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where is episode 7 of game of thrones filmed

Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 6 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran Stark returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 <Td_colspan="7"> At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 <Td_colspan="7"> Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 <Td_colspan="7"> Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 <Td_colspan="7"> Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 <Td_colspan="7"> Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 <Td_colspan="7"> At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 <Td_colspan="7"> At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=802317045 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 11 : 50 . 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1. Game of Thrones season 7 2. Plot and storyline 3. New cast members 4. Filming locations 5. Critical reception and ratings

which of the following is closest to the speed of light in a vacuum

Speed of light - wikipedia Speed of light `` Lightspeed '' redirects here . For other uses , see Speed of light ( disambiguation ) and Lightspeed ( disambiguation ) . Speed of light <Td_colspan="2"> Sunlight takes about 8 minutes 17 seconds to travel the average distance from the surface of the Sun to the Earth . <Th_colspan="2"> Exact values metres per second 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 Planck length per Planck time ( i.e. , Planck units ) <Th_colspan="2"> Approximate values ( to three significant digits ) kilometres per hour 7009108000000000000 ♠ 1080000000 miles per second 7005186000000000000 ♠ 186 000 miles per hour 7008671000000000000 ♠ 671 000 000 astronomical units per day 173 parsecs per year 0.307 <Th_colspan="2"> Approximate light signal travel times Distance Time one foot 1.0 ns one metre 3.3 ns from geostationary orbit to Earth 119 ms the length of Earth 's equator 134 ms from Moon to Earth 1.3 s from Sun to Earth ( 1 AU ) 8.3 min one light year 1.0 year one parsec 3.26 years from nearest star to Sun ( 1.3 pc ) 4.2 years from the nearest galaxy ( the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy ) to Earth 7011788940000000000 ♠ 25 000 years across the Milky Way 7012315576000000000 ♠ 100 000 years from the Andromeda Galaxy to Earth 2.5 million years from Earth to the edge of the observable universe 46.5 billion years Special relativity Principle of relativity Theory of relativity Doubly special relativity de Sitter invariant special relativity General relativity Foundations ( show ) Simultaneity Relativity of simultaneity Relative motion Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Rest frame Center - of - momentum frame Speed of light Maxwell 's equations Lorentz transformation Consequences ( show ) Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Relativistic mass Mass -- energy equivalence Length contraction Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Relativistic disk Bell 's spaceship paradox Ehrenfest paradox Spacetime ( show ) Minkowski spacetime World line Spacetime diagrams Light cone Dynamics ( show ) Proper time Proper mass Lorentz scalar 4 - momentum History Precursors ( show ) Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Aether theories People ( show ) Einstein Sommerfeld Michelson Morley FitzGerald Herglotz Lorentz Poincaré Minkowski Fizeau Abraham Planck von Laue Ehrenfest Tolman Dirac Alternative formulations of special relativity The speed of light in vacuum , commonly denoted c , is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics . Its exact value is 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299,792,458 metres per second ( approximately 300,000 km / s ( 186,000 mi / s ) ) . It is exact because by international agreement a metre is defined to be the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 299792458 second . According to special relativity , c is the maximum speed at which all conventional matter and hence all known forms of information in the universe can travel . Though this speed is most commonly associated with light , it is in fact the speed at which all massless particles and changes of the associated fields travel in vacuum ( including electromagnetic radiation and gravitational waves ) . Such particles and waves travel at c regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial reference frame of the observer . In the special and general theories of relativity , c interrelates space and time , and also appears in the famous equation of mass -- energy equivalence E = mc . The speed at which light propagates through transparent materials , such as glass or air , is less than c ; similarly , the speed of electromagnetic waves in wire cables is slower than c . The ratio between c and the speed v at which light travels in a material is called the refractive index n of the material ( n = c / v ) . For example , for visible light the refractive index of glass is typically around 1.5 , meaning that light in glass travels at c / 1.5 ≈ 200,000 km / s ( 124,000 mi / s ) ; the refractive index of air for visible light is about 1.0003 , so the speed of light in air is about 299,700 km / s ( 186,220 mi / s ) , which is about 90 km / s ( 56 mi / s ) slower than c . For many practical purposes , light and other electromagnetic waves will appear to propagate instantaneously , but for long distances and very sensitive measurements , their finite speed has noticeable effects . In communicating with distant space probes , it can take minutes to hours for a message to get from Earth to the spacecraft , or vice versa . The light seen from stars left them many years ago , allowing the study of the history of the universe by looking at distant objects . The finite speed of light also limits the theoretical maximum speed of computers , since information must be sent within the computer from chip to chip . The speed of light can be used with time of flight measurements to measure large distances to high precision . Ole Rømer first demonstrated in 1676 that light travels at a finite speed ( as opposed to instantaneously ) by studying the apparent motion of Jupiter 's moon Io . In 1865 , James Clerk Maxwell proposed that light was an electromagnetic wave , and therefore travelled at the speed c appearing in his theory of electromagnetism . In 1905 , Albert Einstein postulated that the speed of light c with respect to any inertial frame is a constant and is independent of the motion of the light source . He explored the consequences of that postulate by deriving the theory of relativity and in doing so showed that the parameter c had relevance outside of the context of light and electromagnetism . After centuries of increasingly precise measurements , in 1975 the speed of light was known to be 299 792 458 m / s ( 983 571 056 ft / s ; 186 282.397 mi / s ) with a measurement uncertainty of 4 parts per billion . In 1983 , the metre was redefined in the International System of Units ( SI ) as the distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1 / 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 of a second . Contents ( hide ) 1 Numerical value , notation , and units 2 Fundamental role in physics 2.1 Upper limit on speeds 3 Faster - than - light observations and experiments 4 Propagation of light 4.1 In a medium 5 Practical effects of finiteness 5.1 Small scales 5.2 Large distances on Earth 5.3 Spaceflights and astronomy 5.4 Distance measurement 5.5 High - frequency trading 6 Measurement 6.1 Astronomical measurements 6.1. 1 Astronomical unit 6.2 Time of flight techniques 6.3 Electromagnetic constants 6.4 Cavity resonance 6.5 Interferometry 7 History 7.1 Early history 7.2 First measurement attempts 7.3 Connections with electromagnetism 7.4 `` Luminiferous aether '' 7.5 Special relativity 7.6 Increased accuracy of c and redefinition of the metre and second 7.7 Defining the speed of light as an explicit constant 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historical references 11.2 Modern references 12 External links Numerical value , notation , and units The speed of light in vacuum is usually denoted by a lowercase c , for `` constant '' or the Latin celeritas ( meaning `` swiftness , celerity '' ) . In 1856 , Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch had used c for a different constant later shown to equal √ 2 times the speed of light in vacuum . Historically , the symbol V was used as an alternative symbol for the speed of light , introduced by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865 . In 1894 , Paul Drude redefined c with its modern meaning . Einstein used V in his original German - language papers on special relativity in 1905 , but in 1907 he switched to c , which by then had become the standard symbol for the speed of light . Sometimes c is used for the speed of waves in any material medium , and c for the speed of light in vacuum . This subscripted notation , which is endorsed in official SI literature , has the same form as other related constants : namely , μ for the vacuum permeability or magnetic constant , ε for the vacuum permittivity or electric constant , and Z for the impedance of free space . This article uses c exclusively for the speed of light in vacuum . Since 1983 , the metre has been defined in the International System of Units ( SI ) as the distance light travels in vacuum in ​ ⁄ of a second . This definition fixes the speed of light in vacuum at exactly 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299,792,458 m / s . As a dimensional physical constant , the numerical value of c is different for different unit systems . In branches of physics in which c appears often , such as in relativity , it is common to use systems of natural units of measurement or the geometrized unit system where c = 1 . Using these units , c does not appear explicitly because multiplication or division by 1 does not affect the result . Fundamental role in Physics See also : Special relativity and One - way speed of light The speed at which light waves propagate in vacuum is independent both of the motion of the wave source and of the inertial frame of reference of the observer . This invariance of the speed of light was postulated by Einstein in 1905 , after being motivated by Maxwell 's theory of electromagnetism and the lack of evidence for the luminiferous aether ; it has since been consistently confirmed by many experiments . It is only possible to verify experimentally that the two - way speed of light ( for example , from a source to a mirror and back again ) is frame - independent , because it is impossible to measure the one - way speed of light ( for example , from a source to a distant detector ) without some convention as to how clocks at the source and at the detector should be synchronized . However , by adopting Einstein synchronization for the clocks , the one - way speed of light becomes equal to the two - way speed of light by definition . The special theory of relativity explores the consequences of this invariance of c with the assumption that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference . One consequence is that c is the speed at which all massless particles and waves , including light , must travel in vacuum . The Lorentz factor γ as a function of velocity . It starts at 1 and approaches infinity as v approaches c . Special relativity has many counterintuitive and experimentally verified implications . These include the equivalence of mass and energy ( E = mc ) , length contraction ( moving objects shorten ) , and time dilation ( moving clocks run more slowly ) . The factor γ by which lengths contract and times dilate is known as the Lorentz factor and is given by γ = ( 1 − v / c ) , where v is the speed of the object . The difference of γ from 1 is negligible for speeds much slower than c , such as most everyday speeds -- in which case special relativity is closely approximated by Galilean relativity -- but it increases at relativistic speeds and diverges to infinity as v approaches c . For example , a time dilation factor of γ = 2 occurs at a relative velocity of 86.6 % of the speed of light ( v = . 866c ) . Similarly , a time dilation factor of γ = 10 occurs at v = 99.5 % c . The results of special relativity can be summarized by treating space and time as a unified structure known as spacetime ( with c relating the units of space and time ) , and requiring that physical theories satisfy a special symmetry called Lorentz invariance , whose mathematical formulation contains the parameter c . Lorentz invariance is an almost universal assumption for modern physical theories , such as quantum electrodynamics , quantum chromodynamics , the Standard Model of particle physics , and general relativity . As such , the parameter c is ubiquitous in modern physics , appearing in many contexts that are unrelated to light . For example , general relativity predicts that c is also the speed of gravity and of gravitational waves . In non-inertial frames of reference ( gravitationally curved spacetime or accelerated reference frames ) , the local speed of light is constant and equal to c , but the speed of light along a trajectory of finite length can differ from c , depending on how distances and times are defined . It is generally assumed that fundamental constants such as c have the same value throughout spacetime , meaning that they do not depend on location and do not vary with time . However , it has been suggested in various theories that the speed of light may have changed over time . No conclusive evidence for such changes has been found , but they remain the subject of ongoing research . It also is generally assumed that the speed of light is isotropic , meaning that it has the same value regardless of the direction in which it is measured . Observations of the emissions from nuclear energy levels as a function of the orientation of the emitting nuclei in a magnetic field ( see Hughes -- Drever experiment ) , and of rotating optical resonators ( see Resonator experiments ) have put stringent limits on the possible two - way anisotropy . Upper limit on speeds According to special relativity , the energy of an object with rest mass m and speed v is given by γmc , where γ is the Lorentz factor defined above . When v is zero , γ is equal to one , giving rise to the famous E = mc formula for mass -- energy equivalence . The γ factor approaches infinity as v approaches c , and it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object with mass to the speed of light . The speed of light is the upper limit for the speeds of objects with positive rest mass , and individual photons can not travel faster than the speed of light . This is experimentally established in many tests of relativistic energy and momentum . Event A precedes B in the red frame , is simultaneous with B in the green frame , and follows B in the blue frame . More generally , it is normally impossible for information or energy to travel faster than c . One argument for this follows from the counter-intuitive implication of special relativity known as the relativity of simultaneity . If the spatial distance between two events A and B is greater than the time interval between them multiplied by c then there are frames of reference in which A precedes B , others in which B precedes A , and others in which they are simultaneous . As a result , if something were travelling faster than c relative to an inertial frame of reference , it would be travelling backwards in time relative to another frame , and causality would be violated . In such a frame of reference , an `` effect '' could be observed before its `` cause '' . Such a violation of causality has never been recorded , and would lead to paradoxes such as the tachyonic antitelephone . Faster - than - light observations and experiments Main article : Faster - than - light Further information : Superluminal motion There are situations in which it may seem that matter , energy , or information travels at speeds greater than c , but they do not . For example , as is discussed in the propagation of light in a medium section below , many wave velocities can exceed c . For example , the phase velocity of X-rays through most glasses can routinely exceed c , but phase velocity does not determine the velocity at which waves convey information . If a laser beam is swept quickly across a distant object , the spot of light can move faster than c , although the initial movement of the spot is delayed because of the time it takes light to get to the distant object at the speed c . However , the only physical entities that are moving are the laser and its emitted light , which travels at the speed c from the laser to the various positions of the spot . Similarly , a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move faster than c , after a delay in time . In neither case does any matter , energy , or information travel faster than light . The rate of change in the distance between two objects in a frame of reference with respect to which both are moving ( their closing speed ) may have a value in excess of c . However , this does not represent the speed of any single object as measured in a single inertial frame . Certain quantum effects appear to be transmitted instantaneously and therefore faster than c , as in the EPR paradox . An example involves the quantum states of two particles that can be entangled . Until either of the particles is observed , they exist in a superposition of two quantum states . If the particles are separated and one particle 's quantum state is observed , the other particle 's quantum state is determined instantaneously ( i.e. , faster than light could travel from one particle to the other ) . However , it is impossible to control which quantum state the first particle will take on when it is observed , so information can not be transmitted in this manner . Another quantum effect that predicts the occurrence of faster - than - light speeds is called the Hartman effect : under certain conditions the time needed for a virtual particle to tunnel through a barrier is constant , regardless of the thickness of the barrier . This could result in a virtual particle crossing a large gap faster - than - light . However , no information can be sent using this effect . So - called superluminal motion is seen in certain astronomical objects , such as the relativistic jets of radio galaxies and quasars . However , these jets are not moving at speeds in excess of the speed of light : the apparent superluminal motion is a projection effect caused by objects moving near the speed of light and approaching Earth at a small angle to the line of sight : since the light which was emitted when the jet was farther away took longer to reach the Earth , the time between two successive observations corresponds to a longer time between the instants at which the light rays were emitted . In models of the expanding universe , the farther galaxies are from each other , the faster they drift apart . This receding is not due to motion through space , but rather to the expansion of space itself . For example , galaxies far away from Earth appear to be moving away from the Earth with a speed proportional to their distances . Beyond a boundary called the Hubble sphere , the rate at which their distance from Earth increases becomes greater than the speed of light . Propagation of light In classical physics , light is described as a type of electromagnetic wave . The classical behaviour of the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell 's equations , which predict that the speed c with which electromagnetic waves ( such as light ) propagate through the vacuum is related to the distributed capacitance and inductance of the vacuum , otherwise respectively known as the electric constant ε and the magnetic constant μ , by the equation c = 1 ε 0 μ 0 . ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) \ . ) In modern quantum physics , the electromagnetic field is described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) . In this theory , light is described by the fundamental excitations ( or quanta ) of the electromagnetic field , called photons . In QED , photons are massless particles and thus , according to special relativity , they travel at the speed of light in vacuum . Extensions of QED in which the photon has a mass have been considered . In such a theory , its speed would depend on its frequency , and the invariant speed c of special relativity would then be the upper limit of the speed of light in vacuum . No variation of the speed of light with frequency has been observed in rigorous testing , putting stringent limits on the mass of the photon . The limit obtained depends on the model used : if the massive photon is described by Proca theory , the experimental upper bound for its mass is about 10 grams ; if photon mass is generated by a Higgs mechanism , the experimental upper limit is less sharp , m ≤ 10 eV / c ( roughly 2 × 10 g ) . Another reason for the speed of light to vary with its frequency would be the failure of special relativity to apply to arbitrarily small scales , as predicted by some proposed theories of quantum gravity . In 2009 , the observation of the spectrum of gamma - ray burst GRB 090510 did not find any difference in the speeds of photons of different energies , confirming that Lorentz invariance is verified at least down to the scale of the Planck length ( l = √ ħ G / c ≈ 6965161630000000000 ♠ 1.6163 × 10 m ) divided by 1.2 . In a medium See also : Refractive index In a medium , light usually does not propagate at a speed equal to c ; further , different types of light wave will travel at different speeds . The speed at which the individual crests and troughs of a plane wave ( a wave filling the whole space , with only one frequency ) propagate is called the phase velocity v. An actual physical signal with a finite extent ( a pulse of light ) travels at a different speed . The largest part of the pulse travels at the group velocity v , and its earliest part travels at the front velocity v . The blue dot moves at the speed of the ripples , the phase velocity ; the green dot moves with the speed of the envelope , the group velocity ; and the red dot moves with the speed of the foremost part of the pulse , the front velocity The phase velocity is important in determining how a light wave travels through a material or from one material to another . It is often represented in terms of a refractive index . The refractive index of a material is defined as the ratio of c to the phase velocity v in the material : larger indices of refraction indicate lower speeds . The refractive index of a material may depend on the light 's frequency , intensity , polarization , or direction of propagation ; in many cases , though , it can be treated as a material - dependent constant . The refractive index of air is approximately 1.0003 . Denser media , such as water , glass , and diamond , have refractive indexes of around 1.3 , 1.5 and 2.4 , respectively , for visible light . In exotic materials like Bose -- Einstein condensates near absolute zero , the effective speed of light may be only a few metres per second . However , this represents absorption and re-radiation delay between atoms , as do all slower - than - c speeds in material substances . As an extreme example of light `` slowing '' in matter , two independent teams of physicists claimed to bring light to a `` complete standstill '' by passing it through a Bose -- Einstein condensate of the element rubidium , one team at Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science in Cambridge , Mass. , and the other at the Harvard -- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , also in Cambridge . However , the popular description of light being `` stopped '' in these experiments refers only to light being stored in the excited states of atoms , then re-emitted at an arbitrarily later time , as stimulated by a second laser pulse . During the time it had `` stopped , '' it had ceased to be light . This type of behaviour is generally microscopically true of all transparent media which `` slow '' the speed of light . In transparent materials , the refractive index generally is greater than 1 , meaning that the phase velocity is less than c . In other materials , it is possible for the refractive index to become smaller than 1 for some frequencies ; in some exotic materials it is even possible for the index of refraction to become negative . The requirement that causality is not violated implies that the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of any material , corresponding respectively to the index of refraction and to the attenuation coefficient , are linked by the Kramers -- Kronig relations . In practical terms , this means that in a material with refractive index less than 1 , the absorption of the wave is so quick that no signal can be sent faster than c . A pulse with different group and phase velocities ( which occurs if the phase velocity is not the same for all the frequencies of the pulse ) smears out over time , a process known as dispersion . Certain materials have an exceptionally low ( or even zero ) group velocity for light waves , a phenomenon called slow light , which has been confirmed in various experiments . The opposite , group velocities exceeding c , has also been shown in experiment . It should even be possible for the group velocity to become infinite or negative , with pulses travelling instantaneously or backwards in time . None of these options , however , allow information to be transmitted faster than c . It is impossible to transmit information with a light pulse any faster than the speed of the earliest part of the pulse ( the front velocity ) . It can be shown that this is ( under certain assumptions ) always equal to c . It is possible for a particle to travel through a medium faster than the phase velocity of light in that medium ( but still slower than c ) . When a charged particle does that in a dielectric material , the electromagnetic equivalent of a shock wave , known as Cherenkov radiation , is emitted . Practical effects of finiteness The speed of light is of relevance to communications : the one - way and round - trip delay time are greater than zero . This applies from small to astronomical scales . On the other hand , some techniques depend on the finite speed of light , for example in distance measurements . Small scales In supercomputers , the speed of light imposes a limit on how quickly data can be sent between processors . If a processor operates at 1 gigahertz , a signal can only travel a maximum of about 30 centimetres ( 1 ft ) in a single cycle . Processors must therefore be placed close to each other to minimize communication latencies ; this can cause difficulty with cooling . If clock frequencies continue to increase , the speed of light will eventually become a limiting factor for the internal design of single chips . Large distances on Earth Given that the equatorial circumference of the Earth is about 7007400750000000000 ♠ 40 075 km and that c is about 7008300000000000000 ♠ 300 000 km / s , the theoretical shortest time for a piece of information to travel half the globe along the surface is about 67 milliseconds . When light is travelling around the globe in an optical fibre , the actual transit time is longer , in part because the speed of light is slower by about 35 % in an optical fibre , depending on its refractive index n . Furthermore , straight lines rarely occur in global communications situations , and delays are created when the signal passes through an electronic switch or signal regenerator . Spaceflights and Astronomy A beam of light is depicted travelling between the Earth and the Moon in the time it takes a light pulse to move between them : 1.255 seconds at their mean orbital ( surface - to - surface ) distance . The relative sizes and separation of the Earth -- Moon system are shown to scale . Similarly , communications between the Earth and spacecraft are not instantaneous . There is a brief delay from the source to the receiver , which becomes more noticeable as distances increase . This delay was significant for communications between ground control and Apollo 8 when it became the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon : for every question , the ground control station had to wait at least three seconds for the answer to arrive . The communications delay between Earth and Mars can vary between five and twenty minutes depending upon the relative positions of the two planets . As a consequence of this , if a robot on the surface of Mars were to encounter a problem , its human controllers would not be aware of it until at least five minutes later , and possibly up to twenty minutes later ; it would then take a further five to twenty minutes for instructions to travel from Earth to Mars . NASA must wait several hours for information from a probe orbiting Jupiter , and if it needs to correct a navigation error , the fix will not arrive at the spacecraft for an equal amount of time , creating a risk of the correction not arriving in time . Receiving light and other signals from distant astronomical sources can even take much longer . For example , it has taken 13 billion ( 13 × 10 ) years for light to travel to Earth from the faraway galaxies viewed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field images . Those photographs , taken today , capture images of the galaxies as they appeared 13 billion years ago , when the universe was less than a billion years old . The fact that more distant objects appear to be younger , due to the finite speed of light , allows astronomers to infer the evolution of stars , of galaxies , and of the universe itself . Astronomical distances are sometimes expressed in light - years , especially in popular science publications and media . A light - year is the distance light travels in one year , around 9461 billion kilometres , 5879 billion miles , or 0.3066 parsecs . In round figures , a light year is nearly 10 trillion kilometres or nearly 6 trillion miles . Proxima Centauri , the closest star to Earth after the Sun , is around 4.2 light - years away . Distance measurement Main article : Distance measurement Radar systems measure the distance to a target by the time it takes a radio - wave pulse to return to the radar antenna after being reflected by the target : the distance to the target is half the round - trip transit time multiplied by the speed of light . A Global Positioning System ( GPS ) receiver measures its distance to GPS satellites based on how long it takes for a radio signal to arrive from each satellite , and from these distances calculates the receiver 's position . Because light travels about 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300 000 kilometres ( 7008299337984000000 ♠ 186 000 mi ) in one second , these measurements of small fractions of a second must be very precise . The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment , radar astronomy and the Deep Space Network determine distances to the Moon , planets and spacecraft , respectively , by measuring round - trip transit times . High - frequency trading The speed of light has become important in high - frequency trading , where traders seek to gain minute advantages by delivering their trades to exchanges fractions of a second ahead of other traders . For example , traders have been switching to microwave communications between trading hubs , because of the advantage which microwaves travelling at near to the speed of light in air , have over fibre optic signals which travel 30 -- 40 % slower at the speed of light through glass . Measurement There are different ways to determine the value of c . One way is to measure the actual speed at which light waves propagate , which can be done in various astronomical and earth - based setups . However , it is also possible to determine c from other physical laws where it appears , for example , by determining the values of the electromagnetic constants ε and μ and using their relation to c . Historically , the most accurate results have been obtained by separately determining the frequency and wavelength of a light beam , with their product equalling c . In 1983 the metre was defined as `` the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of ​ ⁄ of a second '' , fixing the value of the speed of light at 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 m / s by definition , as described below . Consequently , accurate measurements of the speed of light yield an accurate realization of the metre rather than an accurate value of c . Astronomical measurements Measurement of the speed of light using the eclipse of Io by Jupiter Outer space is a convenient setting for measuring the speed of light because of its large scale and nearly perfect vacuum . Typically , one measures the time needed for light to traverse some reference distance in the solar system , such as the radius of the Earth 's orbit . Historically , such measurements could be made fairly accurately , compared to how accurately the length of the reference distance is known in Earth - based units . It is customary to express the results in astronomical units ( AU ) per day . Ole Christensen Rømer used an astronomical measurement to make the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light . When measured from Earth , the periods of moons orbiting a distant planet are shorter when the Earth is approaching the planet than when the Earth is receding from it . The distance travelled by light from the planet ( or its moon ) to Earth is shorter when the Earth is at the point in its orbit that is closest to its planet than when the Earth is at the farthest point in its orbit , the difference in distance being the diameter of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun . The observed change in the moon 's orbital period is caused by the difference in the time it takes light to traverse the shorter or longer distance . Rømer observed this effect for Jupiter 's innermost moon Io and deduced that light takes 22 minutes to cross the diameter of the Earth 's orbit . Aberration of light : light from a distant source appears to be from a different location for a moving telescope due to the finite speed of light . Another method is to use the aberration of light , discovered and explained by James Bradley in the 18th century . This effect results from the vector addition of the velocity of light arriving from a distant source ( such as a star ) and the velocity of its observer ( see diagram on the right ) . A moving observer thus sees the light coming from a slightly different direction and consequently sees the source at a position shifted from its original position . Since the direction of the Earth 's velocity changes continuously as the Earth orbits the Sun , this effect causes the apparent position of stars to move around . From the angular difference in the position of stars ( maximally 20.5 arcseconds ) it is possible to express the speed of light in terms of the Earth 's velocity around the Sun , which with the known length of a year can be converted to the time needed to travel from the Sun to the Earth . In 1729 , Bradley used this method to derive that light travelled 10,210 times faster than the Earth in its orbit ( the modern figure is 10,066 times faster ) or , equivalently , that it would take light 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth . Astronomical unit An astronomical unit ( AU ) is approximately the average distance between the Earth and Sun . It was redefined in 2012 as exactly 7011149597870700000 ♠ 149 597 870 700 m . Previously the AU was not based on the International System of Units but in terms of the gravitational force exerted by the Sun in the framework of classical mechanics . The current definition uses the recommended value in metres for the previous definition of the astronomical unit , which was determined by measurement . This redefinition is analogous to that of the metre , and likewise has the effect of fixing the speed of light to an exact value in astronomical units per second ( via the exact speed of light in metres per second ) . Previously , the inverse of c expressed in seconds per astronomical unit was measured by comparing the time for radio signals to reach different spacecraft in the Solar System , with their position calculated from the gravitational effects of the Sun and various planets . By combining many such measurements , a best fit value for the light time per unit distance could be obtained . For example , in 2009 , the best estimate , as approved by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) , was : light time for unit distance : t = 7002499004783836000 ♠ 499.004 783 836 ( 10 ) s c = 7008299792457999999 ♠ 0.002 003 988 804 10 ( 4 ) AU / s = 7002173144632674000 ♠ 173.144 632 674 ( 3 ) AU / day . The relative uncertainty in these measurements is 0.02 parts per billion ( 6989200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 ) , equivalent to the uncertainty in Earth - based measurements of length by interferometry . Since the metre is defined to be the length travelled by light in a certain time interval , the measurement of the light time in terms of the previous definition of the astronomical unit can also be interpreted as measuring the length of an AU ( old definition ) in metres . Time of flight techniques One of the last and most accurate time of flight measurements , Michelson , Pease and Pearson 's 1930 -- 35 experiment used a rotating mirror and a one - mile ( 1.6 km ) long vacuum chamber which the light beam traversed 10 times . It achieved accuracy of ± 11 km / s Diagram of the Fizeau apparatus A method of measuring the speed of light is to measure the time needed for light to travel to a mirror at a known distance and back . This is the working principle behind the Fizeau -- Foucault apparatus developed by Hippolyte Fizeau and Léon Foucault . The setup as used by Fizeau consists of a beam of light directed at a mirror 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) away . On the way from the source to the mirror , the beam passes through a rotating cogwheel . At a certain rate of rotation , the beam passes through one gap on the way out and another on the way back , but at slightly higher or lower rates , the beam strikes a tooth and does not pass through the wheel . Knowing the distance between the wheel and the mirror , the number of teeth on the wheel , and the rate of rotation , the speed of light can be calculated . The method of Foucault replaces the cogwheel by a rotating mirror . Because the mirror keeps rotating while the light travels to the distant mirror and back , the light is reflected from the rotating mirror at a different angle on its way out than it is on its way back . From this difference in angle , the known speed of rotation and the distance to the distant mirror the speed of light may be calculated . Nowadays , using oscilloscopes with time resolutions of less than one nanosecond , the speed of light can be directly measured by timing the delay of a light pulse from a laser or an LED reflected from a mirror . This method is less precise ( with errors of the order of 1 % ) than other modern techniques , but it is sometimes used as a laboratory experiment in college physics classes . Electromagnetic constants An option for deriving c that does not directly depend on a measurement of the propagation of electromagnetic waves is to use the relation between c and the vacuum permittivity ε and vacuum permeability μ established by Maxwell 's theory : c = 1 / ( ε μ ) . The vacuum permittivity may be determined by measuring the capacitance and dimensions of a capacitor , whereas the value of the vacuum permeability is fixed at exactly 6993400000000000000 ♠ 4π × 10 H ⋅ m through the definition of the ampere . Rosa and Dorsey used this method in 1907 to find a value of 7008299710000000000 ♠ 299 710 ± 22 km / s . Cavity resonance Electromagnetic standing waves in a cavity . Another way to measure the speed of light is to independently measure the frequency f and wavelength λ of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum . The value of c can then be found by using the relation c = fλ . One option is to measure the resonance frequency of a cavity resonator . If the dimensions of the resonance cavity are also known , these can be used to determine the wavelength of the wave . In 1946 , Louis Essen and A.C. Gordon - Smith established the frequency for a variety of normal modes of microwaves of a microwave cavity of precisely known dimensions . The dimensions were established to an accuracy of about ± 0.8 μm using gauges calibrated by interferometry . As the wavelength of the modes was known from the geometry of the cavity and from electromagnetic theory , knowledge of the associated frequencies enabled a calculation of the speed of light . The Essen -- Gordon - Smith result , 7008299792000000000 ♠ 299 792 ± 9 km / s , was substantially more precise than those found by optical techniques . By 1950 , repeated measurements by Essen established a result of 7008299792500000000 ♠ 299 792. 5 ± 3.0 km / s . A household demonstration of this technique is possible , using a microwave oven and food such as marshmallows or margarine : if the turntable is removed so that the food does not move , it will cook the fastest at the antinodes ( the points at which the wave amplitude is the greatest ) , where it will begin to melt . The distance between two such spots is half the wavelength of the microwaves ; by measuring this distance and multiplying the wavelength by the microwave frequency ( usually displayed on the back of the oven , typically 2450 MHz ) , the value of c can be calculated , `` often with less than 5 % error '' . Interferometry An interferometric determination of length . Left : constructive interference ; Right : destructive interference . Interferometry is another method to find the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation for determining the speed of light . A coherent beam of light ( e.g. from a laser ) , with a known frequency ( f ) , is split to follow two paths and then recombined . By adjusting the path length while observing the interference pattern and carefully measuring the change in path length , the wavelength of the light ( λ ) can be determined . The speed of light is then calculated using the equation c = λf . Before the advent of laser technology , coherent radio sources were used for interferometry measurements of the speed of light . However interferometric determination of wavelength becomes less precise with wavelength and the experiments were thus limited in precision by the long wavelength ( ~ 0.4 cm ( 0.16 in ) ) of the radiowaves . The precision can be improved by using light with a shorter wavelength , but then it becomes difficult to directly measure the frequency of the light . One way around this problem is to start with a low frequency signal of which the frequency can be precisely measured , and from this signal progressively synthesize higher frequency signals whose frequency can then be linked to the original signal . A laser can then be locked to the frequency , and its wavelength can be determined using interferometry . This technique was due to a group at the National Bureau of Standards ( NBS ) ( which later became NIST ) . They used it in 1972 to measure the speed of light in vacuum with a fractional uncertainty of 6991350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 × 10 . History History of measurements of c ( in km / s ) < 1638 Galileo , covered lanterns inconclusive < 1667 Accademia del Cimento , covered lanterns inconclusive 1675 Rømer and Huygens , moons of Jupiter 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220 000 1729 James Bradley , aberration of light 7005301000000000000 ♠ 301 000 1849 Hippolyte Fizeau , toothed wheel 7005315000000000000 ♠ 315 000 1862 Léon Foucault , rotating mirror 7005298000000000000 ♠ 298 000 ± 500 1907 Rosa and Dorsey , EM constants 7005299710000000000 ♠ 299 710 ± 30 1926 Albert A. Michelson , rotating mirror 7005299796000000000 ♠ 299 796 ± 4 1950 Essen and Gordon - Smith , cavity resonator 7005299792500000000 ♠ 299 792. 5 ± 3.0 1958 K.D. Froome , radio interferometry 7005299792500000000 ♠ 299 792. 50 ± 0.10 1972 Evenson et al. , laser interferometry 7005299792456200000 ♠ 299 792. 4562 ± 0.0011 17th CGPM , definition of the metre 7005299792458000000 ♠ 299 792. 458 ( exact ) Until the early modern period , it was not known whether light travelled instantaneously or at a very fast finite speed . The first extant recorded examination of this subject was in ancient Greece . The ancient Greeks , Muslim scholars , and classical European scientists long debated this until Rømer provided the first calculation of the speed of light . Einstein 's Theory of Special Relativity concluded that the speed of light is constant regardless of one 's frame of reference . Since then , scientists have provided increasingly accurate measurements . Early History Empedocles ( c. 490 -- 430 BC ) was the first to propose a theory of light and claimed that light has a finite speed . He maintained that light was something in motion , and therefore must take some time to travel . Aristotle argued , to the contrary , that `` light is due to the presence of something , but it is not a movement '' . Euclid and Ptolemy advanced Empedocles ' emission theory of vision , where light is emitted from the eye , thus enabling sight . Based on that theory , Heron of Alexandria argued that the speed of light must be infinite because distant objects such as stars appear immediately upon opening the eyes . Early Islamic philosophers initially agreed with the Aristotelian view that light had no speed of travel . In 1021 , Alhazen ( Ibn al - Haytham ) published the Book of Optics , in which he presented a series of arguments dismissing the emission theory of vision in favour of the now accepted intromission theory , in which light moves from an object into the eye . This led Alhazen to propose that light must have a finite speed , and that the speed of light is variable , decreasing in denser bodies . He argued that light is substantial matter , the propagation of which requires time , even if this is hidden from our senses . Also in the 11th century , Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī agreed that light has a finite speed , and observed that the speed of light is much faster than the speed of sound . In the 13th century , Roger Bacon argued that the speed of light in air was not infinite , using philosophical arguments backed by the writing of Alhazen and Aristotle . In the 1270s , Witelo considered the possibility of light travelling at infinite speed in vacuum , but slowing down in denser bodies . In the early 17th century , Johannes Kepler believed that the speed of light was infinite , since empty space presents no obstacle to it . René Descartes argued that if the speed of light were to be finite , the Sun , Earth , and Moon would be noticeably out of alignment during a lunar eclipse . Since such misalignment had not been observed , Descartes concluded the speed of light was infinite . Descartes speculated that if the speed of light were found to be finite , his whole system of philosophy might be demolished . In Descartes ' derivation of Snell 's law , he assumed that even though the speed of light was instantaneous , the denser the medium , the faster was light 's speed . Pierre de Fermat derived Snell 's law using the opposing assumption , the denser the medium the slower light traveled . Fermat also argued in support of a finite speed of light . First measurement attempts In 1629 , Isaac Beeckman proposed an experiment in which a person observes the flash of a cannon reflecting off a mirror about one mile ( 1.6 km ) away . In 1638 , Galileo Galilei proposed an experiment , with an apparent claim to having performed it some years earlier , to measure the speed of light by observing the delay between uncovering a lantern and its perception some distance away . He was unable to distinguish whether light travel was instantaneous or not , but concluded that if it were not , it must nevertheless be extraordinarily rapid . In 1667 , the Accademia del Cimento of Florence reported that it had performed Galileo 's experiment , with the lanterns separated by about one mile , but no delay was observed . The actual delay in this experiment would have been about 11 microseconds . Rømer 's observations of the occultations of Io from Earth The first quantitative estimate of the speed of light was made in 1676 by Rømer ( see Rømer 's determination of the speed of light ) . From the observation that the periods of Jupiter 's innermost moon Io appeared to be shorter when the Earth was approaching Jupiter than when receding from it , he concluded that light travels at a finite speed , and estimated that it takes light 22 minutes to cross the diameter of Earth 's orbit . Christiaan Huygens combined this estimate with an estimate for the diameter of the Earth 's orbit to obtain an estimate of speed of light of 7008220000000000000 ♠ 220 000 km / s , 26 % lower than the actual value . In his 1704 book Opticks , Isaac Newton reported Rømer 's calculations of the finite speed of light and gave a value of `` seven or eight minutes '' for the time taken for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth ( the modern value is 8 minutes 19 seconds ) . Newton queried whether Rømer 's eclipse shadows were coloured ; hearing that they were not , he concluded the different colours travelled at the same speed . In 1729 , James Bradley discovered stellar aberration . From this effect he determined that light must travel 10,210 times faster than the Earth in its orbit ( the modern figure is 10,066 times faster ) or , equivalently , that it would take light 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth . Connections with electromagnetism See also : History of electromagnetic theory and History of special relativity In the 19th century Hippolyte Fizeau developed a method to determine the speed of light based on time - of - flight measurements on Earth and reported a value of 7008315000000000000 ♠ 315 000 km / s . His method was improved upon by Léon Foucault who obtained a value of 7008298000000000000 ♠ 298 000 km / s in 1862 . In the year 1856 , Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch measured the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge , 1 / √ ε μ , by discharging a Leyden jar , and found that its numerical value was very close to the speed of light as measured directly by Fizeau . The following year Gustav Kirchhoff calculated that an electric signal in a resistanceless wire travels along the wire at this speed . In the early 1860s , Maxwell showed that , according to the theory of electromagnetism he was working on , electromagnetic waves propagate in empty space at a speed equal to the above Weber / Kohlrausch ratio , and drawing attention to the numerical proximity of this value to the speed of light as measured by Fizeau , he proposed that light is in fact an electromagnetic wave . `` Luminiferous aether '' Hendrik Lorentz ( right ) with Albert Einstein . It was thought at the time that empty space was filled with a background medium called the luminiferous aether in which the electromagnetic field existed . Some physicists thought that this aether acted as a preferred frame of reference for the propagation of light and therefore it should be possible to measure the motion of the Earth with respect to this medium , by measuring the isotropy of the speed of light . Beginning in the 1880s several experiments were performed to try to detect this motion , the most famous of which is the experiment performed by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley in 1887 . The detected motion was always less than the observational error . Modern experiments indicate that the two - way speed of light is isotropic ( the same in every direction ) to within 6 nanometres per second . Because of this experiment Hendrik Lorentz proposed that the motion of the apparatus through the aether may cause the apparatus to contract along its length in the direction of motion , and he further assumed , that the time variable for moving systems must also be changed accordingly ( `` local time '' ) , which led to the formulation of the Lorentz transformation . Based on Lorentz 's aether theory , Henri Poincaré ( 1900 ) showed that this local time ( to first order in v / c ) is indicated by clocks moving in the aether , which are synchronized under the assumption of constant light speed . In 1904 , he speculated that the speed of light could be a limiting velocity in dynamics , provided that the assumptions of Lorentz 's theory are all confirmed . In 1905 , Poincaré brought Lorentz 's aether theory into full observational agreement with the principle of relativity . Special relativity In 1905 Einstein postulated from the outset that the speed of light in vacuum , measured by a non-accelerating observer , is independent of the motion of the source or observer . Using this and the principle of relativity as a basis he derived the special theory of relativity , in which the speed of light in vacuum c featured as a fundamental constant , also appearing in contexts unrelated to light . This made the concept of the stationary aether ( to which Lorentz and Poincaré still adhered ) useless and revolutionized the concepts of space and time . Increased accuracy of c and redefinition of the metre and second See also : History of the metre In the second half of the 20th century much progress was made in increasing the accuracy of measurements of the speed of light , first by cavity resonance techniques and later by laser interferometer techniques . These were aided by new , more precise , definitions of the metre and second . In 1950 , Louis Essen determined the speed as 7008299792500000000 ♠ 299 792. 5 ± 1 km / s , using cavity resonance . This value was adopted by the 12th General Assembly of the Radio - Scientific Union in 1957 . In 1960 , the metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of a particular spectral line of krypton - 86 , and , in 1967 , the second was redefined in terms of the hyperfine transition frequency of the ground state of caesium - 133 . In 1972 , using the laser interferometer method and the new definitions , a group at the US National Bureau of Standards in Boulder , Colorado determined the speed of light in vacuum to be c = 7008299792456200000 ♠ 299 792 456. 2 ± 1.1 m / s . This was 100 times less uncertain than the previously accepted value . The remaining uncertainty was mainly related to the definition of the metre . As similar experiments found comparable results for c , the 15th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1975 recommended using the value 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 m / s for the speed of light . Defining the speed of light as an explicit constant In 1983 the 17th CGPM found that wavelengths from frequency measurements and a given value for the speed of light are more reproducible than the previous standard . They kept the 1967 definition of second , so the caesium hyperfine frequency would now determine both the second and the metre . To do this , they redefined the metre as : `` The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1 / 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 of a second . '' As a result of this definition , the value of the speed of light in vacuum is exactly 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 m / s and has become a defined constant in the SI system of units . Improved experimental techniques that prior to 1983 would have measured the speed of light , no longer affect the known value of the speed of light in SI units , but instead allow a more precise realization of the metre by more accurately measuring the wavelength of Krypton - 86 and other light sources . In 2011 , the CGPM stated its intention to redefine all seven SI base units using what it calls `` the explicit - constant formulation '' , where each `` unit is defined indirectly by specifying explicitly an exact value for a well - recognized fundamental constant '' , as was done for the speed of light . It proposed a new , but completely equivalent , wording of the metre 's definition : `` The metre , symbol m , is the unit of length ; its magnitude is set by fixing the numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum to be equal to exactly 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 when it is expressed in the SI unit ms . '' This is one of the proposed changes to be incorporated in the next revision of the SI also termed the New SI . See also Light - second Speed of electricity Speed of gravity Speed of sound Velocity factor Warp factor ( fictional ) Notes Jump up ^ Exact value : ( 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 × 60 × 60 × 24 / 7011149597870700000 ♠ 149 597 870 700 ) AU / day Jump up ^ Exact value : ( 7008999992651000000 ♠ 999 992 651 π / 7010102464295000000 ♠ 10 246 429 500 ) pc / y ^ Jump up to : The speed of light in imperial units and US units is based on an inch of exactly 6998254000000000000 ♠ 2.54 cm and is exactly 186,282 miles , 698 yards , 2 feet , and 5 21 / 127 inches per second . Jump up ^ Which is in turn defined to be the length of time occupied by 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation emitted by a cesium - 133 atom in a transition between two specified energy states . Jump up ^ However , the frequency of light can depend on the motion of the source relative to the observer , due to the Doppler effect . Jump up ^ Whereas moving objects are measured to be shorter along the line of relative motion , they are also seen as being rotated . This effect , known as Terrell rotation , is due to the different times that light from different parts of the object takes to reach the observer . Jump up ^ The interpretation of observations on binary systems used to determine the speed of gravity is considered doubtful by some authors , leaving the experimental situation uncertain . Jump up ^ It is thought that the Scharnhorst effect does allow signals to travel slightly faster than c , but the special conditions in which this effect can occur prevent one from using this effect to violate causality . Jump up ^ A typical value for the refractive index of optical fibre is between 1.518 and 1.538 . Jump up ^ The astronomical unit was defined as the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass , moving with an angular frequency of 0.017 202 098 95 radians ( approximately ​ ⁄ of a revolution ) per day . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , at this degree of precision , the effects of general relativity must be taken into consideration when interpreting the length . The metre is considered to be a unit of proper length , whereas the AU is usually used as a unit of observed length in a given frame of reference . The values cited here follow the latter convention , and are TDB - compatible . Jump up ^ A detailed discussion of the interferometer and its use for determining the speed of light can be found in Vaughan ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ According to Galileo , the lanterns he used were `` at a short distance , less than a mile . '' Assuming the distance was not too much shorter than a mile , and that `` about a thirtieth of a second is the minimum time interval distinguishable by the unaided eye '' , Boyer notes that Galileo 's experiment could at best be said to have established a lower limit of about 60 miles per second for the velocity of light . Jump up ^ Between 1960 and 1983 the metre was defined as : `` The metre is the length equal to 7006165076373000000 ♠ 1650763. 73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2p and 5d of the krypton 86 atom . '' It was discovered in the 1970s that this spectral line was not symmetric , which put a limit on the precision with which the definition could be realized in interferometry experiments . References Jump up ^ Larson , Ron ; Hostetler , Robert P. ( 2007 ) . Elementary and Intermediate Algebra : A Combined Course , Student Support Edition ( 4th illudtrated ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 75354 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Base unit definitions : Second '' . physics.nist.gov . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Penrose , R ( 2004 ) . The Road to Reality : A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe . Vintage Books . pp. 410 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77631 - 4 ... the most accurate standard for the metre is conveniently defined so that there are exactly 299,792,458 of them to the distance travelled by light in a standard second , giving a value for the metre that very accurately matches the now inadequately precise standard metre rule in Paris . Jump up ^ Uzan , J-P ; Leclercq , B ( 2008 ) . The Natural Laws of the Universe : Understanding Fundamental Constants . Springer . pp. 43 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 73454 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Philip ( 1997 ) . `` How is the speed of light measured ? '' . The Physics and Relativity FAQ . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Stachel , JJ ( 2002 ) . Einstein from `` B '' to `` Z '' -- Volume 9 of Einstein studies . Springer . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 8176 - 4143 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , P ( 2004 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Why is c the symbol for the speed of light ? '' . Usenet Physics FAQ . University of California , Riverside . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . `` The origins of the letter c being used for the speed of light can be traced back to a paper of 1856 by Weber and Kohlrausch ( ... ) Weber apparently meant c to stand for ' constant ' in his force law , but there is evidence that physicists such as Lorentz and Einstein were accustomed to a common convention that c could be used as a variable for velocity . This usage can be traced back to the classic Latin texts in which c stood for ' celeritas ' meaning ' speed ' . '' Jump up ^ Mendelson , KS ( 2006 ) . `` The story of c '' . American Journal of Physics. 74 ( 11 ) : 995 -- 997 . Bibcode : 2006AmJPh ... 74 ... 995M . doi : 10.1119 / 1.2238887 . 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A Broader View of Relativity : General Implications of Lorentz and Poincaré Invariance ( 2nd ed . ) . World Scientific . pp. 427 -- 8 . ISBN 981 - 256 - 651 - 1 . Jump up ^ Einstein , A ( 1905 ) . `` Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper '' . Annalen der Physik ( in German ) . 17 : 890 -- 921 . Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 891E . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053221004 . English translation : Perrett , W ; Jeffery , GB ( tr . ) ; Walker , J ( ed . ) . `` On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies '' . Fourmilab . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 27 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hsu , J-P ; Zhang , YZ ( 2001 ) . Lorentz and Poincaré Invariance . Advanced Series on Theoretical Physical Science . 8 . World Scientific . pp. 543ff . ISBN 981 - 02 - 4721 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang , YZ ( 1997 ) . Special Relativity and Its Experimental Foundations . Advanced Series on Theoretical Physical Science . 4 . World Scientific . pp. 172 -- 3 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2749 - 3 . 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The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , from Their Commencement in 1665 , in the Year 1800 : Abridged . Vol. II . From 1673 to 1682 . London : C. & R. Baldwin . pp. 397 -- 98 . The account published in Journal des sçavans was based on a report that Rømer read to the French Academy of Sciences in November 1676 ( Cohen , 1940 , p. 346 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , J ( 1729 ) . `` Account of a new discoved Motion of the Fix 'd Stars '' . Philosophical Transactions . 35 : 637 -- 660 . Jump up ^ Duffett - Smith , P ( 1988 ) . Practical Astronomy with your Calculator . Cambridge University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35699 - 7 . Extract of page 62 ^ Jump up to : `` Resolution B2 on the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length '' ( PDF ) . International Astronomical Union . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The International System of Units , Supplement 2014 : Updates to the 8th edition ( 2006 ) of the SI Brochure '' ( PDF ) . International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2014 : 14 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 126 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Pitjeva , EV ; Standish , EM ( 2009 ) . `` Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids , the Moon -- Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 103 ( 4 ) : 365 -- 372 . Bibcode : 2009CeMDA. 103 ... 365P . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 009 - 9203 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : IAU Working Group on Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy . `` IAU WG on NSFA Current Best Estimates '' . US Naval Observatory . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodynamic Constants '' . Solar System Dynamics . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NPL 's Beginner 's Guide to Length '' . UK National Physical Laboratory . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , P ( 1997 ) . `` How is the speed of light measured ? '' . Usenet Physics FAQ . University of California , Riverside . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fowler , M. `` The Speed of Light '' . University of Virginia . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cooke , J ; Martin , M ; McCartney , H ; Wilf , B ( 1968 ) . `` Direct determination of the speed of light as a general physics laboratory experiment '' . American Journal of Physics. 36 ( 9 ) : 847 . Bibcode : 1968AmJPh ... 36 ... 847C . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1975166 . Jump up ^ Aoki , K ; Mitsui , T ( 2008 ) . `` A small tabletop experiment for a direct measurement of the speed of light '' . American Journal of Physics. 76 ( 9 ) : 812 -- 815 . arXiv : 0705.3996 . Bibcode : 2008AmJPh ... 76 ... 812A . doi : 10.1119 / 1.2919743 . Jump up ^ James , MB ; Ormond , RB ; Stasch , AJ ( 1999 ) . `` Speed of light measurement for the myriad '' . American Journal of Physics. 67 ( 8 ) : 681 -- 714 . Bibcode : 1999AmJPh ... 67 ... 681J . doi : 10.1119 / 1.19352 . ^ Jump up to : Essen , L ; Gordon - Smith , AC ( 1948 ) . `` The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 194 ( 1038 ) : 348 -- 361 . Bibcode : 1948RSPSA. 194 ... 348E . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1948.0085 . JSTOR 98293 . ^ Jump up to : Rosa , EB ; Dorsey , NE ( 1907 ) . `` The Ratio of the Electromagnetic and Electrostatic Units '' . Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards. 3 ( 6 ) : 433 . Bibcode : 1906PhRvI ... 22 ... 367R . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevSeriesI. 22.367 . Jump up ^ Essen , L ( 1947 ) . `` Velocity of Electromagnetic Waves '' . Nature . 159 ( 4044 ) : 611 -- 612 . Bibcode : 1947Natur. 159 ... 611E . doi : 10.1038 / 159611a0 . ^ Jump up to : Essen , L ( 1950 ) . `` The Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Derived from the Resonant Frequencies of a Cylindrical Cavity Resonator '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 204 ( 1077 ) : 260 -- 277 . Bibcode : 1950RSPSA. 204 ... 260E . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1950.0172 . JSTOR 98433 . Jump up ^ Stauffer , RH ( April 1997 ) . `` Finding the Speed of Light with Marshmallows '' . The Physics Teacher . American Association of Physics Teachers. 35 ( 4 ) : 231 . Bibcode : 1997PhTea ... 35 ... 231S . doi : 10.1119 / 1.2344657 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Look East at the speed of light '' . BBC Norfolk website . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , JM ( 1989 ) . The Fabry - Perot interferometer . CRC Press . p. 47 , pp. 384 -- 391 . ISBN 0 - 85274 - 138 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Froome , KD ( 1958 ) . `` A New Determination of the Free - Space Velocity of Electromagnetic Waves '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series A , Mathematical and Physical Sciences . The Royal Society . 247 ( 1248 ) : 109 -- 122 . Bibcode : 1958RSPSA. 247 ... 109F . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1958.0172 . JSTOR 100591 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , DB ( 2001 ) . `` Speed of Light from Direct Frequency and Wavelength Measurements '' . In Lide , DR . A Century of Excellence in Measurements , Standards , and Technology ( PDF ) . CRC Press . pp. 191 -- 193 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1247 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Evenson , KM ; et al. ( 1972 ) . `` Speed of Light from Direct Frequency and Wavelength Measurements of the Methane - Stabilized Laser '' . Physical Review Letters. 29 ( 19 ) : 1346 -- 49 . Bibcode : 1972PhRvL ... 29.1346 E . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 29.1346 . ^ Jump up to : Galilei , G ( 1954 ) ( 1638 ) . Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences . Crew , H ; de Salvio A ( trans . ) . Dover Publications . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 60099 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , CB ( 1941 ) . `` Early Estimates of the Velocity of Light '' . Isis. 33 ( 1 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1086 / 358523 . ^ Jump up to : Foschi , Renato ; Leone , Matteo ( 2009 ) , `` Galileo , measurement of the velocity of light , and the reaction times '' ( PDF ) , Perception , 38 : 1251 -- 9 , doi : 10.1068 / p6263 , retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 Jump up ^ Magalotti , Lorenzo ( 2001 ) ( 1667 ) , Saggi di Naturali Esperienze fatte nell ' Accademia del Cimento ( digital , online ed . ) , Florence : Istituto e Museo di Storia delle Scienze , pp. 265 -- 266 , retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Huygens , C ( 1690 ) . Traitée de la Lumière ( in French ) . Pierre van der Aa . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Michelson , A.A. ( 1927 ) . `` Measurement of the Velocity of Light Between Mount Wilson and Mount San Antonio '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 65 : 1 . Bibcode : 1927ApJ ... 65 ... 1M . doi : 10.1086 / 143021 . Jump up ^ Weiner , John ; Nunes , Frederico ( 2013 ) . Light - Matter Interaction : Physics and Engineering at the Nanoscale ( illustrated ed . ) . OUP Oxford . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856766 - 0 . Extract of page 1 Jump up ^ Sarton , G ( 1993 ) . Ancient science through the golden age of Greece . Courier Dover . p. 248 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 27495 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : MacKay , RH ; Oldford , RW ( 2000 ) . `` Scientific Method , Statistical Method and the Speed of Light '' . Statistical Science . 15 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 78 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1009212817 . ( click on `` Historical background '' in the table of contents ) Jump up ^ Gross , CG ( 1999 ) . `` The Fire That Comes from the Eye '' . Neuroscientist. 5 : 58 -- 64 . doi : 10.1177 / 107385849900500108 . Jump up ^ Hamarneh , S ( 1972 ) . `` Review : Hakim Mohammed Said , Ibn al - Haitham '' . Isis. 63 ( 1 ) : 119 . doi : 10.1086 / 350861 . ^ Jump up to : Lester , PM ( 2005 ) . Visual Communication : Images With Messages . Thomson Wadsworth . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 63720 - 5 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , JJ ; Robertson , EF . `` Abu Ali al - Hasan ibn al - Haytham '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lauginie , P ( 2004 ) . Measuring Speed of Light : Why ? Speed of what ? ( PDF ) . Fifth International Conference for History of Science in Science Education . Keszthely , Hungary . pp. 75 -- 84 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , JJ ; Robertson , EF . `` Abu han Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Biruni '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lindberg , DC ( 1996 ) . Roger Bacon and the origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages : a critical edition and English translation of Bacon 's Perspectiva , with introduction and notes . Oxford University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 823992 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lindberg , DC ( 1974 ) . `` Late Thirteenth - Century Synthesis in Optics '' . In Edward Grant . A source book in medieval science . Harvard University Press . p. 396 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 82360 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marshall , P ( 1981 ) . `` Nicole Oresme on the Nature , Reflection , and Speed of Light '' . Isis. 72 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 74 ( 367 -- 74 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 352787 . Jump up ^ Florian Cajori , A History of Physics in its Elementary Branches : Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories ( 1922 ) Jump up ^ Carl Benjamin Boyer , The Rainbow : From Myth to Mathematics ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Newton , I ( 1704 ) . `` Prop . XI '' . Optiks . The text of Prop . XI is identical between the first ( 1704 ) and second ( 1719 ) editions . Jump up ^ Guarnieri , M. ( 2015 ) . `` Two Millennia of Light : The Long Path to Maxwell 's Waves '' . IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 9 ( 2 ) : 54 -- 56 , 60 . doi : 10.1109 / MIE. 2015.2421754 . Jump up ^ Kirchhoff , G ( 1857 ) . `` Über die Bewegung der Elektricität '' . Ann . Phys. 178 : 529 -- 544 . Bibcode : 1857AnP ... 178 ... 529K . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18571781203 . Jump up ^ Giordano , Nicholas J. ( 2009 ) . College physics : reasoning and relationships . Cengage Learning . p. 787 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 42471 - 6 . Extract of page 787 Jump up ^ Bergmann , Peter Gabriel ( 1992 ) . The riddle of gravitation . Courier Dover Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 27378 - 4 . Extract of page 17 Jump up ^ Bais , Sander ( 2005 ) . The equations : icons of knowledge . Harvard University Press . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01967 - 9 . Extract of page 40 Jump up ^ O'Connor , JJ ; Robertson , EF ( November 1997 ) . `` James Clerk Maxwell '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Michelson , AA ; Morley , EW ( 1887 ) . `` On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether '' . American Journal of Science . 34 : 333 -- 345 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. s3 - 34.203. 333 . Jump up ^ French , AP ( 1983 ) . Special relativity . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 51 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 30782 - 9 . Jump up ^ Darrigol , O ( 2000 ) . Electrodynamics from Ampére to Einstein . Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850594 - 9 . Jump up ^ Galison , P ( 2003 ) . Einstein 's Clocks , Poincaré 's Maps : Empires of Time . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32604 - 7 . Jump up ^ Miller , AI ( 1981 ) . Albert Einstein 's special theory of relativity . Emergence ( 1905 ) and early interpretation ( 1905 -- 1911 ) . Addison -- Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 04679 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pais , A ( 1982 ) . Subtle is the Lord : The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520438 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 6 of the 15th CGPM '' . BIPM. 1967 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Barger , R. ; Hall , J. ( 1973 ) . `` Wavelength of the 3.39 - μm laser - saturated absorption line of methane '' . Applied Physics Letters. 22 ( 4 ) : 196 . Bibcode : 1973ApPhL ... 22 ... 196B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1654608 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 2 of the 15th CGPM '' . BIPM. 1975 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Taylor , EF ; Wheeler , JA ( 1992 ) . Spacetime Physics : Introduction to Special Relativity ( 2nd ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2327 - 1 . Jump up ^ Penzes , WB ( 2009 ) . `` Time Line for the Definition of the Meter '' ( PDF ) . NIST . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Adams , S ( 1997 ) . Relativity : An Introduction to Space -- Time Physics . CRC Press . p. 140 . ISBN 0 - 7484 - 0621 - 2 . One peculiar consequence of this system of definitions is that any future refinement in our ability to measure c will not change the speed of light ( which is a defined number ) , but will change the length of the meter ! Jump up ^ Rindler , W ( 2006 ) . Relativity : Special , General , and Cosmological ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 856731 - 6 . Note that ( ... ) improvements in experimental accuracy will modify the meter relative to atomic wavelengths , but not the value of the speed of light ! Jump up ^ `` The `` explicit - constant '' formulation `` . BIPM. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 11 . Further reading Historical references Rømer , O ( 1676 ) . `` Démonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumière trouvé par M. Römer de l'Academie Royale des Sciences '' . Journal des sçavans ( in French ) : 223 -- 36 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 29 . Translated as `` A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 12 ( 136 ) : 893 -- 4 . 1677 . Bibcode : 1677RSPT ... 12 ... 893 ... doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1677.0024 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 29 . Halley , E ( 1694 ) . `` Monsieur Cassini , his New and Exact Tables for the Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter , reduced to the Julian Stile and Meridian of London '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 18 ( 214 ) : 237 -- 56 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1694.0048 . Fizeau , HL ( 1849 ) . `` Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière '' ( PDF ) . Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences ( in French ) . 29 : 90 -- 92 , 132 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Foucault , JL ( 1862 ) . `` Détermination expérimentale de la vitesse de la lumière : parallaxe du Soleil '' . Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences ( in French ) . 55 : 501 -- 503 , 792 -- 796 . Michelson , AA ( 1878 ) . `` Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light '' . Proceedings of the American Association of Advanced Science . 27 : 71 -- 77 . Michelson , AA ; Pease , FG ; Pearson , F ( 1935 ) . `` Measurement of the Velocity of Light in a Partial Vacuum '' . Astrophysical Journal . 82 : 26 -- 61 . Bibcode : 1935ApJ ... 82 ... 26M . doi : 10.1086 / 143655 . Newcomb , S ( 1886 ) . `` The Velocity of Light '' . Nature . 34 ( 863 ) : 29 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1886Natur ... 34 ... 29 ... doi : 10.1038 / 034029c0 . Perrotin , J ( 1900 ) . `` Sur la vitesse de la lumière '' . Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences ( in French ) . 131 : 731 -- 4 . Modern references Brillouin , L ( 1960 ) . Wave propagation and group velocity . Academic Press . Jackson , JD ( 1975 ) . Classical Electrodynamics ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 30932 - X . Keiser , G ( 2000 ) . Optical Fiber Communications ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 232101 - 6 . Ng , YJ ( 2004 ) . `` Quantum Foam and Quantum Gravity Phenomenology '' . In Amelino - Camelia , G ; Kowalski - Glikman , J. Planck Scale Effects in Astrophysics and Cosmology . Springer . pp. 321ff . ISBN 3 - 540 - 25263 - 0 . Helmcke , J ; Riehle , F ( 2001 ) . `` Physics behind the definition of the meter '' . In Quinn , TJ ; Leschiutta , S ; Tavella , P. Recent advances in metrology and fundamental constants . IOS Press . p. 453 . ISBN 1 - 58603 - 167 - 8 . Duff , MJ ( 2004 ) . `` Comment on time - variation of fundamental constants '' . arXiv : hep - th / 0208093 ( hep - th ) . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Speed of light `` Test Light Speed in Mile Long Vacuum Tube . '' Popular Science Monthly , September 1930 , p. 17 -- 18 . Definition of the metre ( International Bureau of Weights and Measures , BIPM ) Speed of light in vacuum ( National Institute of Standards and Technology , NIST ) Data Gallery : Michelson Speed of Light ( Univariate Location Estimation ) ( download data gathered by Albert A. Michelson ) Subluminal ( Java applet demonstrating group velocity information limits ) De Mora Luminis at MathPages Light discussion on adding velocities Speed of Light ( University of Colorado Department of Physics ) c : Speed of Light ( Sixty Symbols , University of Nottingham Department of Physics ( video ) ) Usenet Physics FAQ Speed of light illustration ( Speed of light as Live - Counter ) The Speed of Light , BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Barrow , Iwan Morus & Jocelyn Bell Burnell ( In Our Time , 30 Nov. 2006 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Extremes of motion Speed Wave ( Light Sound ) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft propeller - based transcontinental FAI records Water - borne vehicle sailing underwater transatlantic Land vehicle ( rocket - based wheel - driven production car ( by speed / by acceleration ) railed motorcycle production motorcycle ( by speed / by acceleration ) British Distance Space ( furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest travels on another world furthest humans closest spacecraft to the Sun ) Aircraft ( furthest flight highest altitude FAI records ) Deepest Earth ocean dive Endurance Space ( most enduring spaceflight most endurance on another world most time as a person in space most enduring population of a spacecraft ) Aircraft See also Spaceflight records <Th_colspan="3"> Relativity Special relativity Background Principle of relativity Special relativity Doubly special relativity Fundamental concepts Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell 's equations Proper length Proper time Relativistic mass Formulation Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Lorentz transformation Phenomena Time dilation Mass -- energy equivalence Length contraction Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Relativistic disks Ladder paradox Twin paradox Spacetime Light cone World line Minkowski diagram Biquaternions Minkowski space General relativity Background Introduction Mathematical formulation Fundamental concepts Equivalence principle Riemannian geometry Penrose diagram Geodesics Formulation ADM formalism BSSN formalism Einstein field equations Friedmann equations Linearized gravity Post-Newtonian formalism Raychaudhuri equation Hamilton -- Jacobi -- Einstein equation Ernst equation Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff equation Phenomena Black hole Event horizon Frame - dragging Geodetic effect Lenses Singularity Waves Two - body problem BKL singularity Advanced theories Brans -- Dicke theory Kaluza -- Klein Mach 's principle Quantum gravity Solutions Schwarzschild ( interior ) Reissner -- Nordström Gödel Kerr Kerr -- Newman Kasner Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker Taub -- NUT Milne pp - wave van Stockum dust Weyl − Lewis − Papapetrou Scientists Einstein Lorentz Hilbert Poincaré Schwarzschild de Sitter Reissner Nordström Weyl Eddington Friedmann Milne Zwicky Lemaître Gödel Wheeler Robertson Bardeen Walker Kerr Chandrasekhar Ehlers Penrose Hawking Taylor Hulse Stockum Taub Newman Yau Thorne Weiss Bondi Misner others <Th_colspan="2"> Special relativity Overviews Introduction Principle of relativity Theory of relativity History Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Aether theories Foundations Relative motion Inertial frame of reference Speed of light Maxwell 's equations Lorentz transformation Consequences Time dilation Relativistic mass Mass -- energy equivalence Length contraction Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Relativistic disk Bell 's spaceship paradox Ehrenfest paradox Spacetime Minkowski spacetime World line Spacetime diagrams Light cone Dynamics Proper time Proper mass 4 - 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1. Speed of light in vacuum 2. Special relativity 3. Lorentz factor 4. Limit on speeds 5. Faster-than-light observations and experiments

