Castiel in the back , but it has no effect . Castiel removes the blade , explains that he is no longer an angel , declaring himself their new God . He then glances at the three hunters before delivering an ultimatum : to profess their own loyalty and love unto him , or be destroyed . In `` Meet the New Boss '' , Castiel begins exacting his new supremacy over the planet , working miracles and punishing religious hypocrites alike . However , when Castiel 's vessel begins to become damaged and he begins to lose control of his power , Death reveals that he also absorbed creatures known as Leviathans from Purgatory . The Leviathans will destroy him if they are not released . Castiel seeks out the Winchesters ' help , and reopens the portal with Death 's assistance . Although the souls are returned , the Leviathans evade reentering Purgatory and take control of Castiel 's vessel . In `` Hello , Cruel World '' , the vessel begins to quickly break down . The Leviathans are forced to leave , dispersing into the local water supply nearby and leaving behind only Castiel 's trench coat . Return to madness In `` The Born - Again Identity '' , it 's revealed that Castiel survived . After the Leviathans left him , he made his way out of the river , naked , and ran into his future wife Daphne . However , the experience renders Castiel amnesic , but with his angelic powers intact . Going by the name `` Emanuel '' , Castiel used his powers to heal people , though he did n't know where that ability and his power to see demon 's true faces came from . After Sam is committed to a mental hospital as a result of the hallucinations of Lucifer he is suffering due to Castiel breaking his `` mental wall '' , Dean searches for `` Emanuel '' and kills a demon that is holding his wife hostage . Castiel agrees to help Dean who does n't tell him who he really is , but mentions what `` Cas '' had done to Sam . The two are joined by Meg , but upon reaching the hospital , find demons surrounding the entrance . As Castiel is the only one who can take them all down , Dean is forced to tell him the truth about who he really is and insists he has the power to kill the demons . Castiel manages to summon his power to kill demons and kills all of them , but doing so restores his memories . Castiel shows remorse for his previous actions and initially wants to leave , but Dean is able to convince him to help by giving him back his trench coat . Castiel finds Sam in time to save him from a demon torturing him to death with electro - shock therapy and tries to restore his mental wall , but ca n't as it 's completely gone . Feeling sorry for what he had done , Castiel transfers the problem to himself and is haunted by visions of Lucifer like Sam was . Castiel is committed to the mental hospital , but is safe from the demons as only Meg knows he 's alive and she takes a job at the hospital , presumably to look after him . In `` Party On , Garth '' , Dean calls Meg and she reveals that Castiel 's in the same condition , which Sam feels guilty about . In `` Reading is Fundamental '' , Castiel is awakened when the Word of God -- a tablet with information inscribed by an angel as dictated by God -- is found by Sam and Dean . Although his torment has driven him insane , he explains that taking on Sam 's pain has helped relieve some of his past burdens . He then explains what the Word of God is , but is unable to read it . Two angels from his former garrison arrive in pursuit of Kevin , a prophet who was awakened by the Word of God and drawn to it . The angel Hester tries to kill Castiel out of anger for his past actions , but she is instead killed by Meg . The other angel offers Castiel the chance to return to Heaven with him , but Castiel declines , explaining that he feels he no longer belongs there . The other angel then leaves , taking Kevin away to safety . Castiel comments to the Winchesters that he finds it amazing that he does not know what he is going to do next , and teleports away after giving them his blood . In `` Survival of the Fittest '' , after finding his garrison wiped out , Castiel has Meg take him to the Winchesters where he explains what he has discovered . Crowley arrives and is furious to see him , but Castiel no longer has a wish to fight and when Crowley realizes he 's insane , he decides to put off his feud with Castiel for a time when he 's sane again . Crowley , after giving them his blood , disappears but tells them Castiel can help them kill Dick . Castiel refuses to help as he does n't want to fight and after he disappears to retrieve a board game , Meg explains that since Castiel had the Leviathans within him , he is able to tell them apart even in their human forms and can pick out the real Dick Roman . Castiel watches as Sam and Dean burn Bobby 's flask and put him at rest and later takes Dean to where he has stored the Impala and agrees to help . Castiel , Sam and Dean infiltrate Sucrocorp thanks to a distraction from Meg and he and Dean confront Dick Roman in the labs . Dick throws Castiel across the room when he tries to attack , but after Dean fails to kill Dick , Castiel holds his head in place from behind allowing Dean to stab Dick through the neck with the weapon , killing him . As a result of this , Castiel and Dean are sucked into Purgatory with Dick 's soul and after letting Dean know this and that they are more likely to die than get out , Castiel disappears , leaving Dean alone . Out of Purgatory In `` We Need To Talk About Kevin '' , Dean escapes Purgatory with the help of the vampire Benny , but Castiel is not with him . He later tells Sam that things got hairy near the end and that Castiel did n't make it , that he `` let go '' . While Dean does n't elaborate , he is clearly affected by this . In a flashback scene , Dean is shown looking for Castiel in Purgatory , interrogating a vampire for his location . As a result , he meets Benny and only agrees to Benny 's deal to get out if they find Castiel first and help him escape too . Castiel appears in flashbacks in the following episode , where he reveals that he fled Dean to keep him safe from the Leviathans and other monsters that are angry at Castiel , but Dean refuses to leave Purgatory without Castiel . When talking with another angel at an auction for the second Word of God tablet , Dean again states that Castiel did not make it out of Purgatory . He later escapes with the aid of an army of angels sent to rescue him -- having initially remained behind as penance for his actions to stop a duo of Leviathans that were trying to attack Dean and Benny as they left Purgatory -- but the other angels not only erase his memory that they were responsible for his escape , but also erase his memory of their subsequent ' check - ins ' to discuss the Winchesters ' actions , with Castiel forced to tell them about the Winchesters ' progress in the search for the tablet . Apparently back to full power , Castiel helps the Winchesters save Kevin from Crowley -- who has been abducting future Prophets to try to find another means of reading the Word of God tablet -- and destroy the tablet to prevent Crowley using it , retaining half of the tablet while Crowley flees with the other half . Afterwards , in `` Hunteri Heroici '' , Castiel cuts off his ability to listen into the other angels and decides to become a full - time hunter to avoid facing the other angels about what he has done . Castiel proves instrumental in solving the case , using his abilities to enter the mind of a man with reality warping powers , allowing Sam to bring him back to reality with a speech about not running from it . Later , at the request of the man , Fred , Castiel strips him of his powers so he is no longer a danger to anyone though it leaves him mentally damaged . Castiel , having listened to Sam 's speech about running from reality as well as Fred , decides to return to Heaven to try to make up for what he did , but is forbidden by Naomi , the angel who ordered his rescue . Instead , Castiel stays to watch out for Fred for a while , but accepts that he can no longer run from what he has done . In `` Torn and Frayed '' , as his penance , Castiel has turned back on his `` angel radio '' and travels around helping people who have need of help or healing . He demonstrates this by healing a sick infant that wo n't stop crying . After getting a distress call from Samandriel , Naomi summons Castiel to rescue the angel . Castiel enlists Dean 's help and repeatedly wonders where Sam is , unaware that Sam and Dean are currently not getting along . After getting the ingredients for a `` demon bomb '' , Castiel gets Sam as they will need all the help they can get to rescue Samandriel and yells at Sam and Dean for their behavior . At the warehouse , Castiel tells Sam and Dean what symbols to neutralize and where so he can enter and gives Sam his sword so he has a weapon against demons . After Sam and Dean clear the way , Castiel enters , but is weakened by the other sigils in the building . Samandriel 's screams cause him to remember being tied down by Naomi who approaches his eye with a mysterious instrument and is unable to help Sam and Dean in breaking into the room where Samandriel is . After they get in , Castiel frees Samandriel while Sam and Dean deal with the demons guarding him and takes the other angel outside . There , Samandriel begs for Castiel not to return him to Heaven and tries to warn him that `` they '' are controlling him . Before Samandriel can explain , Naomi forces Castiel to kill him for being a `` traitor '' . Castiel is horrified by this , but Naomi reveals that Samandriel telling Crowley about the angel Word of God tablet puts all in angels in danger and Castiel is a hero . Under her orders , he claims to Sam and Dean that he was forced to kill Samandriel in self - defense and that he is taking him back to Heaven to put him to rest ( in reality so Naomi can determine just how much he broke ) , but his weird behavior and the fact that his eye starts bleeding arouses Sam and Dean 's suspicions that he is being controlled . On the run from Heaven In `` Goodbye Stranger '' , Castiel has been completely brainwashed by Naomi and has killed thousands of copies of Dean ruthlessly . Castiel is sent to find the angel tablet and tortures and kills the demons also looking for it , drawing Sam and Dean 's attention . Sam and Dean track down someone who knows the location of one of Lucifer 's Crypts where the angel tablet is and in ensuing scuffle , Sam ends up in trouble . Castiel saves Sam and captures one of the demons , claiming under Naomi 's orders that he is searching for the second half of the demon tablet and that the demons are searching for a parchment that will allow them to translate it without a Prophet . Castiel tortures the demon who tells them where to find Meg , but kills her before she can reveal the truth to Sam and Dean . Castiel heads off alone and rescues Meg who explains what the demons really want . While Naomi initially wants her killed to prevent that , Castiel is able to make a case to keep her alive . The group then go to the warehouse where the crypt is and before heading inside with Dean , Castiel reveals that Sam is damaged by his trials on a level that even Castiel ca n't fix . Castiel and Dean locate the angel tablet and Castiel has to have Dean get it as it is warded against angels . However , Naomi orders Castiel to kill Dean and though he fights it , he has no control over his actions . As he is about to kill him , Dean manages to break through to Castiel 's heart and he breaks free of Naomi 's influence . He picks up the angel tablet which completely severs Naomi 's connection to and control over him . Castiel heals Dean and explains what happened , but senses that he must now protect the tablet from everyone , even Dean . Castiel is later seen traveling on a bus to an unknown destination with the tablet . Despite losing the tablet , Naomi is somewhat satisfied as according to her , Castiel is doing what he is supposed to be doing . Naomi later comes to Dean . In an attempt to gain his trust , presumably because she knows Castiel is one of his weak spots , she lies to Dean about Castiel and claims that he misinterpreted everything she has done and is still insane . Dean , of course , does n't believe her . Despite this , Castiel is eventually captured by Naomi 's forces , but the angel tablet is claimed by Crowley after one of Naomi 's angels betrays their location , although this gives Castiel time to escape and reunite with the Winchesters after killing the angel guarding him . Metatron 's betrayal With Heaven in chaos , Metatron ( the Scribe of God , recently rediscovered ) convinces Castiel that they must seal the gates of Heaven to force the angels together to make peace . The first trial is to cut out the heart of a nephilim , the child of a human and an angel , which Castiel is forced to kill when the selected target attacks him . They manage to complete the second trial ( retrieving the bow of a cupid ) , but Metatron subsequently reveals that his true intentions are to exile all the angels from Heaven for forcing him to leave Heaven ages ago . He takes Castiel 's grace from him as the third ingredient for this spell , leaving Castiel human and banished to Earth before the other angels begin to fall as well . Back to humanity With the angels expelled from Heaven , many of them begin searching for Castiel , whom they believe is responsible . Castiel decides he wants to help his fallen brethren find `` direction '' when he encounters an angel named Hale who requests his guidance . When Castiel contacts the Winchesters , however , Dean tells him to leave Hale and make his way the Men of Letters bunker where he will be safe from the angels hunting him . Following this , Castiel attempts to leave Hale behind but is captured by her instead whereby she reveals her plans to possess him . Castiel escapes and kills Hale then continues to make his way to the bunker , abandoning his usual attire along the way . Castiel is nearly caught several times by the angels searching for him and gets a tattoo that will ward him against angels . In response , the angels send freelance Reapers after him and he is eventually caught by one of them . The Reaper tortures Castiel and kills him when the Winchesters show up to rescue him . Dean has the angel secretly possessing Sam heal Castiel and takes him back to the bunker but later asks him to leave when Ezekiel , the angel inside Sam , requests it . Castiel gets a job at a gas station and attempts to adjust to his new life as a human . He helps Dean hunt a rogue angel that is killing people in emotional pain , but later prays for help when Dean sends him away for the second time on Ezekiel 's orders . Castiel is found by the neutral angel Muriel who heard his prayer . Muriel agrees to provide information but the two are captured by angels that have been trailing Muriel . Castiel and Muriel are taken to the anarchist angel Malachi , the leader of one side of the angel civil war ( the other side being headed by the angel Bartholomew ) , and tortured for information on Metatron . Muriel is killed in the process . Stolen Grace Eventually , Malachi leaves Castiel with the angel Theo who tells Castiel he wants to defect to Metatron 's side . Castiel tricks Theo into releasing him and steals his Grace , transforming Castiel into an angel once more and at least restoring his powers . Castiel calls Dean and tells him that while he was held captive by Malachi he learned that the angel Ezekiel is dead and so the angel possessing Sam must be an impostor . After being contacted by Dean , Castiel , now wearing a new suit and trenchcoat and driving a stolen car as he can no longer teleport , returns to the bunker where he comes up with the plan to have Crowley help expel Gadreel from Sam . Castiel knocks Gadreel out and comforts Dean when the torture they have Crowley perform to bring forth Sam 's mind proves too much for Dean . Castiel is furious to learn that it is Gadreel , blaming him for all the evil in the universe , but Dean calms him down . When Gadreel proves resistant to their efforts to expel him , Dean tries to have Castiel possess Sam to let him know of the situation but he ca n't without Sam 's permission . Crowley agrees to do it instead in exchange for his freedom and though Castiel is reluctant , he removes Sam 's anti-possession tattoo . The plan works and Sam expels Gadreel . After leaving Crowley to deal with Abaddon , Castiel heals Sam 's injuries from the torture and informs him he can finish his healing from the Trials over time as Gadreel did most of the job . He remains behind with Sam as Dean leaves on his own . Facing Metatron With his angelic powers partially restored , Castiel sets out to try and stop the angelic civil war . Having killed Bartholomew in self - defence , Castiel takes command of most of the Earth - bound angels , but finds himself opposed by Metatron , who is rallying angels to his side with the intention of painting Castiel as the villain of the piece . Although Castiel learns that his stolen grace will kill him eventually , he refuses Metatron 's offer to side with him , eventually convincing Gadreel to ally with him in opposing Metatron 's attempt to stage a coup of Heaven even as Metatron tricks the other angels into follow him by presenting Castiel as a despot willing to destroy everything to win the war , convincing angels to ' suicide bomb ' themselves and claim that Castiel told them to do it . Having gained access to Heaven 's ' back door ' after Gadreel sacrifices himself , Castiel defeats Metatron and throws him into Heaven 's prison . Lack of Grace Despite his defeat of Metatron and access to Heaven having been restored , Castiel continues to face challenges on a personal and large scale , as some angels prefer to remain on Earth and his stolen Grace continues to consume him . Although Metatron has hinted that he may be able to help Castiel with a remaining fragment of his original Grace , Castiel has rejected the option of making a deal with Metatron to save his own life . Sam and Dean remain ignorant of Castiel 's fate , although Crowley is aware of Castiel 's condition , at one point killing another angel to transfer her Grace to Castiel so that Castiel could help Sam cure the now - demonic Dean after he was transformed by the Mark of Cain . When Hannah decides to return to Heaven to give her vessel a chance at returning to her life , Castiel is prompted to look up Jimmy 's daughter Claire , revealing that Jimmy has been ' dead ' and in Heaven ever since Jimmy 's body was destroyed during his first confrontation with Raphael . Although Claire initially resents Castiel 's return to her life , she comes to accept him and the Winchesters after they save her from being sold as a prostitute by a man she believed had been helping her . Grace restored Seeking to help Dean find a cure for the Mark of Cain , Castiel breaks Metatron out of Heaven and removes his Grace so that the Winchesters can interrogate him . Although he fails to provide any new information , Metatron is able to lead Castiel to the library where he hid the remaining fragments of Castiel 's Grace . With his powers restored , Castiel helps Claire find her long - lost mother , but although Amelia sacrifices herself to save Claire , Claire accepts that the Winchesters and Castiel meant well , even speculating that she will become a Hunter herself . When Rowena -- Crowley 's long - lost mother -- casts a spell to remove the Mark , she also casts a spell that causes Castiel to attack Crowley while she escapes , leaving Castiel driven by a greater rage to the point that he kills two angels until Rowena is forced to cure him . Lucifer 's vessel Faced with the threat of the Darkness -- revealed over the course of the series to be God 's ' sister ' , sacrificed to create the world -- Castiel agrees to act as Lucifer 's vessel when Lucifer claims to be the only one with the power to defeat the Darkness , since God is absent and all other archangels are dead or insane . After killing Rowena , apparently the only person capable of re-opening the Cage , Lucifer spends some time re-establishing his power base in Hell while acting as Castiel to interact with the Winchesters and follow their research into Amara , but his true identity is revealed after the Winchesters attempt to travel back in time to recover a Hand of God from a submarine before it sank in 1943 . Castiel is able to regain control long enough to explain the situation to Sam and stop himself killing his friend , Dean subsequently banishing Lucifer and vowing to find a way to free Castiel from his control . Crowley , forced to act as Lucifer 's slave , is forced on the run after he fails to kill Lucifer with another salvaged Hand of God . The Winchesters manage to get through to Castiel when preparing for a new confrontation with Amara , but Castiel resolves to remain as Lucifer 's Vessel until her defeat , only for the Hand of God to fail against Amara 's power . With Castiel / Lucifer now Amara 's prisoner , she decides to torture an archangel to try and lure God out , leaving the Winchesters to speculate that Lucifer could n't use the Hand of God due to the fact that he is a fallen archangel . Lucifer is eventually rescued when God returns -- revealed to be Chuck , the author who wrote the Winchester Gospels -- with God / Chuck healing Lucifer and apologising for his past actions . Although Lucifer is apparently killed in the later confrontation with Amara , Castiel is healed and returned to control of his body , although he is then banished when a member of the London branch of the Men of Letters attacks the bunker to punish Sam 's past actions . Quest for Lucifer Castiel is able to collect himself in time to return to the bunker and help Dean and the resurrected Mary Winchester find and rescue Sam . However , upon learning that Lucifer has escaped destruction , now jumping through vessels that rapidly burn out due to his weakened state making it harder for him to maintain them , Castiel sets out to find Lucifer , accompanied by Crowley , although their first attempt simply sees Rowena banish Lucifer 's new vessel to the bottom of the ocean without actually managing to kill him . Characterization Castiel typically displays very little emotion and always exhibits an extremely somber disposition . Although it has been suggested angels possibly do not possess the ability to truly feel emotion , Castiel frequently exhibits affection towards Dean . This attachment and growing ability to feel even causes him to be `` demoted '' , as his superiors fear emotions are clouding his judgment . Throughout his appearances in the fourth season , he also seems to , at the very least , come close to expressing regret , hesitance , and anger several times , and has once quietly laughed at a joke Dean made in `` It 's the Great Pumpkin , Sam Winchester '' . Actor Misha Collins feels , through Dean , `` ( Castiel is ) learning a little bit about humanity and re-learning something about ( his ) own humanity from that exposure . So ... there 's a humanizing of Castiel going on . '' Castiel begins having an internal struggle between what is right and what is wrong , and whether or not to obey orders from Heaven . Collins feels this is because interactions with Sam and Dean have made the angel `` uncertain '' and `` more fragile '' . Collins believes Castiel envies Dean 's decisiveness and desires to emulate him . Having lost his connection to Heaven in the fifth season , Castiel 's humanization seems to have quickened by the episode `` Free to Be You and Me '' , as he appears extremely anxious while in a whorehouse , is visibly distraught when asking Dean for help , and refers to the Archangel Raphael as `` my little bitch '' . Despite becoming very arrogant when he becomes the `` new God '' , Castiel still shows his caring side and ultimately returns the souls to Purgatory and shows remorse for his actions , promising to Dean to find a way to redeem himself in Dean 's eyes , showing that he cares about how Dean views him . After losing his memory , Castiel is more human than ever , but still displays some of his emotionless side . After his memory returns , he shows real regret when he ca n't undo the damage he did to Sam and essentially sacrifices himself to save him out of remorse for his actions . After Castiel wakes up from his catatonic state , he is now depicted as insane with tendencies to ramble about random topics . However , parts of Castiel 's original personality are still shown with him still being happy to help Sam and Dean out and still knowledgeable about various supernatural things , but not willing to actually fight anymore even when his life is threatened . Castiel describes himself as `` bad luck '' and does n't believe he should be around the Winchesters as a result . After traveling to Purgatory , Castiel regained his sanity , but still carries a lot of guilt about his previous actions . He is also now less distant from Sam and Dean and more appreciative of human things such as television . While Castiel and his peers , contrary to depictions of angels in popular culture , are not out helping people in need , Castiel still has a conscience and cares about the welfare of humanity -- creatures whom he believes to be `` works of art '' . Speaking of his character , actor Misha Collins stated , `` I think that these angels are at least loosely derived from some Biblical angel stories , and those angels are ( very tough ) . They just destroy . I picked up Revelations , and they destroy , they destroy , they destroy . There 's no mention of cherubs and harps or any of that . '' Development Collins at the 2009 Supernatural Comic Con International panel in San Diego The character was created for the fourth season to introduce Christian mythology to the series . Because series creator Eric Kripke wanted to keep the introduction of angels a secret , the character was described as a demon during auditions . Once Collins got the part , the main direction Kripke gave him of the character was there is `` an otherworldly quality to the character , and that he has n't been up close with human beings . He 's been watching human beings from a great distance for the last two thousand years , so angels have n't been on Earth mingling with human beings for the last two thousand years . So when ( he is ) interacting with human beings , there 's a naive curiosity about their behavior . It 's as if ( he is ) inspecting some sort of alien beings . '' The series director Kim Manners also encouraged Collins to play Castiel with an air of `` piousness '' . Kripke based Castiel 's appearance on the comic book character John Constantine . To prepare for the role , Collins read the Book of Revelation . As well , Collins has said he somewhat based his character around his younger brother , who has something `` angelic about him '' , as he `` has this way of , very calmly , just staring into someone 's eyes '' making one feel `` like he can get into your soul . '' To avoid the biblically toned dialogue from sounding too `` campy '' , Collins does his best to `` play it as real as possible '' . Because Castiel 's true voice shattered windows in his premiere episode , Collins decided to use a `` gruff , resonant voice '' for the character . However , when portraying the angel 's host Jimmy Novak , he tried to create a distinction between the two characters , providing different physical and personality traits , as well as using a `` more boyish kind of sound '' for Jimmy 's voice . Speaking of the fifth season and Castiel 's more frequent interactions with humans , Collins commented , `` Obviously the big joke is that he does n't understand human beings and how they behave . And there is something inherently funny in that , especially if he 's the straight man . '' The actor noted he was a little hesitant at making the character into `` the funny guy '' , and was apprehensive about some moments in the early episodes of the season . However , he believes the writers have found `` the line '' , allowing for the jokes to be `` more subtle '' and `` a little more believable '' . Reception Critical response to the character has been extremely favorable . Castiel ranked ninth on TV.com 's top ten list of best new supporting characters of 2008 . The staff and voters of TelevisionWithoutPity both agreed Castiel was the 2008 -- 2009 Most Welcome New Character on television , and BuddyTV 's John Kubicek listed him as one of the ten `` TV Characters Who Deserve Their Own Spin - Offs '' . TV Squad ranked him as the top reason to watch the series , noting the `` slightly awkward , frighteningly precise angel ... has done an amazing job of selling the underlying menace and vengefulness of God 's most heavenly creatures . '' Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune described the concept of Castiel as `` genius '' and the actor Collins as `` fabulous '' . Deeming Castiel to be a `` fascinating new element '' , Diana Steenbergen of IGN ranked Castiel fourth in her list of the `` Ten Things We Love About Supernatural '' . She posited that Collins plays the role with `` somber intensity '' , and `` brings a sense of curiosity about humans to the character '' . The angel 's interactions with Dean were `` one of the highlights of the ( fourth ) season '' . She especially praised Collins for his dual role as Castiel and the angel 's host Jimmy Novak in the episode `` The Rapture '' , and wrote , `` It is a tribute to Collins 's acting that the audience knows immediately that the person we are seeing is not Castiel . '' Fan response to the character has also been positive . Collins believed that the character would end up being just another role for him , and never expected such a reaction from the fans . According to him , `` The enthusiasm that I 've been met with is something new and not something I 'm really prepared for . '' The character was originally intended for only a six - episode story arc , but his role was rewritten to continue throughout the rest of the season . Upon Supernatural 's renewal for a fifth season , Collins was promoted to a series regular , something he believes to be mainly due to fan support . References Jump up ^ Writer : Ben Edlund , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` Abandon All Hope ... '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 10 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : Kim Manners ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Lazarus Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 1 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rapture '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 20 . April 30 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Are You There God ? It 's Me , Dean Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 2 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Jeremy Carver , Director : Steve Boyum ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` In the Beginning '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 3 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Julie Siege , Director : Charles Beeson ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` It 's The Great Pumpkin , Sam Winchester '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 7 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sarah Gamble , Director : Charles Beeson ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 9 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Eric Kripke , Director : J. Miller Tobin ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Heaven and Hell '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 10 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` On the Head of a Pin '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 16 . March 19 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Lucifer Rising '' . Supernatural . Season 4 . Episode 22 . May 14 , 2009 . CW . ^ Jump up to : `` Sympathy For The Devil '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 10 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Good God , Y'All ! '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 2 . September 17 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Abandon All Hope ... '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 10 . November 19 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ `` The Song Remains the Same '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 13 . February 4 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` My Bloody Valentine '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 14 . February 11 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Dark Side of the Moon '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 16 . April 1 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` 99 Problems '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 17 . April 8 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ Writer : Sera Gamble , Director : Phil Sgriccia ( May 6 , 2010 ) . `` Two Minutes to Midnight '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 21 . CW . Jump up ^ `` The Third Man '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 3 . October 8 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Family Matters '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 5 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` Caged Heat '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 10 . December 3 , 2010 . CW . Jump up ^ `` The French Mistake '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 14 . February 25 , 2011 . CW . Jump up ^ `` My Heart Will Go On '' . Supernatural . Season 6 . Episode 17 . April 15 , 2011 . CW . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` An angelic visitation livens up the enjoyable ' Supernatural ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural 4 : Misha Collins - Castiel 's Emotions '' . The CW Source . March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Free to Be You and Me '' . Supernatural . Season 5 . Episode 3 . September 24 , 2009 . CW . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kate ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Misha Collins Is ' Supernatural 's ' Dark Angel '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Don ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Misha Collins of ' Supernatural ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reed , MR ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hollywood Insider : Supernatural 's Angel of Thursday -- Chatting with Misha Collins About Castiel '' . Eclipse Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brian ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Misha Collins Gets Angelic in Supernatural '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Misha Collins : Supernatural 's Warrior Angel '' . SFUniverse.com . September 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : John Kubicek ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' Interview : Misha Collins Talks Heavenly Torture and Summer Plans '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Minutes with Supernatural 's Misha Collins '' . EveryJoe . August 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Convention - al wisdom ? Talking to Misha Collins , Jim Beaver and ' Supernatural ' fans '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TV.com staff ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` TV.com Top Ten : Best new supporting characters of 2008 '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Gallery - Tubey Awards 2009 : Characters - TV Shows & TV Series Pictures & Photos TWoP '' . Televisionwithoutpity.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ John Kubicek . `` BuddyTV Slideshow TV Characters Who Deserve Their Own Spin - Offs '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` TV Squad Ten : Reasons you should watch Supernatural '' . TV Squad . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Karla ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` Trackback : Karla Peterson '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural : Season 4 Review - IGN '' . Tv.ign.com. 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Things We Love About Supernatural - IGN '' . Tv.ign.com. 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Supernatural 's Newest Angel Misha Collins '' . TheTVAddict.com . September 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Spelling , Ian ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Three Questions With Supernatural 's Misha Collins '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Spelling , Ian ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' actor Misha Collins is the new angel on the block '' . ReadingEagle.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Supernatural Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Devil 's Trap '' Season 2 `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' Season 3 `` Fresh Blood '' `` A Very Supernatural Christmas '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` No Rest for the Wicked '' Season 4 `` Lazarus Rising '' Season 5 `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Good God , Y'All ! '' `` Swan Song '' Season 6 `` Exile on Main St . '' Season 7 `` Meet the New Boss '' `` Hello , Cruel World '' Season 8 `` Sacrifice '' Season 9 Season 10 `` Black '' `` Reichenbach '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Brother 's Keeper '' Season 11 `` Out of the Darkness , Into the Fire '' `` Form and Void '' `` The Bad Seed '' `` Baby '' `` Thin Lizzie '' `` Our Little World '' `` O Brother Where Art Thou ? '' `` The Devil in the Details '' `` Beyond the Mat '' `` Safe House '' `` Hell 's Angel '' `` Do n't Call Me Shurley '' `` All in the Family '' `` We Happy Few '' `` Alpha and Omega '' Season 12 `` Keep Calm and Carry On '' `` Mamma Mia '' `` The Foundry '' `` American Nightmare '' `` The One You 've Been Waiting For '' `` Celebrating the Life of Asa Fox '' `` Rock Never Dies '' `` LOTUS '' `` First Blood '' `` Lily Sunder Has Some Regrets '' Season 13 Characters Main Sam Winchester Dean Winchester Ruby Bela Talbot Castiel Crowley Lucifer Supporting John Winchester Bobby Singer Jo Harvelle Ellen Harvelle Anna Milton Antagonists Azazel Meg Masters Lilith Uriel Alastair Zachariah Other Awards and nominations Supernatural Wiki Supernatural : Bloodlines <Td_colspan="2"> Wikipedia books : Supernatural Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castiel_(Supernatural)&oldid=818853645 '' Categories : Supernatural ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional angels Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional mass murderers Fictional characters with healing abilities Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 23 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Castiel's role in the TV series Supernatural 2. Castiel's journey from angel to human 3. Castiel's alliances and battles with demons and angels 4. Castiel's relationship with the Winchester brothers 5. Castiel's struggles with his loyalty to Heaven and his own free will

who does the voice of jax's dad on sons of anarchy

Nicholas Guest - wikipedia Nicholas Guest <Th_colspan="2"> The Honourable Nicholas Haden - Guest ( 1951 - 05 - 05 ) May 5 , 1951 ( age 67 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1978 -- present Spouse ( s ) Jill Ellen Demby ( m . 1980 ; div. 1989 ) Pamela Ann Seamon ( m . 1989 ) Children Julia Haden Guest Elizabeth Guest Parent ( s ) Peter Haden - Guest , 4th Baron Haden - Guest Jean Pauline Hindes Relatives Christopher Guest ( brother ) Anthony Haden - Guest ( half - brother ) Nicholas Haden - Guest ( born May 5 , 1951 ) is an American actor who has appeared in various movie and television roles , including that of Headmaster Patrick James Elliot in the teen sitcom USA High . Since 2000 , he has primarily worked as a voice actor . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Family title 3 Filmography 3.1 Anime roles 3.2 Non-anime roles 3.3 Live - action roles 3.4 Movie roles 3.5 Music video roles 3.6 Video game roles 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Nicholas Guest was born in New York City , the son of Peter Haden - Guest , a British United Nations diplomat who later became the 4th Baron Haden - Guest , and his second wife , Jean Pauline Hindes , a former vice president of casting at CBS . Guest 's maternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Russia . His paternal grandfather , Leslie , Baron Haden - Guest , was a Labour Party politician who was a convert to Judaism , and his paternal grandmother 's father was Colonel Albert Goldsmid , a British officer who founded the Jewish Lads ' and Girls ' Brigade and the Maccabaeans . Both of Guest 's parents had become atheists , and Guest had no religious upbringing . More than a decade before he was born , his uncle David Guest , a lecturer and Communist Party member , was killed in the Spanish Civil War fighting in the International Brigades . Nicholas Guest spent parts of his childhood in his father 's native England . He is the brother of actor Christopher Guest , the brother - in - law of actress Jamie Lee Curtis and the half brother of the British - American writer Anthony Haden - Guest . Guest married , firstly , with Jill Ellen Demby on May 11 , 1980 , but they divorced in 1989 . With Demby he had his first daughter , Julia Demby Haden - Guest ( born on September 23 , 1988 ) . On November 26 , 1989 , he married secondly to Pamela Ann Guest ( née Seamon ) , an actress and casting director , with whom he had his second daughter , Elizabeth Ann Haden - Guest ( born on May 30 , 1990 ) , also an actress . Family title ( edit ) Guest is heir presumptive to the title of Baron Haden - Guest in the British peerage . This is because the children of his brother Christopher Guest and Jamie Lee Curtis ( Lord and Lady Haden - Guest ) are adopted and therefore ineligible to succeed to the title . However , should they have any natural - born son , that son would become heir apparent . Were he to succeed to the barony , he would be The 6th Baron Haden - Guest . As the child of a baron , he is styled `` The Honourable Nicholas Guest '' . Filmography ( edit ) Anime roles ( edit ) Rave Master - Hebi The Big O - Army Police Cowboy Bebop : The Movie - Rasheed Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind - Additional Voices Non-anime roles ( edit ) The Mummy - Ardeth Bay Ben 10 - Clancy Justice League - Luminus Justice League Unlimited - Dino Trooper Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles - Lieutenant / Major Zander Barcalow Godzilla : The Series - Chad Gordon Batman : The Brave and the Bold - The Question , Martian Manhunter Live - action roles ( edit ) Power Rangers : Time Force - Taylor Building Manintenance : and a home man - Nicholas Sons of Anarchy - Voice of John Teller Sleepy Hollow - General William Howe , 2015 2 episodes Movie roles ( edit ) Appointment with Death - Lennox Boynton Astro Boy - French Waiter Robot Barnyard - Additional Barnyard Voices Big Hero 6 - Additional Voices Cloak and Dagger - Taxi Driver Cowboy Bebop : The Movie - Rasheed Dante 's Inferno : An Animated Epic - Demon Priest Fly Me to the Moon - Fly Buddy Frozen - Additional Voices The Late Shift - Robert Iger The Long Riders - Robert Ford Mr. Peabody & Sherman - French Peasant National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation - Todd Chester ( the Griswolds ' next - door neighbor ) Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind - Additional Voices ( 2005 Disney dub ) Over the Hedge - Additional Voices ParaNorman - Hippie Ghost , Mobster Ghost The Penguins of Madagascar - Flight Attendant Racing Stripes - Additional Voices Rio - Additional Voices Saving Santa - Blitzen , Shortbeard Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold - Martian Manhunter Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan - Cadet Tangled - Additional Voices The Tale of Despereaux - Additional Voices Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines - Additional Voices The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving - Hyp 's Father Trading Places - Harry ( one of Louis Winthorpe III 's preppy friends ) Kickboxer 4 : The Aggressor - Casey Ford Zootopia - Judy 's Grandfather ( deleted scene ) The Joy Luck Club - hairdresser Music video roles ( edit ) Janie 's Got a Gun - Father Video game roles ( edit ) Freddy Pharkas : Frontier Pharmacist - Srini / Hop Singh Titanfall 2 - General Marder Vampire : The Masquerade - Redemption - Christof Romuald References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Son to the Peter Haden Guests '' . The New York Times . 1951 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Witchel , Alex ( 2006 - 11 - 12 ) . `` The Shape - Shifter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Murray , William Henry ( 1952 ) . Adam and Cain : symposium of old Bible history , Sumerian Empire , importance of blood of race , juggling juggernaut of the leaders of the Jews , the Gothic civilization of Adam and the ten commandments of his church . Murray . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Steven ( 2006 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Want to spoof Purim and the Oscars ? Be our Guest ! '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . 21 ( 39 ) . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe '' . thePeerage.com. 2006 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Julia Haden Guest - online database IMDb Jump up ^ Pamela Guest - online database IMDb Jump up ^ Elizabeth Guest - online database IMDb Jump up ^ Hon . Nicholas Haden - Guest # 124847 - website ThePeerage.com Jump up ^ Frith , Vanessa ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' Season 3 : Bones Crossover Plot Revealed ! How Will Science & The Supernatural Mix ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Nicholas Guest on IMDb WorldCat Identities GND : 141617659 VIAF : 122149719 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Guest&oldid=860298518 '' Categories : 1951 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from New York City American male film actors American male television actors American people of English descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent American male voice actors Jewish American male actors People from Manhattan Younger sons of barons Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Nicholas Guest - American actor 2. Family background and relationships 3. Career as a voice actor 4. Filmography - anime, non-anime, live-action, and movie roles 5. Heir presumptive to the title of Baron Haden-Guest

who flew to close to the sun and his wings melted

Icarus - wikipedia Icarus For other uses , see Icarus ( disambiguation ) . Jacob Peter Gowy 's The Flight of Icarus . Icarus and Daedalus ancient red relief plastic pottery beaker , Roman - Greece In Greek mythology , Icarus ( the Latin spelling , conventionally adopted in English ; Ancient Greek : Ἴκαρος , Íkaros , Etruscan : Vikare ) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus , the creator of the Labyrinth . Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax . Icarus ' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris , asking that he fly neither too low nor too high , so the sea 's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun 's heat melt them . Icarus ignored his father 's instructions not to fly too close to the sun ; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned , sparking the idiom `` do n't fly too close to the sun '' . This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon . Contents 1 The legend 2 Classical literature 3 Medieval and Renaissance literature 4 Interpretation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading The legend ( edit ) The Lament for Icarus by H.J. Draper Icarus ' father Daedalus , a very talented and remarkable Athenian craftsman , built the Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near his palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur , a half - man , half - bull monster born of his wife and the Cretan bull . Minos imprisoned Daedalus himself in the labyrinth because he gave Minos 's daughter , Ariadne , a clew ( or ball of string ) in order to help Theseus , the enemy of Minos , to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur . Modern graffiti of Icaria island and falling Icarus just outside the village of Evdilos in Icaria - Greece Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son . Daedalus tried his wings first , but before trying to escape the island , he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun , nor too close to the sea , but to follow his path of flight . Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him , Icarus soared into the sky , but in the process he came too close to the sun , which due to the heat melted the wax . Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms , and so Icarus fell into the sea and drowned in the area which today bears his name , the Icarian Sea near Icaria , an island southwest of Samos . Hellenistic writers give euhemerising variants in which the escape from Crete was actually by boat , provided by Pasiphaë , for which Daedalus invented the first sails , to outstrip Minos ' pursuing galleys , and that Icarus fell overboard en route to Sicily and drowned . Heracles erected a tomb for him . Classical literature ( edit ) The Sun , or the Fall of Icarus ( 1819 ) by Merry - Joseph Blondel , in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre Icarus ' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing , but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus . In the literature of ancient Rome , the myth was of interest to Augustan writers . Hyginus narrates it in Fabula 40 , beginning with the bovine love affair of Pasiphaë , daughter of the Sun , resulting in the birth of the Minotaur . Ovid narrates the story of Icarus at some length in the Metamorphoses ( viii. 183 -- 235 ) , and refers to it elsewhere . Medieval and Renaissance literature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) Ovid 's treatment of the Icarus myth and its connection with that of Phaëthon influenced the mythological tradition in English literature as received and interpreted by major writers such as Chaucer , Marlowe , Shakespeare , Milton , and Joyce . Bruegel 's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus ( ca . 1558 ) , famous for relegating the fall to a scarcely noticed event in the background In Renaissance iconography , the significance of Icarus depends on context : in the Orion Fountain at Messina , he is one of many figures associated with water ; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall - where he symbolizes high - flying ambition . The 16th - century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus , traditionally but perhaps erroneously attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder , was the inspiration for two of the 20th century 's most notable ecphrastic English - language poems , `` Musée des Beaux Arts '' by W.H. Auden and `` Landscape with the Fall of Icarus '' by William Carlos Williams . Other English language poems referencing the Icarus myth are `` To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph '' by Anne Sexton , `` Icarus Again '' by Alan Devenish , `` Mrs Icarus '' by Carol Ann Duffy , `` Failing and Flying '' by Jack Gilbert , and `` Icarus Burning '' and `` Icarus Redux '' by Hiromi Yoshida . Interpretation ( edit ) 17th - century relief with a Cretan labyrinth bottom right ( Musée Antoine Vivenel ) Literary interpretation has found in the myth the structure and consequence of personal over-ambition . An Icarus - related study of the Daedalus myth was published by the French hellenist Françoise Frontisi - Ducroux . In psychology there have been synthetic studies of the Icarus complex with respect to the alleged relationship between fascination for fire , enuresis , high ambition , and ascensionism . In the psychiatric mind features of disease were perceived in the shape of the pendulous emotional ecstatic - high and depressive - low of bipolar disorder . Henry Murray having proposed the term Icarus complex , apparently found symptoms particularly in mania where a person is fond of heights , fascinated by both fire and water , narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far - fetched imaginary cognition . See also ( edit ) Icarus imagery in contemporary music Kua Fu , a Chinese myth about a giant who chased the sun and died while getting too close Bladud , a legendary king of the Britons , purported to have met his death when his constructed wings failed Etana , a sort of `` Babylonian Icarus '' Sampati , an Indian myth about a bird which lost its wings while trying to save its younger brother from the sun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larissa Bonfante , Judith Swaddling , Etruscan Myths , p. 43 Jump up ^ clew -- a ball of yarn or thread . The etymology of the word `` clue '' is a direct reference to this story of the Labyrinth . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ( 1955 ) . `` 92 -- Daedalus and Talus '' . The Greek Myths . ISBN 0 - 14 - 007602 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas Bullfinch - The Age of Fable Stories of Gods and Heroes KundaliniAwakeningSystem.com & The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson : Ovid - Metamorphoses - Book VIII + Translated by Rolfe Humphries - KET Distance Learning 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Translated by A.S. Kline - University of Virginia Library.edu Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smith , William ( ed . ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Jump up ^ Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books . ISBN 0 - 600 - 55023 - 0 . Jump up ^ Epitome of the Biblioteca i. 11 and ii. 6.3 . Jump up ^ Gareth D. Williams , Banished voices : readings in Ovid 's Exile Poetry ( Cambridge University Press , 1994 ) , p. 132 online . Jump up ^ Peter Knox , A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2009 ) , p. 424 online . Jump up ^ Jane Chance , The Mythographic Chaucer ( University of Michigan Press , 1995 ) , p. 65 online . Jump up ^ Troni Y . Grande , Marlovian Tragedy ( Associated University Presses , 1990 ) , pp. 14 online , 40 -- 42 et passim ; Frederic B. Tromly , Playing with Desire : Christopher Marlowe and the Art of Tantalization ( University of Toronto Press , 1998 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Coppélia Kahn , Man 's estate : Masculine Identity in Shakespeare ( University of California Press , 1981 ) , p. 53 online . Jump up ^ Su Fang Nu , Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth - Century England ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p. 154 online ; R.J. Zwi Werblowsky , Lucifer and Prometheus ( Routledge , 2001 , reprinted from 1952 ) , p. 32 online . Jump up ^ R.J. Schork , Latin and Roman Culture in Joyce ( University Press of Florida , 1997 ) , p. 160 online . Jump up ^ E.H. Gombrich , Symbolic Images ; Studies in the Art of the Renaissance ( London , 1972 ) ; p. 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.vaguedirection.com/a-cheat-sheet-for-life/ Jump up ^ Jacob E. Nyenhuis - Myth and the creative process : Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus , the maze maker - 345 pages Wayne State University Press , 2003 Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3002 - 9 See also Harry Levin , The Overreacher , Harvard University Press , 1952 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Frontisi - Ducroux , Françoise ( 1975 ) . Dédale : Mythologie de l'artisan en Grèce Ancienne . Paris : François Maspero . p. 227 . Jump up ^ Wiklund , Nils ( 1978 ) . The icarus complex . Lund : Doxa . ISBN 91 - 578 - 0064 - 2 . Jump up ^ Michael Sperber 2010 - Dostoyevsky 's Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts , University Press of America , 2010 , p. 166 ff , ( 2 ) ISBN 0 - 7618 - 4993 - 9 Jump up ^ Pendulum - The BiPolar Organisation 's quarterly journal Bipolar UK Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Comparion noted by W.H. Ph . Römer , `` Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia , '' in Historia Religionum : Religions of the Past ( Brill , 1969 ) , vol. 1 , p. 163 . Further reading ( edit ) Graves , Robert , ( 1955 ) 1960 . The Greek Myths , section 92 passim Smith , William , ed . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books Portals Access related topics Greek mythology portal <Td_colspan="2"> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata GND : 11863979X VIAF : 52482708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icarus&oldid=843741213 '' Categories : Sun myths Mythological Greek characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Icarus and Daedalus 2. Greek mythology 3. Flight of Icarus 4. Hubris and downfall 5. Icarus complex