where does baptism come from in the bible

History of baptism - wikipedia History of baptism Jump to : navigation , search One of the earliest depictions of baptism , Catacombs of San Callisto , third century The Christian rite of baptism has similarities to Tevilah , a Jewish purification ritual of immersing in water which is required for , among other things , conversion , but differs in that Tevilah is repeatable , while baptism is to be performed only once . John the Baptist , who is considered a forerunner to Christianity , used baptism as the central sacrament of his messianic movement . Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism . The earliest Christian baptisms were probably normally by immersion , though other modes may have also been used . By the third and fourth centuries , baptism involved catechetical instruction as well as chrismation , exorcisms , laying on of hands , and recitation of a creed . In the West , Affusion became the normal mode of baptism between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries , though immersion was still practiced into the sixteenth . In the sixteenth century , Martin Luther retained baptism as a sacrament , but Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli considered baptism and the Lord 's supper to be symbolic . Anabaptists denied the validity of infant baptism , which was the normal practice when their movement started and practiced believer 's baptism instead . Several Anabaptist groups , notably the Baptists and Dunkards , have always practiced baptism by immersion as following the Biblical example . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background in Jewish ritual 2 Early Christianity 2.1 Infant Baptism 3 Early Middle Ages 4 Middle Ages 5 Reformation 6 See also 6.1 Related articles and subjects 6.2 People and ritual objects 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background in Jewish ritual ( edit ) An ancient Mikveh ( bath used for ritual immersion in Judaism ) on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem Main article : Tvilah Although the term `` baptism '' is not used to describe the Jewish rituals , the purification rites in Jewish laws and tradition , called `` Tvilah '' , have some similarity to baptism , and the two have been linked . The `` Tvilah '' is the act of immersion in natural sourced water , called a `` Mikva '' In the Jewish Bible and other Jewish texts , immersion in water for ritual purification was established for restoration to a condition of `` ritual purity '' in specific circumstances . For example , Jews who ( according to the Law of Moses ) became ritually defiled by contact with a corpse had to use the mikvah before being allowed to participate in the Holy Temple . Immersion is required for converts to Judaism as part of their conversion . Immersion in the mikvah represents a change in status in regards to purification , restoration , and qualification for full religious participation in the life of the community , ensuring that the cleansed person will not impose uncleanness on property or its owners . It did not become customary , however , to immerse converts to Judaism until after the Babylonian Captivity . This change of status by the mikvah could be obtained repeatedly , while Christian baptism , like circumcision , is , in the general view of Christians , unique and not repeatable . Even the so - called rebaptism by some Christian denominations is not seen by them as a repetition of an earlier valid baptism and is viewed by them as not itself repeatable . During the Second Temple period the Greek noun baptmos was used to refer to ritual washing in Hellenistic Judaism . Early Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Baptism in early Christianity The Baptism of Christ , 1450 ( National Gallery , London ) . John the Baptist adopted baptism as the central sacrament in his messianic movement , seen as a forerunner of Christianity . Baptism has been part of Christianity from the start , as shown by the many mentions in the Acts of the Apostles and the Pauline epistles . Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism . How explicit Jesus ' intentions were and whether he envisioned a continuing , organized Church is a matter of dispute among scholars . There is a scholarly consensus that the earliest Christian baptism was normally by immersion , or at least that this is probable . Some interpret this as meaning total immersion or submersion beneath the water . Among those who take this view are Thomas Schreiner , Everett Ferguson , Di Berardino , Tischler , and Lang Others understand immersion as not necessarily implying submersion beneath the water . Kirsten Marie Hartvigsen distinguishes between immersion and submersion and considers both as possible early - Christian forms of baptism , as does Christian Strecker . Laurie Guy says : `` The church most likely practiced full immersion , partial immersion and affusion at various times and places in the early centuries , with sprinkling being practiced rarely ( and probably only for medical reasons ) during that time period . '' Robin M. Jensen describes the early Christian baptismal ritual as having for basis `` immersion in water ( or a thorough soaking by pouring ) '' , and describes the primitive , first - century ritual as having encompassed both `` application of water ( whether by immersion or by some other means ) and an imposition of hands '' , adding that `` ' Baptism ' originally conveyed the sense of water 's application ( if not also immersion ) in its very definition '' . Other recent studies that see total immersion ( submersion ) as not the only form of baptism utilized by early Christians include Steven J. Schloeder , Charles Thomas , Stanley J. Grenz , and also the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church , and the Oxford Dictionary of the Bible . The theology of baptism attained precision in the 3rd and 4th centuries . While instruction was at first given after baptism , believers were given increasingly specific instructions before being baptized , especially in the face of heresies in the 4th century . By the fourth and fifth centuries , baptism had become a several - week - long rite leading up to the actual baptismal washing on Easter . During this time , catechumens attended several meetings of intensive catechetical instruction , often by the bishop himself , and often accompanied by special prayers , exorcisms , and other rites . Catechumens recited the Creed on Holy Saturday to show that they had completed their catechetical instruction . At dawn following the Paschal Vigil starting the night of Holy Saturday , they were taken to the baptistry where the bishop consecrated the water with a long prayer recounting the types of baptisms . The catechumens disrobed , were anointed with oil , renounced the devil and his works , confessed their faith in the Trinity , and were immersed in the font . They were then anointed with chrism , received the laying on of hands , clothed in white , and led to join the congregation in the Easter celebration . By then , postponement of baptism had become general , and a large proportion of believers were merely catechumens ( Constantine was not baptized until he was dying ) ; but as baptisms of the children of Christians , using an adaptation of the rite intended for adults , became more common than baptisms of adult converts , the number of catechumens decreased . As baptism was believed to forgive sins , the issue of sins committed after baptism arose . Some insisted that apostasy , even under threat of death , and other grievous sins cut one off forever from the Church . As indicated in the writings of Saint Cyprian , others favoured readmitting the `` lapsi '' easily . The rule that prevailed was that they were readmitted only after undergoing a period of penance that demonstrated sincere repentance . What is now generally called the Nicene Creed , longer than the text adopted by the First Council of Nicaea of 325 , and known also as the Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed because of its adoption in that form by the First Council of Constantinople in 381 , was probably the baptismal creed then in use in Constantinople , the venue of the 381 Council . Infant baptism ( edit ) Main article : Infant Baptism Whether the earliest Christians practiced infant baptism , and thus whether modern Christians should do so , has remained a subject of debate between Christian scholars at least since the earliest clear reference to the practice by Tertullian in the early third century . Some claim that Biblical baptism can be interpreted and thus relative , others support the Biblical literal baptism as a public and personal testimony , without intermediaries , in the case of infants that can not talk for themselves yet . Early Middle Ages ( edit ) Against Pelagius , Augustine insisted that baptism was necessary for salvation even for virtuous people and for children . The baptismal rite was significantly simplified during the sixth , seventh , and eighth centuries as fewer and fewer of those baptized were converts from paganism . The rite became much less important and was conducted very quickly . Prebaptismal catechesis was abandoned , and baptism was usually conducted shortly after birth . Baptism of Augustine of Hippo as represented in a sculptural group in Troyes cathedral ( 1549 ) Middle Ages ( edit ) In 895 , the provincial Council of Tribur commented on the traditional teaching that the triple immersion in baptism was an imitation of Christ for the three days he spent in the tomb , and the rising from the water an imitation of the resurrection of Jesus . The linking of the baptismal immersion in and rising from the water with the burial and resurrection of Jesus arguably goes back to Saint Paul , and the linking of the triple immersion with the three days in the tomb is found in Cyril of Jerusalem ( c. 313 -- 86 ) and Gregory of Nyssa ( c. 335 -- after 394 ) . An 1890 sketch for St. Vladimir 's Cathedral , Kiev : The Baptism of Saint Vladimir by Viktor Vasnetsov . Attendants ( left ) hold Vladimir 's golden royal robes , which he has removed , and the simple white baptismal robe , which he will put on . The 12th century saw the meaning of the word `` sacrament '' narrowed down and restricted to seven rites , among them that of baptism , while other symbolic rites came to be called `` sacramentals '' . In the period between the 12th and the 14th centuries , affusion became the usual manner of administering baptism in Western Europe , though immersion continued to be found in some places even as late as the 16th century . Throughout the Middle Ages , there was therefore considerable variation in the kind of facility required for baptism , from the baptismal pool large enough to immerse several adults simultaneously of the 13th century Baptistery at Pisa , to the half - metre deep basin in the 6th century baptistery of the old Cologne Cathedral . Both East and West considered washing with water and the Trinitarian baptismal formula necessary for administering the rite . Scholasticism referred to these two elements as the matter and the form of the sacrament , employing terms taken from the then prevailing Aristotelian philosophy . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , while teaching the necessity of both elements , nowhere uses these philosophical terms when speaking of any of the sacraments . Reformation ( edit ) Main articles : Lutheranism § Baptism , and Reformed baptismal theology Part of a series on Lutheranism Luther 's rose Book of Concord ( show ) Apostles ' Creed Nicene Creed Athanasian Creed Augsburg Confession Apology of the Augsburg Confession Luther 's Small / Large Catechism Smalcald Articles Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope Formula of Concord Theology ( show ) Justification Law and Gospel Sola gratia Sola scriptura Christology Sanctification Two kingdoms Two states of the Church Priesthood of all believers Divine Providence Marian theology Theology of the Cross Sacramental Union Homosexuality Criticism of Protestantism Sacraments Liturgy ( show ) Baptism Eucharist Confession Confirmation Matrimony Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders Lutheran hymn Organization ( show ) Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference International Lutheran Council Lutheran World Federation Denominations Lutheranism by region History ( show ) Protestant Reformation ( start ) Lutheran orthodoxy Gnesio - Lutherans Pietists Haugeans Laestadians Finnish Awakening Old Lutherans Neo-Lutherans High Church Lutherans Confessional Lutheranism Missionaries ( show ) John Campanius Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Hans Egede Johann Heinrich Callenberg Johann Phillip Fabricius Paul Henkel John Christian Frederick Heyer Karl Graul Martti Rautanen Wilhelm Sihler F.C.D. Wyneken Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder Lars Olsen Skrefsrud Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen Onesimos Nesib Paul Olaf Bodding Johann Flierl Christian Keyser Bible translators ( show ) Martin Luther Casiodoro de Reina Kjell Magne Yri Onesimos Nesib Aster Ganno Jurij Dalmatin Kristian Osvald Viderø Jákup Dahl Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Johann Phillip Fabricius William Tyndale John Rogers George Constantine Jozef Roháček Johannes Avetaranian Guðbrandur Þorláksson Ludvig Olsen Fossum Hans Egede / Paul Egede Otto Fabricius Nils Vibe Stockfleth Olaus Petri / Laurentius Petri Martti Rautanen Primož Trubar Jurij Dalmatin Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen Joachim Stegmann Primož Trubar Sebastian Krelj Mikael Agricola Norwegian Bible Society Samuel Ludwik Zasadius Stanislovas Rapolionis Victor Danielsen Jákup Dahl Laurentius Andreae Hans Tausen Olaf M. Norlie Jonas Bretkūnas Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder Antonio Brucioli Mikołaj Jakubica Matthias Bel Johann Ernst Glück William F. Beck Theologians ( show ) Martin Luther / Katharina von Bora Philip Melanchthon Johannes Bugenhagen Johannes Brenz Justus Jonas Hans Tausen Laurentius Petri Olaus Petri Mikael Agricola Matthias Flacius Martin Chemnitz Johann Gerhard Abraham Calovius Johannes Andreas Quenstedt Johann Wilhelm Baier David Hollaz Henry Muhlenberg Lars Levi Laestadius Charles Porterfield Krauth C.F.W. Walther Dietrich Bonhoeffer Paul Tillich Lutheranism portal In the 16th century , Martin Luther considered baptism to be a sacrament . For the Lutherans , baptism is a `` means of grace '' through which God creates and strengthens `` saving faith '' as the `` washing of regeneration '' in which infants and adults are reborn . Since the creation of faith is exclusively God 's work , it does not depend on the actions of the one baptized , whether infant or adult . Even though baptized infants can not articulate that faith , Lutherans believe that it is present all the same . Because it is faith alone that receives these divine gifts , Lutherans confess that baptism `` works forgiveness of sins , delivers from death and the devil , and gives eternal salvation to all who believe this , as the words and promises of God declare . '' In the special section on infant baptism in his Large Catechism , Luther argues that infant baptism pleases God because persons so baptized were reborn and sanctified by the Holy Spirit . Swiss Reformer Huldrych Zwingli differed with the Lutherans by denying that baptism conveys grace to the baptized . Zwingli identified baptism and the Lord 's supper as sacraments , but in the sense of an initiatory ceremony . Awaiting submersion baptism in the Jordan river Anabaptists ( a word that means `` rebaptizers '' ) rejected so thoroughly the tradition maintained by Lutherans as well as Catholics that they denied the validity of baptism outside their group . They `` rebaptized '' converts on the grounds that one can not be baptized without wishing it , and an infant , who does not understand what happens in a baptism ceremony and who has no knowledge of the concepts of Christianity , is not really baptized . They saw as non-biblical the baptism of infants , who can not confess their faith and who , not having yet committed any sins , are not in the same need of salvation . Anabaptists and other Baptist groups do not consider that they rebaptize those who have been baptized as infants , since , in their view , infant baptism is without effect . The Amish , Restoration churches ( Churches of Christ / Christian Church ) , Hutterites , Baptists , Mennonites and other groups descend from this tradition . Pentecostal , charismatic and most non-denominational churches share this view as well . In Reformed baptismal theology , starting with John Calvin , baptism is seen as primarily God 's offer of union with Christ and all his benefits to the baptized . This offer is believed to be intact even when it is not received in faith by the person baptized . Baptism also initiates one into the visible church and the covenant of grace . See also ( edit ) Related articles and subjects ( edit ) Anabaptist Baptism by fire Baptism of desire Baptism of Jesus Baptismal clothing Baptistery Believer 's baptism Catechumen Chrismation Christifideles Conditional baptism Consolamentum Disciple ( Christianity ) Divine filiation Emergency baptism Jesus - Name doctrine Prevenient Grace Sacrament Theophany People and ritual objects ( edit ) Baptismal font Baptistery Chrism Godparent Holy water Holy water in Eastern Christianity John the Baptist Mikvah Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sookey says it is `` almost certain '' that immersion was used ; and the Global Dictionary of Theology says that it is probable that immersion was the early church 's normal mode of baptism , but that it was not seen as an important issue . Jump up ^ The words `` matter '' and `` form '' are not found in the index , nor do they appear in the definition of the sacraments given in section 1131 . A search of the electronic form of the book finds no instance of the word `` matter '' , and finds `` form '' only in the section 1434 , headed `` The Many Forms of Penance in Christian Life '' , which is not about the sacraments . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stoltz , Eric ( 2005 ) . `` A Christian Glossary : Baptism '' . The Abraham Project . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baptism '' , Jewish Encyclopedia , The only conception of Baptism at variance with Jewish ideas is displayed in the declaration of John , that the one who would come after him would not baptize with water , but with the Holy Ghost ( Mark i . 8 ; John i . 27 ) . Jump up ^ `` Religion & Ethics -- Converting to Judaism '' . UK : BBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Num. 19 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , Tractate Chagigah , p. 12 Jump up ^ Sacred texts . Jump up ^ Barnes , Albert , Notes on the Bible , Matthew 3 : 6 . Jump up ^ Pongratz - Lippitt , Christa ( May 5 , 2007 ) . `` Churches mutually recognise baptisms '' . The Tablet . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sacrament '' , Encyclopædia Britannica ( online ed . ) , 2009 , retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 2005 , pp. 151 -- 54 , ' Baptism ' . Jump up ^ Jewett ( 2009 ) , `` Baptism '' , in Murray , Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible , 1 ( rev ed . ) , p. 466 , Lexicographers universally agree that the primary meaning of baptizo G966 is ' to dip ' or ' to immerse `` , and there is a similar consensus of scholarly opinion that both the baptism of John and of the apostles was by immersion . Jump up ^ Schreiner 2007 , p. 81 : ' Most scholars agree that immersion was practiced in the NT , and it is likely that both of these texts allude to the practice , even though baptism is not the main point of either text . ' Jump up ^ Helyer ( 2002 ) , Exploring Jewish literature of the Second Temple Period , p. 481 , Furthermore , modern NT scholars generally concede , regardless of denominational affiliation , that Christian baptism in NT times was by immersion , as it was and still is in Judaism ... Jump up ^ Ferguson 1996 , p. 201 : ' The baptism commanded by Jesus in the making of disciples is an immersion in water . The topic formerly was warmly debated , but in these days there is general scholarly agreement . Several lines of evidence converge in support of the baptismal action as a dipping . ' Jump up ^ Dictionary of the Bible , Eerdman , 2009 , p. 148 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2748 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dyrness , William A , ed. ( 2008 ) , Global Dictionary of Theology , Intervarsity Press , p. 101 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2454 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schreiner 2007 , p. 82 : ' Submersion under the water in baptism -- which is in Jesus ' name -- indicates that the persons have experienced God 's judgment in Christ . ' Jump up ^ Ferguson 1996 , p. 202 : ' The New Testament descriptions of baptism imply a full bath . ' Jump up ^ Di Berardino ( 2009 ) , We Believe in One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church , p. 88 , It seems also that the profession was articulated in responses that the one being baptized made to the questions of the one baptizing during the baptismal rite , which in general was required to take place through total immersion , in total nudity , in running water ... Jump up ^ Tischler ( 2006 ) , All Things in the Bible : An Encyclopedia of the Biblical World , 1 , p. 57 , In the early days of the Church , total immersion , often in streams or rivers , seems to have been most commonly used ( Mark 1 : 9 ; Acts 8 : 38 ) ... Jump up ^ Lang ( 2007 ) , Everyday biblical literacy : the essential guide to biblical allusions in art , literature , and life , p. 47 , Baptism in the Bible was by immersion , that is , the person went fully under the waters , usually in a river or lake ( harking back to the practice of John in the Jordan River ) ... Jump up ^ Hellholm 2011 , pp. 682 , 699 . Jump up ^ Hellholm 2011 , pp. 1388 -- 89 , 1391 , 1397 , 1422 . Jump up ^ Guy , Laurie ( 2011 ) , Introducing Early Christianity , InterVarsity Press , p. 225 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 83083942 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Jensen 2012 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Schloeder , Steven J ( 1998 ) , Architecture in Communion , Ignatius Press , p. 113 , ISBN 0 - 89870 - 631 - 9 , In the early Church baptism was by one of four methods : complete submersion of the entire body , immersion of the head , affusion or pouring , or aspersion or sprinkling . Jump up ^ Thomas , Charles ( 1981 ) , Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 , University of California Press , p. 204 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 04392 - 8 , J.G. Davies has carefully set these out ; and because they are relevant to an archaeological enquiry , we must distinguish them with the same care . The four principal modes are : 1 . Submersion ; or total immersion , where the candidate goes briefly but entirely below the water , on the model of those baptised by John in the River Jordan ; 2 . Immersion ; where the head , as the prime seat of Man 's rational and spiritual being , is in some way submerged , with or without the candidate having to stand in the same container of water ; 3 . Affusion ; ... . Jump up ^ Grenz , Stanley J ( 1994 ) , Theology for the Community of God , p. 530 , Although the descriptions of New Testament baptisms indicate that baptism occurred with both the officiator and the candidate standing in water , they do not state specifically what happened in the act . In fact , critics argue , early Christian art may indicate that water was poured on the head of the baptismal candidate standing in a river or body of water . Jump up ^ `` Immersion '' , Dictionary of the Christian Church , Oxford University Press , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 , A method of Baptism , employed at least from the 2nd cent. , whereby part of the candidate 's body was submerged in the baptismal water which was poured over the remainder ... The term is occasionally loosely used to include submersion , from which it is strictly to be distinguished . Jump up ^ `` Baptism '' , Oxford Dictionary of the Bible , Oxford University Press , 2004 ( 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860890 - X , Archaeological evidence from the early centuries shows that baptism was administered sometimes by submersion or immersion ... but also by affusion . ^ Jump up to : Bowker , John ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866242 - 4 . OCLC 60181672 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catechumen '' , Encyclopædia Britannica ( online ed . ) , 2009 , retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Old 1992 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Old 1992 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , Nicene Creed . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2009 ) . Baptism in the Early Church : History , Theology , and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 362 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2748 - 7 . Jump up ^ Old 1992 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Jestice , Phyllis G ( 2004 ) , Holy people of the world : a cross-cultural encyclopedia , 3 , pp. 393 -- 94 , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 355 - 6 . Jump up ^ Romans 6 : 3 - 4 Jump up ^ Lukken , Gerard ( 1973 ) , Original Sin in the Roman Liturgy , Brill , p. 143 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 03793 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , Sacrament . Jump up ^ Fanning , William ( 1907 ) . `` Baptism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York City : Robert Appleton Co . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ristow , Sebastian ( 2005 ) . `` Baptismal Font from the Cologne Baptistery '' . Cologne Cathedral . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baptism and Its Purpose '' . Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Luther , Martin ( 2009 ) ( 1529 ) . `` The Sacrament of Holy Baptism '' . Luther 's Small Catechism . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Luther , Martin ( 2009 ) ( 1529 ) . `` Of Infant Baptism '' . Luther 's Large Catechism . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brackney , William H. ( 2006 ) . Baptists in North America : an historical perspective . Blackwell Publishing . p. 22 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1865 - 2 . Jump up ^ Riggs 2002 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Riggs 2002 , p. 120 . Bibliography ( edit ) Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A ( 2005 ) , `` Baptism '' , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280290 - 9 , OCLC 58998735 . Ferguson , Everett ( 1996 ) , The church of Christ : a biblical ecclesiology for today . Hellholm , David , ed. ( 2011 ) , Ablution , Initiation , and Baptism , et al . Jensen , Robin M ( 2012 ) , Baptismal Imagery in Early Christianity : Ritual , Visual , and Theological Dimensions . Old , Hughes Oliphant ( 1992 ) , The Shaping of the Reformed Baptismal Rite in the Sixteenth Century , Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2489 - 9 . Riggs , John W. ( 2002 ) . Baptism in the Reformed Tradition : A Historical and Practical Theology . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 21966 - 7 . Schreiner , Thomas ( 2007 ) , Believer 's Baptism : Sign of the New Covenant in Christ , p. 81 . Further reading ( edit ) Baptism , Eucharist , and ministry . Geneva : World Council of Churches. 1982 . ISBN 2 - 8254 - 0709 - 7 . OCLC 9918640 . Chaney , James M. ( 2009 ) . William the Baptist . Oakland , TN : Doulos Resources . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4421 - 8560 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2011 . `` Baptism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Jungkuntz , Richard ( 1968 ) . The Gospel of Baptism . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House . OCLC 444126 . Kolb , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Make Disciples , baptizing : God 's gift of new life and Christian witness . St. Louis : Concordia Seminary . ISBN 0 - 911770 - 66 - 6 . OCLC 41473438 . Linderman , Jim ( 2009 ) . Take Me to the Water : Immersion Baptism in Vintage Music and Photography 1890 -- 1950 . Atlanta : Dust to Digital . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9817342 - 1 - 7 . Matzat , Don ( Spring 1997 ) . `` In Defense of Infant Baptism '' . Issues , Etc . Journal . 2 ( 3 ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Scaer , David P. ( 1999 ) . Baptism . St. Louis : The Luther Academy . OCLC 41004868 . Schlink , Edmund ( 1972 ) . The Doctrine of Baptism . St. Louis , MO : Concordia Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 570 - 03726 - 3 . OCLC 228096375 . Stookey , Laurence Hull ( 1982 ) . Baptism , Christ 's act in the church . Nashville , TN : Abingdon . ISBN 0 - 687 - 02364 - 5 . OCLC 7924841 . Ware , Kallistos ( 1993 ) . The Orthodox Church . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 277 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 014656 - 3 . OCLC 263544700 . Willimon , William H. ( 1980 ) . Remember who you are : baptism , a model for Christian life . Nashville : Upper Room . ISBN 0 - 8358 - 0399 - 6 . OCLC 6485882 . External links ( edit ) Look up βαπτίζω in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Baptism '' , Encyclopædia Britannica ( online ed . ) . `` Water Baptism '' ( PDF ) , Biblicl advanced basics ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , dispensationally considered . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Christian soteriology <Td_colspan="2"> Absolution Adoption Assurance Atonement Baptism Calling Conversion Divinization Election Eternal life Faith Forgiveness Glorification Grace Irresistible Imputation Justification Means of grace Monergism Mortification Ordo salutis Perseverance Predestination Recapitulation Reconciliation Redemption Regeneration Repentance Resurrection Salvation Sanctification Synergism Theosis Union with Christ <Td_colspan="2"> Related theology Christology The Trinity Hamartiology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_baptism&oldid=816142000 '' Categories : Baptism Christian terminology Lutheran sacraments and rites Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2009 Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Pages using citations with format and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 15 : 24 . 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1. Christian rite of baptism 2. Jewish ritual of immersion (Tvilah) 3. Early Christian baptism by immersion 4. Development of baptismal rituals in the Middle Ages 5. Reformation and different views on baptism

what are the six smallest countries in europe

List of European countries by area - wikipedia List of European countries by area Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2017 . This article duplicates the scope of other articles . Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( December 2017 ) Below is a list of all countries in Europe , in order of geographical area . Europe 's total geographical area is 10,288,305 km2 . * -- Note : some countries are transcontinental , meaning , they are only partially located in Europe . Those are ranked according to the size of their parts within Europe only . The list includes only sovereign states . Therefore , for example the United Kingdom is included in place of the four individual home nations . Rank Country Area ( km2 ) Notes Russia * 3,972,400 17,098,242 including North Asia Ukraine 603,628 - France 551,394 643,801 when the overseas departments are included Spain 498,468 505,992 when the Canary Islands , Ceuta and Melilla are included Sweden 449,964 6 Norway 385,178 This includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen 7 Germany 357,168 8 Finland 338,145 9 Poland 312,685 10 Italy 301,338 11 United Kingdom 248,532 Excluding the British Overseas Territories 12 Romania 238,392 13 Belarus 207,600 14 Kazakhstan * 180,000 ( est . ) 2,724,902 including Asian part 15 Greece 131,940 16 Bulgaria 110,994 17 Iceland 102,775 18 Hungary 93,030 19 Portugal 91,568 20 Austria 83,858 21 Czech Republic 78,866 22 Serbia 77,453 23 Ireland 70,273 24 Lithuania 65,300 25 Latvia 64,589 26 Croatia 56,594 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,129 28 Slovakia 49,036 29 Estonia 45,339 30 Denmark 44,493 This includes Faroe Islands ; 2,210,579 including Greenland 31 Switzerland 41,290 32 Netherlands 41,198 Excluding Caribbean Netherlands , Aruba , Curacao and Sint Maarten . 33 Moldova 33,846 34 Belgium 30,510 35 Albania 28,748 36 Macedonia 25,713 37 Turkey * 23,507 783,562 including Asian part 38 Slovenia 20,273 39 Montenegro 13,812 40 Kosovo 10,908 Partially recognized state 41 Azerbaijan * 6,960 86,600 including Asian part 42 Luxembourg 2,586 43 Georgia * 2,428 69,700 including Asian part 44 Andorra 468 45 Malta 316 46 Liechtenstein 160 47 San Marino 61 48 Monaco 1.95 49 Vatican City 0.44 Total 10,141,183 ± 5,000 A bar graph with logarithmic scale , showing the sizes in three categories : Purple = Russia , Green = countries with European area bigger than 10,000 km2 , Red = countries with European area smaller than 10,000 km2 Definition ( edit ) Europe and Asia are contiguous with each other and thus the exact boundary between them is not clearly defined , and often follows historical , political , and cultural definitions rather than geographical . This list uses the modern geographical definition thus excluding Armenia , Georgia and Cyprus , which are sometimes also considered part of Europe , the two Caucasus nations for political and cultural reasons , and Cyprus because all larger islands in the Mediterranean have historically been considered European , regardless of their proximity to the European mainland . Alb . Andorra Austria Azer . Belarus Belg . Bosnia Bulgaria Channel Is. ( UK ) Croatia Cz . Rep . Denmark Estonia Finland France Gib . ( UK ) Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy IoM ( UK ) S. Mar . Kazakhstan Kos . Latvia Liech . Lithuania Lux . Mac . Malta Moldova Mon . Mont . Nether . Norway Svalbard ( Nor ) Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slo . Spain Sweden Switz - erland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Far . ( Dk ) Vat . Armenia Cyprus Greenland ( Dk ) Adr - iatic Sea Arctic Ocean Baltic Sea Aegean Sea Barents Sea Bay of Biscay Black Sea Caspian Sea Celtic Sea Greenland Sea Baffin Bay Gulf of Cádiz Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea North Atlantic Ocean North Sea Norwegian Sea Strait of Gibraltar Clickable map of Europe , showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries Key : blue : states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia ; green : countries not geographically in Europe , but closely associated with the continent See also ( edit ) List of African countries by area List of Asian countries by area List of Oceanian countries by area List of South American countries by area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Updated land cover figures '' . ssb.no . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ The map shows one of the most commonly accepted delineations of the geographical boundaries of Europe , as used by National Geographic and Encyclopædia Britannica . Whether countries are considered in Europe or Asia can vary in sources , for example in the classification of the CIA World Factbook or that of the BBC . 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1. List of European countries by area 2. Geographical boundaries of Europe 3. Sovereign states in Europe 4. Transcontinental countries in Europe 5. European countries ranked by size

cast of queen for seven days korean drama

Queen for Seven Days - wikipedia Queen for Seven Days Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Queen for Seven Days <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster <Td_colspan="2"> Original title 7 일 의 왕비 <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Historical Romance Political Melodrama Created by KBS Drama Production Written by Choi Jin - young Directed by Lee Jung - sub Song Ji - won Creative director ( s ) Yoo Ho - joon Kim Min - joon Im Seung - hyun Starring Park Min - young Yeon Woo - jin Lee Dong - gun Composer ( s ) Lee Pil - ho Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 20 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Sung Joon - hye Park Sung - hye Moon Bo - hyun Kim Joo - suk Producer ( s ) Kim Hye - jung Jung Yeon - soo Cinematography Jung Hae - geun Yoon Tae - gi Editor ( s ) Kim Yoo - mi Camera setup Single - camera Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Monster Union Distributor KBS <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network KBS2 Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release May 31 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) -- August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Queen for Seven Days ( Hangul : 7 일 의 왕비 ; RR : 7 Ileui Wangbi ; lit . 7 Day Queen ) is a South Korean television series starring Park Min - young as the titular Queen Dangyeong of Joseon , with Yeon Woo - jin and Lee Dong - gun . It airs on KBS2 every Wednesday and Thursday at 22 : 00 ( KST ) from May 31 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.2. 1 Royal family 2.2. 2 Ministers 2.2. 3 Extended 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 4.1 OST Part 1 4.2 OST Part 2 4.3 OST Part 3 4.4 OST Part 4 4.5 OST Part 5 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) About the tragic love story between real life King Jungjong ( Yeon Woo - jin ) and his wife Queen Dangyeong ( Park Min - young ) , who was crowned and deposed from the throne within seven days . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Park Min - young as Shin Chae - kyung , later Queen Dan - kyung Park Si - eun as young Shin Chae - kyung Yeon Woo - jin as Lee Yeok , also known as Prince Jinseong - daegun and `` Nak - chun '' ; later King Jungjong Baek Seung - hwan as young Lee Yeok Lee Dong - gun as Lee Yoong , also known as King Yeonsangun Ahn Do - gyu as then - Crown Prince Lee Yoong Supporting ( edit ) Royal family ( edit ) Do Ji - won as Dowager Queen Jasun , Lee Yeok 's mother Song Ji - in as Queen Shin , later Deposed Queen Shin ; Lee Yoong 's primary wife Son Eun - seo as Lady Suk - won Jang Nok - soo , Lee Yoong 's most favored concubine as well as confidante Ministers ( edit ) Jang Hyun - sung as Shin Soo - geun , Queen Shin 's older brother & Chae - kyung 's father Kang Shin - il as Im Sa - hong , Lee Yoong 's close confidant Park Won - sang as Park Won - jong Yoo Hyung - kwan as Yoo Soon - jung Yoo Seung - bong as Yoo Ja - kwang Lee Hwa - ryong as Sung Hee - an Extended ( edit ) Kang Ki - young as Jo Kwang - oh , Lee Yeok 's friend Jung Yoo - ahn as young Jo Kwang - oh Kim Min - ho as Baek Suk - hee , Lee Yeok 's friend Jo Byung - gyu as young Baek Suk - hee Hwang Chan - sung as Seo Noh , Lee Yeok 's personal bodyguard Choi Min - young as young Seo Noh Kim Ki - chun as Mak Gae , Seo No 's father ; former clerk - on - duty during Seongjong 's dying moments Yoo Min - kyu as Ki Ryong , Lee Yoong 's personal bodyguard Go Bo - gyeol as Yoon Myung - hye , Park Won - jong 's niece Park Seo - yeon as young Yoon Myung - hye Kim Jung - yeong as Lady Kwon , Shin Soo - geun 's wife and Chae - kyung 's mother Uhm Hye - ran as Chae - kyung 's personal nursemaid Choi Seung - kyung as Eunuch Kim Yoon In - jo as Lady Choi , the Dowager Queen 's lady - in - waiting Kim Jung - hak as King Seongjong , the previous king ( flashbacks ) Woo Hee - jin as Queen Jeheon ( Deposed Queen Yoon ) , Yeonsangun 's biological mother ( flashback ) Production ( edit ) In March 2017 , it was announced that Park Min - young will be re-teaming with director Lee Jung - sub on Queen for Seven Days . They previously worked together on Glory Jane ( 2011 ) and Healer ( 2014 - 15 ) . It is the first production of Monster Union , the independent content company set up by KBS in July 2016 . The drama 's first script reading took place on April 7 , 2017 in Yeouido , Seoul . Prior to broadcast , lead actress Park stated that the audience could think of the drama `` as Love in the Moonlight five years later , '' pertaining to KBS2 's popular series starring Park Bo - gum and Kim Yoo - jung . Original soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Queen for Seven Days OST Album <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 2017 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Language Korean , English Label Music&NEW , Hello EMC OST Part 1 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` You 're Brilliant '' ( 눈부신 그대 ) Lee Na - young Lovelyee The President Yeonjung ( Cosmic Girls ) 03 : 10 2 . `` You 're Brilliant '' ( Inst . ) Lovelyee The President 03 : 10 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 06 : 20 OST Part 2 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` No Matter How Hard I Try '' Yael Meyer Yael Meyer Yael Meyer 03 : 57 2 . `` No Matter How Hard I Try '' ( Inst . ) Yael Meyer 03 : 57 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 07 : 54 OST Part 3 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Love Again '' ( 또 한번 사랑해 ) Lee Na - young Dear Cloud Kim Moon - chul Park Soo - seok Dear Cloud 03 : 57 2 . `` Love Again '' ( Inst . ) Dear Cloud Kim Moon - chul Park Soo - seok 03 : 57 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 07 : 54 OST Part 4 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Miss You In My Heart '' ( 그리고 그려도 ) Lee Na - young Realmeee Kim Jin - hoon Junggigo 03 : 37 2 . `` Miss You In My Heart '' ( Inst . ) Realmeee Kim Jin - hoon 03 : 37 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 07 : 14 OST Part 5 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` When the Moonlight Shines on You '' ( 달빛 이 내릴 때 ) Super Sound Park So - ha Super Sound Fromm 03 : 25 2 . `` When the Moonlight Shines on You '' ( Inst . ) Super Sound 03 : 25 <Td_colspan="5"> Total length : 06 : 50 Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date . Episode # Original broadcast date <Th_colspan="4"> Average audience share <Th_colspan="2"> TNmS Ratings <Th_colspan="2"> AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area May 31 , 2017 5.4 % ( NR ) 5.6 % ( NR ) 6.9 % ( 18th ) 6.7 % ( 20th ) June 1 , 2017 5.1 % ( NR ) 5.2 % ( NR ) 5.7 % ( NR ) 5.6 % ( NR ) June 7 , 2017 5.3 % ( NR ) 5.5 % ( NR ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 6.3 % ( NR ) June 8 , 2017 5.3 % ( NR ) 5.6 % ( NR ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 6.8 % ( 15th ) 5 June 14 , 2017 6.6 % ( NR ) 7.0 % ( NR ) 6.9 % ( 17th ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 6 June 15 , 2017 5.4 % ( NR ) 5.5 % ( NR ) 6.1 % ( NR ) 6.2 % ( NR ) 7 June 21 , 2017 5.5 % ( NR ) 5.6 % ( NR ) 5.2 % ( NR ) 5.3 % ( NR ) 8 June 22 , 2017 5.4 % ( NR ) 5.7 % ( NR ) 5.4 % ( NR ) 5.8 % ( NR ) 9 June 28 , 2017 5.3 % ( NR ) 5.5 % ( NR ) 4.7 % ( NR ) 5.1 % ( NR ) 10 June 29 , 2017 4.3 % ( NR ) 4.9 % ( NR ) 4.4 % ( NR ) 5.0 % ( NR ) 11 July 5 , 2017 4.5 % ( NR ) 5.3 % ( NR ) 4.4 % ( NR ) 5.4 % ( NR ) 12 July 6 , 2017 4.6 % ( NR ) 4.8 % ( NR ) 4.6 % ( NR ) 4.9 % ( NR ) 13 July 12 , 2017 4.3 % ( NR ) 4.4 % ( NR ) 4.3 % ( NR ) 4.5 % ( NR ) 14 July 13 , 2017 4.5 % ( NR ) 5.2 % ( NR ) 4.7 % ( NR ) 5.4 % ( NR ) 15 July 19 , 2017 6.7 % ( NR ) 7.0 % ( NR ) 6.7 % ( 20th ) 6.4 % ( NR ) 16 July 20 , 2017 6.3 % ( NR ) 6.5 % ( NR ) 6.3 % ( 19th ) 6.1 % ( NR ) 17 July 26 , 2017 5.9 % ( NR ) 6.1 % ( NR ) 6.5 % ( 19th ) 6.2 % ( 20th ) 18 July 27 , 2017 7.6 % ( 18th ) 7.3 % ( 19th ) 7.7 % ( 15th ) 7.2 % ( 16th ) 19 August 2 , 2017 6.6 % ( 16th ) 6.0 % ( 19th ) 7.1 % ( 16th ) 6.2 % ( 20th ) 20 August 3 , 2017 7.6 % ( 14th ) 6.8 % ( 20th ) 7.6 % ( 16th ) 7.0 % ( 19th ) <Th_colspan="2"> Average 5.6 % 5.8 % 5.9 % 5.9 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 2nd Asia Artist Awards Best Celebrity Award Park Min - young Won 31st KBS Drama Awards Excellence Award , Actor in a Mid-length Drama Lee Dong - gun Won Excellence Award , Actress in a Mid-length Drama Park Min - young Nominated Best Young Actor Baek Seung - hwan Nominated Best Young Actress Park Si - eun Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 입장 ) 연우 진 박민영 양측 `` ' 7 일 의 왕비 ' 출연 결정 '' `` . OSEN. 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 연우 진 박민영 양측 `` ' 7 일 의 왕비 ' 출연 예정 '' `` . My Daily . 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 7 일 의 왕비 ' 박민영 연우 진 이동건 , 주연 라인업 완성 '' . My Daily . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ KBS 콘텐츠 제작사 ' 몬스터 유니온 ' , 6 월 웰 메이드 화제작 드라마 두 편 동시 출격 ( KBS content producer ' Monster Union ' , two well - made drama series in June ) . 11 April 2017 . Seoul Economic Daily . Jump up ^ `` ' 7 일 의 왕비 ' 박민영 X 연우 진 X 이동건 대본 리딩 ' 최강 호흡 ' '' ( Queen for Seven Days team puts in their first four hours at script read ) . Sports Chosun. 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 연예가 중계 ' 박민영 `` 7 일 의 왕비 ' , ' 구르미 그린 달빛 ' 5 년 뒤 버전 '' `` . Hei . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) Queen for Seven Days at KBS World Queen for Seven Days at HanCinema Queen for Seven Days at MyDramaList <Th_colspan="3"> KBS : Wednesday - Thursday dramas Previous program Queen for Seven Days ( May 31 -- August 3 , 2017 ) Next program Queen of Mystery ( April 5 -- May 25 , 2017 ) Manhole ( August 9 -- September 28 , 2017 ) <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) KBS 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Papa 2000 -- 2004 Empress Myeongseong April Kiss Full House Emperor of the Sea 2005 -- 2009 Resurrection My Rosy Life Golden Apple Goodbye Solo Great Inheritance Hwang Jini Dal - ja 's Spring The Devil Capital Scandal Hong Gil - dong One Mom and Three Dads Women of the Sun The Kingdom of the Winds The Accidental Couple My Fair Lady Iris 2010 -- 2014 The Slave Hunters Cinderella 's Stepsister Bread , Love and Dreams The Fugitive : Plan B The President The Thorn Birds Romance Town The Princess ' Man Glory Jane Wild Romance Man from the Equator Bridal Mask The Innocent Man Jeon Woo - chi Iris II : New Generation The Fugitive of Joseon The Blade and Petal Secret Love Bel Ami Inspiring Generation Golden Cross Gunman in Joseon Blade Man The King 's Face 2015 -- 2018 Unkind Ladies The Man in the Mask Assembly The Merchant : Gaekju 2015 Descendants of the Sun The Master of Revenge Uncontrollably Fond On the Way to the Airport My Fair Lady Naked Fireman Good Manager Queen of Mystery Queen for Seven Days Manhole Mad Dog Black Knight : The Man Who Guards Me Queen of Mystery 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_for_Seven_Days&oldid=821446466 '' Categories : Korean - language television programs 2017 South Korean television series debuts 2017 South Korean television series endings 2010s South Korean television series Korean Broadcasting System television dramas South Korean historical television series Television series set in the Joseon Dynasty Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles with Korean - language external links MyDramaList title ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu සිංහල 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 14 : 48 . 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1. Queen for Seven Days - South Korean television series 2. Historical Romance Political Melodrama 3. Park Min-young - lead actress 4. Tragic love story between King Jungjong and Queen Dangyeong 5. Ratings and awards for the drama

who plays professor linda on parks and recreation

Danielle Bisutti - wikipedia Danielle Bisutti This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Inconsistent title formatting . Please help improve this article if you can . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Danielle Bisutti Danielle Nicole Bisutti ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) October 1 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer - songwriter , writer , producer Years active 2000 -- present Website www.daniellebisutti.com Danielle Nicole Bisutti ( born October 1 , 1976 ) is an American actress and singer . She is best known for her role as Amanda Cantwell on the Nickelodeon television series True Jackson , VP . Bisutti is also the niece of OWN Network 's Big Bowl of Love star Cristina Ferrare . Contents 1 Acting career 2 Singing career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Acting career ( edit ) Born and raised in Los Angeles , California , Bisutti attended California State University , Fullerton , where she received a BA in Acting and Musical Theatre . While attending CSUF , she was nominated several times for Best Actress in the Irene Ryan Competition and took the runner - up position at The Lincoln Center Theatre in NYC . Michael Butler noticed Bisutti 's talent when he saw her performing the role of Sheila in a California production of Hair and brought the cast to Chicago to perform at the Democratic National Convention along with a five - week run at The New Athenaeum Theatre . Bisutti 's other theatre credits include Reno Sweeny in Anything Goes , Maggie in Boy 's Life , Yelena in Uncle Vanya , Victoria / Jane in Noël Coward 's Tonight at 8 : 30 , Fastranda in Pippin , and Ophelia in Hamlet . Bisutti has made her mark in television over the years , recurring on Last Man Standing , Parks & Recreation , CSI : Miami , Without a Trace , Raising the Bar and The O.C. , while also appearing on NCIS , Criminal Minds , Castle , Hot in Cleveland , 90210 , Private Practice , Body of Proof , Bones , Cold Case , Two and a Half Men and Boston Legal , to name a few . However , she may best known for her starring role as the uptight yet lovable fashion diva Amanda Cantwell opposite Keke Palmer on the hit Nickelodeon series True Jackson , VP from 2008 -- 2011 . While working in television , Bisutti has also made time for film projects , some of her credits are Lionsgate 's Venice Underground ( Eric Mabius ) , First Look Home Entertainment 's The Neighbor ( Matthew Modine ) , and Lionsgate 's No Greater Love . Bisutti recently co-produced the webseries Hollywood Girl and recurred on the series as Pasha Maneer . She also recently secured a leading role in Harland Williams 's post-apocalyptic sci - fi webseries The Australian , which was released in late November 2013 . Singing career ( edit ) Bisutti spends time as a songwriter . Songs originally written by her , such as `` Venice Underground '' , `` April Moon '' , and `` In the Presence of '' , have been used in independent feature films . At the 2003 Los Angeles Music Awards , she won the award for `` Best Female Singer - Songwriter '' . Also at this ceremony , her song `` Glimmer '' was nominated for `` AAA Album of the Year , '' and her song `` In Passing '' received the Unanimous Choice Recipient Award for `` Independent AC Single of the Year '' . In September 2004 , Bisutti performed at the Temecula Valley International Film & Music Festival , where `` In Passing '' was selected for the TVIFF 's `` Top Musical Artist Compilation CD '' and Music Connection Magazine featured Bisutti in its 2004 `` Hot 100 Unsigned Artists '' list . Personal Life ( edit ) Bisutti was born and raised in Los Angeles , California , the daughter of Diana ( née Ferrare ) and Richard Bisutti . Her father was a set decorator in both film and television for 20 years . Her mother 's sister is model Cristina Ferrare . Bisutti is of Italian descent . In high school , she explored several opportunities to idealize her devotion for the entertainment business . She was involved in theatre , choir , dance , speech and debate , as well as athletic activities . She then attended California State University , Fullerton , where she received a BA in Acting and Musical Theatre . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Automatic Morgan Black Survivor : Los Angeles the Ultimate Parody Taylor Short film Tropix Corrine Findlay Seeing Iris Iris Jones Short film 2005 Venice Underground Wexler 's Secretary Downsizing Beatrix Schnabel Short film 2007 The Neighbor Floria Riamondi 2008 Three Minutes in Heaven Joy Short film Get Smart Airline Passenger The Caretaker Jessica Short film 2009 No Greater Love Heather Stroud 2013 Curse of Chucky Barb Pierce Back in the Day Annette Taylor Insidious : Chapter 2 Michelle Crane Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Strip Mall Episode : `` Pilot '' 2001 Dharma & Greg Joy Episode : `` Dharma Does Dallas '' 2003 Miss Match Missy Episode : `` Miss Communication '' Platonically Incorrect Waitress TV film Andy Richter Controls the Universe Office Lady Episodes : `` Final Fantasy '' , `` Duh Dog '' Less than Perfect Sales Lady Episode : `` High Maintenance '' Charlie Lawrence Denise Episode : `` If It 's Not One Thing It 's Your Mother '' Charmed The Lady of the Lake Episode : `` Sword and the City '' Boston Legal Roberta Sloane Episode : `` Truth Be Told '' 2004 -- 05 The O.C. Joan Recurring role ( 5 episodes ) 2006 Twenty Good Years Courtney Episode : `` John 's Old Lady '' Courting Alex Veronica Episode : `` The Fix - Up '' Two and a Half Men Vicki Episode : `` Corey 's Been Dead for an Hour '' 2007 Shark Francis Chambers Episode : `` Blind Trust '' Cold Case Mrs. Valentine ( 1953 ) Episode : `` Devil Music '' 2007 -- 08 Without a Trace Terri Long Episodes : `` The Beginning '' , `` 4G '' , `` Deja Vu '' 2008 Wizards of Waverly Place Mona Lisa Episode : `` Art Museum Piece '' Raising the Bar Emma Troutman Episode : `` Shop Till You Drop '' 2008 -- 11 True Jackson , VP Amanda Cantwell Series regular ; 56 episodes 2009 Raising the Bar Emma Troutman Episodes : `` Hair Apparent '' , `` Trout Fishing '' Bones Marlowe Becker Episode : `` The Mastodon in the Room '' 2011 Hollywood Girl Pascha Maneer Episodes : `` Code Red Carpet '' , `` Limp of Shame '' Body of Proof Vicki Hemington Episode : `` Love Thy Neighbor '' Private Practice Lynn Episode : `` Deal with It '' CSI : Miami Gabrielle Wade Episode : `` Dead Ringer '' 2011 -- 12 Parks and Recreation Prof. Linda Lonegan 2 episodes : `` Smallest Park '' `` Lucky '' 2012 90210 Connie Episode : `` No Good Deed '' Hot in Cleveland Verena Episode : `` I 'm with the Band '' Last Man Standing Michelle Episodes : `` Odd Couple Out '' , `` Adrenaline '' CSI : Miami Gabrielle Wade Episodes : `` Rest in Pieces '' , `` Law & Disorder '' Castle Claire Panchard Episode : `` The Limey '' Leverage Whitney Barron Episode : `` The Gimme a K Street Job '' Criminal Minds Debra Acklin Episode : `` Through the Looking Glass '' NCIS SSSA Ashley Winter Episode : `` You Better Watch Out '' 2013 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Theresa Shea Episode : `` Dead Air '' Grey 's Anatomy Liz Langer Episode : `` Hard Bargain '' Anger Management Kristy Episode : `` Charlie Dates a Teacher '' 2015 I Did n't Do It Mrs. Clegg Guest role NCIS : Los Angeles Atty . Sarah Taylor Episode : `` Blame It On Rio '' 2016 Dr. Ken Denise Episode : `` Ken at the Concert '' 2018 Nanny Killer Ms. Grey TV film Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2018 God of War The Witch in the Woods / Freya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ People Search : BISUTTI , DANIELLE in LOS ANGELES , CA born 10 / 01 / 1976 Jump up ^ Los Angeles Music Awards at MySpace.com Jump up ^ Los Angeles Music Awards History Jump up ^ http://www.tviff.com/ Jump up ^ Danielle Bisutti 's official MySpace profile ^ Jump up to : http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/daniellebisutti2 External links ( edit ) Official website Danielle Bisutti on IMDb BNE : XX5377725 BNF : cb167378372 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 7723 8800 LCCN : no2010024485 VIAF : 107422643 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danielle_Bisutti&oldid=853241864 '' Categories : 1976 births Actresses from Los Angeles American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American film actresses American people of Italian descent American television actresses Actresses of Italian descent California State University , Fullerton alumni Living people Musicians from Los Angeles Singers from California Songwriters from California Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from July 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 10 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Danielle Bisutti - American actress and singer 2. True Jackson, VP - Nickelodeon television series 3. Acting career - theater and television roles 4. Singing career - songwriter and award-winning singer 5. Personal life - born and raised in Los Angeles, California

who was the founder of gajapati dynasty of orissa

Gajapati kingdom - wikipedia Gajapati kingdom This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Gajapati Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> 1434 -- 1541 Capital Cuttack Common languages Odia Religion Hinduism Government Monarchy Sri Sri Gajapati Gaudesvara Navakoti Karnata Utkala Kalavargeshvara <Td_colspan="2"> 1434 -- 66 Kapilendra Deva 1466 -- 97 Purushottama Deva 1497 -- 1540 Prataprudra Deva 1540 -- 1541 Kalua Deva 1541 Kakharua Deva <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era Medieval India <Td_colspan="2"> 1434 1541 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Preceded by Succeeded by Eastern Ganga dynasty Bhoi dynasty The Gajapatis were a medieval Hindu dynasty from the Indian subcontinent , which originated in the region of Kalinga ( most of present - day Odisha and Northern coastal Andhra ) from 1434 to 1541 CE . Under Kapilendra Deva , Gajapatis became an empire stretching from the lower Ganga in the north to the Kaveri in the south . The Gajapati dynasty was established by Emperor Kapilendra Deva ( 1434 -- 66 CE ) in 1434 . During the reign of Kapilendra Deva , the borders of the empire were expanded immensely ; from large parts of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal , and the eastern and central parts of Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand . The king took the title of Sri Sri ... ( 108 times ) Gajapati Gaudesvara Nava Koti Karnata Kalvargesvara . This title is still used by the kings of Puri during the Ratha Yatra . The significant rulers of this dynasty were Purushottama Deva ( 1466 -- 1497 ) and Prataparudra Deva ( 1497 -- 1540 ) . The last ruler Kakharua Deva was killed by Govinda Vidyadhara in 1541 , who founded the Bhoi dynasty . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Cultural contributions 4 Rulers 5 See also 6 References Etymology ( edit ) In Sanskrit , `` Gaja '' means elephant and `` Pati '' means master or husband . As such , Gajapati etymologically means a king with an army of elephants . History ( edit ) Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Anarta tradition ( c. 3950 -- 1900 BC ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . AD 500 ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BC -- AD 224 ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BC -- AD 1206 ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BC -- AD 220 ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BC -- AD 300 ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 -- c. 50 BC ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BC ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BC -- AD 10 ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BC ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BC -- AD 400 ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( AD 21 -- c. 130 ) Western Satrap Empire ( AD 35 -- 405 ) Kushan Empire ( AD 60 -- 240 ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late medieval period ( 1206 -- 1526 ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early modern period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom ( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial states ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Periods of Sri Lanka ( show ) Prehistory ( Until 543 BC ) Early kingdoms period ( 543 BC -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura period ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Polonnaruwa period ( 1056 -- 1232 ) Transitional period ( 1232 -- 1505 ) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century ( 1505 -- 1594 ) Kandyan period ( 1594 -- 1815 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Contemporary Sri Lanka ( 1948 -- present ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline The region known as Kalinga ( present - day Odisha ) was controlled by the Odia rulers Eastern Gangas of the Vasistha gotra . The early Eastern Gangas ruled from Kalinga - nagara ( Mukhalingam near Srikakulam , Andhra Pradesh ) . They shifted their capital to Puri in the 12th century . Religious leader Ramanujacharya had a great influence on the Raja Choda Ganga Deva , who renovated the temple at Puri . Narasimha Deva built the Sun Temple at Konark . The Gangas were succeeded by the Gajapati rulers . Two copper plates of the early Pallava dynasty have been found in the Kolleru Lake , traced to Gajapati Langula Narasimha Deva , an Oriya ruler ( Odiya Raju ) . According to legend , the Gajapati fort was located at Kolleti Kota on one of the eastern islands of the lake , which protected the Odia forces . The enemy general encamped at Chiguru Kota located on the shores and tried to excavate a channel in the modern - day Upputeru , so that the water of the lake would empty into the sea and allow an attack on the Gajapathi fort . The Suryavansi Gajapatis of Odisha , at the height of their power in the 15th century , ruled over an empire extending from the Ganges in the north near Hoogly to the Cauvery in the south under Gajapati Kapilendra Deva . But by the early 16th century , the Gajapatis lost great portions of their southern dominion to Vijayanagar and Golconda . This period was marked by the influence of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and by the expansion of Jaganatha temple across the length and breadth of the empire . One of the causes of the reduction in militarism of the population has been attested to the Bhakti movement initiated by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu , who arrived in the empire at the time of Emperor Prataparudra and stayed for 18 long years at Puri . Emperor Prataparudra was highly influenced by the works of Chaitanya and gave up the military tradition of the Odia emperors . He retired himself into the life of an ascetic leaving the future of the empire uncertain . The traitor Govinda Vidyadhara took the opportunity to murder the sons of the emperor and usurped the throne himself and carved out the destruction of the once mighty empire . Cultural contributions ( edit ) Their rule in eastern India is associated with a high point in the growth of regional culture and architecture . Sarala Mahabharata by Sarala Dasa , a transcreation of the original Sanskrit one was written during this period . Similarly transcreation of the Ramayana and Bhagvata Purana were written . They constitute the best examples of ancient Odia literature . Rulers ( edit ) Kapilendra Deva ( 1434 -- 70 ) Purushottama Deva ( 1470 -- 97 ) Prataparudra Deva ( 1497 -- 1540 ) Kalua Deva ( 1540 -- 41 ) Kakharua Deva ( 1541 ) See also ( edit ) Eastern Ganga dynasty Paricchedis or Poosapati References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Classicism of Odia Language Jump up ^ Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ; Pusalker , A.D. ; Majumdar , A.K. , eds. ( 1960 ) . The History and Culture of the Indian People . VI : The Delhi Sultanate . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . p. 367 . ( Describing the Gajapati kings of Orissa ) Kapilendra was the most powerful Hindu king of his time , and under him Orissa became an empire stretching from the lower Ganga in the north to the Kaveri in the south . Jump up ^ Sen , Sailendra ( 2013 ) . A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books . pp. 121 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 38060 - 734 - 4 . Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ; Pusalker , A.D. ; Majumdar , A.K. , eds. ( 1960 ) . The History and Culture of the Indian People . VI : The Delhi Sultanate . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . pp. 365 -- 372 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gajapati_Kingdom&oldid=854923842 '' Categories : Dynasties of India States and territories established in 1434 History of Odisha History of Andhra Pradesh Dynasties of Odisha Culture of Andhra Pradesh Hindu dynasties Suryavansha States and territories disestablished in 1541 1434 establishments in Asia 15th - century establishments in India 1541 disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters Former country articles categorised by government type Andhra Pradesh articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català हिन्दी 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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1. Gajapati Kingdom - A medieval Hindu dynasty in India 2. Kapilendra Deva - Founder of the Gajapati dynasty 3. Expansion of Gajapati Empire - From the Ganges to the Kaveri 4. Cultural contributions of Gajapati rulers - Literature and architecture 5. Decline of Gajapati Kingdom - Usurpation of the throne by Govinda Vidyadhara