what did we do in response to pearl harbor

Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor - Wikipedia Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) Hideki Tojo , Japanese Prime Minister at the time of the attack The results of the attack on Pearl Harbor were many and significant . Contents 1 American public opinion prior to the attack 2 American response 3 Japanese views 4 Germany and Italy declare war 5 Churchill reaction 6 Canadian response 7 Investigations and blame 8 Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance 9 Perception of the attack today 9.1 Revisionism controversies 10 Analysis 10.1 Tactical implications 10.1. 1 Battleships 10.1. 2 Carriers 10.1. 3 Shore installations 10.1. 4 Charts 10.2 Strategic implications 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links American public opinion prior to the attack ( edit ) Prior to the attack , public opinion in the United States had not been unanimous . When polled in January 1940 , 60 % of Americans were in favor of helping the United Kingdom in the war . A majority of Americans believed that the safety of the United States was contingent on the UK winning the war , and an even larger majority believed that the UK would lose the war if the United States stopped sending war materials to the United Kingdom . Despite this , the same poll reported that 88 % of Americans would not support entering the war against Germany and Italy . Americans were more unsure on the prospect of conflict with Japan around the same timeframe . In a February Gallup poll , a majority of Americans believed that the United States should intervene in Japan 's conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Singapore . However , in the same poll , only 39 % supported going to war with Japan , while 46 % opposed the prospect . Public support for assisting the United Kingdom rose through 1940 , reaching about 65 % by May 1941 . However , opinions on the prospect of becoming involved against Germany and Italy still remained quite high with 80 % disapproval . American response ( edit ) President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Declaration of War against Japan on the day following the attack On December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor . After two hours of bombing , 18 U.S. ships were sunk or damaged , 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed , and 2,403 men were killed . The day after the attack , President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of the 77th United States Congress . Roosevelt called December 7 `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan amid outrage at the attack , the deaths of thousands of Americans , and the late delivery of the note from the Japanese government breaking off relations with the U.S. government . Pacifist Representative Jeannette Rankin , a Republican from Montana , cast the only dissenting vote . Roosevelt signed the declaration of war later the same day . Continuing to intensify its military mobilization , the U.S. government finished converting to a war economy , a process begun by provision of weapons and supplies to the Soviet Union and the British Empire . Japanese Americans from the West Coast were sent to internment camps for the duration of the war . The attack on Pearl Harbor immediately galvanized a divided nation into action . Public opinion had been moving towards support for entering the war during 1941 , but considerable opposition remained until the attack . Overnight , Americans united against the Empire of Japan in response to calls to `` Remember Pearl Harbor . '' A poll taken between December 12 -- 17 , 1941 , showed that 97 % of respondents supported a declaration of war against Japan . Further polling showed a dramatic increase in support for every able - bodied man serving in the military , up to 70 % in December 1941 . American solidarity in the war effort probably made possible the unconditional surrender position later taken by the Allied Powers . Some historians , among them Samuel Eliot Morison , believe the attack doomed Imperial Japan to defeat simply because it awakened the `` sleeping giant '' , regardless of whether the fuel depots or machine shops had been destroyed or even if the carriers had been caught in port and sunk . U.S. industrial and military capacity , once mobilized , was able to pour overwhelming resources into both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters . Others , such as Clay Blair , Jr. , and Mark Parillo believe Japanese trade protection was so incompetent that American submarines alone might have strangled Japan into defeat . The closest friend Roosevelt had in the developing Allied alliance , Sir Winston Churchill , stated that his first thought regarding American assistance to the United Kingdom was that `` We have won the war '' very soon after Pearl Harbor had been attacked . Perceptions of treachery in the attack before a declaration of war sparked fears of sabotage or espionage by Japanese sympathizers residing in the U.S. , including citizens of Japanese descent , and was a factor in the subsequent Japanese internment in the western United States . Other factors included misrepresentations of intelligence information suggesting sabotage , notably by General John DeWitt , commanding general of Western Defense Command on the Pacific Coast , who had personal feelings against Japanese Americans . In February 1942 , Roosevelt signed United States Executive Order 9066 , requiring all Japanese Americans to submit themselves for internment . Propaganda made repeated use of the attack , because its effect was enormous and impossible to counter . `` Remember Pearl Harbor ! '' became the watchwords of the war . The American government understated the damage inflicted , in hopes of preventing the Japanese from learning it , but the Japanese had , through surveillance , a good estimate . Japanese views ( edit ) Japanese depiction of nine submarine crewmembers lost during the attack , excluding the POW , Kazuo Sakamaki On December 8 , 1941 , Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire . The Japanese document discussed world peace and the disruptive actions of the United States and the United Kingdom . The document claimed all avenues for averting war had been exhausted by the Government of Japan . Although the Imperial Japanese government had made some effort to prepare their population for war via anti-U.S. propaganda , it appears most Japanese were surprised , apprehensive , and dismayed by the news they were now at war with the U.S. , a country many of them admired . Nevertheless , the people at home and overseas thereafter generally accepted their government 's account of the attack and supported the war effort until their nation 's surrender in 1945 . Japan 's national leadership at the time appeared to have believed war between the U.S. and Japan had long been inevitable . In any case , Japanese - American relationships had already significantly deteriorated since Japan 's invasion of China beginning in the early 1930s , of which the United States strongly disapproved . In 1942 , Saburō Kurusu , former Japanese ambassador to the United States , gave an address in which he talked about the `` historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia . '' He said war had been a response to Washington 's longstanding aggression toward Japan . For example , in his view provocations against Japan included the San Francisco School incident , Naval Limitations Treaty , other unequal treaties , the Nine Power Pact , constant economic pressure against Japan , culminating in the `` belligerent '' scrap metal and oil embargo in 1941 by the United States and Allied countries to contain and / or reverse the actions of the Empire of Japan especially in Indochina during her expansion of influence and interests throughout Asia . In light of Japan 's dependence on imported oil , the trade embargoes were especially significant . These pressures directly influenced Japan to go into alliance with Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact . According to Kurusu , because of these reasons , the Allies had already provoked war with Japan long before the attack at Pearl Harbor , and the United States was already preparing for war with Japan . Kurusu also stated , falsely , that the United States was looking for world domination , beyond just Asia , with `` sinister designs '' . Some of this view seems to have been shared by Adolf Hitler , when he called it one of the reasons Germany declared war on the United States . He also had mentioned European imperialism toward Japan many years before . Therefore , according to Kurusu , Japan had no choice but to defend itself and so should rapidly continue to militarize , bring Germany and Italy closer as allies and militarily combat the United States , Britain , and the Netherlands . Japan 's leaders also saw themselves as justified in their conduct , believing that they were building the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . They also explained Japan had done everything possible to alleviate tension between the two nations . The decision to attack , at least for public presentation , was reluctant and forced on Japan . Of the Pearl Harbor attack itself , Kurusu said it came in direct response to a virtual ultimatum from the U.S. government , the Hull note , and so the surprise attack was not treacherous . Since the Japanese - American relationship already had hit its lowest point , there was no alternative ; in any case , had an acceptable settlement of differences been reached , the Carrier Striking Task Force could have been called back . Germany and Italy declare war ( edit ) See also : Internment of German Americans , Internment of Italian Americans , Germany -- Japan relations , and Italy -- Japan relations Hitler declares war against the United States in the Reichstag , December 11 , 1941 Franklin Roosevelt 's signing of the declaration of war against Germany Yōsuke Matsuoka , Japan 's foreign minister , signing the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , a sign that Japan might not attack the Soviets to assist Hitler On December 11 , 1941 , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States , and the United States reciprocated , formally entering the war in Europe . German dictator Adolf Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini were under no obligation to declare war on the United States under the mutual defense terms of the Tripartite Pact until the US counterattacked Japan . However , relations between the European Axis Powers and the United States had deteriorated since 1937 . On December 4 , 1941 , the Germans learned of the U.S. military 's contingency planning to get troops in Continental Europe by 1943 ; this was Rainbow Five , made public by sources unsympathetic to Roosevelt 's New Deal , and published by the Chicago Tribune on that date . Moreover , with Roosevelt 's initiation of a Neutrality Patrol , which in fact also escorted British ships , as well as orders to U.S. Navy destroyers first to actively report U-boats , then `` shoot on sight '' , American neutrality was honored more in the breach than observance . Having been unaware of Japanese plans , Hitler was initially furious that the United States had been dragged into the war at a time when he had not yet acquired full control of continental Europe -- on the very day of the Pearl Harbor attack , Hitler himself had issued his Nacht und Nebel decree , concerning the suppression of resistance activities within Nazi - occupied lands . Hitler , who had previously declared the Japanese `` Honorary Aryans '' claimed that `` this is what happens when your allies are not Anglo - Saxons '' . However , he decided war with the United States was unavoidable , and the Pearl Harbor attack , the publication of Rainbow Five , and Roosevelt 's post-Pearl Harbor address , which focused on European affairs as well as the situation with Japan , probably contributed to the declaration . Hitler expected the United States would soon declare war on Germany in any event . He disastrously underestimated American military production capacity , the United States ' own ability to fight on two fronts , and the time his own Operation Barbarossa would require . Similarly , the Nazis may have hoped the declaration of war , a showing of solidarity with Japan , would result in closer collaboration with the Japanese in Eurasia , particularly against the Soviet Union -- something that would not materialize , due to existing relations between Moscow and Tokyo at that time , as well as information submitted in mid-September 1941 by the Soviets ' top spy in Japan , Richard Sorge , that the Japanese armed forces were not likely to abrogate any treaties between Japan and the Soviets unless : Moscow had been captured by the Axis The Kwantung Army was three times the size of the Soviets ' Far Eastern forces A civil war had started in Siberia . The decision to declare war on the United States allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union without much public opposition . Even as early as mid-March 1941 , President Roosevelt was quite acutely aware of Hitler 's hostility towards the United States , and the destructive potential it presented , in reference to Hitler 's statement of a `` new order in Europe '' during the Führer 's own Berlin Sportpalast speech of January 30 , 1941 , the eighth anniversary of the Nazis ' Machtergreifung : ... Nazi forces are not seeking mere modifications in colonial maps or in minor European boundaries . They openly seek the destruction of all elective systems of government on every continent , including our own . They seek to establish systems of government based on the regimentation of all human beings by a handful of individual rulers who seize power by force . Yes , these men and their hypnotized followers call this a `` New Order . '' It is not new , and it is not order . For order among nations presupposes something enduring , some system of justice under which individuals over a long period of time are willing to live . Humanity will never permanently accept a system imposed by conquest , and based on slavery . These modern tyrants find it necessary to their plans to eliminate all democracies -- eliminate them one by one . The nations of Europe , and indeed we , ourselves , did not appreciate that purpose . We do now . Author Ian Kershaw records Hitler 's initial reaction to the attack , when he was first informed about it on the evening of 7 December at Führer Headquarters : `` We ca n't lose the war at all . We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years '' . Well before the attack , in 1928 Hitler had confided in the text of his then - unpublished Zweites Buch that while the Soviet Union was the most important immediate foe that the Third Reich had to defeat , the United States was the most important long - term challenge to Nazi aims . Hitler awarded Imperial Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany Hiroshi Ōshima the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold ( 1st class ) after the attack , praising Japan for striking hard and without first declaring war . Churchill reaction ( edit ) The war had been going poorly for the British Empire for more than two years , and Prime Minister Winston Churchill was deeply concerned about the future . On December 7 , he was at his country estate , Chequers , with a few friends and his family . At dinner he seemed depressed , holding his face in his hands for minutes at a time . Just after dinner he heard of the attack . Churchill immediately , and correctly , surmised the consequences of the attack for the course of the war . So , we had won after all ! ... We had won the war . England would live ; Britain would live ; the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live . How long the war would last or in what fashion it would end no man could tell , nor did I at this moment care ... We should not be wiped out . Our history would not come to an end . We might not even have to die as individuals . Hitler 's fate was sealed . Mussolini 's fate was sealed . As for the Japanese , they would be ground to powder . All the rest was merely the proper application of overwhelming force . Canadian response ( edit ) Following the Japanese attack on the Americans , William Lyon Mackenzie King , the Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada advised George VI , King of Canada , that a state of war should exist between Canada and Japan , and the King accordingly issued this proclamation on December 8 : Whereas by and with the advice of our Privy Council for Canada we have signified our approval of the issue of a proclamation in the Canada Gazette declaring that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed in Canada as and from the 7th day of December 1941 . Now , therefore , we do hereby declare and proclaim that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed as and from the seventh day of December 1941 . Of all which our loving subjects and all others whom these presents may concern are hereby required to take notice and to govern themselves accordingly . Canada remained focused on the European theatre , like the United States , and following VE Day was still in the process of transitioning its military force for a campaign in east Asia and the western Pacific when VJ Day arrived . Investigations and blame ( edit ) President Roosevelt appointed the Roberts Commission , headed by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts , to investigate and report facts and findings with respect to the attack on Pearl Harbor . It was the first of many official investigations ( nine in all ) . Both the Fleet commander , Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel , and the Army commander , Lieutenant General Walter Short ( the Army had been responsible for air defense of Hawaii , including Pearl Harbor , and for general defense of the islands against hostile attack ) , were relieved of their commands shortly thereafter . They were accused of `` dereliction of duty '' by the Roberts Commission for not making reasonable defensive preparations . None of the investigations conducted during the War , nor the Congressional investigation afterward , provided enough reason to reverse those actions . The decisions of the Navy and War Departments to relieve both was controversial at the time and has remained so . However , neither was court - martialed as would normally have been the result of dereliction of duty . On May 25 , 1999 , the U.S. Senate voted to recommend both officers be exonerated on all charges , citing `` denial to Hawaii commanders of vital intelligence available in Washington '' . A Joint Congressional Committee was also appointed , on September 14 , 1945 , to investigate the causes of the attack and subsequent disaster , and was convened on November 15 , 1945 . Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance ( edit ) United States World War II propaganda poster depicting Adolf Hitler and Hideki Tōjō ( without his mustache ) Damage to the headquarters building at Hickam Field , still visible See also : Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States ; In Defense of Internment ; List of Japanese spies , 1930 -- 45 ; and Niihau Incident The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor coupled with their alliance with the Nazis and the ensuing war in the Pacific fueled anti-Japanese sentiment , racism , xenophobia , and anti-Axis sentiment in the Allied nations like never before . Japanese , Japanese - Americans and Asians having a similar physical appearance were regarded with deep seated suspicion , distrust and hostility . The attack was viewed as having been conducted in an extremely underhanded way and also as a very `` treacherous '' or `` sneaky attack '' . Suspicions were further fueled by the Niihau Incident , as historian Gordon Prange stated `` the rapidity with which the three resident Japanese went over to the pilot 's cause '' which troubled the Hawaiians . `` The more pessimistic among them cited the Niihau Incident as proof that no one could trust any Japanese , even if an American citizen , not to go over to Japan if it appeared expedient . '' The attack , the subsequent declarations of war , and fear of `` Fifth Columnists '' resulted in internment of Japanese , German , and Italian populations in the United States and others , for instance the Japanese American internment , German American internment , Italian American internment , and Japanese Canadian internment . The attack resulted in the United States fighting the Germans and Italians among others in Europe and Japan in the Pacific . The consequences were world - changing . Prime Minister Winston Churchill knew that the survival of the British Empire depended on American aid , and since 1940 had frequently asked Roosevelt to declare war . Churchill aide John Colville stated that the prime minister and American Ambassador John Gilbert Winant , who also supported the British , `` sort of danced around the room together '' as the United States would now enter the war , making a British victory likely . Churchill later wrote , `` Being saturated and satiated with emotion and sensation , I went to bed and slept the sleep of the saved and thankful . '' By opening the Pacific War , which ended in the unconditional surrender of Japan , the attack on Pearl Harbor led to the breaking of an Asian check on Soviet expansion . The Allied victory in this war and the subsequent U.S. emergence as a dominant world power , eclipsing Britain , have shaped international politics ever since . Pearl Harbor is generally regarded as an extraordinary event in American history , remembered as the first time since the War of 1812 that America was attacked in strength on its territory by another country -- with only the September 11 attacks almost 60 years later being of a similarly catastrophic scale . It was the first decisive defeat for the United States in World War II . It has become synonymous with `` surprise attack '' ever since in American parlance . The U.S. mistakes of intelligence collection , sharing , and analysis leading to the Japanese success at Pearl Harbor did not , in the end , lead to lessons learned . Perception of the attack today ( edit ) Some Japanese today feel they were compelled to fight because of threats to their national interests and an embargo imposed by the United States , the United Kingdom and the Netherlands . The most important embargo was on oil on which its Navy and much of the economy was dependent . For example , Japan Times , an English - language newspaper owned by one of the major news organizations in Japan ( Asahi Shimbun ) , ran numerous columns in the early 2000s echoing Kurusu 's comments in reference to the Pearl Harbor attack . In putting the Pearl Harbor attack into context , Japanese writers repeatedly contrast the thousands of U.S. non-combatants killed there with the hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians killed in U.S. air attacks on Japan later in the war , even without mentioning the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States . However , in spite of the perceived inevitability of the war by many Japanese , many also believe the Pearl Harbor attack , although a tactical victory , was actually part of a seriously flawed strategy for engaging in war with the U.S. As one columnist wrote , `` The Pearl Harbor attack was a brilliant tactic , but part of a strategy based on the belief that a spirit as firm as iron and as beautiful as cherry blossoms could overcome the materially wealthy United States . That strategy was flawed , and Japan 's total defeat would follow . '' In 1991 , the Japanese Foreign Ministry released a statement saying Japan had intended to make a formal declaration of war to the United States at 1 p.m. Washington time , 25 minutes before the attack at Pearl Harbor was scheduled to begin . This officially acknowledged something that had been publicly known for years . Diplomatic communications had been coordinated well in advance with the attack , but had failed delivery at the intended time . It appears the Japanese government was referring to the `` 14 - part message '' , which did not actually break off negotiations , let alone declare war , but did officially raise the possibility of a break in relations . However , because of various delays , the Japanese ambassador was unable to deliver this message until well after the attack had begun . Imperial Japanese military leaders appear to have had mixed feelings about the attack . Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was unhappy about the botched timing of the breaking off of negotiations . He is on record as having said , in the previous year , `` I can run wild for six months ... after that , I have no expectation of success . '' The reports of American reactions , terming it a `` sneak attack '' and `` infamous behavior '' , confirmed that the effect on American morale had been the opposite of intended . The Prime Minister of Japan during World War II , Hideki Tōjō later wrote , `` When reflecting upon it today , that the Pearl Harbor attack should have succeeded in achieving surprise seems a blessing from Heaven . '' Yamamoto had said , regarding the imminent war with the United States , `` Should hostilities once break out between Japan and the United States , it is not enough that we take Guam and the Philippines , nor even Hawaii and San Francisco . We would have to march into Washington and sign the treaty in the White House . I wonder if our politicians ( who speak so lightly of a Japanese - American war ) have confidence as to the outcome and are prepared to make the necessary sacrifices ? '' Revisionism controversies ( edit ) Some exhibits of Yasukuni Yusyukan have been criticised because of justification of Attack on Pearl Harbor There are some revisionists in Japan who claim that the Attack on Pearl Harbor was a legitimate attack . These historical perspectives are often claimed by Japanese Shintoist and nationalists and have been criticized from both inside and outside Japan . An exhibit at the Yasukuni Shrine Museum ( Yūshūkan ) asserts that the attack on Pearl Harbor was a trick by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and denies that Japan committed any atrocities . In 2006 , Henry Hyde , chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs , sent a letter to House Speaker Dennis Hastert on April 26 to show concern about Junichiro Koizumi visits to Yasukuni Shrine . He pointed out that this Shrine honors Hideki Tōjō and other convicted Class - A war criminals who were involved in the Pearl Harbor attack . In May 2007 , the Japan Ministry of Education distributed an animated DVD Hokori ( Pride ) which was created by Junior Chamber International Japan ( JC ) . Japanese Communist Party Diet member Yuko Ishii introduced and criticized it to the House of Representatives of Japan in May 17 , and revealed that its contents glamorized Class - A war criminals and had the main character Yuta tell his girlfriend Kokoro that the battle was a `` self - defense attack '' and `` Asian colonial liberation '' against American imperialism . On October 31 , 2008 , Toshio Tamogami , former chief of staff of Japan 's Air Self - Defense Force , published an essay which argued that Franklin D. Roosevelt , who had allegedly been manipulated by the Comintern , drew Japan into the attack on Pearl Harbor . Following the essay 's publication , Defense Minister Yasukazu Hamada removed Tamogami from his post and ordered him to retire , since the essay 's viewpoint contradicted the government position . Tamogami , on November 3 , 2008 , confirmed that the essay accurately expressed his views on the war and Japan 's role in it . While not specifically directed at revisionism , but more as a likely result of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe 's controversial visits to the Yasukuni Shrine , where some 1,600 war criminals were enshrined after their executions , by February 2015 some concern within the Imperial House of Japan -- which normally does not issue such statements -- over the issue was voiced by Crown Prince Naruhito . Naruhito stated on his 55th birthday ( February 23 , 2015 ) that it was `` important to look back on the past humbly and correctly '' , in reference to Japan 's role in World War II - era war crimes , and that he was concerned about the ongoing need to `` correctly pass down tragic experiences and the history behind Japan to the generations who have no direct knowledge of the war , at the time memories of the war are about to fade '' . Analysis ( edit ) Posters like Allen Saalberg 's strengthened American resolve against the Axis powers Tactical implications ( edit ) The attack was notable for its considerable destruction , as putting most of the U.S. battleships out of commission was regarded -- in both navies and by most military observers worldwide -- as a tremendous success for Japan . Influenced by the earlier Battle of Taranto , which pioneered the all - aircraft naval attack but resulted in far less damage and casualties , the Japanese struck against Pearl Harbor on a much larger scale than did the British at Taranto . The attack was a great shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater , and it was initially believed Pearl Harbor changed the balance of power , similar to how Taranto did the Mediterranean , both in the attackers ' favor . Three days later , with the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse off the coast of Malaya , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill exclaimed , `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked . '' However , Pearl Harbor did not have as crippling an effect on American operations as initially thought . Unlike the close confines of the Mediterranean , the vast expanses of the Pacific limited the tactical value of battleships as a fleet in being . Furthermore , unlike new fast battleships such as the Iowa class , the slow battleships were incapable of operating with carrier task forces , so once repaired they were relegated to delivering pre-invasion bombardments during the island hopping offensive against Japanese - held islands . These Pearl Harbor veterans were later part of a force that defeated IJN battleships at the Battle of Surigao Strait , an engagement very lopsided in the USN 's favor in any case . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be between battleships of both sides , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Mahan . Seeing the decimation of battleships at the hands of aircraft , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded his battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened , only committing a handful to the forefront of the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal . One of the main Japanese objectives was to destroy the three American aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific , but they were not present : Enterprise was returning from Wake , Lexington from Midway , and Saratoga was under refit at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard . Had Japan sunk the American carriers , the U.S. would have sustained significant damage to the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations for a year or so ( given no further diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to place its faith in aircraft carriers and submarines -- particularly the large numbers under construction of the U.S. Navy 's Essex - class aircraft carriers , eleven of which had been ordered before the attack -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . Carrier Striking Task Force two - way route . Legend : Kido Butai USS Enterprise ( CV - 6 ) USS Lexington ( CV - 2 ) Battleships ( edit ) Despite the perception of this battle as a devastating blow to America , only three ships were permanently lost to the U.S. Navy . These were the battleships Arizona , Oklahoma , and the old battleship Utah ( then used as a target ship ) ; nevertheless , much usable material was salvaged from them , including the two aft main turrets from Arizona . The majority of each battleship 's crews survived ; there were exceptions as heavy casualties resulted from Arizona 's magazine exploding and the Oklahoma capsizing . Four ships sunk during the attack were later raised and returned to duty , including the battleships California , West Virginia and Nevada . California and West Virginia had an effective torpedo - defense system which held up remarkably well , despite the weight of fire they had to endure , resulting in most of their crews being saved . Maryland and Tennessee suffered relatively light damage , as did Pennsylvania , which was in drydock at the time . Chester Nimitz said later , `` It was God 's mercy that our fleet was in Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . '' Nimitz believed if Kimmel had discovered the Japanese approach to Pearl Harbor , he would have sortied to meet them . With the American carriers absent and Kimmel 's battleships at a severe disadvantage to the Japanese carriers , the likely result would have been the sinking of the American battleships at sea in deep water , where they would have been lost forever with tremendous casualties ( up to twenty thousand dead ) , instead of in Pearl Harbor , where the crews could easily be rescued , and six battleships ultimately restored to duty . This was also the reaction of Joseph Rochefort , head of HYPO , when he remarked the attack was cheap at the price . Many of the surviving battleships were extensively refitted , including the replacement of their outdated secondary battery of anti-surface 5 `` / 51 caliber guns with more useful turreted dual - purpose 5 '' / 38 caliber guns , allowing them to better cope with the new tactical reality . Addition of modern radar to the salvaged vessels would give them a marked qualitative advantage over those of the IJN . The repaired U.S. battleships primarily provided fire support for amphibious landings . Their low speed was a liability to their deployment in the vast expanses of the Pacific , for instance they could not accompany the fleet carriers that had become the dominant combatants . Six of the Standard Type vessels participated in the last battleship versus battleship engagement in naval history , the Battle of Surigao Strait , where none of them were hit . During active duty , being well protected by escorts and air cover , none of the Pearl Harbor battleships suffered serious damage save for Pennsylvania which was permanently crippled by a torpedo in the closing stages of the war ; on September 2 , 1945 , West Virginia was among the Allied fleet in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese officially surrendered . Carriers ( edit ) The attack on Pearl Harbor failed to sight , or destroy , any of the Pacific Fleet 's three aircraft carriers ; they had been designated as primary targets along with the battleships . The carriers Lexington and Enterprise were ferrying additional fighters to American bases on the islands of Wake and Midway while Saratoga was under refit at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard . At the time of the Japanese attack , the US was expecting imminent war with Japan , beginning in any of several places , such as the Philippines or Allied bases in Borneo . Nagumo 's hesitation , and failure to find and destroy the American carriers , may have been a product of his lack of faith in the attack plan , and of the fact he was a gunnery officer , not an aviator . In addition , Yamamoto 's targeting priorities , placing battleships first in importance , reflected an out - of - date Mahanian doctrine , and an inability to extrapolate from history , given the damage German submarines did to British trade in World War I. In the end , Japan achieved surprisingly little for all her daring and apparent success . Shore installations ( edit ) Tank farms , containing 140 million U.S. gallons ( 530 million liters ) of bunker oil , were unscathed , providing a ready source of fuel for American fleets at the submarine base . About this missed opportunity , Admiral Chester Nimitz would later say , `` Had the Japanese destroyed the oil , it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' These were vital to the initial phase of the war , and to commerce raiding throughout , and illustrate the deficiencies of Japanese planning for the attack . The Navy Yard , critical to ship maintenance , and repair of ships damaged in the attack was untouched . The engineering and initial repair shops , as well as the torpedo store , were intact . Other items of base infrastructure and operation , such as power generation , continued to operate normally . Also critical to the way the Pacific War was actually fought was the cryptanalysis unit , Station HYPO , located in the basement of the old Administration Building . It was undamaged and even benefited by gaining staff from unemployed ship 's bands . The Army Air Force 's loss of aircraft must be balanced against the fact that many of them were obsolete , such as the P - 40 's predecessor , the P - 36 . Japan might have achieved a good deal more with not much additional effort or loss . Charts ( edit ) Capital ships prior to attack Location Battleships Aircraft carriers <Td_colspan="3"> United States Atlantic 6 ( + 2 * ) 4 ( + 1 * ) Pacific 9 <Td_colspan="3"> Empire of Japan Pacific 10 ( + 1 * ) 10 <Td_colspan="3"> * Plus ships completed but not yet commissioned . US : North Carolina , Washington and Hornet Japan : Yamato Capital ships after attack Location Battleships Aircraft carriers <Td_colspan="3"> United States Atlantic 6 ( + 2 * ) 4 ( + 1 * ) Pacific 1 ( + 6 * * ) <Td_colspan="3"> Empire of Japan Pacific 10 ( + 1 * ) 9 <Td_colspan="3"> * * Ships which can be repaired : California , West Virginia , Nevada , Maryland , Tennessee , Pennsylvania . Capital ships 12 / 1942 Location Battleships Aircraft carriers <Td_colspan="3"> United States Atlantic Pacific 12 ( + 3 * * ) <Td_colspan="3"> Empire of Japan Pacific 10 6 <Td_colspan="3"> * * Ships which can be repaired : California , West Virginia , Nevada US ships lost : Lexington , Yorktown , Wasp , Hornet US ships gained : Essex , North Carolina , Washington , South Dakota , Indiana , Massachusetts , Alabama Japanese ships lost : Shoho , Akagi , Kaga , Soryu , Hiryu , Hiei , Kirishima Japanese ships gained : Yamato , Musashi , Junyo , Hiyo . Of the 22 Japanese ships that took part in the attack , only one survived the war . As of 2006 , the only U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor during the attack still remaining afloat are the Coast Guard Cutter Taney and the yard tug Hoga . Both remained active over 50 years after the attack and have been designated museum ships . Strategic implications ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A common view is that the Japanese fell victim to victory disease because of the perceived ease of their first victories . It has also been stated by the Japanese military commanders and politicians who visited and lived in the United States , that their leadership ( mostly military personnel ) took the war with the United States relatively lightly , compared to them . For instance , Admiral Yamamoto and General Tadamichi Kuribayashi expressed concerns about the greater industrial power of the United States . The politics of a `` Europe First '' strategy , loss of air cover over Pearl Harbor , and subsequent loss of the Philippines , meant the U.S. Army and Army Air Forces were unable to play a significant role in the Pacific War for several months . Japan was temporarily free of worries about the major rival Pacific naval power , which was at least part of the intention for the attack . Because Australian , New Zealand , Dutch and most British forces were already in Europe , Japan conquered nearly all of Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific , and extended her reach far into the Indian Ocean , without significant interference . The various Japanese advances were a nearly complete tactical success . In the long term , the attack on Pearl Harbor was a grand strategic blunder for Japan . Indeed , Admiral Yamamoto , who conceived it , predicted even success here could not win a war with the United States , because American productive capacity was too large . It spurred the United States into a determination to fight to complete victory . The war resulted in the destruction of the Japanese armed forces , the occupation of the home islands ( a state never before achieved in Japan 's history ) , and the occupation of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands by the United States until 1972 , while the Soviet Russian re-annexation of the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin Island 's southern part , and the restoration of Formosa ( Taiwan ) to China , and the loss of Korea have not been reversed to this day . See also ( edit ) Arizona barbette , 2005 Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Japanese war crimes Unrestricted submarine warfare Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gallup Polling Data ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Jump up ^ Berinsky , Adam ( 2007 ) . `` America at War : Public Opinion During Wartime , from World War II to Iraq '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : A Country Unified After Pearl Harbor '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Berinsky , Adam ; Yohai , Ian ; Powell , Eleanor ; Schickler , Eric ( July 2011 ) . `` Revisiting Public Opinion in the 1930 's and 1940 's '' ( PDF ) . PS : Political Science and Politics . Jump up ^ Silent Victory ( Philadelphia : Lippincott , 1975 ) Jump up ^ The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II ( Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Press , 1993 ) Jump up ^ Stokesbury , James L. ( 1980 ) . A Short History of WWII . New York : William Morrow and Company , Inc. p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03587 - 6 . Jump up ^ Testimony of John L. DeWitt , 13 April 1943 , House Naval Affairs Subcommittee to Investigate Congested Areas , Part 3 , pp. 739 -- 40 ( 78th Cong . , 1st Sess . ) , cited in Korematsu v. United States , footnote 2 , reproduced at findlaw.com , accessed 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Andrew Gordon , A Modern History of Japan : From Tokugawa to the Present , p210 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511060 - 9 . OCLC 49704795 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 141 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert Guillain , I saw Tokyo burning : An eyewitness narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima ( J. Murray , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 3862 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Saburō Kurusu , Historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia , Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service , Tokyo , November 26 , 1942 ( accessed June 10 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( December 1987 ) . `` The Big Leak '' . ariwatch.com . ARI Watch . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Blazoned in huge black letters across page one of the December 4 , 1941 , issue of the Chicago Tribune was the headline : F.D.R. 'S WAR PLANS ! The Times Herald , the Tribune 's Washington , D.C. ally , carried a similarly fevered banner . In both papers Chesly Manly , the Tribunes Washington correspondent , revealed what President Franklin D. Roosevelt had repeatedly denied : that he was planning to lead the United States into war against Germany . The source of the reporter 's information was no less than a verbatim copy of Rainbow Five , the top - secret war plan drawn up at FDR 's order by the Joint Board of the Army and Navy . Jump up ^ The History Place Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions the Changed the World , 1940 -- 1941 New York : Penguin , 2007 . pp. 444 -- 46 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 123 - 3 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon ( 1984 ) . Target Tokyo : The Story of the Sorge Spy Ring . New York City , NY : McGraw - Hill . p. 407 . ISBN 0070506779 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bevin . How Hitler Could Have Won World War II New York : Crown , 2000 . p. 108 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3202 - 1 Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions the Changed the World , 1940 -- 1941 New York : Penguin , 2007 . pp. 382 -- 430 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 123 - 3 Jump up ^ Fest , Joachim C. Hitler New York : Vintage , 1975 . pp. 655 -- 657 ISBN 0 - 394 - 72023 - 7 Jump up ^ Burleigh , Michael The Third Reich : A New History New York : Hill and Wang , 2000 . pp. 731 -- 732 ISBN 9780809093250 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich New York : Simon and Schuster , 1960 . p. 900 Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin Delano `` On U.S. Involvement in the War in Europe '' ( speech ) Washington , D.C. ( March 15 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ `` Adolf Hitler : Speech at the Berlin Sports Palace ( January 30 , 1941 ) '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speech by FDR to the White House Correspondents ' Association on U.S. involvement in the war in Europe ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter Grier ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Day : How did Adolf Hitler react to the attack ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hillgruber , Andreas Germany and the Two World Wars , Harvard University Press : Cambridge , 1981 pages 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Trial transcripts at Nuremberg 11 December 1945 . More details of the exchanges at the meeting are available online at nizkor.org Jump up ^ Fullilove , Michael ( 2013 ) . Rendesvous with Destiny . Penguin Books . p. 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312562 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` CANADA DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John E. ( 1989 ) . A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution , 1945 -- 1985 . New York : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24308 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W ( 1962 ) . December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 375 -- 377 . Jump up ^ Olson , Lynne ( 2010 ) . Citizens of London : The Americans Who Stood With Britain In Its Darkest , Finest Hour . Random House . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 982 - 6 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston . The Second World War , Vol. 3 . p. 539 . Jump up ^ Hughes - Wilson , Military Intelligence Blunders & Cover - Ups ( Harper Collins , 2001 ) . Clausen suggests that creation of the CIA solved the problem ; the September 11 , 2001 , attacks on the World Trade Center demonstrate this is far from certain . Jump up ^ Haruko Taya & Theodore F. Cook , Japan at War : An Oral History ( New Press ; Reprint edition , 1993 ) . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 039 - 9 Jump up ^ Charles Burress , `` Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor '' , Japan Times , July 19 , 2001 ( accessed June 10 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Burritt Sabin , `` The War 's Leagacy ( sic ) : Dawn of a tragic era '' , Japan Times , February 8 , 2004 ( accessed June 10 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Isoroku Yamamoto to Shigeharu Matsumoto ( Japanese cabinet minister ) and Fumimaro Kondoye ( Japanese prime minister ) , quoted in Ronald Spector , Eagle Against the Sun : The American War With Japan ( Vintage , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Japan 's War , p 232 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030612 - 5 Jump up ^ National Geographic mini-biography of Isoroku Yamamoto Jump up ^ `` Tokyo shrine a focus of fury around Asia '' . USA Today . 2005 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A Shrine to Japan 's Tainted Past '' . The New York Times . 2006 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lee should avoid Yasukuni '' . The Japan Times . 2007 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bid to address Congress has Yasukuni proviso '' . The Japan Times . 2006 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Brainwashing for justification -- Ministry of Education deploying `` Yasukuni DVD '' -- `` . Shimbun Akahata. 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hongo , Jun , `` New ASDF chief Hokazono sorry for Tamogami 's ' damaging ' essay '' , Japan Times , 8 November 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hongo , Jun , `` Tamogami 's cohorts reprimanded '' , Japan Times , 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu , `` Japan : New Fallout From Essay On War '' , The New York Times , November 5 , 2008 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Yamamoto , Arata ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Japan 's Experiments on U.S. POWs : Exhibit Highlights Horrific History '' . nbcnews.com . NBC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Itasaka , Kiko ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` World War II Should Not Be Forgotten , Japan 's Prince Naruhito Says '' . nbcnews.com . NBC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto . There is , however , no doubt that they did know , as did the Japanese . Lt. Cdr . Takeshi Naito , the assistance naval attaché to Berlin , flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand , and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Cdr . Mitsuo Fuchida about his observations . Fuchida led the Japanese attack on 7 December 1941 . '' Kimmel , Short , and Pearl Harbor : The Final Report Revealed . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the website of the Force Z Survivors Association '' . forcez-survivors.org.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel E. ( 1956 ) . `` Leyte , June 1944 -- January 1945 '' . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . XII . Boston : Little & Brown . ^ Jump up to : Howard ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon , Miracle at Midway , 1983 , paperback , p. 9 Jump up ^ In fact , their rate of fire was too low to deal with aircraft , as experience with kamikaze would demonstrate . Not until the introduction of a fully automatic 3 inch ( 76 mm ) postwar was a suitable solution found . Jump up ^ Japanese Monograph Number 97 Pearl Harbor operation Prepared by Military History Section Headquarters , Army Forces Far East from ibiblio.org/pha . Jump up ^ Richard Holmes , The World Atlas of Warfare : Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History ( Viking , 1988 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ War warning , dated 27 November 1941 The involvement of numerous units of the Japanese Army and the apparent disposition of IJN forces suggested amphibious operations against either the Philippines , the Kra Peninsula , or possibly Borneo , which was the reason warning cables had been sent to all Pacific commands by both the Navy and War Departments at Washington . Jump up ^ Willmott , op . cit. ; Peattie and Evans , op . cit ... Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power , ( New York : Simon and Schuster , 1991 ) pp. 326 -- 327 . ) Jump up ^ Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) , The Barrier and the Javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies , February to June 1942 , Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , ISBN 0 - 87021 - 092 - 0 ; Blair , op . cit. ; Beach , Submarine ! ; Holmes , Double - Edged Secrets and Undersea Victory . Jump up ^ Caidin , op . cit. and Fork - Tailed Devil ( Ballantine , 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings , Pt. 15 , p. 1901 - 06 from http://www.ibiblio.org Jump up ^ 1941 in aviation # June External links ( edit ) Four Days in December : Germany 's Path to War With the U.S. Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbour ignited the liberation of Asia from Western domination <Th_colspan="2"> Pearl Harbor attack Attack Events leading to the attack Order of battle Present US ships Battleship Row Niihau incident Japanese carriers involved Akagi Kaga Sōryū Hiryū Shōkaku Zuikaku United States ships sunk Arizona salvaged artifacts California Oglala Oklahoma Shaw Sotoyomo Utah West Virginia YFD - 2 Aftermath Consequences Sleeping giant quote Infamy Speech U.S. declaration of war Roberts Commissions Medal of Honor recipients Remembrance Remembrance Day USS Arizona Memorial Survivors Association Commemorative Medal Books Crisis : The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia ( 1992 ) Day of Deceit ( 2001 ) Days of Infamy series ( 2004 -- 05 ) Pacific War series ( 2007 -- 08 ) Films Secret Agent of Japan ( 1942 ) This Is the Army ( 1943 ) December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) Task Force ( 1949 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) The Revolt of Mamie Stover ( 1956 ) In Harm 's Way ( 1965 ) Tora ! 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1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 <Td_colspan="2"> Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&oldid=866162161 '' Categories : Attack on Pearl Harbor Consequences of wars Axis powers Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2018 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 17 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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1. Attack on Pearl Harbor 2. American response to the attack 3. Japanese views and declaration of war 4. Consequences for Germany and Italy 5. Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment

what are the major stars in the draco constellation

Draco ( constellation ) - wikipedia Draco ( constellation ) Jump to : navigation , search Draco <Td_colspan="2"> Constellation <Td_colspan="2"> List of stars in Draco Abbreviation Dra Genitive Draconis Pronunciation / ˈdreɪkoʊ / genitive / drəˈkoʊnɪs / Symbolism the Dragon Right ascension 17 Declination + 65 Quadrant NQ3 Area 1083 sq. deg . ( 8th ) Main stars 14 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 76 Stars with planets 19 Stars brighter than 3.00 Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) 7 Brightest star γ Dra ( Eltanin ) ( 2.24 ) Messier objects Meteor showers Draconids Bordering constellations Boötes Hercules Lyra Cygnus Cepheus Ursa Minor Camelopardalis Ursa Major <Td_colspan="2"> Visible at latitudes between + 90 ° and − 15 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of July . Draco is a constellation in the far northern sky . Its name is Latin for dragon . It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy , and remains one of the 88 modern constellations today . The north pole of the ecliptic is in Draco . Draco is circumpolar ( that is , never setting ) , and can be seen all year from northern latitudes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Stars 1.2 Deep - sky objects 1.3 Mythology 1.4 Meteor showers 2 Namesakes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Features ( edit ) The constellation Draco as it can be seen by the naked eye Stars ( edit ) Main article : List of stars in Draco Thuban ( α Draconis ) was the northern pole star from 3942 BC , when it moved farther north than Theta Boötis , until 1793 BC . The Egyptian Pyramids were designed to have one side facing north , with an entrance passage geometrically aligned so that Thuban would be visible at night . Due to the effects of precession , it will again be the pole star around the year AD 21000 . It is a blue - white giant star of magnitude 3.7 , 309 light - years from Earth . The traditional name of Alpha Draconis , Thuban , means `` head of the serpent '' . There are three stars under magnitude 3 in Draco . The brighter of the three , and the brightest star in Draco , is Gamma Draconis , traditionally called Etamin or Eltanin . It is an orange giant star of magnitude 2.2 , 148 light - years from Earth . The aberration of starlight was discovered in 1728 when James Bradley observed Gamma Draconis . Nearby Beta Draconis , traditionally called Rastaban , is a yellow giant star of magnitude 2.8 , 362 light - years from Earth . Its name shares a meaning with Thuban , `` head of the serpent '' . Draco is home to several double stars and binary stars . η Draconis is a double star with a yellow - hued primary of magnitude 2.8 and a white - hued secondary of magnitude 8.2 located south of the primary . The two are separated by 4.8 arcseconds . Mu Draconis , traditionally called Alrakis , is a binary star with two white components . Magnitude 5.6 and 5.7 , the two components orbit each other every 670 years . The Alrakis system is 88 light - years from Earth . Nu Draconis is a similar binary star with two white components , 100 light - years from Earth . Both components are of magnitude 4.9 and can be distinguished in a small amateur telescope or a pair of binoculars . Omicron Draconis is a double star divisible in small telescopes . The primary is an orange giant of magnitude 4.6 , 322 light - years from Earth . The secondary is of magnitude 7.8 . Psi Draconis is a binary star divisible in binoculars and small amateur telescopes , 72 light - years from Earth . The primary is a yellow - white star of magnitude 4.6 and the secondary is a yellow star of magnitude 5.8 . 16 Draconis and 17 Draconis are part of a triple star 400 light - years from Earth , divisible in medium - sized amateur telescopes . The primary , a blue - white star of magnitude 5.1 , is itself a binary with components of magnitude 5.4 and 6.5 . The secondary is of magnitude 5.5 and the system is 400 light - years away . 20 Draconis is a binary star with a white - hued primary of magnitude 7.1 and a yellow - hued secondary of magnitude 7.3 located east - northeast of the primary . The two are separated by 1.2 arcseconds at their maximum and have an orbital period of 420 years . As of 2012 , the two components are approaching their maximum separation . 39 Draconis is a triple star 188 light - years from Earth , divisible in small amateur telescopes . The primary is a blue star of magnitude 5.0 , the secondary is a yellow star of magnitude 7.4 , and the tertiary is a star of magnitude 8.0 ; the tertiary appears to be a close companion to the primary . 40 Draconis and 41 Draconis are a binary star divisible in small telescopes . The two orange dwarf stars are 170 light - years from Earth and are of magnitude 5.7 and 6.1 . R Draconis is a red Mira - type variable star with a period of about 8 months . Its average minimum magnitude is approximately 12.4 , and its average maximum magnitude is approximately 7.6 . It was discovered to be a variable star by Hans Geelmuyden in 1876 . The constellation contains the star recently named Kepler - 10 , which has been confirmed to be orbited by Kepler - 10b , the smallest rocky Earth - sized planet yet detected outside of the Solar System . Deep - sky objects ( edit ) One of the deep - sky objects in Draco is the Cat 's Eye Nebula ( NGC 6543 ) , a planetary nebula approximately 3,000 light - years away that was discovered by English astronomer William Herschel in 1786 . It is 9th magnitude and was named for its appearance in the Hubble Space Telescope , though it appears as a fuzzy blue - green disk in an amateur telescope . NGC 6543 has a very complex shape due to gravitational interactions between the components of the multiple star at its center , the progenitor of the nebula approximately 1,000 years ago . It is located 9.6 arcminutes away from the north ecliptic pole to the west - northwest . It is also related to IC 4677 , a nebula that appears as a bar 1.8 arcminutes to the west of the Cat 's Eye nebula . In long - term exposures , IC 4677 appears as a portion of a ring surrounding the planetary nebula . There are several faint galaxies in Draco , one of which is the lenticular galaxy NGC 5866 ( sometimes considered to be Messier Object 102 ) that bears its name to a small group that also includes the spiral galaxies NGC 5879 and NGC 5907 . Another is the Draco Dwarf Galaxy , one of the least luminous galaxies with an absolute magnitude of − 8.6 and a diameter of only about 3,500 light years , discovered by Albert G. Wilson of Lowell Observatory in 1954 . Another dwarf galaxy found in this constellation is PGC 39058 . PGC 39058 , a dwarf galaxy found within the Draco constellation -- picture taken by ESA / Hubble & NASA . Draco also features several interacting galaxies and galaxy clusters . One such massive cluster is Abell 2218 , located at a distance of 3 billion light - years ( redshift 0.171 ) . It acts as a gravitational lens for even more distant background galaxies , allowing astronomers to study those galaxies as well as Abell 2218 itself ; more specifically , the lensing effect allows astronomers to confirm the cluster 's mass as determined by x-ray emissions . One of the most well - known interacting galaxies is Arp 188 , also called the `` Tadpole Galaxy '' . Named for its appearance , which features a `` tail '' of stars 280,000 light - years long , the Tadpole Galaxy is at a distance of 420 million light - years ( redshift 0.0314 ) . The tail of stars drawn off the Tadpole Galaxy appears blue because the gravitational interaction disturbed clouds of gas and sparked star formation . Q1634 + 706 is a quasar that holds the distinction of being the most distant object usually visible in an amateur telescope . At magnitude 14.4 , it appears star - like , though it is at a distance of 12.9 billion light - years . The light of Q1634 + 706 has taken 8.6 billion years to reach Earth , a discrepancy attributable to the expansion of the universe . The Hercules -- Corona Borealis Great Wall , possibly the largest known structure in the universe , covers a part of the southern region of Draco . Mythology ( edit ) Draco coils around the north celestial pole , as depicted in Urania 's Mirror , a set of constellation cards published in London c. 1825 Dragons in Greek mythology that may have inspired the constellation 's name include Ladon , the dragon who guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides . Heracles killed Ladon during his 12 labors ; he was tasked with stealing the golden apples . The constellation of Hercules is depicted near Draco . In Greco - Roman legend , Draco was a dragon killed by the goddess Minerva and tossed into the sky upon his defeat . The dragon was one of the Gigantes , who battled the Olympic gods for ten years . As Minerva threw the dragon , it became twisted on itself and froze at the cold North Celestial Pole before it could right itself . Sometimes , Draco is represented as the demon son of Gaia , Typhon . Traditional Arabic astronomy does not depict a dragon in modern - day Draco , which is called the Mother Camels . Instead , two hyenas , represented by Eta Draconis and Zeta Draconis are seen attacking a baby camel ( a dim star near Beta Draconis ) , which is protected by four female camels , represented by Beta Draconis , Gamma Draconis , Nu Draconis , and Xi Draconis . The nomads who own the camels are camped nearby , represented by a cooking tripod composed of Upsilon , Tau , and Sigma Draconis . In some mythology , Draco had one hundred magnificent heads , guarded the golden apple tree , and was put in the sky as a constellation for protecting the apples with valor . The constellation has been subject to many more myths , but ones that are obscure . Meteor Showers ( edit ) The February Eta Draconids is a meteor shower that was discovered on February 4 , 2011 . Observers noted six meteors with a common radiant in a short period . Its parent is a previously unknown long - period comet . Namesakes ( edit ) Draco was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the constellation . The main character in the 1996 film Dragonheart gets his name from this constellation . The film also reveals that Draco is actually a dragon heaven , where dragons go when their time in this world is complete , and if they have upheld the oath of an ancient dragon to guard mankind , with dragons otherwise fading into nothing upon their deaths . At the conclusion of the film , Draco , the last dragon , ascends into the constellation after he sacrifices himself to destroy an evil king that he had saved years ago . The chess opening called the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defense was also named after the constellation by Russian chess master Fyodor Dus - Chotimirsky . The Beyblade top Lightning L - Drago 100HF and its evolutions Meteo L - Drago LW105LF and L - Drago Destructor F :S are inspired by / based on the Draco constellation . They all feature three dragon heads chasing each other in a counter-clockwise motion , possibly referencing Ladon 's multiple heads . Draco Malfoy , an antagonist in the Harry Potter series , is named after the constellation as well . See also ( edit ) 3C 319 References ( edit ) Citations ^ Jump up to : Ridpath & Tirion 2001 , pp. 142 - 143 . Jump up ^ Staal 1988 , pp. 239 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : French , Sue ( July 2012 ) . `` By Draco 's Scaly Folds '' . Sky & Telescope . 124 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ MacRobert , Alan ( July 2012 ) . `` The Rise of R Draconis '' . Sky & Telescope . 124 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins & Dunn 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Staal 1988 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Staal 1988 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Jenniskens , Peter ( September 2012 ) . `` Mapping Meteoroid Orbits : New Meteor Showers Discovered '' . Sky & Telescope : 24 . References Ridpath , Ian ; Tirion , Wil ( 2001 ) , Stars and Planets Guide , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08913 - 2 Ridpath , Ian ; Tirion , Wil ( 2007 ) . Stars and Planets Guide . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13556 - 4 . Staal , Julius D.W. ( 1988 ) . The New Patterns in the Sky . McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 939923 - 04 - 5 . Wilkins , Jamie ; Dunn , Robert ( 2006 ) . 300 Astronomical Objects : A Visual Reference to the Universe . Firefly Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55407 - 175 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Draco ( category ) The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations : Draco Star Tales -- Draco Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 170 medieval and early modern images of Draco ) <Th_colspan="2"> Stars of Draco Bayer α ( Thuban ) β ( Rastaban ) γ ( Eltanin ) δ ( Altais ) ε ( Tyl ) ζ ( Aldhibah ) η ( Athebyne ) θ ι ( Edasich ) κ λ ( Giausar ) μ ( Alrakis ) ν ( Kuma ) ξ ( Grumium ) ο π ρ σ ( Alsafi ) τ υ φ χ ψ ( Dziban ) ψ ω Flamsteed 6 7 ( Tianyi ) 8 ( Taiyi ) 9 10 ( i ) 15 ( A ) 16 17 18 ( g ) 19 ( h ) 20 26 27 ( f ) 29 30 35 36 37 38 39 ( b ) 40 41 42 ( Fafnir ) 45 ( d ) 46 ( c ) 48 49 50 51 53 54 55 59 64 ( e ) 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Variable Z RR RW RY RZ SU SW TW TX TZ UX UZ VW WW XZ AB AC AG AI AT BH BK BS BT BV BW BY CL CM CN CR CX DE DK DL DO DQ EE EF EK EP ER EX EY FU IU LV HR 3719 3751 3774 3806 3843 3847 4121 4126 4272 4627 4659 4687 4727 4740 4927 4934 5018 5162 5227 5282 5436 5442 5451 5552 5606 5731 5737 5748 5755 5759 5768 5785 5811 5818 5828 5841 5878 5886 5887 5922 5949 5981 5995 6025 6036 6038 6069 6101 6126 6130 6150 6170 6180 6198 6199 6237 6226 6330 6335 6345 6348 6360 6383 6395 6421 6479 6511 6514 6518 6540 6560 6598 6606 6607 6618 6699 6717 6735 6790 6817 6827 6880 6886 6891 6911 6949 6983 7006 7013 7018 7025 7028 7042 7060 7071 7075 7082 7096 7117 7123 7137 7153 7154 7160 7184 7187 7191 7196 7199 7229 7252 7356 7413 7423 7425 7448 7450 7500 7545 7654 7666 7695 7704 7783 7805 7868 7930 8016 HD 81817 100858 109246 101364 112826 149198 156279 158259 163607 175305 184467 185394 Gliese Gliese 420 Gliese 487 Gliese 625 Gliese 687 Gliese 793 GJ 1227 GJ 4053 Kepler 10 12 52 90 101 296 407 408 Other G 240 - 72 GD 356 GRW + 70 8247 HAT - P - 37 LP 71 - 82 2M 1237 + 6526 PSR B1508 + 55 SSSPM J1138 - 7722 Struve 2398 WASP - 51 WD 1647 + 591 WD 1821 + 643 WISE 1647 + 5632 <Td_colspan="2"> List <Th_colspan="2"> The 88 modern constellations <Td_colspan="2"> Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of constellations <Th_colspan="2"> Constellation history <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD <Td_colspan="2"> Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries <Td_colspan="2"> Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c : Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536 : Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596 : Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613 : Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621 : Reticulum Hevelius 1683 : Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763 : Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Obsolete constellations ( including Ptolemy 's Argo Navis ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anser Antinous Apes Argo Navis Asterion Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Frederici Honores / Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Jordanus Lilium Lochium Funis Machina Electrica Malus Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Officina Typographica Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum / Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Rangifer / Tarandus Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa Vultur cadens Vultur volans <Td_colspan="2"> obsolete constellation names <Td_colspan="2"> Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias Coordinates : 17 00 00 , + 65 ° 00 ′ 00 '' LCCN : sh2014000886 GND : 7749449 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draco_(constellation)&oldid=825500158 '' Categories : Draco ( constellation ) Constellations Dragons Northern constellations Constellations listed by Ptolemy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 19 : 13 . 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1. Draco constellation 2. Stars in Draco 3. Deep-sky objects in Draco 4. Mythology of Draco 5. Meteor showers in Draco

when was the last time puerto rico was hit by a hurricane

Category : hurricanes in Puerto Rico - wikipedia Help Category : hurricanes in Puerto Rico Jump to : navigation , search These hurricanes affected Puerto Rico . Pages in category `` hurricanes in Puerto Rico '' The following 54 pages are in this category , out of 54 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . 0 -- 9 Tropical Depression Nine ( 2003 ) Tropical Depression Fifteen ( 1970 ) Great Hurricane of 1780 1804 Antigua -- Charleston hurricane 1867 San Narciso hurricane 1876 San Felipe hurricane 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane 1928 Okeechobee hurricane 1930 Dominican Republic hurricane 1932 San Ciprian hurricane Hurricane Allen Hurricane Bertha ( 1996 ) Hurricane Bertha ( 2014 ) Hurricane Betsy ( 1956 ) Tropical Storm Bonnie ( 2010 ) Hurricane Carmen Tropical Storm Christine ( 1973 ) Hurricane David Tropical Storm Dean ( 2001 ) Hurricane Dean Hurricane Debby ( 1982 ) Hurricane Debby ( 2000 ) Hurricane Donna Hurricane Earl ( 2010 ) Hurricane Eloise Tropical Storm Emily ( 2011 ) Tropical Storm Erika ( 2009 ) Tropical Storm Erika Hurricane Faith Hurricane Frederic Hurricane Georges Effects of Hurricane Georges in Puerto Rico Hurricane Gilbert Hurricane Greta ( 1956 ) Hurricane Hortense Hurricane Hugo Hurricane Cristobal Hurricane Inez Hurricane Irene Hurricane Irma Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Greater Antilles Hurricane Jeanne Effects of Hurricane Jeanne in Puerto Rico Hurricane Jose ( 1999 ) Hurricane Klaus ( 1984 ) Hurricane Kyle ( 2008 ) Hurricane Lenny Hurricane Luis Hurricane Maria Hurricane Marilyn Hurricane Noel Tropical Storm Olga ( 2007 ) Hurricane Otto ( 2010 ) Hurricane Rafael Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hurricanes_in_Puerto_Rico&oldid=806263485 '' Categories : Hurricanes in the Caribbean Natural disasters in Puerto Rico Hurricanes in the United States Talk Help About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی 한국어 日本 語 Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 41 . About Wikipedia

1. Hurricanes in Puerto Rico 2. List of hurricanes affecting Puerto Rico 3. Effects of hurricanes in Puerto Rico 4. Hurricane history in Puerto Rico 5. Natural disasters in Puerto Rico

when is american horror story season 8 episode 2

American Horror Story : Apocalypse - wikipedia American Horror Story : Apocalypse <Th_colspan="2"> American Horror Story : Apocalypse <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Starring Sarah Paulson Evan Peters Adina Porter Billie Lourd Leslie Grossman Cody Fern Emma Roberts Cheyenne Jackson Kathy Bates Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network FX Original release September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Cult <Td_colspan="2"> List of American Horror Story episodes American Horror Story : Apocalypse is the eighth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It was announced on January 12 , 2017 , and premiered on September 12 , 2018 . It has been described as a crossover between the first and third seasons of the series . Returning cast members from previous seasons include Sarah Paulson , Kathy Bates , Evan Peters , Adina Porter , Emma Roberts , Cheyenne Jackson , Billy Eichner , Leslie Grossman , Billie Lourd , Jessica Lange , Taissa Farmiga , Gabourey Sidibe , Lily Rabe , Frances Conroy , Stevie Nicks , Connie Britton , Dylan McDermott , Erika Ervin , Wayne Pére , Naomi Grossman , Mena Suvari , Sam Kinsey , Celia Finkelstein , Lance Reddick , and Jamie Brewer , along with new cast member Cody Fern . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring and guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References Plot Apocalypse takes place in the West Coast of the United States in the near future . Following a nuclear blast that wipes out the world , Outpost 3 , an underground bunker , is constructed in order to shelter specific survivors with strong genetic makeup . Wilhemina Venable ( Sarah Paulson ) and Miriam Mead ( Kathy Bates ) both command the bunker , dispensing torture towards those who reside there . People inside consist of hairdresser Mr. Gallant ( Evan Peters ) , his grandmother Evie ( Joan Collins ) , talk show host Dinah Stevens ( Adina Porter ) , her son Andre ( Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman ) , the billionaire Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt ( Leslie Grossman ) , her assistant Mallory ( Billie Lourd ) , and couple Timothy Campbell ( Kyle Allen ) and Emily ( Ash Santos ) , all of which face the wrath of the two women . However , Michael Langdon ( Cody Fern ) arrives and begins to throw the order into chaos as he intends to bring those worthy to a `` sanctuary '' . Furthermore in the season , the arrival of Cordelia Goode , Madison Montgomery ( Emma Roberts ) , Myrtle Snow ( Frances Conroy ) as well as the return of Zoe Benson ( Taissa Farmiga ) , Queenie ( Gabourey Sidibe ) and Misty Day ( Lily Rabe ) , provides background of the world before the fateful apocalypse as well as the inclusion of characters from Murder House . Cast and characters Main articles : List of American Horror Story cast members and List of American Horror Story : Apocalypse characters Main Sarah Paulson , Kathy Bates , and Billie Lourd ( left to right ) Evan Peters , Emma Roberts , and Cheyenne Jackson ( left to right ) Sarah Paulson as Wilhemina Venable , Cordelia Goode , and Billie Dean Howard Evan Peters as Mr. Gallant , James Patrick March , and Tate Langdon Adina Porter as Dinah Stevens Billie Lourd as Mallory Leslie Grossman as Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt Cody Fern as Michael Langdon Emma Roberts as Madison Montgomery Cheyenne Jackson as John Henry Moore Kathy Bates as Miriam Mead Recurring and guest Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman as Andre Stevens Kyle Allen as Timothy Campbell Ash Santos as Emily Erika Ervin as the Fist Billy Eichner as Brock Chad James Buchanan as Stu Sean Blakemore as a cooperative agent Lesley Fera as a cooperative agent Joan Collins as Evie Gallant and Bubbles McGee Frances Conroy as Myrtle Snow and Moira O'Hara Taissa Farmiga as Zoe Benson and Violet Harmon Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie Jon Jon Briones as Ariel Augustus Billy Porter as Behold Chablis BD Wong as Baldwin Pennypacker Lily Rabe as Misty Day Stevie Nicks as herself Wayne Pére as Mr. Kingery Dylan McDermott as Dr. Ben Harmon Connie Britton as Vivien Harmon Jessica Lange as Constance Langdon Carlo Rota as Anton LaVey Naomi Grossman as Samantha Crowe Mena Suvari as Elizabeth Short Sam Kinsey as Beau Langdon Celia Finkelstein as Gladys Lance Reddick as Papa Legba Jamie Brewer as Nan Episodes See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 85 `` The End '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) 8ATS01 3.08 <Td_colspan="8"> In the near future , nuclear missiles destroy the world and start a nuclear winter . Thanks to her family 's private plane , Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt manages to escape the destruction of Los Angeles with her assistant Mallory , her hairdresser Mr. Gallant , and his grandmother , Evie . Meanwhile , an organization known as `` The Cooperative '' , selects young adults to save from the apocalypse , based on their genetic makeup . Two of the selected , Timothy and Emily , are sent to Outpost 3 , an underground base led by Ms. Venable . There , they are reunited with other survivors , including Coco , Mallory , Mr. Gallant , and Evie . Life at the Outpost includes strict rules and severe punishments . Eighteen months pass and the situation and food supplies are at critical condition at the Outpost . A man from the Cooperative , Michael Langdon , arrives and announces that he will judge who deserves to be truly saved . 86 `` The Morning After '' Jennifer Lynch James Wong September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) 8ATS02 2.21 <Td_colspan="8"> Langdon introduces himself to the guests of Outpost 3 and explains his duty . He inquires Mr. Gallant about his sexual orientation and his hatred towards his grandmother . Later , the Rubber Man approaches Gallant in his bedroom and Evie catches the two having sex . She reports their insubordination to Ms. Mead . Timothy and Emily discover recent Cooperative e-mails detailing Venable 's transgressions against proper Outpost protocol . Gallant refuses to reveal the identity of the Rubber Man to Venable . Gallant assures Langdon that he did not reveal his identity and Langdon asserts that he is not the Rubber Man and that he would never have sex with him . Timothy and Emily cast aspersions on the rules of Outpost 3 and they have sex for the first time . The Rubber Man attempts to seduce Gallant once again and Gallant stabs him with scissors . Langdon appears and Gallant finds himself looking upon his grandmother 's bloody corpse . Timothy and Emily are caught in bed and are sentenced to death . Timothy shoots Mead in the stomach and her wound reveals internal wiring and white liquid . 87 `` Forbidden Fruit '' Loni Peristere Manny Coto September 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 26 ) 8ATS03 1.95 <Td_colspan="8"> Langdon unveils his true demonic form to Mallory and she makes flames shoot from a fireplace . Venable confides to Mead that she has not been selected to move on to the Sanctuary and Mead suggests they kill everyone . Brock navigates a nuclear wasteland and guns down a cannibalistic tribe . He then beholds a horse - drawn carriage pass by . The carriage delivers apples to Outpost 3 and Venable resolves to inject them with venom . Brock infiltrates Outpost 3 and attends Venable 's Halloween masquerade ball . Coco , presuming Brock to be Langdon in costume , seduces him back to her bedroom . Brock then reveals himself to Coco and stabs her in the forehead . The Outpost 3 guests bob for poisonous apples . Venable instructs everyone to wait to eat simultaneously . The guests comply and concurrently succumb to the poison . Venable and Mead confront Langdon and Venable proclaims that they will be making the selections . Mead shoots Venable under order from Langdon . Langdon tells Mead she was modeled after a caregiver from his childhood , which consoles her . Later , Cordelia Goode , Madison Montgomery , and Myrtle Snow descend upon Outpost 3 and Cordelia resurrects Mallory , Dinah , and Coco . 88 `` Could It Be ... Satan ? '' Sheree Folkson Tim Minear October 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 03 ) 8ATS04 2.02 <Td_colspan="8"> Three years before the nuclear bomb , the Hawthorne School for Exceptional Young Men seeks out Michael Langdon , who has been arrested for killing a man who insulted the woman Mead is modeled after . He is put to the test and displays tremendous abilities . Miss Robichaux 's Academy is summoned for a meeting and Cordelia scoffs at the Grand Chancellor 's suspicion that Michael may be the first male Supreme , known as the Alpha . To prove his power , Michael saves Queenie from eternal damnation at the Hotel Cortez and fetches Madison from her personal hell . 89 5 `` Boy Wonder '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton John J. Gray October 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 10 ) 8ATS05 2.12 <Td_colspan="8"> Cordelia has a frightening vision of a destroyed Miss Robichaux 's Academy and being attacked by disease - ridden people . Later , she announces that Langdon will take the Seven Wonders , something that she is berated for by Myrtle . Mallory 's abilities soon intensify and Cordelia reveals that she is dying and slowly starting to lose her Supremacy . John Henry Moore discovers Langdon 's true self but Mead interferes before he can warn anyone and kills him . During the test , Cordelia asks Langdon to bring Misty Day back to life , so he breaks her out of her personal hell . It is revealed that Cordelia has been planning an army against Langdon and used him to resurrect her students . Later , Cordelia asks Madison and a suspicious Behold to investigate Langdon 's origins at the Murder House . 90 6 `` Return to Murder House '' Sarah Paulson Crystal Liu October 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 17 ) 8ATS06 2.01 <Td_colspan="8"> Madison and Behold buy the Murder House on behalf of the Coven , under the pretense that they are a married couple . They cast a spell to force the spirits of the house to appear to them . They encounter the ghost of Constance Langdon , who agrees to provide information on her grandson Michael if they banish her old nemesis , Moira O'Hara , from the house . Madison and Behold exhume Moira 's bones , and bury them with her mother 's ; Moira is then set free from the house . Constance tells them that she sensed an evil in Michael from very early on . In his youth , he began killing animals , and then his babysitter . After Michael ages ten years overnight , Constance enlists the help of a Catholic priest , whom Michael kills . Constance , out of hopelessness , commits suicide in the Murder House , where she is reunited with Tate , Beauregard , and her fourth child , a little girl with no eyes . Madison and Behold then interview Ben and Vivien Harmon , who further reveal the evil in Michael 's soul . Vivien tells them that Michael 's father is neither Ben nor Tate , but the evil of the Murder House . Before leaving with Behold , Madison reunites Tate and Violet . 91 7 `` Traitor '' Jennifer Lynch Adam Penn October 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 24 ) 8ATS07 1.85 <Td_colspan="8"> With the help of voodoo queen Dinah Stevens , Cordelia arranges a meeting with Papa Legba in an attempt to prevent Langdon 's plans . Legba reveals that he owns Nan 's soul , and agrees to help entrap Langdon under the condition that Cordelia give him the souls of the remaining girls . Cordelia refuses , and Legba disappears . In order to learn more about the warlocks and their plans , Madison enlists the help of Myrtle 's long time friend , witch - actress Bubbles McGee , who specialises in reading the thoughts and souls of others . At a dinner party held by Myrtle , Bubbles discovers that Ariel and Baldwin know about the death of John Henry , and that they are planning to kill the women of the coven . Zoe suspects Mallory to be the true next Supreme after she saves Coco from choking and confides in Cordelia . Later , Mallory passes the Seven Wonders after successfully resurrecting John Henry . The coven then capture Ariel , Baldwin , and Mead , and burn them at the stake for treason . 92 8 `` Sojourn '' TBA TBA October 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) TBA TBD 93 9 `` Fire and Reign '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 94 10 `` Apocalypse Then '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD Evan Peters will direct an episode of the season . Production Development On January 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for an eighth season , which premiered on September 12 , 2018 . In October 2016 , series co-creator Ryan Murphy announced a `` crossover '' season between previous cycles Murder House and Coven . In January 2018 , he stated that the ninth season would most likely feature the crossover ; however , in June 2018 , he announced that the eighth season was chosen instead . Murphy has also stated that the eighth season would be set 18 months in the future and would feature an Asylum and Coven tone . In July 2018 , it was announced at the San Diego Comic - Con that the title of the season would be Apocalypse . In April 2018 , it was revealed that series veterans Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters would each make their directorial debuts in an episode of the season . It was later revealed that Paulson would direct the sixth episode . As with previous seasons , several teasers were released . On September 4 , 2018 , a short trailer was released , followed by a longer trailer the next day . Casting In October 2017 , it was announced that series mainstay Sarah Paulson would return for the season . In March 2018 , it was announced that Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would also return , leading the season with Paulson . In April 2018 , Joan Collins joined the cast as the grandmother of Peters ' character . In April and May 2018 , Cult alumni Adina Porter , Cheyenne Jackson , Billy Eichner , Leslie Grossman , and Billie Lourd were also confirmed to return . In June 2018 , Emma Roberts revealed that she would return for Apocalypse , reprising her role as Madison Montgomery from Coven . That same month , Murphy revealed that other witches from Coven had all been invited to return , and also stated that he had asked Anjelica Huston to join the cast , while Paulson confirmed that she would reprise her Coven role , Cordelia Goode . In July 2018 , it was reported that Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman and Kyle Allen would guest star in the season . Later that month , Murphy revealed via Twitter that American Crime Story alum Cody Fern joined the cast as a grown - up Michael Langdon , the Antichrist born during the events of Murder House . In August 2018 , Pose alum Billy Porter announced via Instagram that he would appear in the season . Later , during the Television Critics Association press tour , it was announced that Jessica Lange would appear in the season 's sixth episode as her Murder House character , Constance Langdon . After FX released the season 's first teaser , actress Lesley Fera revealed via Twitter that she would appear in the season premiere . Later , Ryan Murphy confirmed via Twitter that Taissa Farmiga , Gabourey Sidibe , Lily Rabe , Frances Conroy , and Stevie Nicks would all appear during the season , and that they would all reprise their Coven roles . In the same month , Angela Bassett , who appeared in four previous seasons , confirmed that she would not appear in the season . Later , Finn Wittrock , who appeared in three past seasons , confirmed that he would not appear in Apocalypse . The same day , it was announced that original cast members Connie Britton and Dylan McDermott would be returning for the season , and Ryan Murphy later confirmed that they would reprise their Murder House roles , Vivien and Ben Harmon , respectively . Later , Murphy revealed that Evan Peters and Taissa Farmiga would be reprising their Murder House roles , Tate Langdon and Violet Harmon , respectively . In September 2018 , it was revealed that Erika Ervin would be returning for Apocalypse after having a recurring role in Freak Show . It was also reported that actress Ash Santos would appear in the season . Filming In April 2018 , Murphy revealed that filming for the season would begin in June 2018 . Reception Critical response American Horror Story : Apocalypse received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 92 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.86 / 10 , based on 117 reviews . On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 63 out of 100 based on 6 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . American Horror Story ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2018 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings See also : American Horror Story § Ratings No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The End '' September 12 , 2018 1.5 3.08 1.5 3.17 3.0 6.26 `` The Morning After '' September 19 , 2018 2.21 2.41 2.3 4.63 `` Forbidden Fruit '' September 26 , 2018 0.9 1.95 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Could It Be ... Satan ? '' October 3 , 2018 1.0 2.02 1.6 3.05 2.6 5.08 5 `` Boy Wonder '' October 10 , 2018 1.0 2.12 1.4 2.82 2.4 4.95 6 `` Return to Murder House '' October 17 , 2018 0.9 2.01 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Traitor '' October 24 , 2018 0.9 1.85 TBD TBD TBD TBD Jump up ^ Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Renewed For Seasons 8 & 9 By FX - TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : American Horror Story ( @ AHSFX ) ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Not long now . # AHSFX '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Jessica Lange Returning for ' Apocalypse ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Maas , Jennifer ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Here 's Who ( Almost ) Everyone Is Playing on ' Apocalypse ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse 's Official Trailer Released '' . fxnetworks.com . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates to return for season 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' American Horror Story : Apocalypse '' Set Photo Reunites Tate and Violet ... Together Forever ? `` . Bloody Disgusting . August 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse - Cast '' . fxnetworks.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Evan Peters , Billy Eichner , Cheyenne Jackson , More Returning '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Billie Lourd To Return To ' American Horror Story ' For Season 8 , Joins ' Booksmart ' Movie '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Casts Cody Fern as Michael Langdon '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Emma Roberts Teases Return of ' American Horror Story 's Madison Montgomery '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds ' UnReal 's Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman & ' The Path 's Kyle Allen As Guest Stars '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` The 5 Most Apocalyptic Things that Happened in the American Horror Story Premiere '' . fxnetworks.com . September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 23 HUGE Details In The ' AHS : Apocalypse ' Trailer You Definitely Missed '' . PopBuzz . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Amazon Eve ( @ AmazonEve ) ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm very excited about this upcoming season gang ! @ AHSFX # AHSApocalypse '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Lesley Fera ( @ LesleyFera ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Happy to announce that I will be on the first episode of this new creepy season 😱 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Confirms ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Is Set `` 18 Months From Today '' ; Joan Collins To Play Evan Peters ' Grandmother `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Harnick ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse Returning Cast Revealed : Stevie Nicks , Taissa Farmiga , Lily Rabe and More '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : Ryan Murphy Posts First Look At ' Coven ' Reunion With Stevie Nicks '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` One major American Horror Story : Coven star wo n't return for Apocalypse '' . Digital Spy . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I transform to Ariel Augustus with some warlock magic . @ ahsfx 😉 '' . Instagram . October 4 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Allison ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Pose 's Billy Porter joins the cast of American Horror Story : Apocalypse '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story ' Reveals How ' Coven ' Witches Play Into ' Apocalypse ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 3 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ ahsfx proudlypresents # baldwinpennypacker # warlocks # apocalypse # americanhorrorstory '' . Instagram . October 5 , 2018 . Retrieved October 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Connie Britton and Dylan McDermott Join ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dino - Ray , Ramos ( August 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : Ryan Murphy Gives First Look At ' Murder House ' Reunion '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Grossman - Resume '' . Actors Access . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Horror Story : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 : Evan Peters , Billy Eichner , Cheyenne Jackson , More Returning '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy announces Murder House , Coven season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story shock : Season 8 is set in the future '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 8 Will Officially Be the Long - Awaited Murder House / Coven Crossover '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 8 Title Revealed : Apocalypse '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray , Flook ( September 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : Ryan Murphy Posts on Lack of Trailer ; Two New Teasers Released '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex , Stedman ( September 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' Unveils First Teaser Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nate , Nickolai ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Apocalypse ' : The Anti-Christ Arrives in Full Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munzenrieder , Kyle . `` Joan Collins Is Joining American Horror Story Because , Well , of Course She Is '' . W Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Seddon , Dan ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story star rules out a return for season 8 Apocalypse '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 8 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Apocalypse '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` FX dominates with ' American Horror Story , ' ' Mayans , ' and ' Always Sunny ' in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' and ' Mayans M.C. ' lead the cable Live + 3 ratings for Sept. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' and ' American Horror Story ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 1 - 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' and ' Mayans M.C. ' land high in the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ For the second season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . For the third season , see `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . For the fourth season , see `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . For the fifth season , see `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . For the sixth season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . For the seventh season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . For the eighth season , see `` American Horror Story : Season Eight Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> American Horror Story <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Apocalypse Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes Apocalypse `` The End '' `` The Morning After '' `` Forbidden Fruit '' `` Could It Be ... Satan ? '' `` Boy Wonder '' `` Return to Murder House '' `` Traitor '' Characters Apocalypse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Horror_Story:_Apocalypse&oldid=866487236 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons American drama television series American Horror Story seasons Androids in television Cannibalism in fiction Demons in television Fictional depictions of the Antichrist Mass murder in fiction Nuclear war and weapons in popular culture Post-apocalyptic fiction Television series set in the future Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Wikipedia semi-protected pages Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 16 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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1. American Horror Story: Apocalypse 2. Eighth season of American Horror Story 3. Crossover between Murder House and Coven 4. Cast members and characters 5. Plot and episodes

what is the current strength of lok sabha

Lok Sabha - Wikipedia Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 3 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E  /  28.61750 ° N 77.20833 ° E  / 28.61750 ; 77.20833 <Th_colspan="2"> Lok Sabha House of the People <Td_colspan="2"> 16th Lok Sabha <Td_colspan="2"> Emblem of India <Th_colspan="2"> Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years <Th_colspan="2"> Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant , as none of the opposition parties has more than 10 % of the seats . <Th_colspan="2"> Structure Seats 545 ( 543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President ) <Td_colspan="2"> Political groups Government coalition ( 335 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 335 ) BJP ( 275 ) SS ( 18 ) TDP ( 16 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NPF ( 1 ) NPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 ) Opposition Parties ( 210 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 50 ) INC ( 46 ) IUML ( 2 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 6 ) RJD ( 2 ) INLD ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 2 ) Unaligned Parties ( 144 ) AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 33 ) BJD ( 20 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) YSRCP ( 9 ) NCP ( 6 ) SP ( 5 ) AAP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( 1 ) Others ( 10 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 7 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Next election April -- May 2019 <Th_colspan="2"> Motto <Td_colspan="2"> धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lok Sabha Chambers , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> loksabha.gov.in The Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is the Lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament , with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first - past - the - post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552 . Currently the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum , 2 nominated members of the Anglo - Indian Community by the President of India . A total of 131 seats ( 24.03 % ) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes ( 84 ) and Scheduled Tribes ( 47 ) . The quorum for the House is 10 % of the total membership . The Lok Sabha , unless sooner dissolved , continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting . However , while a proclamation of emergency is in operation , this period may be extended by Parliament by law . An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies ' boundaries is carried out by a Delimitation Commission every decade based on the Indian census , last of which was conducted in 2001 . This exercise earlier also included redistribution of seats among states based on demographic changes but that provision of the mandate of the commission was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to incentivise the family planning programme which was being implemented . The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date . The Lok Sabha has its own television channel , Lok Sabha TV , headquartered within the premises of Parliament . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Qualifications 3 Powers 4 Procedure 4.1 Procedure in the House 4.2 Sessions and Time of Sittings 4.3 Question Hour / Zero Hour 4.4 Business after Question Hour 4.5 Main Business 4.5. 1 Legislative Business 4.5. 2 Financial Business 4.5. 3 Motions and Resolutions 4.6 Half - an - Hour Discussion 4.7 Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance 4.8 Debate in the House 4.8. 1 Division 4.9 Automatic Vote Recording System 4.10 Publication of Debates 5 Officers of Lok Sabha 6 Composition by states and territories 7 Lok Sabha general elections 8 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947 . During this period , the office of the Secretary of State for India ( along with the Council of India ) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent , and the office of Viceroy of India was created , along with an Executive Council in India , consisting of high officials of the British government . The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members . The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council . Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government , their power still remained limited , and the electorate very small . The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration . The Indian Independence Act , passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947 , divided British India ( which did not include the Princely States ) into two new independent countries , India and Pakistan , which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution . The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations , with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion . The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 , proclaiming India to be a sovereign , democratic republic . This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form , which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan . According to Article 79 ( Part V - The Union . ) of the Constitution of India , the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) and the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) . The Lok Sabha ( House of the Leaders ) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 . Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date Session No . Date First 13 May 1952 Second April 1957 Third April 1962 Fourth March 1967 Fifth March 1971 Sixth March 1977 Seventh January 1980 Eighth December 1984 Ninth December 1989 Tenth June 1991 Eleventh May 1996 Twelfth March 1998 Thirteenth October 1999 Fourteenth May 2004 Fifteenth May 2009 Sixteenth ( Current ) May 2014 Qualifications ( edit ) See also : Election Commission of India Article 84 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha , which are as follows : He / She should be a citizen of India , and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution . He / She should not be less than 25 years of age . He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict , a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law ; and He / She should have his / her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country . However , a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament : If he / she holds office of profit ; If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court If he / she is an undischarged insolvent ; If he / she is not a citizen of India , or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State , or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State ; If he / she is violating party discipline ( as per Tenth schedule of the constitution ) ; disqualified under Representation of People Act . A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances : ( during normal functioning of the House ) When the holder of the seat , by writing to the speaker , resigns . When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House , without prior permission of the Speaker . When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament . A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the ' Anti-Defection Law ' . Furthermore , as per article 101 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution ; A person can not be : ( 1 ) a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other. ( 2 ) a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State . System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India , on the basis of Universal Suffrage . For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha ; each state is divided into territorial constituencies . In this respect , the constitution of India makes the following two provisions : Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India . This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million ( 60 lakhs ) . Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state . Note : The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census ( 2001 Census ) of which relevant figure have been published . Powers ( edit ) The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha . Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha . Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India . In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state . If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate . In conclusion , it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters . Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing , the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength . This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy , with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper . Procedure ( edit ) Procedure in the House ( edit ) The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha . The items of business , notice of which is received from the Ministers / Private Members and admitted by the Speaker , are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance . For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee . The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure . Sessions and time of sittings ( edit ) Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year : Budget session : February to May . Monsoon session : July to September . Winter session : November to mid December . When in session , Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House . Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays . Question Hour / Zero Hour ( edit ) The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour . Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members , and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres . Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department 's acts of omission or commission . Questions are of three types -- Starred , Unstarred and Short Notice . A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark . An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked . An answer to such a question is given in writing . Minimum period of notice for starred / unstarred question is 10 clear days . If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker , they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains . The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance . However , a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice . A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour , popularly known as Zero Hour . Zero Hour : The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as `` Zero Hour '' . It starts at around 12 noon ( hence the name ) and members can , with prior notice to the Speaker , raise issues of importance during this time . Typically , discussions on important Bills , the Budget , and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards . Business after question Hour ( edit ) After the Question Hour , the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day . These may consist of one or more of the following : Adjournment Motions , Questions involving breaches of Privileges , Papers to be laid on the Table , Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha , Intimations regarding President 's assent to Bills , Calling Attention Notices , Matters under Rule 377 , Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee , Presentation of Petitions , miscellaneous statements by Ministers , Motions regarding elections to Committees , Bills to be withdrawn or introduced . Main business ( edit ) The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion . Legislative business ( edit ) Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member . In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members ' Bill . Every Bill passes through three stages -- called three readings -- before it is passed . To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament , Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha , and then assented to by the president . Financial business ( edit ) The presentation , discussion of , and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets -- followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill -- is a long , drawn - out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year . Motions and resolutions ( edit ) Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions . Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members . Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation . Similarly , a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem . The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members ' business . While private members ' bills are taken up on one Friday , private members ' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday , and so on . Half - an - Hour discussion ( edit ) A Half - an - Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact . Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion . Usually , half - an - hour discussion is listed on Mondays , Wednesdays and Fridays only . In one session , a member is allowed to raise not more than two half - an - hour discussions . During the discussion , the member , who has given notice , makes a short statement and not more than four members , who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot , are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact . Thereafter , the Minister concerned replies . There is no formal motion before the House nor voting . Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ( edit ) Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker . Such discussions may take place on two days in a week . No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion . Debate in the House ( edit ) After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken , other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them . Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair . A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member . Division ( edit ) A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained . Normally , when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying `` Aye '' or `` No '' from their seats . The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House . If a member challenges the decision , the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared . Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes . Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides . After the bell stops , all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over . Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the `` Ayes '' or the `` Noes '' , have it . If the opinion so declared is again challenged , the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Automatic vote Recording system ( edit ) With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes , the Secretary - General presses the button of a key board . Then a gong sounds serving as a signal to members for casting their votes . For casting a vote each member present in the Chamber has to press a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in his seat . The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds . There are two Indicator Boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker 's Chair in the Chamber . Each vote cast by a member is flashed here . Immediately after the votes are cast , they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker 's and Diplomatic Galleries . Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha , Divisions may be held either by distribution of ' Aye ' / ' No ' and ' Abstention ' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies . There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member . The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear on this Board also . Immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken . Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted ' Ayes ' and for ' Noes ' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates . Publication of Debates ( edit ) Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared viz. , the Hindi version , the English version and the Original version . Only the Hindi and English versions are printed . The Original version , in cyclostyled form , is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference . The Hindi version all Questions asked and Answers given thereto in Hindi and the speeches made in Hindi as also verbatim Hindi translation of Questions and Answers and of speeches made in English or in regional languages . The English version contains Lok Sabha proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language . The Original version , however , contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually take place in the House and also the English / Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages . If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses , a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences . In such a session , the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail , since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha . Officers of Lok Sabha ( edit ) Speaker and Deputy Speaker As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution , the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker . In the Lok Sabha , the lower House of the Indian Parliament , both presiding officers -- the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker - are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House . As such , no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker . The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House . But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker . Vacation and resignation of , and removal from , the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker is mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India . As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution . A Speaker or a Deputy Speaker , should vacate his / her office , a ) if he / she ceases to be a member of the House of the People , b ) he / she resigns , c ) removed from his office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority . The Speaker of Lok Sabha is at once a member of the House and also its Presiding Officer . The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in the house . He / she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . He / she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . He / she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure . Following the 52nd Constitution amendment , the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection . The Speaker makes obituary references in the House , formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires . Though a member of the House , the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision . Till date , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote . While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence / resignation / removal , the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or , if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant , by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose . Shri G.V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 15 May 1952 - 27 February 1956 ) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 30 May 1952 -- 7 March 1956 ) . In the 16th Lok Sabha , Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014 , and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker . The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff . Composition by states and territories ( edit ) Main article : List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Subdivision Type No. of constituencies Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Andhra Pradesh State 25 Arunachal Pradesh State Assam State 14 Bihar State 40 Chandigarh Union Territory Chhattisgarh State 11 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory Daman and Diu Union Territory National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7 Goa State Gujarat State 26 Haryana State 10 Himachal Pradesh State Jammu and Kashmir State 6 Jharkhand State 14 Karnataka State 28 Kerala State 20 Lakshadweep Union Territory Madhya Pradesh State 29 Maharashtra State 48 Manipur State Meghalaya State Mizoram State Nagaland State Odisha State 21 Puducherry Union Territory Punjab State 13 Rajasthan State 25 Sikkim State Tamil Nadu State 39 Telangana State 17 Tripura State Uttarakhand State 5 Uttar Pradesh State 80 West Bengal State 42 Lok Sabha general elections ( edit ) Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows : Lok Sabha General Election 1st Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1957 3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1962 4th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1967 5th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1971 6th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1977 7th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1980 8th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1984 9th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1989 10th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1991 11th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1996 12th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1998 13th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1999 14th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2004 15th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2009 16th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2014 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party ( As of 14 November 2017 ) : Alliance Party Seats National Democratic Alliance Seats : 335 Bharatiya Janata Party 275 Shiv Sena 18 Telugu Desam Party 16 Lok Janshakti Party 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Apna Dal Janata Dal ( United ) Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party All India N.R. Congress Naga People 's Front National Peoples Party Pattali Makkal Katchi Sikkim Democratic Front Speaker of the House , BJP Nominated Anglo - Indians , BJP United Progressive Alliance Seats : 50 Indian National Congress 46 Indian Union Muslim League Kerala Congress ( M ) Revolutionary Socialist Party Janata Parivar Seats : 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal Indian National Lok Dal Janata Dal ( Secular ) Other Parties Seats : 144 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 All India Trinamool Congress 33 Biju Janata Dal 20 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 9 YSR Congress Party 9 Nationalist Congress Party 6 Samajwadi Party 5 Aam Aadmi Party All India United Democratic Front Jharkhand Mukti Morcha All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Communist Party of India Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Swabhimani Paksha Jan Adhikar Party ( Expelled RJD Member ) Independents Vacant Seats Anantnag , Ajmer , Uluberia , Alwar , Araria , Phulpur and Gorakhpur constituencies . 7 Total 545 See also ( edit ) List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Parliament of India Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No LoP post for Congress '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament of India : Lok Sabha '' . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 83 . p. 40 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A decade from now , three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Election Commission India Archived 5 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to LokSabha Website '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Freedom Struggle ( 1857 - 1947 ) - Culture and Heritage - Know India : National Portal of India '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 79 . p. 38 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . p. 41 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . pp. 46 , 47 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Laxmikant polity Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Introduction '' . National Informatics Centre , Government of India . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha : All Members Party-wise List '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lok Sabha . Lok Sabha website Description of Lok Sabha on website of Parliament of India <Th_colspan="3"> Government of India Constitution Constitution of India Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Federalism in India Union List State List Concurrent List Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services Cabinet Secretary of India State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts <Th_colspan="3"> Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition <Th_colspan="2"> Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh <Th_colspan="2"> Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country <Td_colspan="2"> National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Sabha&oldid=810311109 '' Categories : Lok Sabha National lower houses Parliament of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing cleanup from December 2013 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2013 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 14 : 00 . 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1. Lok Sabha - Lower house of India's Parliament 2. Members of Lok Sabha - elected representatives of constituencies 3. Powers of Lok Sabha - including passing motions of no confidence and money bills 4. Procedure in Lok Sabha - including Question Hour and Zero Hour 5. Sessions and time of sittings in Lok Sabha

what episode of roswell does kyle get shot

Kyle Valenti - wikipedia Kyle Valenti Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Kyle Valenti <Td_colspan="2"> Roswell character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Graduation '' Created by Jason Katims Portrayed by Nick Wechsler <Th_colspan="2"> Information Family Jim Valenti ( father ) James Valenti Sr. ( grandfather ) Kyle Valenti is a fictional character created by Melinda Metz for the young adults book series Roswell High and adapted by Jason Katims for the 1999 - 2002 American science fiction television series Roswell . He was portrayed by actor Nick Wechsler in the television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character summary 2 Fictional biography 2.1 Season one 2.2 Season two 2.3 Season three 3 Nick Wechsler about his character Kyle Valenti 4 References 5 External links Fictional character summary ( edit ) Kyle is used regularly as comic relief in serious situations . He has the most developed sense of humor of the group , and is always looking for the joke in a situation . He does , however , have a very serious and caring side , becoming very protective of those he cares about . Kyle 's Buddhism is often used as joke fodder , with him often quoting philosophical texts to help in serious situations , to the exasperation of his father , Sheriff Jim Valenti , and friends . Kyle is a sophomore and good athlete . Although he is mostly shown as being a football star at fictional West Roswell High School , he is also shown on the basketball team , and reveals in one episode that his true passion is baseball and he wants to play for the Houston Astros . Fictional biography ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Kyle is initially an antagonist , albeit a reasonably sympathetic one , at the beginning of the series . He is introduced as being the casual boyfriend of protagonist Liz Parker . When Liz starts hanging around Max Evans and soon thereafter dumps Kyle , he becomes jealous of Max and begins a rivalry with him . This rivalry is fueled by Jim Valenti 's obsession with Max . Jim Valenti warns Kyle to stay away from Max , as he may be dangerous . Although Kyle 's feelings for Liz were only casual and he is soon able to get over them , he continues to find himself in tense conflict with Max . At the end of season one , his father does n't return home and an FBI agent is put in front of his house to keep a watch out . When Max comes to his house , knocks out the agent , and tells Kyle to stay put , Kyle is furious , thinking Max is putting his father in danger . He takes a gun from his father 's cabinet and follows Max to the UFO Center , where he finds Agent Pierce , whom he believes to be the innocent Deputy Fisher , tied up . When Kyle frees him , Pierce takes his gun and attacks the others . In the ensuing melee , Kyle is accidentally shot by his own father . Kyle is found by his father and the others , and Max heals his wound , saving his life . Kyle is then entrusted with the secret that Max , his sister Isabel and friend Michael Guerin are actually alien - human hybrids . Season two ( edit ) In the second season , because he is now `` in on the secret '' , Kyle 's character is expanded . It is revealed that , in order to come to peace with the presence of aliens in his life , he has found Buddhism . He wants nothing to do with the `` little green men '' and at first , does not join them in their main adventures , but finds one as a roommate when the orphaned Tess Harding moves in with him and his father . At first , Tess is annoying and hostile toward him , but the two soon become friends , with a heavy hinting of an attraction between the two . Tess is shown as filling the gap left in Kyle 's family life because it is revealed that his mother left when he was six . Tess transforms the household from being just two guys into a real family again . Kyle now has an understanding of those he was formerly pitted against and becomes friendly with the entire group , now considering Liz to be a good friend . He begins to resent Max again , however , when Sheriff Valenti loses his job protecting Max 's secret . After this , Kyle is reluctant to help the group but does so anyway when they are searching for a cluster of toxic crystals that could spell doom for the world . He and Alex end up trapped in a cave with the crystals , and he forms a kinship with Alex Whitman , who helps him appreciate the presence of the aliens in their lives . Kyle then finds a way to kill the crystals and , upon escaping from the cave with Alex , exclaims that they just saved the world . After this encounter , Kyle once again grows friendly with the entire group , including Max , and becomes a substantial member of the alien clique . When the eight of them travel to Las Vegas together for a vacation , he is seen hanging out primarily with Alex . Kyle ends up confronting his feelings for Tess and asking her to the dance . When Maria DeLuca asks him why they have n't hooked up yet , he says that he is , for some reason he ca n't put his finger on , resistant to do so . When a friend of his makes sexual comments about Tess , however , Kyle exclaims , `` Do n't you talk that way about my sister ! '' , thus realizing that he truly feels a sibling love , not a romantic one , toward Tess . Kyle is greatly affected by Alex 's death in a car accident , as they were shown growing as friends earlier in the season , and he is one of the members of the group who supports Liz 's theory that Alex was murdered . At the end of season two , Kyle sees off Tess when she , Max , Michael and Isabel are forced to go back to their home planet , Antar . Shortly afterward Liz and Maria tell him that they think Tess has recently put a mindwarp on him , and , through concentration , Kyle is able to remember what was stolen from his mind : Tess killed Alex in front of him and made him carry his body into his car . Kyle , Liz and Maria manage to get to the pod chamber and stop the aliens from lifting off , telling them the truth . Max , Michael and Isabel exit the chamber as Tess returns to Antar , and Kyle stands with his five friends in the closing moment of the season , having gone from being an antagonist to a trusted member of the group . Season three ( edit ) With Tess gone and Alex dead , Kyle and Isabel are the only two members of the group of six who are not romantically involved with another , and end up spending a lot of time together , becoming close friends . Kyle is the first to learn about her relationship with Jesse Ramirez and , unlike the others , supports her in it . After Isabel and Jesse 's wedding , Kyle continues to be close friends with her and forms a friendship with Jesse as well . But while at a New Year 's party with Isabel , Kyle realizes that his feelings for Isabel are more than just platonic . An honorable man , he keeps these feelings inside , but is henceforth shown as deeply caring for Isabel , breaking down crying at her bedside when she is shot and almost killed . When Liz begins manifesting powers as a result of Max healing her in the pilot episode , it becomes clear to Kyle that he too will probably gain some sort of alien powers in the future . In the series finale , `` Graduation , '' when the rest of the group is forced to leave Roswell and live on the run , Kyle makes the decision to come with them , citing that he wants to be with his `` own kind '' when he starts to `` snap , crackle and pop like tin foil '' . He says a heartfelt goodbye to his father before boarding a van with the others and leaving Roswell . He is last seen in the series with the other five main characters as they celebrate the wedding of Max and Liz and once again board the van , continuing on their road trip across America . Nick Wechsler about his character Kyle Valenti ( edit ) Nick was interviewed just a few times about his character Kyle Valenti . Here you can find a quote he made during those interviews . `` It was like , ` Do you want a job ? ' It did n't matter what the pitch was . I had to get something because I was doing nothing . It sounded all right to me . I initially read for the role that Colin ( Hanks ) got . Then they called me back for the role that I ended up getting. ... I know it sounds kind of funny . OK , they 're aliens and they 're walking among us and they 're in high school . My good friends are always picking on me about it . '' -- Nick Wechsler , from `` Five Questions With Nick Wechsler '' by CHELSEA J. CARTER References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Five Questions With Nick Wechsler '' by Chelsea J. Carter External links ( edit ) Internet Movie Database character profile Wikiquote has quotations related to : Roswell <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Roswell Characters Liz Parker Max Evans Isabel Evans Maria DeLuca Michael Guerin Kyle Valenti Tess Harding Sheriff Jim Valenti Nasedo Related List of episodes Melinda Metz Roswell High Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Valenti&oldid=815006846 '' Categories : Roswell ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from September 2008 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 05 : 11 . About Wikipedia

1. Kyle Valenti - fictional character in Roswell High book series and TV show 2. Nick Wechsler - actor who portrayed Kyle Valenti in the Roswell TV series 3. Kyle's role as comic relief and his sense of humor 4. Kyle's relationship with Liz Parker and rivalry with Max Evans 5. Kyle's character development and involvement with the alien group

the athenian victory at marathon in 490 b.c.e

Battle of Marathon - wikipedia Battle of Marathon This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For the poem , see The Battle of Marathon : A Poem . <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of Marathon <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Greco - Persian Wars <Td_colspan="2"> The plain of Marathon today <Td_colspan="2"> Date August / September ( Metageitnion ) , 490 BC Location Marathon , Greece 38 ° 07 ′ 05 '' N 23 ° 58 ′ 42 '' E  /  38.11806 ° N 23.97833 ° E  / 38.11806 ; 23.97833 Coordinates : 38 ° 07 ′ 05 '' N 23 ° 58 ′ 42 '' E  /  38.11806 ° N 23.97833 ° E  / 38.11806 ; 23.97833 Result Decisive Greek victory Persian forces driven out of Greece for 10 years . <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Athens , Plataea Persian Empire <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Miltiades Callimachus † Aristides the Just Xanthippus ( Pericles ' father ) Themistokles Stesilaos † Arimnestos Datis Artaphernes Hippias ( deposed Athenian tyrant ) <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 9,000 -- 10,000 Athenians , 1,000 Plataeans 25,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry ( modern estimates ) ( the latter was not engaged ) 100,000 + armed oarsmen and sailors ( arranged as reserve troops they saw little action , mostly defending the ships ) 600 triremes 50 + horse - carriers 200 + supply ships <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 192 Athenians , 11 Plataeans ( Herodotus ) 1,000 -- 3,000 dead ( modern estimates ) 6,400 dead 7 ships destroyed ( Herodotus ) 4,000 -- 5,000 dead ( modern estimates ) <Td_colspan="2"> Location of the battle of Marathon <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) First Persian invasion of Greece <Td_colspan="2"> Lindos Naxos Karystos Eretria Marathon The Battle of Marathon ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Μαραθῶνος , Machē tou Marathōnos ) took place in 490 BC , during the first Persian invasion of Greece . It was fought between the citizens of Athens , aided by Plataea , and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes . The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia , under King Darius I , to subjugate Greece . The Greek army decisively defeated the more numerous Persians , marking a turning point in the Greco - Persian Wars . The first Persian invasion was a response to Athenian involvement in the Ionian Revolt , when Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia in their attempt to overthrow Persian rule . The Athenians and Eretrians had succeeded in capturing and burning Sardis , but they were then forced to retreat with heavy losses . In response to this raid , Darius swore to burn down Athens and Eretria . According to Herodotus , Darius had his bow brought to him and then shot an arrow `` upwards towards heaven '' , saying as he did so : `` Zeus , that it may be granted me to take vengeance upon the Athenians ! '' . Herodotus further writes that Darius charged one of his servants to say `` Master , remember the Athenians '' three times before dinner each day . At the time of the battle , Sparta and Athens were the two largest city - states in Greece . Once the Ionian revolt was finally crushed by the Persian victory at the Battle of Lade in 494 BC , Darius began plans to subjugate Greece . In 490 BC , he sent a naval task force under Datis and Artaphernes across the Aegean , to subjugate the Cyclades , and then to make punitive attacks on Athens and Eretria . Reaching Euboea in mid-summer after a successful campaign in the Aegean , the Persians proceeded to besiege and capture Eretria . The Persian force then sailed for Attica , landing in the bay near the town of Marathon . The Athenians , joined by a small force from Plataea , marched to Marathon , and succeeded in blocking the two exits from the plain of Marathon . The Athenians also sent a message asking for support to the Spartans . When the messenger arrived in Sparta , the Spartans were involved in a religious festival and gave this as a reason for not coming to aid of the Athenians . The Athenians and their allies chose a location for the battle , with marshes and mountainous terrain , that prevented the Persian cavalry from joining the main Persian army . Miltiades , the Athenian general , ordered a general attack against the Persian infantry - bowmen . He reinforced his flanks , luring the Persians ' best fighters into his center . The inward wheeling flanks enveloped the Persians , routing them . The Persian army broke in panic towards their ships , and large numbers were slaughtered . The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece , and the Persian force retreated to Asia . Darius then began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . After Darius died , his son Xerxes I restarted the preparations for a second invasion of Greece , which finally began in 480 BC . The Battle of Marathon was a watershed in the Greco - Persian wars , showing the Greeks that the Persians could be beaten ; the eventual Greek triumph in these wars can be seen to begin at Marathon . The battle also showed the Greeks that they were able to win battles without the Spartans , as they had heavily relied on Sparta previously . This win was largely due to the Athenians , and Marathon raised Greek esteem of them . Since the following two hundred years saw the rise of the Classical Greek civilization , which has been enduringly influential in western society , the Battle of Marathon is often seen as a pivotal moment in Mediterranean and European history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Background 3 Prelude 3.1 Date of the battle 4 Opposing forces 4.1 Athenians 4.2 Persians 5 Strategic and tactical considerations 6 Battle 7 Conclusions 8 Aftermath 9 Significance 10 Legacy 10.1 Legends associated with the battle 10.2 Marathon run 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Ancient sources 13.2 Modern studies 13.3 Historiography 14 External links Sources ( edit ) Main article : Herodotus The main source for the Greco - Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus . Herodotus , who has been called the `` Father of History '' , was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus , Asia Minor ( then under Persian overlordship ) . He wrote his Enquiries ( Greek -- Historia ; English -- ( The ) Histories ) around 440 -- 430 BC , trying to trace the origins of the Greco - Persian Wars , which would still have been relatively recent history ( the wars finally ended in 450 BC ) . Herodotus 's approach was entirely novel , and at least in Western society , he does seem to have invented `` history '' as we know it . As Holland has it : `` For the first time , a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous , nor to the whims and wishes of some god , nor to a people 's claim to manifest destiny , but rather explanations he could verify personally . '' Some subsequent ancient historians , despite following in his footsteps , criticised Herodotus , starting with Thucydides . Nevertheless , Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off ( at the Siege of Sestos ) , and may therefore have felt that Herodotus 's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting . Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay On the malice of Herodotus , describing Herodotus as `` Philobarbaros '' ( barbarian - lover ) , for not being pro-Greek enough , which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even - handed . A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe , though he remained well read . However , since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events . The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his Historia , but that some of his specific details ( particularly troop numbers and dates ) should be viewed with skepticism . Nevertheless , there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story . The Sicilian historian Diodorus Siculus , writing in the 1st century BC in his Bibliotheca Historica , also provides an account of the Greco - Persian wars , partially derived from the earlier Greek historian Ephorus . This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus 's . The Greco - Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch , Ctesias of Cnidus , and are alluded by other authors , such as the playwright Aeschylus . Archaeological evidence , such as the Serpent Column , also supports some of Herodotus 's specific claims . Background ( edit ) Main articles : Greco - Persian Wars , Ionian Revolt , and First Persian invasion of Greece A map showing the Greek world at the time of the battle The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the Ionian Revolt , the earliest phase of the Greco - Persian Wars . However , it was also the result of the longer - term interaction between the Greeks and Persians . In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionistic , but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples . Moreover , the Persian King Darius was a usurper , and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . Even before the Ionian Revolt , Darius had begun to expand the empire into Europe , subjugating Thrace , and forcing Macedon to become a vassal of Persia . Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of ancient Greece may have been inevitable . However , the Ionian Revolt had directly threatened the integrity of the Persian empire , and the states of mainland Greece remained a potential menace to its future stability . Darius thus resolved to subjugate and pacify Greece and the Aegean , and to punish those involved in the Ionian Revolt . The Ionian Revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against Naxos , a joint venture between the Persian satrap Artaphernes and the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras . In the aftermath , Artaphernes decided to remove Aristagoras from power , but before he could do so , Aristagoras abdicated , and declared Miletus a democracy . The other Ionian cities followed suit , ejecting their Persian - appointed tyrants , and declaring themselves democracies . Aristagoras then appealed to the states of mainland Greece for support , but only Athens and Eretria offered to send troops . The involvement of Athens in the Ionian Revolt arose from a complex set of circumstances , beginning with the establishment of the Athenian Democracy in the late 6th century BC . In 510 BC , with the aid of Cleomenes I , King of Sparta , the Athenian people had expelled Hippias , the tyrant ruler of Athens . With Hippias 's father Peisistratus , the family had ruled for 36 out of the previous 50 years and fully intended to continue Hippias 's rule . Hippias fled to Sardis to the court of the Persian satrap , Artaphernes and promised control of Athens to the Persians if they were to help restore him . In the meantime , Cleomenes helped install a pro-Spartan tyranny under Isagoras in Athens , in opposition to Cleisthenes , the leader of the traditionally powerful Alcmaeonidae family , who considered themselves the natural heirs to the rule of Athens . Cleisthenes , however , found himself being politically defeated by a coalition led by Isagoras and decided to change the rules of the game by appealing to the demos ( the people ) , in effect making them a new faction in the political arena . This tactic succeeded , but the Spartan King , Cleomenes I , returned at the request of Isagoras and so Cleisthenes , the Alcmaeonids and other prominent Athenian families were exiled from Athens . When Isagoras attempted to create a narrow oligarchic government , the Athenian people , in a spontaneous and unprecedented move , expelled Cleomenes and Isagoras . Cleisthenes was thus restored to Athens ( 507 BC ) , and at breakneck speed began to reform the state with the aim of securing his position . The result was not actually a democracy or a real civic state , but he enabled the development of a fully democratic government , which would emerge in the next generation as the demos realized its power . The new - found freedom and self - governance of the Athenians meant that they were thereafter exceptionally hostile to the return of the tyranny of Hippias , or any form of outside subjugation , by Sparta , Persia , or anyone else . Darius I of Persia , as imagined by a Greek painter , 4th century BC Cleomenes was not pleased with events , and marched on Athens with the Spartan army . Cleomenes 's attempts to restore Isagoras to Athens ended in a debacle , but fearing the worst , the Athenians had by this point already sent an embassy to Artaphernes in Sardis , to request aid from the Persian empire . Artaphernes requested that the Athenians give him an ' earth and water ' , a traditional token of submission , to which the Athenian ambassadors acquiesced . They were , however , severely censured for this when they returned to Athens . At some later point Cleomenes instigated a plot to restore Hippias to the rule of Athens . This failed and Hippias again fled to Sardis and tried to persuade the Persians to subjugate Athens . The Athenians dispatched ambassadors to Artaphernes to dissuade him from taking action , but Artaphernes merely instructed the Athenians to take Hippias back as tyrant . The Athenians indignantly declined , and instead resolved to open war with Persia . Having thus become the enemy of Persia , Athens was already in a position to support the Ionian cities when they began their revolt . The fact that the Ionian democracies were inspired by the example the Athenians had set no doubt further persuaded the Athenians to support the Ionian Revolt , especially since the cities of Ionia were originally Athenian colonies . The Athenians and Eretrians sent a task force of 25 triremes to Asia Minor to aid the revolt . Whilst there , the Greek army surprised and outmaneuvered Artaphernes , marching to Sardis and burning the lower city . This was , however , as much as the Greeks achieved , and they were then repelled and pursued back to the coast by Persian horsemen , losing many men in the process . Despite the fact that their actions were ultimately fruitless , the Eretrians and in particular the Athenians had earned Darius 's lasting enmity , and he vowed to punish both cities . The Persian naval victory at the Battle of Lade ( 494 BC ) all but ended the Ionian Revolt , and by 493 BC , the last hold - outs were vanquished by the Persian fleet . The revolt was used as an opportunity by Darius to extend the empire 's border to the islands of the eastern Aegean and the Propontis , which had not been part of the Persian dominions before . The pacification of Ionia allowed the Persians to begin planning their next moves ; to extinguish the threat to the empire from Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria . In 492 BC , after the Ionian Revolt had finally been crushed , Darius dispatched an expedition to Greece under the command of his son - in - law , Mardonius . Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedonia a fully subordinate part of the Persians ; they had been vassals of the Persians since the late 6th century BC , but retained their general autonomy . Not long after however , his fleet became wrecked by a violent storm , which brought a premature end to the campaign . However , in 490 BC , following the successes of the previous campaign , Darius decided to send a maritime expedition led by Artaphernes , ( son of the satrap to whom Hippias had fled ) and Datis , a Median admiral . Mardonius had been injured in the prior campaign and had fallen out of favor . The expedition was intended to bring the Cyclades into the Persian empire , to punish Naxos ( which had resisted a Persian assault in 499 BC ) and then to head to Greece to force Eretria and Athens to submit to Darius or be destroyed . After island - hopping across the Aegean , including successfully attacking Naxos , the Persian task force arrived off Euboea in mid summer . The Persians then proceeded to besiege , capture and burn Eretria . They then headed south down the coast of Attica , en route to complete the final objective of the campaign -- punish Athens . Prelude ( edit ) Initial disposition of forces at Marathon A picture reconstructing the beached Persian ships at Marathon before the battle The Persians sailed down the coast of Attica , and landed at the bay of Marathon , roughly 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Athens , on the advice of the exiled Athenian tyrant Hippias ( who had accompanied the expedition ) . Under the guidance of Miltiades , the Athenian general with the greatest experience of fighting the Persians , the Athenian army marched quickly to block the two exits from the plain of Marathon , and prevent the Persians moving inland . At the same time , Athens 's greatest runner , Pheidippides ( or Philippides in some accounts ) had been sent to Sparta to request that the Spartan army march to the aid of Athens . Pheidippides arrived during the festival of Carneia , a sacrosanct period of peace , and was informed that the Spartan army could not march to war until the full moon rose ; Athens could not expect reinforcement for at least ten days . The Athenians would have to hold out at Marathon for the time being , although they were reinforced by the full muster of 1,000 hoplites from the small city of Plataea ; a gesture which did much to steady the nerves of the Athenians , and won unending Athenian gratitude to Plataea . For approximately five days the armies therefore confronted each other across the plain of Marathon in stalemate . The flanks of the Athenian camp were protected either by a grove of trees , or an abbatis of stakes ( depending on the exact reading ) . Since every day brought the arrival of the Spartans closer , the delay worked in favor of the Athenians . There were ten Athenian strategoi ( generals ) at Marathon , elected by each of the ten tribes that the Athenians were divided into ; Miltiades was one of these . In addition , in overall charge , was the War - Archon ( polemarch ) , Callimachus , who had been elected by the whole citizen body . Herodotus suggests that command rotated between the strategoi , each taking in turn a day to command the army . He further suggests that each strategos , on his day in command , instead deferred to Miltiades . In Herodotus 's account , Miltiades is keen to attack the Persians ( despite knowing that the Spartans are coming to aid the Athenians ) , but strangely , chooses to wait until his actual day of command to attack . This passage is undoubtedly problematic ; the Athenians had little to gain by attacking before the Spartans arrived , and there is no real evidence of this rotating generalship . There does , however , seem to have been a delay between the Athenian arrival at Marathon , and the battle ; Herodotus , who evidently believed that Miltiades was eager to attack , may have made a mistake whilst seeking to explain this delay . As is discussed below , the reason for the delay was probably simply that neither the Athenians nor the Persians were willing to risk battle initially . This then raises the question of why the battle occurred when it did . Herodotus explicitly tells us that the Greeks attacked the Persians ( and the other sources confirm this ) , but it is not clear why they did this before the arrival of the Spartans . There are two main theories to explain this . The first theory is that the Persian cavalry left Marathon for an unspecified reason , and that the Greeks moved to take advantage of this by attacking . This theory is based on the absence of any mention of cavalry in Herodotus ' account of the battle , and an entry in the Suda dictionary . The entry χωρίς ἰππεῖς ( `` without cavalry '' ) is explained thus : The cavalry left . When Datis surrendered and was ready for retreat , the Ionians climbed the trees and gave the Athenians the signal that the cavalry had left . And when Miltiades realized that , he attacked and thus won . From there comes the above - mentioned quote , which is used when someone breaks ranks before battle . There are many variations of this theory , but perhaps the most prevalent is that the cavalry were completing the time - consuming process of re-embarking on the ships , and were to be sent by sea to attack ( undefended ) Athens in the rear , whilst the rest of the Persians pinned down the Athenian army at Marathon . This theory therefore utilises Herodotus ' suggestion that after Marathon , the Persian army began to re-embark , intending to sail around Cape Sounion to attack Athens directly . Thus , this re-embarcation would have occurred before the battle ( and indeed have triggered the battle ) . The second theory is simply that the battle occurred because the Persians finally moved to attack the Athenians . Although this theory has the Persians moving to the strategic offensive , this can be reconciled with the traditional account of the Athenians attacking the Persians by assuming that , seeing the Persians advancing , the Athenians took the tactical offensive , and attacked them . Obviously , it can not be firmly established which theory ( if either ) is correct . However , both theories imply that there was some kind of Persian activity which occurred on or about the fifth day which ultimately triggered the battle . It is also possible that both theories are correct : when the Persians sent the cavalry by ship to attack Athens , they simultaneously sent their infantry to attack at Marathon , triggering the Greek counterattack . Date of the battle ( edit ) Herodotus mentions for several events a date in the lunisolar calendar , of which each Greek city - state used a variant . Astronomical computation allows us to derive an absolute date in the proleptic Julian calendar which is much used by historians as the chronological frame . Philipp August Böckh in 1855 concluded that the battle took place on September 12 , 490 BC in the Julian calendar , and this is the conventionally accepted date . However , this depends on when exactly the Spartans held their festival and it is possible that the Spartan calendar was one month ahead of that of Athens . In that case the battle took place on August 12 , 490 BC . Opposing forces ( edit ) Athenians ( edit ) Ancient sculpture of the head of Miltiades , Chief Archon at Athens . Modern reenactment of the battle ( 2011 ) Herodotus does not give a figure for the size of the Athenian army . However , Cornelius Nepos , Pausanias and Plutarch all give the figure of 9,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans ; while Justin suggests that there were 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans . These numbers are highly comparable to the number of troops Herodotus says that the Athenians and Plataeans sent to the Battle of Plataea 11 years later . Pausanias noticed on the monument to the battle the names of former slaves who were freed in exchange for military services . Modern historians generally accept these numbers as reasonable . The areas ruled by Athens ( Attica ) had a population of 315,000 at this time including slaves , which implies the full Athenian army at the times of both Marathon and Plataea numbered about 3 % of the population . Persians ( edit ) For a full discussion of the size of the Persian invasion force , see First Persian invasion of Greece § Size of the Persian force . According to Herodotus , the fleet sent by Darius consisted of 600 triremes . Herodotus does not estimate the size of the Persian army , only saying that they were a `` large infantry that was well packed '' . Among ancient sources , the poet Simonides , another near - contemporary , says the campaign force numbered 200,000 ; while a later writer , the Roman Cornelius Nepos estimates 200,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry , of which only 100,000 fought in the battle , while the rest were loaded into the fleet that was rounding Cape Sounion ; Plutarch and Pausanias both independently give 300,000 , as does the Suda dictionary . Plato and Lysias give 500,000 ; and Justinus 600,000 . Modern historians have proposed wide - ranging numbers for the infantry , from 20,000 -- 100,000 with a consensus of perhaps 25,000 ; estimates for the cavalry are in the range of 1,000 . Strategic and tactical considerations ( edit ) Persian infantry ( probably Immortals ) , shown in a frieze in Darius 's palace , Susa in Persia ( which is today Iran ) From a strategic point of view , the Athenians had some disadvantages at Marathon . In order to face the Persians in battle , the Athenians had to summon all available hoplites ; and even then they were still probably outnumbered at least 2 to 1 . Furthermore , raising such a large army had denuded Athens of defenders , and thus any secondary attack in the Athenian rear would cut the army off from the city ; and any direct attack on the city could not be defended against . Still further , defeat at Marathon would mean the complete defeat of Athens , since no other Athenian army existed . The Athenian strategy was therefore to keep the Persian army pinned down at Marathon , blocking both exits from the plain , and thus preventing themselves from being outmaneuvered . However , these disadvantages were balanced by some advantages . The Athenians initially had no need to seek battle , since they had managed to confine the Persians to the plain of Marathon . Furthermore , time worked in their favour , as every day brought the arrival of the Spartans closer . Having everything to lose by attacking , and much to gain by waiting , the Athenians remained on the defensive in the run up to the battle . Tactically , hoplites were vulnerable to attacks by cavalry , and since the Persians had substantial numbers of cavalry , this made any offensive maneuver by the Athenians even more of a risk , and thus reinforced the defensive strategy of the Athenians . The Persian strategy , on the other hand , was probably principally determined by tactical considerations . The Persian infantry was evidently lightly armoured , and no match for hoplites in a head - on confrontation ( as would be demonstrated at the later battles of Thermopylae and Plataea . ) Since the Athenians seem to have taken up a strong defensive position at Marathon , the Persian hesitance was probably a reluctance to attack the Athenians head - on . Whatever event eventually triggered the battle , it obviously altered the strategic or tactical balance sufficiently to induce the Athenians to attack the Persians . If the first theory is correct ( see above ) , then the absence of cavalry removed the main Athenian tactical disadvantage , and the threat of being outflanked made it imperative to attack . Conversely , if the second theory is correct , then the Athenians were merely reacting to the Persians attacking them . Since the Persian force obviously contained a high proportion of missile troops , a static defensive position would have made little sense for the Athenians ; the strength of the hoplite was in the melee , and the sooner that could be brought about , the better , from the Athenian point of view . If the second theory is correct , this raises the further question of why the Persians , having hesitated for several days , then attacked . There may have been several strategic reasons for this ; perhaps they were aware ( or suspected ) that the Athenians were expecting reinforcements . Alternatively , since they may have felt the need to force some kind of victory -- they could hardly remain at Marathon indefinitely . Battle ( edit ) `` They crashed into the Persian army with tremendous force '' , illustration by Walter Crane in Mary Macgregor , The Story of Greece Told to Boys and Girls , London : T.C. & E.C. Jack . The distance between the two armies at the point of battle had narrowed to `` a distance not less than 8 stadia '' or about 1,500 meters . Miltiades ordered the two tribes forming the center of the Greek formation , the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides , to be arranged in the depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes at their flanks were in ranks of eight . Some modern commentators have suggested this was a deliberate ploy to encourage a double envelopment of the Persian centre . However , this suggests a level of training that the Greeks are thought not to have possessed . There is little evidence for any such tactical thinking in Greek battles until Leuctra in 371 BC . It is therefore possible that this arrangement was made , perhaps at the last moment , so that the Athenian line was as long as the Persian line , and would not therefore be outflanked . Map showing the armies ' main movements during the battle When the Athenian line was ready , according to one source , the simple signal to advance was given by Miltiades : `` At them '' . Herodotus implies the Athenians ran the whole distance to the Persian lines , a feat under the weight of hoplite armory generally thought to be physically impossible . More likely , they marched until they reached the limit of the archers ' effectiveness , the `` beaten zone '' ( roughly 200 meters ) , and then broke into a run towards their enemy . Another possibility is that they ran up to the 200 meter - mark in broken ranks , and then reformed for the march into battle from there . Herodotus suggests that this was the first time a Greek army ran into battle in this way ; this was probably because it was the first time that a Greek army had faced an enemy composed primarily of missile troops . All this was evidently much to the surprise of the Persians ; `` ... in their minds they charged the Athenians with madness which must be fatal , seeing that they were few and yet were pressing forwards at a run , having neither cavalry nor archers '' . Indeed , based on their previous experience of the Greeks , the Persians might be excused for this ; Herodotus tells us that the Athenians at Marathon were `` first to endure looking at Median dress and men wearing it , for up until then just hearing the name of the Medes caused the Hellenes to panic '' . Passing through the hail of arrows launched by the Persian army , protected for the most part by their armour , the Greek line finally made contact with the enemy army . The Athenian wings quickly routed the inferior Persian levies on the flanks , before turning inwards to surround the Persian centre , which had been more successful against the thin Greek centre . The battle ended when the Persian centre then broke in panic towards their ships , pursued by the Greeks . Some , unaware of the local terrain , ran towards the swamps where unknown numbers drowned . The Athenians pursued the Persians back to their ships , and managed to capture seven ships , though the majority were able to launch successfully . Herodotus recounts the story that Cynaegirus , brother of the playwright Aeschylus , who was also among the fighters , charged into the sea , grabbed one Persian trireme , and started pulling it towards shore . A member of the crew saw him , cut off his hand , and Cynaegirus died . Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield , and it is unknown how many more perished in the swamps . He also reported that the Athenians lost 192 men and the Plataeans 11 . Among the dead were the war archon Callimachus and the general Stesilaos . Conclusions ( edit ) There are several explanations of the Greek success . Most scholars believe that the Greeks had better equipment and used superior tactics . According to Herodotus , the Greeks were better equipped . They did not use bronze upper body armour at this time , but that of leather or linen . The phalanx formation proved successful , because the hoplites had a long tradition in hand - to - hand combat , whereas the Persian soldiers were accustomed to a very different kind of conflict . At Marathon , the Athenians thinned their centre in order to make their army equal in length to the Persian army , not as a result of a tactical planning . It seems that the Persian centre tried to return , realizing that their wings had broken , and was caught in the flanks by the victorious Greek wings . Lazenby ( 1993 ) believes that the ultimate reason for the Greek success was the courage the Greeks displayed : Marathon was won because ordinary , amateur soldiers found the courage to break into a trot when the arrows begun to fall , instead of grinding to a halt , and when surprisingly the enemy wings fled , not to take the easy way out and follow them , but to stop and somehow come to the aid of the hard pressured centre . According to Vic Hurley , the Persian defeat is explained by the `` complete failure ... to field a representative army '' , calling the battle the `` most convincing '' example of the fact that infantry - bowmen can not defend any position while stationed in close - quarters and unsupported ( i.e. by fortifications , or failing to support them by cavalry and chariots , as was the common Persian tactic ) . Aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : Greco - Persian Wars and Second Persian invasion of Greece In the immediate aftermath of the battle , Herodotus says that the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sounion to attack Athens directly . As has been discussed above , some modern historians place this attempt just before the battle . Either way , the Athenians evidently realised that their city was still under threat , and marched as quickly as possible back to Athens . The two tribes which had been in the centre of the Athenian line stayed to guard the battlefield under the command of Aristides . The Athenians arrived in time to prevent the Persians from securing a landing , and seeing that the opportunity was lost , the Persians turned about and returned to Asia . Connected with this episode , Herodotus recounts a rumour that this manoeuver by the Persians had been planned in conjunction with the Alcmaeonids , the prominent Athenian aristocratic family , and that a `` shield - signal '' had been given after the battle . Although many interpretations of this have been offered , it is impossible to tell whether this was true , and if so , what exactly the signal meant . On the next day , the Spartan army arrived at Marathon , having covered the 220 kilometers ( 140 mi ) in only three days . The Spartans toured the battlefield at Marathon , and agreed that the Athenians had won a great victory . Mound ( soros ) in which the Athenian dead were buried after the Battle of Marathon The dead of Marathon were buried on the battlefield . On the tomb of the Athenians this epigram composed by Simonides was written : Ἑλλήνων προμαχοῦντες Ἀθηναῖοι Μαραθῶνι χρυσοφόρων Μήδων ἐστόρεσαν δύναμιν Fighting at the forefront of the Greeks , the Athenians at Marathon laid low the army of the gilded Medes . In the meanwhile , Darius began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt , and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt , and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece . The epic second Persian invasion of Greece finally began in 480 BC , and the Persians met with initial success at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium . However , defeat at the Battle of Salamis would be the turning point in the campaign , and the next year the expedition was ended by the decisive Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea . Significance ( edit ) Greek Corinthian - style helmet and the skull reportedly found inside it from the Battle of Marathon , now residing in the Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto . The defeat at Marathon barely touched the vast resources of the Persian empire , yet for the Greeks it was an enormously significant victory . It was the first time the Greeks had beaten the Persians , proving that the Persians were not invincible , and that resistance , rather than subjugation , was possible . The battle was a defining moment for the young Athenian democracy , showing what might be achieved through unity and self - belief ; indeed , the battle effectively marks the start of a `` golden age '' for Athens . This was also applicable to Greece as a whole ; `` their victory endowed the Greeks with a faith in their destiny that was to endure for three centuries , during which western culture was born '' . John Stuart Mill 's famous opinion was that `` the Battle of Marathon , even as an event in British history , is more important than the Battle of Hastings '' . It seems that the Athenian playwright Aeschylus considered his participation at Marathon to be his greatest achievement in life ( rather than his plays ) since on his gravestone there was the following epigram : Αἰσχύλον Εὐφορίωνος Ἀθηναῖον τόδε κεύθει μνῆμα καταφθίμενον πυροφόροιο Γέλας ἀλκὴν δ ' εὐδόκιμον Μαραθώνιον ἄλσος ἂν εἴποι καὶ βαθυχαιτήεις Μῆδος ἐπιστάμενος This tomb the dust of Aeschylus doth hide , Euphorion 's son and fruitful Gela 's pride . How tried his valor , Marathon may tell , And long - haired Medes , who knew it all too well . Militarily , a major lesson for the Greeks was the potential of the hoplite phalanx . This style had developed during internecine warfare amongst the Greeks ; since each city - state fought in the same way , the advantages and disadvantages of the hoplite phalanx had not been obvious . Marathon was the first time a phalanx faced more lightly armed troops , and revealed how effective the hoplites could be in battle . The phalanx formation was still vulnerable to cavalry ( the cause of much caution by the Greek forces at the Battle of Plataea ) , but used in the right circumstances , it was now shown to be a potentially devastating weapon . Legacy ( edit ) Legends associated with the battle ( edit ) The most famous legend associated with Marathon is that of the runner Pheidippides ( or Philippides ) bringing news to Athens of the battle , which is described below . Statue of Pan , Capitoline Museum , Rome Pheidippides ' run to Sparta to bring aid has other legends associated with it . Herodotus mentions that Pheidippides was visited by the god Pan on his way to Sparta ( or perhaps on his return journey ) . Pan asked why the Athenians did not honor him and the awed Pheidippides promised that they would do so from then on . The god apparently felt that the promise would be kept , so he appeared in battle and at the crucial moment he instilled the Persians with his own brand of fear , the mindless , frenzied fear that bore his name : `` panic '' . After the battle , a sacred precinct was established for Pan in a grotto on the north slope of the Acropolis , and a sacrifice was annually offered . Similarly , after the victory the festival of the Agroteras Thysia ( `` sacrifice to the Agrotéra '' ) was held at Agrae near Athens , in honor of Artemis Agrotera ( `` Artemis the Huntress '' ) . This was in fulfillment of a vow made by the city before the battle , to offer in sacrifice a number of goats equal to that of the Persians slain in the conflict . The number was so great , it was decided to offer 500 goats yearly until the number was filled . Xenophon notes that at his time , 90 years after the battle , goats were still offered yearly . Plutarch mentions that the Athenians saw the phantom of King Theseus , the mythical hero of Athens , leading the army in full battle gear in the charge against the Persians , and indeed he was depicted in the mural of the Stoa Poikile fighting for the Athenians , along with the twelve Olympian gods and other heroes . Pausanias also tells us that : They say too that there chanced to be present in the battle a man of rustic appearance and dress . Having slaughtered many of the foreigners with a plough he was seen no more after the engagement . When the Athenians made enquiries at the oracle , the god merely ordered them to honor Echetlaeus ( `` he of the Plough - tail '' ) as a hero . Another tale from the conflict is of the dog of Marathon . Aelian relates that one hoplite brought his dog to the Athenian encampment . The dog followed his master to battle and attacked the Persians at his master 's side . He also informs us that this dog is depicted in the mural of the Stoa Poikile . Marathon run ( edit ) Main article : Marathon According to Herodotus , an Athenian runner named Pheidippides was sent to run from Athens to Sparta to ask for assistance before the battle . He ran a distance of over 225 kilometers ( 140 miles ) , arriving in Sparta the day after he left . Then , following the battle , the Athenian army marched the 40 kilometers ( 25 miles ) or so back to Athens at a very high pace ( considering the quantity of armour , and the fatigue after the battle ) , in order to head off the Persian force sailing around Cape Sounion . They arrived back in the late afternoon , in time to see the Persian ships turn away from Athens , thus completing the Athenian victory . Burton Holmes ' photograph entitled `` 1896 : Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens '' . Later , in popular imagination , these two events became confused with each other , leading to a legendary but inaccurate version of events . This myth has Pheidippides running from Marathon to Athens after the battle , to announce the Greek victory with the word `` nenikēkamen ! '' ( Attic : νενικήκαμεν ; we 've won ! ) , whereupon he promptly died of exhaustion . Most accounts incorrectly attribute this story to Herodotus ; actually , the story first appears in Plutarch 's On the Glory of Athens in the 1st century AD , who quotes from Heracleides of Pontus 's lost work , giving the runner 's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles . Lucian of Samosata ( 2nd century AD ) gives the same story but names the runner Philippides ( not Pheidippides ) . It should be noted that in some medieval codices of Herodotus the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta before the battle is given as Philippides , and this name is also preferred in a few modern editions . When the idea of a modern Olympics became a reality at the end of the 19th century , the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event , recalling the ancient glory of Greece . The idea of organizing a `` marathon race '' came from Michel Bréal , who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens . This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin , the founder of the modern Olympics , as well as the Greeks . This would echo the legendary version of events , with the competitors running from Marathon to Athens . So popular was this event that it quickly caught on , becoming a fixture at the Olympic games , with major cities staging their own annual events . The distance eventually became fixed at 26 miles 385 yards , or 42.195 km , though for the first years it was variable , being around 25 miles ( 40 km ) -- the approximate distance from Marathon to Athens . See also ( edit ) Book : First Persian invasion of Greece Ancient Greek warfare Timeline of ancient Greece Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 100 Battles , Decisive Battles that Shaped the World , Dougherty , Martin , J. , Parragon , p. 12 Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D2 ^ Jump up to : Krentz , Peter , The Battle of Marathon ( Yale Library of Military History ) , Yale Univ Press , ( 2010 ) p. 98 Jump up ^ Herodotus Book 5 : Terpsichore , 105 `` ... he inquired into who the Athenians were ; and when he had been informed , he asked for his bow , and having received it and placed an arrow upon the string , he discharged it upwards towards heaven , and as he shot into the air he said : `` Zeus , that it may be granted me to take vengeance upon the Athenians ! '' Having so said he charged one of his attendants , that when dinner was set before the king he should say always three times : `` Master , remember the Athenians . '' '' Jump up ^ Cicero , On the Laws I , 5 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. xvi -- xvii . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War , e.g. , I , 22 ^ Jump up to : Finley , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Holland , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ David Pipes . `` Herodotus : Father of History , Father of Lies '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Fehling , pp. 1 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Bibliotheca Historica Jump up ^ Note to Herodotus IX , 81 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 47 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 58 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 203 Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011 , p. 343 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , 171 -- 78 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 105 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 154 -- 57 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 97 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 157 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus V , 65 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 96 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 131 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 133 -- 36 Jump up ^ For a full account and analysis see R.M. Berthold , Dare To Struggle . The History and Society of Greece ( 2009 ) pp. 81 -- 94 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 136 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus V , 96 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 99 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 160 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 168 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 176 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 31 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 33 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 177 -- 78 Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011 , pp. 135 -- 38 , 342 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 44 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 94 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 102 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 187 -- 90 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , IV Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 105 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , VI ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p. 56 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 103 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 109 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 110 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 59 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 57 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 191 -- 95 Jump up ^ Suda , entry Without cavalry ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 115 ^ Jump up to : D.W. Olson et al. , pp. 34 -- 41 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , V Jump up ^ Pausanias X , 20 ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Moralia , 305 B Jump up ^ Justin II , 9 Jump up ^ Herodotus IX , 28 ^ Jump up to : Pausanias I , 32 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 54 Jump up ^ A.W. Gomme . `` The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth . Centuries B.C. . '' 1933 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 95 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 94 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , IV Jump up ^ Pausanias IV , 22 Jump up ^ Suda , entry Hippias Jump up ^ Plato , Menexenus , 240 A Jump up ^ Lysias , Funeral Oration , 21 Jump up ^ Justinus II , 9 Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 9 -- 13 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 390 Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 164 Jump up ^ Green , p. 90 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p. 256 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 112 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Aristides , V Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 111 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 250 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 258 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 64 Jump up ^ Dennis L. Fink , The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship : Research , Theories and Controversies Since 1850 , McFarland , 2014 pp. 154 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 110 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 113 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 114 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 117 Jump up ^ Herod . Histories 6.111 , 3 Jump up ^ Lazenby 258 Jump up ^ Lazenby p. 258 Jump up ^ Vic Hurley , Arrows Against Steel : The History of the Bow and how it Forever Changed Warfare , Cerberus Books , 2011 , ISBN 9780983475613 , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 116 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 218 Jump up ^ Lazenby , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 120 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 206 -- 207 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 208 -- 211 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 151 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 197 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 350 -- 55 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 201 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 138 Jump up ^ Fuller , pp. 11 -- 32 Jump up ^ Powell et al. , 2001 Jump up ^ Anthologiae Graecae Appendix , vol. 3 , Epigramma sepulcrale p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 194 -- 97 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 344 -- 52 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 105 Jump up ^ Plutarch , On the Malice of Herodotus , 26 Jump up ^ Xenophon , Anabasis III , 2 Jump up ^ Aelian , Varia Historia II , 25 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , The Knights , 660 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Theseus , 35 Jump up ^ Pausanias I , 15 Jump up ^ Aelian , On the Nature of Animals VII , 38 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 105 -- 06 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 198 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Moralia , 347C Jump up ^ Lucian , III Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : AIMS . `` Marathon History '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . References ( edit ) Ancient sources ( edit ) Herodotus , The Histories Thucydides , History of The Peloponnesian Wars Diodorus Siculus , Library Lysias , Funeral Oration Plato , Menexenus Xenophon Anabasis Aristotle , The Athenian Constitution Aristophanes , The Knights Cornelius Nepos Lives of the Eminent Commanders ( Miltiades ) Plutarch Parallel Lives ( Aristides , Themistocles , Theseus ) , On the Malice of Herodotus Lucian , Mistakes in Greeting Pausanias , Description of Greece Claudius Aelianus Various history & On the Nature of Animals Marcus Junianus Justinus Epitome of the Phillipic History of Pompeius Trogus Photius , Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon : Epitome of Persica by Ctesias Suda Dictionary Modern studies ( edit ) Hans W. Giessen , Mythos Marathon . Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart . Verlag Empirische Pädagogik , Landau ( = Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations - und Kulturwissenschaft . Band 17 ) 2010 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 941320 - 46 - 8 . Green , Peter ( 1996 ) . The Greco - Persian Wars . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20313 - 5 . Holland , Tom ( 2006 ) . Persian Fire : The First World Empire and the Battle for the West . Abacus . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51311 - 9 . Lacey , Jim . The First Clash : The Miraculous Greek Victory at Marathon and Its Impact on Western Civilization ( 2011 ) , popular Lazenby , J.F. The Defence of Greece 490 -- 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd. , 1993 ( ISBN 0 - 85668 - 591 - 7 ) Lloyd , Alan . Marathon : The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy . Souvenir Press , 2004 . ( ISBN 0 - 285 - 63688 - X ) Davis , Paul . 100 Decisive Battles . Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 075 - 1 Powell J. , Blakeley D.W. , Powell , T. Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences : The Nineteenth Century , 1800 -- 1914 . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30422 - 4 Fuller , J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World . Funk & Wagnalls , 1954 . Fehling , D. Herodotus and His `` Sources '' : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J.G. Howie . Leeds : Francis Cairns , 1989 . Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . `` Introduction '' . Thucydides : History of the Peloponnesian War . Translated by Rex Warner . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044039 - 9 . D.W. Olson et al. , `` The Moon and the Marathon '' , Sky & Telescope Sep. 2004 Lanning , Michael L. ( April 2005 ) . `` 28 '' . The Battle 100 : The Stories Behind History 's Most Influential Battles . Sourcebooks . pp. 95 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 1402202636 . Davis , Paul K. ( June 2001 ) . `` Marathon '' . 100 Decisive Battles : From Ancient Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195143669 . Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44 - 435163 - 7 . Historiography ( edit ) Fink , Dennis L. The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship : Research , Theories and Controversies since 1850 ( McFarland , 2014 ) . 240 pp. online review External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Marathon . The Academic Publishing Wiki has a journal article about this subject : The struggle for Greece : Marathon and Artemision The Importance of the Battle of Marathon on The History Notes website Black - and - white photo - essay of Marathon Creasy , Edward Shepherd ( June 1851 ) . `` I . The Battle of Marathon '' . The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World : From Marathon to Waterloo . Hood , E. The Greek Victory at Marathon , Clio History Journal , 1995 . Battle of Marathon by e-marathon.gr ( in Greek ) The Battle of Marathon September 490 BC ( in Greek ) The Battle of Marathon September 490 BC , by Major General Dimitris Gedeon , HEAR Lieutenant Colonel Siegfried , Edward J. ( March 2010 ) . Analytical Study of Battle Strategies Used At Marathon ( 490 BCE ) ( Strategy Research Project ) . U.S. Army . Digital representation of the Battle of Marathon 490 BC Marathon , the beginning of history A documentary from ET1 , 2011 ( in Greek ) Doenges , N.A. `` The Campaign and Battle of Marathon . '' Historia vol. 47 ( 1998 ) : 1 -- 17 . GND : 4716045 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Marathon&oldid=804818538 '' Categories : Battle of Marathon 490 BC Battles involving Athens Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire Amphibious operations Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with Greek - language external links Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 10 : 22 . 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1. Battle of Marathon 2. Greco-Persian Wars 3. Persian invasion of Greece 4. Athenian victory 5. Turning point in Greek history