when was the declaration of independence was written

United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence <Th_colspan="2"> United States Declaration of Independence <Td_colspan="2"> 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives and Records Administration Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al . Signatories 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( now known as Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states no longer under British rule . With the Declaration , these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America . The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . The Lee Resolution for independence was passed on July 2 with no opposing votes . The Committee of Five had drafted the Declaration to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams , a leader in pushing for independence , had persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress edited to produce the final version . The Declaration was a formal explanation of why Congress had voted to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Adams wrote to his wife Abigail , `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America '' -- although Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft is preserved at the Library of Congress , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , as well as Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Its original purpose was to announce independence , and references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his policies and his rhetoric , as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The Declaration of Independence inspired many similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence in Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 9.8 Popular culture 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense made a persuasive and impassioned case for independence , which had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration in the American colonies . Paine connected independence with Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity , thereby stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss , and public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after its publication . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by 13 different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue ; consequently , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for it , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 , by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push This idealized depiction of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration was widely reprinted ( by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 , and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America , `` When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . '' Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . `` We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . `` That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . '' Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . `` Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . `` He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . `` He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . `` He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . `` He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . `` He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . `` He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . `` He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . `` He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . `` He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . `` He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . `` He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . `` He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . `` He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : `` For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : `` For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : `` For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : `` For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : `` For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : `` For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : `` For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies : `` For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : `` For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . `` He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . `` He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . `` He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . `` He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . `` He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . `` In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . '' Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . `` Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . '' Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . `` We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . '' Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. The Syng inkstand was used at both the signing of the Declaration and the 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution . The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , it was being read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the 13 states . The first formal public readings of the document took place on July 8 , in Philadelphia ( by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall ) , Trenton , New Jersey , and Easton , Pennsylvania ; the first newspaper to publish it was the Pennsylvania Evening Post on July 6 . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among Creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 , it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in the archives at West Sussex County Council in Chichester , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was given little attention in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 , during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence has played a significant role in popular conceptions of the Declaration of Independence . The painting is 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size and was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 ; it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It is sometimes described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence , but it actually shows the Committee of Five presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . Trumbull painted the figures from life whenever possible , but some had died and images could not be located ; hence , the painting does not include all the signers of the Declaration . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact , the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull 's painting has been depicted multiple times on U.S. currency and postage stamps . Its first use was on the reverse side of the $100 National Bank Note issued in 1863 . A few years later , the steel engraving used in printing the bank notes was used to produce a 24 - cent stamp , issued as part of the 1869 Pictorial Issue . An engraving of the signing scene has been featured on the reverse side of the United States two - dollar bill since 1976 . United States two - dollar bill ( reverse ) Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later The Declaration was chosen to be the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . The Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence was dedicated in 1984 in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . Popular culture The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 and the 1972 film version , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . In 1970 , The 5th Dimension recorded the opening of the Declaration on their album Portrait in the song `` Declaration '' . It was first performed on the Ed Sullivan Show on December 7 , 1969 , and it was taken as a song of protest against the Vietnam War . The Declaration of Independence is also a plot device in the 2004 American film National Treasure . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) Archived May 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Independence document found '' . BBC News . 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1776 : The Musical About Us '' . Pratico . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Adams : Independence '' . Home Box Office , Inc . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Independence '' . Fort Wayne Journal Gazette . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Treasure '' . rottentomatoes.com. 2004 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Bibliography Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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1. United States Declaration of Independence 2. Second Continental Congress 3. Thomas Jefferson 4. Independence from Great Britain 5. Natural and legal rights

when did little house on the prairie come out

Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) - wikipedia Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) <Th_colspan="2"> Little House on the Prairie <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as Little House : A New Beginning Genre Western Drama Based on Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder Developed by Blanche Hanalis Directed by William F. Claxton Maury Dexter Victor French Michael Landon Leo Penn Starring Michael Landon Melissa Gilbert Karen Grassle Melissa Sue Anderson Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Matthew Labyorteaux Richard Bull Katherine `` Scottie '' MacGregor Alison Arngrim Jonathan Gilbert Kevin Hagen Dabbs Greer Victor French Merlin Olsen Kyle Richards Dean Butler Linwood Boomer Shannen Doherty Theme music composer David Rose Composer ( s ) David Rose Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 204 ( + 4 specials ) ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Ed Friendly Producer ( s ) John Hawkins William F. Claxton Running time 48 - 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Ed Friendly Productions NBC Distributor Worldvision Enterprises CBS Television Distribution ( USA ) NBCUniversal International Television Distribution ( non-USA and Cozi airings ) MGM Worldwide Television Distribution ( non-USA airings ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC Audio format Monaural Original release September 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 11 ) -- March 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 21 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Little House on the Prairie ( film ) Followed by Little House on the Prairie : A Look Back to Yesterday Related shows Father Murphy Little House on the Prairie ( known as Little House : A New Beginning in its final season ) is an American western drama television series , starring Michael Landon , Melissa Gilbert , Karen Grassle , and Melissa Sue Anderson , about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove , Minnesota , in the 1870s and 1880s . The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's best - selling series of Little House books . Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s . He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie . Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls . The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie , which first aired on March 30 , 1974 . The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11 , 1974 , and last aired on May 10 , 1982 . During the 1982 -- 83 television season , with the departure of Landon and Grassle , the series was broadcast with the new title Little House : A New Beginning . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked the two - part episode `` I 'll Be Waving As You Drive Away '' at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list . A film adaptation of the pilot movie is currently underway at Paramount Pictures , with Sean Durkin as the director , Scott Rudin as the producer , and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 4 Themes 5 Spin - offs and sequels 5.1 Little House : A New Beginning 5.2 Movie specials 6 Broadcast history 7 Reception 7.1 Nielsen ratings 7.2 Accolades 7.3 Popularity in Spain 8 Other media 8.1 Syndication 8.2 DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases 8.3 List of releases 9 Announced film adaptation 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie episodes Based on the autobiographical `` Little House '' stories , episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family , who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove , Minnesota . Many episodes concern the maturation of the family 's second daughter , Laura . However , episodes also focus on other family and community members , providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth - century America . The show 's central characters are Charles Ingalls ( farmer and mill worker ) , his wife Caroline , and their three daughters , Mary , Laura , and Carrie , though the family expands with the birth of daughter Grace and adoption of son Albert in season five , as well as the adoption of birth siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven ( a son , Charles `` Freddy '' Jr. , was also born , but died as an infant ) . Other essential characters include the Oleson family : Nels , proprietor of the town 's general store , Oleson 's Mercantile ; his malicious , gossiping wife , Harriet , who runs the Mercantile with him ; and their three children , Nellie , Willie , and Nancy ; Isaiah Edwards , Grace Snider Edwards and their three children ; the Garvey family , Jonathan , Alice , and Andy ; Rev. Robert Alden ; Lars Hanson , the town 's founder and proprietor of the town 's mill ; and Dr. Hiram Baker , the town 's physician . Teacher - turned - lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls , and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls . Cast and characters ( edit ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls , 1975 Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie characters Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series , a total of 190 of the 204 episodes . Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight , but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House : A New Beginning ( season nine ) . Main cast ( edit ) Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 , one Post-series movie ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall ( seasons 1 -- 7 , 8 ) Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Matthew Labyorteaux as Albert ( Quinn ) Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 9 , one Post-series movie ) Richard Bull as Nels Oleson Katherine `` Scottie '' MacGregor as Harriet Oleson Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton ( seasons 1 - 7 , 9 ) Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson Victor French as Isaiah Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 , two Post-series movies ) Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Radames Pera as John ( Sanderson , Jr . ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Brian Part as Carl ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Kyle Richards as Alicia ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 , 8 ) Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Patrick Labyorteaux as Andrew `` Andy '' Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall ( seasons 4 -- 8 ) Ketty Lester as Hester - Sue Terhune ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 8 ) Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 9 , three post series movies ) Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 8 ) Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson ( seasons 8 & 9 , three Post-series movies ) Jason Bateman as James ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Missy Francis as Cassandra ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder ( season 9 , three post series movies ) Steve Tracy as Percival Dalton , character Nellie Oleson 's husband , in the early 1980 's . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Many actors , who were either well - known or went on to become famous , guest - starred on the show . Willie Aames ( episode 3.15 ) Anne Archer ( episode 1.17 ) Hermione Baddeley ( 3 episodes ) Jonathan Banks ( episode 6.16 ) Billy Barty ( 2 episodes ) Peter Billingsley ( episode 8.12 ) Dirk Blocker ( episode 1.9 ) Ray Bolger ( 2 episodes , S5 ) Ernest Borgnine ( episode 1.13 / 14 ) Christopher Bowman ( episodes 5.9 , 5.18 ) Todd Bridges ( episode 3.18 ) Red Buttons ( episode 1.19 ) Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash ( episode 3.1 ) Charles Cioffi ( episode 5.22 ) Michael Conrad ( episode 4.8 ) Keith Coogan ( episode 7.15 ) James Cromwell ( episode 7.1 ) David Faustino ( episode 7.5 ) Gil Gerard ( episode 4.4 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( episode 2.18 ) Moses Gunn as Joe Kagan ( 5 episodes ) Jerry Hardin ( episode 5.23 ) Melora Hardin ( episodes 8.1 / 2 , Look Back to Yesterday ) Mariette Hartley ( episode 2.19 ) John Hillerman ( episode 5.8 ) Rance Howard ( episode 3.13 ) Ernie Hudson ( episode 8.8 ) Rick Hurst ( episode 1.3 ) John Ireland ( episode 3.4 ) Burl Ives ( episode 3.10 ) Ford Rainey ( episodes 2.2 , 4.21 ) Richard Jaeckel ( episodes 2.18 , 7.17 / 18 ) Jack Kruschen ( episode 8.6 ) Katy Kurtzman ( episodes 3.19 , 4.16 ) Charles Lane ( episode 9.3 ) Sheila Larken ( episode 9.13 ) Robert Loggia ( episode 9.4 ) Mike Lookinland ( episode 4.4 ) Chuck McCann ( episode 1.11 ) Vera Miles ( episode 9.19 ) Richard Mulligan ( episode 2.21 ) Patricia Neal ( episode 2.7 ) James Olson ( episode 6.10 ) Sean Penn ( uncredited student extra ) Eddie Quillan ( 7 episodes ) Anne Ramsey ( episode 5.1 ) Nick Ramus ( episode 4.13 ) Kim Richards ( episode 1.7 ) James B. Sikking ( episode 3.17 ) Queenie Smith ( 5 episodes ) Madeleine Stowe ( episode 7.6 ) Robert Torti ( episode 8.6 ) Mitch Vogel ( episode 1.23 ) M. Emmet Walsh ( episode 8.8 ) Collin Wilcox ( episode 4.7 ) Harris Yulin ( episode 1.20 ) and three of Landon 's children : Michael Landon , Jr. ( episode 3.20 ) Leslie Landon ( 4 guest episodes ) Shawna Landon ( Little House Years / episode 9.15 ; both uncredited ) Production notes ( edit ) Of the 204 episodes , Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87 ; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68 , while co-star Victor French helmed 18 . Maury Dexter ( who was often an assistant director ) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively . Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles , while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley , where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed . Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora , California . Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes . In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape , where the show is supposed to take place , there are no tall mountains . The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose . The ending theme music , also written by Rose , originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later - season episode of Michael Landon 's previous long - running series , Bonanza . Themes ( edit ) Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption , alcoholism , faith , poverty , blindness , and prejudice of all types including racism . Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction ( i.e. morphine ) , leukemia , child abuse , and even rape . Although predominantly a drama , the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well . Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza . Season two 's `` A Matter of Faith '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Matter of Circumstance '' ; season five 's `` Someone Please Love Me '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Dream To Dream '' ; season seven 's `` The Silent Cry '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` The Sound of Sadness '' ; season eight 's `` He Was Only Twelve '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` He Was Only Seven '' ; and season nine 's `` Little Lou '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` It 's A Small World '' . Spin - offs and sequels ( edit ) Little House : a new Beginning ( edit ) When Michael Landon decided to leave the show ( though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director ) , season nine was renamed , the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo , and more characters were added to the cast . A new family , the Carters ( Stan Ivar as John , Pamela Roylance as Sarah , Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb , and David Friedman as younger son Jason ) , move into the Ingalls house . Meanwhile , Almanzo and Laura take in their niece , Jenny Wilder , when Almanzo 's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter , Rose . The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes , while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters . The explanation given for the original characters ' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak , Iowa , to pursue a promising life . The show lost viewers , and this version of the series was canceled after one season . However , the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format . Movie specials ( edit ) Three made - for - television post-series movies followed during the 1983 - 84 television season : Little House : Look Back to Yesterday ( 1983 ) , Little House : The Last Farewell ( 1984 ) , and Little House : Bless All the Dear Children ( 1984 ) . In The Last Farewell , Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove . They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township , and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain . Despite their best efforts , the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away . At a town meeting , John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has . Each man takes turn blowing up his own building in an emotional farewell to the town . When asked why the set was blown up , the show 's producer , Kent McCray , said that when the series started , he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state . When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings , Michael Landon thought for a while and said , `` What if we blow up the town ? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away . '' He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings , except for the little house and the church . Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up . Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell , but ended up being the last of the three movies to air . Given its Christmas - related content , NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season . Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series : the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years ( 1979 ) , a Thanksgiving special / clip show that aired in the middle of season six . Broadcast history ( edit ) For the first two seasons , the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET / 7pm CT , to moderate ratings . In 1976 , the series became a Monday night staple on NBC ; after the move , it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1974 -- 75 ) : # 13 Season 2 ( 1975 -- 76 ) : Not in top 30 Season 3 ( 1976 -- 77 ) : # 15 Season 4 ( 1977 -- 78 ) : # 7 Season 5 ( 1978 -- 79 ) : # 14 Season 6 ( 1979 -- 80 ) : # 16 Season 7 ( 1980 -- 81 ) : # 10 Season 8 ( 1981 -- 82 ) : # 24 ( Tied with : The Facts of Life ) Season 9 ( 1982 -- 83 ) : # 28 Accolades ( edit ) 1978 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Fighter '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series , David Rose , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1980 : TP de Oro , Spain , Mejor Actriz Extranjera ( Best Foreign Actress ) , Melissa Sue Anderson 1981 : Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script , Michael Landon , episode `` May We Make Them Proud '' 1982 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) , David Rose , episode `` He Was Only Twelve '' ( Part 2 ) 1983 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert 1984 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert Popularity in Spain ( edit ) In the late 1970s and early 1980s , La Casa de la Pradera ( Little House on the Prairie ) was one of Spanish Television 's most popular series . In 1976 Karen Grassle ( Caroline Quiner Ingalls ) won Spanish television 's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress , and the series itself won for best foreign series ; Melissa Sue Anderson ( Mary Ingalls ) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television 's 625 Lineas program in early 1979 . The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor ( Harriet Oleson ) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980 . Other media ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run . In addition to airing on local stations , it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP and Hallmark Channel . In the past , it has aired on TV Land and TBS . As of September 19 , 2016 , the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily , with the exception of Seasons eight and nine . In the U.S. , television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution . Originally , NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises , since networks could not own syndication arms at the time . As a result of corporate changes , Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment , finally passing to CTD in 2007 . In Canada , reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS , a Christian - based network , as of September 1 , 2008 . Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series , it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E / I programming guidelines . The show is typically stripped ( run five days a week ) in syndication , which is enough to completely cover a TV station 's E / I requirements and more . NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well . Sister company NBCUniversal International Television and MGM Worldwide Television Distribution distributes the series internationally . DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases ( edit ) The entire series has been released on standard - definition DVD , high - definition Blu - ray , and on both standard and high - definition Digital Copy . In addition , some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS . Starting with Season 7 , the Blu - ray 's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com . There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another . The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution , a company based in Quebec . A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes -- these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises , the series ' former distributor . Other episodes were time - compressed and are NTSC - converted video prints from UK PAL masters , while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints , also from Worldvision . Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions . The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality , such as tracking lines , as well as audio problems , though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons . The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed - captioning . These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim , Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler . For the original movies & complete series sets , Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon , the casting of the show , and more . Imavision also released a French - language version of the series . Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions . Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision , but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below . The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback ( a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label ) ; this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2 . Unlike the original North American DVD sets , the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes . In 2014 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD , and also for the first time , in high definition on Blu - ray , as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video . These new releases , which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters , contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound . The Blu - rays , with their high bitrate , high definition 1080p picture ( as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs ) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available . The first six seasons on Blu - ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs . Starting with Season 7 , Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu - ray 's exclusively through Amazon.com . In the process , they made several other changes to the Blu - ray 's including compressing the audio ( though with a relatively high bitrate ) , simplifying the on - screen disc menus , and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons . The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English , French , and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles . They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases , but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called `` The Little House Phenomenon '' . Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie . Season 7 contains no special features . Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras , with `` Look Back to Yesterday '' and `` The Last Farewell '' appearing on Season 8 , and `` Bless All The Dear Children '' appearing on Season 9 . Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this , both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline , and also because they included `` The Last Farewell '' on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending . Lionsgate 's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order , since `` Bless All The Dear Children '' was the last episode broadcast even though `` The Last Farewell '' was the last one produced . None of the available releases of the series contain `` Little House Years '' , which was a three - hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips . While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available , there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems . The most significant of these , affecting all formats of the remastered releases , include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode , `` Divorce , Walnut Grove Style , '' almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9 's `` Home Again , '' and extremely low volume of the townspeoples ' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie , `` The Last Farewell . '' List of releases ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Name No. of episodes Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> DVD release dates Remastered DVD & Blu - ray release date Digital Copy release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 1 Region 1 Season 1 24 1974 -- 1975 July 8 , 2003 July 25 , 2005 March 25 , 2014 March 25 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 2 22 1975 -- 1976 July 8 , 2003 March 27 , 2006 May 6 , 2014 May 6 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 3 22 1976 -- 1977 November 4 , 2003 March 10 , 2008 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 4 22 1977 -- 1978 February 17 , 2004 May 26 , 2008 January 20 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 5 24 1978 -- 1979 June 29 , 2004 August 4 , 2008 April 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 6 24 1979 -- 1980 October 26 , 2004 May 3 , 2010 July 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 7 22 1980 -- 1981 February 15 , 2005 July 17 , 2010 October 6 , 2015 ( DVD ) December 22 , 2015 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 8 22 1981 -- 1982 June 14 , 2005 March 20 , 2011 January 19 , 2016 ( DVD ) March 22 , 2016 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Season 9 22 1982 -- 1983 November 1 , 2005 January 20 , 2012 April 19 , 2016 September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> 3 - Movie Box Set 3 movies 1983 -- 1984 November 28 , 2006 None ( but is in Complete set ) September 13 , 2016 ( DVD only ) September 13 , 2016 <Td_colspan="6"> The Complete Television Series 204 1974 -- 1984 November 11 , 2008 October 7 , 2015 ( Dutch import ) October 6 , 2015 ( DVD only ) September 9 , 2014 <Td_colspan="6"> Announced film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( feature film ) In October 2012 , Sony Pictures announced that a film based on the series 's pilot is under development , with Scott Rudin as the producer . However , the film was later on turnaround to Paramount Pictures in 2016 , where the film resumed development . It has Sean Durkin as the director and Abi Morgan as the screenwriter , although Rudin is still the film 's producer . No actors have been selected or joined the cast yet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House On The Prairie set for big screen reboot by Paramount '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Farewell Summary '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lennon . `` The REAL story of the destruction of Walnut Grove '' . Prairie Fans . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Melissa ( 2009 ) . Prairie Tale : A Memoir ( pp. 141 - 142 ) . Simon Spotlight Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1974 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1977 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1978 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1979 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1980 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ted Voigtlander , 75 ; Won Emmys for ' Little House ' Cinematography '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 1988 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows Archive - INSP TV - Family - Friendly Entertainment - TV Shows and Movies '' . www.insp.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Removes Happy Days for Dramas ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of April 29 , 2013 ) - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Blu-ray.com forum - Little House on the Prairie : Seasons 1 - 10 '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie in the Works at Paramount '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` Grab your bonnets ! ' Little House on the Prairie ' is heading to the big screen '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Little House on the Prairie movie back in development '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little House on the Prairie ' Movie Lands at Paramount ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) . Television in the United States portal 1970s portal 1980s portal Little House on the Prairie on IMDb Little House : Look Back to Yesterday on IMDb Little House : The Last Farewell on IMDb Little House : Bless All the Dear Children on IMDb The Illustrated Little House on the Prairie Episode Guide Little House on the Prairie Official Website <Th_colspan="2"> Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson BNF : cb13506393j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)&oldid=854643732 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1983 American television series endings 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) English - language television programs NBC network shows Period family drama television series Period television series Television programs based on American novels Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Universal Television Television series set in the 1870s Television series set in the 1880s Television shows set in Minnesota Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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1. Little House on the Prairie TV series 2. Laura Ingalls Wilder 3. Walnut Grove, Minnesota 4. Michael Landon 5. Family drama

where is mt isa in australia on the map

Mount Isa - Wikipedia Mount Isa For the Queensland electoral division , see Electoral district of Mount Isa . City in Queensland , Australia <Th_colspan="2"> Mount Isa Queensland <Td_colspan="2"> Mount Isa <Td_colspan="2"> Mount Isa Coordinates 20 ° 44 ′ 0 '' S 139 ° 30 ′ 0 '' E  /  20.73333 ° S 139.50000 ° E  / - 20.73333 ; 139.50000 Coordinates : 20 ° 44 ′ 0 '' S 139 ° 30 ′ 0 '' E  /  20.73333 ° S 139.50000 ° E  / - 20.73333 ; 139.50000 Population 21,998 ( 2016 ) Density 350.29 / km ( 907.2 / sq mi ) Established 1923 Postcode ( s ) 4825 Elevation 356 m ( 1,168 ft ) Area 62.8 km ( 24.2 sq mi ) ( 2011 urban ) Time zone AEST ( UTC + 10 ) Location 1,830 km ( 1,137 mi ) NW of Brisbane 1,163 km ( 723 mi ) SW of Cairns 661 km ( 411 mi ) E of Tennant Creek LGA ( s ) City of Mount Isa State electorate ( s ) Traeger Federal Division ( s ) Kennedy <Td_colspan="2"> Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall 31.9 ° C 17.3 ° C 461.8 mm <Td_colspan="2"> Mount Isa ( / ˈaɪzə / EYE - zə ) is a city in the Gulf Country region of Queensland , Australia . It came into existence because of the vast mineral deposits found in the area . Mount Isa Mines ( MIM ) is one of the most productive single mines in world history , based on combined production of lead , silver , copper and zinc . With an estimated urban population of 21,998 as at June 2016 , Mount Isa is the administrative , commercial and industrial centre for the state 's vast north - western region . Although situated in an arid area , the artificial Lake Moondarra 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of the city on the Leichhardt River provides both drinking water and an area for watersports , birdwatching and recreation . Locals often refer to Mount Isa as `` The Isa '' . Due to the lead production in the city , Mount Isa has one of the most intensive air quality monitoring systems in Australia . Concerns have been raised over childhood lead contamination and air pollution within the city . The Mount Isa Mines ( MIM ) in particular are a source of significant lead pollution . Contents 1 History 2 Heritage listings 3 Governance 4 Local industry and business 4.1 Tourism 5 Climate 6 Culture and sport 7 Festivals and events 7.1 Mount Isa Rodeo 7.2 Mount Isa parkrun 8 Demographics 9 Suburbs 10 Transport 11 Water infrastructure 12 Education 13 Facilities 14 Media 14.1 Radio 14.2 Television 14.3 Newspapers 15 Notable people 16 See also 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) The Attorney General of Queensland , John Mullan , officially opened the railway line on 6 April 1929 Smelter interior , 1932 Township , 1932 Main street , ~ 1936 The land around the present day city of Mount Isa was home to the Kalkadoon aboriginal tribe . The Kalkadoon tribe led a subsistence lifestyle on this land that the white settlers looked at as nothing but poor grazing land , with the odd mineral deposit . As settlers and prospectors pressed further into their lands the Kalkadoon tribe members set out on one of Australia 's most successful guerrilla wars in a fight for their lands . Their success continued until at Battle Mountain in 1884 , with what some historians have called a rush of blood , the tribe attacked a fortified position in large numbers and suffered terrible losses . The weakened state of the tribe made their land more vulnerable to the settlers and soon much of the land was lost . Armed patrols chasing the surviving tribe members and poor grazing lands for the settlers made times hard in the area over the following decades . It is said that a lone prospector , John Campbell Miles , stumbled upon one of the world 's richest deposits of copper , silver and zinc during his 1923 expedition into the Northern Territory , but many people do not know that he was taken to the deposits by a young aboriginal man by the name of Kabalulumana ( for whom an Indigenous person 's hostel in Mount Isa is named ) . When Miles inspected the yellow - black rocks in a nearby outcrop , they reminded him of the ore found in the Broken Hill mine that he had once worked at . Upon inspection these rocks were weighty and heavily mineralised . A sample sent away to the assayer in Cloncurry confirmed their value . Miles and four farmers staked out the first claims in the area . Taken with friend 's stories of the Mount Ida gold mines in Western Australia , Miles decided upon Mount Isa as the name for his new claim . Mount Isa Post Office opened on 1 August 1924 . A location for the town 's hospital was chosen in 1929 , with a small building completed the following year . In 1931 , a larger structure was moved to the site from the closed mining town of Kuridala . The Mount Isa City Library opened in 1974 . Heritage listings ( edit ) Mount Isa has a number of heritage - listed sites , including : Camooweal Street : Underground Hospital Camooweal Street : Tent House Mount Isa Mining District : Bower Bird Battery on Mount Isa Mine Lease : Mount Isa Mine Early Infrastructure Nettle Street : Casa Grande Governance ( edit ) Mount Isa at local level is part of the City of Mount Isa , at state level is part of the electoral district of Mount Isa in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland , and at federal level is part of the Division of Kennedy in the Australian House of Representatives . The mayor of Mount Isa , after the 2016 Local Government Elections , is Joyce McCulloch . The City of Mount Isa LGA jurisdiction , covering 43,188 km ( 2nd largest in Australia ) , is one of the largest in the world in terms of area and takes in the border town of Camooweal , 188 km ( 117 mi ) to the north - west of Mount Isa and 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) from the border of the Northern Territory . Local industry and Business ( edit ) Mount Isa 's industry is largely dependent on mining . Glencore operates the Mount Isa Mines lease adjacent to the city , which comprises the `` Enterprise '' underground copper mine , X41 underground copper mine , `` Black Star Open Cut '' silver - lead zinc mine , and metallurgical processing facilities . Silver - lead - zinc ore is also mined 20 km ( 12 mi ) to the north at Hilton from the `` George Fisher '' underground mine , and the adjoining `` Handlebar Hill '' open cut , which is trucked back to Mount Isa for processing . Mount Isa is in the top two of the largest copper mining and smelting operations in the country . Copper and lead are smelted on site , with copper anodes and zinc concentrate being transported 900 km ( 560 mi ) to the city and port of Townsville on the east coast . The lead ingots are transported to a refinery in Britain where the silver is extracted . The mine is the most significant landmark in the area , with the stack from the lead smelter ( built 1978 ) , standing 270 m tall , visible from all parts of the city and up to 40 km ( 25 mi ) out . In 2008 a Queensland Health report found that more than 10 % of children in Mount Isa had blood lead levels above World Health Organization recommendations . The mining operator Glencore denied responsibility and stated that the town has naturally high levels of lead in the soil . However , a more recent study led by Macquarie University environmental engineers has used lead isotope analysis to show conclusively that the lead ingested had originated from smelted ore and not surface deposits . Tourism ( edit ) Underground hospital Attractions include the Hard Times Mine at `` Outback at Isa '' and The Mount Isa Rodeo and Mardi Gras ( held on the same weekend ) has given Mount Isa the title of `` Rodeo Capital of Australia '' . The occasion may well triple the city 's population in these few days . A memorial has been made especially for the Rodeo , down Rodeo Drive ; the sidewalks have special memorials embedded in the cement . The burial place of John Campbell Miles , the founder of Mount Isa , is on the corner of Rodeo Drive and Miles Street . His ashes are buried underneath a large statue where each panel represents a significant part of Mount Isa . Miles ' ashes used to be watched over by a large clock where the statue now stands . The World War II - era Mount Isa Underground Hospital is an historical building that has been registered on the Register of the National Estate and the Queensland Heritage Register . It is an air - raid shelter which could function as a hospital was a precautionary measure taken after Darwin was bombed in 1942 . Local miners excavated the site which remains today as the only underground health facility in Queensland which was built during World War II . The Glencore Mount Isa Lake Moondarra Fishing Classic is held annually , and after 2011 will also be followed by a Fishing , Camping and 4x4 Expo . The Fishing Classic is the richest fresh water fishing event in Queensland . Catching the tagged Barramundi fetches the greatest prize money . Climate ( edit ) Mount Isa experiences a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSh ) . The summer / wet season is very hot with highly variable rainfall and humidity owing to the erratic influence of the monsoon . This can be almost non-existent in years like 1985 / 1986 , where as little as 83 millimetres ( 3.3 in ) fell from December to March , or extremely intense as in 1973 / 1974 when 789 mm ( 31.1 in ) of rain fell over the same period . A typical summer includes numerous hot windy days over 40 ° C with clear skies and low humidity , a few weeks of 35 - 40 ° C temperatures with higher humidity and spectacular thunderstorms and a few days with heavy monsoon rain and cooler conditions below 30 ° C. Although Mount Isa lies within the tropics , its cool winter nights results in a temperature range similar to subtropical climates . The winter or dry season is warm and almost completely rainless with median monthly rainfalls from April to September below 2 mm ( 0.08 in ) , though nights can be quite cool and about once every three years a minimum below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) is recorded . On rare occasions winter rain - bearing systems may bring heavy rain for a day or two , such as in June 2007 , when 111.8 mm ( 4.40 in ) of rain was recorded ; however , such occurrences happen only every 5 years or less . The lowest temperature recorded at Mount Isa is − 2.9 ° C ( 26.8 ° F ) on 7 July 1984 and the hottest is 45.9 ° C ( 114.6 ° F ) on 29 January 1990 . The wettest 24 hour period on record was 213.0 mm ( 8.39 in ) on 15 January 2004 . <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Mount Isa Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 45.9 ( 114.6 ) 43.5 ( 110.3 ) 41.9 ( 107.4 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 37.8 ( 100 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 39.5 ( 103.1 ) 42.5 ( 108.5 ) 43.9 ( 111 ) 45.1 ( 113.2 ) 45.9 ( 114.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 37.1 ( 98.8 ) 31.9 ( 89.4 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) − 1.3 ( 29.7 ) − 2.9 ( 26.8 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) − 2.9 ( 26.8 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 118.6 ( 4.669 ) 100.8 ( 3.969 ) 63.1 ( 2.484 ) 14.1 ( 0.555 ) 12.4 ( 0.488 ) 6.5 ( 0.256 ) 6.0 ( 0.236 ) 3.6 ( 0.142 ) 8.5 ( 0.335 ) 17.9 ( 0.705 ) 38.0 ( 1.496 ) 74.9 ( 2.949 ) 464.4 ( 18.284 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 7.9 7.1 4.0 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.9 2.3 4.0 6.0 36.7 Average afternoon relative humidity ( % ) 35 38 32 27 29 28 25 20 18 18 22 27 27 Mean daily sunshine hours 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.6 9.4 9.5 9.8 10.4 10.3 10.0 9.7 9.3 9.5 <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Australian Bureau of Meteorology Culture and sport ( edit ) Athletics , Gymnastics , Rugby League , cricket , netball , soccer , field hockey , Rugby Union , Australian Rules Football and tennis are the most common sports but Shooting , Squash , Softball , Basketball , BMX racing , and Ten - Pin bowling are also present . Mount Isa has a Go Kart Club situated off Duchess Road on the southern side of town . Mount Isa also has a cinema complex , situated in the inner city on Rodeo Drive , that contains three air - conditioned cinemas , a skate park / aquatic centre and a multi-purpose sporting complex for basketball and other indoor sports . Mount Isa 's events complex , Buchanan Park , opened in May 2007 , can hold up to 6,000 people and is used for special events such as concerts and expos . It is also the home of the city 's annual show and rodeo . In 2008 , plans were made to build a massive motor sports complex on the city 's north - eastern outskirts , but as of 2016 it had not been built . The city is known for its annual Rodeo and Mardi Gras street parade every August . There is also an annual Multicultural Festival in early September . The local theater group , the Mount Isa Theatrical Society , also known as MITS , often holds plays and musicals , at least once every few months . In July 2015 , Mt Isa formed its own Symphony Orchestra , acclaimed as the `` most remote in the world '' . Inaugurated on 23 July , the event attracted several stars of the music world , including world - famous jazz musician James Morrison . Morrison also figured in the premiere of Matthew Dewey 's ' Symphony of the Inland Sea ' , composed for the occasion . On the 5th March 2017 , Mount Isa was chosen as a host city of the 2018 Commonwealth Games Queen 's Baton Relay , along with Cloncurry , Hughenden , Winton and Birdsville . The baton will pass through the CBD and suburbs and regions en route before the opening ceremony on the Gold Coast . Festivals and events ( edit ) Mount Isa Rodeo ( edit ) The Mount Isa Rodeo has been held annually since 1959 . In addition to the rodeo itself , there are associated street parties , music events , market stalls and family entertainment . The Rodeo Queen Quest raises money for charities ; the Rodeo Queen is crowned at the Rodeo Ball . Rodeo school is available for aspiring bull riders . It is the largest annual rodeo event in the Southern Hemisphere . It is organised by the combined Rotary clubs of Mount Isa . The rodeo often features guest DJing from renowned global DJs including Ste Earley from Doncaster in England who adds to the global party atmosphere . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , the Mount Isa Rodeo was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an `` event and festival '' . Mount Isa parkrun ( edit ) The Mount Isa parkrun is a 5 km run in Mount Isa . It starts at 7am every Saturday and is free . The event started in 2018 and has attracted tourists from across Queensland and more . The event starts at Tharrapatha Way . As at April 2018 , the largest attendance is 102 . The event caters for all types of runners of all standards . Demographics ( edit ) Mount Isa had an estimated resident population of 21,998 people in 2016 , housed in 6,285 dwellings , making the city the largest and most populous in Queensland 's western interior , and one of the largest centres in outback Australia . The district population is 30,243 and incorporates the Cloncurry , Boulia , Burketown , Carpentaria , Doomadgee , Flinders , Mornington and Richmond shires . The 2011 census found that 52.8 % of residents were male and 47.2 % were female . However , a rumour has circulated that the ratio of males to females living in Mount Isa was five to one . Former Mayor John Molony drew international press attention in August 2008 when he told the Townsville Bulletin newspaper that Mount Isa 's gender imbalance made it a good place for `` not so attractive '' women to live . Franchises such as McDonald 's , KFC , Hungry Jack 's , Pizza Hut , Subway , K - Mart , Best & Less , Donut King , Coffee Club , Blockbuster , Harvey Norman , Bunnings , Boating Camping and Fishing and EB Games have established stores in Mount Isa , as well as many smaller locally owned businesses , many in the Mount Isa Village Shopping Complex and Simpson Central Arcade in the Central Business District . Suburbs ( edit ) Mining in 1951 Mt Isa Street , 1962 The Leichhardt River divides the city into areas known as `` mineside '' and `` townside '' . Xstrata , the power station and the Airport are on the mineside , whilst the majority of the city , including the CBD and Base Hospital are on the townside . In recent years , population increases associated with the mining boom has increased demand for accommodation and land . The city has begun to spread out , with new suburbs in the south - east and north of the city being planned or developed . It is planned these expansions will cater for more than 40,000 people over the next 10 to 20 years . Mineside Happy Valley , Queensland - includes Happy Valley State School , St Joseph 's Catholic Primary School , and Captain James Cook Park Kalkadoon - includes Mount Isa Airport and Kalkadoon Park Mica Creek -- includes CS Energy Mica Creek Power Station Miles End - includes Mount Isa train station Parkside -- Mount Isa 's largest and oldest suburb . Contains the Irish Club , Parkside Flats complex , and Playway Park Soldiers Hill -- All streets and parks named after war locations and soldiers , such as Kokoda Road and Gallipoli Park Hilton - More commonly known as Mineside , on the same side of the railway line as Mount Isa Mines and the Incitec Pivot Sulphuric Acid plant . Employee housing , particularly for managers and visiting staff from Xstrata , Casa Grande ; a white brick mansion built for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II ; now used for the annual Casa Grande Ball , and some mine operations . Townside Breakaway Estate - Semi-rural acreages Fisher Healy - Residential suburb , site of Healy State School Healy Heights - New suburb , development ongoing , with several houses finished . Lanskey Menzies -- includes Buchanan Park events complex , Stables and Racecourse . Mornington Mount Isa City - The Central Business District Mount Isa East -- has own post office and smaller shopping centres Pioneer -- includes a campus of TAFE Queensland North , Spinifex Senior Campus and Ten - Pin Bowling complex , St Kierans Catholic Primary School Ryan -- mostly industrial , includes army and State Emergency Service barracks , home to one company of the 51st Battalion , Far North Queensland Regiment Spreadborough - mostly bushland and light industry . The notable Spreadborough family still resides in the area . Sunset - Home to Sunset State Primary School , and some shopping facilities The Gap Townview - Home to Townview State Primary School Winston Transport ( edit ) Mount Isa city and surrounds are serviced by a 35 vehicle taxi service . A taxi service known as `` Isa - Curry '' express transports passengers to and from the neighbouring centre of Cloncurry to Mount Isa and back again , usually for shopping and medical requirements . Additionally , many of the city 's clubs have courtesy buses to and from their establishments that run seven days a week and into the early hours of the morning . Mount Isa Coaches is a locally owned and operated coach company that provides tours and charter services to the local community as well as mining , sporting , school and airport transfers . Greyhound Australia has a depot in Mount Isa , with coach services to and from Townsville , Brisbane and Tennant Creek . Mount Isa Airport has regular daily services to Brisbane , Cairns and Townsville , in addition to other services to remote Outback communities in western Queensland . The primary carriers which service Mount Isa and district are Qantas / QantasLink - Brisbane and Townsville ; AirNorth - Darwin and Gold Coast ; Regional Express - Townsville . In November 2009 , it was announced that Skytrans and Westwing Aviation will commence flights in and out of Mount Isa to and from cities on the coast , commencing in February 2010 . Regional Express ( REX ) also announced flights between Mount Isa and Townsville starting after December 2009 . Virgin Australia ( VA ) began services in August 2012 and offers return services from Brisbane on weekdays . The city is served by QR passenger train The Inlander , which travels overnight to Townsville twice a week in each direction . <Td_colspan="5"> Long distance rail services Preceding station Queensland Rail Following station Duchess toward Townsville The Inlander Terminus Water Infrastructure ( edit ) Panorama of Lake Moondarra from lookout above Transport Bay . July 2014 . Mount Isa , Queensland . Mount Isa 's water is supplied from Lake Moondarra , 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) from Mount Isa , and from Lake Julius , 60 km ( 37 mi ) from Mount Isa . As it costs approximately twice as much to supply water from Lake Julius , the water is normally drawn from Lake Moondarra . However , during periods of drought , it becomes necessary to draw water supplies from Lake Julius . The three major water users are the Mount Isa Mines , Incitec Pivot and the Mount Isa City Council ( which in turn supplies residents and smaller businesses ) . Due to a prolonged drought , water levels in Lake Moondarra have become very low . In April 2013 , it was forecast that Lake Moondarra would be reduced to 40 % of capacity by July 2013 , which would trigger the need to supply additional water from Lake Julius . The increased cost to the Mount Isa Council for water was estimated to be $800,000 per year ( $114 each for 7000 households ) . Water restrictions in the town were escalated in April 2013 to reduce water consumption . Boating on Lake Moondarra would be restricted if water levels reduced to 20 % for safety reasons as the lower water levels would reveal obstructions . The fish in the lake will be at risk if Lake Moondarra falls to 10 % capacity . Water has traditionally been processed using a natural filtration process involving reed beds in a large isolated lagoon , which , after disinfecting , produced water to acceptable standards under the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines . However , the prolonged drought has produced climatic conditions that have caused blooms of blue - green algae in Lake Moondarra , Lake Julius and the Clear Water Lagoon , necessitating the temporary introduction of a large filtration plant to remove the algae . On 22 January 2015 , Lake Moondarra was at 85.3 % capacity . Education ( edit ) Mount Isa State School , 1929 Mount Isa has eight public primary schools and three private primary schools : Happy Valley State School Healy State School Townview State School Barkly Highway State School Central State School Sunset State School Mount Isa School of Distance Education Mount Isa Special School St Kieren 's ( private ) St Josephs ( private ) And four high schools : Good Shepherd Catholic College ( private ) Mt Isa Flexible Learning Centre ( private ) Mount Isa School of Distance Education ( to grade 10 ) Spinifex State College - Three campuses , Junior from grade 7 to grade 9 , Senior from grade 10 to grade 12 , and Residential ; for students who do n't have a high - school in their region and need to leave their place of residence to access years 7 - 12 . Spinifex State College opened on 1 January 2003 . The Junior campus is located at the former Mount Isa State High School . The Senior campus is located at the former Kalkadoon State High School . The Mount Isa Education and Training Precinct campus is an amalgamation of Kalkadoon State High School and Mount Isa State High School to form Spinifex State College Precinct . And Early Childhood Education : CCM : Cherub Childminding Services Family Day Care Scheme Mount Isa is also home to the School of the Air , a unique - to - Australia way of schooling isolated students in Australia 's vast lightly populated country areas . The city also holds the main campus of the Mount Isa Institute of TAFE , offering courses in a wide range of fields , including mining , agriculture and trades . In addition , James Cook University has a presence , with the Mount Isa Centre for Rural and Remote Health in the Base Hospital complex . Facilities ( edit ) The City of Mount Isa operates a public library in Mount Isa at 23 West Street . Media ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) The following radio stations are available in the Mount Isa region : AM 666 4LM ( commercial ) FM 100.9 Mob FM ( commercial - 70 % country ) FM 101.7 ABC Classic FM FM 102.5 Hot FM ( commercial ) FM 103.3 4TAB ( horse racing ) FM 104.1 ABC Triple J FM 104.9 ABC News Radio FM 105.7 Radio Rhema ( religious ) FM 106.5 ABC Local Radio FM 107.1 ABC Radio National Television ( edit ) Five broadcast television services operate in Mount Isa -- commercial stations Imparja Television and Southern Cross7 ( formerly known as ITQ Channel 8 , QQQ , QTV and QSTV - Queensland Satellite Regional Television ) , and the Government - owned ABC and SBS . Imparja has a programming affiliation agreement with the Nine Network . Aboriginal focused channel NITV ( National Indigenous Television ) broadcasts on UHF Channel 35 . Digital Television transmissions have commenced in Mount Isa . New channels provided by the ABC and SBS can be received with a digital set top box or digital television . Additional channels from the commercial broadcasters that are available in most other areas of Australia are expected to commence transmission in 2011 - 2012 . Analogue television transmissions will be switched off by 31 December 2013 . Newspapers ( edit ) The North West Star is a local newspaper which is printed daily Monday to Friday . The Courier - Mail , The Sunday Mail and the Townsville Bulletin are also available . Notable people ( edit ) Simon Black , Australian rules footballer Charlie Cameron , Australian rules footballer Lindy Chamberlain , wrongly imprisoned for the murder of her baby , which was subsequently attributed to dingo attack . In the movie Evil Angels , made about the incident , Mount Isa appears at the beginning scenes of the movie as the hometown of the Chamberlain family Altiyan Childs , winner of the second season of The X Factor Peter Crawford , basketball player Gerard Denton , cricketer Nathan Fien , rugby league player Karen Foxlee , novelist Jamie Goddard , rugby league player Pat Mackie , union leader ( 1964 / 5 dispute ) Simmone Jade Mackinnon , actress Deborah Mailman , actress Tony McGrady , Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland and Mayor of Mount Isa Gene Miles , rugby league player Greg Norman , golfer Scott Prince , rugby league player Pat Rafter , tennis player Bill Sweetenham , Olympic swimming coach Carl Webb , rugby league player John White , squash player See also ( edit ) Queensland portal Mount Isa Mines Riversleigh References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 3218.0 -- Regional Population Growth , Australia , 2014 - 15 : Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area , 2005 to 2015 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 30 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Estimated resident population , 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Census Community Profiles : Mount Isa '' . ABS Census . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mt Isa '' . www.australianexplorer.com . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa Water Board - Trustee of Lake Moondarra , Mount Isa '' . Archived from the original on 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Mt . Isa page , using `` The Isa '' term `` . Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air quality in Mount Isa '' . www.mountisatimes.com.au . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compelling new evidence shows Mount Isa mining emissions are contaminating the city and are the cause of childhood lead poisoning '' . mq.edu.au . Macquarie University . 17 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mining blamed for Mount Isa 's woes '' . Brisbane Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Field , Donna ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Mount Isa mine a source of ' potentially significant ' lead pollution , Glencore - commissioned report finds '' . ABC Online . Archived from the original on 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal Hostels Limited '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Premier Postal History . `` Post Office List '' . Premier Postal Auctions . Archived from the original on 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Penny ( 2006 ) . Discover Queensland Heritage . Corinda , Queensland : Pictorial Press Australia . p. 17 . ISBN 1876561424 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland Public Libraries Statistical Bulletin 2016 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Public Libraries Connect . State Library of Queensland . November 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Underground Hospital , Mount Isa ( entry 601102 ) '' . Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tent House ( Mount Isa ) ( entry 600742 ) '' . Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa tent house on the move '' . 15 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bower Bird Battery ( entry 601863 ) '' . Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa Mine Early Infrastructure ( entry 601182 ) '' . Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Casa Grande ( entry 601094 ) '' . Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Mount Isa City Council - Mayoral Election - Election Summary '' . Electoral Commission of Queensland . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3218.0 -- Regional Population Growth , Australia , 2014 - 15 : Population Estimates by Local Government Area ( ASGS 2015 ) , 2005 to 2015 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 30 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Estimated resident population , 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter - Profile of major minerals , oil and gas '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Archived from the original on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa Community : Lead Screening Program 2006 - 7 '' ( PDF ) . Queensland Government . May 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xstrata mining emissions causing lead poisoning '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 17 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mackay , A.K. , Taylor , M.P. , Munksgaard , N.C. , Hudson - Edwards , K.A. , Burn - Nunes , L. ( September 2013 ) . `` Identification of environmental lead sources , pathways and forms in a mining and smelting town : Mount Isa , Australia '' . Environmental Pollution. 180 : 304 -- 311 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envpol. 2013.05. 007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lake Moondarra Fishing Classic Archived 8 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate statistics for Mount Isa '' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mt Isa Athletics - Home '' . Archived from the original on 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` North West Gymnastics '' . North West Gymnastics . Archived from the original on 26 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Karting Association ( Qld ) Incorporated '' . Archived from the original on 24 December 2005 . Jump up ^ WALTON , SAMANTHA ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Mt Isa wants motorsports '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Chris ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Mount Isa symphony orchestra ' most remote in the world ' '' . Daily Advertiser . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Program snapshot '' . Mount Isa Rodeo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Quest '' . Mount Isa Roeo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rodeo School '' . Mount Isa Rodeo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa Rodeo '' . Mount Isa Rodeo . Archived from the original on 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bligh , Anna ( 10 June 2009 ) . `` PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND 'S 150 ICONS '' . Queensland Government . Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa parkrun - Weekly Free 5km Timed Run '' . Parkrun. 19 Apr 2018 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Mount Isa ( Urban Centre and Locality ) '' . 2011 Census QuickStats . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ugly girls welcome , says beer goggle capital '' . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outback mayor seeks `` ugly duckling '' women `` . 18 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ http://www.northweststar.com.au/news/local/news/general/people-have-nowhere-to-live/329190.aspx Jump up ^ `` Units -- 51st Battalion , Far North Queensland Regiment '' . Australian Army . Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Mount Isa Water Board . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Jasmine ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` Running dry '' . The North West Star . Fairfax Regional Media . Archived from the original on 4 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Level 2 Water Restrictions '' . Mount Isa City Council . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Kate ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Drought threatens Lake Moondarra barra supplies '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa Water Board '' . Mount Isa Water Board . Archived from the original on 4 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opening and closing dates of Queensland schools '' . Department of Education and Training . Queensland Government . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Isa City Library '' . Public Libraries Connect . State Library of Queensland. 14 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sweetenham : the bloke from Mt Isa saving British swimming '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 13 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mount Isa . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Isa , Queensland . Mount Isa City Council University of Queensland : Queensland Places : Mount Isa <Th_colspan="2"> Towns , suburbs and localities in the City of Mount Isa , Queensland <Td_colspan="2"> Barkly Breakaway Camooweal Fisher Gunpowder Happy Valley Healy Kalkadoon Lanskey Lawn Hill Menzies Mica Creek Miles End Mornington Mount Isa Mount Isa City Parkside Pioneer Ryan Soldiers Hill Spreadborough Sunset The Gap Townview Winston <Td_colspan="2"> Main Article : Local government areas of Queensland <Th_colspan="2"> Cities of Queensland , Australia <Td_colspan="2"> Capital : Brisbane <Td_colspan="2"> Metropolitan Gold Coast Ipswich Logan Redcliffe Caloundra <Td_colspan="2"> Regional Bundaberg Cairns Gladstone Gympie Hervey Bay Mackay Maryborough Mount Isa Rockhampton Toowoomba Townsville Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Isa&oldid=865646996 '' Categories : Mount Isa North West Queensland Towns in Queensland Mining towns in Queensland Populated places established in 1923 1923 establishments in Australia Queensland in World War II City of Mount Isa Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2018 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2011 ID same as Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Australian English from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 08 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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1. Mount Isa Mines 2. Lead contamination and air pollution 3. Mount Isa Rodeo 4. Mount Isa's industry and business 5. Mount Isa's climate and weather