if an nyse stock is dual listed it would typically trade as well on the

Cross listing - wikipedia Cross listing Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2017 ) Cross listing of one company on multiple exchanges should not be confused with dual listed companies , where two distinct companies - with separate stocks listed on different exchanges - function as one company . Cross listing of shares is when a firm lists its equity shares on one or more foreign stock exchange in addition to its domestic exchange . This concept is distinctly different than examples such as : American Depositary Receipt ( ADR ) , European Depositary Receipt ( EDR ) , global depository receipt ( GDR ) ( also referred to as international depository receipt ) , and Global Registered Shares ( GRS ) . ADRs , GDRs and the like are a mechanism to repackage a security primarily listed on an Exchange ( such as Frankfurt ) to enable it to be purchased by an investor outside of that market ( such as within the US on the NYSE ) . This is a distinct instrument , as not all the rights may come with the ADR ( GDR , EDR , IDR , etc . ) , and the ADR is subject to the fluctuations of the underlying currency . The original issue ( on Frankfurt ) would be priced in EUR , while the ADR is priced in USD . In most cases , the ADR is convertible back into the original instrument ( but needs to go through a process of conversion ) . The ADR ( GDR , IDR , EDR , etc . ) also receives a different ISIN number , recognizing that it is not the same fungible instrument as the underlying stock . However , many companies cross-list , in which the stock is technically fungible between exchanges . Royal Dutch Shell , IBM , and Siemens are all examples where the same issue is traded in multiple markets ( `` multi-listed '' ) . However , in Frankfurt and Paris , they are traded in EUR , London in GBP , and on NYSE in USD . Prices are subject to local market conditions , as well as FX fluctuations and are not kept in perfect parity between markets . They tend to be more liquid than ADRs , GDRs and those types of conventions . While ' technically ' fungible , these separate primary listings ( they would all be considered ' primary ' listings ) are subject to re-registration which creates significant settlement risk if an investor wants to buy on one exchange and sell in another ( especially where the currencies differ ) . This primary listing activity is distinctly different than secondary listings , such as listings from the NYSE carried on regional exchanges such as Boston , Philadelphia or others within the same marketplace , or on MTF 's ( Multilateral trading facility ) such as Chi - X or BATS . Also , this is distinct from being ' admitted for trading ' where a foreign share is accessible in a different market through an exchange convention and not actually registered within that different market . Generally such a company 's primary listing is on a stock exchange in its country of incorporation , and its secondary listing ( s ) is / are on an exchange in another country . Cross-listing is especially common for companies that started out in a small market but grew into a larger market . For example , numerous large non-U.S. companies are listed on the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ as well as on their respective national exchanges such as Enbridge , BlackBerry Ltd , Statoil , Ericsson , Nokia , Toyota and Sony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cross - / Multi-listing vs. Depository Receipts 2 Cross - / Multi-listing vs. Admitted for Trading 3 Motivations for Cross-Listing 4 Costs of cross-listing 5 What do managers say ? 6 Do cross-listings create value ? 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Cross - / multi-listing vs. depository Receipts ( edit ) Depository Receipts are instruments derived from another underlying instrument while Multi-listed instruments represent the actual stock of a company . Depository Receipts are convertible back to ordinary shares , following a process dependent upon the sponsoring facility that created the instrument . Ownership of a Depository Receipt does not convey the same rights as a direct holder of equity shares until the Receipt is surrendered and converted into an actual equity share holding . Multi listed or cross-listed shares , by contrast , are technically the same financial instrument . Fungibility is a concern across markets . For example , shares of IBM can not be purchased on NYSE and sold , same - day , on the London Stock Exchange , even though IBM is cross listed in both markets . There is a re-registration process that must occur to move the number of outstanding shares from one jurisdiction to the other . This is primarily due to market inefficiencies and structures required to maintain the integrity of registered shares within specific jurisdictions ( typically regulatory driven ) . Cross - / multi-listing vs. admitted for trading ( edit ) Shares traded in a true cross listing / multi listed scenario are processed , matched and settled via the market mechanisms specific to the local exchange . In this regard , even though shares of IBM bought on NYSE and shares of IBM purchased on LSE are technically the same instrument , those purchased on NYSE will settle via the mechanisms associated with NYSE and the DTCC in the United States . Those shares purchased on the LSE will settle via the mechanisms of the LSE and CREST in the United Kingdom . Shares ' admitted for trading ' , such as IBM listed via ARCA in Frankfurt , will settle via DTCC . It is important to note that IBM is also cross-listed in Frankfurt , in which case , those transactions will settle via the local German market processes . Motivations for cross-listing ( edit ) The academic literature has identified a number of different arguments to cross-list abroad in addition to a listing on the domestic exchange . Roosenboom and Van Dijk ( 2009 ) distinguish between the following motivations : Market segmentation : The traditional argument for why firms seek a cross-listing is that they expect to benefit from a lower cost of capital that arises because their shares become more accessible to global investors whose access would otherwise be restricted because of international investment barriers . Market liquidity : Cross-listings on deeper and more liquid equity markets could lead to an increase in the liquidity of the stock and a decrease in the cost of capital . Information disclosure : Cross-listing on a foreign market can reduce the cost of capital through an improvement of the firm 's information environment . Firms can use a cross-listing on markets with stringent disclosure requirements to signal their quality to outside investors and to provide improved information to potential customers and suppliers ( for example , by adopting US GAAP ) . Also , cross-listings tend to be associated with increased media attention , greater analyst coverage , better analysts ' forecast accuracy , and higher quality of accounting information . Investor protection ( `` bonding '' ) : Recently , there is a growing academic literature on the so - called `` bonding '' argument . According to this view , cross-listing in the United States acts as a bonding mechanism used by firms that are incorporated in a jurisdiction with poor investor protection and enforcement systems to commit themselves voluntarily to higher standards of corporate governance . In this way , firms attract investors who would otherwise be reluctant to invest . Other motivations : Cross-listing may also be driven by product and labor market considerations ( for example , to increase visibility with customers by broadening product identification ) , to facilitate foreign acquisitions , and to improve labor relations in foreign countries by introducing share and option plans for foreign employees . Costs of cross-listing ( edit ) There are , however , also disadvantages in deciding to cross-list : increased pressure on executives due to closer public scrutiny ; increased reporting and disclosure requirements ; additional scrutiny by analysts in advanced market economies , and additional listing fees . Some financial media have argued that the implementation of the Sarbanes - Oxley act in the United States has made the NYSE less attractive for cross-listings , but recent academic research finds little evidence to support this , see Doidge , Karolyi , and Stulz ( 2007 ) . What do managers say ? ( edit ) A questionnaire asking managers of international companies has shown that firms cross-list in the United States mainly because of specific U.S. business reasons ( for instance U.S. acquisitions , U.S. business expansion and publicity ) , liquidity and status of U.S. capital markets , and industry specific reasons ( listing of competitors , benefits of financial analysts ) . Meeting SEC disclosure requirements and preparing US - GAAP reconciliations were cited as the most important disadvantages . Officials of ADR companies without an official listing ( Level I and Rule 144A ADR 's ) perceived the expansion of the U.S. shareholder base as the principal benefit followed by specific U.S. business reasons . On the question of what deters them from an official US listing , they mentioned the time - consuming and expensive US - GAAP reconciliations as well as listing fees as the hardest impediments . Additional disclosure requirements were cited as less difficult to overcome . Do cross-listings create value ? ( edit ) There is a vast academic literature on the impact of cross-listings on the value of the cross-listed firms . Most studies ( for example , Miller , 1999 ) find that a cross-listing on a U.S. stock market by a non-U.S. firm is associated with a significantly positive stock price reaction in the home market . This finding suggests that the stock market expects the cross-listing to have a positive impact on firm value . Doidge , Karolyi , and Stulz ( 2004 ) show that companies with a cross-listing in the United States have a higher valuation than non-cross - listed corporations , especially for firms with high growth opportunities domiciled in countries with relatively weak investor protection . The premium they find is larger for companies listed at official US stock exchanges ( Level II and III ADR programs ) than for over-the - counter listings ( Level I ADR program ) and private placements ( Rule 144A ADR 's ) . Doidge , Karolyi , and Stulz ( 2004 ) argue that a cross-listing in the United States reduces the extent to which controlling shareholders can engage in expropriation ( through `` bonding '' to the high corporate governance standards in the United States ) and thereby increases the firm 's ability to take advantage of growth opportunities . Recent research , shows that the listing premium for crosslisting has evaporated , due to new U.S. regulations and competition from other exchanges . Some recent academic research finds that smaller foreign firms seeking cross listing venues may be opting for UK exchanges over U.S. exchanges due to the costs imposed by the Sarbanes - Oxley Act . On the other hand , larger firms seeking `` bonding '' benefits from a U.S. listing continue to seek a U.S. exchange listing . There are also studies , however , such as Sarkissian and Schill ( 2009 ) , who argue that cross-listings do not create long - term valuation benefits . The academic literature largely ignores cross-listings on non-U.S. exchanges . However , there are many cross-listings on exchanges in Europe and Asia . Even U.S. firms are cross-listed in other countries . In the 1950s there was a wave of cross-listings of U.S. firms in Belgium , in the 1960s in France , in the 1970s in the U.K. , and in the 1980s in Japan ( see Sarkissian and Schill , 2014 ) . Roosenboom and van Dijk ( 2009 ) analyze 526 cross-listings from 44 different countries on 8 major stock exchanges and document significant stock price reactions of 1.3 % on average for cross-listings on US exchanges , 1.1 % on London Stock Exchange , 0.6 % on exchanges in continental Europe , and 0.5 % on Tokyo Stock Exchange . These findings suggest that cross-listings on Anglo - Saxon exchanges create more value than on other exchanges . They also highlight the incomplete understanding of why firms cross-list outside the UK and the United States , as many of the arguments discussed above ( enhanced liquidity , improved disclosure , and bonding ) do not apply . In this respect , Sarkissian and Schill ( 2014 ) show that cross-listing activity in a given host country coincides with the outperformance of host and proximate home country 's economies and financial markets , thus , highlighting the market timing component in cross-listing decisions . See also ( edit ) Cross border listings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Market Reaction to Cross-Listings : Does the Destination Market Matter ? '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 1047261 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Disclosure Practices of Foreign Companies Interacting with U.S. Markets '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 408621 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Has New York Become Less Competitive in Global Markets ? Evaluating Foreign Listing Choices over Time '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 982193 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Miller , Darius , 1999 , The market reaction to international cross-listings : Evidence from depositary receipts . Journal of Financial Economics 51 , 103 - 123 . Jump up ^ `` Why are Foreign Firms Listed in the U.S. Worth More ? '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 285337 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Crosslisting '' . crosslisting.com . Jump up ^ `` Regulation and Bonding : The Sarbanes - Oxley Act and the Flow of International Listings '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 956987 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Are There Permanent Valuation Gains to Overseas Listings ? '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 395140 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cross-Listing Waves '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 1244042 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Lubberink and Huijgen , `` Earnings Conservatism and Equity Raisings of Cross-listed Firms '' , unpublished working paper Piotroski , Joseph D. and Srinivasan , Suraj , `` Regulation and Bonding : The Sarbanes - Oxley Act and the Flow of International Listings '' , ( January 2008 ) . Available at SSRN Khanna , Tarun , Palepu , Krishna and Srinivasan , Suraj , `` Disclosure Practices of Foreign Companies Interacting with U.S. Markets '' ( December 2003 ) . Harvard Business School Strategy Unit Working Paper No. 03 - 081 Available at SSRN or doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 408621 External links ( edit ) Research and data on cross-listings on the website of Mathijs A. van Dijk . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker - dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Trading hours Multilateral trading facility Over-the - counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid -- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T - model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient - market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark pool Dividend Dual - listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Flight - to - quality Haircut Initial public offering Long Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Position Public float Public offering Rally Returns - based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Stock dilution Stock market index Stock split Trade Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_listing&oldid=835204906 '' Categories : Securities ( finance ) Stock market Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 06 : 38 . 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1. Cross listing of shares on multiple exchanges 2. Dual listed companies 3. American Depositary Receipt (ADR) 4. Global depository receipt (GDR) 5. Motivations for cross-listing

what kind of bike is used for spin class

Indoor cycling - wikipedia Indoor cycling Jump to : navigation , search For the indoor bicycle sport with a format similar to ballet or gymnastics , see Artistic cycling . For the indoor bicycle sport with a format similar to football , see Cycle ball . For bicycle racing on banked indoor circuits , see Track cycling and Velodrome . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indoor cycling , as an organized activity , is a form of exercise with classes focusing on endurance , strength , intervals , high intensity ( race days ) and recovery , and involves using a special stationary exercise bicycle with a weighted flywheel in a classroom setting . It is commonly called spinning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Class content and goals 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References Class content and goals ( edit ) `` All the delight of outdoor cycling enjoyed at home '' - article from 1897 describing indoor spin . Classes generally use specialized stationary bicycles . Features include a mechanical device to modify the difficulty of pedalling , specially shaped handlebars , and multiple adjustment points to fit the bicycle to a range of riders . Many have a weighted flywheel , which simulates the effects of inertia and momentum when riding a real bicycle . The pedals are equipped with toe clips as on sports bicycles to allow one foot to pull up when the other is pushing down . They may alternatively have clipless receptacles for use with cleated cycling shoes . Padded shorts aid comfort and avoid the chafing caused by the sewn seams in underwear . If the exercise is not done correctly or the rider 's position is bad , injuries can occur ; problems with the lower back and knees are most common . To avoid injury and aid comfort it is important to make sure the bio-mechanical position of the rider is correct . Group cycling bikes have a wide range of adjustment , and it is essential to obtain the correct setup prior to riding . The seat position must be right for the participant 's height . The height of the seat should be in level with the hip when the participant is standing next to the cycle . Horizontally , the seat should be set in order for the front of the knee to be directly in vertical line with the ball of the foot when the pedal is pointing forward . This results in a position where the knee is slightly bent at an angle between 25 % and 35 % when the leg is extended with the foot resting flat at the bottom of the pedal stroke . Handlebar height can be adjusted for comfort ; less experienced riders may want to set them higher to ease lower back discomfort . A reasonable reference point is to set it in level with the seat . Indoor cycling - static bicycle health regimen . United Kingdom A typical class involves a single instructor at the front of the class who leads the participants through routines that are designed to simulate terrain and situations similar to riding a bike outdoors . Some of the movements and positions include hill climbs , sprints and interval training . A well - trained instructor uses music , motivation , visualization and enthusiastic coaching to lead students through a ride that best suits their fitness level and goals . Most instructors will lead what is called an interval ride , where students will sprint , run , climb , and jump all in the same ride , but there will not be definable pattern to the exercises . In the early 2000s , `` terrain - based '' classes that simulate outdoor conditions ( e.g. , wind resistance ) were introduced . Terrain - based classes are designed to improve a rider 's outdoor skill set and increase endurance while providing an intense cardio - based workout . Participants set goals based on their heart rate , which can be measured by hand or using a heart rate monitor and ride simulated variations in terrain by altering resistance and cadence . Some participants choose to maintain a moderate , aerobic intensity level , with a heart rate of between 50 and 85 % of max while others drive their heart rates higher in intervals of anaerobic activity to levels of between 85 and 92 % . One of the major advantages of indoor cycling is that each participant can exactly control his / her level of intensity to suit ability or fitness level but still remain as a group together . The classes can therefore be heterogeneous . As an alternative , participants can judge their level of exertion relative to a perceived exertion scale . The instructor should advise a recommended exertion scale from 1 ( no exertion at all ) to 10 ( maximum exertion ) . Each rider is permitted to dictate how hard he / she chooses to work with the instructor providing active and dynamic encouragement together with technical and practical advice throughout the class . Besides burning ( on average ) between 300 - 500 kcal in 60 minutes , indoor cycling also strengthens the muscles of the lower body . It tones the quadriceps and hamstrings , along with working the back and hips . It can be difficult to stay at the moderate level in a class that is geared towards more intensity . The difficulty of the workout is modulated in two ways : By varying the resistance on a flywheel attached to the pedals . The resistance is controlled by a knob , wheel or lever that the rider operates , causing the flywheel brake ( a common bicycle brake , a friction wheel , a magnetic eddy - current brake , a viscoelastic fluid brake , or a strap running around the flywheel ) to tighten . On most bikes the brake can be adjusted from completely loose , providing no resistance to pedaling beyond the inertia of the flywheel , to so tight that the rider can not move the pedals . Usually riders who ca n't pedal at the resistance called out by the instructor are encouraged to ride at a level at which they feel comfortable yet challenged . By changing the cadence ( the speed at which the pedals turn ) . Pedaling at a higher rate expends more energy than pedaling at a lower rate with the same resistance . Correct cadence is between the range of 80 to 110 RPM for seated flat , standing flat ( running ) and jumping and 60 to 80 RPM for seated climb , standing climb , running with resistance and jumps on a hill . Sprints are taken under hill resistance building cadence up to no more than 110 RPM . Seated sprints are most suitable as the rider maintains full control of posture at all times and will avoid falling due to exhaustion . A correct sprint should last from 10 to 25 seconds , leaving the rider exhausted in the 85 to 92 % max heart rate range . Typical fixed wheel ergonomically adjustable variable resistance bike There are five core movements in the Spinning programme . Seated flat , with hands at the center part of the handlebars . This is hand position one . This position should be used only when seated , for flat road simulations and during the warm - up and cool down . Cadence between 80 and 110 RPM . Standing flat ( also known as running ) , with hands wide on the back 12 - 14 '' part of the handlebars that crosses the rider 's body . This is hand position two . Proper form for standing while running requires the body to be more upright and the back of the legs touching or enveloping the point of the saddle , with the center of gravity directly over the crank . The pressure of body weight should never rest excessively on the handlebars . Cadence is between 80 and 110 RPM Jumps , ( also known as lifts ) , a combination of seated and standing with riders hands at position two for durations of between two and eight seconds . Cadence between 80 and 110 RPM . Seated climb with hands at position two , increased resistance and lower cadence of 60 - 80 RPM . Standing climb with hands wide and forward so the thumb tips are touching the far end of the handlebars ( hand position three ) . The rider is canted slightly forward so that maximum force can be exerted onto the pedals with heavy resistance and a cadence of 60 - 80 RPM . These five movements each work a different part of the body and focus on different leg muscle groups . The rider should always maintain control of the flywheel by having resistance applied and remaining below a cadence of 110 RPM . Not all bikes have a freewheel , or ' smart release ' , and it is possible that the flywheel will ' run away ' with the rider with the potential for causing injury . The rider should be able to maintain perfectly even pedal rotations at high resistance . This becomes difficult below 60 RPM cadence and failing to make ' perfect circles ' increases the risk of knee and hip injury . A road cyclist will normally have a natural pedal cadence , of about 85 RPM and will control changes in terrain by changing gear to maintain this rate . The goal of the spinning programme is not to exceed this natural rate by more than 25 RPM higher ( 110 RPM ) or lower ( 60 RPM ) Spinning - Bikes There are five further advanced movements based on those listed above . Running with resistance Jumps on a hill Seated flat sprint Seated hill sprint Standing hill sprint Most indoor cycling classes are coached with music . Riders may synchronize their pedalling to be in time with the rhythm of the music , thus providing an external stimulus to encourage a certain tempo . Often , the music chosen by the instructor is dance music or rock music set to a dance beat ( i.e. 4 / 4 time ) , but not necessarily . This tends to help motivate participants to work harder than they might otherwise . The instructor also may choose specific songs for sprints , climbs , and jumps . While the music provides a tempo cue , the cadence does not need to be a multiple of the beat in order for the rider to feel in rhythm ; the music therefore helps a rider maintain any constant cadence , not just a cadence that matches the beat . It may depend on the level of exertion whether or not someone changes position or the instructor can tell the class to change . A variation known as `` aqua cycling '' or `` hydrospinning '' also exists . In this , the stationary bicycles are underwater in a pool . Gallery ( edit ) Spinning on rollers Stationary bicycle trainer Spinning driving wheel `` Out for a spin '' , c. 1880 . Spin ( ning ) is a synonym of ride . Lawrence Beesley in the Gymnastics Room of the Titanic , 1912 See also ( edit ) Outline of cycling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Good advice BODY BIKE indoor cycles '' . www.bodybike.dk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Gareth ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Spin Shoes - Guide to Indoor Cycling Shoes '' ( PDF ) . Calories Burned HQ - Zumba Calories Burned , Calories Burned Walking . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Spinning Information on Healthline '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Darling , A. `` Be Fit : The Science of Health : Part 2 : Exercise : Feel the burn : Which workout is best for you ? Andy Darling is your guide . '' Guardian , The . 2005 , January 15 : 28 . Jump up ^ Landreth , Jenny ( 21 January 2014 ) . `` Hydrospinning : the fitness craze that makes your spin class look easy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aqua cycling : A new underwater workout '' . Fox News Channel . 29 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Cycling <Td_colspan="2"> Glossary Outlines Bicycles Cycling General Bicycle Bicycle culture Bicycle dynamics Bicycle performance Electric bicycle History of the bicycle History of cycling infrastructure Utility and slow recreation Bicycle commuting Bicycle messenger Bicycle rental / hire Bicycle - sharing system Bicycle touring Challenge riding Cold - weather biking Freight bicycle Indoor cycling Rail trail Randonneuring Road cycling Utility cycling Vehicular cycling Sports - related cycling and fast - paced recreation Artistic cycling BMX Cross-country cycling Cycle speedway Cycle sport Cyclo - cross Cyclosportive Fatbiking Freeride Goldsprint Mountain bike trials Mountain biking Road bicycle racing Track cycling Triathlon U.S. intercollegiate champions Health , safety and infrastructure Active mobility Bicycle - friendly Bicycle law Bicycle parking Bicycle poverty reduction Bicycle safety Bicycle transportation planning and engineering Bike rage Bike registry Bike - to - Work Day Bike Week ( Bicycle Week ) Cycling advocacy Cycling infrastructure Hand signals Idaho stop Lane splitting Protected intersection Vehicular cycling Other Unicycle Tricycle Quadracycle Pentacycle Bicycle collecting Bicycle cooperative ( `` bicycle kitchen '' ) Clothing - optional bike ride Sustainable transport Mechanical doping Lists List of bicycle types List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies List of bicycle - sharing systems List of cyclists List of films about bicycles and cycling List of doping cases in cycling <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indoor_cycling&oldid=802399782 '' Categories : Cycling Indoor sports Physical exercise Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2013 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 22 : 54 . 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1. Indoor cycling classes 2. Spinning 3. Stationary exercise bicycle 4. Class content and goals 5. Benefits of indoor cycling

where are most of the cones located in the eye

Cone cell - wikipedia Cone cell Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Cone cell <Td_colspan="2"> Normalized responsivity spectra of human cone cells , S , M , and L types <Th_colspan="2"> Details Function Color vision <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Code TH H3. 11.08. 3.01046 NeuroLex ID Cone Cell <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Cone cell structure Cone cells , or cones , are one of three types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of mammalian eyes ( e.g. the human eye ) . They are responsible for color vision and function best in relatively bright light , as opposed to rod cells , which work better in dim light . Cone cells are densely packed in the fovea centralis , a 0.3 mm diameter rod - free area with very thin , densely packed cones which quickly reduce in number towards the periphery of the retina . There are about six to seven million cones in a human eye and are most concentrated towards the macula . The commonly cited figure of six million cone cells in the human eye was found by Osterberg in 1935 . Oyster 's textbook ( 1999 ) cites work by Curcio et al. ( 1990 ) indicating an average close to 4.5 million cone cells and 90 million rod cells in the human retina . Cones are less sensitive to light than the rod cells in the retina ( which support vision at low light levels ) , but allow the perception of colour . They are also able to perceive finer detail and more rapid changes in images , because their response times to stimuli are faster than those of rods . Cones are normally one of the three types , each with different pigment , namely : S - cones , M - cones and L - cones . Each cone is therefore sensitive to visible wavelengths of light that correspond to short - wavelength , medium - wavelength and long - wavelength light . Because humans usually have three kinds of cones with different photopsins , which have different response curves and thus respond to variation in colour in different ways , we have trichromatic vision . Being colour blind can change this , and there have been some verified reports of people with four or more types of cones , giving them tetrachromatic vision . The three pigments responsible for detecting light have been shown to vary in their exact chemical composition due to genetic mutation ; different individuals will have cones with different color sensitivity . Destruction of the cone cells from disease would result in color blindness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Structure 3 Diseases 4 Color afterimage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types ( edit ) Humans normally have three types of cones . The first responds the most to light of long wavelengths , peaking at about 560 nm ; this type is sometimes designated L for long . The second type responds the most to light of medium - wavelength , peaking at 530 nm , and is abbreviated M for medium . The third type responds the most to short - wavelength light , peaking at 420 nm , and is designated S for short . The three types have peak wavelengths near 564 -- 580 nm , 534 -- 545 nm , and 420 -- 440 nm , respectively , depending on the individual . The difference in the signals received from the three cone types allows the brain to perceive a continuous range of colours , through the opponent process of colour vision . ( Rod cells have a peak sensitivity at 498 nm , roughly halfway between the peak sensitivities of the S and M cones . ) All of the receptors contain the protein photopsin , with variations in its conformation causing differences in the optimum wavelengths absorbed . The colour yellow , for example , is perceived when the L cones are stimulated slightly more than the M cones , and the colour red is perceived when the L cones are stimulated significantly more than the M cones . Similarly , blue and violet hues are perceived when the S receptor is stimulated more . Cones are most sensitive to light at wavelengths around 420 nm . However , the lens and cornea of the human eye are increasingly absorptive to shorter wavelengths , and this sets the short wavelength limit of human - visible light to approximately 380 nm , which is therefore called ' ultraviolet ' light . People with aphakia , a condition where the eye lacks a lens , sometimes report the ability to see into the ultraviolet range . At moderate to bright light levels where the cones function , the eye is more sensitive to yellowish - green light than other colors because this stimulates the two most common ( M and L ) of the three kinds of cones almost equally . At lower light levels , where only the rod cells function , the sensitivity is greatest at a blueish - green wavelength . Cones also tend to possess a significantly elevated visual acuity because each cone cell has a lone connection to the optic nerve , therefore , the cones have an easier time telling that two stimuli are isolated . Separate connectivity is established in the inner plexiform layer so that each connection is parallel . While it has been discovered that there exists a mixed type of bipolar cells that bind to both rod and cone cells , bipolar cells still predominantly receive their input from cone cells . Structure ( edit ) Bird , reptilian , and monotreme cone cells . Cone cells are somewhat shorter than rods , but wider and tapered , and are much less numerous than rods in most parts of the retina , but greatly outnumber rods in the fovea . Structurally , cone cells have a cone - like shape at one end where a pigment filters incoming light , giving them their different response curves . They are typically 40 -- 50 μm long , and their diameter varies from 0.5 to 4.0 μm , being smallest and most tightly packed at the center of the eye at the fovea . The S cone spacing is slightly larger than the others . Photobleaching can be used to determine cone arrangement . This is done by exposing dark - adapted retina to a certain wavelength of light that paralyzes the particular type of cone sensitive to that wavelength for up to thirty minutes from being able to dark - adapt making it appear white in contrast to the grey dark - adapted cones when a picture of the retina is taken . The results illustrate that S cones are randomly placed and appear much less frequently than the M and L cones . The ratio of M and L cones varies greatly among different people with regular vision ( e.g. values of 75.8 % L with 20.0 % M versus 50.6 % L with 44.2 % M in two male subjects ) . Like rods , each cone cell has a synaptic terminal , an inner segment , and an outer segment as well as an interior nucleus and various mitochondria . The synaptic terminal forms a synapse with a neuron such as a bipolar cell . The inner and outer segments are connected by a cilium . The inner segment contains organelles and the cell 's nucleus , while the outer segment , which is pointed toward the back of the eye , contains the light - absorbing materials . Like rods , the outer segments of cones have invaginations of their cell membranes that create stacks of membranous disks . Photopigments exist as transmembrane proteins within these disks , which provide more surface area for light to affect the pigments . In cones , these disks are attached to the outer membrane , whereas they are pinched off and exist separately in rods . Neither rods nor cones divide , but their membranous disks wear out and are worn off at the end of the outer segment , to be consumed and recycled by phagocytic cells . The response of cone cells to light is also directionally nonuniform , peaking at a direction that receives light from the center of the pupil ; this effect is known as the Stiles -- Crawford effect . Diseases ( edit ) One of the diseases related to cone cells present in retina is retinoblastoma . Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer of the retina , caused by the mutation of both copies of retinoblastoma genes ( RB1 ) . Most cases of retinoblastoma occur during early childhood . One or both eyes may be affected . The protein encoded by RB1 regulates a signal transduction pathway while controlling the cell cycle progression as normally . Retinoblastoma seems to originate in cone precursor cells present in the retina that consist of natural signalling networks which restrict cell death and promote cell survival after losing the RB1 , or having both the RB1 copies mutated . It has been found that TRβ2 which is a transcription factor specifically affiliated with cones is essential for rapid reproduction and existence of the retinoblastoma cell . A drug that can be useful in the treatment of this disease is MDM2 ( murine double minute 2 ) gene . Knockdown studies have shown that the MDM2 gene silences ARF - induced apoptosis in retinoblastoma cells and that MDM2 is necessary for the survival of cone cells . It is unclear at this point why the retinoblastoma in humans is sensitive to RB1 inactivation . The pupil may appear white or have white spots . A white glow in the eye is often seen in photographs taken with a flash , instead of the typical `` red eye '' from the flash , and the pupil may appear white or distorted . Other symptoms can include crossed eyes , double vision , eyes that do not align , eye pain and redness , poor vision or differing iris colours in each eye . If the cancer has spread , bone pain and other symptoms may occur . Color afterimage ( edit ) Sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time , leading to neural adaptation . An interesting effect occurs when staring at a particular color for a minute or so . Such action leads to an exhaustion of the cone cells that respond to that color - resulting in the afterimage . This vivid color aftereffect can last for a minute or more . See also ( edit ) Cone dystrophy Disc shedding Double cones RG color space Tetrachromacy Melanopsin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Rods and Cones of the Human Eye '' . Jump up ^ Osterberg , G. ( 1935 ) . `` Topography of the layer of rods and cones in the human retina '' . Acta Ophthalmol . Suppl. 13 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Oyster , C.W. ( 1999 ) . The human eye : structure and function . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Curcio , CA. ; Sloan , KR. ; Kalina , RE. ; Hendrickson , AE . ( Feb 1990 ) . `` Human photoreceptor topography . '' . J Comp Neurol. 292 ( 4 ) : 497 -- 523 . PMID 2324310 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 902920402 . ^ Jump up to : Kandel , E.R. ; Schwartz , J.H ; Jessell , T.M. ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 507 -- 513 . Jump up ^ Schacter , Gilbert , Wegner , `` Psychology '' , New York : Worth Publishers , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jameson , K.A. ; Highnote , S.M. & Wasserman , L.M. ( 2001 ) . `` Richer colour experience in observers with multiple photopigment opsin genes '' ( PDF ) . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review . 8 ( 2 ) : 244 -- 261 . PMID 11495112 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03196159 . Jump up ^ `` You wo n't believe your eyes : The mysteries of sight revealed '' . The Independent . 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Roth ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Some women may see 100,000,000 colours , thanks to their genes '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Wyszecki , Günther ; Stiles , W.S. ( 1981 ) . Colour Science : Concepts and Methods , Quantitative Data and Formulae ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics . ISBN 0 - 471 - 02106 - 7 . Jump up ^ R.W.G. Hunt ( 2004 ) . The Reproduction of Colour ( 6th ed . ) . Chichester UK : Wiley -- IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 02425 - 9 . Jump up ^ Let the light shine in : You do n't have to come from another planet to see ultraviolet light EducationGuardian.co.uk , David Hambling ( May 30 , 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : Strettoi , E ; Novelli , E ; Mazzoni , F ; Barone , I ; Damiani , D ( Jul 2010 ) . `` Complexity of retinal cone bipolar cells . '' . Progress in retinal and eye research . 29 ( 4 ) : 272 -- 83 . PMC 2878852 . PMID 20362067 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2010.03. 005 . Jump up ^ Brian A. Wandel ( 1995 ) . `` Foundations of Vision '' . Jump up ^ Roorda A. ; Williams D.R. ( 1999 ) . `` The arrangement of the three cone classes in the living human eye '' . Nature . 397 ( 6719 ) : 520 -- 522 . PMID 10028967 . doi : 10.1038 / 17383 . ^ Jump up to : Skinner , Mhairi ( 2009 ) . `` Tumorigenesis : Cone cells set the stage '' . Nature Reviews Cancer . 9 : 534 . doi : 10.1038 / nrc2710 . Jump up ^ `` Retinoblastoma '' . A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Schacter , Daniel L. Psychology : the second edition . Chapter 4.9 . External links ( edit ) Cell Centered Database -- Cone cell Webvision 's Photoreceptors NIF Search -- Cone Cell via the Neuroscience Information Framework Model and image of cone cell <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Anatomy of the globe of the eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Tapetum lucidum Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cone_cell&oldid=800564213 '' Categories : Photoreceptor cells Human eye anatomy Human cells Neurons Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 09 : 31 . 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1. Cone cells in the retina 2. Color vision and cone cells 3. Types of cone cells (S, M, L) 4. Structure and function of cone cells 5. Diseases and disorders related to cone cells

who is given credit for disproving spontaneous generation

Spontaneous generation - wikipedia Spontaneous generation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about historical theories on the ongoing emergence of life . For the origin of life , see Abiogenesis . Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms . Typically , the idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust , or that maggots could arise from dead flesh . A variant idea was that of equivocal generation , in which species such as tapeworms arose from unrelated living organisms , now understood to be their hosts . Doctrines supporting such processes of generation held that these processes are commonplace and regular . Such ideas are in contradiction to that of univocal generation : effectively exclusive reproduction from genetically related parent ( s ) , generally of the same species . The doctrine of spontaneous generation was coherently synthesized by Aristotle , who compiled and expanded the work of prior natural philosophers and the various ancient explanations of the appearance of organisms ; it held sway for two millennia . Today it is generally accepted to have been decisively dispelled during the 19th century by the experiments of Louis Pasteur . He expanded upon the investigations of predecessors ( such as Francesco Redi who , in the 17th century , had performed experiments based on the same principles ) . However , some experimental difficulties were still there and objections from persons holding the traditional views persisted . Many of these residual objections were dealt with by the work of John Tyndall , succeeding the work of Pasteur . Pasteur invented the swan - necked flask to create an environment known not to grow microorganisms . After sterilizing a nutrient broth in these flasks , he removed the swan necks of the controls . Microorganisms grew only in the controls , refuting spontaneous generation . Pasteur 's experiment is generally agreed to have decisively refuted the theory of spontaneous generation in 1859 . Disproof of the traditional ideas of spontaneous generation is no longer controversial among professional biologists . By the middle of the 19th century , the theory of biogenesis had accumulated so much evidential support , due to the work of Louis Pasteur and others , that the alternative theory of spontaneous generation had been effectively disproven . The historian of science John Desmond Bernal suggests that earlier theories such as spontaneous generation were based upon an explanation that life was continuously created as a result of chance events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Pre-Aristotelian philosophers 3 Aristotle 4 After Aristotle 5 In Christianity 6 Modern tests 6.1 Pasteur and Tyndall 7 See also 8 References Description ( edit ) Spontaneous generation refers both to the supposed processes in which different types of life might repeatedly emerge from specific sources other than seeds , eggs or parents , and also to the theoretical principles which were presented in support of any such phenomena . Crucial to this doctrine is the idea that life comes from non-life , with the conditions , and that no causal agent is needed ( i.e. Parent ) . Such hypothetical processes sometimes are referred to as abiogenesis , in which life routinely emerges from non-living matter on a time scale of anything from minutes to weeks , or perhaps a season or so . An example would be the supposed seasonal generation of mice and other animals from the mud of the Nile . Such ideas have no operative principles in common with the modern hypothesis of abiogenesis , in which life emerged in the early ages of the planet , over a time span of at least millions of years , and subsequently diversified without evidence that there ever has been any subsequent repetition of the event . Another version of spontaneous generation is variously termed univocal generation , heterogenesis or xenogenesis , in which one form of life has been supposed to arise from a different form , such as tapeworms from the bodies of their hosts . In the years following Louis Pasteur 's experiment in 1862 , the term `` spontaneous generation '' fell into increasing disfavor . Experimentalists used a variety of terms for the study of the origin of life from non-living materials . Heterogenesis was applied to once - living materials such as boiled broths , and Henry Charlton Bastian proposed the term archebiosis for life originating from inorganic materials . The two were lumped together as `` spontaneous generation '' , but disliking the term as sounding too random , Bastian proposed biogenesis . In an 1870 address titled , `` Spontaneous Generation '' , Thomas Henry Huxley defined biogenesis as life originating from other life and coined the negative of the term , abiogenesis , which was the term that became dominant . Pre-aristotelian philosophers ( edit ) As part of his overall attempt to give natural explanations of things that had previously been ascribed to the agency of the gods , Anaximander believed that everything arose out of the elemental nature of the universe , which he called the `` apeiron '' or `` unbounded '' . According to Hippolytus of Rome in the third century CE , Anaximander claimed that living creatures were first formed in the `` wet '' when acted on by the Sun , and that they were different then than they are now . For example , he claimed humans , in a different form , must have earlier been born mature like other animals , or they would not have survived . Anaximander also claimed that spontaneous generation continued to this day , with aquatic forms being produced directly from lifeless matter . Anaximenes , a pupil of Anaximander , thought that air was the element that imparted life , motion and thought , and speculated that there was a primordial terrestrial slime , a mixture of earth and water , which when combined with the sun 's heat formed plants , animals and human beings directly . Xenophanes traced the origin of man back to the transitional period between the fluid stage of the earth and the formation of land . He too held to a spontaneous generation of fully formed plants and animals under the influence of the sun . Empedocles accepted the spontaneous generation of life , but held that there had to be trials of combinations of parts of animals that spontaneously arose . Successful combinations formed the species we now see , unsuccessful forms failed to reproduce . Anaxagoras also adopted a terrestrial slime account , although he thought that the seeds of plants existed in the air from the beginning , and of animals in the aether . Aristotle ( edit ) Main article : Aristotle 's biology Aristotle laid the foundations of Western natural philosophy . In his book , The History of Animals , he stated in no uncertain terms : Now there is one property that animals are found to have in common with plants . For some plants are generated from the seed of plants , whilst other plants are self - generated through the formation of some elemental principle similar to a seed ; and of these latter plants some derive their nutriment from the ground , whilst others grow inside other plants , as is mentioned , by the way , in my treatise on Botany . So with animals , some spring from parent animals according to their kind , whilst others grow spontaneously and not from kindred stock ; and of these instances of spontaneous generation some come from putrefying earth or vegetable matter , as is the case with a number of insects , while others are spontaneously generated in the inside of animals out of the secretions of their several organs . -- Aristotle , History of Animals , Book V , Part 1 According to this theory , living things came forth from nonliving things because the nonliving material contained pneuma , or `` vital heat '' . The creature generated was dependent on the proportions of this pneuma and the five elements he believed comprised all matter . While Aristotle recognized that many living things emerged from putrefying matter , he pointed out that the putrefaction was not the source of life , but the byproduct of the action of the `` sweet '' element of water . Animals and plants come into being in earth and in liquid because there is water in earth , and air in water , and in all air is vital heat so that in a sense all things are full of soul . Therefore living things form quickly whenever this air and vital heat are enclosed in anything . When they are so enclosed , the corporeal liquids being heated , there arises as it were a frothy bubble . -- Aristotle , On the Generation of Animals , Book III , Part 11 Aristotle stated that scallops form spontaneously in sand . Numerous forms were attributed to various sources . The testaceans ( shelled molluscs ) are characterized by forming by spontaneous generation in mud , but differ based upon the material they grow in -- for example , clams and scallops in sand , oysters in slime , and the barnacle and the limpet in the hollows of rocks . Some reddish worms form from long - standing snow which has turned reddish . Another grub was said to grow out of fire . Concerning sexual reproduction , Aristotle argued that the male parent provided the `` form , '' or soul , that guided development through semen , and the female parent contributed unorganized matter , allowing the embryo to grow . After Aristotle ( edit ) Vitruvius , a Roman architect and writer of the 1st century BCE , advised that libraries be placed facing eastwards to benefit from morning light , but not towards the south or the west as those winds generate bookworms . Aristotle claimed that eels were lacking in sex and lacking milt , spawn and the passages for either . Rather , he asserted eels emerged from earthworms . Later authors dissented . Pliny the Elder did not argue against the anatomic limits of eels , but stated that eels reproduce by budding , scraping themselves against rocks , liberating particles that become eels . Athenaeus described eels as entwining and discharging a fluid which would settle on mud and generate life . On the other hand , Athenaeus also dissented towards spontaneous generation , claiming that a variety of anchovy did not generate from roe , as Aristotle stated , but rather , from sea foam . In christianity ( edit ) The goose barnacle : Pollicipes cornucopia The barnacle goose : Branta leucopsis As the dominant view of philosophers and thinkers continued to be in favour of spontaneous generation , some Christian theologians accepted the view . Augustine of Hippo discussed spontaneous generation in The City of God and The Literal Meaning of Genesis , citing Biblical passages such as `` Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life '' ( Genesis 1 : 20 ) as decrees that would enable ongoing creation . From the fall of the Roman Empire in 5th century to the East - West Schism in 1054 , the influence of Greek science declined , although spontaneous generation generally went unchallenged . New descriptions were made . Of the numerous beliefs , some had doctrinal implications outside of the Book of Genesis . For example , the idea that a variety of bird known as the barnacle goose emerged from a crustacean known as the goose barnacle , had implications on the practice of fasting during Lent . In 1188 , Gerald of Wales , after having traveled in Ireland , argued that the `` unnatural '' generation of barnacle geese was evidence for the virgin birth . Where the practice of fasting during Lent allowed fish , but prohibited fowl , the idea that the goose was in fact a fish suggested that its consumption be permitted during Lent . The practice was eventually prohibited by decree of Pope Innocent III in 1215 . Aristotle , in Arabic translation , was reintroduced to Western Europe . During the 13th century , Aristotle reached his greatest acceptance . With the availability of Latin translations Saint Albertus Magnus and his student , Saint Thomas Aquinas , raised Aristotelianism to its greatest prominence . Albert wrote a paraphrase of Aristotle , De causis et processu universitatis , in which he removed some and incorporated other commentaries by Arabic scholars . The influential writings of Aquinas , on both the physical and metaphysical , are predominantly Aristotelian , but show numerous other influences . Spontaneous generation is discussed as a fact in literature well into the Renaissance . Where , in passing , Shakespeare discusses snakes and crocodiles forming from the mud of the Nile ( Ant 2.7 F1 ) , Izaak Walton again raises the question of the origin of eels `` as rats and mice , and many other living creatures , are bred in Egypt , by the sun 's heat when it shines upon the overflowing of the river ... '' . While the ancient question of the origin of eels remained unanswered and the additional idea that eels reproduced from corruption of age was mentioned , the spontaneous generation of rats and mice engendered no debate . The Dutch biologist and microscopist Jan Swammerdam ( 1637 - 1680 ) rejected the concept that one animal could arise from another or from putrification by chance because it was impious and like others found the concept of spontaneous generation irreligious , and he associated it with atheism and Godless opinion . Modern tests ( edit ) Jan Baptist van Helmont ( 1580 -- 1644 ) used experimental techniques , such as growing a willow for five years and showing it increased mass while the soil showed a trivial decrease in comparison . As the process of photosynthesis was not understood , he attributed the increase of mass to the absorption of water . His notes also describe a recipe for mice ( a piece of soiled cloth plus wheat for 21 days ) and scorpions ( basil , placed between two bricks and left in sunlight ) . His notes suggest he may even have done these things . Where Aristotle held that the embryo was formed by a coagulation in the uterus , William Harvey ( 1578 -- 1657 ) by way of dissection of deer , showed that there was no visible embryo during the first month . Although his work predated the microscope , this led him to suggest that life came from invisible eggs . In the frontispiece of his book Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium ( Essays on the Generation of Animals ) , he made an expression of biogenesis : `` omnia ex ovo '' ( everything from eggs ) . Illustration of the swan - necked bottle used in Pasteur 's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation The ancient beliefs were subjected to testing . In 1668 , Francesco Redi challenged the idea that maggots arose spontaneously from rotting meat . In the first major experiment to challenge spontaneous generation , he placed meat in a variety of sealed , open , and partially covered containers . Realizing that the sealed containers were deprived of air , he used `` fine Naples veil '' , and observed no worm on the meat , but they appeared on the cloth . Redi used his experiments to support the preexistence theory put forth by the Church at that time , which maintained that living things originated from parents . In scientific circles Redi 's work very soon had great influence , as evidenced in a letter from John Ray in 1671 to members of the Royal Society of London : Whether there be any spontaneous or anomalous generation of animals , as has been the constant opinion of naturalists heretofore , I think there is good reason to question . It seems to me at present most probable , that there is no such thing ; but that even all insects are the natural issue of parents of the same species with themselves . F. Redi has gone a good way in proving this , having cleared the point concerning generation ex materia putrida . But still there remain two great difficulties . The first is , to give an account of the production of insects bred in the by - fruits and excrescencies of vegetables , which the said Redi doubts not to ascribe to the vegetative soul of the plant that yields those excrescencies . But for this I refer you to Mr. Lister . The second , to render an account of insects bred in the bodies of other animals . I hope shortly to be able to give you an account of the generation of some of those insects which have been thought to be spontaneous , and which seem as unlikely as any to be after the ordinary and usual way . Pier Antonio Micheli , around 1729 , observed that when fungal spores were placed on slices of melon the same type of fungi were produced that the spores came from , and from this observation he noted that fungi did not arise from spontaneous generation . In 1745 , John Needham performed a series of experiments on boiled broths . Believing that boiling would kill all living things , he showed that when sealed right after boiling , the broths would cloud , allowing the belief in spontaneous generation to persist . His studies were rigorously scrutinized by his peers and many of them agreed . Lazzaro Spallanzani modified the Needham experiment in 1768 , attempting to exclude the possibility of introducing a contaminating factor between boiling and sealing . His technique involved boiling the broth in a sealed container with the air partially evacuated to prevent explosions . Although he did not see growth , the exclusion of air left the question of whether air was an essential factor in spontaneous generation . However , by that time there was already widespread scepticism among major scientists , to the principle of spontaneous generation . Observation was increasingly demonstrating that whenever there was sufficiently careful investigation of mechanisms of biological reproduction , it was plain that processes involved basing of new structures on existing complex structures , rather from chaotic muds or dead materials . Joseph Priestley , after he had fled to America and not long before his death , wrote a letter that was read to the American Philosophical Society in 1803 . It said in part : There is nothing in modern philosophy that appears to me so extraordinary , as the revival of what has long been considered as the exploded doctrine of equivocal , or , as Dr. Darwin calls it , spontaneous generation ; by which is meant the production of organized bodies from substances that have no organization , as plants and animals from no pre-existing germs of the same kinds , plants without seeds , and animals without sexual intercourse . The germ of an organized body , the seed of a plant , or the embrio of an animal , in its first discoverable state , is now found to be the future plant or animal in miniature , containing every thing essential to it when full grown , only requiring to have the several organs enlarged , and the interstices filled with extraneous nutritious matter . When the external form undergoes the greatest change , as from an aquatic insect to a flying gnat , a caterpillar to a crysalis , a crysalis to a butterfly , or a tadpole to a frog , there is nothing new in the organization ; all the parts of the gnat , the butterfly , and the frog , having really existed , though not appearing to the common observer in the forms in which they are first seen . In like manner , every thing essential to the oak is found in the acorn . In 1837 , Charles Cagniard de la Tour , a physicist , and Theodor Schwann , one of the founders of cell theory , published their independent discovery of yeast in alcoholic fermentation . They used the microscope to examine foam left over from the process of brewing beer . Where Leeuwenhoek described `` small spheroid globules '' , they observed yeast cells undergo cell division . Fermentation would not occur when sterile air or pure oxygen was introduced if yeast were not present . This suggested that airborne microorganisms , not spontaneous generation , was responsible . Before making the `` swan neck flasks '' Pasteur sealed flasks like this one from air . It remains sterile and on view at the Science Museum , London . However , although the idea of spontaneous generation had been in decline for nearly a century , its supporters did not abandon it all at once . As James Rennie wrote : ... inability to trace the origin of minute plants and insects led to the doctrine of what is called spontaneous or equivocal generation , of which the fancies above - mentioned are some ' of the prominent branches . The experiments of Redi on the hatching of insects from eggs , which were published at Florence in 1668 , first brought discredit upon this doctrine , though it had always a few eminent disciples . At present it is maintained by a considerable number - of distinguished naturalists , such as Blumenbach , Cuvier , Bory de St. Vincent , R. Brown , &c . `` The notion or spontaneous generation , '' says Bory , `` is at first revolting to a rational mind , but it is , notwithstanding , demonstrable by the microscope . The fact is averred : Willer has seen it , I have seen it , and twenty other observers have seen it : the pandorinia exhibit it every instant . `` These pandorinia he elsewhere describes as probably nothing more than '' animated scions of Zoocarpae `` . It would be unprofitable to go into any lengthened discussion upon this mysterious subject ; and we have great doubts whether the ocular demonstration by the microscope would succeed except in the hands of a disciple of the school . Even with naturalists , whose business it is to deal with facts , the reason is often wonderfully influenced by the imagination ... Pasteur and Tyndall ( edit ) Louis Pasteur 's 1859 experiment is widely seen as having settled the question of spontaneous generation . He boiled a meat broth in a flask that had a long neck that curved downward , like that of a goose or swan . The idea was that the bend in the neck prevented falling particles from reaching the broth , while still allowing the free flow of air . The flask remained free of growth for an extended period . When the flask was turned so that particles could fall down the bends , the broth quickly became clouded . However , minority objections were persistent and not always unreasonable , given that the experimental difficulties were far more challenging than the popular accounts suggest . The investigations of John Tyndall , a correspondent of Pasteur and a great admirer of Pasteur 's work , were decisive in disproving spontaneous generation with dealing with lingering issues . Still , even Tyndall encountered difficulties in dealing with the effects of microbial spores , which were not well understood in his day . Like Pasteur , he boiled his cultures to sterilize them , and some types of bacterial spores can survive boiling . The autoclave , which eventually came into universal application in medical practice and microbiology to sterilise equipment , was not an instrument that had come into use at the time of Tyndall 's experiments , let alone those of Pasteur . In 1862 , the French Academy of Sciences paid a special attention to the issue and established a prize `` to him who by well - conducted experiments throws new light on the question of the so - called spontaneous generation '' and appointed a commission to judge the winner . p. 107 See also ( edit ) Abiogenesis ( the origin of life ) Bugonia or bougonia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ball , Philip ( 2016 ) . `` Man Made : A History of Synthetic Life '' . Distillations. 2 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 23 . Jump up ^ André Brack ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' ( PDF ) . In André Brack . The Molecular Origins of Life . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56475 - 5 . Aristotle gathered the different claims into a real theory . ^ Jump up to : Tyndall , John ; Fragments of Science , Vol 2 , chapters IV , XII ( 1876 ) , XIII ( 1878 ) ; Pub . P.F. Collier , New York 1905 ; ( Available at : https://archive.org/details/fragmenoscien02tyndrich ) Jump up ^ Levine , Russell ; Evers , Chris . `` The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation ( 1668 - 1859 ) '' . North Carolina State University . National Health Museum . Jump up ^ Bernal , J.D. ( 1967 ) ( Reprinted work by A.I. Oparin originally published 1924 ; Moscow : The Moscow Worker ) . The Origin of Life . The Weidenfeld and Nicolson Natural History . Translation of Oparin by Ann Synge . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . LCCN 67098482 . Jump up ^ Zubay , Geoffrey . Origins of Life , Second Edition : On Earth and in the Cosmos . Academic Press 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0127819105 Jump up ^ Smith , John Maynard ; Szathmary , Eors ( 1997 ) . The Major Transitions in Evolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198502944 . Jump up ^ Stillingfleet , Edward . Origines Sacrae . Cambridge University Press 1697 . May be downloaded from ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Philip P. Wiener , ed. ( 1973 ) . `` Spontaneous Generation '' . Dictionary of the History of Ideas . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Strick , James ( April 15 , 2001 ) . `` Introduction '' . Evolution & The Spontaneous Generation . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. xi -- xxiv . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85506 - 872 - 8 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , John S. ( April 2004 ) . `` Spontaneous Generation and the Origin of Life '' . The Talk. Origins Archive . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Aristotle ( 1910 ) ( c. 343 BCE ) . `` Book V '' . The History of Animals . translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 90 - 6186 - 973 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 1912 ) ( c. 350 BCE ) . `` Book III '' . On the Generation of Animals . translated by Arthur Platt . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09603 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Lois Magner ; K. Lee Lerner . `` Embryology - History Of Embryology As A Science '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Marcus Vitruvius Pollio ( 1826 ) ( c. 25 BCE ) . `` Part 4 '' . In Joseph Gwilt ( translator ) . On Architecture ( de Architectura ) . Book VI . electronic format by Bill Thayer . London : Priestley and Weale . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 1910 ) ( c. 343 BCE ) . `` Book IV '' . The History of Animals . translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 90 - 6186 - 973 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 1910 ) ( c. 343 BCE ) . `` Book VI '' . The History of Animals . translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 90 - 6186 - 973 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gaius Plinius Secundus ( 1855 ) ( c. 77 ) . `` 74 . ( 50 . ) -- The generation of fishes '' . In John Bostock , Henry Thomas Riley . Natural History . BOOK IX . The natural history of fishes . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Athenaeus of Naucratis . `` Book VII '' . In Yonge , C.D. The deipnosophists , or , Banquet of the learned of Athenæus . University of Wisconsin Digital Collection . I. London : Henry G. Bohn . pp. 433 -- 521 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Iris ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Spontaneous Generation -- Ups and Downs '' . The Emergence of Life on Earth . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2740 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Giraldus Cambrensis ( 1188 ) . Topographia Hiberniae . ISBN 0 - 85105 - 386 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lankester , Sir Edwin Ray ( 1970 ) ( 1915 ) . `` XIV . The History of the Barnacle and the Goose '' . Diversions of a Naturalist ( illustrated ed . ) . Ayer Publishing . pp. 117 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 1471 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Zalta , Edward N. , ed . ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Albert the Great '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2009 ed . ) . Stanford , CA : The Metaphysics Research Lab . ISBN 1 - 158 - 37777 - 0 . ISSN 1095 - 5054 . OCLC 179833493 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Zalta , Edward N. , ed . ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Saint Thomas Aquinas '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2009 ed . ) . Stanford , CA : The Metaphysics Research Lab ( published January 9 , 2005 ) . ISBN 1 - 158 - 37777 - 0 . ISSN 1095 - 5054 . OCLC 179833493 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Walton , Izaak ( 1903 ) ( 1653 ) . `` XIII . Observations of the eel , and other fish that want for scales , and how to fish for them '' . The Compleat Angler or the Contemplative Man 's Recreation . transcribed by Risa Bear . George Bell & Sons . ISBN 0 - 929309 - 00 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Margaret J. Osler ; Paul Lawrence Farber ( 22 August 2002 ) . Religion , Science , and Worldview : Essays in Honor of Richard S. Westfall . Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52493 - 3 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ducheyne , Steffen ( 2006 ) . `` Joan Baptista van Helmont and the Question of Experimental Modernism '' ( PDF ) . pp. 305 -- 332 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pasteur , Louis ( April 23 , 1864 ) . Latour , Bruno , ed . `` Des générations spontanées '' ( PDF ) . 1 . Conférences faite aux `` soirées scientifiques de la Sorbonne '' ( published 1993 ( English translation ) ) : 257 -- 265 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . Check date values in : publication - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Russell Levine ; Chris Evers ( 1999 ) . `` The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation ( 1668 - 1859 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : National Health Museum . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Francesco Redi of Arezzo ( 1909 ) ( 1669 ) . Mab Bigelow ( translator ) , ed . Experiments on the Generation of Insects . Chicago : Open Court . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Iris Fry ( 1 February 2000 ) . Emergence of Life on Earth : A Historical and Scientific Overview . Rutgers University Press . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2740 - 6 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Royal Society ( Great Britain ) ; Hutton , Charles , 1737 - 1823 ; Shaw , George , 1751 - 1813 ; Pearson , Richard , 1765 - 1836 . The Extract of a Letter written by Mr. JOHN RAY , to the Editor , from Middleton , July 3 , 1671 , concerning Spontaneous Generation ; ... Number 73 , p. 2219 . The Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London , from their commencement in 1665 , in the year 1800 . Page 617 - 618 . May be downloaded from : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ George N. Agrios ( 2005 ) . Plant Pathology . Academic Press . pp. 17 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 044565 - 3 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Priestley , Joseph . Observations and Experiments relating to equivocal , or spontaneous , Generation . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , Volume VI , page 119 - 129 , 1809 . Download from : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Springer , Alfred ( October 13 , 1892 ) . `` The Micro-organisms of the Soil '' . Nature . Nature Publishing Group . 46 ( 1198 ) : 576 -- 579 . Bibcode : 1892Natur ... 46R. 576 ... ISSN 0028 - 0836 . doi : 10.1038 / 046576b0 . Jump up ^ Rennie , James . Insect Transformations . Page 10 . Pub : Charles Knight 1838 Download from : ( 4 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spontaneous_generation&oldid=790403247 '' Categories : Obsolete biological theories Obsolete scientific theories Origin of life Biological hypotheses Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Spontaneous generation 2. Abiogenesis 3. Louis Pasteur 4. Experiments on spontaneous generation 5. Disproof of spontaneous generation

list of pakistani president from 1947 to 2013

List of presidents of Pakistan - wikipedia List of presidents of Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search The head of state of Pakistan from independence until Pakistan became a republic in 1956 was the British monarch . For the Governor - Generals who represented them from 1947 to 1956 , see Governor - General of Pakistan . Flag of the President of Pakistan Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution Parliament ( show ) Senate Chairman : Raza Rabbani Deputy Chairman : Abdul Ghafoor Haideri National Assembly Speaker : Sardar A. Sadiq Deputy Speaker : Murtaza Javed Abbasi Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Mamnoon Hussain Prime Minister ( list ) : Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2013 2008 2007 General : 2013 2008 2002 Political parties Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Capital Territory Tribal areas Gilgit -- Baltistan Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas The President of Pakistan is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . According to the Constitution of Pakistan , the President has `` powers , subject to Supreme Court approval or veto , to dissolve the National Assembly , triggering new elections , and thereby dismissing the Prime Minister '' . These powers were repeatedly modified through amendments to the constitution , which were introduced as the results of military coups and changes in government . Since the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was passed in 2010 , Pakistan has been shifted back from semi-presidential to a parliamentary democratic republic . Under that system , the president has limited ruling powers , and performs ceremonial duties while the Prime Minister enjoys more powers to execute decisions . The president is chosen by the Electoral College composed of the Senate , the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies . There have been eleven presidents of Pakistan since the introduction of the post in 1956 . The office was established when Pakistan was declared as a republic with the adoption of the 1956 constitution , and JB Talha Khan became the first president of the country . Apart from these eleven , two acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . One of them , Wasim Sajjad , served as acting president on two non-consecutive occasions during 1993 and 1997 -- 98 . The president may remain in office for a tenure of five years . In the case where a president 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president , the Chairman of the Senate assumes office . Six presidents have been members of a political party and four of them were active party members of the Pakistan People 's Party ( PPP ) . The first president was a retired military officer , four others were incumbent military officers of which three gained power through successful military coups in Pakistan 's history -- Ayub Khan in 1958 , Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq in 1977 and Pervez Musharraf in 1999 . President Zia died in office when his aircraft crashed while returning from Bahawalpur to Islamabad on 17 August 1988 . Khan , during his two terms , remained in the office for the longest period with ten years and five months approximately . The current president of Pakistan iMamnoon Hussain of Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Presidents 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Key for presidents ' list Symbols / Colours Meaning Acting president Republican Party Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Muslim League ( C ) Pakistan People 's Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Independent Presidents ( edit ) List of Presidents of Pakistan No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- death ) Took office Left office Elections <Th_colspan="2"> Political party Note ( s ) Iskander Mirza ( 1899 -- 1969 ) 23 March 1956 27 October 1958 -- Republican Party Mirza served as the last Governor - General of Pakistan and became its first president after the 1956 Constitution was promulgated , which established a republic . He was deposed in a 1958 coup d'état by General Ayub Khan , whom Mirza had appointed as the Chief Martial Law Administrator in 1957 . Ayub Khan ( 1907 -- 1974 ) 27 October 1958 8 June 1962 -- -- Ayub took control over the country after the 1958 coup d'état . He led Pakistan into the 1965 war against India . In 1969 , Ayub resigned under pressure from opposition and handed over power to General Yahya Khan . 8 June 1962 25 March 1969 2 January 1965 Pakistan Muslim League ( C ) Yahya Khan ( 1917 -- 1980 ) 25 March 1969 20 December 1971 -- -- Yahya took office after the resignation of Ayub Khan in 1969 . He resigned after Pakistan 's defeat to India in the 1971 war . Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( 1928 -- 1979 ) 20 December 1971 13 August 1973 20 December 1971 Pakistan People 's Party Bhutto resigned as president to become the Prime Minister after the 1973 Constitution was promulgated , which established a parliamentary system of government . 5 Muhammad Ali Khan Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry ( 1904 -- 1982 ) 14 August 1973 16 September 1978 14 August 1973 Pakistan People 's Party Chaudhry was the constitutional president , whose authority was exercised by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Chaudhry resigned in 1978 and handed over the presidency to General Zia . 6 Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq ( 1924 -- 1988 ) 16 September 1978 17 August 1988 -- -- Zia took de facto control over the country by leading the 1977 coup d'état . He served as the Chief Martial Law Administrator until 1979 . He was killed in a plane crash , becoming the only president to die in office . 7 Ghulam Ishaq Khan ( 1915 -- 2006 ) 17 August 1988 18 July 1993 13 December 1988 Independent Khan took office after the Zia 's 1988 death . He attempted to dismiss the Nawaz Sharif government in 1993 , but the Supreme Court overturned the president 's decision . Khan eventually resigned , along with Sharif , in an agreement brokered by the Armed Forces . Wasim Sajjad ( 1941 -- ) 18 July 1993 14 November 1993 -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) He was Chairman of the Senate , serving his first term as acting President . 8 Farooq Leghari ( 1940 -- 2010 ) 14 November 1993 2 December 1997 14 November 1993 Pakistan People 's Party Leghari was elected president in 1993 , after the resignation of Ghulam Ishaq Khan . Afterwards , Leghari clashed with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif , and he finally resigned after being forced by the conservatives and persuaded by the Armed Forces . Wasim Sajjad ( 1941 -- ) 2 December 1997 1 January 1998 -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) He was Chairman of the Senate , serving his second term as acting President . 9 Muhammad Rafiq Tarar ( 1929 -- ) 1 January 1998 20 June 2001 31 December 1997 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tarar was the constitutional president , whose authority was exercised by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif . Tarar resigned in 2001 . 10 Pervez Musharraf ( 1943 -- ) 20 June 2001 6 October 2007 1 January 2004 -- Musharraf took de facto control over the country by leading the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état . He served as the Chief Executive until 2002 . Musharraf resigned the presidency in 2008 , to avoid impeachment . 6 October 2007 18 August 2008 6 October 2007 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Muhammad Mian Soomro ( 1950 -- ) 18 August 2008 9 September 2008 -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) He was Chairman of the Senate , serving as acting President . 11 Asif Ali Zardari ( 1955 -- ) 9 September 2008 9 September 2013 6 September 2008 Pakistan People 's Party Zardari was elected after Musharraf 's resignation in 2008 . The passage of the 18th Amendment in 2010 reduced his vast presidential powers to that of a ceremonial figurehead . 12 Mamnoon Hussain ( 1940 -- ) 9 September 2013 Incumbent 30 July 2013 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Hussain was elected the 12th President of Pakistan by a comfortable majority , and took office on 9 September 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of foreign trips of Presidents of Pakistan List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of July 2017 ^ Jump up to : Until 1962 , Khan ruled under martial law . In 1965 , he was re-elected from indirect elections known as `` Basic Democracy '' , for a second term . Jump up ^ Musharraf took vote of confidence from the electoral college of Pakistan and elected himself as a President of Pakistan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The President 's Role '' . Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan parliament agrees to curb presidential powers '' . BBC News . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The constitution of the islamic republic of pakistan '' ( pdf ) . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Previous Presidents '' . Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . 25 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Monitoring Desk ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Former President Iskander Mirza remembered '' . The Frontier Post . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iskander Mirza '' . PakistanHerald.com . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wasim Sajjad '' . DailyPakistan.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World : South Asia -- Pakistan 's army and its history of politics '' . BBC News . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fathers , Michael ( 18 August 1998 ) . `` Obituary : President Mohammad Zia ul -- Haq '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Hasan ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` 4 military dictators among 14 heads of state under Officers ' Club of Revolutionary Armed Forces '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Aziz , Sartaj ( 2009 ) . Between Dreams and Realities : Some Milestones in Pakistan 's History . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 408 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547718 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamnoon Hussain elected as Pakistan 's 12th president '' . The Express Tribune . Web Desk. 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Manan , Abdul / Khan , Sumera ( 30 July 2013 ) . `` Watershed moment : Asif Zardari basks in afterglow of democracy '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lodhi , Adnan ( 6 September 2008 ) . `` Only three completes presidential terms in over 60 years '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan '' . Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons of the 1965 War '' . Daily Times . 7 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yahya Khan '' . Herald ( Pakistan ) . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Paracha , Nadeem F. ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` Bhutto and I '' . Dawn . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tasleem , Nauman ( 27 June 2004 ) . `` 20 prime ministers since independence '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff Reporter ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Ex-president of Pakistan Fazal Ilahi 's anniversary today '' . SAMAA TV . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Anthony Hyman , Muhammed Ghayur , Naresh Kaushik ( 1989 ) . Pakistan : Zia and after . Abhinav Publications . pp. 20 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 253 - 6 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Khan , M Ilyas ( 27 October 2006 ) . `` Obituary : Ghulam Ishaq Khan '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Masood , Salman ( 28 October 2006 ) . `` Ghulam Ishaq Khan , 91 , Former President of Pakistan , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former Pakistani President Farooq Leghari dies '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( 8 November 1996 ) . `` Pakistan 's Bhutto Quandary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tarar sworn in as Pakistani president '' . BBC News . 1 January 1998 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rise and fall of Musharraf '' . Al Jazeera English . 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Amy ( 2 January 2004 ) . `` Pakistan gives Musharraf confidence vote as president '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rohde , David ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` Musharraf Declares Emergency Rule '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Musharraf will resign '' . BBC News . 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Asif Ali Zardar '' . BBC News . 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bhutto 's widower wins presidency '' . BBC News . 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Khattak , Sohail ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Mamnoon Hussain : A man of principles '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Presidents '' . WorldStatesman.org . <Th_colspan="3"> Presidents of Pakistan ( List ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . Iskander Mirza 2 . Ayub Khan 3 . Yahya Khan 4 . Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 5 . Fazal Illahi Chaudhry 6 . Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq 7 . Ghulam Ishaq Khan ( 1st ) Wasim Sajjad 8 . Farooq Leghari ( 1st ) Wasim Sajjad 9 . Rafiq Tarar 10 . Pervez Musharraf ( 2nd ) Mohammad Mian Soomro 11 . Asif Ali Zardari 12 . Mamnoon Hussain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Pakistan&oldid=825319661 '' Categories : Lists of national presidents Lists of political office - holders in Pakistan Presidents of Pakistan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Русский Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 18 : 54 . About Wikipedia

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when does the adventures of tintin take place