what was the result of the battle of petersburg

Siege of Petersburg - wikipedia Siege of Petersburg For the American Revolutionary War battle known as the `` Battle of Petersburg '' , see Battle of Blandford . For the World War II battle , see Siege of Leningrad . <Th_colspan="2"> Siege of Petersburg <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the American Civil War <Td_colspan="2"> The `` Dictator '' siege mortar at Petersburg . In the foreground , the figure on the right is Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt , chief of artillery of the Army of the Potomac . <Td_colspan="2"> Date June 9 , 1864 -- March 25 , 1865 ( 9 months , 2 weeks and 2 days ) Location Petersburg , Virginia Result Union victory <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States Confederate States <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant George Meade Benjamin Butler Robert E. Lee P.G.T. Beauregard <Th_colspan="2"> Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of the James Army of Northern Virginia Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 67,000 -- 125,000 ∼ 52,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 42,000 ( estimate ) 28,000 ( estimate ) <Th_colspan="2"> Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign ( Siege of Petersburg ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1st Petersburg 2nd Petersburg Jerusalem Plank Road Wilson - Kautz Raid Staunton River Bridge Sappony Church 1st Ream 's Station 1st Deep Bottom Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 2nd Ream 's Station Beefsteak Raid Chaffin 's Farm Peebles ' Farm Vaughan Road Darbytown & New Market Roads Darbytown Road Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road Boydton Plank Road Trent 's Reach Hatcher 's Run Fort Stedman The Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg , Virginia , fought from June 9 , 1864 , to March 25 , 1865 , during the American Civil War . Although it is more popularly known as the Siege of Petersburg , it was not a classic military siege , in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off , nor was it strictly limited to actions against Petersburg . The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully and then constructed trench lines that eventually extended over 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the eastern outskirts of Richmond , Virginia , to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg . Petersburg was crucial to the supply of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond . Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad . Many of these battles caused the lengthening of the trench lines . Lee finally gave in to the pressure and abandoned both cities in April 1865 , leading to his retreat and surrender at Appomattox Court House . The Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the trench warfare that was common in World War I , earning it a prominent position in military history . It also featured the war 's largest concentration of African American troops , who suffered heavy casualties at such engagements as the Battle of the Crater and Chaffin 's Farm . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 2.3 Comparison between Union and Confederate armies 2.4 Role of African Americans 3 Initial attempts to capture Petersburg 3.1 Butler 's assault ( June 9 ) 3.2 Meade 's assaults ( June 15 -- 18 , 1864 ) 4 Initial attempts to cut the railroads ( June 21 -- 30 ) 4.1 Jerusalem Plank Road ( June 21 -- 23 ) 4.2 Wilson - Kautz Raid ( June 22 -- July 1 ) 5 First Battle of Deep Bottom ( July 27 -- 29 ) 6 The Crater ( July 30 ) 7 Second Deep Bottom ( August 14 -- 20 ) 8 Operations against the Weldon Railroad 8.1 Globe Tavern ( August 18 -- 21 ) 8.2 Second Reams Station ( August 25 ) 9 Beefsteak Raid ( September 14 -- 17 ) 10 Union offensives , late September 10.1 New Market Heights ( September 29 -- 30 ) 10.2 Peebles Farm ( September 30 -- October 2 ) 11 Actions near Richmond , October 11.1 Darbytown and New Market Roads ( October 7 ) 11.2 Darbytown Road ( October 13 ) 11.3 Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) 12 Boydton Plank Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) 13 Hatcher 's Run ( February 5 -- 7 , 1865 ) 14 Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman ( March 25 ) 15 Aftermath 16 Classifying the campaigns 17 Battlefield preservation 18 See also 19 Notes 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Further information : American Civil War Soldiers in the trenches . Trench warfare would appear again more infamously in World War I In March 1864 , Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and was given command of the Union Army . He devised a coordinated strategy to apply pressure on the Confederacy from many points , something President Abraham Lincoln had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war . Grant put Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman in immediate command of all forces in the West and moved his own headquarters to be with the Army of the Potomac ( still commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade ) in Virginia , where he intended to maneuver Lee 's army to a decisive battle ; his secondary objective was to capture Richmond ( the capital of the Confederacy ) , but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished . His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north , while Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast ; Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel to control the Shenandoah Valley ; Sherman to invade Georgia , defeat Gen. Joseph E. Johnston , and capture Atlanta ; Brig . Gens . George Crook and William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia ; and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks to capture Mobile , Alabama . Most of these initiatives failed , often because of the assignment of generals to Grant for political rather than military reasons . Butler 's Army of the James bogged down against inferior forces under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard before Richmond in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign . Sigel was soundly defeated at the Battle of New Market in May and soon afterward he was replaced by Maj. Gen. David Hunter . Banks was distracted by the Red River Campaign and failed to move on Mobile . However , Crook and Averell were able to cut the last railway linking Virginia and Tennessee , and Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign was a success , although it dragged on through the fall . On May 4 , Grant and Meade 's Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River and entered the area known as the Wilderness of Spotsylvania , beginning the six - week Overland Campaign . At the bloody but tactically inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness ( May 5 -- 7 ) and Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ( May 8 -- 21 ) , Grant failed to destroy Lee 's army but , unlike his predecessors , did not retreat after the battles ; he repeatedly moved his army leftward to the southeast in a campaign that kept Lee on the defensive and moved ever closer to Richmond . Grant spent the remainder of May maneuvering and fighting minor battles with the Confederate army as he attempted to turn Lee 's flank and lure him into the open . Grant knew that his larger army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than Lee and the Confederacy could . This theory was tested at the Battle of Cold Harbor ( May 31 -- June 12 ) when Grant 's army once again came into contact with Lee 's near Mechanicsville . He chose to engage Lee 's army directly , by ordering a frontal assault on the Confederate fortified positions on June 3 . This attack was repulsed with heavy losses . Cold Harbor was a battle that Grant regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a `` butcher '' . Although Grant suffered high losses during the campaign -- approximately 50,000 casualties , or 41 % -- Lee lost even higher percentages of his men -- approximately 32,000 , or 46 % -- losses that could not be replaced . On the night of June 12 , Grant again advanced by his left flank , marching to the James River . He planned to cross to the south bank of the river , bypassing Richmond , and isolate Richmond by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south . While Lee remained unaware of Grant 's intentions , the Union army constructed a pontoon bridge 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) long and crossed the James River on June 14 -- 18 . What Lee had feared most of all -- that Grant would force him into a siege of Richmond -- was poised to occur . Petersburg , a prosperous city of 18,000 , was a supply center for Richmond , given its strategic location just south of Richmond , its site on the Appomattox River that provided navigable access to the James River , and its role as a major crossroads and junction for five railroads . Since Petersburg was the main supply base and rail depot for the entire region , including Richmond , the taking of Petersburg by Union forces would make it impossible for Lee to continue defending Richmond ( the Confederate capital ) . This represented a change of strategy from that of the preceding Overland Campaign , in which confronting and defeating Lee 's army in the open was the primary goal . Now , Grant selected a geographic and political target and knew that his superior resources could besiege Lee there , pin him down , and either starve him into submission or lure him out for a decisive battle . Lee at first believed that Grant 's main target was Richmond and devoted only minimal troops under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to the defense of Petersburg . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle at Second Petersburg , Union order of battle at First Deep Bottom , Union order of battle at the Crater , Union order of battle at Globe Tavern , Union order of battle at Chaffin 's Farm , Union order of battle at Boydton Plank Road Key Union commanders Lt. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant Maj. Gen . George G. Meade Maj. Gen . Benjamin Butler At the beginning of the campaign , Grant 's Union forces consisted of the Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. George G. Meade , and the Army of the James , under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler . The Army of the Potomac included : II Corps , under Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . David B. Birney and John Gibbon and Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow . V Corps , under Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles Griffin , Romeyn B. Ayres , Samuel W. Crawford , and Lysander Cutler . VI Corps , under Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . David A. Russell , Thomas H. Neill , and James B. Ricketts . ( The VI Corps was on detached service in the Shenandoah Valley from mid-July to early December 1864 . ) IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . James H. Ledlie , Robert B. Potter , Orlando B. Willcox , and Edward Ferrero ( the latter division being manned by United States Colored Troops ) . Maj. Gen. John G. Parke replaced Burnside after the Battle of the Crater . Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alfred T.A. Torbert , David McM . Gregg , and James H. Wilson . Sheridan and much of his command were on detached service in the Shenandoah Valley from mid-July 1864 to late March 1865 . Upon their return , Sheridan often referred to his Cavalry Corps as the Army of the Shenandoah , reflecting their role in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . The Army of the James included : X Corps , under Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Robert S. Foster and Adelbert Ames . XVIII Corps , under Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . William T.H. Brooks , John H. Martindale , and Edward W. Hinks ( the latter also a USCT division ) . XXIV Corps , under Maj. Gen. Edward O.C. Ord , including the divisions of Brig. Gen. Robert S. Foster , Maj. Gen. Thomas M. Harris , and Brig. Gen. Charles Devens . XXV Corps , under Maj. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles J. Paine , William Birney , and Edward A. Wild . Cavalry Division , under Brig. Gen. August Kautz . On December 3 , 1864 , the racially integrated X Corps and XVIII Corps were reorganized to become the all - white XXIV Corps and the all - black ( officers excepted ) XXV Corps . Grant made his headquarters in a cabin on the lawn of Appomattox Manor , the home of Dr. Richard Eppes and the oldest home ( built in 1763 ) in what was then City Point , but is now Hopewell , Virginia . Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Gen . Robert E. Lee Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard Lt. Gen . James Longstreet Lt. Gen . Richard S. Ewell Lt. Gen . A.P. Hill Lee 's Confederate force consisted of his own Army of Northern Virginia , as well as a scattered , disorganized group of 10,000 men defending Richmond under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard . Many of the men under Beauregard 's command consisted of soldiers who were either too young or too old to fight in the Army of Northern Virginia , or men who had been discharged from Lee 's army due to wounds that rendered them unfit for service . The Army of Northern Virginia was initially organized into four corps : First Corps , under Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . George E. Pickett , Charles W. Field , and Joseph B. Kershaw . Lt. Gen. James Longstreet returned from medical leave and resumed command of the corps on October 19 . Anderson was given command of the new Fourth Corps , which included the division of Maj. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson . Second Corps , under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early , was detached on June 12 for operations in the Shenandoah Valley and played no direct role in the defense of Petersburg . Third Corps , under Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Henry Heth and Cadmus M. Wilcox and Brig. Gen. William Mahone . Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Fitzhugh Lee and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . Beauregard 's Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia had four depleted divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Robert Ransom , Jr. , Robert F. Hoke , and William H.C. Whiting , and Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Colquitt . ( Later in the campaign , Beauregard 's department was expanded and reorganized to consist of the divisions of Maj . Gens . Hoke and Bushrod Johnson ) . Comparison between Union and Confederate armies ( edit ) Grant 's armies were significantly larger than Lee 's during the campaign , although the strengths varied . During the initial assaults on the city , 15,000 Federal troops faced about 5,400 men under Beauregard . By June 18 , the Federal strength exceeded 67,000 against the Confederate 20,000 . More typical of the full campaign was in mid-July , when 70,000 Union troops faced 36,000 Confederates around Petersburg , and 40,000 men under Butler faced 21,000 around Richmond . The Union Army , despite suffering horrific losses during the Overland Campaign , was able to replenish its soldiers and equipment , taking advantage of garrison troops from Washington , D.C. , and the increasing availability of African - American soldiers . By the end of the siege , Grant had 125,000 men to begin the Appomattox Campaign . The Confederate army , in contrast , had difficulty replacing men lost through battle , disease , and desertion . As a result of this severe lack of manpower facing the Confederates , when Beauregard 's men occupied the trenches around the city , there were gaps in the line of up to 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) between men . Role of African Americans ( edit ) Main article : African Americans at the Siege of Petersburg African Americans were present at Petersburg on both sides of the conflict . United States Colored Troops fought with the Union Army , while other African Americans worked at Union supply depots . On the side of the Confederacy , enslaved and free African Americans dug trenches around Petersburg . Initial attempts to capture Petersburg ( edit ) Butler 's assault ( June 9 ) ( edit ) Further information : First Battle of Petersburg Confederate Trenches . Fascine Trench Breastworks , Petersburg , Va . -- NARA -- 524792 Richmond -- Petersburg Theater , fall 1864 Confederate Union While Lee and Grant faced each other after Cold Harbor , Benjamin Butler became aware that Confederate troops had been moving north to reinforce Lee , leaving the defenses of Petersburg in a vulnerable state . Sensitive to his failure in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign , Butler sought to achieve a success to vindicate his generalship . He wrote , `` the capture of Petersburg lay near my heart . '' Petersburg was protected by multiple lines of fortifications , the outermost of which was known as the Dimmock Line , a line of earthworks and trenches 10 miles ( 16 km ) long , with 55 redoubts , east of the city . The 2,500 Confederates stretched thin along this defensive line were commanded by a former Virginia governor , Brig. Gen. Henry A. Wise . Despite the number of fortifications , because of a series of hills and valleys around the outskirts of Petersburg there were several places along the outer defenses where cavalry could easily ride through undetected until they reached the inner defenses of the city . Butler 's plan was formulated on the afternoon of June 8 , 1864 , calling for three columns to cross the Appomattox and advance with 4,500 men . The first and second consisted of infantry from Maj. Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore 's X Corps and U.S. Colored Troops from Brig. Gen. Edward W. Hinks 's 3rd Division of XVIII Corps , which was to attack the Dimmock Line east of the city . The third was 1,300 cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. August Kautz , who were to sweep around Petersburg and strike it from the southeast . The troops moved out on the night of June 8 , but made poor progress . Eventually the infantry crossed by 3 : 40 a.m. on June 9 and by 7 a.m. , both Gillmore and Hinks had encountered the enemy , but stopped at their fronts . Gillmore told Hinks that he would attack but that both of the infantry columns should await the cavalry assault from the south . Kautz 's men did not arrive until noon , however , having been delayed en route by numerous enemy pickets . They assaulted the Dimmock Line where it crossed the Jerusalem Plank Road ( present - day U.S. Route 301 , Crater Road ) . The Confederates ' Battery 27 , also known as Rives 's Salient , was manned by 150 militiamen commanded by Maj . Fletcher H. Archer . Kautz first launched a probing attack , then paused . His main attack was by the 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry against the Home Guard , a group consisting primarily of teenagers , elderly men , and some wounded soldiers from city hospitals . The Home Guards retreated to the city with heavy losses , but by this time Beauregard had been able to bring reinforcements from Richmond to bear , which were able to repulse the Union assault . Kautz , hearing no activity on Gillmore 's front , presumed that he was left on his own and withdrew . Confederate casualties were about 80 , Union 40 . Butler was furious with Gillmore 's timidity and incompetence and arrested him . Gillmore requested a court of inquiry , which was never convened , but Grant later reassigned him and the incident was dropped . Meade 's assaults ( June 15 -- 18 , 1864 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Petersburg Siege of Petersburg , assaults on June 15 -- 18 Grant selected Butler 's Army of the James , which had performed poorly in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign , to lead the expedition toward Petersburg . On June 14 he directed Butler to augment the XVIII Corps , commanded by Brig. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , to a strength of 16,000 men , including Kautz 's cavalry division , and use the same route employed in the unsuccessful attacks of June 9 . Since Beauregard had insufficient men available to defend the entire Dimmock Line , he concentrated 2,200 troops under Brig. Gen. Henry A. Wise in the northeastern sector . Even with this concentration , infantrymen were spaced an unacceptable 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) apart . His remaining 3,200 men were facing Butler 's army at Bermuda Hundred . Baldy Smith and his men crossed the Appomattox shortly after dawn on June 15 . Kautz 's cavalry , leading the advance , encountered an unexpected stronghold at Baylor 's farm northeast of Petersburg . Brig. Gen. Edward W. Hinks 's men launched two attacks on the Confederates and captured a cannon , but the overall advance was delayed until early afternoon . Smith started his attack after delaying until about 7 p.m. , deploying a strong skirmish line that swept over the earthworks on a 3.5 - mile ( 5.6 km ) front , causing the Confederates to retreat to a weaker defensive line on Harrison 's Creek . Despite this initial success and the prospect of a virtually undefended city immediately to his front , Smith decided to wait until dawn to resume his attack . By this time Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock , the II Corps commander , had arrived at Smith 's headquarters . The normally decisive and pugnacious Hancock , who outranked Smith , was uncertain of his orders and the disposition of forces , and uncharacteristically deferred to Smith 's judgment to wait . Beauregard wrote later that Petersburg `` at that hour was clearly at the mercy of the Federal commander , who had all but captured it . '' But he used the time he had been granted to good advantage . Receiving no guidance from Richmond in response to his urgent requests , he unilaterally decided to strip his defenses from the Howlett Line , which was bottling up Butler 's army in Bermuda Hundred , making the divisions of Maj . Gens . Robert Hoke and Bushrod Johnson available for the new Petersburg defensive line . Butler might have used this opportunity to move his army between Petersburg and Richmond , which would have doomed the Confederate capital , but he once again failed to act . By the morning of June 16 , Beauregard had concentrated about 14,000 men in his defensive line , but this paled in comparison to the 50,000 federals that now faced him . Grant had arrived with Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's IX Corps , addressed the confusion of Hancock 's orders , and ordered a reconnaissance for weak points in the defensive line . Hancock , in temporary command of the Army of the Potomac until Maj. Gen. George G. Meade arrived , prepared Smith 's XVIII corps on the right , his own II Corps in the center , and Burnside 's IX Corps on the left . Hancock 's assault began around 5 : 30 p.m. as all three corps moved slowly forward . Beauregard 's men fought fiercely , erecting new breastworks to the rear as breakthroughs occurred . Upon the arrival of General Meade , a second attack was ordered and Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow led his division forward . Although Barlow 's men managed to capture their objectives , a counterattack drove them back , taking numerous Union prisoners . The survivors dug in close to the enemy works . June 17 was a day of uncoordinated Union attacks , starting on the left flank where two brigades of Burnside 's IX Corps under Brig. Gen. Robert B. Potter stealthily approached the Confederate line and launched a surprise attack at dawn . Initially successful , it captured nearly a mile of the Confederate fortifications and about 600 prisoners , but the effort eventually failed when Potter 's men moved forward to find another line of entrenchments . IX Corps assaults at 2 p.m. , led by the brigade of Brig. Gen. John F. Hartranft , and in the evening , by Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie 's division , both failed . During the day , Beauregard 's engineers had laid out new defensive positions a mile to the west of the Dimmock Line , which the Confederates occupied late that night . Robert E. Lee had systematically ignored all of Beauregard 's pleas for reinforcements until now , but dispatched two divisions of his men , exhausted from the Overland Campaign , to Petersburg , beginning at 3 a.m. on June 18 . With the arrival of Lee 's two divisions , under Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw and Charles W. Field , Beauregard had over 20,000 men to defend the city , but Grant 's force had been augmented by the arrival of Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren 's V Corps and 67,000 Federals were present . On the morning of June 18 , Meade went into a rage directed at his corps commanders because of his army 's failure to take the initiative and break through the thinly defended Confederate positions and seize the city . He ordered the entire Army of the Potomac to attack the Confederate defenses . The first Union attack began at dawn , started by the II and XVIII Corps on the Union right . The II Corps was surprised to make rapid progress against the Confederate line , not realizing that Beauregard had moved it back the night before . When they encountered the second line , the attack immediately ground to a halt and the corps suffered under heavy Confederate fire for hours . By noon , another attack plan had been devised to break through the Confederate defenses . However , by this time , elements of Lee 's army had reinforced Beauregard 's troops . By the time the Union attack was renewed , Lee himself had taken command of the defenses . Maj. Gen. Orlando B. Willcox 's division of the IX Corps led the renewed attack but it suffered significant losses in the marsh and open fields crossed by Taylor 's Branch . Warren 's V Corps was halted by murderous fire from Rives 's Salient , an attack in which Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , commanding the 1st Brigade , First Division , V Corps , was severely wounded . At 6 : 30 p.m. , Meade ordered a final assault , which also failed with more horrendous losses . One of the leading regiments was the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment , which lost 632 of 900 men in the assault , the heaviest single - battle loss of any regiment during the entire war . Having achieved almost no gains from four days of assaults , and with Lincoln facing re-election in the upcoming months in the face of a loud public outcry against the casualty figures , Meade ordered his army to dig in , starting the ten - month siege . During the four days of fighting , Union casualties were 11,386 ( 1,688 killed , 8,513 wounded , 1,185 missing or captured ) , Confederate 4,000 ( 200 killed , 2,900 wounded , 900 missing or captured ) . Initial attempts to cut the railroads ( June 21 -- 30 ) ( edit ) After failing to capture Petersburg by assault , Grant 's first objective was secure the three remaining open rail lines that served Petersburg and Richmond : the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad ; the South Side Railroad , which reached to Lynchburg in the west ; and the Weldon Railroad , also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad , which led to Weldon , North Carolina , and the Confederacy 's only remaining major port , Wilmington , North Carolina . Grant decided on a wide - ranging cavalry raid ( the Wilson - Kautz Raid ) against the South Side and Weldon railroads , but he also directed that a significant infantry force be sent against the Weldon closer to his current position . Meade selected the II Corps , still temporarily commanded by Birney , and Wright 's VI Corps . Jerusalem Plank Road ( June 21 -- 23 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road Siege of Petersburg , movements against the railroads and A.P. Hill 's counterattack , June 21 -- 22 On June 21 , elements of the II Corps probed toward the railroad and skirmished with Confederate cavalry . By the morning of June 22 , a gap opened up between the two corps . While the II Corps moved forward , the VI Corps encountered Confederate troops from Maj. Gen. Cadmus Wilcox 's division of Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill 's corps and they began to entrench rather than advance . Brig. Gen. William Mahone observed that the gap between the two Union corps was widening , creating a prime target . Mahone had been a railroad engineer before the war and had personally surveyed this area south of Petersburg , so he was familiar with a ravine that could be used to hide the approach of a Confederate attack column . At 3 p.m. , Mahone 's men emerged in the rear of the II Corps division of Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , catching them by surprise , and Barlow 's division quickly collapsed . The division of Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , which had erected earthworks , was also surprised by an attack from the rear and many of the regiments ran for safety . The II Corps troops rallied around earthworks that they had constructed on the night of June 21 and stabilized their lines . Darkness ended the fighting . On June 23 , the II Corps advanced to retake its lost ground , but the Confederates had pulled back , abandoning the earthworks they had captured . Under orders from General Meade , the VI Corps sent out a heavy skirmish line after 10 a.m. in a second attempt to reach the Weldon Railroad . Men from Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Grant 's 1st Vermont Brigade had begun tearing up track when they were attacked by a larger force of Confederate infantry . Numerous Vermonters were taken prisoner and only about half a mile of track had been destroyed when they were chased away . Meade was unable to urge Wright forward and called off the operation . Union casualties were 2,962 , Confederate 572 . The battle was inconclusive , with advantages gained on both sides . The Confederates were able to retain control of the Weldon Railroad . The Federals were able to destroy a short segment of the Weldon before being driven off , but more importantly , the siege lines were stretched further to the west . Wilson - Kautz raid ( June 22 -- July 1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Wilson - Kautz Raid , Battle of Staunton River Bridge , Battle of Sappony Church , and First Battle of Ream 's Station Wilson - Kautz Raid , June 22 -- July 1 In parallel to Birney 's and Wright 's infantry action at the Jerusalem Plank Road , Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson was ordered by Meade to conduct a raid destroying as much track as possible south and southwest of Petersburg . Grant considered Wilson 's 3rd Division of the Cavalry Corps too small to conduct the operation alone -- particularly since Meade required Wilson to leave 1,400 men behind for picket duty -- so he directed Butler to contribute Brig. Gen. August Kautz 's small division ( 2,000 troopers ) to the effort . Early on the morning of June 22 , 3,300 men , and 12 guns organized into two batteries , departed Mount Sinai Church and began to destroy railroad track and cars of the Weldon Railroad at Reams Station , 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Petersburg . Kautz 's men moved to the west to Ford 's Station and began destroying track , locomotives , and cars on the South Side Railroad . On June 23 , Wilson proceeded to the junction of the Richmond and Danville Railroad at Burkeville , where he encountered elements of Rooney Lee 's cavalry between Nottoway Court House and Black 's and White 's ( modern - day Blackstone ) . The Confederates struck the rear of his column , forcing Col. George A. Chapman 's brigade to fend them off . Wilson followed Kautz along the South Side Railroad , destroying about 30 miles ( 50 km ) of track as they went . On June 24 , while Kautz remained skirmishing around Burkeville , Wilson crossed over to Meherrin Station on the Richmond and Danville and began destroying track . On June 25 , Wilson and Kautz continued tearing up track south to the Staunton River Bridge at Roanoke Station ( modern - day Randolph ) , where they encountered approximately 1,000 `` Old Men and Boys '' ( the Home Guard ) , commanded by Capt . Benjamin L. Farinholt , dug in with earthworks and prepared artillery positions at the bridge . The Battle of Staunton River Bridge was a minor affair in which Kautz attempted multiple frontal assaults against the Home Guard , but his men never came closer than 80 yards ( 73 m ) . Lee 's cavalry division closed on the Federals from the northeast and skirmished with Wilson 's rear guard . Casualties on the Union side amounted to 42 killed , 44 wounded , and 30 missing or captured ; Confederate losses were 10 killed and 24 wounded . Kautz 's men gave up and retreated to the railroad depot at 9 p.m. Despite these relatively minor losses , the two Union cavalry generals decided to abandon their mission , leaving the Staunton River bridge intact and having inflicted only minor damage on the railroads . Commanders of the Wilson - Kautz Raid Brig. Gen . James H. Wilson Brig. Gen . August Kautz As Wilson and Kautz turned back to the east after their defeat at Staunton River Bridge , Rooney Lee 's cavalry pursued and threatened their rear . Meanwhile , Robert E. Lee ordered Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton 's cavalry , which had been engaged with Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan 's cavalry at the Battle of Trevilian Station on June 11 -- 12 , to join the pursuit and attack Wilson and Kautz . Before leaving on his raid , Wilson had received assurances from Meade 's chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys , that the Army of the Potomac would be immediately taking control of the Weldon Railroad at least as far south as Reams Station , so Wilson decided that would be an appropriate place to return to Union lines . The Union defeat at Jerusalem Plank Road made those assurances inoperable . Wilson and Kautz were surprised on the afternoon of June 28 when they reached Stony Creek Station , 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Reams , as hundreds of Hampton 's cavalrymen ( under Brig. Gen. John R. Chambliss ) and infantry blocked their path . In the Battle of Sappony Church , Wilson 's men tried to break through , but had to fall back when Confederate Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler and Thomas L. Rosser threatened to envelop Wilson 's left flank . Kautz 's division , following Wilson 's , took a back road in the direction of Reams Station and was attacked by Rooney Lee 's division late in the day . The Union cavalrymen were able to slip out of the trap under the cover of darkness and rode north on the Halifax Road for the supposed security of Reams Station . `` Dictator '' siege mortar on the U.S. Military Railroad at Petersburg In the First Battle of Reams Station on June 29 , Kautz approached Reams Station from the west expecting to find the friendly infantry promised by Humphreys , but found Confederate infantry instead -- Mahone 's division blocking the approaches to the Halifax Road and the railroad behind well constructed earthworks . Kautz 's attack by the 11th Pennsylvania and the 1st District of Columbia Cavalry along the Depot Road was unsuccessful and Mahone counterattacked against the flank of the Pennsylvanians . On the Stage Road to the north of the station , the brigades of Brig. Gen. Lunsford L. Lomax and Williams C. Wickham maneuvered around the 2nd Ohio Cavalry and 5th New York Cavalry , turning the Federal left flank . Wilson sent a messenger north who was able to slip through the Confederate lines and urgently requested help from Meade at City Point . Meade alerted Wright to prepare to move his entire VI Corps to Reams Station , but he realized that it would take too long on foot and requested help from Phil Sheridan 's cavalry as well . Sheridan demurred , complaining of the effect on his `` worn - out horses and exhausted men . '' After the war , arguments persisted between Sheridan and Wilson about whether the former had adequately protected the raiders from the Confederate cavalry of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee . Sheridan did reach Reams Station by 7 p.m. , only to find that the VI Corps infantry had in fact arrived but that Wilson and Kautz had departed . Caught in a trap without promise of immediate aid , the Wilson - Kautz raiders burned their wagons and destroyed their artillery pieces and fled to the north before the reinforcements arrived . They lost hundreds of men as prisoners in what was called `` a wild skedaddle . '' At least 300 escaped slaves who had joined the Union cavalrymen during the raid were abandoned during the retreat . The raiders reentered Federal lines around 2 p.m. on July 1 . They had destroyed 60 miles ( 97 km ) of track , which took the Confederates several weeks to repair , but it came at the cost of 1,445 Union casualties , or about a quarter of their force ( Wilson lost 33 killed , 108 wounded , and 674 captured or missing ; Kautz lost 48 killed , 153 wounded , and 429 captured or missing ) . Although Wilson counted the raid as a strategic success , Ulysses S. Grant reluctantly described the expedition as a `` disaster . '' First Battle of Deep Bottom ( July 27 -- 29 ) ( edit ) Further information : First Battle of Deep Bottom First Battle of Deep Bottom , July 27 -- 29 In preparation for the forthcoming Battle of the Crater , Grant wanted Lee to dilute his forces in the Petersburg trenches by attracting them elsewhere . He ordered Hancock 's II Corps and two divisions of Sheridan 's Cavalry Corps to cross the river to Deep Bottom by pontoon bridge and advance against the Confederate capital . His plan called for Hancock to pin down the Confederates at Chaffin 's Bluff and prevent reinforcements from opposing Sheridan 's cavalry , which would attack Richmond if practicable . If not -- a circumstance Grant considered more likely -- Sheridan was ordered to ride around the city to the north and west and cut the Virginia Central Railroad , which was supplying Richmond from the Shenandoah Valley . When Lee found out about Hancock 's pending movement , he ordered that the Richmond lines be reinforced to 16,500 men . Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw 's division and brigades from Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox 's division moved east on New Market Road and took up positions on the eastern face of New Market Heights . Hancock and Sheridan crossed the pontoon bridge starting at 3 a.m. , July 27 . The II Corps took up positions on the east bank of Bailey 's Creek , from New Market Road to near Fussell 's Mill . Sheridan 's cavalry captured the high ground on the right , overlooking the millpond , but they were counterattacked and driven back . The Confederate works on the west bank of Bailey 's Creek were formidable and Hancock chose not to attack them , spending the rest of the day performing reconnaissance . While Hancock was stymied at Bailey 's Creek , Robert E. Lee began bringing up more reinforcements from Petersburg , reacting as Grant had hoped . He assigned Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson to take command of the Deep Bottom sector and sent in Maj. Gen. Henry Heth 's infantry division and Maj. Gen. W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee 's cavalry division . Troops were also hurriedly detailed from the Department of Richmond to help man the trenches . On the morning of July 28 , Grant reinforced Hancock with a brigade of the XIX Corps . Sheridan 's men attempted to turn the Confederate left , but their movement was disrupted by a Confederate attack . Three brigades attacked Sheridan 's right flank , but they were unexpectedly hit by heavy fire from the Union repeating carbines . Mounted Federals in Sheridan 's reserve pursued and captured nearly 200 prisoners . No further combat occurred and the expedition against Richmond and its railroads was terminated on the afternoon of July 28 . Satisfied that the operation had distracted sufficient Confederate forces from his front , General Grant determined to proceed with the assault against the Crater on July 30 . Union casualties at the First Battle of Deep Bottom were 488 ( 62 killed , 340 wounded , and 86 missing or captured ) ; Confederate casualties were 679 ( 80 killed , 391 wounded , 208 missing or captured ) . The Crater ( July 30 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of the Crater Siege of Petersburg , Battle of the Crater , July 30 Grant wanted to defeat Lee 's army without resorting to a lengthy siege -- his experience in the Siege of Vicksburg told him that such affairs were expensive and difficult on the morale of his men . Lt. Col. Henry Pleasants , commanding the 48th Pennsylvania Infantry of Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside 's IX Corps , offered a novel proposal to solve Grant 's problem . Pleasants , a mining engineer from Pennsylvania in civilian life , proposed digging a long mine shaft underneath the Confederate lines and planting explosive charges directly underneath a fort ( Elliott 's Salient ) in the middle of the Confederate First Corps line . If successful , Union troops could drive through the resulting gap in the line into the Confederate rear area . Digging began in late June , creating a mine in a `` T '' shape with an approach shaft 511 feet ( 156 m ) long . At its end , a perpendicular gallery of 75 feet ( 23 m ) extended in both directions . The gallery was filled with 8,000 pounds of gunpowder , buried 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) underneath the Confederate works . Burnside had trained a division of United States Colored Troops ( USCT ) under Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero to lead the assault . Two regiments were to leave the attack column and extend the breach by rushing perpendicular to the crater , while the remaining regiments were to rush through , seizing the Jerusalem Plank Road . Burnside 's two other divisions , made up of white troops , would then move in , supporting Ferrero 's flanks and race for Petersburg itself . However , the day before the attack , Meade , who lacked confidence in the operation , ordered Burnside not to use the black troops in the lead assault , claiming that if the attack failed black soldiers would be killed needlessly , creating political repercussions in the North . Burnside protested to General Grant , who sided with Meade . When volunteers were not forthcoming Burnside selected a replacement white division by having the three commanders draw lots . Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie 's 1st Division was selected , but he failed to brief the men on what was expected of them and was reported during the battle to be drunk , well behind the lines , and providing no leadership . ( Ledlie was later dismissed for his actions during the battle . ) Sketch of the explosion seen from the Union line . At 4 : 44 a.m. on July 30 , the charges exploded in a massive shower of earth , men , and guns . A crater ( still visible today ) was created , 170 feet ( 52 m ) long , 60 to 80 feet ( 24 m ) wide , and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) deep . The blast destroyed the Confederate fortifications in the immediate vicinity , and instantly killed between 250 and 350 Confederate soldiers . Ledlie 's untrained white division was not prepared for the explosion , and reports indicate they waited ten minutes before leaving their own entrenchments . Once they had wandered to the crater , instead of moving around it as the black troops had been trained to do , they moved down into the crater itself . Since this was not the planned movement , there were no ladders provided for the men to use in exiting the crater . The Confederates , under Maj. Gen. William Mahone , gathered as many troops together as they could for a counterattack . In about an hour 's time , they had formed up around the crater and began firing rifles and artillery down into it , in what Mahone later described as a `` turkey shoot '' . The plan had failed , but Burnside , instead of cutting his losses , sent in Ferrero 's men . Now faced with considerable flanking fire , they also went down into the crater , and for the next few hours , Mahone 's soldiers , along with those of Maj. Gen. Bushrod Johnson and artillery , slaughtered the men of the IX Corps as they attempted to escape from the crater . Some Union troops eventually advanced and flanked to the right beyond the Crater to the earthworks and assaulted the Confederate lines , driving the Confederates back for several hours in hand - to - hand combat . Mahone 's Confederates conducted a sweep out of a sunken gully area about 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the right side of the Union advance . This charge reclaimed the earthworks and drove the Union force back towards the east . Grant wrote that , `` It was the saddest affair I have witnessed in the war . '' Union casualties were 3,798 ( 504 killed , 1,881 wounded , 1,413 missing or captured ) , Confederate casualties were approximately 1,500 ( 200 killed , 900 wounded , 400 missing or captured ) . Many of these losses were suffered by Ferrero 's division of the USCT . Burnside was relieved of command . Second Deep Bottom ( August 14 -- 20 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Deep Bottom Second Battle of Deep Bottom , August 14 -- 20 On the same day the Union failed at the Crater , Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early was burning the town of Chambersburg , Pennsylvania , as he operated out of the Shenandoah Valley , threatening towns in Maryland and Pennsylvania , as well as the District of Columbia . Robert E. Lee was concerned about actions that Grant might take against Early and sent the infantry division of Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw from Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's corps and the cavalry division commanded by Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee to Culpeper , Virginia , where they could either provide aid to Early or be recalled to the Richmond - Petersburg front as needed . Grant misinterpreted this movement and assumed that Anderson 's entire corps had been removed from the vicinity of Richmond , leaving only about 8,500 men north of the James River . He determined to try again with an advance toward the Confederate capital led by Hancock . This would either prevent reinforcements from aiding Early or once again dilute the Confederate strength in the defensive lines around Petersburg . On August 13 , the X Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney , and Brig. Gen. David McM . Gregg 's cavalry division crossed pontoon bridges from Bermuda Hundred to Deep Bottom . The II Corps crossed by steamships the night of August 13 -- 14 . Birney 's X Corps troops successfully pushed aside pickets on the Kingsland Road , but were stopped by the fortifications on New Market Heights . The II Corps units moved slowly into position , suffering numerous deaths from heat stroke . It was not until midday on August 14 that the Union made contact with the Confederates , manning rifle pits on the Darbytown Road just north of the Long Bridge Road . The Union generals were surprised at the Confederate strength . On the right , a full Confederate division commanded by Maj. Gen. Charles W. Field was dug in . Chaffin 's Bluff was defended by a division under Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox and reinforcements were arriving . Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow 's 10,000 men in two divisions of II Corps attacked Fussell 's Mill . They were able to drive away two Confederate cavalry regiments at the mill , but they were repulsed by Brig. Gen. George T. Anderson 's brigade . When Field took Anderson 's brigade from his right flank , it weakened the line in front of Birney 's corps , which moved forward and occupied some of the Confederate entrenchments and captured four guns . Although the Union attacks had been generally unsuccessful , they had some of the effect Grant desired . Lee became convinced that the threat against Richmond was a serious one and he dispatched two infantry brigades of Maj. Gen. William Mahone 's division and the cavalry divisions of Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . Hancock ordered Birney 's corps to make a night march to join Barlow 's end of the line . Birney 's movement was delayed by difficult terrain for most of August 15 and Hancock 's plan for an attack was abandoned for the day . On August 16 , Gregg 's cavalry swept to the right and rode northwest on the Charles City Road toward Richmond . They found Rooney Lee 's cavalry division blocking the road and a full day of fighting resulted . Confederate Brig. Gen. John R. Chambliss was killed during the fighting . The infantrymen of the X Corps had a better start to the day , as Brig. Gen. Alfred H. Terry 's division broke through the Confederate line . Wright 's Brigade was hit hard and retreated , opening a significant gap . The heavily wooded terrain prevented Birney and Hancock from understanding that they had reached a position of advantage and they were unable to exploit it before Field rearranged his lines to fill the gap and drive back the Federals . Lee planned a counterattack against the Union right for 11 a.m. on August 18 , but it was poorly coordinated and made no significant gains . On the night of August 20 , Hancock withdrew his force back over the James . Union casualties were approximately 2,900 men , some due to heat stroke . Confederate casualties were 1,500 . Operations against the Weldon Railroad ( edit ) Globe Tavern ( August 18 -- 21 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Globe Tavern Siege of Petersburg , capture of the Weldon Railroad , August 18 -- 19 While the II Corps fought at Deep Bottom , Grant planned another attack against the Weldon . He chose Gouverneur K. Warren 's V Corps to lead the operation . Grant was encouraged by a message he received August 17 from President Abraham Lincoln : I have seen your despatch expressing your unwillingness to break your hold where you are . Neither am I willing . Hold on with a bulldog grip , and chew and choke as much as possible . Grant remarked to his staff , `` The President has more nerve than any of his advisors . '' At dawn on August 18 , Warren advanced to the south and reached the railroad at Globe Tavern around 9 a.m. Parts of the division under Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin began to destroy the track while a brigade from Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres 's division formed in line of battle and moved north to block any Confederate advance from that direction . Ayres encountered Confederate troops at about 1 p.m. and Warren ordered the division under Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford to move forward on Ayres 's right in an attempt to outflank the Confederate left . A.P. Hill sent three brigades to meet the advancing Union divisions . At about 2 p.m. they launched a strong attack and pushed the Union troops back to within less than a mile of Globe Tavern . Warren counterattacked and regained his lost ground . His men entrenched for the night . Reinforcements arrived during the night -- the Union IX Corps under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , Rooney Lee 's Confederate cavalry division and three infantry brigades from Mahone 's division . In the late afternoon of August 19 , Mahone launched a flanking attack that found a weak spot in Crawford 's line , causing hundreds of Crawford 's men to flee in panic . Heth launched a frontal assault against the center and left , which was easily repulsed by Ayres 's division . The XI Corps counterattacked and fighting ended at dusk . On the night of August 20 -- 21 , Warren pulled his troops back two miles ( 3 km ) to a new line of fortifications , which were connected with the main Union lines on the Jerusalem Plank Road . The Confederates attacked at 9 a.m. on August 21 , with Mahone striking the Federal left and Heth the center . Both attacks were unsuccessful against the strong entrenchments and resulted in heavy losses . By 10 : 30 a.m. , the Confederates withdrew . Union casualties at Globe Tavern were 4,296 ( 251 killed , 1,148 wounded , 2,897 missing / captured ) , Confederate 1,620 ( 211 killed , 990 wounded , 419 missing / captured ) . The Confederates had lost a key section of the Weldon Railroad and were forced to carry supplies by wagon 30 miles ( 48 km ) from the railroad at Stony Creek up the Boydton Plank Road into Petersburg . This was not yet a critical problem for the Confederates . A member of Lee 's staff wrote , `` Whilst we are inconvenienced , no material harm is done us . '' Grant was not entirely satisfied with Warren 's victory , which he rightly characterized as wholly defensive in nature . Globe Tavern was the first Union victory of the campaign . Second Reams Station ( August 25 ) ( edit ) Further information : Second Battle of Ream 's Station General Grant wanted the Weldon closed permanently , destroying 14 miles ( 23 km ) of track from Warren 's position near Globe Tavern as far south as Rowanty Creek ( about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north of the town of Stony Creek ) . He assigned the operation to Hancock 's II Corps , which was in the process of moving south from their operation at Deep Bottom . He chose Hancock 's corps because Warren was busy extending the fortifications at Globe Tavern , although his selection was of troops exhausted from their efforts north of the James and their forced march south without rest . Grant augmented Hancock 's corps with Gregg 's cavalry division . Gregg 's division departed on August 22 and , after driving off Confederate pickets , they and the II Corps infantry division commanded by Brig. Gen. Nelson A. Miles destroyed the railroad tracks to within 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) of Reams Station . Early on August 23 , Hancock 's other division , commanded by Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , occupied Reams Station , taking up positions in earthworks that had been constructed by the Union cavalry during the Wilson - Kautz Raid in June . Robert E. Lee considered that the Union troops at Reams Station represented not only a threat to his supply line , but also to the county seat of Dinwiddie County ; if Dinwiddie Court House were to fall , the Confederates would be forced to evacuate both Petersburg and Richmond because it represented a key point on the army 's potential retreat route . He also saw an opportunity -- that he could impose a stinging defeat on the Union Army not long before the presidential election in November . Lee ordered Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill to take the overall command of an expedition that included 8 -- 10,000 men -- both cavalry and infantry . Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox 's division assaulted the Union position at about 2 p.m. on August 25 . Despite launching two attacks , Wilcox was driven back by Miles 's division , which was manning the northern part of the earthworks . To the south , Gibbon 's division was blocking the advance of Hampton 's cavalry , which had swept around the Union line . Confederate reinforcements from Heth 's and Mahone 's divisions arrived while the Confederate artillery softened up the Union position . The final attack began around 5 : 30 p.m. against Miles 's position and it broke through the northwest corner of the Union fortifications . Hancock desperately galloped from one threatened point to the next , attempting to rally his men . As he witnessed the men of his once proud corps reluctant to retake their positions from the enemy , he remarked to a colonel , `` I do not care to die , but I pray God I may never leave this field . '' By this time , Hampton 's cavalry was making progress against Gibbon 's infantry to the south , launching a surprise dismounted attack that caused many of Gibbon 's men to flee or surrender . This allowed Hampton to flank Miles . Hancock ordered a counterattack , which provided time to allow for an orderly Union withdrawal to Petersburg after dark . Union casualties at Reams Station were 2,747 ( the II Corps lost 117 killed , 439 wounded , 2,046 missing / captured ; the cavalry lost 145 ) , Confederate 814 ( Hampton 's cavalry lost 16 killed , 75 wounded , 3 missing ; Hill 's infantry 720 total ) . Although the Confederates had won a clear victory and had humiliated the veterans of II Corps , they had lost a vital piece of the Weldon Railroad and from this point on they were able to transport supplies by rail only as far north as Stony Creek Depot , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Petersburg . From that point , supplies had to be unloaded and wagon trains had to travel through Dinwiddie Court House and then on the Boydton Plank Road to get the supplies into Petersburg . The South Side Railroad was the only railroad left to supply Petersburg and Lee 's army . Beefsteak raid ( September 14 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Further information : Beefsteak Raid On September 5 , a scout attached to the Jeff Davis Legion , Sgt . George D. Shadburne , gave a report to Wade Hampton on his reconnaissance behind the Union lines . At about 5 miles east of Grant 's headquarters at City Point , a supply depot at Coggins Point on the James River , he found `` 3,000 beeves ( beef cattle ) , attended by 120 men and 30 citizens , without arms . '' Just two days earlier , Robert E. Lee had suggested to Hampton that Grant 's rear area was `` open to attack . '' On September 14 , while Grant was in the Shenandoah Valley conferring with Sheridan , Hampton led about 4,000 men in four brigades southwest from Petersburg along the Boydton Plank Road and followed a looping course through Dinwiddie Court House , Stony Creek Station , and by early morning on September 15 had crossed Blackwater Swamp at Cook 's Bridge . At 12 a.m. on September 16 , Hampton launched an attack in three columns : Rooney Lee 's division on the left against the Union troops camped at Prince George Court House , the brigade of Brig. Gen. James Dearing on the right against Cocke 's Mill , and the brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Rosser and a detachment under Lt. Col. Lovick P. Miller in the center to seize the cattle herd . The surprise attacks met only minimal resistance and by 8 a.m. , Hampton 's men were driving 2,486 cattle south toward Cook 's Bridge . A Union attempt by 2,100 cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. Henry Davies , Jr. , to intercept the Confederates and their prize was unsuccessful and Hampton retraced his steps back to Petersburg , turning the cattle over to the Confederate commissary department . For days , the Confederate troops feasted on beef and taunted their Union counterparts across the lines . A visitor to Grant 's headquarters asked the general , `` When do you expect to starve out Lee and capture Richmond ? '' Grant replied , `` Never , if our armies continue to supply him with beef cattle . '' Union offensives , late September ( edit ) New Market Heights ( September 29 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Chaffin 's Farm During the night of September 28 -- 29 , Butler 's Army of the James crossed the James River to assault the Richmond defenses north of the river . The columns attacked at dawn . After initial Union successes at New Market Heights and Fort Harrison , the Confederates rallied and contained the breakthrough . Lee reinforced his lines north of the James and , on September 30 , he counterattacked unsuccessfully . The Federals entrenched , and the Confederates erected a new line of works cutting off the captured forts . As Grant anticipated , Lee shifted troops to meet the threat against Richmond , weakening his lines at Petersburg . Peebles Farm ( September 30 -- October 2 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Peebles 's Farm In combination with Butler 's offensive north of the James River , Grant extended his left flank to cut Confederate lines of communication southwest of Petersburg . Two divisions of the IX corps under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke , two divisions of the V Corps under Warren , and Gregg 's cavalry division were assigned to the operation . On September 30 , the Federals marched via Poplar Spring Church to reach Squirrel Level and Vaughan Roads . The initial Federal attack overran Fort Archer , flanking the Confederates out of their Squirrel Level Road line . Late afternoon , Confederate reinforcements arrived , slowing the Federal advance . On October 1 , the Federals repulsed a Confederate counterattack directed by A.P. Hill . Reinforced by Maj. Gen. Gershom Mott 's division , the Federals resumed their advance on October 2 , captured Fort MacRae ( which was lightly defended ) and extended their left flank to the vicinity of Peebles ' and Pegram 's Farms . With these limited successes , Meade suspended the offensive . A new line was entrenched from the Federal works on Weldon Railroad to Pegram 's Farm . Actions near Richmond , October ( edit ) Darbytown and New Market Roads ( October 7 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads Responding to the loss of Fort Harrison and the increasing Federal threat against Richmond , Gen. Robert E. Lee directed an offensive against the Union far right flank on October 7 . After routing the Federal cavalry from their position covering Darbytown Road , Field 's and Hoke 's divisions assaulted the main Union defensive line along New Market Road and were repulsed . The Federals were not dislodged , and Lee withdrew into the Richmond defenses . Darbytown Road ( October 13 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Darbytown Road On October 13 , Union forces advanced to find and feel the new Confederate defensive line in front of Richmond . While mostly a battle of skirmishers , a Federal brigade assaulted fortifications north of Darbytown Road and was repulsed with heavy casualties . The Federals retired to their entrenched lines along New Market Road . Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road In combination with movements against the Boydton Plank Road at Petersburg , Benjamin Butler attacked the Richmond defenses along Darbytown Road with the X Corps . The XVIII Corps marched north to Fair Oaks where it was soundly repulsed by Field 's Confederate division . Confederate forces counterattacked , taking some 600 prisoners . The Richmond defenses remained intact . Of Grant 's offensives north of the James River , this was repulsed most easily . Boydton Plank Road ( October 27 -- 28 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Boydton Plank Road Siege of Petersburg , actions on October 27 Directed by Hancock , divisions from three Union corps ( II , V , and IX ) and Gregg 's cavalry division , numbering more than 30,000 men , withdrew from the Petersburg lines and marched west to operate against the Boydton Plank Road and South Side Railroad . The initial Union advance on October 27 gained the Boydton Plank Road , a major campaign objective . But that afternoon , a counterattack near Burgess ' Mill spearheaded by Henry Heth 's division , and Wade Hampton 's cavalry isolated the II Corps and forced a retreat . The Confederates retained control of the Boydton Plank Road for the rest of the winter . It marked the last battle for Hancock , who resigned from field command because of wounds sustained at Gettysburg . Hatcher 's Run ( February 5 -- 7 , 1865 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Hatcher 's Run On February 5 , 1865 , Gregg 's cavalry division rode out to the Boydton Plank Road via Ream 's Station and Dinwiddie Court House in an attempt to intercept Confederate supply trains . Warren 's V Corps crossed Hatcher 's Run and took up a blocking position on the Vaughan Road to prevent interference with Gregg 's operations . Two divisions of the II Corps under Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys shifted west to near Armstrong 's Mill to cover Warren 's right flank . Late in the day , John B. Gordon attempted to turn Humphrey 's right flank near the mill but was repulsed . During the night , the Federals were reinforced by two divisions . On February 6 , Gregg returned to Gravelly Run on Vaughan Road from his unsuccessful raid and was attacked by elements of Brig. Gen. John Pegram 's Confederate division . Warren pushed forward a reconnaissance in the vicinity of Dabney 's Mill and was attacked by Pegram 's and Mahone 's divisions . Pegram was killed in the action . Although the Union advance was stopped , the Federals extended their siegeworks to the Vaughan Road crossing of Hatcher 's Run . Confederate breakout attempt at Fort Stedman ( March 25 ) ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Fort Stedman Siege of Petersburg , actions preceding Five Forks By March 1865 , Lee 's army was weakened by desertion , disease , and shortage of supplies and he was outnumbered by Grant by about 125,000 to 50,000 . Lee knew that an additional 50,000 men under Sheridan would be returning soon from the Shenandoah Valley and Sherman was marching north through the Carolinas to join Grant as well . Lee had Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon plan a surprise attack on the Union lines that would force Grant to contract his lines and disrupt his plans to assault the Confederate works ( which , unbeknownst to Lee and Gordon , Grant had already ordered for March 29 ) . The attack would be launched with almost half of Lee 's infantry from Colquitt 's Salient against Fort Stedman , and Gordon had hopes that he could drive into the Union rear area as far as City Point . Gordon 's attack started at 4 : 15 a.m. Lead parties of sharpshooters and engineers masquerading as deserting soldiers headed out to overwhelm Union pickets and to remove obstructions that would delay the infantry advance . They were followed by three groups of 100 men assigned to storm the Union works and stream back into the Union rear area . Brig. Gen. Napoleon B. McLaughlen rode to Fort Haskell , just to the south of Battery XII , which he found to be ready to defend itself . As he moved north , he ordered Battery XII to open fire on Battery XI and a reserve infantry regiment briefly re-captured Battery XI . Assuming that he had sealed the only breach in the line , McLaughlen rode into Fort Stedman and began giving orders to the men . He suddenly realized that they were Confederates and they realized he was a Union general , capturing him . Gordon soon arrived at Fort Stedman and found his attack had so far exceeded his `` most sanguine expectations . '' Within minutes , Batteries X , XI , and XII and Fort Stedman had been seized , opening a gap nearly 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) long in the Union line . Gordon turned his attention to the southern flank of his attack and Fort Haskell . The Confederate artillery from Colquitt 's Salient began bombarding Fort Haskell and the Federal field artillery returned fire , along with the massive siege guns in the rear . Gordon 's attack began to flounder . His three 100 - man detachments were wandering around the rear area in confusion and many had stopped to satisfy their hunger with captured Federal rations , as the main Union defense force began to mobilize . Maj. Gen. John G. Parke of the IX Corps acted decisively , ordering the reserve division under Brig. Gen. John F. Hartranft to close the gap . Hartranft organized defensive forces that completely ringed the Confederate penetration by 7 : 30 a.m. , stopping it just short of the military railroad depot . The Union artillery , aware that Confederates occupied the batteries and Fort Stedman , launched punishing fire against them . By 7 : 45 a.m. , 4,000 Union troops under Hartranft were positioned in a semicircle of a mile and a half , and counterattacked , causing heavy casualties to the now - retreating Confederates . The attack on Fort Stedman had no impact on the Union lines . The Confederate Army was forced to set back its own lines , as the Union attacked further down the front line . To give Gordon 's attack enough strength to be successful , Lee had weakened his own right flank . The II and VI Corps seized much of the entrenched Confederate picket line southwest of Petersburg , but found the main line still well manned . This Union advance prepared the ground for Grant 's breakthrough attack in the Third Battle of Petersburg on April 2 , 1865 . Union casualties in the Battle of Fort Stedman were 1,044 ( 72 killed , 450 wounded , 522 missing or captured ) , Confederate casualties a considerably heavier 4,000 ( 600 killed , 2,400 wounded , 1,000 missing or captured ) . But more seriously , the Confederate positions were weakened . After the battle , Lee 's defeat was only a matter of time . His final opportunity to break the Union lines and regain the momentum was gone . Aftermath ( edit ) Grant 's final assaults and Lee 's retreat ( start of the Appomattox Campaign ) After nearly ten months of siege , the loss at Fort Stedman was a devastating blow for Lee 's army , setting up the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1 , the Union breakthrough at Petersburg on April 2 , the surrender of the city of Petersburg at dawn on April 3 , and Richmond that same evening . After his victory at Five Forks , Grant ordered an assault along the entire Confederate line beginning at dawn on April 2 . Parke 's IX Corps overran the eastern trenches but were met with stiff resistance . At 5 : 30 a.m. on April 2 , Wright 's VI Corps made a decisive breakthrough along the Boydton Plank Road line . While riding between the lines to rally his men , A.P. Hill was shot and killed by two Union soldiers . Wright 's initial breakthrough was halted mid-day at Fort Gregg . Gibbon 's XXIV Corps overran Fort Gregg after a heroic Confederate defense . This halt in the advance into the city of Petersburg allowed Lee to pull his forces out of Petersburg and Richmond on the night of April 2 , and head for the west in an attempt to meet up with forces under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina . The resulting Appomattox Campaign ended with Lee 's surrender to Grant on April 9 at Appomattox Court House . Richmond -- Petersburg was a costly campaign for both sides . The initial assaults on Petersburg in June 1864 cost the Union 11,386 casualties , to approximately 4,000 for the Confederate defenders . The casualties for the siege warfare that concluded with the assault on Fort Stedman are estimated to be 42,000 for the Union and 28,000 for the Confederates . Smoke is still rising from the ruins of Richmond , Virginia after surrendering on April 3 , 1865 following the Union victory at the Siege of Petersburg . Union cavalry mounts with carbines visible are hitched in the foreground . Confederate artilleryman killed at Fort Mahone during the final Union assault against the trenches at Petersburg . Photo by Thomas C. Roche , April 3 , 1865 . Classifying the campaigns ( edit ) Military historians do not agree on precise boundaries between the campaigns of this era . This article uses the classification maintained by the U.S. National Park Service 's American Battlefield Protection Program . An alternative classification is maintained by West Point ; in their Atlas of American Wars ( Esposito , 1959 ) , the Siege of Petersburg ends with the Union assault and breakthrough of April 2 . The remainder of the war in Virginia is classified as `` Grant 's Pursuit of Lee to Appomattox Court House ( 3 -- 9 April 1865 ) '' . Trudeau 's Last Citadel conforms to this classification . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) The various historic sites and battlegrounds related to the Siege of Petersburg are spread out across a vast area in the Petersburg vicinity . These sites and battlefields are primarily preserved by the National Park Service as the Petersburg National Battlefield , which features 13 separate sites on a 33 - mile driving tour . The park 's primary sections are the City Point Unit , where Grant had his headquarters ; the Eastern Front battlefield , which features the Crater and the main visitor center ; the Five Forks battlefield and the Poplar Grove National Cemetery . The siege - ending `` Breakthough '' battlefield is preserved as Pamplin Historical Park , a privately owned park open to the public . In addition , the Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) and its partners have acquired and preserved 121 acres ( 0.49 km ) of battlefield land in four transactions since 2005 , including a 33 - acre parcel where Confederate Gen. A.P. Hill was killed on April 2 , 1865 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Petersburg National Battlefield African Americans at the Siege of Petersburg Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Armies in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Petersburg . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , et al. , vol. 3 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Calkins . `` Petersburg '' . Civil War Trust . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign '' . American Battlefield Protection Program . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 96 ; Eicher , pp. 661 , 691 -- 92 ; Davis , p. 18 ; Salmon , p. 251 ; Fuller , pp. 207 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 680 -- 82 , 691 -- 93 ; Davis , p. 18 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 517 -- 26 ; Fuller , pp. 207 -- 08 , 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Welsh , pp. 96 , 101 ; Eicher , pp. 663 -- 87 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 540 -- 46 , 552 -- 67 , 577 -- 80 ; Salmon , pp. 251 -- 58 ; Bonekemper , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Welsh , pp. 102 , 118 ; Davis , pp. 34 -- 36 ; Welcher , p. 994 ; Eicher , p. 687 ; Hattaway and Jones , pp. 588 -- 91 ; Salmon , pp. 395 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 486 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 492 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 495 -- 501 ; Welsh , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 501 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 680 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 18 , 49 , 64 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 806 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 395 ; Davis , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 352 ; Welsh , p. 118 ; Salmon , pp. 401 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 27 -- 31 ; Kennedy , p. 352 ; Salmon , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 33 ; Kennedy , p. 352 ; Salmon , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Davis , pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 37 -- 45 , 51 ; Davis , pp. 39 -- 44 ; Salmon , pp. 403 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 226 ; Davis , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 44 -- 45 ; Trudeau , pp. 47 -- 48 ; Welsh , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 45 -- 46 ; Salmon , p. 405 ; Trudeau , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 46 -- 50 ; Salmon , pp. 405 -- 06 ; Trudeau , pp. 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 121 ; Davis , pp. 46 -- 50 ; Salmon , pp. 405 -- 06 ; Trudeau , pp. 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Welsh , p. 121 ; Davis , pp. 49 -- 52 ; Eicher , p. 690 ; Salmon , p. 406 ; Trudeau , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 313 . The author presents casualty figures from a wide variety of sources and provides his best estimate . Trudeau , p. 55 , agrees with the 4,000 Confederate losses , but cites Union killed and wounded at 8,150 , with an additional 1,814 missing . Kennedy , p. 353 , cites 9,964 -- 10,600 for the Union , 2,974 -- 4,700 for the Confederates ; Salmon , p. 406 , cites 8,150 Federal and 3,236 Confederate casualties ; Welsh , p. 122 , provides the breakdown of the 4,000 Confederate casualties . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 406 , considers the Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road to be the initial action of the Wilson - Kautz raid of June 22 -- 30 , but this is not a convention widely accepted by other historians . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 65 . Despite Hancock 's incapacitation , he chose to accompany the column . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 406 ; Trudeau , p. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 353 -- 54 ; Eicher , p. 690 ; Trudeau , pp. 69 -- 74 ; Salmon , pp. 406 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , 354 . Trudeau , p. 78 , lists the Union II Corps casualties as 650 killed and wounded , 1,742 captured ; VI Corps casualties as 150 . on the Confederate side , Trudeau , p. 80 , lists Mahone 's casualties as 421 , Wilcox 's 151 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 354 ; Trudeau , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Longacre , p. 289 ; Salmon , 397 ; Kennedy , p. 303 , and Salmon , p. 410 , cite 5,500 men . Jump up ^ Located at the currently unincorporated community of Reams , Virginia , this railroad station is referred to variously as Reams , Ream 's , and Reams 's Station . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 397 ; Longacre , pp. 287 -- 89 ; Starr , pp. 179 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Longacre , p. 289 ; Starr , pp. 181 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 411 -- 13 ; Longacre , pp. 289 -- 90 ; Starr , pp. 191 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 414 -- 15 ; Longacre , pp. 290 -- 91 ; Starr , pp. 193 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 414 -- 15 ; Starr , pp. 197 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Longacre , pp. 292 -- 93 ; Salmon , pp. 415 -- 16 ; Starr , pp. 203 -- 07 . Casualty figures are from Starr . Kennedy , p. 355 , cites the total of 1,445 . Salmon claims 1,800 . Jump up ^ Davis , 69 -- 70 ; Salmon , p. 416 ; Horn , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 103 ; Salmon , pp. 416 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 70 ; Salmon , p. 418 ; Horn , pp. 107 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 314 . Salmon , p. 418 , estimates 488 Union , 650 Confederate . Horn , p. 108 , estimates 488 Union , 700 Confederate . Kennedy , p. 355 , estimates 1,000 total . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 720 -- 21 ; Davis , pp. 67 -- 69 , 72 ; Trudeau , pp. 99 -- 105 ; Kennedy , p. 355 ; Salmon , pp. 418 -- 20 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 106 -- 07 ; Eicher , p. 721 ; Salmon , pp. 420 -- 21 ; Davis , p. 74 ; Kennedy , p. 355 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 75 -- 88 ; Trudeau , pp. 109 -- 26 ; Salmon , pp. 420 -- 21 ; Eicher , pp. 721 -- 22 ; Welsh , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 315 . Trudeau , p. 127 cites 3,798 Union , 1,491 Confederate ( 361 killed , 727 wounded , 403 missing or captured ) . Davis , p. 89 , cites 3,500 Union casualties , 1,500 Confederate . Eicher , p. 723 , cites 4,400 total casualties . Kennedy , p. 356 , and Salmon , p. 421 , cite 3,798 Union casualties , 1,491 Confederate . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 95 ; Trudeau , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 147 -- 52 ; Horn , pp. 120 , 127 ; Davis , pp. 95 -- 97 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Horn , pp. 127 -- 28 ; Trudeau , pp. 151 -- 52 ; Davis , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 153 -- 54 ; Davis , p. 98 ; Horn , p. 128 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 154 -- 57 ; Horn , pp. 129 -- 31 ; Kennedy , pp. 356 -- 57 ; Davis , p. 99 ; Salmon , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 357 ; Trudeau , pp. 160 -- 61 , 164 , 170 ; Horn , pp. 131 -- 32 ; Davis , p. 99 ; Salmon , p. 424 . Casualty figures from Bonekemper , p. 314 . Trudeau , p. 170 , estimates 2,901 Union , 1,000 Confederate . Salmon , p. 418 , and Kennedy , p. 357 , estimate 2,900 Union , 1,300 Confederate . Horn , p. 108 , estimates 2,901 Union , 1,500 Confederate . ^ Jump up to : Trudeau , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 101 ; Trudeau , pp. 162 -- 63 ; Salmon , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 164 -- 73 ; Salmon , pp. 424 -- 25 ; Davis , pp. 101 -- 04 ; Eicher , p. 725 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 316 . Kennedy , p. 360 , and Salmon , p. 426 , estimate 4,455 Union , 1,600 Confederate . Horn , p. 140 , estimates 4,279 Union , about 2,300 Confederates . Eicher cites Union losses as 926 killed and wounded , 2,810 missing or captured . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 104 ; Trudeau , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Horn , p. 141 ; Trudeau , pp. 176 -- 79 , 182 ; Kennedy , p. 360 ; Salmon , pp. 426 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 179 , 181 -- 86 ; Salmon , p. 428 ; Davis , p. x ; Horn , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 428 ; Horn , pp. 141 -- 50 ; Calkins , np. ; Kennedy , pp. 360 -- 62 ; Trudeau , pp. 183 -- 88 ; Davis , pp. 105 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 189 . Kennedy , p. 362 , cites 2,742 Union casualties , 814 Confederate . Salmon , p. 428 , cites 2,700 Union casualties , about 2,000 of which were captured , and `` about 800 '' Confederate . Eicher , p. 725 , cites Union casualties of 2,372 ( with `` many '' prisoners ) , Confederate 720 . Horn , p. 151 , cites `` more than 2,700 '' Union , 720 Confederate . Davis , p. 109 , cites 2,400 Union casualties , 2,150 of which were prisoners . Jump up ^ Trudeau , p. 190 ; Calkins , np. ; Kennedy , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 195 -- 201 ; Davis , pp. 110 -- 15 . Jump up ^ NPS , Chaffin 's Farm and New Market Heights . Jump up ^ NPS , Peebles Farm . Jump up ^ NPS , Darbytown and New Market Roads . Jump up ^ NPS , Darbytown Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Fair Oaks and Darbytown Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Boydton Plank Road . Jump up ^ NPS , Hatcher 's Run . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 448 ; Korn , pp. 33 -- 34 ; Greene , pp. 108 -- 12 ; Horn , p. 209 ; Trudeau , pp. 333 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 337 -- 42 ; Salmon , p. 450 ; Korn , pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 36 -- 38 ; Trudeau , pp. 342 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Horn , pp. 214 -- 16 ; Greene , p. 114 ; Salmon , p. 450 ; Trudeau , pp. 348 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , pp. 215 -- 16 ; Salmon , pp. 467 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 319 . Kennedy , p. 373 , and Salmon , p. 450 , estimate 1,017 Union , 2,681 Confederate ( including 1,949 prisoners ) . Horn , p. 216 , estimates 2,087 Union , `` about 4,000 '' Confederate . Korn , p. 39 , estimates 1,000 Union ( half taken prisoner ) , 3,500 Confederate ( 1,900 prisoners ) . Greene , pp. 114 -- 15 , estimates 1,000 Union ( more than half taken prisoner ) , 2,700 -- 4,000 Confederate . Jump up ^ Bonekemper , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Frassanito , p. 360 . Jump up ^ NPS campaigns . The references by Kennedy and Salmon also use this classification . Jump up ^ Esposito , maps 138 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 355 -- 98 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 29 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Bonekemper , Edward H. , III . A Victor , Not a Butcher : Ulysses S. Grant 's Overlooked Military Genius . Washington , DC : Regnery , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 062 - X . Chick , Sean Michael . The Battle of Petersburg , June 15 -- 18 , 1864 . Lincoln , NE : Potomac Books , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1612347127 Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Death in the Trenches : Grant at Petersburg . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4776 - 2 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Frassanito , William A. Grant and Lee : The Virginia Campaigns 1864 -- 1865 . New York : Scribner , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 17873 - 7 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. Grant and Lee , A Study in Personality and Generalship . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1957 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13400 - 5 . Greene , A. Wilson . The Final Battles of the Petersburg Campaign : Breaking the Backbone of the Rebellion . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 610 - 0 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Horn , John . The Petersburg Campaign : June 1864 -- April 1865 . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58097 - 024 - 2 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Lankford , Nelson . Richmond Burning : The Last Days of the Confederate Capital . New York : Viking , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03117 - 8 . Longacre , Edward G. Lincoln 's Cavalrymen : A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1049 - 1 . Miller , Francis Trevelyan , Robert S. Lanier , and James Verner Scaife , eds . The Photographic History of the Civil War . 10 vols . New York : Review of Reviews Co. , 1911 . ISBN 0 - 7835 - 5726 - 4 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Sommers , Richard J. Richmond Redeemed : The Siege at Petersburg . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 15626 - X . Note : Despite the broad title , Sommer 's work covers only those battles between September 29 and October 2 , 1864 . Starr , Stephen Z . The Union Cavalry in the Civil War . Vol. 2 , The War in the East from Gettysburg to Appomattox 1863 -- 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3292 - 0 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . The Last Citadel : Petersburg , Virginia , June 1864 -- April 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1861 - 3 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Welsh , Douglas . The Civil War : A Complete Military History . Greenwich , CT : Brompton Books Corporation , 1981 . ISBN 1 - 890221 - 01 - 5 . This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document `` Civil War Battle Summaries by Campaign ( Eastern Theater ) '' . Further reading ( edit ) Bearss , Edwin C. , with Bryce A. Suderow . The Petersburg Campaign . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Front Battles , June -- August 1864 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 090 - 3 . Bearss , Edwin C. , with Bryce A. Suderow . The Petersburg Campaign . Vol. 2 , The Western Front Battles , September 1864 -- April 1865 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 104 - 7 . Bowery , Charles R. , Jr. , and Ethan S. Rafuse . Guide to the Richmond -- Petersburg Campaign . U.S. Army War College Guides to Civil War Battles . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1960 - 3 . Greene , A. Wilson . A Campaign of Giants : The Battle for Petersburg . Vol. 1 : From the Crossing of the James to the Crater . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4696 - 3857 - 7 . Rhea , Gordon C. On to Petersburg : Grant and Lee , June 4 -- 15 , 1864 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 6747 - 2 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . External links ( edit ) Petersburg Campaign in Encyclopedia Virginia The Battle of Petersburg : Battle maps , history articles , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Animated history of the Siege of Petersburg Siege of Petersburg Online Pamplin Historical Park and The National Museum of the Civil War Soldier includes a presentation of the breakthrough at Boydton Line and other museum exhibits . VI Corps breakthrough at Petersburg <Th_colspan="2"> Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley <Th_colspan="2"> American Civil War <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins <Td_colspan="2"> Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. 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Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Aftermath <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Racial violence Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. 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Grant <Td_colspan="3"> 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. 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Hayes → Coordinates : 37 ° 13 ′ 03 '' N 77 ° 22 ′ 38 '' W  /  37.2176 ° N 77.3771 ° W  / 37.2176 ; - 77.3771 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Petersburg&oldid=844342983 '' Categories : Petersburg Campaign Sieges of the American Civil War Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia Campaigns of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Corsu Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 08 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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1. Siege of Petersburg 2. American Civil War 3. Union victory 4. Trench warfare 5. African American troops