The Adventures of Tintin - wikipedia The Adventures of Tintin This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Myasuda ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 49 , 29 August 2017 ( restored good version ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 49 , 29 August 2017 by Myasuda ( talk contribs ) ( restored good version ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the comics . For the 2011 film , see The Adventures of Tintin ( film ) . For other uses , see The Adventures of Tintin ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Adventures of Tintin <Td_colspan="2"> The main characters of The Adventures of Tintin . From left to right : Professor Calculus , Captain Haddock , Tintin , Thompson , Snowy , Thomson , and Bianca Castafiore . Created by Hergé <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Casterman Le Lombard Egmont Group <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ( show ) Title ( s ) Tintin in the Land of the Soviets Tintin in the Congo Tintin in America Cigars of the Pharaoh The Blue Lotus The Broken Ear The Black Island King Ottokar 's Sceptre The Crab with the Golden Claws The Shooting Star The Secret of the Unicorn Red Rackham 's Treasure The Seven Crystal Balls Prisoners of the Sun Land of Black Gold Destination Moon Explorers on the Moon The Calculus Affair The Red Sea Sharks Tintin in Tibet The Castafiore Emerald Flight 714 to Sydney Tintin and the Picaros Tintin and Alph - Art Formats Original material for the series has been published as a strip in the comics anthology ( s ) Le Petit Vingtième Le Soir Tintin magazine and a set of graphic novels . Original language French Genre Action / adventure Publication date 1929 -- 1976 Main character ( s ) Tintin Snowy Captain Haddock Professor Calculus Thomson and Thompson Bianca Castafiore <Th_colspan="2"> Creative team Writer ( s ) Hergé Artist ( s ) Hergé Uncredited : Bob de Moor Edgar P. Jacobs Jacques Martin Roger Leloup Colourist ( s ) Edgar P. Jacobs Josette Baujot Fanny Rodwell ( all uncredited ) Creator ( s ) Hergé The Adventures of Tintin ( French : Les Aventures de Tintin ; ( lez ‿ avɑ̃tyʁ də tɛ̃tɛ̃ ) ) is a series of 24 comic albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi , who wrote under the pen name Hergé . The series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century . By 2007 , a century after Hergé 's birth in 1907 , Tintin had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies , and have been adapted for radio , television , theatre , and film . The series first appeared in French on 10 January 1929 in Le Petit Vingtième ( The Little Twentieth ) , a youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle ( The Twentieth Century ) . The success of the series saw the serialised strips published in Belgium 's leading newspaper Le Soir ( The Evening ) and spun into a successful Tintin magazine . In 1950 , Hergé created Studios Hergé , which produced the canonical versions of ten Tintin albums . The series is set during a largely realistic 20th century . Its hero is Tintin , a courageous young Belgian reporter and adventurer . He is aided by his faithful dog Snowy ( Milou in the original French edition ) . Other protagonists include the brash and cynical Captain Haddock and the intelligent but hearing - impaired Professor Calculus ( French : Professeur Tournesol ) , as well as the incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson ( French : Dupont et Dupond ) and the opera diva Bianca Castafiore . The series has been admired for its clean , expressive drawings in Hergé 's signature ligne claire ( `` clear line '' ) style . Its well - researched plots straddle a variety of genres : swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy , mysteries , political thrillers , and science fiction . The stories feature slapstick humour , offset by dashes of sophisticated satire and political or cultural commentary . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Le Vingtième Siècle : 1929 -- 1939 1.2 Le Soir : 1940 -- 1945 1.3 Le Journal de Tintin : 1946 -- 1983 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.1. 1 Tintin and Snowy 2.1. 2 Captain Haddock 2.1. 3 Professor Calculus 2.1. 4 Supporting characters 2.2 Settings 3 Research 4 Influences 5 Translation into English 5.1 British 5.2 American 5.3 Lettering and typography 6 Reception 6.1 Awards 6.2 Literary criticism 6.3 Controversy 7 Adaptations and memorabilia 7.1 Television and radio 7.2 Cinema 7.2. 1 Resurgence in Tintin films 7.3 Documentaries 7.4 Theatre 7.5 Video games 7.6 Memorabilia and merchandise 7.7 Stamps and coins 7.8 Parody and pastiche 7.9 Exhibitions 8 Legacy 9 List of titles 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Citations 11.3 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Le Vingtième Siècle : 1929 -- 1939 ( edit ) `` The idea for the character of Tintin and the sort of adventures that would befall him came to me , I believe , in five minutes , the moment I first made a sketch of the figure of this hero : that is to say , he had not haunted my youth nor even my dreams . Although it 's possible that as a child I imagined myself in the role of a sort of Tintin . '' -- Hergé , 15 November 1966 . Georges Remi , best known under the pen name Hergé , was employed as an illustrator at Le Vingtième Siècle ( `` The Twentieth Century '' ) , a staunchly Roman Catholic , conservative Belgian newspaper based in Hergé 's native Brussels . Run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez , the paper described itself as a `` Catholic Newspaper for Doctrine and Information '' and disseminated a far - right , fascist viewpoint . Wallez appointed Hergé editor of a new Thursday youth supplement , titled Le Petit Vingtième ( `` The Little Twentieth '' ) . Propagating Wallez 's socio - political views to its young readership , it contained explicitly pro-fascist and anti-Semitic sentiment . In addition to editing the supplement , Hergé illustrated L'extraordinaire aventure de Flup , Nénesse , Poussette et Cochonnet ( `` The Extraordinary Adventures of Flup , Nénesse , Poussette and Cochonnet '' ) , a comic strip authored by a member of the newspaper 's sport staff . Dissatisfied with this , Hergé wanted to write and draw his own cartoon strip . He already had experience creating comic strips . From July 1926 he had written a strip about a Boy Scout patrol leader titled Les Aventures de Totor C.P. des Hannetons ( `` The Adventures of Totor , Scout Leader of the Cockchafers '' ) for the Scouting newspaper Le Boy Scout Belge ( `` The Belgian Boy Scout '' ) . Totor was a strong influence on Tintin , with Hergé describing the latter as being like Totor 's younger brother . Jean - Marc and Randy Lofficier stated that graphically , Totor and Tintin were `` virtually identical '' except for the Scout uniform , also noting many similarities between their respective adventures , particularly in the illustration style , the fast pace of the story , and the use of humour . He was fascinated by new techniques in the medium such as the systematic use of speech bubbles -- found in such American comics as George McManus ' Bringing up Father , George Herriman 's Krazy Kat and Rudolph Dirks 's Katzenjammer Kids , copies of which had been sent to him from Mexico by the paper 's reporter Léon Degrelle . The front page of the 1 May 1930 edition of Le Petit Vingtième , declaring `` Tintin revient ! '' ( `` Tintin Returns ! '' ) from his adventure in the Soviet Union . Although Hergé wanted to send Tintin to the United States , Wallez ordered him to set his adventure in the Soviet Union , acting as anti-socialist propaganda for children . The result , Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , was serialised in Le Petit Vingtième from January 1929 to May 1930 . Popular in Francophone Belgium , Wallez organised a publicity stunt at the Gare du Nord station , following which he organised the publication of the story in book form . The story 's popularity led to an increase in sales , so Wallez granted Hergé two assistants . At Wallez 's direction , in June he began serialisation of the second story , Tintin in the Congo , designed to encourage colonial sentiment towards the Belgian Congo . Authored in a paternalistic style that depicted the Congolese as childlike idiots , in later decades it was accused of racism , however at the time was un-controversial and popular , and further publicity stunts were held to increase sales . For the third adventure , Tintin in America , serialised from September 1931 to October 1932 , Hergé finally got to deal with a scenario of his own choice , and used the work to push an anti-capitalist , anti-consumerist agenda in keeping with the paper 's ultra-conservative ideology . The Adventures of Tintin had been syndicated to French Catholic magazine Cœurs Vaillants ( `` Brave Hearts '' ) since 1930 , and Hergé was soon receiving syndication requests from Swiss and Portuguese newspapers too . Hergé went on to pen a string of Adventures of Tintin , sending his character to real locations such as the Belgian Congo , the United States , Egypt , India , China , and the United Kingdom . He also sent Tintin to fictional countries of his own devising , such as the Latin American republic of San Theodoros , the East European kingdom of Syldavia , or the fascist state Borduria -- whose leader , Müsstler , was a combination of Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler and Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini . Le Soir : 1940 -- 1945 ( edit ) In May 1940 , Nazi Germany invaded Belgium as World War II broke out across Europe . Although Hergé briefly fled to France and considered a self - imposed exile , he ultimately decided to return to his occupied homeland . For political reasons , the Nazi authorities closed down Le Vingtième Siècle , leaving Hergé unemployed . In search of employment , he got a job as an illustrator at Belgium 's leading newspaper , Le Soir ( The Evening ) , which was allowed to continue publication under German management . On 17 October 1940 , he was made editor of the children 's supplement , Le Soir Jeunesse , in which he set about producing new Tintin adventures . In this new , more repressive political climate of German - occupied Belgium , Hergé could no longer explore political themes in his Adventures of Tintin lest he be arrested by the Gestapo . As Harry Thompson noted , Tintin 's role as a reporter came to an end , to be replaced by his new role as an explorer . From 1943 on , Hergé with the help of Edgar P. Jacobs started redrawing and colouring the early Tintin adventures , while also collaborating in the production of new stories . The old stories , usually a bit over 100 pages long , were restructured to fit into 62 pages . Jacobs eventually ended the collaboration in 1947 when Hergé refused to share the credit with him . They remained friends regardless of the fact . Le Journal de Tintin : 1946 -- 1983 ( edit ) At the end of the war , in September 1944 , the Allies entered Brussels and Hergé 's German employers fled . Le Soir was shut down and The Adventures of Tintin was put on hold . Then in 1946 , Hergé accepted an invitation from Belgian comic publisher Raymond Leblanc and his new publishing company Le Lombard to continue The Adventures of Tintin in the new Le journal de Tintin ( Tintin magazine ) . While elated to have his work published again , Hergé quickly learned that if Tintin magazine was his deliverer , it was also his demanding employer . He no longer had the independence he preferred ; he was required to produce two coloured pages a week for Leblanc 's magazine -- a tall order . Despite this , Hergé 's dedication to detail continued , his artistic standards escalated , even as his pressures mounted . Finally , in 1950 , Hergé began to poach the better members of the Tintin magazine staff to work in the large house on Avenue Louise that contained the fledgling Studios Hergé . Bob De Moor ( who imitated Hergé 's style and did half the work ) , Guy Dessicy ( colourist ) , and Marcel DeHaye ( secretary ) were the nucleus . To this , Hergé added Jacques Martin ( imitated Hergé 's style ) , Roger Leloup ( detailed , realistic drawings ) , Eugène Evany ( later chief of the Studios ) , Michel Demaret ( letterer ) , and Baudouin Van Den Branden ( secretary ) . As Harry Thompson observed , the idea was to turn the process of creating The Adventures of Tintin into a `` veritable production line , the artwork passing from person to person , everyone knowing their part , like an artistic orchestra with Hergé conducting . '' The Studios produced eight new Tintin albums for Tintin magazine , and coloured and reformatted two old Tintin albums . Studios Hergé continued to release additional publications until Hergé 's death in 1983 . In 1986 , a twenty - fourth unfinished album was released , the Studios were disbanded , and its assets were transferred to the Hergé Foundation . Bolstered by recent adaptations , The Adventures of Tintin continue to entertain new generations of Tintin fans today . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Adventures of Tintin characters Tintin and Snowy ( edit ) Main articles : Tintin ( character ) and Snowy ( character ) Tintin is a young Belgian reporter and adventurer who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day . The Adventures may feature Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism , but seldom is he seen actually turning in a story . He is a boy of neutral attitudes with whom the audience can identify ; in this respect , he represents the everyman . Readers and critics have described Tintin as a well - rounded yet open - ended , intelligent and creative character , noting that his rather neutral personality -- sometimes labelled as bland -- permits a balanced reflection of the evil , folly , and foolhardiness , which surrounds him . The character never compromises his Boy Scout ideals , which represent Hergé 's own , and his status allows the reader to assume his position within the story , rather than merely following the adventures of a strong protagonist . Tintin 's iconic representation enhances this aspect , with Scott McCloud noting that it `` allows readers to mask themselves in a character and safely enter a sensually stimulating world . '' Snowy ( Milou in Hergé 's original version ) , a white Wire Fox Terrier dog , is Tintin 's loyal , four - legged companion . The bond between Snowy and Tintin is very deep , as they have saved each other from perilous situations many times . Snowy frequently `` speaks '' to the reader through his thoughts ( often displaying a dry sense of humour ) , which are not heard by the human characters in the story . Snowy has nearly let Tintin down on occasion , particularly when distracted by a bone . Like Captain Haddock , he is fond of Loch Lomond brand Scotch whisky , and his occasional bouts of drinking tend to get him into trouble . When not distracted , Snowy is generally fearless , his only fear being arachnophobia . When Tintin gets tied up by villains ( which often happens ) , Snowy is usually able to free him by biting through the rope . Captain Haddock ( edit ) Main article : Captain Haddock Captain Archibald Haddock ( Capitaine Haddock in Hergé 's original version ) is a Merchant Marine sea captain and Tintin 's best friend . Introduced in The Crab with the Golden Claws , Haddock is initially depicted as a weak and alcoholic character , but later evolves to become genuinely heroic and even a socialite after he finds a treasure from his ancestor , Sir Francis Haddock ( Chevalier François de Hadoque in the original version ) . The Captain 's coarse humanity and sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintin 's often - implausible heroism ; he is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy reporter seems too idealistic . After he and Tintin find Red Rackham 's treasure , Captain Haddock lives in the luxurious mansion Marlinspike Hall ( Le château de Moulinsart in the original French ) . The hot - tempered Haddock uses a range of colourful insults and curses to express his feelings , such as `` billions of blue blistering barnacles '' or `` ten thousand thundering typhoons '' , `` bashi - bazouk '' , `` visigoths '' , `` kleptomaniac '' , or `` sea gherkin '' , but nothing actually considered a swear word . He is a hard drinker , particularly fond of rum and of Scotch whisky , especially Loch Lomond ; his bouts of drunkenness are often used for comic effect , but sometimes get him into serious trouble . Professor Calculus ( edit ) Main article : Professor Calculus Professor Cuthbert Calculus ( Professeur Tryphon Tournesol in Hergé 's original version ; tournesol is the French word for sunflower ) is an absent - minded and partially - deaf physicist and a regular character alongside Tintin , Snowy , and Captain Haddock . He was introduced in Red Rackham 's Treasure , and based partially on Auguste Piccard , a Swiss physicist . The leading characters do not initially welcome his presence , but through his generous nature and his scientific ability , he develops a lasting bond with them . Eventually , by the end of Land of Black Gold , he becomes a resident of Marlinspike Hall . Normally mild - mannered and dignified , Calculus occasionally loses his temper and acts in a spectacularly aggressive manner in response to actual or perceived insults , such as when Captain Haddock belittles his work or accuses him of `` acting the goat '' . He is a fervent believer in dowsing , and carries a pendulum for that purpose . Calculus 's deafness is a frequent source of humour , as he repeats back what he thinks he has heard , usually in the most unlikely words possible . He does not admit to being near - deaf and insists he is only `` a little hard of hearing in one ear . '' Supporting characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Adventures of Tintin characters `` Everybody wants to be Tintin : generation after generation . In a world of Rastapopouloses , Tricklers and Carreidases -- or , more prosaically , Jolyon Waggs and Bolt - the - builders -- Tintin represents an unattainable ideal of goodness , cleanness , authenticity . '' -- Literary critic Tom McCarthy , 2006 Hergé 's supporting characters have been cited as far more developed than the central character , each imbued with strength of character and depth of personality , which has been compared with that of the characters of Charles Dickens . Hergé used the supporting characters to create a realistic world in which to set his protagonists ' adventures . To further the realism and continuity , characters would recur throughout the series . The occupation of Belgium and the restrictions imposed upon Hergé forced him to focus on characterisation to avoid depicting troublesome political situations . As a result , the colourful supporting cast was developed during this period . Thomson and Thompson ( Dupont et Dupond in Hergé 's original version ) are two incompetent detectives who look like identical twins , their only discernible difference being the shape of their moustaches . First introduced in Cigars of the Pharaoh , they provide much of the comic relief throughout the series , being afflicted with chronic spoonerisms . They are extremely clumsy , thoroughly incompetent , and usually bent on arresting the wrong character . The detectives usually wear bowler hats and carry walking sticks except when sent abroad ; during those missions they attempt the national costume of the locality they are visiting , but instead dress in conspicuously stereotypical folkloric attire . The detectives were in part based on Hergé 's father Alexis and uncle Léon , identical twins who often took walks together , wearing matching bowler hats while carrying matching walking sticks . Bianca Castafiore is an opera singer of whom Haddock is terrified . She was first introduced in King Ottokar 's Sceptre and seems to appear wherever the protagonists travel , along with her maid Irma and pianist Igor Wagner . She is comically foolish , whimsical , absent - minded , and talkative , and seems unaware that her voice is shrill and appallingly loud . Her speciality is the Jewel Song ( Ah ! Je ris de me voir si belle en ce miroir / Ah ! My beauty past compare , these jewels bright I wear ) from Gounod 's opera , Faust , which she sings at the least provocation , much to Haddock 's dismay . She is often maternal toward Haddock , of whose dislike she remains ignorant . She often confuses words , especially names , with other words that rhyme with them or of which they remind her ; `` Haddock '' is frequently replaced by malapropisms such as `` Paddock '' , `` Stopcock '' , or `` Hopscotch '' , while Nestor , Haddock 's butler , is confused with `` Chestor '' and `` Hector '' . Her own name means `` white and chaste flower '' : a meaning to which Professor Calculus once refers when he breeds a white rose and names it for the singer . She was based upon opera divas in general ( according to Hergé 's perception ) , Hergé 's Aunt Ninie ( who was known for her `` shrill '' singing of opera ) , and , in the post-war comics , on Maria Callas . Other recurring characters include Nestor the butler , Chang the loyal Chinese boy , Rastapopoulos the criminal mastermind , Jolyon Wagg the infuriating ( to Haddock ) insurance salesman , General Alcazar the South American freedom fighter and President of San Theodoros , Mohammed Ben Kalish Ezab the Arab emir , Abdullah his mischievous son , Dr. Müller the evil German psychiatrist , Oliveira da Figueira the friendly Portuguese salesman , Cutts the butcher whose phone number is repeatedly confused with Haddock 's , and Allan the henchman of Rastapopoulos and formerly Haddock 's first mate . Settings ( edit ) Main article : Settings in The Adventures of Tintin The settings within Tintin have also added depth to the strips . Hergé mingles real and fictional lands into his stories , along with a base in Belgium from where Tintin sets off -- originally 26 Labrador Road , but later Marlinspike Hall . The role of setting is aptly demonstrated in King Ottokar 's Sceptre , in which Hergé creates two fictional countries , Syldavia and Borduria , and invites the reader to tour them in text through the insertion of a travel brochure into the storyline . Other fictional lands include Khemed on the Arabian Peninsula and San Theodoros , São Rico , and Nuevo Rico in South America , as well as the kingdom of Gaipajama in India . Along with these fictitious locations , actual nations were employed such as Belgium , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union , Congo , Peru , India , Egypt , Indonesia , Nepal , Tibet , and China . Other actual locales used were the Sahara , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Moon . Research ( edit ) Hergé 's extensive research began with The Blue Lotus ; Hergé stated , `` It was from that time that I undertook research and really interested myself in the people and countries to which I sent Tintin , out of a sense of responsibility to my readers '' . Hergé 's use of research and photographic reference allowed him to build a realised universe for Tintin , going so far as to create fictionalised countries , dressing them with specific political cultures . These were heavily informed by the cultures evident in Hergé 's lifetime . Pierre Skilling has asserted that Hergé saw monarchy as `` the legitimate form of government '' , noting that democratic `` values seem underrepresented in ( such ) a classic Franco - Belgian strip '' . Syldavia in particular is described in considerable detail , Hergé creating a history , customs , and a language , which is actually a Slavic - looking transcript of Marols , a working - class Brussels dialect . He set the country in the Balkans , and it is , by his own admission , modelled after Albania . The country finds itself threatened by neighbouring Borduria , with an attempted annexation appearing in King Ottokar 's Sceptre . This situation parallels the Italian conquest of Albania , and that of Czechoslovakia and Austria by expansionist Nazi Germany prior to World War II . Hergé 's use of research would include months of preparation for Tintin 's voyage to the moon in the two - part storyline spread across Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon . His research for the storyline was noted in New Scientist : `` The considerable research undertaken by Hergé enabled him to come very close to the type of space suit that would be used in future Moon exploration , although his portrayal of the type of rocket that was actually used was a long way off the mark '' . The moon rocket is based on the German V - 2 rockets . Influences ( edit ) In his youth , Hergé admired Benjamin Rabier and suggested that a number of images within Tintin in the Land of the Soviets reflected this influence , particularly the pictures of animals . René Vincent , the Art Deco designer , also affected early Tintin adventures : `` His influence can be detected at the beginning of the Soviets , where my drawings are designed along a decorative line , like an ' S ' . '' Hergé also felt no compunction in admitting that he had stolen the image of round noses from George McManus , feeling they were `` so much fun that I used them , without scruples ! '' During the extensive research Hergé carried out for The Blue Lotus , he became influenced by Chinese and Japanese illustrative styles and woodcuts . This is especially noticeable in the seascapes , which are reminiscent of works by Hokusai and Hiroshige . Hergé also declared Mark Twain an influence , although this admiration may have led him astray when depicting Incas as having no knowledge of an upcoming solar eclipse in Prisoners of the Sun , an error T. F. Mills attributed to an attempt to portray `` Incas in awe of a latter - day ' Connecticut Yankee ' '' . Translation into English ( edit ) British ( edit ) Tintin first appeared in English in the weekly British children 's comic Eagle in 1951 with the story King Ottokar 's Sceptre . It was translated in conjunction with Casterman , Tintin 's publishers , and starts by describing Tintin as `` a French boy '' . Snowy was called by his French name `` Milou '' . The process of translating Tintin into British English was then commissioned in 1958 by Methuen , Hergé 's British publishers . It was a joint operation , headed by Leslie Lonsdale - Cooper and Michael Turner , working closely with Hergé to attain an accurate translation as true as possible to the original work . Due in part to the large amount of language - specific word play ( such as punning ) in the series , especially the jokes which played on Professor Calculus ' partial deafness , it was always the intention not to translate literally , instead striving to sculpt a work whose idioms and jokes would be meritorious in their own right . Despite the free hand Hergé afforded the two , they worked closely with the original text , asking for regular assistance to understand Hergé 's intentions . The British translations were also Anglicised to appeal to British customs and values . Milou , for example , was renamed Snowy at the translators ' discretion . Captain Haddock 's Le château de Moulinsart was renamed Marlinspike Hall . When it came time to translate The Black Island , which is set in Great Britain , the opportunity was taken to make the scenes more true - to - life ; such as ensuring that the British police were unarmed and ensuring scenes of the British countryside were more accurate for discerning British readers . Methuen had decided that the book did not portray Great Britain accurately enough , and had compiled a list of 131 errors of detail , which should be put right , asking Studios Hergé to rework it completely . The resulting album is the dramatically updated and redrawn 1966 version that is the most commonly available today . As of the early 21st century , Egmont publishes Tintin books in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . American ( edit ) Unlike in most of Western Europe , the Tintin books have had limited popularity in the United States . The works were first adapted for the American English market by Golden Books , a branch of the Western Publishing Company in the 1950s . The albums were translated from French into American English with some artwork panels blanked except for the speech balloons . This was done to remove content considered to be inappropriate for children , such as drunkenness and free mixing of races . The albums were not popular and only six were published in mixed order . The edited albums later had their blanked areas redrawn by Hergé to be more acceptable , and they currently appear this way in published editions around the world . From 1966 to 1979 , Children 's Digest included monthly instalments of The Adventures of Tintin . These serialisations served to increase Tintin 's popularity , introducing him to many thousands of new readers in the United States . Atlantic Monthly Press , in cooperation with Little , Brown and Company beginning in the 1970s , republished the albums based on the British translations . Alterations were made to vocabulary not well known to an American audience ( such as gaol , tyre , saloon , and spanner ) . As of the early 21st century , Little , Brown and Company ( owned by the Hachette Book Group USA ) continues to publish Tintin books in the United States . Lettering and typography ( edit ) The English - language Adventures of Tintin books were originally published with handwritten lettering created by cartographer Neil Hyslop. 1958 's The Crab With the Golden Claws was the first to be published with Hyslop 's lettering . Hyslop was given versions of Hergé 's artwork with blank panels . Hyslop would write his English script on a clear cellophane - like material , aiming to fit within the original speech bubble . Occasionally the size of the bubbles would need to be adjusted if the translated text would not fit . In the early 2000s , Tintin 's English publishers Egmont discontinued publishing books featuring Hyslop 's handwritten lettering , instead publishing books with text created with digital fonts . This change was instigated by publisher Casterman and Hergé 's estate managers Moulinsart , who decided to replace localised hand - lettering with a single computerised font for all Tintin titles worldwide . Reception ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) On 1 June 2006 , the Dalai Lama bestowed the International Campaign for Tibet 's Light of Truth Award upon the Hergé Foundation , along with South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu . The award was in recognition of Hergé 's book Tintin in Tibet , Hergé 's most personal adventure , which the Executive Director of ICT Europe Tsering Jampa noted was `` for many ... their introduction to the awe - inspiring landscape and culture of Tibet '' . In 2001 , the Hergé Foundation demanded the recall of the Chinese translation of the work , which had been released with the title Tintin in Chinese Tibet . The work was subsequently published with the correct translation of the title . Accepting on behalf of the Hergé Foundation , Hergé 's widow Fanny Rodwell stated , `` We never thought that this story of friendship would have a resonance more than 40 years later '' . Literary criticism ( edit ) Main article : List of books about Tintin The study of Tintin , sometimes referred to as `` Tintinology '' , has become the life work of some literary critics in Belgium , France and England . Belgian author Philippe Goddin has written Hergé et Tintin reporters : Du Petit Vingtième au Journal Tintin ( 1986 , later republished in English as Hergé and Tintin Reporters : From `` Le Petit Vingtième '' to `` Tintin '' Magazine in 1987 ) and Hergé et les Bigotudos ( 1993 ) amongst other books on the series . In 1983 , French author Benoît Peeters released Le Monde d'Hergé , subsequently published in English as Tintin and the World of Hergé in 1988 . English reporter Michael Farr has written works such as Tintin , 60 Years of Adventure ( 1989 ) , Tintin : The Complete Companion ( 2001 ) , Tintin & Co. ( 2007 ) and The Adventures of Hergé ( 2007 ) , , while English television producer Harry Thompson authored Tintin : Hergé and his Creation ( 1991 ) . Literary critics , primarily in French - speaking Europe , have also examined The Adventures of Tintin . In 1984 , Jean - Marie Apostolidès published his study of the Adventures of Tintin from a more `` adult '' perspective as Les Métamorphoses de Tintin , published in English as The Metamorphoses of Tintin , or Tintin for Adults in 2010 . In reviewing Apostolidès ' book , Nathan Perl - Rosenthal of The New Republic thought that it was `` not for the faint of heart : it is densely - packed with close textual analysis and laden with psychological jargon . '' Following Apostolidès 's work , French psychoanalyst Serge Tisseron examined the series in his books Tintin et les Secrets de Famille ( `` Tintin and the Family Secrets '' ) , which was published in 1990 , and Tintin et le Secret d'Hergé ( `` Tintin and Hergé 's Secret '' ) , published in 1993 . The first English - language work of literary criticism devoted to the series was Tintin and the Secret of Literature , written by the novelist Tom McCarthy and published in 2006 . McCarthy compares Hergé 's work with that of Aeschylus , Honoré de Balzac , Joseph Conrad , and Henry James and argues that the series contains the key to understanding literature itself . McCarthy considered the Adventures of Tintin to be `` stupendously rich '' , containing `` a mastery of plot and symbol , theme and sub-text '' which , influenced by Tisseron 's psychoanalytical readings of the work , he believed could be deciphered to reveal a series of recurring themes , ranging from bartering to implicit sexual intercourse that Hergé had featured throughout the series . Reviewing the book in The Telegraph , Toby Clements argued that McCarthy 's work , and literary criticism of Hergé 's comic strips in general , cut `` perilously close '' to simply feeding `` the appetite of those willing to cross the line between enthusiast and obsessive '' in the Tintinological community . Controversy ( edit ) The early works of Tintin naively depicted controversial images . Later , Hergé called his actions `` a transgression of my youth . '' Hergé substituted this sequence with one in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin 's rifle . The earliest stories in The Adventures of Tintin have been criticised for displaying racial stereotypes , animal cruelty , colonialism , violence , and even fascist leanings , including ethnocentric caricatured portrayals of non-Europeans . While the Hergé Foundation has presented such criticism as naïveté and scholars of Hergé such as Harry Thompson have said that `` Hergé did what he was told by the Abbé Wallez '' , Hergé himself felt that his background made it impossible to avoid prejudice , stating , `` I was fed the prejudices of the bourgeois society that surrounded me . '' Tintin in the Congo has been criticised as presenting the Africans as naïve and primitive . In the original work , Tintin is shown at a blackboard addressing a class of African children . `` My dear friends , '' he says , `` I am going to talk to you today about your fatherland : Belgium . '' Hergé redrew this in 1946 to show a lesson in mathematics . Hergé later admitted the flaws in the original story , excusing it saying , `` I portrayed these Africans according to ... this purely paternalistic spirit of the time . '' Sue Buswell , who was the editor of Tintin at Methuen , summarised the perceived problems with the book in 1988 as `` all to do with rubbery lips and heaps of dead animals '' , although Thompson noted her quote may have been `` taken out of context '' . Drawing on André Maurois ' Les Silences du colonel Bramble , Hergé presents Tintin as a big - game hunter , accidentally killing fifteen antelope as opposed to the one needed for the evening meal . However , concerns over the number of dead animals led Tintin 's Scandinavian publishers to request changes . A page of Tintin killing a rhinoceros by drilling a hole in its back and inserting a stick of dynamite was deemed excessive ; Hergé replaced the page with one in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin 's rifle while he sleeps under a tree . In 2007 , the UK 's Commission for Racial Equality called for the book to be pulled from shelves after a complaint , stating , `` It beggars belief that in this day and age that any shop would think it acceptable to sell and display Tintin in the Congo . '' In August 2007 , a Congolese student filed a complaint in Brussels that the book was an insult to the Congolese people . Public prosecutors investigated , and a criminal case was initiated , although the matter was transferred to a civil court . Belgium 's Centre for Equal Opportunities warned against `` over-reaction and hyper political correctness '' . Mr. Bohlwinkel Hergé altered some of the early albums in subsequent editions , usually at the demand of publishers . For example , at the instigation of his American publishers , many of the African characters in Tintin in America were re-coloured to make their race Caucasian or ambiguous . The Shooting Star originally had an American villain with the Jewish surname of `` Blumenstein '' . This proved controversial , as the character exhibited exaggerated , stereotypically Jewish characteristics . `` Blumenstein '' was changed to an American with a less ethnically specific name , Mr. Bohlwinkel , in later editions and subsequently to a South American of a fictional country -- São Rico . Hergé later discovered that ' Bohlwinkel ' was also a Jewish name . Adaptations and memorabilia ( edit ) Main article : Tintin books , films , and media The Adventures of Tintin has been adapted in a variety of media besides the original comic strip and its collections . Hergé encouraged adaptations and members of his studio working on the animated films . After Hergé 's death in 1983 , the Hergé Foundation and Moulinsart , the foundation 's commercial and copyright wing , became responsible for authorising adaptations and exhibitions . Television and radio ( edit ) Two animated television adaptations and one radio adaptation have been made . Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin ( Les aventures de Tintin d'après Hergé ) ( 1957 ) was the first production of Belvision Studios . Ten of Hergé 's books were adapted , each serialised into a set of five - minute episodes , with 103 episodes produced . The series was directed by Ray Goossens and written by Belgian comic artist Greg , later editor - in - chief of Tintin magazine , and produced by Raymond Leblanc . Most stories in the series varied widely from the original books , often changing whole plots . The Adventures of Tintin ( Les aventures de Tintin ) ( 1991 -- 92 ) was the more successful Tintin television series . An adaptation of twenty - one Tintin books , it was directed by Stéphane Bernasconi and was produced by Ellipse ( France ) and Nelvana ( Canada ) on behalf of the Hergé Foundation . The series adhered closely to the albums to such an extent that panels from the original were often transposed directly to the screen . The series aired in over fifty countries and was released on DVD . It aired in the US on HBO . The Adventures of Tintin ( 1992 -- 93 ) radio series was produced by BBC Radio 4 . The dramas starred Richard Pearce as Tintin and Andrew Sachs as Snowy . Captain Haddock was played by Leo McKern in Series One and Lionel Jeffries in Series Two , Professor Calculus was played by Stephen Moore and Thomson and Thompson were played by Charles Kay . The Adventures of Tintin were also released as radio dramas on LP and compact cassette recordings in French language versions in Belgium , France and Canada , German language versions in West Germany , Swedish language versions in Sweden , Danish language versions in Denmark and Norwegian language versions in Norway . Cinema ( edit ) Five feature - length Tintin films were made before Hergé 's death in 1983 . The Crab with the Golden Claws ( Le crabe aux pinces d'or ) ( 1947 ) was the first successful attempt to adapt one of the comics into a feature film . Written and directed by Claude Misonne and João B Michiels , the film was a stop - motion puppet production created by a small Belgian studio . Tintin and the Golden Fleece ( Tintin et le mystère de la Toison d'Or ) ( 1961 ) , the first live action Tintin film , was adapted not from one of Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin but instead from an original script written by André Barret and Rémo Forlani . Directed by Jean - Jacques Vierne and starring Jean - Pierre Talbot as Tintin and Georges Wilson as Haddock , the plot involves Tintin travelling to Istanbul to collect the Golden Fleece , a ship left to Haddock in the will of his friend , Themistocle Paparanic . Whilst in the city however , Tintin and Haddock discover that a group of villains also want possession of the ship , believing that it would lead them to a hidden treasure . Tintin and the Blue Oranges ( Tintin et les oranges bleues ) ( 1964 ) , the second live action Tintin film , was released due to the success of the first . Again based upon an original script , once more by André Barret , it was directed by Philippe Condroyer and starred Talbot as Tintin and Jean Bouise as Haddock . The plot reveals a new invention , the blue orange , that can grow in the desert and solve world famines , devised by Calculus ' friend , the Spanish Professor Zalamea . An emir whose interests are threatened by the invention of the blue orange proceeds to kidnap both Zalamea and Calculus , and Tintin and Haddock travel to Spain in order to rescue them . Tintin and the Temple of the Sun ( Tintin et le temple du soleil ) ( 1969 ) , the first traditional animation Tintin film , was adapted from two of Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin : The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun . The first full - length , animated film from Raymond Leblanc 's Belvision , which had recently completed its television series based upon the Tintin stories ; it was directed by Eddie Lateste and featured a musical score by the critically acclaimed composer François Rauber . The adaptation is mostly faithful , although the Seven Crystal Balls portion of the story was heavily condensed . Tintin and the Lake of Sharks ( Tintin et le lac aux requins ) ( 1972 ) , the second traditional animation Tintin film and the last Tintin release for nearly 40 years , it was based on an original script by Greg and directed by Raymond Leblanc . Belvision 's second feature takes Tintin to Syldavia to outwit his old foe Rastapopoulos . While the look of the film is richer , the story is less convincing . The movie was subsequently adapted into a comic album made up of stills from the film . Resurgence in Tintin films ( edit ) The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn ( 2011 ) was Steven Spielberg 's motion capture 3D film based on three Hergé albums : The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1941 ) , The Secret of the Unicorn ( 1943 ) , and Red Rackham 's Treasure ( 1944 ) . Peter Jackson 's company Weta Digital provided the animation and special effects . The movie 's reception was positive ; Jackson will direct and Spielberg will produce a second movie of a planned trilogy . Documentaries ( edit ) One documentary about Tintin was made during Hergé 's lifetime . Years after Hergé 's death , a new documentary film about Tintin and Hergé was released , then later a documentary television series was produced . I , Tintin ( Moi , Tintin ) ( 1976 ) was produced by Belvision Studios and Pierre Film . Tintin and I ( Tintin et moi ) ( 2003 ) , a documentary film directed by Anders Høgsbro Østergaard and co-produced by companies from Denmark , Belgium , France , and Switzerland , was based on the taped interview with Hergé by Numa Sadoul from 1971 . Although the interview was published as a book , Hergé was allowed to edit the work prior to publishing and much of the interview was excised . Years after Hergé 's death , the filmmaker returns to the original tapes and restores Hergé 's often personal , insightful thoughts -- and in the process brings viewers closer to the world of Tintin and Hergé . It was broadcast in the United States on the PBS network , 11 July 2006 . Sur les traces de Tintin ( On the trail of Tintin ) ( 2010 ) was a five - part documentary television series which recaps several albums of the book series by combining comic panels ( motionless or otherwise ) with live - action imagery , with commentary provided . Tintin and the Black Island at the Arts Theatre in the West End of London , by the Unicorn Theatre Company , in 1980 -- 81 Theatre ( edit ) Hergé himself helped to create two stage plays , collaborating with humourist Jacques Van Melkebeke . Tintin in the Indies : The Mystery of the Blue Diamond ( 1941 ) covers much of the second half of Cigars of the Pharaoh as Tintin attempts to rescue a stolen blue diamond . The Disappearance of Mr. Boullock ( 1941 -- 1942 ) has Tintin , Snowy , and Thomson and Thompson track the mysterious Mr. Boullock around the world and back to Brussels again . The plays were performed at the Théâtre Royal des Galeries in Brussels . The scripts of the plays are unfortunately lost . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , two Tintin plays appeared at the Arts Theatre in the West End of London , adapted by Geoffrey Case for the Unicorn Theatre Company . These were Tintin 's Great American Adventure , based on the comic Tintin in America ( 1976 -- 1977 ) and Tintin and the Black Island , based on The Black Island ( 1980 -- 81 ) ; this second play later toured . A musical based on The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun premièred on 15 September 2001 at the Stadsschouwburg ( City Theatre ) in Antwerp , Belgium . It was entitled Kuifje -- De Zonnetempel ( De Musical ) ( `` Tintin -- Temple of the Sun ( The Musical ) '' ) and was broadcast on Canal Plus , before moving on to Charleroi in 2002 as Tintin -- Le Temple du Soleil -- Le Spectacle Musical . The Young Vic theatre company in London ran Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin , a musical version of Tintin in Tibet , at the Barbican Arts Centre ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; the production was directed by Rufus Norris and was adapted by Norris and David Greig . The show was successfully revived at the Playhouse Theatre in the West End of London before touring ( 2006 -- 2007 ) to celebrate the centenary of Hergé 's birth in 2007 . Video games ( edit ) Tintin began appearing in video games when Infogrames Entertainment , SA , a French game company , released the side scroller Tintin on the Moon in 1989 . The same company released a platformer video game titled Tintin in Tibet in 1995 for the Super NES and Mega Drive / Genesis . Another platformer from Infogrames titled Prisoners of the Sun was released the following year for the Super NES , PC , and Game Boy Color . As computer graphics technology improved , video game experiences improved . In 2001 , Tintin became 3D in a game called Tintin : Destination Adventure , released by Infogrames for the PC and PlayStation . Then in 2011 , an action - adventure video game called The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn , a tie - in to the 2011 movie , was released by Ubisoft in October 2011 . The Tintin Shop in Covent Garden Memorabilia and merchandise ( edit ) Images from the series have long been licensed for use on merchandise , the success of Tintin magazine helping to create a market for such items . Tintin 's image has been used to sell a wide variety of products , from alarm clocks to underpants . Countless separate items related to the character have been available , with some becoming collectors ' items in their own right . The Hergé Foundation has maintained control of the licenses , through Moulinsart , the commercial wing of the foundation . Speaking in 2002 , Peter Horemans , the then director general at Moulinsart , noted this control : `` We have to be very protective of the property . We do n't take lightly any potential partners and we have to be very selective ... for him to continue to be as popular as he is , great care needs to be taken of his use . '' However , the Foundation has been criticised by scholars as `` trivialising the work of Hergé by concentrating on the more lucrative merchandising '' in the wake of a move in the late 1990s to charge them for using relevant images to illustrate their papers on the series . Tintin memorabilia and merchandise has allowed a chain of stores based solely on the character to become viable . The first shop was launched in 1984 in Covent Garden , London . Tintin shops have also opened in both Bruges and Brussels in Belgium , and in Montpellier , France . In 2014 , a Tintin shop opened in Taguig , the Philippines , only the second of its kind in Southeast Asia . The first Tintin shop in Southeast Asia opened in Singapore in 2010 . The British bookstore chain , Ottakar 's , founded in 1987 , was named after the character of King Ottokar from the Tintin book King Ottokar 's Sceptre , and their shops stocked a large amount of Tintin merchandise until their takeover by Waterstone 's in 2006 . Belgian Post 's series of postage stamps `` Tintin on screen '' issued 30 August 2011 featuring a chronological review of Tintin film adaptations made through years . Stamps and coins ( edit ) Main articles : Tintin postage stamps and Tintin coins Tintin 's image has been used on postage stamps on numerous occasions . The first Tintin postage stamp was an eight - franc stamp issued by Belgian Post for the 50th anniversary of the publication of Tintin 's first adventure on 29 September 1979 , featuring Tintin and Snowy looking through a magnifying glass at several stamps . In 1999 , a nine - stamp block celebrating ten years of the Belgian Comic Strip Center was issued , with the center stamp a photo of Tintin 's famous moon rocket that dominates the Comic Strip Center 's entry hall . To mark the end of the Belgian Franc and to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of Tintin in the Congo , two more stamps were issued by Belgian Post on 31 December 2001 : Tintin in a pith helmet and a souvenir sheet with a single stamp in the center . The stamps were jointly issued in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In 2004 , Belgian Post celebrated its own seventy - fifth anniversary , as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Explorers on the Moon , and the thirty - fifth anniversary of the moon landings with a souvenir sheet of five stamps based upon the Explorers on the Moon adventure . To celebrate the centenary of Hergé 's birth in 2007 , Belgian Post issued a sheet of 25 stamps depicting the album covers of all 24 Adventures of Tintin ( in 24 languages ) plus Hergé 's portrait in the center . A souvenir sheet of ten stamps called `` Tintin on screen '' , issued 30 August 2011 , depicts the Tintin film and television adaptations . Tintin has also been commemorated by coin several times . In 1995 , the Monnaie de Paris ( Paris Mint ) issued a set of twelve gold medallions , available in a limited edition of 5000 . A silver medallion was minted in 2004 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Tintin book Explorers on the Moon , again in a limited run , this time of 10,000 . It quickly sold out . In 2004 , Belgium minted a limited edition commemorative euro coin featuring Tintin and Snowy celebrating the 75th anniversary of Tintin 's first adventure in January 2004 . Although it has a face value of € 10 , it is , as with other commemorative euro coins , legal tender only in the country in which it was issued -- in this case , Belgium . In 2006 -- 2012 France issued the Comic Strip Heroes commemorative coin series featuring famous Franco - Belgian comics , beginning in 2006 with Tintin . It was a set of six different euro coins honouring Hergé : three 11⁄2 - euro silver coins featuring Tintin and the Professor , Tintin and Captain Haddock , and Tintin and Chang ; a € 10 ( gold ) featuring Tintin ; and a € 20 ( silver ) and a € 50 ( gold ) featuring Tintin and Snowy . In 2007 , on Hergé 's centenary , Belgium issued its € 20 ( silver ) Hergé / Tintin coin . Parody and pastiche ( edit ) Main article : List of Tintin parodies and pastiches A frame from Breaking Free , a revolutionary socialist comic that parodies the Adventures of Tintin During Hergé 's lifetime , parodies were produced of the Adventures of Tintin , with one of the earliest appearing in Belgian newspaper La Patrie after the liberation of the country from Nazi German occupation in September 1944 . Entitled Tintin au pays de nazis ( `` Tintin in the Land of the Nazis '' ) , the short and crudely drawn strip lampoons Hergé for working for a Nazi - run newspaper during the occupation . Following Hergé 's death , hundreds more unofficial parodies and pastiches of the Adventures of Tintin were produced , covering a wide variety of different genres . Tom McCarthy divided such works into three specific groupings : pornographic , political , and artistic . In a number of cases , the actual name `` Tintin '' is replaced by something similar , like Nitnit , Timtim , or Quinquin , within these books . McCarthy 's first group , pornographic parodies , includes 1976 's Tintin en Suisse ( `` Tintin in Switzerland '' ) and Jan Bucquoy 's 1992 work La Vie Sexuelle de Tintin ( `` Tintin 's Sex Life '' ) , featuring Tintin and the other characters engaged in sexual acts . Another such example was Tintin in Thailand , in which Tintin , Haddock , and Calculus travel to the East Asian country for a sex holiday . The book began circulating in December 1999 , but in 2001 , Belgian police arrested those responsible and confiscated 650 copies for copyright violation . Other parodies have been produced for political reasons : for instance , Tintin in Iraq lampoons the world politics of the early 21st century , with Hergé 's character General Alcazar representing President of the United States George W. Bush . Written by the pseudonymous Jack Daniels , Breaking Free ( 1989 ) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s , with Tintin and his uncle ( modelled after Captain Haddock ) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher . When first published in Britain , it caused an outrage in the mainstream press , with one paper issuing the headline that `` Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob ! '' Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody . The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic adventures of Zinzin , what The Guardian calls `` the most beautifully produced of the pastiches . '' Similarly , Canadian cartoonist Yves Rodier has produced a number of Tintin works , none of which have been authorised by the Hergé Foundation , including a 1986 `` completion '' of the unfinished Tintin and Alph - art , which he drew in Hergé 's ligne claire style . The response to these parodies has been mixed in the Tintinological community . Many despise them , seeing them as an affront to Hergé 's work . Nick Rodwell of the Hergé Foundation took this view , declaring that `` None of these copyists count as true fans of Hergé . If they were , they would respect his wishes that no one but him draw Tintin 's adventures . '' Where possible , the foundation has taken legal action against those known to be producing such items . Others have taken a different attitude , considering such parodies and pastiches to be tributes to Hergé , and collecting them has become a `` niche specialty '' . Hergé art exhibition at the Centre Georges Pompidou modern art museum in Paris , commemorating the centenary of Hergé 's birth in 2007 Exhibitions ( edit ) After Hergé 's death in 1983 , his art began to be honoured at exhibitions around the world , keeping Tintin awareness at a high level . The first major Tintin exhibition in London was Tintin : 60 years of Adventure , held in 1989 at the Town Hall in Chelsea . This early exhibition displayed many of Hergé 's original sketches and inks , as well as some original gouaches . In 2001 , an exhibition entitled Mille Sabords ! ( `` Billions of Blistering Barnacles ! '' ) was shown at the National Navy Museum ( Musée national de la Marine ) in Paris . In 2002 , the Bunkamura Museum of Art in Tokyo staged an exhibition of original Hergé drawings as well as of the submarine and rocket ship invented in the strips by Professor Calculus . The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich , London , hosted the exhibition The Adventures of Tintin at Sea in 2004 , focusing on Tintin 's sea exploits , and in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the publication of Tintin 's first adventure . 