who is the baroness in sound of music

Eleanor Parker - wikipedia Eleanor Parker Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Eleanor Parker <Td_colspan="2"> Parker in 1948 Eleanor Jean Parker ( 1922 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1922 Cedarville , Ohio , U.S. December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) ( aged 91 ) Palm Springs , California , U.S. Cause of death Pneumonia Occupation Actress , singer Years active 1942 -- 1991 Spouse ( s ) Fred Losee ( 1943 -- 1944 ; divorced ) Bert E. Friedlob ( 1946 -- 1953 ; divorced ; 3 children ) Paul Clemens ( 1954 -- 1965 ; divorced ; 1 child ) Raymond N. Hirsch ( 1966 -- 2001 ; his death ) Children Susan Eleanor Friedlob Sharon Anne Friedlob Richard Parker Friedlob Paul Day Clemens Eleanor Jean Parker ( June 26 , 1922 -- December 9 , 2013 ) was an American actress who appeared in some 80 movies and television series . An actress of notable versatility , she was called Woman of a Thousand Faces by Doug McClelland , author of a biography of Parker by the same title . At age 18 , Parker was signed by Warner Brothers in 1941 . She was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress in the 1950s , for Caged ( 1950 ) , Detective Story ( 1951 ) and Interrupted Melody ( 1955 ) . Her role in Caged also won her the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival . One of her most memorable roles was that of `` the Baroness '' in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Warner Bros 1.2 Paramount 1.3 MGM 2 Later films 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Religion 6 Academy Award nominations 7 Filmography 8 Theatre credits 9 Radio appearances 10 References 11 External links Biography ( edit ) Parker was born on June 26 , 1922 , in Cedarville , Ohio , the daughter of Lola ( Isett ) and Lester Day Parker . She moved with her family to East Cleveland , Ohio , where she attended public schools and graduated from Shaw High School . `` Ever since I can remember all I wanted to do is act , '' she said . `` But I did n't just dream about it , I worked at it . '' She appeared in a number of school plays . After graduation she went to Martha 's Vineyard to work on her acting . She got a job as a waitress and was offered a screen test by 20th Century Fox but turned it down . Wanting to focus on films , she moved to California and started appearing at the Pasadena Playhouse . Warner Bros. ( edit ) She was in the audience one night at Pasadena Playhouse when spotted by a Warners Bros talent scout , Irving Kumin . He offered her a test and she accepted ; the studio signed her to a long - term contract in June 1941 . She was cast that year in the film They Died with Their Boots On , but her scenes were cut . Her actual film debut was as Nurse Ryan in Soldiers in White in 1942 . She was given some decent roles in B films , Busses Roar ( 1942 ) and The Mysterious Doctor ( 1943 ) , and had a small role in an expensive production , Mission to Moscow ( 1943 ) as Emlen Davies . This impressed Warners enough so when Joan Leslie was held up on Rhapsody in Blue , Parker replaced her in a strong role in a prestige production , Between Two Worlds ( 1944 ) , playing the suicidal wife of Paul Henreid 's character . She stayed in support roles for Crime by Night ( 1944 ) and The Last Ride ( 1944 ) , then was given the starring role opposite Dennis Morgan in The Very Thought of You ( 1944 ) , replacing Ida Lupino . She was considered enough of a `` name '' to be given a cameo in Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) . Warners gave her the choice role of Mildred Rogers in a new version of Somerset Maugham 's Of Human Bondage ( 1946 ) ; although director Edmund Goulding called Parker one of the five greatest actresses in America , previews were not favourable and the film sat on the shelf for two years before being released to an underwhelming reception . However in 1953 , she called it her favourite role . Parker later said the `` big break '' of her career was when she was cast opposite John Garfield in Pride of the Marines ( 1945 ) . `` It was a great part and who would n't look good with John Garfield , '' she later said . `` He was absolutely wonderful . '' However two films that followed with Errol Flynn , the romantic comedy Never Say Goodbye ( 1946 ) and the drama Escape Me Never ( 1947 ) , were box office disappointments . Parker was suspended twice by Warners for refusing parts in films -- in Stallion Road , where she was replaced by Alexis Smith and Love and Learn . She made the comedy Voice of the Turtle ( 1947 , aired today under the title `` One for the Book '' ) with Ronald Reagan and was in an adaptation of The Woman in White ( 1948 ) . She refused to appear in Somewhere in the City ( 1948 ) so Warners suspended her again ; Virginia Mayo played the role . Parker then had two years off , during which time she married and had a baby . She turned down a role in The Hasty Heart ( 1949 ) which she wanted to do , but it would have meant going to England and she did not want to leave her baby alone during its first year . `` I probably received my salary for only six months during 1947 and 1948 but I ca n't regret that , '' she said . `` All my life I wanted a child and anything that might happen to me professionally on that account would hardly seem a loss . '' She returned in Chain Lightning with Humphrey Bogart . `` I 've had my fling at roles that have little or no relation to most people 's lives , '' she said in a 1949 interview . `` I want to keep away from such assignments as I can from now on even though , as some may say , they mean exercising your skill and talent in acting . '' Parker broke the champagne bottle on the nose of the California Zephyr train , to mark its inaugural journey from San Francisco on March 19 , 1949 . Parker heard about a women in prison film Warners were making , Caged ( 1950 ) , and actively lobbied the role . She got it , and won the 1950 Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award . She also had a good role in the melodrama Three Secrets ( 1950 ) . In February 1950 , Parker left Warner Bros. after having been under contract there for eight years . Parker had understood that she would star in a film called Safe Harbor , but Warner Bros. apparently had no intention of making it . Because of this misunderstanding , her agents negotiated her release . Paramount ( edit ) Parker 's career outside of Warners started badly with Valentino ( 1951 ) playing a fictionalised wife of Rudolph Valentino for producer Edward Small . She tried a comedy at 20th Century Fox with Fred MacMurray , A Millionaire for Christy ( 1951 ) ( originally called The Golden Goose ) . In 1951 , Parker signed a contract with Paramount for one film a year , with an option for outside films . This arrangement began brilliantly with Detective Story ( 1951 ) for director William Wyler , playing Mary McLeod , the woman who does n't understand the position of her unstable detective husband ( played by Kirk Douglas ) ; Parker was nominated for the Oscar in 1951 for her performance . MGM ( edit ) Parker followed Detective Story with her portrayal of an actress in love with a swashbuckling nobleman ( played by Stewart Granger ) in Scaramouche ( 1952 ) , a role originally intended for Ava Gardner . Parker later claimed that Granger was the only person she did n't get along with during her entire career . However they had good chemistry and the film was a massive hit ; MGM rushed her into Above and Beyond ( 1952 ) , a biopic of Lt. Col. Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . ( Robert Taylor ) , the pilot of the aircraft that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima . It was a solid hit . While Parker was making a third film for MGM , Escape from Fort Bravo ( 1953 ) , she signed a five - year contract to the studio . She was named as star of a Sidney Sheldon script , My Most Intimate Friend and of One More Time , from a script by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin directed by George Cukor , but neither film was made . Back at Paramount , Parker starred with Charlton Heston as a 1900s mail - order bride in The Naked Jungle ( 1954 ) , directed by Byron Haskin and produced by George Pal . Parker returned to MGM where she was reunited with Robert Taylor in an Egyptian adventure film , Valley of the Kings ( 1954 ) , and a Western , Many Rivers to Cross ( 1955 ) . `` I maintain that if you work , believe in yourself and do what is right for you without stepping all over others , the way somehow opens up , '' she said in 1953 . `` By that , I do n't mean just sitting back . At Warners , they still have a mile - long list of my suspensions for refusing certain parts . Anyway I never did a Western . Not once . It 's paid off too . '' In a 1954 interview , she said her favorite films were Caged and Detective Story and her least favorite were Chain Lightning , Escape Me Never , Valentino and Woman in White . She had commitments to make two films a year at MGM and one a year at Paramount . `` Personally I prefer to be under contract , '' she said . MGM gave her one of her best roles as opera singer Marjorie Lawrence in Interrupted Melody ( 1955 ) . This was a big hit and earned Parker a third Oscar nomination ; she later said it was her favorite film . Also in 1955 , Parker appeared in the film adaptation of the National Book Award - winner The Man with the Golden Arm ( 1955 ) , directed by Otto Preminger and released through United Artists . She played Zosh , the supposedly wheelchair - bound wife of heroin - addicted , would - be jazz drummer Frankie Machine ( Frank Sinatra ) . It was a major commercial and critical success . In 1956 , she was billed above the title with Clark Gable for the Raoul Walsh - directed Western comedy The King and Four Queens , also for United Artists . It was then back at MGM for two movies , both dramas : Lizzie ( 1957 ) , in the title role , as a woman with a split personality ; The Seventh Sin ( 1957 ) , a remake of The Painted Veil in the role originated by Greta Garbo and , once again , intended for Ava Gardner . Both films flopped at the box office and , as a result , Parker 's plans to produce her own film , L'Eternelle , about French resistance fighters , did not materialize . Later films ( edit ) Parker supported Frank Sinatra in a popular comedy , A Hole in the Head ( 1959 ) . She returned to MGM for Home from the Hill ( 1960 ) , co-starring with Robert Mitchum , then took over Lana Turner 's role of Constance Rossi in Return to Peyton Place , a 1961 sequel to the hit 1957 film . That was made by 20th Century Fox who also produced Madison Avenue ( 1961 ) with Parker . In 1960 , she made her TV debut . `` I look for the quality story and for parts that I think will be good or fun . People told me I was crazy to do Hole in the Head and Home from the Hill but both those pictures appealed to me . I did enough of the bad ones ( films ) while I was under contract - because I was being told to do them . That 's the problem with being under contract . You do the pictures or be suspended . Now I do n't want to work unless I have faith in the part . This has nothing to do with wanting to be famous or anything like that . It 's just that I love acting . '' In the early 1960s , she worked increasingly in television , with the occasional film role such as Panic Button ( 1964 ) . Parker 's best - known screen role was playing Baroness Elsa Schraeder in the 1965 Oscar - winning musical The Sound of Music . The Baroness was famously and poignantly unsuccessful in keeping the affections of Captain Georg von Trapp ( played by Christopher Plummer ) after he falls in love with Maria ( played by Julie Andrews ) . In 1966 , she played an alcoholic widow in the crime drama Warning Shot , a talent scout who discovers a Hollywood star in The Oscar , and a rich alcoholic in An American Dream . From the late 1960s , television would occupy more of her energies . Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6340 Hollywood Blvd . In 1963 , Parker appeared in the NBC medical drama about psychiatry The Eleventh Hour in the episode `` Why Am I Grown So Cold ? '' , for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award as Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role . In 1964 , she appeared in the episode `` A Land More Cruel '' on the ABC drama about psychiatry , Breaking Point . In 1968 , she portrayed a spy in How to Steal the World , a film originally shown as the two - part concluding episodes of NBC 's The Man from U.N.C.L.E. . In 1969 -- 70 , Parker starred in the television series Bracken 's World , for which she was nominated for a 1970 Golden Globe Award as Best TV Actress -- Drama . `` I wanted to do the series so I could stay put , '' she said . `` Every movie I 'm offered is shot in Europe or Asia or somewhere . I 'm tired of running around . '' She also appeared in the NBC series Ghost Story episode `` Half a Death '' ( 1972 ) , a suspense - thriller about a wealthy woman reconciling the lives of her two daughters . Parker starred in a number of theatrical productions , including the role of Margo Channing in Applause , the Broadway musical version of the film All About Eve . The role was originally played in the musical by Lauren Bacall and in All About Eve by Bette Davis . In 1976 , she played Maxine in the Ahmanson Theater revival of The Night of the Iguana . She quit the Circle in the Square Theatre revival of Pal Joey during previews . She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6340 Hollywood Boulevard . Personal life ( edit ) Parker was married four times : Fred Losee -- married in March 1943 , divorced in 1944 . Bert E. Friedlob -- married in 1946 , divorced in 1953 ; the marriage produced three children . Paul Clemens , American portrait painter -- married in 1954 , divorced in 1965 ; the marriage produced one child , actor Paul Clemens . Raymond N. Hirsch -- married in 1966 , widowed on September 14 , 2001 when Hirsch died of esophageal cancer . She was the grandmother of one - time child actor Chase Parker . Death ( edit ) Eleanor Parker died on December 9 , 2013 at a medical facility in Palm Springs , California of complications of pneumonia . She was 91 . Religion ( edit ) Parker was raised a Protestant and later converted to Judaism , telling the New York Daily News columnist Kay Gardella in August 1969 , `` I think we 're all Jews at heart ... I wanted to convert for a long time . '' She later embraced Messianic Judaism and was a supporter of Messianic Jewish philosopher , teacher , and commentator Roy Masters , owner of the Foundation of Human Understanding in Grants Pass , Oregon . In 1978 , she wrote the foreword to Masters 's book , How Your Mind Can Keep You Well . Academy Award nominations ( edit ) 1950 -- Caged 1951 -- Detective Story 1955 -- Interrupted Melody Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Character Notes 1941 They Died with Their Boots On Bit Part ( scenes deleted ) 1942 The Big Shot Telephone Operator Voice , Uncredited Busses Roar Norma Soldiers in White Nurse Ryan short subject Men of the Sky Mrs. Frank Bickley short subject Vaudeville Days Colleen Uncredited short subject 1943 The Mysterious Doctor Letty Carstairs Mission to Moscow Emlen Davies Destination Tokyo Mike 's Wife on Record Voice , Uncredited 1944 Between Two Worlds Ann Bergner Atlantic City Bathing Beauty Uncredited Crime by Night Irene Carr The Last Ride Kitty Kelly The Very Thought of You Janet Wheeler Hollywood Canteen Herself cameo 1945 Pride of the Marines Ruth Hartley 1946 Of Human Bondage Mildred Rogers Never Say Goodbye Ellen Gayley 1947 Escape Me Never Fenella MacLean Always Together Herself cameo , Uncredited The Voice of the Turtle Sally Middleton 1948 The Woman in White Laurie Fairlie Ann Catherick 1949 It 's a Great Feeling Herself cameo , Uncredited 1950 Chain Lightning Joan `` Jo '' Holloway Caged Marie Allen Won - Volpi Cup Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Three Secrets Susan Adele Connors Chase 1951 Valentino Joan Carlisle Sarah Gray A Millionaire for Christy Christabel `` Christy '' Sloane Detective Story Mary McLeod Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress 1952 Scaramouche Lenore Above and Beyond Lucey Tibbets 1953 Escape from Fort Bravo Carla Forester 1954 The Naked Jungle Joanna Leiningen Valley of the Kings Ann Barclay Mercedes 1955 Many Rivers to Cross Mary Stuart Cherne Interrupted Melody Marjorie Lawrence Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress The Man with the Golden Arm Zosh Machine 1956 The King and Four Queens Sabina McDade 1957 Lizzie Elizabeth Lizzie Beth Richmond The Seventh Sin Carol Carwin 1959 A Hole in the Head Eloise Rogers 1960 Home from the Hill Hannah Hunnicutt The Gambler , the Nun , and the Radio Sister Cecelia 1961 Return to Peyton Place Connie Rossi Madison Avenue Anne Tremaine 1962 Checkmate Marion Bannion Gussie Hill episode : The Renaissance of Gussie Hill 1963 The Eleventh Hour Connie Folsom episode : Why Am I Grown So Cold ? Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Fern Selman episode : Seven Miles of Bad Road 1964 Panic Button Louise Harris Kraft Suspense Theatre Dorian Smith episode : Knight 's Gambit 1965 The Sound of Music The Baroness Elsa Schraeder Convoy Kate Fowler episode : Lady on the Rock 1966 The Oscar Sophie Cantaro An American Dream Deborah Kelly Rojack 1967 Warning Shot Mrs. Doris Ruston The Tiger and the Pussycat Esperia Vincenzini 1968 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Margitta Kingsley episode : The Seven Wonders of the World Affair 1969 Eye of the Cat Aunt Danny Hans Brinker Dame Brinker Bracken 's World Sylvia Caldwell episodes 1 - 16 Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama 1971 Maybe I 'll Come Home in the Spring Claire Miller Vanished Sue Greer TV movie 1972 Circle of Fear Paula Burgess episode : Half a Death Home for the Holidays Alex Morgan 1973 The Great American Beauty Contest Peggy Lowery TV movie Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner Christine Drayton TV movie 1978 Hawaii Five - O Mrs. Kincaid episode : The Big Aloha The Bastard Lady Amberly 1979 Sunburn Mrs. Thoren She 's Dressed to Kill Regine Danton TV movie 1980 Once Upon a Spy The Lady TV movie Vega $ Laurie Bishop episode : A Deadly Victim 1981 Madame X Katherine Richardson 1979 -- 1982 The Love Boat Rosie Strickland Alicia Bradbury episode : A Dress to Remember episode : Buddy and Portia 's Story / Julie 's Story / Carol and Doug 's Story / Peter and Alicia 's Story 1977 -- 1983 Fantasy Island Peggy Atwood Eunice Hollander Baines episode : Nurses Night Out episode : Yesterday 's Love / Fountain of Youth episode : Pilot Hotel Leslie episode : The Offer 1984 Finder of Lost Loves Nora Spencer episode : The Gift 1986 Murder , She Wrote Maggie Tarrow episode : Stage Struck 1991 Dead on the Money Catherine Blake TV movie Source : `` Eleanor Parker '' . IMDb . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Theatre credits ( edit ) Applause ( 1972 ) The Night of the Iguana ' ( 1976 ) -- Ahmason Theatre Pal Joey ( 1976 ) -- quit during previews Radio appearances ( edit ) Year Program Episode / source 1954 Lux Radio Theatre Detective Story References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eleanor Parker '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Doug ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Eleanor Parker : Woman of a Thousand Faces '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : ELEANOR PARKER LIVES UP TO PLAN Hopper , Hedda . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 11 Nov 1951 : E1 . Jump up ^ Scott , John L. ( 4 Jan 1948 ) . `` Eleanor Parker Nearing Turning Point of Career : ' Turtle ' Star Facing Year of Decision '' . Los Angeles Times . p . B1 . Jump up ^ Staff , Hollywood.com ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` Eleanor Parker - Biography and Filmography '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Eleanor Parker '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Director Lauds Eleanor Parker '' . Los Angeles Times . 16 July 1946 . p . A3 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Howard ( 11 Jan 1953 ) . `` MISS PARKER PLOTS A PLACID CAREER '' . New York Times . p . X5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eleanor Parker : Incognito , but Invincible '' ( PDF ) . Noir City Sentinel . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` STUDIO SUSPENDS ELEANOR PARKER : Actress Refuses Assignment in Warners ' Love and Learn ' -- Role Held ' Not Suitable ' Role to de Cordova Of Local Origin `` Open City '' in 24th Week Named Dean by Norwich `` . New York Times . 6 Aug 1946 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` STUDIO SUSPENDS ELEANOR PARKER : Warner Brothers ' Actress Said to Have Refused New Role -- Virginia Mayo in Place '' . New York Times . 31 July 1948 . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Schallert , Edwin ( 15 May 1949 ) . `` Eleanor Parker in Lively Return : Back on Job , Eleanor Parker Calls for True - to - Life Roles '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Biography for Eleanor Parker on IMDb Jump up ^ Schallert , Edwin ( 1 Feb 1950 ) . `` Drama : ' All - Star Game ' On Way ; Lupino Has New Find ; Parker Contract Ended '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A7 . Jump up ^ Scott , John L. ( 11 Feb 1951 ) . `` Eleanor Parker Goes ' Uncaged ' in Comedy : Vacation From Heavy Drama Roles Also Answers Problem of Typing '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D3 . Jump up ^ `` ELEANOR PARKER IN DEAL AT METRO : Actress Signs Five - Year Pact With Studio -- Will Appear in Gordon - Kanin Comedy '' . New York Times . 1 Aug 1952 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Hedda ( 8 May 1953 ) . `` Eleanor Parker Will Enact TV Narrator '' . Los Angeles Times . p . B10 . Jump up ^ Scheuer , Philip K. ( 28 Feb 1954 ) . `` Eleanor Likes Her Co-workers and the Feeling 's Mutual '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Schallert , Edwin ( 29 Mar 1957 ) . `` Eleanor Parker Plans War Heroine Picture ; Maria Schell Weds Soon '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A7 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Aleene ( 15 May 1960 ) . `` TV DEBUT : Eleanor Parker in Hemingway Story PARKER '' . Los Angeles Times . p . O3 . Jump up ^ `` Eleanor Parker 's Double Trauma '' . Los Angeles Times . 4 Sep 1969 . p. f18 . Jump up ^ Obituary for Raymond N. Hirsch Legacy.com Jump up ^ Yes he Cannes : Woodlands teen 's film goes international Archived 2015 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ; Bernstein , Adam ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Eleanor Parker , Oscar - nominated actress and baroness in ' Sound of Music , ' dies at 91 '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Doug McClelland , Eleanor Parker : Woman of a Thousand Faces , Scarecrow Press 1989 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Eleanor Parker '' . Jump up ^ `` Those Were the Days '' . Nostalgia Digest . 42 ( 4 ) : 35 . Autumn 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eleanor Parker . Eleanor Parker on IMDb Eleanor Parker at the TCM Movie Database `` Eleanor Parker -- Obituary , '' The Daily Telegraph online , 10 December 2013 , accessed 26 February 2014 . `` TCM Remembers Eleanor Parker , '' Turner Classic Movies online , accessed 26 February 2014 . Eleanor Parker photographs and literature Eleanor Parker at GlamourGirlsoftheSilverScreen.com Eleanor Parker at Find a Grave Obituary at Los Angeles Times Obituary at The Guardian Obituatry at Playbill Obituary at The Telegraph Obituary at Hollywood Reporter Obituary at New York Times Obituary at Variety <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Volpi Cup for Best Actress 1934 -- 1968 Katharine Hepburn ( 1934 ) Paula Wessely ( 1935 ) Annabella ( 1936 ) Bette Davis ( 1937 ) Norma Shearer ( 1938 ) Luise Ullrich ( 1941 ) Kristina Söderbaum ( 1942 ) Anna Magnani ( 1947 ) Jean Simmons ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) Eleanor Parker ( 1950 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1952 ) Lilli Palmer ( 1953 ) Maria Schell ( 1956 ) Dzidra Ritenberga ( 1957 ) Sophia Loren ( 1958 ) Madeleine Robinson ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Suzanne Flon ( 1961 ) Emmanuelle Riva ( 1962 ) Delphine Seyrig ( 1963 ) Harriet Andersson ( 1964 ) Annie Girardot ( 1965 ) Natalya Arinbasarova ( 1966 ) Shirley Knight ( 1967 ) Laura Betti ( 1968 ) 1983 -- 2000 Darling Légitimus ( 1983 ) Pascale Ogier ( 1984 ) Valeria Golino ( 1986 ) Kang Soo - yeon ( 1987 ) Isabelle Huppert / Shirley MacLaine ( 1988 ) Peggy Ashcroft / Geraldine James ( 1989 ) Gloria Münchmeyer ( 1990 ) Tilda Swinton ( 1991 ) Gong Li ( 1992 ) Juliette Binoche / Anna Bonaiuto ( 1993 ) Maria de Medeiros / Vanessa Redgrave ( 1994 ) Sandrine Bonnaire / Isabelle Huppert / Isabella Ferrari ( 1995 ) Victoire Thivisol ( 1996 ) Robin Tunney ( 1997 ) Catherine Deneuve ( 1998 ) Nathalie Baye ( 1999 ) Rose Byrne ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sandra Ceccarelli ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Katja Riemann ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Giovanna Mezzogiorno ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Dominique Blanc ( 2008 ) Kseniya Rappoport ( 2009 ) Ariane Labed ( 2010 ) Deanie Ip ( 2011 ) Hadas Yaron ( 2012 ) Elena Cotta ( 2013 ) Alba Rohrwacher ( 2014 ) Valeria Golino ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2017 ) VIAF : 30336903 LCCN : n88299982 ISNI : 0000 0001 1440 7037 GND : 118971743 SUDOC : 070521565 BNF : cb140391196 ( data ) BIBSYS : 97010755 BNE : XX1168018 SNAC : w6836ncd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Parker&oldid=820190445 '' Categories : 1922 births 2013 deaths People from Greene County , Ohio American film actresses American television actresses Converts to Judaism from Protestantism Actresses from Ohio Volpi Cup winners Warner Bros. contract players 20th - century American actresses Jewish American actresses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 15 : 26 . 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1. Eleanor Parker - American actress 2. Film career and awards 3. Personal life and marriages 4. Death and legacy 5. Conversion to Judaism and religious beliefs

what was the new international group that was created after world war i to help keep the peace

Peacekeeping - wikipedia Peacekeeping Jump to : navigation , search Dutch United Nations soldiers , part of United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea , monitoring the Eritrea - Ethiopia boundary . Part of a series about War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Slavery Theater War crimes War film War games War novel Wartime sexual violence World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers Peacekeeping refers to activities intended to create conditions that favour lasting peace . Research generally finds that peacekeeping reduces civilian and battlefield deaths and reduces the risk of renewed warfare . Within the United Nations ( UN ) group of nation - state governments and organisations , there is a general understanding that at the international level , peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas , and may assist ex-combatants in implementing peace agreement commitments that they have undertaken . Such assistance may come in many forms , including confidence - building measures , power - sharing arrangements , electoral support , strengthening the rule of law , and economic and social development . Accordingly , the UN peacekeepers ( often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets ) can include soldiers , police officers , and civilian personnel . The United Nations is not the only organisation to implement peacekeeping missions . Non-UN peacekeeping forces include the NATO mission in Kosovo ( with United Nations authorisation ) and the Multinational Force and Observers on the Sinai Peninsula or the ones organised by the European Union like EUFOR RCA ( with UN authorisation ) . The Nonviolent Peaceforce is one NGO widely considered to have expertise in general peacemaking by non-governmental volunteers or activists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and types of peacekeeping operations 1.1 United Nations peacekeeping missions 1.1. 1 Chapter VI and Chapter VII mission types 1.1. 2 UN missions before and after the Cold War 1.1. 3 Broader aims of UN missions 1.2 Non-United Nations peacekeeping 2 Brief history 2.1 Creation and early years 2.2 Cold War peacekeeping 2.3 Since 1991 3 Composition of peacekeeping forces 3.1 Nations that participate in peacekeeping missions 3.2 Women 's participation in peacekeeping 4 Theoretical basis for why peacekeeping missions should keep and preserve peace 5 Effectiveness of peacekeeping missions 5.1 Factors that Impact Lasting Peace 6 Impacts of peacekeeping on participating forces 6.1 Military normalisation 6.2 Political impact on sending countries 6.3 Impacts on individual peacekeepers 7 Criticism 7.1 Peacekeeping , human trafficking , and forced prostitution 7.2 Peacekeepers and the Haiti cholera crisis 7.3 Cultural Concerns Related to Contemporary Peacekeeping 7.4 Limitations on Contemporary Intervention and Conflict Resolution 7.5 Mission Creep 7.6 Lack of Engagement with the Populace 8 Proposed reform 8.1 Brahimi analysis 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Definitions and types of peacekeeping operations ( edit ) United Nations peacekeeping missions ( edit ) Chapter VI and Chapter VII mission types ( edit ) There are a range of various types of operations encompassed in peacekeeping . In Page Fortna 's book Does Peacekeeping Work , for instance , she distinguishes four different types of peacekeeping operations . Importantly , these types of missions and how they are conducted are heavily influenced by the mandate in which they are authorized . Three of Fortna 's four types are consent - based missions , i.e. Chapter VI missions , with the fourth being a Chapter VII Mission . Chapter VI missions are consent based , therefore they require the consent of the belligerent factions involved in order to operate . Should they lose that consent , Peacekeepers would be compelled to withdraw . Chapter VII missions , by contrast , do not require consent , though they may have it . If consent is lost at any point , Chapter VII missions would not be required to withdraw . Observation Missions which consist of small contingents of military or civilian observers tasked with monitoring cease - fires , troop withdrawals , or other conditions outlined in a ceasefire agreement . They are typically unarmed and are primarily tasked with observing and reporting on what is taking place . Thus , they do not possess the capability or mandate to intervene should either side renege on the agreement . Examples of observation missions include UNAVEM II in Angola in 1991 and MINURSO in the Western Sahara . Interpositional Missions , also known as traditional peacekeeping , are larger contingents of lightly armed troops meant to serve as a buffer between belligerent factions in the aftermath of a conflict . Thus , they serve as a buffer zone between the two sides and can monitor and report on the compliance of either side with regard to parameters established in a given ceasefire agreement . Examples include UNAVEM III in Angola in 1994 , and MINUGUA in Guatemala in 1996 . Multidimensional missions are carried out by military and police personnel in which they attempt to implement robust and comprehensive settlements . Not only do they act as observers , or in an interpositional role , but they also participate in more multidimensional tasks -- such as electoral supervision , police and security forces reform , institution building , economic development and more . Examples include UNTAG in Namibia , ONUSAL in El Salvador , and ONUMOZ in Mozambique . Peace enforcement Missions are Chapter VII missions and unlike the previous Chapter VI missions , they do not require the consent of the belligerent parties . These are multidimensional operations comprising both civilian and military personnel . The military force is substantial in size and fairly well - equipped by UN Peacekeeping standards . They are mandated to use force for purposes beyond just self - defence . Examples include ECOMOG and UNAMSIL in West Africa and Sierra Leone in 1999 , as well as the NATO operations in Bosnia -- IFOR and SFOR . UN missions before and after the Cold War ( edit ) During the Cold War , peacekeeping was primarily interpositional in nature -- thus being referred to as traditional peacekeeping . UN Peacekeepers were deployed in the aftermath of interstate conflict in order to serve as a buffer between belligerent factions and ensure compliance with the terms of an established peace agreement . Missions were consent - based , and more often than not observers were unarmed -- such was the case with UNTSO in the Middle East and UNCIP in India and Pakistan . Others were armed -- such as UNEF - I , established during the Suez Crisis . They were largely successful in this role . In the post-Cold War era , the United Nations has taken on a more nuanced , multidimensional approach to Peacekeeping . In 1992 , in the aftermath of the Cold War , then Secretary - General Boutros Boutros - Ghali put together a report detailing his ambitious concepts for the United Nations and Peacekeeping at large . The report , titled An Agenda for Peace , described a multi-faceted and interconnected set of measures he hoped would lead to effective use of the UN in its role in post-Cold War international politics . This included the use of preventative diplomacy , peace - enforcement , peace - making , peace - keeping and post-conflict reconstruction . Broader aims of UN missions ( edit ) In The UN Record on Peacekeeping Operations , Michael Doyle and Nicolas Sambanis summarise Boutros Boutros ' report as preventative diplomacy , confidence - building measures such as fact - finding missions , observer mandates , and the potential deployment of UN mandated forces as a preventative measure in order to diminish the potential for violence or the danger of violence occurring and thus increasing the prospect for lasting peace . Their definitions are as follows : Peace - enforcement , meant to act with or without the consent of the belligerents in order to ensure any treaty or cease - fire mandated by the United Nations Security Council is maintained . This is done primarily under the auspices of Chapter VII of the UN Charter and the forces are generally heavily armed as opposed to the unarmed , or lightly - armed personnel frequently deployed as observers . Peace - making , meant to compel belligerents to seek a peaceful settlement for their differences via mediation and other forms of negotiation provided by the UN under the auspices of Chapter VI of the UN Charter . Peace - keeping , deployment of a lightly - armed United Nations presence in the field with the consent of the belligerents involved in order to build confidence and monitor any agreements between concerned parties . Additionally , diplomats would continue to work toward comprehensive and lasting peace , or for the implementation of an agreed upon peace . Post-Conflict Reconstruction , intended to develop economic and social cooperation meant to mend relations between the belligerents . Social , political , and economic infrastructure would ideally prevent potential violence and conflict in the future and help to contribute to a lasting and robust peace . Non-united Nations peacekeeping ( edit ) See also : NATO peacekeeping Canadian CH135 Twin Hueys assigned to the Multinational Force and Observers non-UN peacekeeping force , at El Gorah , Sinai , Egypt , 1989 . Not all international peacekeeping forces have been directly controlled by the United Nations . In 1981 , an agreement between Israel and Egypt formed the Multinational Force and Observers which continues to monitor the Sinai Peninsula . The African Union ( AU ) is working on building an African Peace and Security Architecture that fulfils the mandate to enforce peace and security on the continent . In cases of genocide or other serious human - rights violations , an AU - mission could be launched even against the wishes of the government of the country concerned , as long as it is approved by the AU General Assembly . The establishment of the African Peace and Security Architecture ( APSA ) which includes the African Standby Force ( ASF ) is planned earliest for 2015 . Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping ( UCP ) are civilian personnel that carry out non-violent , non-interventionist and impartial set of tactics in order to protect civilians in conflict zones from violence in addition to supporting additional efforts to build a lasting peace . While the term UCP is not entirely ubiquitous among non-governmental agencies ( NGOs ) in the field : many utilize similar techniques and desire shared outcomes for peace ; such as accompaniment , presence , rumour control , community security meetings , the securing of safe passage , and monitoring . Brief history ( edit ) Main article : History of United Nations peacekeeping Creation and early years ( edit ) United Nations Peacekeeping started in 1948 when the United Nations Security Council authorised the deployment of UN unarmed military observers to the Middle East in order to monitor the armistice agreement that was signed between Israel and its Arab neighbours in the wake of the Arab - Israeli War . This operation was called the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) and is still in operation today . With the passage of resolution 73 ( 1949 ) by the Security Council in August 1949 , UNTSO was given the task of fulfilling four Armistice Agreements between the state of Israel and the Arab states which had participated in the war . Thus , UNTSO 's operations were spread through five states in the region -- Israel , Egypt , Jordan , Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic . Cold War peacekeeping ( edit ) In the wake of independence in India and Pakistan in August 1947 and the subsequent bloodshed that followed the Security Council adopted resolution 39 ( 1948 ) in January 1948 in order to create the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan ( UNCIP ) , with the purpose of mediating the dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir and the fighting related to it . This operation was non-interventionist in nature and was additionally tasked with supervision of a ceasefire signed by Pakistan and India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir . With the passage of the Karachi agreement in July 1949 , UNCIP would supervise a ceasefire line that would be mutually overseen by UN unarmed military observers and local commanders from each side in the dispute . UNCIP 's mission in the region continues to this day , now under the operational title of the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ( UNMOGIP ) . Since then , sixty - nine peacekeeping operations have been authorised and have deployed to various countries all over the world . The great majority of these operations have begun in the post-Cold War world . Between 1988 and 1998 thirty - five UN operations had been established and deployed . This signified a substantial increase when compared with the periods between 1948 and 1978 ; which saw the creation and deployment of only thirteen UN Peacekeeping operations and zero between 1978 and 1988 . Armed intervention first came in the form of UN involvement in the wake of the Suez Crisis in 1956 . United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF - 1 ) , which existed from November 1956 to June 1967 was essentially the first ever United Nations peacekeeping force . It was given the mandate of ensuring the cessation of hostilities between Egypt , the United Kingdom , France , and Israel in addition to overseeing the withdrawal of French , Israeli and British troops from Egyptian territory . Upon completion of said withdrawal , UNEF would serve as a buffer force between Egyptian and Israeli forces in order to supervise conditions of the ceasefire and contribute to a lasting peace . Shortly thereafter , the United Nations Operation in the Congo ( ONUC ) , was deployed in 1960 . This operation involved upwards of 20,000 military personnel at its peak , and resulted in the death of 250 UN personnel , including then Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjold . ONUC was meant to ensure the withdrawal of Belgian forces in the Congo , who had reinserted themselves after Congolese independence in the wake of a revolt carried out by the Force Publique ( FP ) , in order to protect Belgian citizens and economic interests . ONUC was also tasked with establishing and maintaining law and order ( helping to end the FP revolt and ethnic violence ) as well as provide technical assistance and training to Congolese security forces . An additional function was added to ONUC 's mission , in which the force was tasked with maintaining the territorial integrity and political independence of the Congo -- resulting from the secession of the mineral - rich provinces of Katanga and South Kasai . The UN forces there , somewhat controversially , more or less became an arm of the Congolese government at the time and helped to forcefully end the secession of both provinces . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the UN created multiple short - term missions all over the world including the Mission of the Representative of the Secretary - General in the Dominican Republic ( DOMREP ) , the UN Security Force in West New Guinea ( UNSF ) , the UN Yemen Observation Mission ( UNYOM ) , in conjunction with more long - term operations such as the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus ( UNFICYP ) , the UN Emergency Force II ( UNEF II ) , the UN Disengagement Observer Force ( UNDOF ) and the UN Interim Force in Lebanon ( UNIFIL ) . United Nations peacekeeping missions as of 2012 Since 1991 ( edit ) Norwegian Peacekeeper during the Siege of Sarajevo , 1992 - 1993 , photo by Mikhail Evstafiev . Experiences of peacekeeping during the Yugoslav Wars , especially failures such as the Srebrenica Massacre , led , in part , to the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission , which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on , such as elections . The Commission currently works with six countries , all in Africa . In 2013 the U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 2122 , which among other things calls for stronger measures regarding women 's participation in conflict and post-conflict processes such as peace talks , gender expertise in peacekeeping missions , improved information about the impact of armed conflict on women , and more direct briefing to the Council on progress in these areas . Also in 2013 , the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) , a UN women 's rights committee , said in a general recommendation that states that have ratified the UN Women 's Rights Convention are obliged to uphold women 's rights before , during , and after conflict when they are directly involved in fighting , and / or are providing peacekeeping troops or donor assistance for conflict prevention , humanitarian aid or post-conflict reconstruction . The Committee also stated that ratifying states should exercise due diligence in ensuring that non-state actors , such as armed groups and private security contractors , be held accountable for crimes against women . One of the findings of Fortna about where do peacekeepers go is that `` peacekeeping is a matter of supply and demand '' From the supply side , she observes that there is unlikely a Peacekeeping mission in civil wars on countries close to one of the members of the Security Council . From the demand side , there is diverse evidence that peacekeeping missions are deployed in the countries who need it the most , this is where the risk of a recurring war is high . Composition of peacekeeping forces ( edit ) Nations that participate in peacekeeping missions ( edit ) Irish UNMIL troops on patrol in Liberia , July 2006 . The United Nations Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world , all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities . Since 1948 , about 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations . While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available , it is estimated that up to one million soldiers , police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years . As of March 2008 , 113 countries were contributing a total 88,862 military observers , police , and troops . Despite the large number of contributors , the greatest burden continues to be borne by a core group of developing countries . The ten largest troop ( including police and military experts ) contributing countries to UN peacekeeping operations as of August , 2016 were Ethiopia ( 8326 ) , India ( 7471 ) , Pakistan ( 7161 ) , Bangladesh ( 6772 ) , Rwanda ( 6146 ) , Nepal ( 5131 ) , Senegal ( 3617 ) , Burkina Faso ( 3036 ) , Ghana ( 2972 ) , Egypt ( 2889 ) . As of March 2008 , in addition to military and police personnel , 5,187 international civilian personnel , 2,031 UN Volunteers , and 12,036 local civilian personnel worked in UN peacekeeping missions . As of 30 June 2014 , 3,243 people from over 100 countries have been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions . Many of those came from India ( 157 ) , Nigeria ( 142 ) , Pakistan ( 136 ) , Ghana ( 132 ) , Canada ( 121 ) , France ( 110 ) and the United Kingdom ( 103 ) . Thirty percent of the fatalities in the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred between 1993 and 1995 . Developing nations tend to participate in peacekeeping more than developed countries . This may be due in part because forces from smaller countries avoid evoking thoughts of imperialism . For example , in December 2005 , Eritrea expelled all American , Russian , European , and Canadian personnel from the peacekeeping mission on their border with Ethiopia . Additionally , an economic motive appeals to the developing countries . The rate of reimbursement by the UN for troop contributing countries per peacekeeper per month include : $1,028 for pay and allowances ; $303 supplementary pay for specialists ; $68 for personal clothing , gear and equipment ; and $5 for personal weaponry . This can be a significant source of revenue for a developing country . By providing important training and equipment for the soldiers as well as salaries , UN peacekeeping missions allow them to maintain larger armies than they otherwise could . About 4.5 % of the troops and civilian police deployed in UN peacekeeping missions come from the European Union and less than one percent from the United States . Women 's participation in peacekeeping ( edit ) Security Council Resolution 1325 was the first major step taken by the UN to include women as active and equal actors in `` the prevention and resolution of conflicts , peace negotiations , peace - building , peacekeeping , humanitarian response and in post-conflict reconstruction and stresses the importance of their equal participation and full involvement in all efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security '' . A critique of this resolution is that UNSCR 1325 proposes the implementing gender mainstreaming , however the progress that has been accomplished in this area has focused on women , rather than on assessing the impacts of planned action on both men and women . In 2010 , a comprehensive 10 - year impact study was conducted to assess the success of this resolution and found that there was limited success with the implementation , particularly in the increasing women 's participation in peace negotiations and peace agreements , and sexual and gender - based violence has continued to be prevalent , despite efforts to reduce it . Ghanaian women serve in UN Peacekeeping In 2013 the U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 2122 , which among other things calls for stronger measures regarding women 's participation in conflict and post-conflict processes such as peace talks , gender expertise in peacekeeping missions , improved information about the impact of armed conflict on women , and more direct briefing to the Council on progress in these areas . Also in 2013 , the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) , a UN women 's rights committee , said in a general recommendation that states that have ratified the UN Women 's Rights Convention are obliged to uphold women 's rights before , during , and after conflict when they are directly involved in fighting , and / or are providing peacekeeping troops or donor assistance for conflict prevention , humanitarian aid or post-conflict reconstruction The Committee also stated that ratifying states should exercise due diligence in ensuring that non-state actors , such as armed groups and private security contractors , be held accountable for crimes against women . As of July 2016 , women serve in every UN peacekeeping mission either as troops , police , or civilian staff . In 1993 , women made up 1 % of deployed uniformed personnel . In 2014 , out of approximately 125,000 peacekeepers , women constitute 3 % of military personnel and 10 % of police personnel in UN Peacekeeping missions , as well as 29 % of international and 17 % of national staff in peacekeeping and special political missions . In 2016 , five women were leading peacekeeping missions as Special Representatives of the Secretary - General . Theoretical basis for why peacekeeping missions should keep and preserve peace ( edit ) While much has been written about Peacekeeping and what Peacekeepers do , very little empirical research has taken place in order to identify the manner in which Peacekeepers can have an impact in a post-conflict environment . Columbia University Professor , Virginia Page Fortna attempts to lay out four causal mechanisms through which peacekeepers have the opportunity to lay the groundwork for a lasting peace . Fortna 's four mechanisms are as follows : Change the incentives of recent belligerents , making peace more desirable or war more costly . Reduce the uncertainty and fear that drives security dilemma spirals . Prevent or control accidents or the actions of rogue groups that might otherwise escalate back to war . Prevent political abuse by one side ( generally the government ) that might cause actors losing the peace to take up arms anew . Fortna argues that peacekeepers have a positive impact on the peace process , despite often being sent to places where peace is most difficult to achieve . Peacekeeping is often looked at by detractors as ineffective , or unnecessary . Peace prevails when belligerents already have a vested interest in sustaining peace and therefore it could be argued that Peacekeepers play only a minor role in creating a strong foundation for enduring peace . Yet these causal reasons illustrate the important roles that Peacekeepers play in ensuring that peace lasts , especially when contrasted against situations in which belligerents are left to their own devices . These causal reasons thus illustrate the need for Peacekeeping and lay a foundation for the manner in which Peacekeeping operations can have a substantive impact on the post-conflict environment . In order to change the incentives for war and make peace more appealing the UN can provide a military force by way of an enforcement mandate which provides deterrence to would - be spoilers . They can monitor the situation making the potential for surprise attack by one of the belligerents less likely to occur or by making it more difficult to carry out such an attack . A lightly - armed observer mission can also serve as an early - warning force or `` tripwire '' for the aforementioned enforcement mission . Aid and recognition provided to the belligerents by the international community should be made conditional and based on compliance with objectives laid out in the negotiating process . And lastly , peace dividends should be provided in the forms of jobs , public works and other benefits . To reduce uncertainty and fear the UN Peacekeeping force can monitor the aforementioned compliance , facilitate communication between belligerents in order to ease security dilemma concerns thus reassuring belligerents that the other side will not renege , and allow for belligerents to signal their legitimate intentions for peace to the other side . That is to say , provide a meaningful pathway for communication between both sides to make their intentions known and credible . Prevention and control of potential accidents that may derail the peace process can be achieved by the peacekeeping force by deterring rogue groups . Belligerent forces are often undisciplined without a strong central source of command and control , therefore while a peace is being negotiated there is potential for a rogue group on one side to renege and spoil the peace process . UN forces can serve to prevent this . Additionally , the UN force can serve as a moderator and make communication easy between both parties and bring in political moderates from either side . By providing law and order UN peacekeeping forces can temporarily replace a state 's security forces and prevent a bias overreaction to an alleged violation by one side which could in turn result in escalation and a renewal in the violence . Prevention of political abuse can be achieved through the reformation of institutions associated with the government . Training and monitoring the security forces ( e.g. army or police ) help to make them an unbiased protector of the people rather than a weapon of suppression for the ruling government . Hopefully this training can bring trust by the people for the security establishment . UN forces can also run and monitor elections in order to ensure a fair process . In other cases , the UN may provide a neutral interim government to administer the country during a transitional period wherein the associated government institutions are being retrained , reformed or better developed . Lastly , military groups such as armed rebels can be encouraged to put down their weapons and transformed into political organisations using appropriate non-violent means to mete out their grievances and compete in the election cycle . This is especially important as many of these groups serve as the chief opposition to a given government , but lack the means or know - how to operate effectively as political organisations . Different peacekeeping missions take place as a result of different causal mechanisms . More military deterrence and enforcement are meant for those missions operating under the auspices of Chapter VII , while Chapter VI missions are meant to serve more as monitoring forces and interpositional operations are meant to target and prevent potential political abuse -- these are primarily multidimensional missions and are heavily involved in the post-conflict political situation . Effectiveness of peacekeeping missions ( edit ) According to a 2014 survey of the academic literature , `` there is considerable evidence that ( United Nations peacekeeping operations ) are effective in maintaining peace . '' According to Fortna , there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare ; more peacekeeping troops contribute to fewer battlefield deaths ; and more peacekeeping troops contribute to fewer civilian deaths . A study by political scientists at Uppsala University and Peace Research Institute Oslo estimates that an ambitious UN peacekeeping policy with a doubled peacekeeping operation and strong mandates would `` reduce the global incidence of armed conflict by two thirds relative to a no - PKO scenario . '' According to Fordham University political scientist Anjali Dayal , `` Scholars have found that peacekeeping keeps wars from bleeding across borders . Having more peacekeepers on the ground also seems to correspond with fewer civilians targeted with violence . And peace operations at times have successfully served as transitional authorities , handing power back to local authorities , although this is decreasingly true . '' By controlling for specific factors that affect where peacekeepers are deployed and what the potential chances for peace are , Page Fortna 's statistical research shows that there is a statistically significant impact on lasting peace when peacekeepers are deployed . Despite the fact that peacekeepers are sent to locations where peace is least likely to succeed , Fortna finds that conservative estimates suggest that the presence of UN peacekeepers diminishes the risk for renewed violence by at least 55 % - 60 % ; with less conservatives estimates upwards of 75 % - 85 % . Additionally , her analysis concludes that there is little difference in the effectiveness between Chapter VI consent - based missions and Chapter VII enforcement missions . Indeed , enforcement missions only remain effective if the UN peacekeeping force can prove and sustain their credibility in the use of force . This stresses the importance of a UN mission maintaining the consent of the peacekept . Ultimately , Fortna finds that peacekeeping is an effective tool for ensuring a lasting peace ; especially compared to situations in which belligerents ' are left to their own devices . Utilising the previously mentioned causal mechanisms for peacekeeping , a UN peacekeeping force can have a substantial and substantive impact on sustaining a lasting peace . Having a relative consensus of the positive impact of peacekeeping for ensuring a lasting peace , Fortna and Howard suggest that the literature is moving towards the study of i ) the effectiveness of the types of peace - keepers , ii ) the transitional administrations , iii ) the links between peacekeeping and democratisation , and iv ) the perspectives of the `` peacekept '' . Doyle and Sambanis ' analysis finds that lasting peace is more likely after non-ethnic wars in countries with a relatively high level of development in addition to whether or not UN peacekeeping forces and financial assistance are available . They conclude that in the short run lasting peace is more dependent on a robust UN deployment coupled with low levels of hostility between belligerents . They note that increased economic capacity can provide an incentive not to renew hostilities . In the long run , however , economic capacity matters far more whereas the degree of hostility between belligerents is less important . As successful as UN deployments can be , they have inadequately spurred independent economic development within the countries where they have intervened . Thus , the UN plays a strong , but indirect role and success in lasting peace is predicated on the development of institutions that support peace , rather than serving as a deterrent for renewed war . Other scholarly analyses show varying success rates for peacekeeping missions , with estimate ranging from 31 percent to 85 percent . Factors that impact lasting peace ( edit ) There are many factors that can have a negative impact on lasting peace such as hidden information about the relative strength possessed by the belligerents ; a rebel group 's involvement in illicit financing through means such as through the export of diamonds and other minerals ; participation in the trafficking of drugs , weapons and human beings ; whether or not military victory was achieved by one side ; the length of the war as well as how costly it was ; commitment problems and security dilemma spirals experienced by both sides ; whether a cease - fire or treaty signed by the belligerents ; lack of transparency in the motives and actions carried out by belligerents in the immediate aftermath of the conflict ; extremist spoilers ; participants in the conflict that may benefit from its continuation ; indivisibility and more . Perhaps one of the most statistically significant contributors to a lasting peace is whether or not military victory was achieved by one side . According to Fortna 's research , civil wars in which one side wins , resulting in a cease - fire or truce , have an approximately 85 % - 90 % lower chance of renewed war . Moreover , peace treaties further reduce the risk by 60 % - 70 % . If a group is funded by drugs , diamonds or other illicit trade then there is a substantial increase in the chance of renewed violence -- 100 % - 250 % -- which is to say that in such circumstances war is two to three - and - a-half times more likely to begin again . While Fortna finds that wars which involve many factions are less likely to resume , Doyle and Sambanis find the opposite . Costly wars and wars fought along identity lines both provide varied chances of the renewal of violence . While longer wars and peace established by treaty ( especially those attained by military victory ) can reduce the chances of another war . Impacts of peacekeeping on participating forces ( edit ) Military normalisation ( edit ) Some commentators have highlighted the potential to leverage peacekeeping operations as a mechanism for advancing military normalisation . Michael Edward Walsh and Jeremy Taylor have argued that Japan 's peacekeeping operations in South Sudan provide those promoting Japan 's military normalisation with `` a unique opportunity to further erode the country 's pacifist constitution . '' `` Unable to accept the full weight of modern peacekeeping operations without fundamental political , legal , and social changes , '' they conclude that `` Japan 's peacekeepers remain ill prepared to tackle many serious contingencies requiring use of deadly force . '' For this reason , they suggest that Japan 's continued participation in UN peacekeeping operations might force policy changes that ultimately push the country toward `` a tipping point from which the normalisation of Japan 's military ( will be ) the only outcome . '' Political impact on sending countries ( edit ) Diana Muir Appelbaum , has expressed concern that the creation of a military in Fiji for the purpose of serving in international peacekeeping missions , has produced a military powerful enough to stage four coups d'état ( 1987 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 , and 2009 ) and to rule Fiji as a military dictatorship for over two decades . Impacts on individual peacekeepers ( edit ) Memorial in Kigali , Rwanda to ten Belgian peacekeepers of UNAMIR who were massacred by Hutu paramilitaries in 1994 Studies of peacekeeping soldiers show both positive and negative effects . A study of 951 US Army soldiers assigned to Bosnia revealed that 77 % reported some positive consequences , 63 % reported a negative consequence , and 47 % reported both . The peacekeepers are exposed to danger caused by the warring parties and often in an unfamiliar climate . This gives rise to different mental health problems , suicide , and substance abuse as shown by the percentage of former peacekeepers with those problems . Having a parent in a mission abroad for an extended period is also stressful to the peacekeepers ' families . Another viewpoint raises the problem that the peacekeeping may soften the troops and erode their combat ability , as the mission profile of a peacekeeping contingent is totally different from the profile of a unit fighting an all - out war . Criticism ( edit ) Peacekeeping , human trafficking , and forced prostitution ( edit ) Main article : Peacekeeping child sexual abuse scandal Since the 1990s , UN Peacekeepers have been the subject of numerous accusations of abuse ranging from rape and sexual assault , to pedophilia and human trafficking . Complaints have arisen from Cambodia , East Timor and West Africa . In Bosnia - Herzegovina prostitution associated with trafficked women skyrocketed and often operated just beyond the gates of U.N. compounds . David Lamb , a regional human rights officer in Bosnia from 2000 to 2001 claimed `` The sex slave trade in Bosnia largely exists because of the U.N. peacekeeping operation . Without the peacekeeping presence , there would have been little or no forced prostitution in Bosnia . '' In addition , hearing held by the U.S. House of Representatives in 2002 found that members of SFOR were frequenting Bosnian brothels and engaging in sex with trafficked women and underage girls . Reporters witnessed a rapid increase in prostitution in Cambodia , Mozambique , Bosnia , and Kosovo after UN and , in the case of the latter two , NATO peacekeeping forces moved in . In the 1996 UN study called `` The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children '' , former first lady of Mozambique Graça Machel documented : `` In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report , the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in child prostitution '' . Gita Sahgal spoke out in 2004 with regard to the fact that prostitution and sex abuse crops up wherever humanitarian intervention efforts are set up . She observed that the `` issue with the UN is that peacekeeping operations unfortunately seem to be doing the same thing that other militaries do . Even the guardians have to be guarded '' . An investigation by Prince Zeid Ra'ad Zeid Al - Hussein , then Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations , in 2006 resulted in a comprehensive report which detailed some of this abuse in detail -- particularly that which occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo . Sexual exploitation frequently came in the form of prostitution , wherein some money ( an average of $1 - $3 per encounter ) was exchanged for sex . In other instances food , or jobs were utilized to ply women for sex . Other young women reported of `` rape disguised as prostitution '' , whereabouts Peacekeepers would rape them and were then given some money or food in order to make the act seem consensual . Between May and September 2004 , there were seventy - two allegations of sexual exploitation -- 68 against military and 4 against civilian personnel . By the end of 2004 there would be a total of 105 allegations . The majority of these allegations were in regards to sex with person under the age of 18 years ( 45 percent ) and sex with adult prostitutes ( 31 percent ) . Rape and sexual assault made up approximately 13 and 5 percent respectively , with the remaining 6 percent of allegations relating to other forms of sexual exploitation . Most of the allegations were against peacekeepers from Pakistan , Uruguay , Morocco , Tunisia , South Africa , and Nepal . Uruguay an President Jose Mujica apologized to Haitian President Michel Martelly over the alleged rape of an 18 - year - old Haitian man by Uruguayan UN peacekeeping troops . Martelly said `` a collective rape carried out against a young Haitian '' would not go unpunished . Four soldiers suspected of being involved in the rape have been detained . In July 2007 the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations ( DPKO ) confined an entire contingent of 734 Moroccans in the Ivory Coast in the wake of allegations that some had sexually abused underage girls . In the following years , there were 80 investigations carried out by the UN Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) . In 2013 , allegations were levelled on personnel from France , Gabon , and Burundi operating in the Central African Republic . These include accusations of sexual abuse and exploitation of at least 108 from Kemo Prefecture and that the vast majority of the cases involved minors . In 2016 , more allegations of abuse were levelled on Peacekeepers operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo 's eastern province of North Kivu . Tanzania and the UN opened a joint inquiry into the alleged abuse , which involved Tanzanian troops . There have been 18 reports of sexual abuse , eight of which involved minors . Sixteen Tanzanian soldiers , a Malawian and a South African are implicated in the accusations . The UN reported in March 2016 that there was a large increase in allegations ; which involved troops from twenty one countries . Most of the allegations involved troops from African countries including : Cameroon , Congo , Tanzania , Benin , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Ghana , Madagascar , Niger , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal and Togo . Peacekeepers and the Haiti cholera Crisis ( edit ) Significant scientific evidence , first reported by the Associated Press , and later the New York Times , Al Jazeera , and ABC News has shown that Nepalese Peacekeeping troops stationed at a remote base in Mirebalais , Haiti , triggered a deadly cholera epidemic that has ravaged the country since October 2010 . Cholera is a waterborne disease that causes diarrhoea and vomiting , and it can kill in a matter of hours if patients do not receive rehydration intervention . As of July 2012 , Haiti 's cholera epidemic was the worst in the world : about 7,500 had died and about 585,000 Haitians ( about 1 in every 20 Haitians ) had become ill with the disease . According to the UN-appointed Independent Panel of Experts on the Cholera Outbreak in Haiti , the conditions at the Peacekeeping base were unsafe , and allowed contamination of Haiti 's river systems in at least two ways : `` The construction of the water pipes in the main toilet / showering area ( was ) haphazard , with significant potential for cross-contamination ... especially from pipes that run over an open drainage ditch that runs throughout the camp and flows directly into the Meye Tributary System '' . Additionally , the Independent Panel reported that on a regular basis black water waste from the Mirebalais base and two other bases was deposited in an open , unfenced septic pit that was susceptible to flooding and would overflow into the Meye Tributary during rainfall . In November 2011 , over 5,000 victims of the cholera epidemic filed a claim with the UN 's internal claims mechanism seeking redress in the form of clean water and sanitation infrastructure necessary to control the epidemic , compensation for individual losses , and an apology . In July 2012 , 104 Members of the United States Congress signed a letter affirming that the `` actions of the UN '' had brought cholera to Haiti and that the UN should `` confront and ultimately eliminate cholera '' . In 2013 the UN rejected the claim and the victims ' lawyers have pledged to sue the UN in court . Cultural concerns related to Contemporary peacekeeping ( edit ) There is a notable intermingling of varied cultures when it comes to peacekeeping . From the vast number of troops , police and personnel that are brought together from various contributing countries to the oftentimes challenging ethnic regions which peacekeeping forces are often deployed . Because of these varied cultures , complicated cultural interactions take place which not only affect mission effectiveness , but can also lead to friction with the population the peacekeepers are meant to be assisting . In most cases prior to 1988 , specific countries often provided peacekeepers . At that point , only twenty six countries had sent personnel to participate in peacekeeping deployments . Today , that number has risen to more than eighty . This results in an extremely heterogeneous group . Thus , UN Peacekeeping deployments must not only contend with language complications , but also myriad cultural and social differences that can create operational difficulties that are hard to overcome . These difference can create problems with regard to interactions ( whether personal or between institutions / units ) , misunderstandings , inadvertent offensive behaviour and prejudices that may be associated with a particular contingent from a given country . In terms of operations , effectiveness can be hindered by the varying tactics , techniques and procedures employed by the military or police personnel that are a part of a given deployment . Because UN forces are cobbled together from so many different sources , there is a discrepancy in capabilities , training , equipment , standards and procedures . Moreover , substantial differences exist in the form of command and control between contributing members personnel . In addition , some nations may not wish to be subordinated to another , complicating unity of command . This can lead to deep - seated divisions between contingents within the UN force that results in a lack of mutual support between units in the field . This can be demonstrated in the experiences of UN peacekeeping forces deployed to East Timor , where the Australians engaged in a robust operation that maximised force protection in contrast to a pro-active heart and minds approach utilised by Great Britain 's Ghurka personnel . Maintaining the consent of the peacekept is an important facet of modern peacekeeping . Notably in Bosnia , Somalia and Rwanda , fundamental principles of retaining that consent was ignored on the grounds of a humanitarian intervention -- reflecting the nature of an Article VII intervention . Yet in order to stress and maintain the legitimacy of an intervention it is important that the UN 's forces continue to enjoy the consent of the population and government of the country to which they were deployed . This means making the peacekept feel a part of the process in addition to important cultural knowledge of the area in which peacekeepers are operating , in order to reduce friction and provide for a successful operation . There has been little study on the interaction of cultures that exist within a peacekeeping force and the population within which they operate . However , in 1976 Galtun and Hveem studied Norwegian personnel who participated in UNEF - 1 ( in Gaza ) and ONUC ( Congo ) . They posited that knowledge of the culture and an understanding of the inhabitants in a given country were not only necessary , but crucial for the success of the mission . They found that personnel from the Norwegian contingent wanted greater insight into the conflict and the culture in which they operated . They also wanted more robust training with regard to working with people from other countries . Yet the study revealed the troops received very little from briefings and that the majority of the information regarding the conflict was gained through the news , reading books or speaking with other UN personnel -- rather than any established UN training program . Similarly , a study conducted on the relations between members of UNIFIL and local population in Lebanon , carried out by Heiberg and Holst , all but confirmed the findings . In their example , they found that the countries that were able to integrate more fully with the population and show a depth of knowledge about the local culture were more successful , while those that were ambitious , but less integrated into the local scene found themselves far removed from the individuals with which they were supposed to be engaged with , and their success , or lack thereof , illustrated this . Only the Italian contingent of some 2,200 people operated as part of the local environment and became an active element in restoring normal living conditions . Its soldiers were provided with the training required to acquaint them with the cultural , political and social situation of the people among whom they worked . Operating in a sector that contained approximately 600,000 inhabitants , mostly Shi'ites , the Italians carefully nurtured contact with the ordinary citizens and the political leaders in their area ... While the Americans thought they were becoming involved in Lebanese politics , they entered into Lebanese culture and history with little or no understanding of the way things worked -- or did n't work ... Most Americans did not understand the subtleties of short - term alliances , the length of memories and blood feuds , the strength of aln ( kin ) in Arab culture nor the nuances of religious differences . This illustrates the importance of understanding the significance that culture plays in the conduct of successful peacekeeping operations . However , despite the existence of a UN training manual that attempts to advise peacekeepers on necessary techniques , there is no unifying doctrine , or standardised procedure among peacekeeping contingents , which will ultimately hinder the potential for success . Limitations on Contemporary intervention and conflict resolution ( edit ) Throughout the duration of the Cold War external intervention and mediation in civil conflicts took on a state - centric mechanism in which sovereignty was inviolable . Rarely did the international community intervene in internal conflicts involving a state 's government and domestic belligerents that opposed it . Since the end of the Cold War , however , that has changed . Today , mediation by international actors in civil conflict rest on a standardised resolution mechanism that accords broadly equal standing to all factions within a conflict , and attempts to reach a settlement accepted by all . The end of the Cold War presented an opportunity to reshape the international system . This opportunity was afforded to the Cold War 's victor 's -- that is to say -- the United States and other western capitalist states governed by liberal - democratic values that put a premium on basic human rights and democratization . In the preceding decades the state was the only entity to receive special status . While there were exceptions , such as groups struggling against colonial powers , the state possessed the ultimate degree of legitimacy . As a result , the international community rarely meddled with the internal machinations of a given country . Sovereignty was not to be violated and this was a system which benefited both superpowers , their allies , as well as third world governments . Now , however , with legitimacy being extended to non-state actors , as well as the opportunity for a minority to secede from a given state and form a new country there has been a dramatic shift in the international status quo . Moreover , the international community 's model for conflict resolution is heavily influenced by academic thought developed in western countries . This model encourages intervening in civil wars in order to stop political violence and come to a negotiated settlement which often involves democratising efforts . Critics such as Christopher Clapham and David Shearer , argue that this intervention can provide mechanisms for continued conflict to the detriment of the civilian population . Clapham 's argument is principally in relation to the situation in Rwanda leading up to the genocide , whereas Shearer focuses on the negative aspects of intervention , primarily regarding Sierra Leone , which prevents total victory by one side and results in the creation of asymmetries between belligerents which opens the door for continued bloodshed . In Rwanda , third - party attempts at a negotiated settlement between the Hutu and Tutsi afforded an opportunity for Hutu extremists to prepare for the killing of Hutu moderates and the genocide of the Tutsi . The international community , led by regional states from the Organisation of African Unity , sought to negotiate a settlement and find a solution for the ongoing ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi via the Arusha Peace Process . This process lasted just over a year , included substantial international involvement , and incorporated many regional actors such as Tanzania ( host of the process ) , Burundi , Uganda and Zaire . While the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) was a major beneficiary of the Arusha accords and was able to redress many of its grievances , many of the gains that it made could have been achieved through military action . Arusha , according to Clapham , affected the relative power of the participants in the two following ways : a ceasfire which froze the distribution of territorial control at a particular point and secondly the importance it ascribed to the participants of the negotiations . Meaning that it froze the conflict and prevented continued territorial gains being made by the RPF , in addition to designating the degree of importance with regard to the factions within the negotiations . A faction 's importance was weighted not on their relative popularity or military strength , but on artificial weight assigned by the mediators . Thus , the entire process served to undermine the RPF 's position while stalling their hitherto successful military campaign , while allowing Hutu extremists to prepare for a genocide . Shearer argues that modern strategies that rely solely on consent - based negotiations are severely limited and that victory by military means should not be ignored . He states that a shift in battlefield fortunes can often bring one belligerent to the negotiation table and will likewise moderate their demands . Consent is of great importance when it comes to negotiation and mediation . The current international system and the conflict resolution model which the international community has utilised most since the end of the Cold War puts a premium on consent . But Shearer asks that if a belligerent uses negotiations and cease - fires as a method of delay in order to allow them to reposition military forces and continue fighting , then should consent - based strategies still be pursued , regardless of the potential for lengthening a conflict and the associated human cost ? According to the empirical analysis cited by Shearer , past civil wars with negotiated settlements have had little success . He cites a study from John Stedman that notes between 1900 and 1980 85 % of civil wars were solved by one side winning outright ( this excludes colonial wars ) . 15 % percent ended as a result of negotiation . Additionally , Roy Licklider 's study supports these conclusions by noting the following : `` From 1945 to 1989 , 58 out of a total of 93 civil conflicts , as he categorised them , were settled in some form , while the remainder continued . However , only 14 ( or 24 percent ) of those settled were solved by negotiation . The others ( 76 percent ) ended with military victories . Additionally , fighting resumed in seven of the 14 conflict which were initially ended by negotiation . The overall success rate of negotiated settlements , therefore , was around 12 percent out of the internal wars that ended . '' In Sierra Leone the Revolutionary United Front , led by Foday Sankoh , fought an ongoing and bloody civil war with the government from 1991 to 1996 . The conflict attracted little international attention , but managed to devastate the country and destroy its economy . Neither belligerent was willing to concede or compromise on their demands , despite multiple attempts at a negotiated settlement . It was not until the intervention of the private military corporation Executive Outcomes and a reversal in the RUF 's battlefield fortunes that Sankoh would come to the table . In the aftermath the RUF was a depleted threat , civilians were able to return from refugee camps and begin rebuilding their lives . But the peace was fragile and negotiations were ongoing . The RUF was reluctant to put down their arms , concerned over potential retribution at the hands of army units and civilian militias alike . There was a planned deployment of UN peacekeepers meant to ease these concerns and help with the transition to peace , but things began to unravel . International contributors began to shy away from further peacekeeping initiatives ; such as an expensive and open - ended mission in a strategically unimportant country . As a result , the UN 's intervention force was slow to come to fruition and then came to a halt completely when Sankoh argued the size of the contingent of 740 UN peacekeepers was too large . The UN refused to engage without total consent from both parties , thus preventing the deployment of a peacekeeping force . This consent - based approach , Shearer argues , illustrates the limits the UN can play in the volatile and fragile state of affairs that exist during and after civil wars . `` In Sierra Leone , it meant that an important component needed to shore up the peace - building process was absent . It also meant that Sankoh was dictating terms . '' This consent - based approach effectively allowed the leadership of a brutal rebel group to hinder the potential for peace . The situation was exacerbated by the fact that the newly elected President of Sierra Leone terminated the Executive Outcomes contract undermining his hard power advantage . Things were further inflamed when disaffected officers of the army overthrew the government in 1997 . The war quickly renewed . A small UN force of monitors was deployed to observe the security situation . UNOMSIL , as it was called , was deployed between July 1998 and October 1999 , but was forced to withdraw from the country when the RUF took the country 's capitol . UNAMSIL was eventually formed and deployed in 1999 , authorised under a Chapter VII mandate , it was meant to enforce the Lome agreements . However , violence would continue . From the outset the RUF was beyond uncooperative and once the ECOMOG contingent withdrew , the RUF attacked UN forces , eventually taking hundreds hostage . This led to an unexpected backlash from the international community that the RUF did not anticipate . Its leadership had expected the international community to cut and run , as it had done in Somalia and earlier when UNOMSIL fled Freetown . Instead , with British support , an aggressive campaign was waged against the RUF . UNAMSIL 's mandate was expanded and its manpower enlarged . By late 2000 and early 2001 the RUF 's military strength had been severely depleted . Thus the Abuja agreements were signed and UNAMSIL fulfilled its mandate in December 2005 . While Sierra Leone is at peace today and the UN 's mission can be deemed a success , the way in which the situation developed illustrates Shearer 's point : that a consent - based approach focused on negotiation that encompasses all belligerents ' interest may not necessarily lead to success . As we see , fighting continued despite the presence of UNOMSIL . Indeed , even after UNOMSIL was replaced by a more robust force under a Chapter VII mandate in the form of UNAMSIL the violence continued . It was not until the British intervened militarily and substantially degraded the RUF 's capability to sustain the conflict , as Executive Outcomes had done years prior , did the RUF finally come to the negotiating table and allow for the establishment of peace . Some authors question the idea of international interventions at all . In a 2005 working paper for the Center for Global Development , Jeremy Weinstein of Stanford University provides a theory of `` autonomous recovery , '' in which states can achieve sustainable peace without international intervention . Using case studies of Uganda , Eritrea , and Somalia , Weinstein demonstrates how states can develop effective institutions out of warfare . This method has cost and benefits that must be weighed against the potential outcome of international intervention . External intervention can stop mass atrocities , but also stop institutional change . Autonomous recovery elevates the strongest leader , but also rewards the strongest fighters who may be less inclined to share power . Furthermore , intervention depends on external influence while autonomous recovery is based on internal factors . The conclusions of his argument could suggest intervention is not ideal policy , but Weinstein argues the international community 's `` responsibility to protect '' doctrine has moral importance for intervention and the conditions for `` autonomous recovery '' are very rare . Weinstein argues the fundamental challenge is how to incentivise good governance and assistance to rebel groups without disrupting the connection of citizens to rulers in terms of revenue collection that enables accountability . Mission creep ( edit ) Although acknowledging a number of practical and moral reasons for peacekeeping operations , James Fearon and David Laitin assert that they have a tendency under some circumstances to become tangled with state - building efforts . In weak states facing successful guerrilla campaigns , peacekeepers face pressures to build state institutional and administrative capacity in order to achieve lasting peace . These pressures can lead to mission creep beyond the original purview of the peacekeeping operation ; without engaging in state - building , the peacekeepers risk allowing the peacekept country to revert to violence following their exit . Thus , Fearon and Laitin advocate for the greater integration of state - building in peacekeeping efforts through a new framework of `` neotrusteeship , '' which would see foreign powers exercising a great deal of control over a weak state 's domestic affairs in order to ensure the prevention of future violence . Lack of engagement with the populace ( edit ) A growing critique of peacekeeping is the lack of engagement between the peacekeeping officials and the local populace . As Severine Autessrre outlines in a 2015 Foreign Policy article , this creates an environment where the peacekeeping officials develop plans to ' keep ' the peace , but they are disconnected from reality , having the opposite effect on the ground . Additionally , it creates a reinforcement mechanism for the peacekeeping officials , because the officials on the ground report that their plan was successfully implemented , but , in reality , it had adverse effects . If the situation on the ground turns into another outbreak of violence , the local populace will be blamed . This criticism is similar to the critic levelled at development in developing countries by authors such as James C. Scott , James Ferguson , and L. Lohman . Although peacekeeping and development are two different things , the logic behind the criticism is the same . The third - party officials - whether they are peacekeepers or agents of development - are isolated from the general populace , believing they know what is best , and refusing to gather information from a ground level . This is not out of maliciousness or imperialism , but out of a legitimate belief that they , as educated officials with access to other experts and who are well versed in development and peacekeeping literature , know what is best . Proposed reform ( edit ) Brahimi analysis ( edit ) In response to criticism , particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers , the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations . The Brahimi Report was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions , isolate flaws , and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions . The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future . The technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its `` Peace Operations 2010 '' reform agenda . This included an increase in personnel , the harmonisation of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff , the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures , and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ( DPKO ) and the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , African Union , and European Union . A 2008 capstone doctrine entitled `` United Nations Peacekeeping Operations : Principles and Guidelines '' incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis . One of the main issues that the Brahimi report identifies is the lack of coordination and planning of the Peacekeeping Operations . Also , the difference between the objectives of the Peacekeeping Operations and the resources destined to fund the missions . Therefore , the report asks the Security Council to make clear the goals and the resources to accomplish them . According to Fearon and Laitin , the Brahimi Report provides a political instrument for the secretary - general to negotiate with the Security Council the goals , the troops , and the resources need it to the operations . This instrument tries to avoid the cases of underfunding presented in Missions such as in Bosnia , Somalia , and Sierra Leone . Christine Gray analyses the issues of implementing the recommendations of the Brahimi Report . She explains the difficulty in implementing these recommendations . In particular , in reducing the gap between the mandates of Security Council and the actual resources devoted to implementing them . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations peacekeeping missions . AFP Peacekeeping Operations Center Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force List of United Nations peacekeeping missions List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers List of countries where UN peacekeepers are currently deployed List of non-UN peacekeeping missions Multinational Force and Observers Military operations other than war PKSOI Temporary International Presence in Hebron Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions Three Block War Peacebuilding References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : United Nations Peacekeeping . `` Department of Peacekeeping Operations ( DPKO ) '' . United Nations Peacekeeping . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Peacekeeping '' . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ United Nations Peacekeeping . `` Department of Field Support ( DFS ) '' . United Nations Peacekeeping . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Home Jobs Donate Offices . `` Nonviolent Peaceforce '' . Nonviolent Peaceforce . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Fortna , Page ( 2008 ) . 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Jump up ^ DPKO Capstone Doctrine Jump up ^ Fearon , James D , and David D Laitin. 2004 . `` Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States . '' International Security 28 ( 4 ) : 5 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Christine Gray ; Peacekeeping After the Brahimi Report : Is There a Crisis of Credibility for the UN ? . J Conflict Security Law 2001 ; 6 ( 2 ) : 267 - 288 . Further reading ( edit ) Autesserre , Séverine. 2014 . Peaceland : Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107632042 Barnett , Michael . 2002 . Eyewitness to a Genocide : the United Nations and Rwanda . Cornell University Press . Bureš , Oldřich ( June 2006 ) . `` Regional Peacekeeping Operations : Complementing or Undermining the United Nations Security Council ? '' . Global Change , Peace & Security . 18 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 99 . doi : 10.1080 / 14781150600687775 . Dandeker , Christopher ; Gow , James ( 1997 ) . `` The Future of Peace Support Operations : Strategic Peacekeeping and Success '' . Armed Forces & Society . 23 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 347 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X9702300302 . Doyle , Michael W. and Sambanis , Nicholas . 2006 . Making War and Building Peace . Princeton University Press * Evelegh , Robin ( 978 ) . Peace - Keeping in a Democratic Society : the Lessons of Northern Irela d . Montréal , Qué. : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 0502 - 4 Fortna , Virginia Page ( 2004 ) . `` Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace ? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War '' ( PDF ) . International Studies Quarterly . 48 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0020 - 8833.2004. 00301. x . Fortna , Virginia Page ; Lise Morjé , Howard ( 2008 ) . `` Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Future '' . Annual Review of Political Science . 11 : 283 -- 301 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. polisci. 9.041205. 103022 . Goulding , Marrack ( July 1993 ) . `` The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping '' . International Affairs . 69 ( 3 ) : 451 -- 64 . doi : 10.2307 / 2622309 . JSTOR 2622309 . Howard , Lise Morjé. 2008 . UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars . New York : Cambridge University Press . abstract Marten , Kimberly . 2004 . Enforcing the Peace : Learning from the Imperial Past . New York : Columbia University Press Paris , Roland. 2010 . At War 's End . New York : Cambridge University Press Pushkina , Darya ( June 2006 ) . `` A Recipe for Success ? Ingredients of a Successful Peacekeeping Mission '' . International Peacekeeping. 13 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 149 . doi : 10.1080 / 13533310500436508 . Worboys , Katherine ( 2007 ) . `` The Traumatic Journey from Dictatorship to Democracy : Peacekeeping Operations and Civil - Military Relations in Argentina , 1989 - 1999 '' . Armed Forces & Society . 33 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 168 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X05283843 . Reed , Brian ; Segal , David ( 2000 ) . `` The Impact of Multiple Deployments on Soldiers ' Peacekeeping Attitudes , Morale and Retention '' . Armed Forces & Society . 27 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 78 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X0002700105 . Sion , Liora ( 2006 ) . `` ' Too Sweet and Innocent for War ' ? : Dutch Peacekeepers and the Use of Violence '' . Armed Forces & Society . 32 ( 3 ) : 454 -- 474 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X05281453 . Blocq , Daniel . 2010 . `` Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations : Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight ? '' Armed Forces & Society Vol. 36 ( 2 ) : 290 - 309 , doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X08330816 Abstract <Th_colspan="2"> United Nations <Td_colspan="2"> António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Peter Thomson , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture <Th_colspan="2"> Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peacekeeping&oldid=809852476 '' Categories : Peace Peacekeeping United Nations peacekeeping Military operations other than war Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית မြန်မာဘာသာ Polski Português Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Peacekeeping missions 2. United Nations peacekeepers 3. Types of peacekeeping operations 4. Effectiveness of peacekeeping missions 5. Criticism of peacekeeping efforts

what are the different folk dance in the philippines

List of ethnic , regional , and folk dances by origin - wikipedia List of ethnic , regional , and folk dances by origin Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of dances grouped by ethnicity , country , or region . These dances should also be listed on the general , noncategorized index list of specific dances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Albania 2 Aragon 3 Argentina 4 Armenia 5 Austria 6 Azerbaijan 7 Basque 8 Belarus 9 Brittany 10 Bulgaria 11 Cambodia 11.1 Khmer 12 Catalonia 13 China 14 Colombia 15 Cyprus 16 Dominican Republic 17 England 18 Ethiopia 19 Finland 20 France 21 Galicia 22 Georgia 23 Germany 24 Greece 24.1 Crete 24.2 Macedonia 25 Hungary 26 India 27 Indonesia 27.1 Bali 27.2 Java 27.3 Sunda 27.4 Betawi 27.5 Aceh 27.6 Minang 27.7 Palembang 27.8 Melayu 27.9 Dayak 27.10 Minahasa 27.11 Maluku and Papua 28 Iraq 29 Iran 30 Ireland 31 Israel 32 Italy 33 Japan 34 Kurdistan 35 Korea 36 Republic of Macedonia 37 Madagascar 38 Mexico 39 Peru 40 Philippines 41 Poland 42 Portugal 43 Puerto Rico 44 Punjab ( India / Pakistan ) 44.1 Female dances 44.2 Male dances 45 Romani dance 46 Romania 47 Russia 48 Saudi Arabia 49 Scandinavia 50 Scotland 51 Serbia 52 Somalia 53 South Africa 54 Spain 55 Turkey 55.1 Adiyaman 55.2 Artvin 55.3 Aydin 55.4 Bingöl 55.5 Burdur 55.6 Edirne 55.7 Igdir 55.8 Izmir 55.9 Kars 55.10 Trabzon 56 Trinidad and Tobego 57 United States 57.1 California 57.2 Georgia 57.3 Hawaii 57.4 Louisiana 57.5 New York 57.6 North Carolina 57.7 South Carolina 57.8 Texas 57.9 Virginia 58 Ukraine 59 Wales 60 Yemen 61 See also 62 External links Albania ( edit ) See also : Albanian dances Shota ( dance ) Dance of Osman Taka Pogonishte Napoloni Gusharaveli Aragon ( edit ) Jota ( dance ) Argentina ( edit ) Carnavalito Chacarera Chamamé Cueca Cumbia Villera Cuarteto Tango Milonga Pericón Zamba Armenia ( edit ) Main article : Armenian dance Note : in Armenian `` par '' means `` dance '' . Kochari Tamzara Shalakho Austria ( edit ) See also : Austrian folk dancing Ländler Schuhplattler Waltz Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani dances Abayı Azərbaycan ( dance ) Asta Qarabağı Asma Kəsmə Ağır Qaradağı Avarı Ay bəri bax Ənzəli 3 nümrə. 4 nümrə. 5 nümrə. 6 nümrə . Uzundərə Birilyant Tərəkəmə Xançobanı Samux Şalaxo Şəki Misri Halay Basque ( edit ) Bastan Danza Belarus ( edit ) Liavonicha ( Lyavonikha ) Karahod ( Khorovod ) Trasucha ( Poĺka - Trasucha ) Brittany ( edit ) An Dro Gavotte Laride Plinn Trihori Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Bulgarian dances Daychovo horo Gankino horo Yove male mome Kopanitsa Paidushko horo Cambodia ( edit ) Khmer ( edit ) Apsara Ramvong Catalonia ( edit ) Sardana China ( edit ) See also : China National Ethnic Song and Dance Lion dance Dragon dance Yangge Colombia ( edit ) Cumbia Mapale Vallenato Cyprus ( edit ) Main article : Greek dance Tis tatsias Tou drepaniou Dominican Republic ( edit ) Bachata Merengue England ( edit ) Template : Prisoner of Azkaban style = `` text - align : left ; vertical - align : top ; '' Border Clog English Ceilidh ( abbr to eCeilidh ) English Country Dance Dobby is free Long Sword dance style = `` text - align : left ; vertical - align : top ; '' Maypole Molly Weasley Morris dance ( longstanding tradition ; technically of Continental origins ) Rapper Sword ) Ethiopia ( edit ) Dhaanto Finland ( edit ) Finnish tango Humppa Jenkka Letkajenkka France ( edit ) See also : § Brittany , and Bal folk Branle Bourrée Farandole Gavotte Menuet Passepied Rigaudon Valse musette Galicia ( edit ) Fandango Muiñeira Vira Jota Zapateado Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Dances of Georgia Acharuli Davluri Jeirani Karachokheli Kartuli Kazbeguri Khanjluri Khevsuruli Khorumi Kintouri Mtiuluri Samaia Germany ( edit ) Schuhplattler Zwiefacher Greece ( edit ) Further information : Greek dances The following is a list with the most notable dances . Names of many Greek dances may be found spelt either ending with - o or with - os . This is due to the fact that the word for `` dance '' in Greek is a masculine noun , while the dance itself can also be referred to by a neuter adjective used substantively . Thus one may find both `` hasapiko '' ( `` the butcher thing '' ) and `` hasapikos ( horos ) '' - `` the butcher ( dance ) . '' Antikrystos Antipatitis Ballos Cerigotikos ( Kythera ) Fisounis Hasapiko Ikariotikos Kalamatianos Kalymnikos Kerkiraikos Kleistos Koftos Kotsari ( Pontic ) Lerikos Maniatikos Mandilatos Pidikhtos Pirgousikos ( Chios ) Sirtaki Sousta Syrtos Trata Tsakonikos Tsamikos Zeibekiko Zonaradiko Crete ( edit ) Ntames Pentozali Pidikhtos Sousta Syrtos Trizalis Macedonia ( edit ) Antikristos Dimitroula Gerontikos Endeka Kozanis Kastorianos Kori Eleni Kapitan Louka Leventikos ( Florina ) Makedonikos antikristos Omorfoula ( Florina ) O Nikolos Syrtos Makedonias Tranos Choros ( Kozani ) Zacharoula Hungary ( edit ) Csárdás ( Czardas ) Verbunkos ( 18th century dance & music genre ) Legényes ( men 's dance ) India ( edit ) Main article : Folk dance in India Bhangra Bharatanatyam Charkula Kathakali Dandiya Kuchipudi Chholiya Garba Raas Ghoomar Bihu Giddha Thirayattam Tutsa Yakshagana Mirza Jhumar Rasiya Gambhira Raibeshe Dhali Kolattam Bashari Jagar Kikli Chhau dance Cheraw bollywood dance ) Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Dance in Indonesia Bali ( edit ) Main article : Balinese dance Baris Barong Cendrawasih Condong Gambuh Janger Joged Kebyar duduk Kecak Legong Oleg Panyembrama Pendet Sanghyang Topeng Java ( edit ) Main article : Javanese dance Bedhaya Gandrung Kuda lumping Wayang wong Reog Ponorogo Ronggeng Serimpi Sunda ( edit ) Main article : Sundanese dance Jaipongan Merak Reog Sunda Betawi ( edit ) Ondel - ondel Ronggeng Aceh ( edit ) Saman Likok Pulo Minang ( edit ) Randai Palembang ( edit ) Gending Sriwijaya Tanggai Melayu ( edit ) Zapin Dayak ( edit ) Hudoq Kancet Papatai Kancet Ledo Kancet Lasan Minahasa ( edit ) Kabasaran Poco - poco Maluku and Papua ( edit ) Cakalele Iraq ( edit ) Iraqi music ( Chobi ) Assyrian folk dance ( Khigga ) Iran ( edit ) Bandari Kurdish dance Lezgi dance Baba Karam Mazandarani dance Persian dance Sama ' Ireland ( edit ) Irish Dance Irish Stepdance Irish Sean - Nós Dance Israel ( edit ) Main article : Israeli folk dancing Mayim Mayim Horah Dabke Italy ( edit ) See also : Italian folk dance Monferrina Saltarello Tarantella Sardinia Ballu tundu Japan ( edit ) Bon Odori Butoh Buyō Eisa Japanese traditional dance Kachaashii Kagura Kenshibu Kumi Odori Noh Para para Parasol dance Shirabyōshi Sōran Bushi Yosakoi Kurdistan ( edit ) Dilan Halperke Korea ( edit ) Pungmul Samul nori Republic of Macedonia ( edit ) Teskoto Pušteno Kavadarka Rusalii Tresenica Crnogorka Kopačka Madagascar ( edit ) Hiragasy Salegy Mexico ( edit ) Jarabe tapatío Peru ( edit ) Marinera Huayno Tondero Huaylas Danza de tijeras Diablada Tinku Zamacueca Philippines ( edit ) Abaruray Alcamfor Alitaptap Bakya Ballangbang Bendian Binasuan Blit B'laan Cariñosa Danza Duwawang Malin Awa Habanera Botoleña Idudu Itik - Itik Janggay Jota and its variations : Jota Cabangan Jota Caviteña Jota Manileña Jota Moncadeña Jota Paragua Jota Quiriño Kalatong Kappa Malong - Malong Kasanduayan Kataka - taka Kinaranza Kumintang Kuratsa Lawiswis Kawayan Leron Leron Sinta Lulay Magkasuyo Maglalatik Maglangka Malagueña Manang Biday Manobo Pandanggo and its variations : Pandanggo sa Bulig Pandanggo sa Ilaw Pandanggo Oasiwas Pandanggo Santa Clara Panderetas Pangalay Pantomina Panurong - Surong Paru - Parong Bukid Pasigin Pasikat na Baso Pasodoble Polka and its variations : Polka sa Nayon Polka sa Plaza Polkabal Putungan Ronda de Salsa Sagayan Salakot Sarong Banggi Sayaw sa Bangko Sayaw Panasahan Sinakiki Singkil Tiklos Tinikling Tutup Uyaoy Zamboanga Zamboanga Poland ( edit ) See also : Polish folk dances Chodzony ( Polonez , Polonaise ) Krakowiak Kujawiak Mazurka ( Mazur ) Oberek ( Obertas , Ober ) Trojak Portugal ( edit ) Chula Corridinho Malhão Vira Fado Puerto Rico ( edit ) Plena Bomba Danza Punjab ( India / Pakistan ) ( edit ) Main article : Punjabi dance Female dances ( edit ) Sammi Giddha Kikli Male dances ( edit ) Bhangra Luddi Dhumal Romani dance ( edit ) Main article : Romani dance Romania ( edit ) Căluşari ( dance ) ( Calusari , Calus ( Calusul ) Hora a circle dance Joc Joc cu bâta ( Jocul cu bâta , Joc cu bata ) , Joc with stick Periniţa Sârba Russia ( edit ) Barynya Kamarinskaya Khorovod Troika Tsyganochka ( a Russian Romani dance ) Yablochko See also : Soviet ballroom dances Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Ardah Scandinavia ( edit ) Fannike ( Danish ) Hambo ( Swedish ) Humppa ( Finnish ) Jenkka ( Finnish ) Letkajenkka ( Finnish ) Minuet ( Finnish - Swedish ) Polka ( Scandinavian as well as a Finnish variant ) Polska Rask ( Danish ) Schottische ( Scandinavian ) Snoa ( Norwegian ) Springar ( Norwegian ) Sønderhoning ( Danish ) Tanhu ( Finnish ) Waltz ( Scandinavian ) Halling ( Norwegian ) Scotland ( edit ) Scottish country dance Scottish highland dance Jig reel Ceilidh Strathspey Serbia ( edit ) Kolo : Čačak kolo Čoček Somalia ( edit ) Dhaanto South Africa ( edit ) Volkspele Xibelani Spain ( edit ) See also : § Aragon , § Basque , § Catalonia , and § Galicia Fandango Flamenco Jota Seguidilla Muiñeira Trikiti Pasodoble Sardana Turkey ( edit ) Adiyaman ( edit ) Agir halay Duz halay Agir Malatya Berde Deriko Galuc Ucayak Agir hava Dik hava Hasandagli Lorke Pekmezo Dokuzlu Dokuzokkali Tirpano Kudaro halayi Agir Govcuk Tirge Simsimi Sevda Artvin ( edit ) Horon Deli Horon Ata Bari Artvin Bari Done Sari Cicek Uzun Dere Koceri Ondort Kiz Horonu Acara ( Ajaria ) Cilveloy Temuraga Hancer Bari Koroglu Oyunu Tamzara Tamara Aydin ( edit ) Aydın Zeybegi Harmandalı Zeybegi Eski Tavas Zeybegi Ortaklar Zeybegi Bingöl ( edit ) El cirpma ( capukay ) Govent ( Bingol Halayi ) Meyrom Horani Kartal Caca ( Karayilan ) Cezayir havasi Burdur ( edit ) Avsar Beyleri Serenler Teke Zortlatmasi Karinom Keziban Yenge Tek Zeybek Otme Gugut Otme AI Yazma Dimi Dimi Kabardic Yayla Yollari sSari Zeybek Edirne ( edit ) Kabadayi Mendil Sulumanaga Kasap Eski Kasap Balkan Gaydasi Pomak Gaydasi Zigos Fatos Arzuyla Kanber Sirto Selanik Kazibem Igdir ( edit ) Sari Gelin Izmir ( edit ) Kara Gozlu Hasanim ( Syrtos ) Izmir kasap havasi ( Hasapiko ) Kars ( edit ) Terekeme Trabzon ( edit ) Karsilama Trinidad and Tobego ( edit ) Calypso United states ( edit ) See also : Dance in the United States Clogging Contra dance Square dance : Modern Western square dance Tap dance Swing dance Traditional square dance Line California ( edit ) Balboa Georgia ( edit ) Square dance Hawaii ( edit ) Hula Louisiana ( edit ) Cajun : Cajun Jig , also known as Cajun One Step Cajun Two Step Cajun Jitterbug Cajun Waltz Zydeco New York ( edit ) Lindy Hop Collegiate Shag ( Double - Rhythm Shag ) North Carolina ( edit ) Shag ( Single - Rhythm Shag ) Carolina Shag South Carolina ( edit ) The Big Apple Carolina shag the Charleston ( dance ) Texas ( edit ) Cowboy Cotton - Eyed Joe Line dance Western swing ( Texas Swing , Country Swing , Aggie Swing ) Whip Virginia ( edit ) Virginia Reel Ukraine ( edit ) Arkan Bereznianka Bondar Buryma Bychky Chabarashky Chumak Holubka Horovod Hopak Hutsulka Kozachok Kolomyjka Metelytsia Perepilka Pleskach Polka Roman Rybka Sanzharivka Shevchyky Shumka Tetyana Tropak Tropotianka Uvyvanets Vesnianky Zhuravel Wales ( edit ) Hornpipe Twmpath Yemen ( edit ) North Yemen : Bara'a dance South Yemen : Sharh dance See also ( edit ) Dance portal Dance basic topics , a list of general dance topics External links ( edit ) International Folk Dance DIFFERENT TYPES OF DANCES PERFORMED ON DIFFERENT OCCASIONS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin&oldid=804697869 '' Categories : Dances by ethnicity or region Dance - related lists Dances Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances 2. Dances grouped by ethnicity, country, or region 3. Cultural dances from around the world 4. Traditional dances by origin 5. Dance traditions by country or region

who has won the most oscars as best actor

List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories - wikipedia List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories Jump to : navigation , search Katharine Hepburn won four Academy Awards for Best Actress , more than any other actor in the history of the Academy Awards . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception . Throughout the history of the Academy Awards , there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor , or Best Supporting Actress . The only restriction is that actors can not receive multiple nominations for the same performance . This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way . As of 2018 , 41 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories . Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards . Five have won three Academy Awards : Ingrid Bergman ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , Walter Brennan ( three Best Supporting Actor awards ) , Jack Nicholson ( two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award ) , Meryl Streep ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , and Daniel Day - Lewis ( three Best Actor awards ) . Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940 , followed by Hepburn in 1968 , Bergman in 1974 , Nicholson in 1997 , Streep in 2011 , and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012 . Of the six , only Nicholson , Streep , and Day - Lewis are still living . Actor / Actress Best Actor / Actress Awards Best Supporting Actor / Actress Awards Total awards Total nominations Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn Morning Glory ( 1933 ) Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) 12 Day - Lewis , Daniel Daniel Day - Lewis My Left Foot ( 1989 ) There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) 6 Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) 21 Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) 12 Bergman , Ingrid Ingrid Bergman Gaslight ( 1944 ) Anastasia ( 1956 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) 7 Brennan , Walter Walter Brennan Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Kentucky ( 1938 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) Davis , Bette Bette Davis Dangerous ( 1935 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) 10 Tracy , Spencer Spencer Tracy Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Boys Town ( 1938 ) 9 Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) 8 Lemmon , Jack Jack Lemmon Save the Tiger ( 1973 ) Mister Roberts ( 1955 ) 8 Washington , Denzel Denzel Washington Training Day ( 2001 ) Glory ( 1989 ) 8 Blanchett , Cate Cate Blanchett Blue Jasmine ( 2013 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) 7 De Niro , Robert Robert De Niro Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) 7 Fonda , Jane Jane Fonda Klute ( 1971 ) Coming Home ( 1978 ) 7 Hoffman , Dustin Dustin Hoffman Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) 7 Caine , Michael Michael Caine Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) 6 Lange , Jessica Jessica Lange Blue Sky ( 1994 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) 6 Smith , Maggie Maggie Smith The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 ) California Suite ( 1978 ) 6 Cooper , Gary Gary Cooper Sergeant York ( 1941 ) High Noon ( 1952 ) 5 de Havilland , Olivia Olivia de Havilland To Each His Own ( 1946 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) 5 Hackman , Gene Gene Hackman The French Connection ( 1971 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) 5 Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks Philadelphia ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) 5 March , Fredric Fredric March Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) 5 McDormand , Frances Frances McDormand Fargo ( 1996 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) 5 Penn , Sean Sean Penn Mystic River ( 2003 ) Milk ( 2008 ) 5 Taylor , Elizabeth Elizabeth Taylor Butterfield 8 ( 1960 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) 5 Foster , Jodie Jodie Foster The Accused ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Jackson , Glenda Glenda Jackson Women in Love ( 1970 ) A Touch of Class ( 1973 ) Quinn , Anthony Anthony Quinn Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) Winters , Shelley Shelley Winters The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1959 ) A Patch of Blue ( 1965 ) Douglas , Melvyn Melvyn Douglas Hud ( 1963 ) Being There ( 1979 ) Field , Sally Sally Field Norma Rae ( 1979 ) Places in the Heart ( 1984 ) Robards , Jason Jason Robards All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) Julia ( 1977 ) Ustinov , Peter Peter Ustinov Spartacus ( 1960 ) Topkapi ( 1964 ) Wiest , Dianne Dianne Wiest Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Bullets over Broadway ( 1994 ) Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes The Sin of Madelon Claudet ( 1931 ) Airport ( 1970 ) Leigh , Vivien Vivien Leigh Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) Rainer , Luise Luise Rainer The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Good Earth ( 1937 ) Spacey , Kevin Kevin Spacey American Beauty ( 1999 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Swank , Hilary Hilary Swank Boys Do n't Cry ( 1999 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Waltz , Christoph Christoph Waltz Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Django Unchained ( 2012 ) See also ( edit ) Film portal List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances List of directors with two or more Academy Awards for Best Director List of Academy Award records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Acting Two or More Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 6 -- 80th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Persons nominated in two acting categories in the same year '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jamie ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Katharine Hepburn dead at 96 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ingrid Bergman -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Brennan -- Awards '' . Moviefone . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicholson -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Actors with multiple Academy Award wins at Wikimedia Commons The Official Academy Awards Database The Motion Picture Credits Database at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 9 , 2008 ) IMDb Academy Awards Page <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Awards lists <Td_colspan="2"> Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Awards_in_acting_categories&oldid=833661959 '' Categories : Academy Awards lists Lists of actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 20 : 55 . About Wikipedia

1. Academy Awards multiple winners 2. Actors with two or more Oscars 3. Katharine Hepburn's record-breaking wins 4. Multiple Academy Awards in acting categories 5. Notable actors and their multiple Oscar wins

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Tetra Pak - wikipedia Tetra Pak Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tetra Pak <Td_colspan="2"> Type Private Industry Food packaging Founded Lund , Sweden ( 1943 ) Founder Ruben Rausing Headquarters Pully , Switzerland Area served Worldwide Key people Dennis Jönsson ( CEO ) Ruben Rausing Hans Rausing Gad Rausing Revenue € 11.9 billion ( 2015 ) Number of employees 23,540 ( 2014 ) Parent Tetra Laval Website www.tetrapak.com Tetra Pak is a multinational food packaging and processing sub-company of Tetra Laval , with head offices in Lund , Sweden , and Lausanne , Switzerland . The company offers packaging , filling machines and processing for dairy , beverages , cheese , ice - cream and prepared food , including distribution tools like accumulators , cap applicators , conveyors , crate packers , film wrappers , line controllers and straw applicators . Tetra Pak was founded by Ruben Rausing and built on Erik Wallenberg 's innovation , a tetrahedron - shaped plastic - coated paper carton , from which the company name was derived . In the 1960s and 1970s , the development of the Tetra Brik package and the aseptic packaging technology made possible a cold chain supply , substantially facilitating distribution and storage . From the beginning of the 1950s to the mid-1990s , the company was headed by the two sons of Ruben Rausing , Hans and Gad , who took the company from a family business of six employees , in 1954 , to a multinational corporation . Tetra Pak is currently the largest food packaging company in the world by sales , operating in more than 170 countries and with over 23,000 employees ( 2012 ) . The company is privately owned by the family of Gad Rausing through the Swiss - based holding company Tetra Laval , which also includes the dairy farming equipment producer DeLaval and the PET bottle manufacturer Sidel . In November 2011 , the Tetra Brik carton package was represented at the exhibition Hidden Heroes -- The Genius of Everyday Things at the London Science Museum / Vitra Design Museum , celebrating `` the miniature marvels we could n't live without '' . The aseptic packaging technology has been called the most important food packaging innovation of the 20th Century by the Institute of Food Technologists and the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences called the Tetra Pak packaging system one of Sweden 's most successful inventions of all time . As of 2011 , 20 % of Tetra Pak cartons are recycled globally . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 Operating history 1.3 Mergers and acquisitions 2 Operations 2.1 Business and markets 2.2 Competition 3 Products 3.1 Aseptic technology 3.2 Packages 3.3 Processing and distribution 4 Environment 4.1 Environmental policy 4.2 Recycling 4.3 Criticism 5 Community projects 5.1 Food for development 5.2 School milk 5.3 Disaster relief 6 Controversy 6.1 Monopoly 6.2 The Parmalat scandal 6.3 The tetrahedron legacy 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Ruben Rausing Tetra Pak was created in 1951 as a subsidiary to Åkerlund & Rausing , a food carton company established in Malmö in 1929 by Ruben Rausing and Erik Åkerlund , with funding from Mathusan Chandramohan , a rich entrepreneur from Sri Lanka . Rausing , who had studied in New York at the beginning of the 1920s , had seen self - service grocery stores in the United States , which was unheard of in Europe at the time , and realised that pre-packaging was part of the future in food retailing as a more hygienic and practical way of distributing staple groceries . At the time , these were sold over the counter in cumbersome glass bottles or impractical paper wraps in most European countries . At the end of the 1920s , Rausing bought a run - down packaging factory in Malmö together with the industrialist Erik Åkerlund . Åkerlund & Rausing was the first packaging company in Scandinavia and eventually became a leading manufacturer of dry food cartons . Formation ( edit ) Åkerlund & Rausing produced all sorts of paper packaging for dry staple groceries , but Rausing was determined to find a way to pre-package liquids like milk and cream , and spent large sums on developing a viable package . The goal was to provide optimal food safety , hygiene and distribution efficiency using a minimum amount of material , according to the subsequently famous credo that a package should `` save more than it costs '' . The new package had to be sufficiently cheap to be able to compete with loose milk , meaning that a minimum of material waste and a maximum of production efficiency needed to be obtained . In 1943 , the Åkerlund & Rausing lab started to work on developing the milk carton , and , in 1944 , came up with the idea of constructing a tetrahedron - shaped package out of a tube of paper . The idea was simple but efficient , making optimal use of the material involved . After some initial hesitation , Rausing understood the potential of the package and filed for a patent on 27 March 1944 . The rest of the 1940s were spent developing viable packaging materials and solving the technical problems of filling , sealing , and distribution . Modern retailing : Woman with Tetra Classic packages , 1950s It was reportedly Rausing 's wife Elisabeth who came up with the idea of continuously sealing the packages through the milk while filling the tube in the manner of stuffing sausages , to prevent oxygen from entering the package . In 1946 , a model for a packaging machine was presented by engineer Harry Järund , and in collaboration with Swedish paper mills and foreign chemical companies a viable paper for packaging was finally produced when coating carton paper with polyethylene , which made the paper waterproof and allowing for heat - sealing during filling . Operating history ( edit ) Exporting the Tetra Classic : Italy , 1960s AB Tetra Pak was established in Lund , Sweden , in 1951 . In May of that year , the new packaging system was presented to the press , and in 1952 , the first filling machine producing 100 ml cream tetrahedrons was delivered to Lundaortens Mejeriförening , a local dairy . In the subsequent years , the tetrahedron packages became more and more frequent in Swedish grocery stores , and in 1954 , the first machine producing 500 ml milk packages was sold to a Stockholm dairy . That same year the first machine was exported to Hamburg , Germany , soon to be followed by France ( 1954 ) , Italy ( 1956 ) , Switzerland ( 1957 ) and later the Soviet Union ( 1959 ) and Japan ( 1962 ) . Rausing relentlessly strove to improve the Tetra Classic system , wrought with many technical problems during the 1950s , and spent enormous amounts on development . The different projects -- the tetrahedron , the aseptic packaging technology , Tetra Brik -- all demanded extremely large resources and the company had financial troubles well into the 1960s . Indeed , Tetra Pak 's commercial breakthrough did not arrive until the mid-1960s with the new Tetra Brik package , introduced in 1963 , and the development of the Aseptic technology . To liberate capital , Åkerlund & Rausing was sold in 1965 while AB Tetra Pak was retained . International expansion had begun by the beginning of the 1960s , when the first production plant outside of Sweden was established in Mexico in 1960 , soon to be followed by another in the United States in 1962 . In 1962 , the first Tetra Classic Aseptic machine outside of Europe was installed in Lebanon . The late 1960s and 1970s saw a global expansion of the company , much due to the new Tetra Brik Aseptic package , launched in 1969 , which opened up new markets in the developing world and sparked off a virtual explosion in sales . Mergers and acquisitions ( edit ) In 1981 , Tetra Pak relocated its corporate headquarters to Lausanne , Switzerland , for tax reasons , however retaining all R&D functions in Lund , Sweden . For the equivalent of $2.5 billion , Tetra Pak acquired Alfa - Laval AB in 1991 , a venerable Swedish company producing industrial and agricultural equipment and milk separators , world - leading in its industry , in what was at the time Sweden 's largest takeover . Since the deal allowed Tetra Pak to integrate the Alfa Laval competence within processing , the merger eventually made it possible for Tetra Pak to offer entire packaging and processing products to its clients . The deal drew anti-competitive scrutiny from the European Commission , but it went through after various concessions from both companies . After the merger with Alfa Laval , Tetra Pak announced plans to return the headquarters to Sweden , and in 1993 Tetra Laval Group was created with joint headquarters in Lund and Lausanne . Alfa Laval 's liquid processing unit was absorbed into Tetra Pak and the unit specialising on machinery for dairy production was organised separately in Alfa Laval Agri . Alfa Laval Agri was later renamed DeLaval , after Alfa Laval 's founder Gustaf de Laval , and is still a part of the Tetra Laval group . The part of Alfa Laval that was not directly linked to Tetra Pak 's activities -- heat exchangers and separation equipment among others -- was sold in 2000 to Swedish finance group Industri Kapital . In 2001 , Tetra Laval acquired the French plastic packaging group Sidel . The merger was prohibited by the European Commission on the grounds that both Tetra Pak and Sidel were market leading in their field and operated in related business areas . The European Court of Justice eventually ruled in favour for Tetra Laval in a high - profile case . The Tetra Laval Group is controlled by the holding company Tetra Laval International , whose board of directors include the three children of Gad Rausing . Operations ( edit ) Business and markets ( edit ) The Tetra Pak packaging portfolio Tetra Pak operates globally through 40 market companies , which are subsidiaries to Tetra Pak International SA , doing business in over 170 countries . Because of the low relative cost of its end products , the developing world has been an important market for Tetra Pak from the start . In 2010 , Tetra Pak reported a 5.2 % increase in sales , with an annual turnover of almost € 10 billion . In its 2010 / 2011 annual report , Tetra Pak announced particularly strong growth in China , Southeast Asia , Eastern Europe and Central and South America . Rising income levels in these markets enabled higher consumption of protein - rich foodstuffs such as dairy products , and Tetra Pak has announced that it will increase investment in the emerging markets by 10 % to over € 200 million ( 2009 ) . After investing close to € 200 million in new packaging plants in Russia ( 2007 ) and China ( 2008 ) , in 2011 Tetra Pak announced the construction of new packaging plants in India and Pakistan to meet increasing demand . The new plants on the Indian sub-continent are thought to supply the growing demand in the Middle East . The Financial Times reported that the rise in milk consumption in emerging markets particularly regarded UHT milk , facilitating transportation and food safety , something which is favourable for Tetra Pak whose aseptic packages represent two - thirds of its sales . Tetra Pak 's most popular product is the Tetra Brik Aseptic , a best - seller since the 1970s . In May 2011 Tetra Pak launched the first aseptic carton bottle for milk , the Tetra Evero Aseptic . Competition ( edit ) In an interview in Swedish business monthly Affärsvärlden in 2006 , Tetra Pak CEO Dennis Jönsson defined Tetra Pak 's current main competitor to be Swiss manufacturer SIG Combibloc , however adding that Tetra Pak 's main competition generally no longer comes from companies producing similar packaging but from industries and companies producing other types of packaging with a lower cost of production , like the PET bottle . Indeed , Jönsson perceived the PET bottle as Tetra Pak 's biggest threat in the European market at the time . The Norwegian company Elopak / Pure - Pak produces similar style carton packages and has historically been Tetra Pak 's principal competitor . The Chinese packaging company Greatview has begun challenging Tetra Pak , both in the Chinese market as well as in Europe . Innovative ecologically - neutral packaging also threatens Tetra Pak 's monopoly . Products ( edit ) Aseptic technology ( edit ) Aseptic technology : Tetra Brik Aseptic , 1960s Tetra Pak uses aseptic packaging technology . In aseptic processing the product and the package are sterilized separately and then combined and sealed in a sterile atmosphere , in contrast to canning , where product and package are first combined and then sterilized . When filled with ultra-heat treated ( UHT ) foodstuffs ( liquids like milk and juice or processed food like vegetables and preserved fruits ) , the aseptic packages can be preserved without being chilled for up to one year , with the result that distribution and storage costs , as well as environmental impact , is greatly reduced and product shelf life expanded . Packages ( edit ) Tetra Classic is the name of the first , tetrahedral package , launched by Tetra Pak in 1952 , with an aseptic version released in 1961 and still in use , mainly for portion - sized cream packages and children 's juices . The Tetra Brik , a package in the shape of a rectangular cuboid , was launched in 1963 after a long and costly development process . An aseptic version , Tetra Brik Aseptic was launched in 1969 . In terms of entities sold , it is the most popular of the Tetra Pak packages . The pillow - shaped Tetra Fino Aseptic was introduced in 1997 , aiming to provide low cost and simplicity . Tetra Gemina Aseptic was introduced in 2007 as the `` world 's first roll - fed gable top package with full aseptic performance '' . The Tetra Prisma Aseptic was launched in 1996 . It has an octagonal shape with the aim of providing a more ergonomic experience . The Tetra Rex is a cuboid shaped package with a gable - top . It was launched in Sweden in 1966 . Tetra Recart is a newly launched package shaped as a rectangular cuboid that is meant to provide an alternative to previously canned foodstuffs such as vegetables , fruit and pet food . Tetra Top was launched in 1986 as a re-closable , rounded cuboid package with a plastic upper part , including opening and closure elements . The lid , moulded in polyethylene in a single mold , makes it easy to open and reclose . Tetra Wedge Aseptic was developed to keep packaging material to a minimum while retaining a square surface underneath . It was introduced in 1997 . The Tetra Evero Aseptic is the latest of the Tetra Pak packages , launched in 2011 and marketed as the world 's first aseptic carton bottle for ambient milk . Processing and distribution ( edit ) While the original idea was to provide hygienic pre-packaging for liquid food stuffs , Tetra Pak is now providing a range of different packaging and processing products and services due to its acquisition of Alfa Laval in 1991 , consequently supplying complete systems of processing , packaging and distribution within fields as various as ice cream , cheese , fruit and vegetables and pet food . In addition to its various packaging products , Tetra Pak thus provides integrated processing and distribution lines for different kinds of food manufacturing , including packaging machines and carton paper , equally providing distribution equipment like conveyors , tray packers , film wrappers , crates , straws and roll containers . The company additionally offers automated production equipment and technical service . Environment ( edit ) Environmental policy ( edit ) Tetra Pak has been derided as a chief environmental threat by many NGOs and environmental groups . Unlike aluminum cans or glass bottles , it can not be recycled in municipal recycling facilities . In order to stave off actual policy that would overcome these harms through regulation , the company has engineered a strong Corporate Social Responsibility campaign . In 2011 , Tetra Pak published a set of sustainability targets , which included maintaining the CO emission levels on the same level until 2020 and increasing recycling by 100 % . Previous Tetra Pak sustainability targets ( 2005 -- 2010 ) were met and exceeded . Maintaining current CO emission levels until 2020 would result in a total of 40 % relative cut in emissions with an average growth rate of 5 % per year , according to Food Production Daily . Tetra Pak said it will increase its use of Forest Stewardship Council ( FSC ) certified paper to 100 % in 2020 , with an interim target of 50 % by 2012 . The new targets will encompass the whole value chain , from suppliers to customers , putting pressure on partners to perform coherently . Carton raw material : Swedish pine forest The company reported that it secures raw material for the paper carton in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) , the Global Forest & Trade Network ( GFTN ) and Forest Stewardship Council ( FSC ) and that it strives to source polyethylene made from sugarcane from sustainable suppliers in Brazil . In 2010 , 40 % of Tetra Pak 's carton supply was FSC - certified . Slowly , sectors where glass bottles have been paramount , like the wine and spirits industry , have begun to look at carton bottles as a possible packaging product as the carbon footprint of a carton container is said to be about one tenth of that of an equivalent glass bottle . Tetra Pak 's sustainability work has gained recognition from industry and retailers alike , and in 2010 it received the Swedish Forest Industries Climate Award with the motivation that the company takes global responsibility for the forests which provide its raw material . The recently introduced Tetra Recart has also been hailed by large retail groups like Sainsbury 's as `` the 21st Century alternative to canned foods '' as the cartons ' rectangular shape makes transportation , storage and distribution more efficient , taking up 21 % less space and weighing two - thirds of a tin can of equivalent volume . Recycling ( edit ) Since the aseptic packages contain different layers of plastic and aluminium in addition to raw paper , they can not be recycled as `` normal '' paper waste , but need to go to special recycling units for separation of the different materials . Tetra Pak has operated limited recycling since the mid-1980s , introducing a recycling program for its cartons in Canada as early as 1990 . In 2000 , Tetra Pak invested ฿ 20 million ( € 500,000 ) in the first recycling plant for aseptic packages in Thailand . Recycling of the aseptic packages has indeed been one of Tetra Pak 's big challenges . Once separated , the aseptic carton results in aluminium and pure paraffin , which can be used in industry . Even without separating the carton materials , however , the aseptic carton can be reused , a Tetra Pak spokesman said , for example in engineering equipment . In 2010 , 30 billion used Tetra Pak carton packages were recycled , a doubling since 2002 . The company stated that it aims to help double the recycling rate within the next ten years , something that will require an engagement within the whole recycling chain . As of 2011 , 20 % of Tetra Pak cartons are recycled globally , with countries like Belgium , Germany , Spain and Norway showing local recycling rates of over 50 % . To increase the level of recycling and meet the targets , Tetra Pak has engaged in driving recycling activities such as facilitating the development of collection schemes , launch new recycling technologies and raise the awareness about recycling and sustainability . Used Tetra Pak packages have been used as construction material in different design projects , with varying results . Criticism ( edit ) Tetra Pak cartons have been criticized for being more difficult to recycle than tin cans and glass bottles . The difficulty lies in the fact that the process demands specific recycling plants that are not easily accessible and that if not recycled , they end up in landfills . Tetra Pak has stated that it is currently working on joint ventures with local governments around the world to increase the number of recycling facilities . Community projects ( edit ) Food for development ( edit ) Tetra Pak was early in engaging in community projects and the company has supported School Milk and School Feeding programmes for 45 years . In the late 1970s , Ruben Rausing engaged himself personally in Operation Flood , a joint venture between the World Food Programme , the World Bank and Tetra Pak to supply western milk surplus to Indian households . School milk in Thailand The Food for Development programme ( FfD ) was initiated to improve nutrition and health and alleviate poverty globally . The FfD programmes is mainly focusing on school nutrition and school milk for children , but also on projects improving agricultural practices and dairy handling , providing training for farmers to enhance efficiency , productivity and food safety . This is also beneficial for Tetra Pak as it builds relations and secures supply on less developed markets . Tetra Pak works with local governments and NGOs to secure and develop the programmes . School milk ( edit ) The school milk programmes are part of the Food for Development projects and aim at providing milk to school children to help improve nutrition . Tetra Pak supplies the cartons for the school milk at cost and does not make any profit on sales . UNDP and World Bank case studies of Tetra Pak school milk programmes in Nigeria showed that vitamin deficiency , energy , growth and cognitive skills were improved and that children were more interested in their school work after taking part in the programme . Disaster relief ( edit ) Tetra Pak has supported disaster relief -- e.g. , after the Haiti earthquake , Pakistan floods , and Russian wildfires in 2010 , and Japan 's Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and Thailand floods in 2011 , and during the 2010 Pakistan floods and Thailand in 2011 . In China , Tetra Pak helped improve food safety , sustainability and best practices in the dairy industry after the 2008 contamination scandal that , although Tetra Pak had nothing to do with the scandal , seriously damaged the market for packaged milk in China . As the Financial Times stated , it was not solely a philanthropic act but a way of securing the future for the market , helping the industry become safer , more sustainable and more efficient . The training programme was reported to be very successful with substantial elevation of standards in dairy handling and farming . Controversy ( edit ) Monopoly ( edit ) Tetra Pak has occasionally been subject to controversy , most notably regarding its near - monopoly position on certain markets for many years . Especially attempts at mergers have been subject to scrutiny . Its merger with French PET - production company Sidel in 2001 drew anti-competition allegations from the European Commission . The court case was drawn out for many years and twice appealed to the European Court of First Instance before the European Court of Justice ruled in favour of Tetra Laval . In 2004 , Tetra Pak was accused of using its near - monopoly in China , where it held 95 % on the market for aseptic carton packaging . The allegations were contested by Tetra Pak . The Parmalat scandal ( edit ) In January 2004 , Italian dairy giant Parmalat was caught in a multibillion - euro accounting scandal , culminating in the arrest of the owner Calisto Tanzi . Parmalat CFO Fausto Tonna told the Italian business daily Il Sole 24 Ore that Tetra Pak had made substantial payments to Tanzi and his family and to a company in the Cayman Islands belonging to Parmalat . Tetra Pak acknowledged having made payments to Parmalat but stated that the payments had been made as discounts to subsidize marketing operations and pricing , as is usual practice with large customers . Tetra Pak was asked by Italian authorities to provide documentation on the transactions , and found that payments had been made since 1995 as part of regular operations but that no payments had been made specifically to the Tanzi family . Calisto Tanzi was eventually sentenced to 8 years imprisonment for fraud by the Italian high court in Milan after several appeals in lower instances . The tetrahedron legacy ( edit ) Upon visiting the Tetra Pak factory in Lund in the 1950s , Danish physics professor and Nobel Prize laureate Niels Bohr allegedly claimed to `` never have seen such an adequate practical application of a mathematical problem '' as the tetrahedron package and the innovation of the milk tetrahedron , the basis for Tetra Pak , has indeed given rise to differences in view as to who is to be credited for the invention . Erik Wallenberg did not get any formal recognition until 1991 when he was awarded the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Great Gold Medal for outstanding achievement for the invention . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak International Bloomberg Businessweek , retrieved 29 November 2011 Jump up ^ Our History Tetrapak.com , retrieved 28 November 2011 Jump up ^ Leander , Lars , Tetra Pak . A Vision Becomes Reality . A company history with a difference , Lund : Tetra Pak International 1996 ( ISBN 91 - 630 - 4789 - 6 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Company Facts and Figures Tetrapak.com , retrieved 29 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Creating a Benchmark for Recycling Rubbish China Daily , retrieved 7 November 2011 Jump up ^ About Tetra Laval Tetralaval.com , retrieved 29 November 2011 Jump up ^ Miraculous Mundane Objects : From Tetra Pak to Bubble Wrap The Telegraph , retrieved 28 November 2011 Jump up ^ Hidden Heroes -- The Genius of Everyday Things The London Science Museum , retrieved 28 November 2011 Jump up ^ Hidden Heroes The Vitra Design Museum , retrieved 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak International S.A. Frederick C. Ingram in The Gale Directory of Company Histories , retrieved 30 October 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences , IVA , retrieved 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Leander , Lars , Tetra Pak . A Vision Becomes Reality . A company history with a difference , Lund : Tetra Pak International 1996 ( ISBN 91 - 630 - 4789 - 6 ) , p. 20 Jump up ^ Ruben Rausing Tetrapak.com , retrieved 1 November 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak in Figures 2011 Archived 11 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Tetrapak.com , retrieved 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences , IVA , retrieved 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Sedig , Kjell , Swedish Innovations , Stockholm : The Swedish Institute 2002 ( ISBN 91 - 520 - 0910 - 6 ) , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Think Big Start Small : Tetra Pak Humans Invent , retrieved 28 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Our History Tetrapak.com , retrieved 1 November 2011 Jump up ^ Leander , Lars , Tetra Pak . A Vision Becomes Reality . A company history with a difference , Lund : Tetra Pak International 1996 ( ISBN 91 - 630 - 4789 - 6 ) , pp. 195 , 165 and 179 Jump up ^ Leander , Lars , Tetra Pak . A Vision Becomes Reality . A company history with a difference , Lund : Tetra Pak International 1996 ( ISBN 91 - 630 - 4789 - 6 ) , p. 123ff ^ Jump up to : Our Company History Alfalaval.com , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Alfa Laval AB Claus Wohlert and Christina Stansell in International Directory of Company Histories , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ DeLaval in brief DeLaval.com , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Court of First Instance Annuls Tetra Laval / Sidel Merger Prohibition Wilmer , Cutler & Pickering , retrieved 9 December 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Laval decision : good news for business ? Pracitcal Law Company , retrieved 9 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tetra Laval II : the Coming of Age of the Judicial Review of Merger Decisions Matteo F. Bay and Javier Ruiz Calzado in World Competition 28 ( 4 ) , p. 433 -- 453 , 2005 Jump up ^ Tetra Laval International Tetralaval. 24 , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ The Company Facts and Figures Tetrapak.com , retrieved 29 November 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak Nearly Reaches Annual Sales of 10bn Food Production Daily , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Laval Annual Report 2010 / 2011 Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Tetralaval.com , retrieved 1 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak to step up drive in new markets Financial Times , retrieved 29 November 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak breaks ground on a € 100 million packaging material plant in India Tetrapak.com , retrieved 1 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak in Figures 2011 Archived 11 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Tetrapak.com , retrieved 29 November 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak launches Tetra Evero Aseptic Tetrapak.com , retrieved 2011 ^ Jump up to : Rausings nya städare ( in Swedish ) Affarsvärlden , retrieved 28 November 2011 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Greatview , retrieved 14 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak vs Plastic Water Bottles ? The Guardian , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak in Figures 2011 Archived 11 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . www.tetrapak.com , retrieved 29 November 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Rex gable top carton packages ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak sets new environmental targets Greener Package , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Climate Savers -- Tetra Pak WWF , retrieved 2 December 2001 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak Publishes new Environmental Targets Food Production Daily , retrieved 1 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : Mission Possible . Tetra Pak sustainability update 2011 Tetrapak.com , retrieved 1 December 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak to Double Carton Recycling Environmentalleader.com , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Losing their Bottle The Economist , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Ecohols -- Sustainable Alcohol in Tetra Pak Cartons PSFK.com , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Our History Tetrapak.com , retrieved 1 December Jump up ^ The Forest Industries Swedish Forest Industries , retrieved 1 December 2011 Archived 4 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Is Tetra Pak better for the environment then tin cans ? The Guardian , retrieved 1 December 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak to set up Recycling Facility The Nation ( Thailand ) , retrieved 1 December 2011 Jump up ^ Recycling of Aseptic Cartons Environmental Expert , retrieved 1 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : Designers Must Cater for Products ' Afterlife Financial Times , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak to Double Carton Recycling Environmentalleader.com ^ Jump up to : Environment and Recycling Tetralaval.com , retrieved 1 December 2011 Jump up ^ Edward Chew 's Tetra Pak Origami Lamps Inhabitat.com , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak Craft Recycling Veggies.org.uk , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Is Tetra Pak better for the environment than tin cans ? The Guardian , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Food for Development Tetrapak.com , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Andersson , Peter and Larsson , Tommy , Tetra . Historien om dynastin Rausing , Stockholm : Norstedts 1998 ( ISBN 91 - 7263 - 014 - 0 ) , p. 292ff Jump up ^ About Food for Development Tetrapak.com , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Responsible Neighbours Invest in Local Causes Financial Times , retrieved 2 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : A School Feeding Program in Nigeria : Tetra Pak 's Business and Development Goal World Bank Case Study Series , retrieved 9 December 2011 Jump up ^ Food for Development in Nigeria David - West , Olyinka , UNDP - GIM Case Study No . B094 , New York : United Nations Development Programme , 2010 Jump up ^ Tetra Laval Annual Report 2010 / 2011 Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Tetralaval.com , retrieved 2 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : How to Restore Faith in an Industry Financial Times , retrieved 2 December 2011 Jump up ^ Tetra Pak International SA vs Commission of the European Communities EUR - Lex , retrieved 9 December 2011 Jump up ^ Italy 's Antitrust Body Fines Tetra Pak Food Production Daily , retrieved 9 December 2011 Jump up ^ Boxed In . Where next for Europe 's biggest food packager ? The Economist , retrieved 9 December 2011 Jump up ^ Country fighting against monopolies China Daily , retrieved 9 December 2011 Jump up ^ Parma Splat The Economist , retrieved 30 November 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tetra Pak defends Parmalat payments New York Times , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Swedish Company Traces Parmalat Money New York Times , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ La Cassazione riduce la pena per Tanzi a 8 anni Il Sole 24 Ore , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Andersson , Peter and Larsson , Tommy , Tetra . Historien om dynastin Rausing , Stockholm : Norstedts 1998 ( ISBN 91 - 7263 - 014 - 0 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Leander , Lars , Tetra Pak . A Vision Becomes Reality . A company history with a difference , Lund : Tetra Pak International 1996 ( ISBN 91 - 630 - 4789 - 6 ) , p. 28 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tetra Pak . Tetra Pak Homepage Tetra Pak sustainability Tetra Laval Homepage DeLaval Homepage Sidel Homepage Alfa Laval Homepage Tetra Pak historic films on YouTube How Tetra Pak containers are made ( video ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetra_Pak&oldid=804487346 '' Categories : Swedish brands Companies of Sweden Lund Packaging companies Companies established in 1951 Containers 1951 establishments in Sweden Multinational companies headquartered in Switzerland Rausing family Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with a promotional tone from December 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Use dmy dates from September 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 09 : 49 . 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1. Tetra Pak: multinational food packaging company 2. Aseptic packaging technology: innovation in food packaging 3. Tetra Brik: popular packaging product by Tetra Pak 4. Environmental sustainability: Tetra Pak's commitment to reducing carbon footprint 5. Global expansion: Tetra Pak's presence in over 170 countries