2004 also saw an exhibition in Halles Saint Géry in Brussels titled Tintin et la ville ( `` Tintin and the City '' ) showcasing all cities in the world Tintin had travelled . The Belgian Comic Strip Center in the Brussels business district added exhibits dedicated to Hergé in 2004 . The Brussels ' Comic Book Route in the center of Brussels added its first Tintin mural in July 2005 . The centenary of Hergé 's birth in 2007 was commemorated at the largest museum for modern art in Europe , the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris , with Hergé , an art exhibition honouring his work . The exhibition , which ran from 20 December 2006 until 19 February 2007 , featured some 300 of Hergé 's boards and original drawings , including all 124 original plates of The Blue Lotus . Laurent le Bon , organiser of the exhibit said , `` It was important for the Centre to show the work of Hergé next to that of Matisse or Picasso . '' Michael Farr said , `` Hergé has long been seen as a father figure in the comics world . If he 's now recognised as a modern artist , that 's very important . '' 2009 saw the opening of the Hergé Museum ( Musée Hergé ) , designed in contemporary style , in the town of Louvain - la - Neuve , south of Brussels . Visitors follow a sequence of eight permanent exhibit rooms covering the entire range of Hergé 's work , showcasing the world of Tintin and his other creations . In addition , the new museum has already seen many temporary exhibits , including Into Tibet With Tintin . Legacy ( edit ) The Hergé Museum , located in the town of Louvain - la - Neuve , south of Brussels , opened in June 2009 , honouring the work of Hergé . Hergé is recognised as one of the leading cartoonists of the twentieth century . Most notably , Hergé 's ligne claire style has been influential to creators of other Franco - Belgian comics . Contributors to Tintin magazine have employed ligne claire , and later artists Jacques Tardi , Yves Chaland , Jason Little , Phil Elliott , Martin Handford , Geof Darrow , Eric Heuvel , Garen Ewing , Joost Swarte , and others have produced works using it . In the wider art world , both Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein have claimed Hergé as one of their most important influences . Lichtenstein made paintings based on fragments from Tintin comics , whilst Warhol used ligne claire and even made a series of paintings with Hergé as the subject . Warhol , who admired Tintin 's `` great political and satirical dimensions '' , said , `` Hergé has influenced my work in the same way as Walt Disney . For me , Hergé was more than a comic strip artist '' . Hergé has been lauded as `` creating in art a powerful graphic record of the 20th century 's tortured history '' through his work on Tintin , whilst Maurice Horn 's World Encyclopedia of Comics declares him to have `` spear - headed the post-World War II renaissance of European comic art '' . French philosopher Michel Serres noted that the twenty - three completed Tintin albums constituted a `` chef - d'oeuvre '' ( `` masterpiece '' ) to which `` the work of no French novelist is comparable in importance or greatness '' . In 1966 , Charles de Gaulle said , `` In the end , you know , my only international rival is Tintin ! We are the small ones , who do not let themselves be had by the great ones . '' In March 2015 , Brussels Airlines painted an Airbus A320 - 200 with registration OO - SNB in a special Tintin livery . Tintin has become a symbol of Belgium and so was used in a variety of visual responses to the 2016 Brussels bombings . List of titles ( edit ) Following are the twenty - four canonical Tintin comic albums as named in English . Publication dates are of the original French - language versions . Tintin comic albums Album Number Title Serialisation Album ( B&W ) Album ( colour ) Notes 1 Tintin in the Land of the Soviets 1929 -- 1930 1930 2017 Hergé prevented this book 's republication until 1973 . It has been coloured for the first time in 2017 . 2 Tintin in the Congo 1930 -- 1931 1931 1946 Re-published in colour and in a fixed 62 - page format . Book 10 was the first to be originally published in colour . 3 Tintin in America 1931 -- 1932 1932 1945 4 Cigars of the Pharaoh 1932 -- 1934 1934 1955 5 The Blue Lotus 1934 -- 1935 1936 1946 6 The Broken Ear 1935 -- 1937 1937 1943 7 The Black Island 1937 -- 1938 1938 1943 , 1966 8 King Ottokar 's Sceptre 1938 -- 1939 1939 1947 9 The Crab with the Golden Claws 1940 -- 1941 1941 1943 10 The Shooting Star 1941 -- 1942 1942 11 The Secret of the Unicorn 1942 -- 1943 1943 Books 11 to 15 set a middle period for Hergé marked by war and changing collaborators . 12 Red Rackham 's Treasure 1943 1944 13 The Seven Crystal Balls 1943 -- 1946 1948 14 Prisoners of the Sun 1946 -- 1948 1949 15 Land of Black Gold 1948 -- 1950 1950 , 1971 16 Destination Moon 1950 -- 1952 1953 Books 16 to 23 ( and revised editions of books 4 , 7 & 15 ) are creations of Studios Hergé . 17 Explorers on the Moon 1952 -- 1953 1954 18 The Calculus Affair 1954 -- 1956 1956 19 The Red Sea Sharks 1956 -- 1958 1958 20 Tintin in Tibet 1958 -- 1959 1960 21 The Castafiore Emerald 1961 -- 1962 1963 22 Flight 714 to Sydney 1966 -- 1967 1968 23 Tintin and the Picaros 1975 -- 1976 1976 24 Tintin and Alph - Art 1986 2004 Hergé 's unfinished book , published posthumously . The following are double albums with a continuing story arc . Cigars of the Pharaoh & The Blue Lotus The Secret of the Unicorn & Red Rackham 's Treasure The Seven Crystal Balls & Prisoners of the Sun Destination Moon & Explorers on the Moon Apart from the series , a comic album supervised by , but not written by , Hergé was released based on the film Tintin et le lac aux requins . Tintin and the Lake of Sharks ( 1972 ) Hergé attempted and then abandoned one album : Le Thermozéro ( 1958 ) See also ( edit ) The Adventures of Jo , Zette and Jocko , another series by Hergé List of Tintin home video releases References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tintin first appeared in Eagle Vol 2 : 17 ( 3 August ) , which ran in weekly parts in the lower half of the centerfold , beneath the cutaway drawings , until Vol 3 : 4 ( 2 May 1952 ) . Jump up ^ At that time , Children 's Digest had a circulation of around 700,000 copies monthly . Jump up ^ `` Mes chers amis , je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie : La Belgique . '' Jump up ^ `` Dead animals '' refers to the fashion for big - game hunting at the time of the work 's original publication . Jump up ^ Two series were created . Series 1 : Two books , twelve episodes , were adapted in black and white as a test of the studio 's abilities ; these were actually faithful to the original albums . Series 2 : Eight books , 91 episodes , were adapted in colour ; these were often unfaithful to the original albums . The animation quality of the series was very limited . Jump up ^ Belvision had just been launched by Raymond Leblanc , who had created Tintin magazine a decade earlier . Jump up ^ The series ran for three seasons , 13 episodes each season ; the 21 stories usually presented in two - part segments . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Case ( adapted ) , Tony Wredden ( directed ) : Tintin 's Great American Adventure , Arts Theatre , London , 18 December 1976 to 20 February 1977 , Unicorn Theatre Company . Tintin and the Black Island , Arts Theatre , London , 1980 -- 81 , Unicorn Theatre Company . Jump up ^ `` Tintin on screen '' depicts both Tintin television programs and four of the five Tintin film adaptations ( Lake of Sharks was omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Au fond , vous savez , mon seul rival international c'est Tintin ! Nous sommes les petits qui ne se laissent pas avoir par les grands . '' Spoken by Charles de Gaulle , according to his Minister for Cultural Affairs André Malraux . De Gaulle had just banned all NATO aircraft bases from France ; `` the great ones '' referred to USA and USSR . De Gaulle then added , `` On ne s'en apperçoit pas , à cause de ma taille . '' ( `` Only nobody notices the likeness because of my size . '' ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pollard 2007 ; Bostock & Brennan 2007 ; The Age 24 May 2006 ; Junkers 2007 . Jump up ^ Farr 2007a , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1991 , p. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Screech 2005 , p. 27 ; Miller 2007 , p. 18 ; Clements 2006 ; Wagner 2006 ; Lichfield 2006 ; Macintyre 2006 ; Gravett 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 ; Gravett 2005 ; Mills 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Assouline 2009 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 24 ; Peeters 2012 , pp. 20 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , pp. 24 -- 25 ; Peeters 2012 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Goddin 2008 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Farr 2001 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Farr 2001 , p. 12 ; Thompson 1991 , p. 25 ; Assouline 2009 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 , p. 17 ; Farr 2001 , p. 18 ; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Goddin 2008 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 , pp. 22 -- 23 ; Peeters 2012 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Peeters 2012 , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 ; Peeters 2012 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 , pp. 26 -- 29 ; Peeters 2012 , pp. 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 , pp. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1991 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , pp. 176 , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1991 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Walker 2005 . Jump up ^ McCloud 1993 . Jump up ^ Horeau 2004 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Yusuf 2005 . Jump up ^ How to tell a Thompson from a Thomson 2006 . Jump up ^ Farr 2004 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2003 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Gravett 2005 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin 2007 , pp. 173 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Assouline 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ewing 1995 . Jump up ^ Pain 2004 . Jump up ^ Moura 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Sadoul & Didier 2003 . Jump up ^ The Great Wave 2006 . Jump up ^ Mills 1983 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Corn 1989 ; The Times 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph 14 August 2009 ; The Times 4 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Owens 10 July 2004 . Jump up ^ Farr 2001 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Farr 2001 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Egmont Group 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC News 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 103 ; A personal website ( Netherlands ) 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Owens 1 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Hachette Book Group 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Owens ( 10 July 2004 ) . `` Interview with Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale - Cooper '' . Tintinologist . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim Adrian ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Casterman Makes Tragic Changes to Tintin : Hyslop 's Handlettering vs. `` Pretty '' Computer Font `` . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News 2 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Farr 2001 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Int'l Campaign for Tibet 17 May 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News 22 May 2002 . Jump up ^ Wagner 2006 . Jump up ^ Peeters 1989 . Jump up ^ Farr 2001 . Jump up ^ Farr 2007 . Jump up ^ Farr 2007a . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 . Jump up ^ Apostolidès 2010 . Jump up ^ Perl - Rosenthal 2010 . Jump up ^ Tisseron 1990 . Jump up ^ Tisseron 1993 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , pp. 106 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Clements 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1991 , pp. 38 , 49 ; Farr 2001 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ BBC News 28 April 2010 ; Beckford 2007 . Jump up ^ Farr 2001 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ BBC News 17 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Cendrowicz 2010 ; Farr 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Buswell 1988 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Beckford 2007 ; BBC News 12 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Samuel 2011 ; BBC News 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Vrielink 2012 . Jump up ^ Mills 1996 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1991 , p. 289 ; Tintin.com Moulinsart 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , pp. 143 -- 144 . ^ Jump up to : Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Baltimore Sun 16 November 1991 . Jump up ^ Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , pp. 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , pp. 145 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Da . 2003 . Jump up ^ Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Da . 2003 ; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Mulard 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Christensen 2003 . ^ Jump up to : PBS July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson 2008 ; RLF : Current Fellows 2008 ; Cadambi Website : Plays & Musicals 2006 . Jump up ^ Sadoul 1975 , p. 143 ; Thompson 1991 , pp. 132 -- 133,142 ; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Le Devoir 14 December 2007 ; HLN.be 13 December 2007 ; Wainman 2006 ; Cadambi Website : Plays & Musicals 2006 . Jump up ^ Billington 2005 ; YoungVic.org 2005 ; Barbican 2005 ; Cadambi Website : Plays & Musicals 2006 . Jump up ^ Smurthwaite 2007 ; SoniaFriedman.com 2007 . Jump up ^ MobyGames.com 1989 ; Sinclair Infoseek 1989 . Jump up ^ MobyGames.com 1995 . Jump up ^ MobyGames.com 1996 . Jump up ^ MobyGames.com 2001 . Jump up ^ MobyGames.com 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pignal 2010 . Jump up ^ Conrad 2004 . Jump up ^ DITT 2002 . Jump up ^ Bright 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Tintin Shop Singapore '' . SGnow . Asia City Online Ltd . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Irish Times 9 January 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Ahl 2011 ; TintinMilou.free.fr 2011 . Jump up ^ PostBeeld 2010 ; Ahl 2011 ; TintinMilou.free.fr 2011 ; Kenneally 1991 . Jump up ^ White 2007 ; Ahl 2011 ; TintinMilou.free.fr 2011 . Jump up ^ Chard 1995 ; OmniCoin 2009 . Jump up ^ Tintinesque.com 2004 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News 8 January 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Numista 2006 ; Coin Database 2006 . Jump up ^ Coin Talk 2007 ; NumisCollect 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Coxhead 2007 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , pp. 186 -- 187 ; Thompson 1991 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2006 , p. 186 ; BBC News 14 February 2001 . Jump up ^ Coxhead 2007 ; McCarthy 2006 , p. 186 ; Perrotte & Van Gong 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News 14 February 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Le Figaro 20 December 2006 ; Der Spiegel 20 December 2006 ; Chiha 2007 ; Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June 2010 ; CentrePompidou.fr 2006 ; Wainman 2007 . Jump up ^ Owens 25 February 2004 ; Cadambi Website : Exhibitions 2006 . Jump up ^ BDzoom.com 2001 ; Tintin.com 21 March 2001 ; Sipa 3 January 2001 ; Cadambi Website : Exhibitions 2006 . Jump up ^ Tintin.com 16 March 2002 . Jump up ^ BBC News 29 March 2004 ; Kennedy 2003 ; RMG.co.uk 13 November 2003 ; Horeau 2004 ; Cadambi Website : Exhibitions 2006 . Jump up ^ Soumous 2004 ; Cadambi Website : Exhibitions 2006 . Jump up ^ The Independent 15 October 2011 ; Kenneally 1991 . Jump up ^ City of Brussels Comic Book Route ; de Koning Gans Website 2005 . Jump up ^ designboom 2006 . Jump up ^ Junkers 2007 ; TwoCircles 21 May 2007 ; Highbeam 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ The Economist 28 May 2009 ; Contimporist 3 June 2009 ; Tintin.com Musée Hergé 2009 . Jump up ^ Tintin.com Musée Hergé 2009 . Jump up ^ Musée Hergé May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Economist 28 May 2009 ; Contimporist 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Radio Télévision Suisse 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Armitstead & Sprenger 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1991 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ BBC News10 January 1999 . Jump up ^ Horn 1983 . Jump up ^ Adair 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Charles-de-Gaulle.org 1958 ; The New York Times 5 March 1983 ; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` TINTIN / A Brussels Airlines aircraft in Tintin colours '' . Jump up ^ Butter , Susannah ( 24 March 2016 ) , `` Brussels attacks : how Tintin became a symbol of solidarity on Twitter '' , London Evening Standard Bibliography ( edit ) Books Apostolidès , Jean - Marie ( 2010 ) ( 2006 ) . The Metamorphoses of Tintin , or Tintin for Adults . Jocelyn Hoy ( translator ) . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 6031 - 7 . Assouline , Pierre ( 2009 ) ( 1996 ) . Hergé , the Man Who Created Tintin . Charles Ruas ( translator ) . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539759 - 8 . Farr , Michael ( 2001 ) . Tintin : The Complete Companion . London : John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5522 - 0 . Farr , Michael ( 2007 ) . Tintin & Co . London : John Murray Publishers Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4052 - 3264 - 7 . Farr , Michael ( 2007a ) . The Adventures of Hergé ( Re-release ed . ) . San Francisco : Last Gasp ( first published in 2007 by John Murray Publishers Ltd . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86719 - 679 - 5 . Goddin , Philippe ( 2008 ) . The Art of Hergé , Inventor of Tintin : Volume 1 , 1907 -- 1937 . Michael Farr ( translator ) . San Francisco : Last Gasp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86719 - 706 - 8 . Gravett , Paul ( 2005 ) . Graphic Novels : Stories to Change Your Life . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 068 - 8 . Horeau , Yves ( 2004 ) . The Adventures of Tintin at Sea . Michael Farr ( translator ) . London : Hodder & Stoughton ( First published 1999 by John Murray Publishers Ltd . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6119 - 1 . Horn , Maurice ( 1983 ) . World Encyclopedia of Comics ( 2nd Revised ed . ) . New York City : Chelsea House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87754 - 323 - 7 . Lofficier , Jean - Marc ; Lofficier , Randy ( 2002 ) . The Pocket Essential Tintin . Harpenden , Hertfordshire : Pocket Essentials . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904048 - 17 - 6 . McCarthy , Tom ( 2006 ) . Tintin and the Secret of Literature . London : Granta . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86207 - 831 - 4 . McCloud , Scott ( 1993 ) . Understanding Comics : The Invisible Art . Princeton , Wisconsin : Kitchen Sink Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87816 - 243 - 7 . McLaughlin , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Comics as Philosophy . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi ( First published December 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 000 - 5 . Miller , Ann ( 2007 ) . Reading Bande Dessinée : Critical Approaches to French - language Comic Strip . Intellect Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 177 - 2 . Peeters , Benoît ( 1989 ) . Tintin and the World of Hergé . London : Methuen Children 's Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 14882 - 4 . Peeters , Benoît ( 2012 ) ( 2002 ) . Hergé : Son of Tintin . Tina A. Kover ( translator ) . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0454 - 7 . Sadoul , Numa ( 1975 ) . Tintin et moi : entretiens avec Hergé ( Tintin and I : Interviews with Hergé ) ( in French ) . Tournai : Casterman . ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 080052 - 7 . Screech , Matthew ( 2005 ) . Masters of the Ninth Art : Bandes Dessinées and Franco - Belgian Identity . Liverpool University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 938 - 3 . Thompson , Harry ( 1991 ) . Tintin : Hergé and his Creation . London : Hodder and Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 52393 - 3 . Tisseron , Serge ( 1990 ) . Tintin et les Secrets de Famille . Paris : Editions Aubier - Montaigne . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7007 - 2168 - 3 . Tisseron , Serge ( 1993 ) . Tintin et les Secrets d'Hergé . Paris : Editions Hors collection . ISBN 978 - 2 - 258 - 03753 - 3 . News articles Adair , Gilbert ( 10 October 1993 ) . `` A quiff history of time '' . The Sunday Times . London . Armitstead , Claire ; Sprenger , Richard ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Anybody who is constructing a comic strip would be crazy not to learn from Hergé '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original ( video ) on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . John Fardell talks about the influence of Hergé 's drawing style on his own work . Beckford , Martin ( 12 July 2007 ) . `` Ban ' racist ' Tintin book , says CRE '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Billington , Michael ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Bostock , Sarah ; Brennan , Jon ( 10 January 2007 ) . `` Talk of the toon '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Bright , Martin ( 3 January 1999 ) . `` This life : That 's Tintin on the far right A battle is raging for Tintin 's soul . Is he a French hero or a fascist propaganda tool ? '' . The Observer . London . p. 4 . Buswell , Sue ( 27 November 1988 ) . `` ( Unknown title ) '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Conrad , Peter ( 7 March 2004 ) . `` He 'll never act his age '' . The Observer . London . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Cendrowicz , Leo ( 4 May 2010 ) . `` Tintin : Heroic Boy Reporter or Sinister Racist ? '' . Time . New York City . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Clements , Tom ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Tintin and the enigma of academic obsession '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Coxhead , Gabriel ( 7 May 2007 ) . `` Tintin 's new adventures '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Da. , A. ( 3 January 2003 ) . `` Tintin en pleine forme '' ( Tintin in Shape ) . Le Parisien ( in French ) . Paris . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2009 . Fischer , Russ ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Peter Jackson Confirms He Will Make the Next ' Tintin ' Film After ' The Hobbit ' '' . Slash Film . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Junkers , Dorothee ( 22 May 2007 ) . `` Centennial of Tintin 's Hergé noted '' . Taipei Times . Taipei . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Kenneally , Christopher ( 29 September 1991 ) . `` Comics Characters Beloved by Brussels '' . The New York Times . New York City . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Kennedy , Maev ( 19 November 2003 ) . `` Museum aims to draw crowds with cartoon boy wonder aged 75 '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Lichfield , John ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Tintin 's big art adventure '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Macintyre , Ben ( 29 December 2006 ) . `` Blistering barnacles ! Tintin is a Pop Art idol '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . McCarthy , Tom ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Review : From zero to hero '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Mulard , Claudine ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Hollywood , porte d'entrée de Tintin pour séduire l'Amérique '' ( Hollywood : Tintin 's Gateway to Seduce America ) . Le Monde ( in French ) . Paris . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Spielberg said he found a ' soul mate ' in the person of Hergé . Perl - Rosenthal , Nathan ( 2 February 2010 ) . `` In and Out of History '' . The New Republic . Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Pignal , Stanley ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Fans of Tintin cry foul '' . Financial Times . London . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Pollard , Lawrence ( 22 May 2007 ) . `` Belgium honours Tintin 's creator '' . London : BBC News . Archived from the original on 3 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Samuel , Henry ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Tintin ' racist ' court case nears its conclusion after four years '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Soumous , Frederic ( 1 April 2004 ) . `` Tintin et l'exposition de la ville , Bruxelles '' ( Tintin and the City exhibition , Brussels ) . Le Soir ( in French ) . Brussels . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Smurthwaite , Nick ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` Hergé 's Adventure of Tintin '' . The Stage . London . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Vrielink , Jogchum ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Effort to ban Tintin comic book fails in Belgium '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Wagner , Erica ( 9 December 2006 ) . `` Tintin at the top '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Walker , Andrew ( 16 December 2005 ) . `` Faces of the week '' . London : BBC News . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . `` Belgian to Ban ' Racist ' Tintin in the Congo '' . London : BBC News . 28 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . `` Bid to ban ' racist ' Tintin book '' . London : BBC News . 12 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Book chain moves ' racist ' Tintin '' . London : BBC News . 17 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Le Centre Pompidou décolle avec Tintin '' ( The Centre Pompidou Takes Off with Tintin ) . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Paris . 20 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . `` Confused by the cult of Tintin ? You 're not alone '' . London : BBC News . 9 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Dalai Lama honours Tintin and Tutu '' . London : BBC News . 2 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Drawing room : The Belgian Comic Strip Center : Tintin '' . The Independent . London . 15 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Euro coin honours Tintin and Snowy '' . London : BBC News . 8 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Great blistering barnacles '' . The Economist . London . 28 January 1999 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . `` The Hergé museum : Totally Tintin '' . The Economist . London . 28 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` In pictures : Tintin exhibition '' . London : BBC News . 29 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Kuifje maakt opmerkelijke entree op West End '' ( Tintin Makes a Remarkable Entrance on West End ) . Het Laatste Nieuws ( in Dutch ) . Brussels . 13 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . `` Les tintinophiles fêtent les 100 ans d'Hergé '' ( Tintinophiles celebrating 100 years of Hergé ) ( in French ) . Geneva : Radio Télévision Suisse . 28 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Lewd Tintin shocks Belgium '' . London : BBC News . 14 February 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Obituary : Georges Remi , creator of comic figure Tintin '' . The New York Times . New York City . 5 March 1983 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . `` Obituary : Michael Turner : Tintin translator and publisher '' . The Times . London . 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` Paris : '' Mille Sabords ! '' exhibition at the Marine 's Museum `` . Paris : Sipa Press . 3 January 2001 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` Telegraph obituary : Michael Turner '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . `` Tintin Among The Geriatrics : Kitty Holland celebrates the 70th birthday of Belgium 's favourite son , and France 's beloved adoptee , Tintin '' . The Irish Times . Dublin. 9 January 1999 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` Tintin and Snowy Go to the Museum : Pompidou Center Pays Homage to Hergé '' . Der Spiegel . Hamburg. 20 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` Tintin creator 's centenary '' . The Age . Melbourne . 24 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tintin fait une entrée remarquée sur le Broadway londonien '' ( Tintin Makes a Grand Entrance on the London Broadway ) . Le Devoir ( in French ) . Montréal. 14 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tintin Finds His Way to America 's HBO '' . The Baltimore Sun . Baltimore , Maryland . 16 November 1991 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . `` Tintin ' frees ' Tibet '' . London : BBC News . 22 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tintin and I PBS Premiere '' . Arlington , Virginia : POV / PBS . July 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tintin in the Congo not racist , court rules '' . London : BBC News . 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . `` Tintin on trial '' . London : BBC News . 4 February 1999 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tintin praises volunteer efforts '' ( PDF ) . Brussels : Dyslexia International . September 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tintin 's 70 years of adventure '' . London : BBC News . 10 January 1999 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tutu and Tintin to be honoured by Dalai Lama '' . Washington , D.C. : International Campaign for Tibet . 17 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Journal Articles Corn , Howard ( December 1989 ) . `` Tintin comic '' . Eagle Times . 2 ( 4 ) . Farr , Michael ( March 2004 ) . `` Thundering Typhoons '' . History Today . 54 ( 3 ) : 62 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Mills , T.F. ( November 1983 ) . `` America Discovers Tintin '' . The Comics Journal . 1 ( 86 ) : 60 -- 68 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Pain , Stephanie ( April 2004 ) . `` Welcome to the moon , Mr Armstrong '' . New Scientist. 182 ( 2441 ) : 48 -- 49 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Sadoul , Numa ; Didier , Michel ( February 2003 ) . `` The Hergé Interview : Extracts from Entretiens avec Hergé '' . The Comics Journal . 1 ( 250 ) : 180 -- 205 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . English translation : 2003 , copyediting : Kim Thompson . Thompson , Kim ( February 2003 ) . `` Hergé : His Life and Work '' . The Comics Journal . 1 ( 250 ) : 176 -- 179 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Websites Ahl , David H. ( 28 August 2011 ) . `` Hergé ~ Tintin Philately : Stamps , Souvenir Sheets and Covers '' . SwapMeetDave ( a personal website ) . Archived from the original on 3 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Cadambi , Abra ( 2006 ) . `` Hergé & Tintin -- A Guide : Tintin Live ! '' . Hergé & Tintin -- A Guide to all things Hergé ( a personal website ) . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Cadambi , Abra ( 2006 ) . `` Hergé & Tintin -- A Guide : Tintin On Show ! '' . Hergé & Tintin -- A Guide to all things Hergé ( a personal website ) . Archived from the original on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Chiha , Sofiane ( 2 January 2007 ) . `` Célébrations sur toute la planète pour le créateur de Tintin '' ( Celebrations Across the Globe for the Creator of Tintin ) . L'Humanité ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Christensen , Claus ( November 2003 ) . `` Boy Scout with Strange Dreams -- '' Tintin et moi `` '' . Danish Film Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2006 . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Ewing , Garen ( 1995 ) . `` In Defence of Hergé '' . Tintinologist.org / Vicious magazine . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Gravett , Paul ( 20 April 2008 ) . `` Hergé & The Clear Line : Part 1 '' . PaulGravett.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Hodgson , Leda ( 17 April 2008 ) . `` Leda Hodgson '' . Theatre Maketa . Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2008 . Tintin and the Black Island adapted by Geoffrey Case from Hergé . Unicorn Theatre Company 1980 . de Koning Gans , Wim ( 28 January 2005 ) . `` Comic Strip Murals in Brussels '' . PBase.com -- Wim de Koning Gans ( a personal website ) . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Lorenzi , Anthony ( 28 August 2011 ) . `` Tintin in stamps '' . TintinMilou.free.fr ( a personal website ) . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Mills , T.F. ( 1 February 1996 ) . `` The Adventures of Tintin : A History of the Anglo - American Editions '' . Le site d'Hergé . Archived from the original on 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 September 2006 . Moura , Carlos Gustavo ( 1999 ) . `` Hergé et la ligne claire '' ( Hergé and the Clear Line ) . Hergé : l'homme et l'oeuvre ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Owens , Chris ( 25 February 2004 ) . `` Tintin : 60 Years Of Adventure '' . Tintinologist.org . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Owens , Chris ( 10 July 2004 ) . `` Interview with Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale - Cooper '' . Tintinologist.org . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Owens , Chris ( 1 October 2004 ) . `` Tintin crosses the Atlantic : The Golden Press affair '' . Tintinologist.org . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2007 . Perrotte , Patrick ; Van Gong , Luc ( 2006 ) . `` Tintin en Suisse '' ( Tintin in Switzerland ) . Tintin est Vivant ! ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Wainman , Richard ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Tintin Audio Releases '' . Tintinologist.org . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Tintin : Le Temple du Soleil . Tabas&Co 5005 , 2002 . ( Charleroi cast ) Wainman , Richard ( 5 January 2007 ) . `` Hergé at the Centre Pompidou '' . Tintinologist.org . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . White , Ethan ( 12 June 2007 ) . `` Tintin and the world of stamps '' . Tintinologist.org . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Yusuf , Bulent ( 14 November 2005 ) . `` Alphabetti Fumetti : H is for Hergé '' . Ninth Art . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` 10 euro Tintin '' . Coin Database. 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` The Adventures of Tintin at Sea -- a major new exhibition at the National Maritime Museum '' . Royal Museums Greenwich . 13 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` The Adventures of Tintin : The Game ( 2011 ) '' . MobyGames.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . `` Belgium -- 2007 -- 20 euro -- Tintin 100yr Hergé '' . NumisCollect . June 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` The catalogue for the Hergé Museum has arrived ! '' . Tintin.com. 18 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Comic lovers remember Hergé , creator of Tintin and Snowy '' . TwoCircles.net ( which reprinted the story without attribution ) . 21 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Comic lovers remember Hergé , creator of Tintin and Snowy '' . Highbeam Research ( which reprinted the story with attribution to Hindustan Times , New Delhi , India ) . 21 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Comic book route in Brussels '' . City of Brussels . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` De Gaulle seen by himself '' . Foundation Charles-de-Gaulle.org . September 1958 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` An Exhibition in Tokyo '' . Tintin.com. 16 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` Explorers on the Moon Coin Set '' . Tintinesque.com. 8 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` The Great Wave '' . The Tintin Trivia Quiz. 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . `` Hergé at the Centre Pompidou '' . CentrePompidou.fr ( in French ) . 20 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Hergè exhibition at the Pompidou Centre , Paris '' . designboom. 20 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin at the Barbican Theatre '' . Barbican.org.uk. 1 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . `` Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin ( Musical ) '' . SoniaFriedman.com . November 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . `` Hergé -- Hachette Book Group '' . Hachette Book Group . 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` The Hergé Museum by Christian de Portzamparc '' . Contemporist. 3 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` How to tell a Thompson from a Thomson '' . The Tintin Trivia Quiz. 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . `` Mille sabords ! '' ( Billions of Blistering Barnacles ! ) ( in French ) . Tintin.com. 21 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` Musée Hergé Temporary exhibition : Into Tibet with Tintin '' . Musée Hergé . May 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . `` Moulinsart '' . Tintin.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` New 20 euro coin from Belgium '' . Coin Talk . 13 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` The Royal Literary Fund -- Geoffrey Case '' . RLF.org. 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . `` Rufus Norris to direct World Premiere of Tintin '' . YoungVic.org . November 2005 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . `` Search for a coin -- Tintin '' . Numista.com. 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` The Twelve Adventures of Tintin Gold Medallion Set '' . Chard ( UK coin and bullion ) . 1995 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Tintin -- Egmont Group '' . Egmont Group . 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` Tintin '' . A personal website ( Netherlands ) . 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2007 . `` Tintin in Tibet ( 1995 ) '' . MobyGames.com. 1995 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . `` Tintin : Prisoners of the Sun ( 1996 ) '' . MobyGames.com. 1996 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . `` Tintin : Destination Adventure ( 2001 ) '' . MobyGames.com. 2001 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . `` Tintin in America : One of a set of 12 gold medals featuring the most famous Belgian '' . OmniCoin.com. 20 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . `` Tintin on the Moon ( 1989 ) '' . MobyGames.com. 1989 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . `` Tintin on the Moon '' . Sinclair Infoseek. 1989 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . `` Visitez l'Expo ' Tintin au Musee de la Marine ' 48 H Avant son Ouverture ! '' ( Visit the Museum Expo ' Tintin in the Navy ' 48 H Before Opening ! ) ( in French ) . BDzoom.com. 19 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . `` Youth philately , Tintin 1v '' . PostBeeld.com ( Netherlands ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Books Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the `` The Adventures of Tintin '' article dated 2006 - 02 - 20 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Goddin , Philippe ( 2010 ) . The Art of Hergé , Inventor of Tintin : Volume 2 , 1937 -- 1949 . Michael Farr ( translator ) . San Francisco : Last Gasp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86719 - 724 - 2 . Goddin , Philippe ( 2011 ) . The Art of Hergé , Inventor of Tintin : Volume 3 : 1950 -- 1983 . Michael Farr ( translator ) . San Francisco : Last Gasp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86719 - 763 - 1 . Taylor , Raphaël ( 8 November 2012 ) . Hergé : The Genius of Tintin : A Biography . London : Icon Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84831 - 275 - 3 . News Articles Dowling , Stephen ( 9 January 2004 ) . `` Boy reporter still a global hero '' . London : BBC News . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jessel , Stephen ( 29 November 1998 ) . `` Crazy for Tintin '' . London : BBC News . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Pandey , Geeta ( 28 September 2005 ) . `` Tintin ventures into India 's rural markets '' . London : BBC News . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . `` Tintin conquers China '' . London : BBC News . 23 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Websites Østergaard , Anders ( 2003 ) . `` Tintin et Moi ( Entire documentary ) '' . Vimeo.com . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Curran , James ( 17 October 2011 ) . `` Unofficial title sequence for The Adventures of Tintin , featuring elements from each of the 24 books '' . Vimeo.com . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tintin . Official website Tintinologist.org , the oldest and largest English - language Tintin fan site <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé The Adventures of Tintin Tintin in the Land of the Soviets ( 1930 ) Tintin in the Congo ( 1931 ) Tintin in America ( 1932 ) Cigars of the Pharaoh ( 1934 ) The Blue Lotus ( 1936 ) The Broken Ear ( 1937 ) The Black Island ( 1938 ) King Ottokar 's Sceptre ( 1939 ) The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1941 ) The Shooting Star ( 1942 ) The Secret of the Unicorn ( 1943 ) Red Rackham 's Treasure ( 1944 ) The Seven Crystal Balls ( 1948 ) Prisoners of the Sun ( 1949 ) Land of Black Gold ( 1950 ) Destination Moon ( 1953 ) Explorers on the Moon ( 1954 ) The Calculus Affair ( 1956 ) The Red Sea Sharks ( 1958 ) Tintin in Tibet ( 1960 ) The Castafiore Emerald ( 1963 ) Flight 714 to Sydney ( 1968 ) Tintin and the Picaros ( 1976 ) Tintin and Alph - Art ( 1986 , unfinished ) Characters Tintin Snowy Captain Haddock Professor Calculus Thomson and Thompson Rastapopoulos Bianca Castafiore Chang Chong - Chen Nestor Jolyon Wagg Settings Borduria Khemed Marlinspike Hall San Theodoros Syldavia The Unicorn Wadesdah Other settings Feature films The Crab with the Golden Claws ( 1947 ) Tintin and the Golden Fleece ( 1961 ) Tintin and the Blue Oranges ( 1964 ) Tintin and the Temple of the Sun ( 1969 ) Tintin and the Lake of Sharks ( 1972 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Television series Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin ( 1958 -- 62 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 1991 -- 92 ) Home video Documentaries I , Tintin ( 1976 ) Tintin and I ( 2003 ) Stage The Mystery of the Blue Diamond ( 1941 ) Kuifje -- De Zonnetempel ( De Musical ) ( 2001 ) Tintin -- Le Temple du Soleil -- Le Spectacle Musical ( 2002 ) Video games Tintin on the Moon ( 1987 ) Tintin in Tibet ( 1996 ) Prisoners of the Sun ( 1997 ) Tintin : Destination Adventure ( 2001 ) The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn ( 2011 ) Other media and memorabilia Le Thermozéro Tintin media Books about Tintin Tintin and the World of Hergé Tintin magazine Tintin postage stamps Tintin coins Collaborators of Hergé Studios Hergé Bob de Moor Edgar P. Jacobs Jacques Martin Greg Roger Leloup Josette Baujot Jacques Van Melkebeke Zhang Chongren Legacy of Hergé Hergé Foundation Ideology of Tintin Ligne claire Musée Hergé Parodies and pastiches Breaking Free Tintin in Thailand Publishers Casterman Le Lombard Methuen Publishing Le Petit Vingtième Le Soir Tintin ( magazine ) Little , Brown & Co . Literary critics Michael Farr Philippe Goddin Benoît Peeters Yves Rodier Numa Sadoul <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Hergé and Tintin Category : Tintin <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Franco - Belgian comics by Hergé <Td_colspan="2"> The Adventures of Totor ( 1926 ) Quick & Flupke ( 1930 -- 40 ) Popol Out West ( 1934 ) Jo , Zette and Jocko ( 1936 -- 57 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 1929 -- 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Minor comics by Hergé ( 1928 -- 69 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Ligne claire comics <Td_colspan="2"> Hergé The Adventures of Tintin Jo , Zette and Jocko Quick and Flupke Bob de Moor Barelli Edgar P. Jacobs Blake and Mortimer Willy Vandersteen Spike and Suzy Jacques Martin The Adventures of Alix Roger Leloup Yoko Tsuno Joost Swarte Yves Chaland The Adventures of Freddy Lombard Henk Kuijpers Franka Dick Briel Professor Palmboom Garen Ewing The Rainbow Orchid Belgium portal Comics portal Children 's literature portal Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 183133961 GND : 4306653 - 7 SUDOC : 156676834 BNF : cb16534464s ( data ) MusicBrainz : 673cb98a - 753b - 4a88 - a682 - a60d93faefc6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Tintin&oldid=797834468 '' Categories : Tintin 1929 comics debuts Action - adventure comics Comics by Hergé Belgian comic strips Scouting and Guiding in Belgium Adventure comics Humor comics Belgian speculative fiction works Satirical comics Political comic strips 1975 comics endings Comics set in the 1920s Comics set in the 1930s Comics set in the 1940s Comics set in the 1950s Comics set in the 1960s Comics set in the 1970s Comics set in Belgium Belgian culture Belgian comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated films Comics adapted into animated series Comics adapted into plays Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into video games Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from August 2013 Title pop Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Dutch - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans العربية Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 12 : 49 . 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1. The Adventures of Tintin 2. Tintin characters 3. Hergé 4. Tintin comics 5. Tintin adaptations