which two letters represent elements in the same group

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Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal The periodic table is a useful tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number , electron configuration , and recurring chemical properties , whose adopted structure shows periodic trends . Generally , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non-metals on the right , with the elements having similar chemical behaviours being placed in the same column . Table rows are commonly called periods and columns are called groups . Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers : for example , group 17 elements are halogens ; and group 18 are noble gases . Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with some approximately similar chemical properties . Importantly , the organization of the periodic table can be utilized to derive relationships between various element properties , but also predicted chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements . Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was first to publish a recognizable periodic table in 1869 , developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then - known elements . He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within this table . Most of his forecasts proved to be correct . Mendeleev 's idea has been slowly expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and by developing new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour . The modern periodic table now provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical reactions , and continues to be widely adopted in chemistry , nuclear physics and other sciences . All elements ranging from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) have been either discovered or synthesized . Most of the recent elements , including nihonium , moscovium , tennessine , and oganesson , were confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in 2015 and officially named in 2016 , and now complete the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 94 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Atomic numbers for elements 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . Synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers are still being pursued . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Grouping methods 2.1 Groups 2.2 Periods 2.3 Blocks 2.4 Metals , metalloids and nonmetals 3 Periodic trends and patterns 3.1 Electron configuration 3.2 Atomic radii 3.3 Ionization energy 3.4 Electronegativity 3.5 Electron affinity 3.6 Metallic character 3.7 Linking or bridging groups 4 History 4.1 First systemization attempts 4.2 Mendeleev 's table 4.3 Second version and further development 5 Different periodic tables 5.1 The long - or 32 - column table 5.2 Tables with different structures 6 Open questions and controversies 6.1 Placement of hydrogen and helium 6.2 Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 6.2. 1 Lanthanum and actinium 6.2. 2 Lutetium and lawrencium 6.2. 3 Lanthanides and actinides 6.3 Groups included in the transition metals 6.4 Elements with unknown chemical properties 6.5 Further periodic table extensions 6.6 Element with the highest possible atomic number 6.7 Optimal form 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Overview For large cell versions , see Periodic table ( large cells ) . <Th_colspan="20"> ( hide ) Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H <Td_colspan="17"> Helium 2He Lithium 3Li Beryllium 4Be <Td_colspan="11"> Boron 5B Carbon 6C Nitrogen 7N Oxygen 8O Fluorine 9F Neon 10 Ne Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg <Td_colspan="11"> Aluminium 13 Al Silicon 14 Si Phosphorus 15 P Sulfur 16 S Chlorine 17 Cl Argon 18 Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn Iron 26 Fe Cobalt 27 Co Nickel 28 Ni Copper 29 Cu Zinc 30 Zn Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr 5 Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd Silver 47 Ag Cadmium 48 Cd Indium 49 In Tin 50 Sn Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe 6 Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanum 57 La Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt Gold 79 Au Mercury 80 Hg Thallium 81 Tl Lead 82 Pb Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn 7 Francium 87 Fr Radium 88 Ra Actinium 89 Ac Rutherfordium 104 Rf Dubnium 105 Db Seaborgium 106 Sg Bohrium 107 Bh Hassium 108 Hs Meitnerium 109 Mt Darmstadtium 110 Ds Roentgenium 111 Rg Copernicium 112 Cn Nihonium 113 Nh Flerovium 114 Fl Moscovium 115 Mc Livermorium 116 Lv Tennessine 117 Ts Oganesson 118 Og <Td_colspan="20"> Cerium 58 Ce Praseodymium 59 Pr Neodymium 60 Nd Promethium 61 Pm Samarium 62 Sm Europium 63 Eu Gadolinium 64 Gd Terbium 65 Tb Dysprosium 66 Dy Holmium 67 Ho Erbium 68 Er Thulium 69 Tm Ytterbium 70 Yb Lutetium 71 Lu Thorium 90 Th Protactinium 91 Pa Uranium 92 U Neptunium 93 Np Plutonium 94 Pu Americium 95 Am Curium 96 Cm Berkelium 97 Bk Californium 98 Cf Einsteinium 99 Es Fermium 100 Fm Mendelevium 101 Md Nobelium 102 No Lawrencium 103 Lr <Td_colspan="20"> <Td_colspan="20"> 1 ( red ) = Gas 3 ( black ) = Solid 80 ( green ) = Liquid 109 ( gray ) = Unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element <Td_colspan="11"> Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : <Td_colspan="6"> Metal Metalloid <Td_colspan="3"> Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses . In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p - subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f - block , and to some respect in the d - block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it . As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 , the most recent discoveries , were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016 . The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to oganesson ( 95 -- 118 ) , occur only when synthesized in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 83 are primordial and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300,000 atoms ) . Grouping methods Groups Main article : Group ( periodic table ) A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . In some parts of the periodic table , such as the d - block and the f - block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities . Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an `` A '' if the group was in the s - or p - block , or a `` B '' if the group was in the d - block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that `` A '' was used if the group was before group 10 , and `` B '' was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple - sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated . Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 -- 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as `` the scandium group '' for group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends . Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top - to - bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends : for example , in group 11 , electronegativity increases farther down the group . <Th_colspan="21"> ( hide ) Groups in the periodic table <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Td_colspan="2"> Mendeleev ( I -- VIII ) IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B <Td_colspan="3"> VIII B IB II B III B IV B VB VI B VII B <Td_colspan="2"> CAS ( US , A-B-A ) IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB <Td_colspan="3"> VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA <Td_colspan="2"> old IUPAC ( Europe , A-B ) IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA <Td_colspan="3"> VIII B IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Trivial name Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Coinage metals Volatile metals Icosagens Crystallogens Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases <Td_colspan="2"> Name by element Lithium group Beryllium group Scandium group Titanium group Vanadium group Chromium group Manganese group Iron group Cobalt group Nickel group Copper group Zinc group Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Fluorine group Helium or Neon group <Td_colspan="2"> Period 1 He <Td_colspan="2"> Period 2 Li Be O Ne <Td_colspan="2"> Period 3 Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar <Td_colspan="2"> Period 4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr <Td_colspan="2"> Period 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe <Td_colspan="2"> Period 6 Cs Ba La Ce -- Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn <Td_colspan="2"> Period 7 Fr Ra Ac Th -- Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og <Td_colspan="21"> Group 3 has scandium ( Sc ) and yttrium ( Y ) . For the rest of the group , sources differ as either being ( 1 ) lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) , or ( 2 ) lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) , or ( 3 ) the whole set of 15 + 15 lanthanides and actinides . IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either ( 1 ) Sc , Y , Lu and Lr , or ( 2 ) Sc , Y , La and Ac . <Td_colspan="21"> Group 18 , the noble gases , were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev 's original table . Later ( 1902 ) , Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence , and they could be placed in a new `` group 0 '' , consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle . <Td_colspan="21"> Group name as recommended by IUPAC . <Td_colspan="21"> Hydrogen ( H ) , while placed in group 1 , is not considered to be part of the alkali metals . Periods Main article : Period ( periodic table ) A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f - block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements . Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases . Blocks Main article : Block ( periodic table ) Left to right : s - , f - , d - , p - block in the periodic table Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the `` last '' electron notionally resides . The s - block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p - block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d - block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f - block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides . Metals , metalloids and nonmetals Metals , metalloids , nonmetals , and elements with unknown chemical properties in the periodic table . Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements . According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt - like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than noble gases ) . A majority of nonmetals are coloured or colourless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals , feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties . Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals are subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post-transition metals . Nonmetals are simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , being nearer to the metalloids and show some incipient metallic character ; the essentially nonmetallic diatomic nonmetals , nonmetallic and the almost completely inert , nonatomic noble gases . Specialized groupings such as refractory metals and noble metals , are examples of subsets of transition metals , also known and occasionally denoted . Placing elements into categories and subcategories based just on shared properties is imperfect . There is a large disparity of properties within each category with notable overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetal noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that displays metal characteristics . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorizing the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be placed on the periodic table to show elements having shared properties , such as metals , nonmetals , or gaseous elements . Periodic trends and patterns Main article : Periodic trends Electron configuration Main article : Electronic configuration Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered 1 , 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s 2s 2p . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell ; there are two electrons in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals . Periodic table trends ( arrows show an increase ) Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables . Atomic radii Main article : Atomic radius Atomic number plotted against atomic radius Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory . The electrons in the 4f - subshell , which is progressively filled across the lanthanide series , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d - block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d - block and p - block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause . Ionization energy Ionization energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases Main article : Ionization energy The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table . Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon - like configuration of Mg . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third - row atoms . Electronegativity Main article : Electronegativity Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection and data availability . Methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Electron affinity Main article : Electron affinity Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number . Values generally increase across each period , culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases . Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen , the alkali metals and the group 11 elements are caused by a tendency to complete the s - shell ( with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell ) . Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals , and nitrogen , phosphorus , manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s - shells , or half - filled p - or d - shells . The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values . Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable . A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . In going down a group , around one - third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms . Metallic character The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair - shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids . Linking or bridging groups Hydrogen <Td_colspan="30"> Helium Lithium Beryllium <Td_colspan="24"> Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium <Td_colspan="24"> Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium <Td_colspan="14"> Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium <Td_colspan="13"> Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson 32 - column periodic table showing , from left to right , the location of group 3 ; lutetium and lawrencium ; groups 11 -- 12 ; and the noble gases From left to right across the four blocks of the long - or 32 - column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements , located approximately between each block . These groups , like the metalloids , show properties in between , or that are a mixture of , groups to either side . Chemically , the group 3 elements , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or , more generally , s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals . Lutetium and lawrencium , at the end of the end of the f block , may constitute another linking or bridging group . Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties . Lawrencium , as an analogue of lutetium , would presumable display like characteristics . The coinage metals in group 11 ( copper , silver , and gold ) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals . The volatile group 12 metals , zinc , cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block . Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13 . The relatively inert noble gases , in group 18 , bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table -- the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1 . History Main article : History of the periodic table First systemization attempts The discovery of the elements mapped to significant periodic table development dates ( pre - , per - and post - ) In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean - Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all . In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms . In 1862 , Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev . In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , William Odling ( an English chemist ) published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with `` their usually received groupings '' . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence - based classification of the elements . Newlands ' periodic table , as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866 , and based on the law of octaves English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev . In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance . Mendeleev 's table Dmitri Mendeleev , watercolour by Ilya Repin Mendeleev 's periodic table from his book An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether A version of Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . This early arrangement presents the periods vertically , and the groups horizontally . Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat . The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . Later , in 1913 , Henry Moseley determined experimental values of the nuclear charge or atomic number of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually corresponds to the order of increasing atomic number . The significance of atomic numbers to the organization of the periodic table was not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons became understood . Mendeleev 's periodic tables used atomic weight instead of atomic number to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough in most cases to ( as noted ) give a presentation that was able to predict the properties of missing elements more accurately than any other method then known . Substitution of atomic numbers , once understood , gave a definitive , integer - based sequence for the elements , and Moseley predicted ( in 1913 ) that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The sequence of atomic numbers is still used today even as new synthetic elements are being produced and studied . Second version and further development Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements . Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871 . Eight - column form of periodic table , updated with all elements discovered to 2016 In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka - caesium ) in 1939 . Plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971 . The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company . With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods . Glenn T. Seaborg , in 1945 , suggested a new periodic table showing the actinides as belonging to a second f - block series In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub-level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d - block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements . Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . In 2010 , a joint Russia -- US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery . It , along with nihonium ( element 113 ) , moscovium ( element 115 ) , and oganesson ( element 118 ) , are the four most recently named elements , whose names all became official on 28 November 2016 . Different periodic tables The long - or 32 - column table The periodic table in 32 - column format The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 - column form by reinstating the footnoted f - block elements into their natural position between the s - and d - blocks . Unlike the 18 - column form this arrangement results in `` no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers '' . The relationship of the f - block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 - column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) , and the familiarity of chemists with the modern form ( as introduced by Seaborg ) . Tables with different structures Main article : Alternative periodic tables Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 it has been estimated that around 700 different periodic table versions were published . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables . Theodor Benfey 's spiral periodic table A popular alternative structure is that of Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the centre and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas . Most periodic tables are two - dimensional ; three - dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre-dating Mendeleev 's two - dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four - dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one colour dimension ) . The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry -- physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner - Canham 's `` unruly '' Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left - Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron - shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Eric Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory . Its popularity is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends . <Th_colspan="33"> ( hide ) Left - step periodic table ( by Charles Janet ) f f f f f f f f f f f f f f d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s 1s <Td_colspan="30"> He 2s <Td_colspan="30"> Li Be 2p 3s <Td_colspan="24"> O Ne Na Mg 3p 4s <Td_colspan="24"> Al Si Cl Ar Ca 3d 4p 5s <Td_colspan="14"> Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 4d 5p 6s <Td_colspan="14"> Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba 4f 5d 6p 7s La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra 5f 6d 7p 8s Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 119 120 <Td_colspan="33"> <Td_colspan="14"> f - block <Td_colspan="10"> d - block <Td_colspan="6"> p - block <Td_colspan="2"> s - block <Td_colspan="33"> This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the Madelung rule , as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin ( read from top to bottom , left to right ) . In reality , the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities . Open questions and controversies Placement of hydrogen and helium Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s ) and helium ( 1s ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( ( He ) 2s ) and beryllium ( ( He ) 2s ) . Such placing is rarely used outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called `` inert gases '' ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as `` group 0 '' , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top of that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table . Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 . On this basis it is sometimes placed elsewhere . A common alternative is at the top of group 17 given hydrogen 's strictly univalent and largely non-metallic chemistry , and the strictly univalent and non-metallic chemistry of fluorine ( the element otherwise at the top of group 17 ) . Sometimes , to show hydrogen has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it is shown at the top of the two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trends of increasing ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too far from the electronegativity trend , even though hydrogen can not show the tetravalence characteristic of the heavier group 14 elements . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on how general properties of hydrogen differ from that of any group . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight . Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 , the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled . They are commonly lanthanum and actinium , and less often lutetium and lawrencium . The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , `` it is a mistake to break the ( periodic ) system into sharply delimited blocks '' . A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides . Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium but the majority of authors seem unconvinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter . Lanthanum and actinium La and Ac below Y Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are ( Xe ) 6s , ( Xe ) 6s and ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes it `` in group 3 as the first member of the d - block for period 6 '' . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium ( Ar ) 3d 4s , yttrium ( Kr ) 4d 5s and lanthanum ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s and lutetium ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s , `` resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f - block for period 6 '' . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact ( Xe ) 4f 6s . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium -- the latter with ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s -- both had 14 f - electrons , `` resulting in a d - rather than an f - differentiating electron '' for lutetium and making it an `` equally valid candidate '' with ( Xe ) 5d 6s lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Lanthanum has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium , having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium . In terms of chemical behaviour , and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1 -- 2 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the most common ( trivalent ) ions of the f - block elements consistently matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f - block elements are Ce 1 , Pr 2 and Nd 3 . Lutetium and lawrencium Lu and Lr below Y In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so - called `` yttrium group '' whereas La and Ac occurred together in the `` cerium group '' . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Several physicists in the 1950s and ' 60s favoured lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f - block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f - electrons . It has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies -- thorium , for example , has no f - electrons yet is part of the f - block . As for lawrencium , its gas phase atomic electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f - block or the d - block , as the only potentially applicable p - block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p . Chemically , scandium , yttrium and lutetium ( and presumably lawrencium ) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1 -- 2 metals . On the other hand , trends going down the group for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , are similar to those found among their group 4 -- 8 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f - block atoms usually matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the first five f - block elements are La 0 , Ce 1 , Pr 3 , Nd 4 and Pm 5 . Lanthanides and actinides Markers below Y A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium ( usually via footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La -- Lu ) , possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and a 15 - column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) . Groups included in the transition metals The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 -- 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category . Some chemists treat the categories `` d - block elements '' and `` transition metals '' interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 -- 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The 2007 report of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) , a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding , has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF can occur only under highly abnormal conditions ; indeed , its existence is currently disputed . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term . Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 -- 11 are regarded as transition metals . Though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , they do show some of their characteristic physical properties ( on account of the presence in each atom of a single d electron ) . Elements with unknown chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) , nihonium ( element 113 ) , and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties , and only for copernicium is there enough evidence for a conclusive categorisation at present . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble - gas - like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . More recent experiments have suggested that flerovium behaves chemically like lead , as expected from its periodic table position . Further periodic table extensions Main article : Extended periodic table Hydrogen <Td_colspan="31"> Helium Lithium Beryllium <Td_colspan="25"> Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium <Td_colspan="25"> Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium <Td_colspan="15"> Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium <Td_colspan="14"> Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ununennium Unbinilium Unbiunium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium <Td_colspan="3"> Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium Unquadtrium Periodic table with eight rows , extended to element 172 It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two - element s - block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g - block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f - , d - , and p - blocks , culminating in element 168 , the next noble gas . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table . There are currently several competing theoretical models for the placement of the elements of atomic number less than or equal to 172 . Element with the highest possible atomic number The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than 256 ± ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern - day terms ) did not exist . A higher -- more recent -- estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to centre around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan . Bohr model The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be travelling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element . Relativistic Dirac equation The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron ; This does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table . Optimal form The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard - wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . See also Chemistry portal Abundance of the chemical elements Atomic electron configuration table Element collecting List of chemical elements List of periodic table - related articles Names for sets of chemical elements Standard model Table of nuclides Template : Spectral lines of the elements The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries Book : Periodic table Notes Jump up ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium ( Z = 43 ) , promethium ( 61 ) , astatine ( 85 ) , neptunium ( 93 ) , and plutonium ( 94 ) . Jump up ^ An element zero ( i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons ) , is included in a few alternate presentations , for example , in the Chemical Galaxy . Jump up ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention . Thus , helium is shown in the p - block but is actually an s - block element , and ( for example ) the d - subshell in the d - block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached , rather than group 12 . Jump up ^ The noble gases , astatine , francium , and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them . Jump up ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale , neon is the most electronegative element under other scales , such as the Allen scale . Jump up ^ While Lr is thought to have p rather than d electron in its ground - state electron configuration , and would therefore be expected to be volatile metal capable of forming a + 1 cation in solution , no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so . It was originally expected to have ad electron in its electron configuration and this may still be the case for metallic lawrencium , whereas gas phase atomic lawrencium is very likely thought to have ap electron . Jump up ^ An antecedent of Deming 's 18 - column table may be seen in Adams ' 16 - column Periodic Table of 1911 . Adams omits the rare earths and the `` radioactive elements '' ( i.e. the actinides ) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being `` careted in only to save space '' ( rare earths between Ba and eka - Yt ; radioactive elements between eka - Te and eka - I ) . See : Elliot Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 687 ) . Jump up ^ A second extra-long periodic table row , to accommodate known and undiscovered elements with an atomic weight greater than bismuth ( thorium , protactinium and uranium , for example ) , had been postulated as far back as 1892 . Most investigators considered that these elements were analogues of the third series transition elements , hafnium , tantalum and tungsten . The existence of a second inner transition series , in the form of the actinides , was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established . See : van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The periodic system of chemical elements . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 315 -- 316 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 40776 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The Internet database of periodic tables for depictions of these kinds of variants . Jump up ^ But for the existence of the lanthanides the composition of group 3 would not have been a source of any special interest , since scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium exhibit the same gradual change in properties as do calcium , strontium , barium and radium in group 2 . Jump up ^ The detachment of the lanthanides from the main body of the periodic table has been attributed to the Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner who , in 1902 , allocated all of them ( `` Ce etc . '' ) to one position in group 4 , below zirconium . This arrangement was referred to as the `` asteroid hypothesis '' , in analogy to asteroids occupying a single orbit in the solar system . Before this time the lanthanides were generally ( and unsuccessfully ) placed throughout groups I to VIII of the older 8 - column form of periodic table . Although predecessors of Brauner 's 1902 arrangement are recorded from as early as 1895 , he is known to have referred to the `` chemistry of asteroids '' in an 1881 letter to Mendeleev . Other authors assigned all of the lanthanides to either group 3 , groups 3 and 4 , or groups 2 , 3 and 4 . In 1922 Niels Bohr continued the detachment process by locating the lanthanides between the s - and d - blocks . In 1949 Glenn T. Seaborg ( re ) introduced the form of periodic table that is popular today , in which the lanthanides and actinides appear as footnotes . Seaborg first published his table in a classified report dated 1944 . It was published again by him in 1945 in Chemical and Engineering News , and in the years up to 1949 several authors commented on , and generally agreed with , Seaborg 's proposal . In that year he noted that the best method for presenting the actinides seemed to be by positioning them below , and as analogues of , the lanthanides . See : Thyssen P. and Binnemans K. ( 2011 ) . `` Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis '' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 94 ; Seaborg G.T. ( 1994 ) . Origin of the Actinide Concept ' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 18 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ For examples of this table see Atkins et al. ( 2006 ) . Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Myers et al. ( 2004 ) . Holt Chemistry . Orlando : Holt , Rinehart & Winston Chang R. ( 2000 ) . Essential Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Sc - Y - Lu - Lr table see Rayner - Canham G. & Overton T. ( 2013 ) . Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Brown et al. ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 11th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education Moore et al. ( 1978 ) . Chemistry . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill Kogakusha Jump up ^ The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius , and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu , rather than La , below Y . Thus , among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals , Mg ( less basic ) belongs in the `` soluble group '' and Ca , Sr and Ba ( more basic ) occur in the `` ammonium carbonate group '' . Nevertheless , Mg , Ca , Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table . See : Moeller et al. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . SanDiego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , pp. 955 -- 956 , 958 . Jump up ^ Even if metallic lawrencium has a p electron , simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide , ( as do the rest of the late actinides ) . Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education Halliday et al. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Hoboken , NewJersey : John Wiley & Sons Nebergall et . al. ( 1980 ) . General Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Lexington : D.C. Heath and Company Jump up ^ Karol ( 2002 , p. 63 ) contends that gravitational effects would become significant when atomic numbers become astronomically large , thereby overcoming other super-massive nuclei instability phenomena , and that neutron stars ( with atomic numbers on the order of 10 ) can arguably be regarded as representing the heaviest known elements in the universe . See : Karol P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Mendeleev -- Seaborg periodic table : Through Z = 1138 and beyond '' . Journal of Chemical Education 79 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . 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( 2006 ) . `` Periodic table : Trends in the properties of the elements '' . Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86210 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cotton , S. ( 2007 ) . Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01006 - 8 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2015 ) . `` Five ideas in chemical education that must die -- part five '' . educationinchemistryblog . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . It is high time that the idea of group 3 consisting of Sc , Y , La and Ac is abandoned Jump up ^ Jensen , W.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Xu , W-H. ; Pyykkö , P. ( 2016 ) . `` Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar ? '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 ( 26 ) : 17351 -- 17355 . Bibcode : 2016PCCP ... 1817351X . doi : 10.1039 / C6CP02706G . Jump up ^ King , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . New York : Wiley - VCH . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 56081 - 679 - 1 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` transition element '' . Jump up ^ Xuefang , W. ; Andrews , L. ; Riedel , S. ; Kaupp , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury Is a Transition Metal : The First Experimental Evidence for HgF '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 46 ( 44 ) : 8371 -- 8375 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703710 . PMID 17899620 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Is Mercury Now a Transition Element ? '' . J. Chem. Educ. 85 ( 9 ) : 1182 -- 1183 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1182 J . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1182 . Jump up ^ Rayner - Canham , G. ; Overton , T. Descriptive inorganic chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : WH Freeman . pp. 484 -- 485 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8963 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schändel , M. ( 2003 ) . The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 1250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Scerri 2011 , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Fricke , B. ; Greiner , W. ; Waber , J.T. ( 1971 ) . `` The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172 . The chemistry of superheavy elements '' . Theoretica chimica acta . Springer - Verlag. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Frazier , K. ( 1978 ) . `` Superheavy Elements '' . Science News . 113 ( 15 ) : 236 -- 238 . doi : 10.2307 / 3963006 . JSTOR 3963006 . Jump up ^ Pyykkö , P. ( 2011 ) . `` A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172 , based on Dirac -- Fock calculations on atoms and ions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2011PCCP ... 13 ... 161P . doi : 10.1039 / c0cp01575j . PMID 20967377 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 688 ) . doi : 10.1021 / ja02218a004 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( c. 2006 ) . `` transuranium element ( chemical element ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cwiok , S. ; Heenen , P. - H. ; Nazarewicz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei '' . Nature . 433 ( 7027 ) : 705 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 705C . doi : 10.1038 / nature03336 . PMID 15716943 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , P. ( November 2010 ) . `` Would Element 137 Really Spell the End of the Periodic Table ? Philip Ball Examines the Evidence '' . Chemistry World . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisberg , R. ; Resnick , R. ( 1985 ) . Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei and Particles . Wiley . Jump up ^ Bjorken , J.D. ; Drell , S.D. ( 1964 ) . Relativistic Quantum Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. ; Schramm , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Resource Letter QEDV - 1 : The QED vacuum '' . American Journal of Physics. 76 : 509 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.2820395. , and references therein . Jump up ^ Sella , Andrea ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` An elementary history lesson '' . New Scientist ( 2929 ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Scerri , Eric ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science '' . ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au . Eric Scerri . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Bibliography Ball , P. ( 2002 ) . The Ingredients : A Guided Tour of the Elements . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284100 - 9 . Chang , R. ( 2002 ) . Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284100 - 1 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Huheey , J.E. ; Keiter , E.A. ; Keiter , R.L. Principles of structure and reactivity ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Harper Collins College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 042995 - X . Moore , J.T. ( 2003 ) . Chemistry For Dummies . For Dummies ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Wiley Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5430 - 8 . Scerri , E. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Scerri , E. ( 2011 ) . The periodic table : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . Venable , F.P. ( 1896 ) . The Development of the Periodic Law . Easton , Pennsylvania : Chemical Publishing Company . OCLC 776059614 . 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where does the term eggs benedict come from

Eggs Benedict - wikipedia Eggs Benedict Jump to : navigation , search Eggs Benedict <Td_colspan="2"> Course Breakfast , brunch Place of origin New York City , United States Main ingredients Eggs , English muffin , Canadian bacon , hollandaise sauce Variations multiple <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Eggs Benedict Media : Eggs Benedict Eggs Benedict is a traditional American brunch or breakfast dish that consists of two halves of an English muffin each of which is topped with Canadian bacon , ham or sometimes bacon , a poached egg , and hollandaise sauce . The dish was first popularized in New York City . Many variations on the basic recipe are served . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Variations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) There are conflicting accounts as to the origin of Eggs Benedict . Delmonico 's in lower Manhattan claims on its menu that `` Eggs Benedict was first created in our ovens in 1860 . '' One of its former chefs , Charles Ranhofer , also published the recipe for Eggs à la Benedick in 1894 . In an interview recorded in the `` Talk of the Town '' column of The New Yorker in 1942 , the year before his death , Lemuel Benedict , a retired Wall Street stock broker , claimed that he had wandered into the Waldorf Hotel in 1894 and , hoping to find a cure for his morning hangover , ordered `` buttered toast , poached eggs , crisp bacon , and a hooker of hollandaise '' . Oscar Tschirky , the famed maître d'hôtel , was so impressed with the dish that he put it on the breakfast and luncheon menus but substituted ham for the bacon and a toasted English muffin for the toast . Eggs Benedict with smoked salmon in place of Canadian bacon , also known as Eggs Royale Another , later claim to the creation of Eggs Benedict was circuitously made by Edward P. Montgomery on behalf of Commodore E.C. Benedict . In 1967 Montgomery wrote a letter to then The New York Times food columnist Craig Claiborne which included a recipe he claimed to have received through his uncle , a friend of the commodore . Commodore Benedict 's recipe -- by way of Montgomery -- varies greatly from Ranhofer 's version , particularly in the hollandaise sauce preparation -- calling for the addition of a `` hot , hard - cooked egg and ham mixture '' . Variations ( edit ) Eggs Benedict with bacon Several variations of Eggs Benedict exist . Eggs Blackstone substitutes streaky bacon for the ham and adds a tomato slice . Eggs Blanchard substitutes Béchamel sauce for Hollandaise . Eggs Florentine substitutes spinach for the ham or adds it underneath . Older versions of eggs Florentine add spinach to poached or shirred eggs . Eggs Chesapeake substitutes a Maryland blue crab cake in place of the ham . Eggs Mornay substitutes Mornay ( cheese ) sauce for the Hollandaise . Eggs Trivette adds Creole mustard to the Hollandaise and adds a topping of Crayfish . Eggs Omar ( also known as a steak benedict ) substitutes a small steak in place of the ham , and sometimes replaces the hollandaise with béarnaise . Eggs Atlantic , Eggs Hemingway , or Eggs Copenhagen ( also known as Eggs Royale and Eggs Montreal in New Zealand ) substitutes salmon or smoked salmon for the ham . This is a common variation found in Australia , New Zealand , Canada and the United Kingdom . This is also known as `` Eggs Benjamin '' in some restaurants in Canada . Huevos Benedictos substitutes sliced avocado and / or Mexican chorizo for the ham , and is topped with both a salsa ( such as salsa roja or salsa brava ) and hollandaise sauce . Eggs Hussarde substitutes Holland rusks for the English muffin and adds Bordelaise sauce . Irish Benedict replaces the ham with corned beef or Irish bacon . Dutch Benedict replaces the ham or bacon with scrapple . Popular in the eastern region of Pennsylvania . Eggs Hebridean replaces the ham with black pudding , often from Stornoway . Eggs Cochon , a variation from New Orleans restaurants which replaces the ham with pork `` debris '' ( slow roasted pork shredded in its own juices ) and the English muffin with a large buttermilk biscuit . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of breakfast foods List of brunch foods List of egg dishes List of foods named after people List of regional dishes of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Delmonico 's Menu '' . Delmonico 's Restaurant . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The epicurean -- A complete treatise of analytical and practical studies on the culinary art , including table and wine service , how to prepare and cook dishes , etc. , and a selection of interesting bills of fare of Delmonico 's from 1862 to 1894 '' . The Internet Archive . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Benedict , Cutts . `` Eggs Benedict New York : Feedback '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 1998 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Talk of the Town '' . The New Yorker . December 19 , 1942 . Notes : This has n't been verified at the source , but is instead taken from the letter to Karpf by Cutts Benedict and the page of J.J. Schnebel . Jump up ^ Claiborne , Craig ( September 9 , 1967 ) . `` American Classic : Eggs Benedict '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rombauer , Irma S. ; Marion Rombauer Becker ( 1995 ) ( 1975 ) . `` Egg Dishes '' . The Joy of Cooking . Illustrated by Ginnie Hofmann and Ikki Matsumoto ( 1st Scribner Edition 1995 ed . ) . New York , NY : Scribner . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 604570 - 2 . Notes : Title of recipe is poached eggs Blackstone . Uses fried slice of flour dipped tomato , minced bacon , poached eggs , and hollandaise . No bread for base . Jump up ^ `` The Heritage House -- Menu '' . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2006 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Eggs Blackstone , poached eggs served with house made English muffin , apple smoked bacon , tomatoes and hollandaise . Notes : Located in Mendocino , California . Jump up ^ `` Rulloff 's -- Sunday Brunch Menu '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Eggs Blackstone poached eggs over crispy bacon and thin sliced tomatoes on a toasted English muffin , with hollandaise sauce Notes : Located in Ithaca , New York . Jump up ^ Hirtzler , Victor ( 1988 ) . The 1910 Hotel St. Francis cook book ( 1st ed . ) . Sausalito , Calif. : Windgate Press . ISBN 978 - 0915269068 . Jump up ^ `` Rich mix of patrons makes Moto 's special '' . The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution . December 18 , 1986 . pp. A / 6 . `` eggs Florentine ( $3.95 ) , eggs poached and topped with Hollandaise sauce , served on spinach and English muffin '' Notes : Not directly verified . Viewed through Google News Archive snippet view . Jump up ^ `` Good Stuff Hermosa Beach -- Menu '' . Good Stuff Restaurants . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Eggs Florentine The same good stuff as the benedict , only with fresh spinach instead of ham Notes : Located in Hermosa Beach , California . Jump up ^ `` The Buff Restaurant -- Menu '' . The Buff Restaurant . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2006 . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . EGGS FLORENTINE -- SPINACH , CREAM CHEESE , TOMATO , AND MUSHROOMS TOPPED WITH HOLLANDAISE ON A MUFFIN Notes : Located in Boulder , Colorado . Jump up ^ The Editors of Saveur Magazine ( 28 October 2014 ) . SAVEUR : The New Classics Cookbook : 1,000 Recipes + Expert Advice , Tips , and . Weldon Owen . p. 461 . ISBN 978 - 1616287351 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claiborne , Craig ( May 26 , 1960 ) . `` Maligned Vegetable Has Loyal Fans '' . The New York Times . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Julie R. `` 17 Twists On The Classic Eggs Benedict Recipe '' . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Hemingway ( or eggs Atlantic ) with smoked salmon Shelf5 '' . Shelf5 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Hemingway '' . Instructables . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Benjamin breakfast - Picture of Symposium Cafe Restaurant & Lounge , Markham - TripAdvisor '' . www.tripadvisor.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huevos Benedictos '' . Instructables . Jump up ^ DeMers , John ( 1998 ) . Food of New Orleans : Authentic Recipes from the Big Easy . Food photography by John Hay ( 1st ed . ) . Boston : Periplus Editions . p. 44 . ISBN 962 - 593 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes -- Eggs Hussarde '' . Brennan 's Restaurant . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Notes : Located in New Orleans , Louisiana . Jump up ^ Townsend , Elisabeth ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dining Out '' . The Boston Globe . `` Irish Benedict ( $7.50 ) : two poached Eggs and corned beef hash on an English muffin covered with hollandaise sauce '' Notes : Not directly verified . Viewed through Google News Archive snippet view . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Menu '' . The Field Irish Pub . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . Toasted muffin topped with Irish bacon & poached eggs finished with Hollandaise sauce . Notes : Located in San Diego , California . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Menu '' . Strafford Farms Restaurant . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 30 , 2007 . IRISH BENEDICT 3.95 two poached eggs on an English muffin with corn beef hash topped with a hollandaise sauce Notes : Located in Dover , New Hampshire . Jump up ^ Watts , Phyllis ( December 8 , 2009 ) . Where Food and People Meet ( 1st ed . ) . Xlibris . p. 532 . ISBN 1441571906 . Jump up ^ `` Glad Café Menu '' ( PDF ) . The Glad Café . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Eggs ... Hebridean w. black pudding Notes : Located in Glasgow , Scotland . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast Menu Café Gandolfi '' . Café Gandolfi . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Eggs Hebridean with Stornoway black pudding . Notes : Located in Glasgow , Scotland . Jump up ^ `` Eggs Cochon du Lait '' Eat Your World Jump up ^ `` Five places for great cochon du lait '' Gambit External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eggs Benedict and variations . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eggs Benedict Who Cooked That Up ? page on origin of the dish with a recipe `` Was He the Eggman ? '' An account in The New York Times about Lemuel Benedict and the efforts of Jack Benedict , the son of Lemuel 's first cousin , to promote Lemuel 's story . 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1. Eggs Benedict - traditional American brunch dish 2. Origin of Eggs Benedict - conflicting accounts 3. Variations of Eggs Benedict - different ingredients and sauces 4. Eggs Blackstone - variation with bacon and tomato 5. Eggs Florentine - variation with spinach and hollandaise sauce

who is kelly clarkson's piece by piece about

Piece by Piece ( song ) - wikipedia Piece by Piece ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Piece by Piece '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Kelly Clarkson <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Piece by Piece Released November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) ( Idol version ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 44 ( radio mix ) 3 : 31 ( Idol version ) Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Kelly Clarkson Greg Kurstin Producer ( s ) Greg Kurstin <Th_colspan="2"> Kelly Clarkson singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Second Hand Heart '' ( 2015 ) `` Piece by Piece '' ( 2015 ) `` Softly and Tenderly '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Second Hand Heart '' ( 2015 ) `` Piece by Piece '' ( 2015 ) `` Softly and Tenderly '' ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Idol version single cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Piece by Piece '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Piece by Piece '' is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson taken from her seventh studio album of the same name . She co-wrote the track with its producer Greg Kurstin . A midtempo pop song about restoring someone 's faith in love and family relationships , Clarkson promulgated `` Piece by Piece '' as a sequel to the song `` Because of You '' ( 2004 ) but with a `` happy ending '' . After a discussion with her sister about their family life , she introspectively co-wrote the song in a first - person narrative to her father , whose neglect of his family was used as a juxtaposition to her husband 's unconditional love for her and their daughter , whom they both promised to never abandon . `` Piece by Piece '' was first released as the second promotional single from Piece by Piece by RCA Records on February 24 , 2015 . Upon its release , the title track has received praise from music critics , who commended lyrical content as one of the album 's highlights . Clarkson premiered the song in a live acoustic performance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and has showcased it on the set list of the Piece by Piece Tour . A re-worked version of the track was released to American hot adult contemporary radio stations on November 9 , 2015 , as the third and final single from the album . On February 25 , 2016 , Clarkson performed `` Piece by Piece '' in a live presentation on the fifteenth season of American Idol . The successful commercial and critical response of her performance on the program led RCA to issue an `` Idol version '' of the track on February 29 , 2016 . The combined versions of `` Piece by Piece '' allowed the song to debut on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number eight , becoming Clarkson 's eleventh top ten hit and tying itself with `` Never Again '' ( 2007 ) as her highest debut on the chart . The track also attained the top position on three Billboard charts -- primarily the Billboard Digital Songs chart , earning Clarkson her 100th Billboard number - one hit -- a milestone in her musical career . Overseas , `` Piece by Piece '' became a top 40 hit in the music charts of Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom and Scotland . Clarkson later performed a reprise of the Idol version on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on March 3 , 2016 . The Idol version was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release and reception 2.1 Critical response 2.2 Chart performance 3 Live performances 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Composition ( edit ) One of the five songs she had written by for her seventh studio album , Clarkson co-wrote `` Piece by Piece '' with frequent collaborator Greg Kurstin , who produced the track . Clarkson has said about writing the song : A lot of the reasons why I wrote `` Piece by Piece '' was I guess I did n't realize the gravity of the situation until I had a child of my own , and until I experienced love like I do with Brandon ( Blackstock ) on the daily basis . I guess you do n't realize something is missing until you feel it . I ca n't imagine walking away from my little girl . I ca n't imagine not having that love anymore . I did n't know it was missing because I never had it . It was a revelation and that 's why I wrote that song . I think a lot of people go through that . `` Piece by Piece '' ( 2015 ) Clarkson 's relationship with her husband serves as an antithesis to that of her estranged father . The complexities between parental bonds , primarily about fatherhood , are explored throughout the song . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Lyrically , the song is a midtempo pop number about restoring someone 's faith in love and family relationships . The song starts with a woman 's recollection of her father abandoning his family ; by the chorus , she finds a new man in her life , whom she describes as someone who , `` piece by piece '' , had restored her `` faith that a man can be kind and a father could stay '' . Written in a first - person narrative , Clarkson introspectively co-wrote the song to her father , whose abandonment of his family when she was six years old was utilized as a juxtaposition in contrast to her husband 's unconditional love to her and their daughter , whom they had both promised in the song to never leave behind . Clarkson pegged `` Piece by Piece '' as a follow - up song to her 2004 track `` Because of You '' and the album 's `` most personal '' record , saying that `` once you 've worked through that and you find love and the kind of happiness you hoped for but did n't really know was possible . It 's a happy song . And it has a happy ending , unlike ' Because of You ' '' . She revealed that she was inspired to write it after a discussion with her sister about their relationships with their respective families . She remarked , `` I was talking to my sister on the phone about how sometimes girls with daddy issues do n't find men like that ! '' . Clarkson also noted that how their husbands were so supportive and loving were in stark contrast to the cliché about people with `` abandonment issues '' dating `` losers '' . She also said that `` Piece by Piece '' is a positive song , despite its somber resonance , and that she 's still grateful to her father for making her want to be much more present in her family . Sonically , Jon Pareles of The New York Times compared it to the anthems recorded by U2 . While Marissa Muller of CBS Radio described its sound as having a stadium feel with big drums . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Piece by Piece '' was first issued as the album 's second promotional single by RCA Records on February 24 , 2015 . Clarkson also revealed plans for the song to receive a single release . RCA then commissioned a re-worked version of the track for commercial release , which was serviced to hot adult contemporary radio stations on November 9 , 2015 as the third single from the album . Following Clarkson 's performance on American Idol , RCA issued an Idol version accompanied by a piano by Jason Halbert and produced and mixed by Jason Halbert on February 29 , 2016 . Critical response ( edit ) `` Piece by Piece '' received acclaim from music critics , who promulgated it as one of the album 's highlights for its lyrical content . Reviewing for Billboard , Jamieson Cox regarded the song as a raw and standout vocal showcase , saying that when Clarkson forges a real emotional connection with the track , it allows the album to transcend hammier and hackneyed moments in between . In his review for The New York Times , Pareles described it as the album 's most accusatory song ; and noted that despite the lyrical 's vulnerability , its music rises quickly to bombast , triumphal and glamorous but remote . He also lamented that those moments are far too few in the album . Writing for AXS on its release , Chase Hunt singled out `` Piece by Piece '' as the one that feels more natural than the rest of the album 's tracks . He wrote , `` Songs penned by ( Clarkson ) , or any artist writing their own songs , feels different . The track is letting fans into her soul while telling more of her story , past and present . '' Katherine St. Asaph of Time also highlighted the song as one of the album 's stronger moments , describing it as a dagger to deadbeat dads everywhere that marks her most pointed lyrics since Stronger 's `` You Love Me '' ( 2011 ) . AllMusic 's senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine also included it as one of the three tracks ( along with `` Nostalgic '' and `` Good Goes the Bye '' ) that strike a right balance of Clarkson 's indomitable character and fresh electronic beats on the album 's production . In their reviews of Piece by Piece , New York Post 's Hardeep Phull also pegged the track as the album 's emotional peak , while Jim Farber of the New York Daily News highlighted the song as one of the two ( along with `` Someone '' ) that show Clarkson 's flair for the passive aggressive put - down and help focus on her persona . Reviewing of the album for The A.V. Club , Annie Zaleski also commended the track as one of the tracks where Clarkson is far more engaging , and recommended that the album could use more of those emotional complexity and personal connection . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Piece by Piece '' made its debut chart appearance on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart on the chart week ending December 19 , 2015 . It attained a peak position of number 32 and stayed on the chart for nine weeks . Following Clarkson 's performance of the song on American Idol , Nielsen Soundscan announced that digital copies of the song had sold a total of 21,996 copies a few hours prior to the end of the tracking week ending on February 25 , 2016 , posting a 4777 % gain from its previous week and allowing it to debut on the Billboard Digital Songs chart at number 35 and at number 18 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the issue dated the week ending March 12 , 2016 . The following week , `` Piece by Piece '' made its debut Billboard Hot 100 chart at number eight , becoming Clarkson 's eleventh Hot 100 top ten hit on the chart and tied itself with `` Never Again '' ( 2007 ) as her highest entry position on the chart . In addition , it also became her first song to reach the top 10 in since `` Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) '' reached number one in 2012 . It also ascended to the top position on the Billboard Digital Songs chart and Pop Digital Songs chart with 210,000 digital copies sold and 3.1 million streaming activity , posting a 852 % digital surge and 969 % streaming gain while also becoming her 100th number - one hit on the Billboard charts . In addition , the song re-entered the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart at number 33 and debuted on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart at number 23 . `` Piece by Piece '' peaked at number nine on the Adult Pop chart , becoming Clarkson 's fifteenth top - 10 hit on the chart and set a record for the female artist with the most top - 10s on the chart . Internationally , `` Piece by Piece '' debuted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 at number 17 , on the Official UK Singles Chart at number 95 , with an entry at number 37 on the UK Top Sales Chart , and on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 24 . Following a performance of `` Piece by Piece '' by Rebecca Grace on The X Factor , the song re-entered the Official UK Singles Chart at number 27 , attaining a new peak position . As of September 2017 , the song has sold over 813,000 copies in the United States . Live performances ( edit ) Clarkson performing `` Piece by Piece '' on the Piece by Piece Tour . Clarkson presented `` Piece by Piece '' in a short live acoustic performance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on March 2 , 2015 , and explained how she co-wrote the song . She revealed that the song 's lyrical content had also made it hard for her to perform it live , saying `` It 's not even the sad parts of it because I 'm not there . I 'm not in that place anymore , like where I 'm sad about it . I 'm in a very forgiving place about it and everybody 's human . But I think I get really choked up because I just realize how lucky I am ... And a lot of girls that grew up with their daddy issues and with not having that figure in their life , you know , take a very different road , and I just feel lucky that I 'm not that girl . '' To promote the album , Clarkson had also performed the song in a stripped - down performance as part of her set list during her Piece by Piece Tour . On February 25 , 2016 , she performed `` Piece by Piece '' in a live performance a year after its release on the fifteenth season of American Idol . Her rendition of the song was met with a standing ovation from the audience and critical acclaim from music critics -- with Olivia Waring Metro praising it as poignant while USA Today 's Erin Jensen describing it as a `` heartfelt performance that we just ca n't get enough of '' . On March 3 , 2016 , Clarkson appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show where she discussed her American Idol performance and closed the program with a rendition of the song . Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video filmed by Alon Isocianu was commissioned to promote the single and premiered on Vevo on November 19 , 2015 . The video , filmed entirely in a monochromatic form , features tribute scenes to women of all ages -- primarily to mothers , abandoned daughters , and pregnant women , ending with a scene of Clarkson carrying her own daughter . Track listing ( edit ) Single -- radio mix No . Title Length 1 . `` Piece by Piece '' ( radio mix ) 3 : 44 Single -- Idol version No . Title Length 1 . `` Piece by Piece '' ( Idol version ) 3 : 31 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the Piece by Piece liner notes and `` Piece by Piece '' metadata . Recording Engineered at Starstruck Studios , Nashville , Tennessee and Echo Studio , Los Angeles , California Personnel Vocals -- Kelly Clarkson Engineering -- Greg Kurstin , Satoshi Noguchi Additional engineering -- Julian Burg , Alex Pasco Assistant engineering -- Jeremy Miller , Todd Tidwell Bass , drums , guitars , keyboards , production -- Greg Kurstin Additional programming -- Jesse Shatkin Orchestra arrangement and conductor -- Joseph Trapanese Mixing -- Serban Ghenea Engineering for mixing -- John Hanes Music Preparation -- Booker White , The Walt Disney Music Library Songwriting -- Kelly Clarkson , Greg Kurstin Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 24 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 6 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 Tipparade ) Idol version 16 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 UK Download ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 33 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 738,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) List of release dates , showing region , release format , label catalog number , and reference Region Date Format ( s ) Label Catalog number Ref United States November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) Hot adult contemporary radio RCA N / A Worldwide November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) Digital download -- radio mix Sony Music GBCTA1500077 United Kingdom February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) Digital download RCA GBCTA1500005 United States February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) Mainstream contemporary hit radio -- Idol version N / A Worldwide Digital download -- Idol version Sony Music GBCTA1500109 See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles of 2016 List of number - one digital songs of 2016 ( Canada ) List of number - one digital songs of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Caroline ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson : Piece By Piece review -- one of pop 's most forceful voices '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Christopher ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` How Kelly Clarkson 's Personal Happiness Led To Her Most Emotional Song Yet '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chouinard , Haley ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Releases `` Piece By Piece '' Music Video That Will Make You Want To Hug Your Parents `` . Bustle . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Erin ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Piece by Piece ' video features adorable daughter , River Rose '' . The Today Show . NBCUniversal . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's `` Piece By Piece '' : Listen To Her Upcoming Album 's Title Track `` . Idolator . Spin Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfeld , Brian ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Listen : Kelly Clarkson just posted her new album 's ' most personal song ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's `` Piece By Piece '' : Listen To Her Upcoming Album 's Title Track `` . Spin . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vain , Madison ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson shares super personal new track , ' Piece by Piece ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Chase ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson releases autobiographical ' Piece by Piece ' track '' . AXS . AEG . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's usual spunk and self - empowerment ca n't rescue Piece By Piece '' . The A.V. Club . United States : The Onion . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Cameron ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson recorded a song about how her husband has healed the wounds left by her father while `` pregnant and hormonal '' `` . News.com.au . News Corp . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Angermiller , Michele Amabile ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's Piece By Piece Tour Hits New Jersey : 5 Best Moments '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Reveals the Emotional Stories Behind Piece by Piece , Plus Her Big Plans for Beyonce and Taylor Swift Covers '' . Glamour . Condé Nast . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Review : New Releases by Kelly Clarkson , Sannhet and Asleep at the Wheel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muller , Marissa ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Previews ' by Piece ' with Album 's Title Track : Listen '' . CBS Radio . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson interview : `` I now have the freedom to do whatever I want '' `` . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kelly Clarkson -- Piece By Piece ( RCA ) '' . All Access Media Group . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Worldwide releases of `` Piece By Piece ( Idol Version ) -- Single '' : Australia : `` '' Piece By Piece ( Idol Version ) -- Single '' by Kelly Clarkson `` . Apple Music . United StatesAustralia : Apple Inc . February 29 , 2016 . Germany : `` '' Piece By Piece ( Idol Version ) -- Single '' von Kelly Clarkson `` . Apple Music ( in German ) . Germany : Apple Inc . February 29 , 2016 . Netherlands : `` ' Piece By Piece ( Radio Mix ) -- Single ' van Kelly Clarkson '' . Apple Music ( in Dutch ) . Netherlands : Apple Inc . February 29 , 2016 . United States : `` '' Piece By Piece ( Idol Version ) -- Single '' by Kelly Clarkson `` . Apple Music . United States : Apple Inc . February 29 , 2016 . United Kingdom : `` '' Piece By Piece ( Idol Version ) -- Single '' by Kelly Clarkson `` . Apple Music . United Kingdom : Apple Inc . February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Jamieson ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Kelly Clarkson 's ' Piece by Piece ' Doubles Down on Songs That Put Her Voice First '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ St. Asaph , Katherine ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Kelly Clarkson 's Piece By Piece Is a Victory Lap '' . Time . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Piece by Piece -- Kelly Clarkson '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson keeps her dignity with dance - influenced album ' Piece by Piece ' '' . New York Post . News Corp . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Piece By Piece ' review : New album is weighed down by overbearing production '' . Daily News . New York : Daily News , L.P. Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Top 40 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Adult Top 40 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Cantor , Bryan ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Piece By Piece ' Posted 4777 % Gain in Weekly Sales -- Last Week '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gery ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna Tops Hot 100 for Third Week , Kelly Clarkson Debuts in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Makes History as First ' American Idol ' Contestant With 100 Billboard No. 1s '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Meghan Trainor 's a Triple Threat & Rihanna Roars Into the Top 40 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 -- 10 March 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Graham make it a hat - trick with ' 7 Years ' '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . The Official Chart Company . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith scoops his sixth UK Number 1 single with Too Good at Goodbyes '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Kelly Clarkson 's Career Sales & ' Wild Thoughts ' About Rihanna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Karen ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Passionate Kelly Clarkson sings hits , talks baby and weight gain '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Felicia ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` How I Wrote That Song : Kelly Clarkson `` Piece by Piece '' `` . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . NBC . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Maria Elena ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Is Returning to American Idol As a Guest Judge and Performer '' . Vulture.com . New York Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Erin ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson is overcome with emotion during ' American Idol ' performance '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Waring , Olivia ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone burst into tears during Kelly Clarkson 's poignant performance upon her final return to American Idol '' . Metro . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shechet , Ellie ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Breaks Down in Tears During Her Last American Idol Performance '' . Jezebel . Gawker Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McAfee , Melonyce ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson brings everyone , including herself , to tears with ' Idol ' performance '' . CNN . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Performance Makes ' American Idol ' Judges Cry ( Video ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Why Kelly Clarkson was ' embarrassed ' about her ' Piece by Piece ' performance on American Idol '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmieri , Jean E. ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson , Eli Manning Help Citizen Watch Fete New Office '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Fairchild Fashion Media . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Releases Sneak Peek of `` Piece by Piece '' Video `` . ABC News Radio . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Worldwide releases of `` Piece By Piece ( Radio Mix ) -- Single '' : United States : `` '' Piece By Piece ( Radio Mix ) -- Single '' by Kelly Clarkson `` . Apple Music . United States : Apple Inc . November 19 , 2015 . Germany : `` '' Piece By Piece ( Radio Mix ) -- Single '' von Kelly Clarkson `` . Apple Music ( in German ) . Germany : Apple Inc . November 19 , 2015 . Netherlands : `` ' Piece By Piece ( Radio Mix ) -- Single ' van Kelly Clarkson '' . Apple Music ( in Dutch ) . Netherlands : Apple Inc . November 19 , 2015 . United Kingdom : `` '' Piece By Piece ( Radio Mix ) -- Single '' by Kelly Clarkson `` . Apple Music . United Kingdom : Apple Inc . November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piece By Piece ( booklet ) . Kelly Clarkson. 19 Recordings Limited under exclusive license to RCA Records . 2015 . 88875070852 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Piece By Piece '' ( metadata ) . Kelly Clarkson. 19 Recordings Limited under exclusive license to RCA Records . 2015 . GBCTA1500005 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Kelly Clarkson -- Piece By Piece '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 : Kelly Clarkson -- Piece By Piece -- Idol Version '' . Tiparade ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . 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If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Key Releases '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Bryan ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Idol Version Of Kelly Clarkson 's Piece By Piece ; Sent To Pop , Hot AC Radio , Debuts on iTunes '' . HeadlinePlanet.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) King , Gayle ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson shares story behind title track `` Piece by Piece '' `` . CBS This Morning . CBS News . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Brown , Christopher ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Deep , Powerful Message in Kelly Clarkson 's New Hit Song '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Richardson Andrews , Charlotte ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Songs for our fathers : why family makes for the most powerful music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Callegari , Caitlyn ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Do Kelly Clarkson & Her Dad Talk ? `` Piece By Piece '' Has An Emotional Backstory `` . Bustle . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Morgan , Greenwald ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson on Emotional ' Idol ' Performance : ' Crying on National TV Is n't Really My Idea of a Good Time ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . 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who were the actors in ancient greek theatre

Theatre of ancient Greece - wikipedia Theatre of ancient Greece Jump to : navigation , search Bronze statue of a Greek actor . The half - mask over the eyes and nose identifies the figure as an actor . He wears a man 's conical cap but female garments , following the Greek custom of men playing the roles of women . 150 - 100 BCE . The ancient Greek drama was a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece from c. 700 BC . The city - state of Athens , which became a significant cultural , political , and military power during this period , was its center , where it was institutionalised as part of a festival called the Dionysia , which honoured the god Dionysus . Tragedy ( late 500 BC ) , comedy ( 490 BC ) , and the satyr play were the three dramatic genres to emerge there . Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies and allies in order to promote a common cultural identity . Only men were allowed to play female parts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Origins 3 New inventions during the Classical Period 4 Hellenistic period 5 Characteristics of the buildings 5.1 Scenic elements 6 Masks 6.1 Masks 6.2 Mask details 6.3 Mask functions 6.4 Other costume details 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word τραγῳδία ( tragoidia ) , from which the word `` tragedy '' is derived , is a compound of two Greek words : τράγος ( tragos ) or `` goat '' and ᾠδή ( ode ) meaning `` song '' , from ἀείδειν ( aeidein ) , `` to sing '' . This etymology indicates a link with the practices of the ancient Dionysian cults . It is impossible , however , to know with certainty how these fertility rituals became the basis for tragedy and comedy . Origins ( edit ) Main article : Greek tragedy Panoramic view of the ancient theatre at Epidaurus . The classical Greeks valued the power of spoken word , and it was their main method of communication and storytelling . Bahn and Bahn write , `` To Greeks the spoken word was a living thing and infinitely preferable to the dead symbols of a written language . '' Socrates himself believed that once something was written down , it lost its ability for change and growth . For these reasons , among many others , oral storytelling flourished in Greece . Greek tragedy as we know it was created in Athens around the time of 532 BC , when Thespis was the earliest recorded actor . Being a winner of the first theatrical contest held in Athens , he was the exarchon , or leader , of the dithyrambs performed in and around Attica , especially at the rural Dionysia . By Thespis ' time , the dithyramb had evolved far away from its cult roots . Under the influence of heroic epic , Doric choral lyric and the innovations of the poet Arion , it had become a narrative , ballad - like genre . Because of these , Thespis is often called the `` Father of Tragedy '' ; however , his importance is disputed , and Thespis is sometimes listed as late as 16th in the chronological order of Greek tragedians ; the statesman Solon , for example , is credited with creating poems in which characters speak with their own voice , and spoken performances of Homer 's epics by rhapsodes were popular in festivals prior to 534 BC . Thus , Thespis 's true contribution to drama is unclear at best , but his name has been given a longer life , in English , as a common term for performer -- i.e. , a `` thespian . '' The dramatic performances were important to the Athenians -- this is made clear by the creation of a tragedy competition and festival in the City Dionysia . This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica ( recently created by Cleisthenes ) . The festival was created roughly around 508 BC . While no drama texts exist from the sixth century BC , we do know the names of three competitors besides Thespis : Choerilus , Pratinas , and Phrynichus . Each is credited with different innovations in the field . More is known about Phrynichus . He won his first competition between 511 BC and 508 BC . He produced tragedies on themes and subjects later exploited in the golden age such as the Danaids , Phoenician Women and Alcestis . He was the first poet we know of to use a historical subject -- his Fall of Miletus , produced in 493 - 2 , chronicled the fate of the town of Miletus after it was conquered by the Persians . Herodotus reports that `` the Athenians made clear their deep grief for the taking of Miletus in many ways , but especially in this : when Phrynichus wrote a play entitled `` The Fall of Miletus '' and produced it , the whole theatre fell to weeping ; they fined Phrynichus a thousand drachmas for bringing to mind a calamity that affected them so personally and forbade the performance of that play forever . '' He is also thought to be the first to use female characters ( though not female performers ) . Until the Hellenistic period , all tragedies were unique pieces written in honour of Dionysus and played only once , so that today we primarily have the pieces that were still remembered well enough to have been repeated when the repetition of old tragedies became fashionable ( the accidents of survival , as well as the subjective tastes of the Hellenistic librarians later in Greek history , also played a role in what survived from this period ) . New inventions during the classical period ( edit ) Theater of Dionysus , Athens , Greece . Brooklyn Museum Archives , Goodyear Archival Collection After the Great Destruction of Athens by the Persian Empire in 480 BCE , the town and acropolis were rebuilt , and theatre became formalized and an even greater part of Athenian culture and civic pride . This century is normally regarded as the Golden Age of Greek drama . The centre - piece of the annual Dionysia , which took place once in winter and once in spring , was a competition between three tragic playwrights at the Theatre of Dionysus . Each submitted three tragedies , plus a satyr play ( a comic , burlesque version of a mythological subject ) . Beginning in a first competition in 486 BC each playwright submitted a comedy . Aristotle claimed that Aeschylus added the second actor ( deuteragonist ) , and that Sophocles introduced the third ( tritagonist ) . Apparently the Greek playwrights never used more than three actors based on what is known about Greek theatre . Tragedy and comedy were viewed as completely separate genres , and no plays ever merged aspects of the two . Satyr plays dealt with the mythological subject matter of the tragedies , but in a purely comedic manner . Hellenistic period ( edit ) Roman , Republican or Early Imperial , Relief of a seated poet ( Menander ) with masks of New Comedy , 1st century B.C. -- early 1st century A.D. , Princeton University Art Museum The power of Athens declined following its defeat in the Peloponnesian War against the Spartans . From that time on , the theatre started performing old tragedies again . Although its theatrical traditions seem to have lost their vitality , Greek theatre continued into the Hellenistic period ( the period following Alexander the Great 's conquests in the fourth century BCE ) . However , the primary Hellenistic theatrical form was not tragedy but ' New Comedy ' , comic episodes about the lives of ordinary citizens . The only extant playwright from the period is Menander . One of New Comedy 's most important contributions was its influence on Roman comedy , an influence that can be seen in the surviving works of Plautus and Terence . Characteristics of the buildings ( edit ) Ancient Greek theatre in Delos The Ancient Theatre of Delphi . The plays had a chorus from 12 to 15 people , who performed the plays in verse accompanied by music , beginning in the morning and lasting until the evening . The performance space was a simple circular space , the orchestra , where the chorus danced and sang . The orchestra , which had an average diameter of 78 feet , was situated on a flattened terrace at the foot of a hill , the slope of which produced a natural theatron , literally `` seeing place '' . Later , the term `` theatre '' came to be applied to the whole area of theatron , orchestra , and skené . The coryphaeus was the head chorus member who could enter the story as a character able to interact with the characters of a play . A drawing of an ancient theatre . Terms are in Greek language and Latin letters . The theatres were originally built on a very large scale to accommodate the large number of people on stage , as well as the large number of people in the audience , up to fourteen thousand . Mathematics played a large role in the construction of these theatres , as their designers had to be able to create acoustics in them such that the actors ' voices could be heard throughout the theatre , including the very top row of seats . The Greek 's understanding of acoustics compares very favourably with the current state of the art . The first seats in Greek theatres ( other than just sitting on the ground ) were wooden , but around 499 BCE the practice of inlaying stone blocks into the side of the hill to create permanent , stable seating became more common . They were called the `` prohedria '' and reserved for priests and a few most respected citizens . In 465 BCE , the playwrights began using a backdrop or scenic wall , which hung or stood behind the orchestra , which also served as an area where actors could change their costumes . It was known as the skênê ( from which the word `` scene '' derives ) . The death of a character was always heard behind the skênê , for it was considered inappropriate to show a killing in view of the audience . Conversely , there are scholarly arguments that death in Greek tragedy was portrayed off stage primarily because of dramatic considerations , and not prudishness or sensitivity of the audience . In 425 BC a stone scene wall , called a paraskenia , became a common supplement to skênê in the theatres . A paraskenia was a long wall with projecting sides , which may have had doorways for entrances and exits . Just behind the paraskenia was the proskenion . The proskenion ( `` in front of the scene '' ) was beautiful , and was similar to the modern day proscenium . Greek theatres also had tall arched entrances called parodoi or eisodoi , through which actors and chorus members entered and exited the orchestra . By the end of the 5th century BC , around the time of the Peloponnesian War , the skênê , the back wall , was two stories high . The upper story was called the episkenion . Some theatres also had a raised speaking place on the orchestra called the logeion . Scenic elements ( edit ) There were several scenic elements commonly used in Greek theatre : mechane , a crane that gave the impression of a flying actor ( thus , deus ex machina ) ekkyklêma , a wheeled platform often used to bring dead characters into view for the audience pinakes , pictures hung to create scenery thyromata , more complex pictures built into the second - level scene ( 3rd level from ground ) phallic props were used for satyr plays , symbolizing fertility in honour of Dionysus . Masks ( edit ) Masks ( edit ) Tragic Comic Masks Hadrian 's Villa mosaic The Ancient Greek term for a mask is prosopon ( lit. , `` face '' ) , and was a significant element in the worship of Dionysus at Athens , likely used in ceremonial rites and celebrations . Most of the evidence comes from only a few vase paintings of the 5th century BC , such as one showing a mask of the god suspended from a tree with decorated robe hanging below it and dancing and the Pronomos vase , which depicts actors preparing for a Satyr play . No physical evidence remains available to us , as the masks were made of organic materials and not considered permanent objects , ultimately being dedicated at the altar of Dionysus after performances . Nevertheless , the mask is known to have been used since the time of Aeschylus and considered to be one of the iconic conventions of classical Greek theatre . Masks were also made for members of the chorus , who play some part in the action and provide a commentary on the events in which they are caught up . Although there are twelve or fifteen members of the tragic chorus , they all wear the same mask because they are considered to be representing one character . Mask details ( edit ) Mask dating from the 4th / 3rd century BC , Stoa of Attalos Illustrations of theatrical masks from 5th century display helmet - like masks , covering the entire face and head , with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth , as well as an integrated wig . These paintings never show actual masks on the actors in performance ; they are most often shown being handled by the actors before or after a performance , that liminal space between the audience and the stage , between myth and reality . This demonstrates the way in which the mask was to ' melt ' into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role . Effectively , the mask transformed the actor as much as memorization of the text . Therefore , performance in ancient Greece did not distinguish the masked actor from the theatrical character . The mask - makers were called skeuopoios or `` maker of the properties , '' thus suggesting that their role encompassed multiple duties and tasks . The masks were most likely made out of light weight , organic materials like stiffened linen , leather , wood , or cork , with the wig consisting of human or animal hair . Due to the visual restrictions imposed by these masks , it was imperative that the actors hear in order to orient and balance themselves . Thus , it is believed that the ears were covered by substantial amounts of hair and not the helmet - mask itself . The mouth opening was relatively small , preventing the mouth to be seen during performances . Vervain and Wiles posit that this small size discourages the idea that the mask functioned as a megaphone , as originally presented in the 1960s . Greek mask - maker , Thanos Vovolis , suggests that the mask serves as a resonator for the head , thus enhancing vocal acoustics and altering its quality . This leads to increased energy and presence , allowing for the more complete metamorphosis of the actor into his character . Mask functions ( edit ) Mosaic detail from the House of the Faun In a large open - air theatre , like the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens , the classical masks were able to create a sense of dread in the audience creating large scale panic , especially since they had intensely exaggerated facial features and expressions . They enabled an actor to appear and reappear in several different roles , thus preventing the audience from identifying the actor to one specific character . Their variations help the audience to distinguish sex , age , and social status , in addition to revealing a change in a particular character 's appearance , e.g. Oedipus after blinding himself . Unique masks were also created for specific characters and events in a play , such as The Furies in Aeschylus ' Eumenides and Pentheus and Cadmus in Euripides ' The Bacchae . Worn by the chorus , the masks created a sense of unity and uniformity , while representing a multi-voiced persona or single organism and simultaneously encouraged interdependency and a heightened sensitivity between each individual of the group . Only 2 - 3 actors were allowed on the stage at one time , and masks permitted quick transitions from one character to another . There were only male actors , but masks allowed them to play female characters . Other costume details ( edit ) Comedy and tragedy masks See also : Sock and buskin The actors in these plays that had tragic roles wore boots called cothurni that elevated them above the other actors . The actors with comedic roles only wore a thin soled shoe called a sock . For this reason , dramatic art is sometimes alluded to as `` Sock and Buskin . '' Melpomene is the muse of tragedy and is often depicted holding the tragic mask and wearing cothurni . Thalia is the muse of comedy and is similarly associated with the mask of comedy and the comedic `` socks '' . Male actors playing female roles would wear a wooden structure on their chests ( posterneda ) to imitate the look of breasts and another structure on their stomachs ( progastreda ) to make them appear softer and more lady like . They would also wear white body stockings under their costumes to make their skin appear fairer . Most costuming detail comes from pottery paintings from that time as costumes and masks were fabricated out of disposable material , so there are little to no remains of any costume from that time . The biggest source of information is the Pronomos Vase where actors are painted at a show 's after party . Costuming would give off a sense of character , as in gender , age , social status , and class . For example , characters of higher class would be dressed in nicer clothing , although everyone was dressed fairly nice . Contrary to popular belief , they did not dress in only rags and sandals , as they wanted to impress . Some examples of Greek theatre costuming include long robes called the chiton that reached the floor for actors playing gods , heroes , and old men . Actors playing Goddesses and women characters that held a lot of power wore purples and golds . Actors playing Queens and Princesses wore long cloaks that dragged on the ground and were decorated with gold stars and other jewels , and warriors were dressed in a variety of armor and wore helmets adorned with plumes . Costumes were supposed to be colourful and obvious to be easily seen by every seat in the audience . See also ( edit ) List of ancient Greek playwrights List of ancient Greek theatres History of theatre Representation of women in Athenian tragedy Agôn Ancient Greek comedy Archon Aulos Buskin Chorêgos Chorus Chorus of the elderly in classical Greek drama Comedy Coryphaeus Deus ex machina Deuteragonist Didascaliae Didaskalos Dionysia festivals Dithyramb Eisodos Ekkyklêma Episode Epode Kommós Mêchanê Melpomene Monody Ode Onomastì komodèin Orchêstra Parabasis Párodos Phlyax play Protagonist Rhapsode Satyr play Skênê Sparagmos Stásimon Stichomythia Strophê Thalia ( Muse ) Theatre of ancient Rome Theatre of Dionysus Theoric fund Thespis Tragedy Tritagonist List of films based on Greek drama Further reading ( edit ) Buckham , Philip Wentworth , Theatre of the Greeks , London 1827 . Davidson , J.A. , Literature and Literacy in Ancient Greece , Part 1 , Phoenix , 16 , 1962 , pp. 141 -- 56 . Davidson , J.A. , Peisistratus and Homer , TAPA , 86 , 1955 , pp. 1 -- 21 . Easterling , P.E. ( editor ) ( 1997 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy . Cambridge , U.K. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 41245 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Easterling , Patricia Elizabeth ; Hall , Edith ( eds . ) , Greek and Roman Actors : Aspects of an Ancient Profession , Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65140 - 9 Else , Gerald F . Aristotle 's Poetics : The Argument , Cambridge , MA 1967 . The Origins and Early Forms of Greek Tragedy , Cambridge , MA 1965 . The Origins of ΤΡΑΓΩΙΔΙΑ , Hermes 85 , 1957 , pp. 17 -- 46 . Flickinger , Roy Caston , The Greek theater and its drama , Chicago , University of Chicago Press , 1918 Freund , Philip , The Birth of Theatre , London : Peter Owen , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 1170 - 9 Haigh , A.E. , The Attic Theatre , 1907 . Harsh , Philip Whaley , A handbook of Classical Drama , Stanford University , California , Stanford University Press ; London , H. Milford , Oxford University Press , 1944 . Lesky , A. Greek Tragedy , trans . H.A. , Frankfurt , London and New York 1965 . Ley , Graham . A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theatre . University of Chicago , Chicago : 2006 Ley , Graham . Acting Greek Tragedy . University of Exeter Press , Exeter : 2015 Loscalzo , Donato , Il pubblico a teatro nella Grecia antica , Roma 2008 McDonald , Marianne , Walton , J. Michael ( editors ) , The Cambridge companion to Greek and Roman theatre , Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83456 - 2 Moulton , Richard Green , The ancient classical drama ; a study in literary evolution intended for readers in English and in the original , Oxford , The Clarendon Press , 1890 . Padilla , Mark William ( editor ) , `` Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece : Literature , Religion , Society '' , Bucknell University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8387 - 5418 - X Pickard - Cambridge , Sir Arthur Wallace Dithyramb , Tragedy , and Comedy , Oxford 1927 . The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens , Oxford 1946 . The Dramatic Festivals of Athens , Oxford 1953 . Rabinowitz , Nancy Sorkin ( 2008 ) . Greek Tragedy . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2160 - 6 . Riu , Xavier , Dionysism and Comedy , 1999 . review Ross , Stewart . Greek Theatre . Wayland Press , Hove : 1996 Rozik , Eli , The roots of theatre : rethinking ritual and other theories of origin , Iowa City : University of Iowa Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 817 - 0 Schlegel , August Wilhelm , Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature , Geneva 1809 . Sommerstein , Alan H. , Greek Drama and Dramatists , Routledge , 2002 . Sourvinou - Inwood , Christiane , Tragedy and Athenian Religion , Oxford : University Press 2003 . Tsitsiridis , Stavros , `` Greek Mime in the Roman Empire ( P. Oxy. 413 : Charition and Moicheutria '' , Logeion 1 ( 2011 ) 184 - 232 . Wiles , David . Greek Theatre Performance : An Introduction . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge : 2000 Wiles , David . The Masks of Menander : Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance , Cambridge , 1991 . Wiles , David . Mask and Performance in Greek Tragedy : from ancient festival to modern experimentation , Cambridge , 1997 . Wise , Jennifer , Dionysus Writes : The Invention of Theatre in Ancient Greece , Ithaca 1998 . review Zimmerman , B. , Greek Tragedy : An Introduction , trans . T. Marier , Baltimore 1991 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster definition of tragedy Jump up ^ Ridgeway ( 1910 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Bahn , Eugene & Margaret L. Bahn ( 1970 ) . A History of Oral Interpretation . Minneapolis , MN : Burgess Publishing Company . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Poetics Jump up ^ Brockett ( 1999 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories , 6 / 21 Jump up ^ Brockett ( 1999 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Kuritz ( 1988 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Kuritz ( 1988 ) , p. 24 Jump up ^ Jansen ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Pathmanathan ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Liddell & Scott via Perseus @ UChicago Jump up ^ Tufts.edu ^ Jump up to : Vervain & Wiles ( 2004 ) , p. 255 Jump up ^ Varakis ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Vervain & Wiles ( 2004 ) , p. 256 Jump up ^ Brooke ( 1962 ) , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Vovolis & Zamboulakis ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Brockett & Ball ( 2000 ) , p. 70 Bibliography ( edit ) Brockett , Oscar G. ( 1999 ) . History of the Theatre ( 8th ed . ) . Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 9780205290260 . Brockett , Oscar G. ; Ball , Robert ( 2000 ) . The Essential Theatre ( 7th ed . ) . Orlando , FL : Harcourt Brace . Brooke , Iris ( 1962 ) . Costume in Greek Classical Drama . London : Methuen . Jansen , Jan ( 2000 ) . Lebensqualität im Theater des demokratischen Athen : Kult , Politik und Alte Komödie ( Quality of life in the theatre of Democratic Athens : cults , politics and ancient comedy ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Munich , Germany : GRIN . ISBN 9783638291873 . Kuritz , Paul ( 1988 ) . The Making of Theatre History . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 9780135478615 . Pathmanathan , R. Sri ( 1965 ) . `` Death in Greek tragedy '' . Greece and Rome . 12 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 14 . JSTOR 642398 . Ridgeway , William ( 1910 ) . Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians . Varakis , Angie ( 2004 ) . `` Research on the Ancient Mask '' . Didaskalia. 6 ( 1 ) . Vervain , Chris ; Wiles , David ( 2004 ) . The Masks of Greek Tragedy as Point of Departure for Modern Performance . New Theatre Quarterly . 67 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Vovolis , Thanos ; Zamboulakis , Giorgos ( 2007 ) . `` The acoustical mask of Greek tragedy '' . Didaskalia. 7 ( 1 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Theatre of ancient Greece Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek theatre . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek and Roman theatre masks . Ancient Greek theatre history and articles Drama lesson 1 : The ancient Greek theatre Ancient Greek Theatre The Ancient Theatre Archive , Greek and Roman theatre architecture -- Dr. Thomas G. 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when is equilibrium established in a reversible reaction

Chemical equilibrium - wikipedia Chemical equilibrium This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a chemical reaction , chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time , so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system . Usually , this state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction . The reaction rates of the forward and backward reactions are generally not zero , but equal . Thus , there are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactant ( s ) and product ( s ) . Such a state is known as dynamic equilibrium . Contents 1 Historical introduction 2 Thermodynamics 2.1 Addition of reactants or products 2.2 Treatment of activity 2.3 Concentration quotients 2.4 Metastable mixtures 3 Pure substances 4 Multiple equilibria 5 Effect of temperature 6 Effect of electric and magnetic fields 7 Types of equilibrium 8 Composition of a mixture 8.1 Mass - balance equations 8.1. 1 Polybasic acids 8.1. 2 Solution and precipitation 8.2 Minimization of Gibbs energy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Historical introduction ( edit ) The concept of chemical equilibrium was developed after Berthollet ( 1803 ) found that some chemical reactions are reversible . For any reaction mixture to exist at equilibrium , the rates of the forward and backward ( reverse ) reactions are equal . In the following chemical equation with arrows pointing both ways to indicate equilibrium , A and B are reactant chemical species , S and T are product species , and α , β , σ , and τ are the stoichiometric coefficients of the respective reactants and products : α A + β B ⇌ σ S + τ T The equilibrium concentration position of a reaction is said to lie `` far to the right '' if , at equilibrium , nearly all the reactants are consumed . Conversely the equilibrium position is said to be `` far to the left '' if hardly any product is formed from the reactants . Guldberg and Waage ( 1865 ) , building on Berthollet 's ideas , proposed the law of mass action : forward reaction rate = k + A α B β backward reaction rate = k − S σ T τ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ text ( forward reaction rate ) ) & = k_ ( + ) ( \ ce ( A ) ) ^ ( \ alpha ) ( \ ce ( B ) ) ^ ( \ beta ) \ \ ( \ text ( backward reaction rate ) ) & = k_ ( - ) ( \ ce ( S ) ) ^ ( \ sigma ) ( \ ce ( T ) ) ^ ( \ tau ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where A , B , S and T are active masses and k and k are rate constants . Since at equilibrium forward and backward rates are equal : k + ( A ) α ( B ) β = k − ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( \ displaystyle k_ ( + ) \ left \ ( ( \ ce ( A ) ) \ right \ ) ^ ( \ alpha ) \ left \ ( ( \ ce ( B ) ) \ right \ ) ^ ( \ beta ) = k_ ( - ) \ left \ ( ( \ ce ( S ) ) \ right \ ) ^ ( \ sigma ) \ left \ ( ( \ ce ( T ) ) \ right \ ) ^ ( \ tau ) ) and the ratio of the rate constants is also a constant , now known as an equilibrium constant . K c = k + k − = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \ displaystyle K_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( + ) ) ( k_ ( - ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ ( ( \ ce ( S ) ) \ ) ^ ( \ sigma ) \ ( ( \ ce ( T ) ) \ ) ^ ( \ tau ) ) ( \ ( ( \ ce ( A ) ) \ ) ^ ( \ alpha ) \ ( ( \ ce ( B ) ) \ ) ^ ( \ beta ) ) ) ) By convention the products form the numerator . However , the law of mass action is valid only for concerted one - step reactions that proceed through a single transition state and is not valid in general because rate equations do not , in general , follow the stoichiometry of the reaction as Guldberg and Waage had proposed ( see , for example , nucleophilic aliphatic substitution by S 1 or reaction of hydrogen and bromine to form hydrogen bromide ) . Equality of forward and backward reaction rates , however , is a necessary condition for chemical equilibrium , though it is not sufficient to explain why equilibrium occurs . Despite the failure of this derivation , the equilibrium constant for a reaction is indeed a constant , independent of the activities of the various species involved , though it does depend on temperature as observed by the van ' t Hoff equation . Adding a catalyst will affect both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction in the same way and will not have an effect on the equilibrium constant . The catalyst will speed up both reactions thereby increasing the speed at which equilibrium is reached . Although the macroscopic equilibrium concentrations are constant in time , reactions do occur at the molecular level . For example , in the case of acetic acid dissolved in water and forming acetate and hydronium ions , CH CO H + H O ⇌ CH CO + H O a proton may hop from one molecule of acetic acid on to a water molecule and then on to an acetate anion to form another molecule of acetic acid and leaving the number of acetic acid molecules unchanged . This is an example of dynamic equilibrium . Equilibria , like the rest of thermodynamics , are statistical phenomena , averages of microscopic behavior . Le Châtelier 's principle ( 1884 ) gives an idea of the behavior of an equilibrium system when changes to its reaction conditions occur . If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions , the position of equilibrium moves to partially reverse the change . For example , adding more S from the outside will cause an excess of products , and the system will try to counteract this by increasing the reverse reaction and pushing the equilibrium point backward ( though the equilibrium constant will stay the same ) . If mineral acid is added to the acetic acid mixture , increasing the concentration of hydronium ion , the amount of dissociation must decrease as the reaction is driven to the left in accordance with this principle . This can also be deduced from the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction : K = ( CH 3 CO 2 − ) ( H 3 O + ) ( CH 3 CO 2 H ) ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( \ ( ( \ ce ( CH3CO2 - ) ) \ ) \ ( ( \ ce ( H3O+ ) ) \ ) ) ( ( \ ce ( \ ( CH3CO2H \ ) ) ) ) ) ) If ( H O ) increases ( CH CO H ) must increase and CH CO must decrease . The H O is left out , as it is the solvent and its concentration remains high and nearly constant . A quantitative version is given by the reaction quotient . J.W. Gibbs suggested in 1873 that equilibrium is attained when the Gibbs free energy of the system is at its minimum value ( assuming the reaction is carried out at constant temperature and pressure ) . What this means is that the derivative of the Gibbs energy with respect to reaction coordinate ( a measure of the extent of reaction that has occurred , ranging from zero for all reactants to a maximum for all products ) vanishes , signalling a stationary point . This derivative is called the reaction Gibbs energy ( or energy change ) and corresponds to the difference between the chemical potentials of reactants and products at the composition of the reaction mixture . This criterion is both necessary and sufficient . If a mixture is not at equilibrium , the liberation of the excess Gibbs energy ( or Helmholtz energy at constant volume reactions ) is the `` driving force '' for the composition of the mixture to change until equilibrium is reached . The equilibrium constant can be related to the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction by the equation Δ r G ⊖ = − R T ln ⁡ K e q ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( r ) G ^ ( \ ominus ) = - RT \ ln K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) where R is the universal gas constant and T the temperature . When the reactants are dissolved in a medium of high ionic strength the quotient of activity coefficients may be taken to be constant . In that case the concentration quotient , K , K c = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ ce ( c ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( ( \ ce ( S ) ) ) ^ ( \ sigma ) ( ( \ ce ( T ) ) ) ^ ( \ tau ) ) ( ( ( \ ce ( A ) ) ) ^ ( \ alpha ) ( ( \ ce ( B ) ) ) ^ ( \ beta ) ) ) ) where ( A ) is the concentration of A , etc. , is independent of the analytical concentration of the reactants . For this reason , equilibrium constants for solutions are usually determined in media of high ionic strength . K varies with ionic strength , temperature and pressure ( or volume ) . Likewise K for gases depends on partial pressure . These constants are easier to measure and encountered in high - school chemistry courses . Thermodynamics ( edit ) At constant temperature and pressure , one must consider the Gibbs free energy , G , while at constant temperature and volume , one must consider the Helmholtz free energy : A , for the reaction ; and at constant internal energy and volume , one must consider the entropy for the reaction : S . The constant volume case is important in geochemistry and atmospheric chemistry where pressure variations are significant . Note that , if reactants and products were in standard state ( completely pure ) , then there would be no reversibility and no equilibrium . Indeed , they would necessarily occupy disjoint volumes of space . The mixing of the products and reactants contributes a large entropy ( known as entropy of mixing ) to states containing equal mixture of products and reactants . The standard Gibbs energy change , together with the Gibbs energy of mixing , determine the equilibrium state . In this article only the constant pressure case is considered . The relation between the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant can be found by considering chemical potentials . At constant temperature and pressure , the Gibbs free energy , G , for the reaction depends only on the extent of reaction : ξ ( Greek letter xi ) , and can only decrease according to the second law of thermodynamics . It means that the derivative of G with ξ must be negative if the reaction happens ; at the equilibrium the derivative being equal to zero . ( d G d ξ ) T , p = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) = 0 ~ ) : equilibrium In order to meet the thermodynamic condition for equilibrium , the Gibbs energy must be stationary , meaning that the derivative of G with respect to the extent of reaction : ξ , must be zero . It can be shown that in this case , the sum of chemical potentials of the products is equal to the sum of those corresponding to the reactants . Therefore , the sum of the Gibbs energies of the reactants must be the equal to the sum of the Gibbs energies of the products . α μ A + β μ B = σ μ S + τ μ T ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) + \ beta \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) = \ sigma \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( S ) ) + \ tau \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ , ) where μ is in this case a partial molar Gibbs energy , a chemical potential . The chemical potential of a reagent A is a function of the activity , ( A ) of that reagent . μ A = μ A ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ ( A ) ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) = \ mu _ ( A ) ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln \ ( \ mathrm ( A ) \ ) \ , ) ( where μ is the standard chemical potential ) . The definition of the Gibbs energy equation interacts with the fundamental thermodynamic relation to produce d G = V d p − S d T + ∑ i = 1 k μ i d N i ( \ displaystyle dG = Vdp - SdT+ \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ mu _ ( i ) dN_ ( i ) ) . Inserting dN = ν dξ into the above equation gives a Stoichiometric coefficient ( ν i ( \ displaystyle \ nu _ ( i ) ~ ) ) and a differential that denotes the reaction occurring once ( dξ ) . At constant pressure and temperature the above equations can be written as ( d G d ξ ) T , p = ∑ i = 1 k μ i ν i = Δ r G T , p ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ mu _ ( i ) \ nu _ ( i ) = \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) ) which is the `` Gibbs free energy change for the reaction . This results in : Δ r G T , p = σ μ S + τ μ T − α μ A − β μ B ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = \ sigma \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( S ) ) + \ tau \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) - \ alpha \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) - \ beta \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) \ , ) . By substituting the chemical potentials : Δ r G T , p = ( σ μ S ⊖ + τ μ T ⊖ ) − ( α μ A ⊖ + β μ B ⊖ ) + ( σ R T ln ⁡ ( S ) + τ R T ln ⁡ ( T ) ) − ( α R T ln ⁡ ( A ) + β R T ln ⁡ ( B ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = ( \ sigma \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( S ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) + \ tau \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) ) - ( \ alpha \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) + \ beta \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) ) + ( \ sigma RT \ ln \ ( \ mathrm ( S ) \ ) + \ tau RT \ ln \ ( \ mathrm ( T ) \ ) ) - ( \ alpha RT \ ln \ ( \ mathrm ( A ) \ ) + \ beta RT \ ln \ ( \ mathrm ( B ) \ ) ) ) , the relationship becomes : Δ r G T , p = ∑ i = 1 k μ i ⊖ ν i + R T ln ⁡ ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ mu _ ( i ) ^ ( \ ominus ) \ nu _ ( i ) + RT \ ln ( \ frac ( \ ( \ mathrm ( S ) \ ) ^ ( \ sigma ) \ ( \ mathrm ( T ) \ ) ^ ( \ tau ) ) ( \ ( \ mathrm ( A ) \ ) ^ ( \ alpha ) \ ( \ mathrm ( B ) \ ) ^ ( \ beta ) ) ) ) ∑ i = 1 k μ i ⊖ ν i = Δ r G ⊖ ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ mu _ ( i ) ^ ( \ ominus ) \ nu _ ( i ) = \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \ ominus ) ) : which is the standard Gibbs energy change for the reaction that can be calculated using thermodynamical tables . The reaction quotient is defined as : Q r = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ( A ) α ( B ) β ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ ( \ mathrm ( S ) \ ) ^ ( \ sigma ) \ ( \ mathrm ( T ) \ ) ^ ( \ tau ) ) ( \ ( \ mathrm ( A ) \ ) ^ ( \ alpha ) \ ( \ mathrm ( B ) \ ) ^ ( \ beta ) ) ) ) Therefore , ( d G d ξ ) T , p = Δ r G T , p = Δ r G ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ Q r ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln Q_ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) ) At equilibrium : ( d G d ξ ) T , p = Δ r G T , p = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G_ ( T , p ) = 0 ) leading to : 0 = Δ r G ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ K e q ( \ displaystyle 0 = \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) and Δ r G ⊖ = − R T ln ⁡ K e q ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \ ominus ) = - RT \ ln K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) Obtaining the value of the standard Gibbs energy change , allows the calculation of the equilibrium constant . Addition of reactants or products ( edit ) For a reactional system at equilibrium : Q = K ; ξ = ξ . If are modified activities of constituents , the value of the reaction quotient changes and becomes different from the equilibrium constant : Q ≠ K ( d G d ξ ) T , p = Δ r G ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ Q r ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) = \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln Q_ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) ~ ) and Δ r G ⊖ = − R T ln ⁡ K e q ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) G ^ ( \ ominus ) = - RT \ ln K_ ( eq ) ~ ) then ( d G d ξ ) T , p = R T ln ⁡ ( Q r K e q ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) = RT \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( Q_ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) ) ( K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) ) \ right ) ~ ) If activity of a reagent i increases Q r = ∏ ( a j ) ν j ∏ ( a i ) ν i ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ prod ( a_ ( j ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( j ) ) ) ( \ prod ( a_ ( i ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) ) ~ ) , the reaction quotient decreases . then Q r < K e q ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) < K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ~ ) and ( d G d ξ ) T , p < 0 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) < 0 ~ ) The reaction will shift to the right ( i.e. in the forward direction , and thus more products will form ) . If activity of a product j increases then Q r > K e q ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( \ mathrm ( r ) ) > K_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ~ ) and ( d G d ξ ) T , p > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( dG ) ( d \ xi ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , p ) > 0 ~ ) The reaction will shift to the left ( i.e. in the reverse direction , and thus less products will form ) . Note that activities and equilibrium constants are dimensionless numbers . Treatment of activity ( edit ) The expression for the equilibrium constant can be rewritten as the product of a concentration quotient , K and an activity coefficient quotient , Γ . K = ( S ) σ ( T ) τ ... ( A ) α ( B ) β ... × γ S σ γ T τ ... γ A α γ B β ... = K c Γ ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( S ) ) ^ ( \ sigma ) ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ^ ( \ tau ) ... ) ( ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( \ alpha ) ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( \ beta ) ... ) ) \ times ( \ frac ( ( \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( S ) ) ) ^ ( \ sigma ) ( \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) ^ ( \ tau ) ... ) ( ( \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ) ^ ( \ alpha ) ( \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ) ^ ( \ beta ) ... ) ) = K_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) \ Gamma ) ( A ) is the concentration of reagent A , etc . It is possible in principle to obtain values of the activity coefficients , γ . For solutions , equations such as the Debye -- Hückel equation or extensions such as Davies equation Specific ion interaction theory or Pitzer equations may be used . However this is not always possible . It is common practice to assume that Γ is a constant , and to use the concentration quotient in place of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant . It is also general practice to use the term equilibrium constant instead of the more accurate concentration quotient . This practice will be followed here . For reactions in the gas phase partial pressure is used in place of concentration and fugacity coefficient in place of activity coefficient . In the real world , for example , when making ammonia in industry , fugacity coefficients must be taken into account . Fugacity , f , is the product of partial pressure and fugacity coefficient . The chemical potential of a species in the gas phase is given by μ = μ ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ ( f b a r ) = μ ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ ( p b a r ) + R T ln ⁡ γ ( \ displaystyle \ mu = \ mu ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( f ) ( \ mathrm ( bar ) ) ) \ right ) = \ mu ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( p ) ( \ mathrm ( bar ) ) ) \ right ) + RT \ ln \ gamma ) so the general expression defining an equilibrium constant is valid for both solution and gas phases . Concentration quotients ( edit ) In aqueous solution , equilibrium constants are usually determined in the presence of an `` inert '' electrolyte such as sodium nitrate NaNO or potassium perchlorate KClO . The ionic strength of a solution is given by I = 1 2 ∑ i = 1 N c i z i 2 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) c_ ( i ) z_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) where c and z stand for the concentration and ionic charge of ion type i , and the sum is taken over all the N types of charged species in solution . When the concentration of dissolved salt is much higher than the analytical concentrations of the reagents , the ions originating from the dissolved salt determine the ionic strength , and the ionic strength is effectively constant . Since activity coefficients depend on ionic strength the activity coefficients of the species are effectively independent of concentration . Thus , the assumption that Γ is constant is justified . The concentration quotient is a simple multiple of the equilibrium constant . K c = K Γ ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( \ frac ( K ) ( \ Gamma ) ) ) However , K will vary with ionic strength . If it is measured at a series of different ionic strengths the value can be extrapolated to zero ionic strength . The concentration quotient obtained in this manner is known , paradoxically , as a thermodynamic equilibrium constant . To use a published value of an equilibrium constant in conditions of ionic strength different from the conditions used in its determination , the value should be adjusted . Metastable mixtures ( edit ) A mixture may appear to have no tendency to change , though it is not at equilibrium . For example , a mixture of SO and O is metastable as there is a kinetic barrier to formation of the product , SO . 2 SO + O ⇌ 2 SO The barrier can be overcome when a catalyst is also present in the mixture as in the contact process , but the catalyst does not affect the equilibrium concentrations . Likewise , the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide and water is very slow under normal conditions CO + 2 H O ⇌ HCO + H O but almost instantaneous in the presence of the catalytic enzyme carbonic anhydrase . Pure substances ( edit ) When pure substances ( liquids or solids ) are involved in equilibria their activities do not appear in the equilibrium constant because their numerical values are considered one . Applying the general formula for an equilibrium constant to the specific case of a dilute solution of acetic acid in water one obtains CH CO H + H O ⇌ CH CO + H O K c = ( C H 3 C O 2 − ) ( H 3 O + ) ( C H 3 C O 2 H ) ( H 2 O ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( - ) ) ( ( H_ ( 3 ) O ) ^ ( + ) ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) H ) ) ( ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) ) ) For all but very concentrated solutions , the water can be considered a `` pure '' liquid , and therefore it has an activity of one . The equilibrium constant expression is therefore usually written as K = ( C H 3 C O 2 − ) ( H 3 O + ) ( C H 3 C O 2 H ) = K c ( \ displaystyle K = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( - ) ) ( ( H_ ( 3 ) O ) ^ ( + ) ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( ( ( CH_ ( 3 ) CO_ ( 2 ) H ) ) ) ) ) = K_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) ) . A particular case is the self - ionization of water itself 2 H O ⇌ H O + OH Because water is the solvent , and has an activity of one , the self - ionization constant of water is defined as K w = ( H + ) ( O H − ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) = \ mathrm ( ( H ^ ( + ) ) ( OH ^ ( - ) ) ) ) It is perfectly legitimate to write ( H ) for the hydronium ion concentration , since the state of solvation of the proton is constant ( in dilute solutions ) and so does not affect the equilibrium concentrations . K varies with variation in ionic strength and / or temperature . The concentrations of H and OH are not independent quantities . Most commonly ( OH ) is replaced by K ( H ) in equilibrium constant expressions which would otherwise include hydroxide ion . Solids also do not appear in the equilibrium constant expression , if they are considered to be pure and thus their activities taken to be one . An example is the Boudouard reaction : 2 CO ⇌ CO + C for which the equation ( without solid carbon ) is written as : K c = ( C O 2 ) ( C O ) 2 ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ mathrm ( c ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( ( CO_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( ( CO ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) Multiple equilibria ( edit ) Consider the case of a dibasic acid H A. When dissolved in water , the mixture will contain H A , HA and A . This equilibrium can be split into two steps in each of which one proton is liberated . H 2 A ↽ − − ⇀ HA − + H + : K 1 = ( HA − ) ( H + ) ( H 2 A ) HA − ↽ − − ⇀ A 2 − + H + : K 2 = ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) ( HA − ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( rl ) ( \ ce ( H2A HA ^ - + H+ ) ) : &K_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ ce ( ( HA - ) ( H+ ) ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( ( H2A ) ) ) ) ) \ \ ( \ ce ( HA - A ^ 2 - + H+ ) ) : &K_ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H+ ) ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( ( HA - ) ) ) ) ) \ end ( array ) ) ) K and K are examples of stepwise equilibrium constants . The overall equilibrium constant , β , is product of the stepwise constants . H 2 A ↽ − − ⇀ A 2 − + 2 H + ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( H2A ) ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) + ( 2H+ ) ) ) ) : β D = ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) 2 ( H 2 A ) = K 1 K 2 ( \ displaystyle \ beta _ ( ( \ ce ( D ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H ^ + ) ^ 2 ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( ( H_2A ) ) ) ) ) = K_ ( 1 ) K_ ( 2 ) ) Note that these constants are dissociation constants because the products on the right hand side of the equilibrium expression are dissociation products . In many systems , it is preferable to use association constants . A 2 − + H + ↽ − − ⇀ HA − : β 1 = ( HA − ) ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) A 2 − + 2 H + ↽ − − ⇀ H 2 A : β 2 = ( H 2 A ) ( A 2 − ) ( H + ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( ll ) ( \ ce ( A ^ 2 - + H+ HA - ) ) : & \ beta _ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ ce ( ( HA ^ - ) ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H+ ) ) ) ) ) \ \ ( \ ce ( A ^ 2 - + 2H+ H2A ) ) : & \ beta _ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ ce ( ( H2A ) ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( ( A ^ ( 2 - ) ) ( H+ ) ^ 2 ) ) ) ) \ end ( array ) ) ) β and β are examples of association constants . Clearly β = 1 / K and β = 1 / β ; log β = pK and log β = pK + pK For multiple equilibrium systems , also see : theory of Response reactions . Effect of temperature ( edit ) The effect of changing temperature on an equilibrium constant is given by the van ' t Hoff equation d ln ⁡ K d T = Δ H m ⊖ R T 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d \ ln K ) ( dT ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ Delta H_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) ) ( RT ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Thus , for exothermic reactions ( ΔH is negative ) , K decreases with an increase in temperature , but , for endothermic reactions , ( ΔH is positive ) K increases with an increase temperature . An alternative formulation is d ln ⁡ K d ( T − 1 ) = − Δ H m ⊖ R ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d \ ln K ) ( d ( T ^ ( - 1 ) ) ) ) = - ( \ frac ( \ Delta H_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ^ ( \ ominus ) ) ( R ) ) ) At first sight this appears to offer a means of obtaining the standard molar enthalpy of the reaction by studying the variation of K with temperature . In practice , however , the method is unreliable because error propagation almost always gives very large errors on the values calculated in this way . Effect of electric and magnetic fields ( edit ) The effect of electric field on equilibrium has been studied by Manfred Eigen among others . Types of equilibrium ( edit ) Haber -- Bosch process N ( g ) ⇌ N ( adsorbed ) N ( adsorbed ) ⇌ 2 N ( adsorbed ) H ( g ) ⇌ H ( adsorbed ) H ( adsorbed ) ⇌ 2 H ( adsorbed ) N ( adsorbed ) + 3 H ( adsorbed ) ⇌ NH ( adsorbed ) NH ( adsorbed ) ⇌ NH ( g ) In the gas phase : rocket engines The industrial synthesis such as ammonia in the Haber -- Bosch process ( depicted right ) takes place through a succession of equilibrium steps including adsorption processes Atmospheric chemistry Seawater and other natural waters : chemical oceanography Distribution between two phases log D distribution coefficient : important for pharmaceuticals where lipophilicity is a significant property of a drug Liquid -- liquid extraction , Ion exchange , Chromatography Solubility product Uptake and release of oxygen by hemoglobin in blood Acid -- base equilibria : acid dissociation constant , hydrolysis , buffer solutions , indicators , acid -- base homeostasis Metal -- ligand complexation : sequestering agents , chelation therapy , MRI contrast reagents , Schlenk equilibrium Adduct formation : host -- guest chemistry , supramolecular chemistry , molecular recognition , dinitrogen tetroxide In certain oscillating reactions , the approach to equilibrium is not asymptotically but in the form of a damped oscillation . The related Nernst equation in electrochemistry gives the difference in electrode potential as a function of redox concentrations . When molecules on each side of the equilibrium are able to further react irreversibly in secondary reactions , the final product ratio is determined according to the Curtin -- Hammett principle . In these applications , terms such as stability constant , formation constant , binding constant , affinity constant , association / dissociation constant are used . In biochemistry , it is common to give units for binding constants , which serve to define the concentration units used when the constant 's value was determined . Composition of a mixture ( edit ) When the only equilibrium is that of the formation of a 1 : 1 adduct as the composition of a mixture , there are many ways that the composition of a mixture can be calculated . For example , see ICE table for a traditional method of calculating the pH of a solution of a weak acid . There are three approaches to the general calculation of the composition of a mixture at equilibrium . The most basic approach is to manipulate the various equilibrium constants until the desired concentrations are expressed in terms of measured equilibrium constants ( equivalent to measuring chemical potentials ) and initial conditions . Minimize the Gibbs energy of the system . Satisfy the equation of mass balance . The equations of mass balance are simply statements that demonstrate that the total concentration of each reactant must be constant by the law of conservation of mass . Mass - balance equations ( edit ) In general , the calculations are rather complicated or complex . For instance , in the case of a dibasic acid , H A dissolved in water the two reactants can be specified as the conjugate base , A , and the proton , H. The following equations of mass - balance could apply equally well to a base such as 1 , 2 - diaminoethane , in which case the base itself is designated as the reactant A : T A = ( A ) + ( H A ) + ( H 2 A ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) = \ mathrm ( ( A ) + ( HA ) + ( H_ ( 2 ) A ) ) \ , ) T H = ( H ) + ( H A ) + 2 ( H 2 A ) − ( O H ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ) = \ mathrm ( ( H ) + ( HA ) + 2 ( H_ ( 2 ) A ) - ( OH ) ) \ , ) With T the total concentration of species A. Note that it is customary to omit the ionic charges when writing and using these equations . When the equilibrium constants are known and the total concentrations are specified there are two equations in two unknown `` free concentrations '' ( A ) and ( H ) . This follows from the fact that ( HA ) = β ( A ) ( H ) , ( H A ) = β ( A ) ( H ) and ( OH ) = K ( H ) T A = ( A ) + β 1 ( A ) ( H ) + β 2 ( A ) ( H ) 2 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) = \ mathrm ( ( A ) ) + \ beta _ ( 1 ) \ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) + \ beta _ ( 2 ) \ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) T H = ( H ) + β 1 ( A ) ( H ) + 2 β 2 ( A ) ( H ) 2 − K w ( H ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ mathrm ( H ) ) = \ mathrm ( ( H ) ) + \ beta _ ( 1 ) \ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) + 2 \ beta _ ( 2 ) \ mathrm ( ( A ) ( H ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - K_ ( w ) ( \ mathrm ( H ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ , ) so the concentrations of the `` complexes '' are calculated from the free concentrations and the equilibrium constants . General expressions applicable to all systems with two reagents , A and B would be T A = ( A ) + ∑ i p i β i ( A ) p i ( B ) q i ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) = ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) + \ sum _ ( i ) p_ ( i ) \ beta _ ( i ) ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( p_ ( i ) ) ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( q_ ( i ) ) ) T B = ( B ) + ∑ i q i β i ( A ) p i ( B ) q i ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) = ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) + \ sum _ ( i ) q_ ( i ) \ beta _ ( i ) ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ^ ( p_ ( i ) ) ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ^ ( q_ ( i ) ) ) It is easy to see how this can be extended to three or more reagents . Polybasic acids ( edit ) Species concentrations during hydrolysis of the aluminium . The composition of solutions containing reactants A and H is easy to calculate as a function of p ( H ) . When ( H ) is known , the free concentration ( A ) is calculated from the mass - balance equation in A . The diagram alongside , shows an example of the hydrolysis of the aluminium Lewis acid Al shows the species concentrations for a 5 × 10 M solution of an aluminium salt as a function of pH . Each concentration is shown as a percentage of the total aluminium . Solution and precipitation ( edit ) The diagram above illustrates the point that a precipitate that is not one of the main species in the solution equilibrium may be formed . At pH just below 5.5 the main species present in a 5 μM solution of Al are aluminium hydroxides Al ( OH ) , AlOH and Al ( OH ) , but on raising the pH Al ( OH ) precipitates from the solution . This occurs because Al ( OH ) has a very large lattice energy . As the pH rises more and more Al ( OH ) comes out of solution . This is an example of Le Châtelier 's principle in action : Increasing the concentration of the hydroxide ion causes more aluminium hydroxide to precipitate , which removes hydroxide from the solution . When the hydroxide concentration becomes sufficiently high the soluble aluminate , Al ( OH ) , is formed . Another common instance where precipitation occurs is when a metal cation interacts with an anionic ligand to form an electrically neutral complex . If the complex is hydrophobic , it will precipitate out of water . This occurs with the nickel ion Ni and dimethylglyoxime , ( dmgH ) : in this case the lattice energy of the solid is not particularly large , but it greatly exceeds the energy of solvation of the molecule Ni ( dmgH ) . Minimization of Gibbs energy ( edit ) At equilibrium , at a specified temperature and pressure , the Gibbs energy G is at a minimum : d G = ∑ j = 1 m μ j d N j = 0 ( \ displaystyle dG = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ mu _ ( j ) \ , dN_ ( j ) = 0 ) For a closed system , no particles may enter or leave , although they may combine in various ways . The total number of atoms of each element will remain constant . This means that the minimization above must be subjected to the constraints : ∑ j = 1 m a i j N j = b i 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) N_ ( j ) = b_ ( i ) ^ ( 0 ) ) where a is the number of atoms of element i in molecule j and b is the total number of atoms of element i , which is a constant , since the system is closed . If there are a total of k types of atoms in the system , then there will be k such equations . If ions are involved , an additional row is added to the a matrix specifying the respective charge on each molecule which will sum to zero . This is a standard problem in optimisation , known as constrained minimisation . The most common method of solving it is using the method of Lagrange multipliers , also known as undetermined multipliers ( though other methods may be used ) . Define : G = G + ∑ i = 1 k λ i ( ∑ j = 1 m a i j N j − b i 0 ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( G ) ) = G+ \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ lambda _ ( i ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) N_ ( j ) - b_ ( i ) ^ ( 0 ) \ right ) = 0 ) where the λ are the Lagrange multipliers , one for each element . This allows each of the N and λ to be treated independently , and it can be shown using the tools of multivariate calculus that the equilibrium condition is given by 0 = ∂ G ∂ N j = μ j + ∑ i = 1 k λ i a i j ( \ displaystyle 0 = ( \ frac ( \ partial ( \ mathcal ( G ) ) ) ( \ partial N_ ( j ) ) ) = \ mu _ ( j ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ lambda _ ( i ) a_ ( ij ) ) 0 = ∂ G ∂ λ i = ∑ j = 1 m a i j N j − b i 0 ( \ displaystyle 0 = ( \ frac ( \ partial ( \ mathcal ( G ) ) ) ( \ partial \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ) = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) N_ ( j ) - b_ ( i ) ^ ( 0 ) ) ( For proof see Lagrange multipliers . ) This is a set of ( m + k ) equations in ( m + k ) unknowns ( the N and the λ ) and may , therefore , be solved for the equilibrium concentrations N as long as the chemical potentials are known as functions of the concentrations at the given temperature and pressure . ( See Thermodynamic databases for pure substances . ) Note that the second equation is just the initial constraints for minimization . This method of calculating equilibrium chemical concentrations is useful for systems with a large number of different molecules . The use of k atomic element conservation equations for the mass constraint is straightforward , and replaces the use of the stoichiometric coefficient equations . The results are consistent with those specified by chemical equations . For example , if equilibrium is specified by a single chemical equation : , ∑ j = 0 m ν j R j = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( j = 0 ) ^ ( m ) \ nu _ ( j ) R_ ( j ) = 0 ) where ν is the stochiometric coefficient for the j th molecule ( negative for reactants , positive for products ) and R is the symbol for the j th molecule , a properly balanced equation will obey : ∑ j = 1 m a i j ν j = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) a_ ( ij ) \ nu _ ( j ) = 0 ) Multiplying the first equilibrium condition by ν yields 0 = ∑ j = 1 m ν j μ j + ∑ j = 1 m ∑ i = 1 k ν j λ i a i j = ∑ j = 1 m ν j μ j ( \ displaystyle 0 = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ nu _ ( j ) \ mu _ ( j ) + \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ nu _ ( j ) \ lambda _ ( i ) a_ ( ij ) = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ nu _ ( j ) \ mu _ ( j ) ) As above , defining ΔG Δ G = ∑ j = 1 m ν j μ j = ∑ j = 1 m ν j ( μ j ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ ( ( R j ) ) ) = Δ G ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ ( ∏ j = 1 m ( R j ) ν j ) = Δ G ⊖ + R T ln ⁡ ( Q r ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta G = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ nu _ ( j ) \ mu _ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ nu _ ( j ) ( \ mu _ ( j ) ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln ( \ ( R_ ( j ) \ ) ) ) = \ Delta G ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln \ left ( \ prod _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ ( R_ ( j ) \ ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( j ) ) \ right ) = \ Delta G ^ ( \ ominus ) + RT \ ln ( Q_ ( r ) ) ) which will be zero at equilibrium . See also ( edit ) Acidosis Alkalosis Arterial blood gas Benesi -- Hildebrand method Determination of equilibrium constants Equilibrium constant Henderson -- Hasselbalch equation Michaelis -- Menten kinetics pCO pH pK Redox equilibria Steady state ( chemistry ) Thermodynamic databases for pure substances Non-random two - liquid model ( NRTL model ) - Phase equilibrium calculations UNIQUAC model - Phase equilibrium calculations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Atkins , Peter ; De Paula , Julio ( 2006 ) . Atkins ' Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . pp. 200 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8759 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Atkins , Peter W. ; Jones , Loretta . Chemical Principles : The Quest for Insight ( 2nd ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 9903 - 0 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` chemical equilibrium '' . Jump up ^ Berthollet , C.L. ( 1803 ) . Essai de statique chimique ( Essay on chemical statics ) ( in French ) . Paris , France : Firmin Didot . On pp. 404 -- 407 , Berthellot mentions that when he accompanied Napoleon on his expedition to Egypt , he ( Berthellot ) visited Lake Natron and found sodium carbonate along its shores . He realized that this was a product of the reverse of the usual reaction Na CO + CaCl → 2NaCl + CaCO ↓ and therefore that the final state of a reaction was a state of equilibrium between two opposing processes . From p. 405 : `` ... la décomposition du muriate de soude continue donc jusqu'à ce qu'il se soit formé assez de muriate de chaux , parce que l'acide muriatique devant se partager entre les deux bases en raison de leur action , il arrive un terme où leurs forces se balancent . '' ( ... the decomposition of the sodium chloride thus continues until enough calcium chloride is formed , because the hydrochloric acid must be shared between the two bases in the ratio of their action ( i.e. , capacity to react ) ; it reaches an end ( point ) at which their forces are balanced . ) Jump up ^ The notation ⇌ was proposed in 1884 by the Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff . See : van ' t Hoff , J.H. ( 1884 ) . Études de Dynamique Chemique ( Studies of chemical dynamics ) ( in French ) . Amsterdam , Netherlands : Frederik Muller & Co. pp. 4 -- 5 . Van ' t Hoff called reactions that did n't proceed to completion `` limited reactions '' . From pp. 4 -- 5 : `` Or M. Pfaundler a relié ces deux phénomênes ... s'accomplit en même temps dans deux sens opposés . '' ( Now Mr. Pfaundler has joined these two phenomena in a single concept by considering the observed limit as the result of two opposing reactions , driving the one in the example cited to the formation of sea salt ( i.e. , NaCl ) and nitric acid , ( and ) the other to hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrate . This consideration , which experiment validates , justifies the expression `` chemical equilibrium '' , which is used to characterize the final state of limited reactions . I would propose to translate this expression by the following symbol : HCl + NO Na ⇌ NO H + Cl Na . I thus replace , in this case , the = sign in the chemical equation by the sign ⇌ , which in reality does n't express just equality but shows also the direction of the reaction . This clearly expresses that a chemical action occurs simultaneously in two opposing directions . ) Jump up ^ Brady , James E. Chemistry : Matter and Its Changes ( 4th ed . ) . Fred Senese . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21517 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Mary Jane ( 1999 ) . `` Why Equilibrium ? Understanding Entropy of Mixing '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 76 ( 10 ) : 1391 . Bibcode : 1999JChEd ... 76.1391 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed076p1391 . Jump up ^ Clugston , Michael J. ( 1990 ) . `` A mathematical verification of the second law of thermodynamics from the entropy of mixing '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 67 ( 3 ) : 203 . Bibcode : 1990JChEd ... 67Q. 203C . doi : 10.1021 / ed067p203 . Jump up ^ Davies , C.W. ( 1962 ) . Ion Association . Butterworths . ^ Jump up to : Grenthe , I. ; Wanner , H. `` Guidelines for the extrapolation to zero ionic strength '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Rossotti , F.J.C. ; Rossotti , H. ( 1961 ) . The Determination of Stability Constants . McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry . 1994 . ISBN 0 - 89925 - 457 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beck , M.T. ; Nagypál , I. ( 1990 ) . Chemistry of Complex Equilibria ( 2nd ed . ) . Budapest : Akadémiai Kaidó . ^ Jump up to : `` Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions and Applications '' ( PDF ) . NASA Reference publication 1311 . NASA . 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith , W.R. ; Missen , R.W. ( 1991 ) . Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis : Theory and Algorithms ( Reprinted ed . ) . Malabar , FL : Krieger Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Mathtrek Systems '' . Jump up ^ The diagram was created with the program HySS Jump up ^ C. Kittel , H. Kroemer ( 1980 ) . `` 9 '' . Thermal Physics ( 2 ed . ) . W.H. Freeman Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1088 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Chemical equilibrium Resources in your library Van Zeggeren , F. ; Storey , S.H. ( 1970 ) . The Computation of Chemical Equilibria . Cambridge University Press . Mainly concerned with gas - phase equilibria . Leggett , D.J. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Computational Methods for the Determination of Formation Constants . Plenum Press . Martell , A.E. ; Motekaitis , R.J. ( 1992 ) . The Determination and Use of Stability Constants . Wiley - VCH . Gans , P. ( 2004 ) . Stability Constants : Determination and Uses ( CD - ROM ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Leeds : Protonic Software . <Th_colspan="2"> Chemical equilibria Concepts Acid dissociation constant Binding constant Binding selectivity Buffer solution Chemical equilibrium Chemical stability Chelation Determination of equilibrium constants Dissociation constant Distribution coefficient Dynamic equilibrium Equilibrium chemistry Equilibrium constant Equilibrium unfolding Equilibrium stage Hammett acidity function Henry 's law Liquid -- liquid extraction Macrocycle effect Phase diagram Predominance diagram Phase rule Reaction quotient Self - ionization of water Solubility equilibrium Stability constants of complexes Thermodynamic equilibrium Thermodynamic activity Vapor -- liquid equilibrium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_equilibrium&oldid=854863818 '' Categories : Equilibrium chemistry Analytical chemistry Physical chemistry Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Pages using citations with format and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 09 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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1. Chemical equilibrium 2. Reaction rates 3. Dynamic equilibrium 4. Equilibrium constant 5. Thermodynamics

when are av valves closed in cardiac cycle

Cardiac cycle - wikipedia Cardiac cycle Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The cycle diagram depicts one heartbeat of the continuously repeating cardiac cycle , namely : ventricular diastole followed by ventricular systole , etc. -- while coordinating with atrial systole followed by atrial diastole , etc . The cycle also correlates to key electrocardiogram tracings : the T wave ( which indicates ventricular diastole ) ; the P wave ( atrial systole ) ; and the QRS ' spikes ' complex ( ventricular systole ) -- all shown as color purple - in - black segments . The Cardiac Cycle : Valve Positions , Blood Flow , and ECG The parts of a QRS complex and adjacent deflections . Re the cardiac cycle , atrial systole begins at the P wave ; ventricular systole begins at the Q deflection of the QRS complex . The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next . It consists of two periods : one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood , called diastole ( die - ASS - toe - lee ) , followed by a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood , dubbed systole ( SIS - toe - lee ) . After emptying , the heart immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from the lungs and other systems of the body -- before again contracting to pump blood to the lungs and those systems . A normally performing heart must be fully expanded before it can efficiently pump again . Assuming a healthy heart and a typical rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute , each cardiac cycle , or heartbeat , takes about 0.8 second to complete the cycle . There are two atrial and two ventricle chambers of the heart ; they are paired as the left heart and the right heart -- that is , the left atrium with the left ventricle , the right atrium with the right ventricle -- and they work in concert to repeat the cardiac cycle continuously , ( see cycle diagram at right margin ) . At the `` Start '' of the cycle , during ventricular diastole -- early , the heart relaxes and expands while receiving blood into both ventricles through both atria ; then , near the end of ventricular diastole -- late , the two atria begin to contract ( atrial systole ) , and each atrium pumps blood into the ventricle ' below ' it . During ventricular systole the ventricles are contracting and vigorously pulsing ( or ejecting ) two separated blood supplies from the heart -- one to the lungs and one to all other body organs and systems -- while the two atria are relaxed ( atrial diastole ) . This precise coordination ensures that blood is efficiently collected and circulated throughout the body . The mitral and tricuspid valves , also known as the atrioventricular , or AV valves , open during ventricular diastole to permit filling . Late in the filling period the atria begin to contract ( atrial systole ) forcing a final crop of blood into the ventricles under pressure -- see cycle diagram . Then , prompted by electrical signals from the sinoatrial node , the ventricles start contracting ( ventricular systole ) , and as back - pressure against them increases the AV valves are forced to close , which stops the blood volumes in the ventricles from flowing in or out ; this is known as the isovolumic contraction stage . Due to the contractions of the systole , pressures in the ventricles rise quickly , exceeding the pressures in the trunks of the aorta and the pulmonary arteries and causing the requisite valves ( the aortic and pulmonary valves ) to open -- which results in separated blood volumes being ejected from the two ventricles . This is the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle ; it is depicted ( see circular diagram ) as the ventricular systole -- first phase followed by the ventricular systole -- second phase . After ventricular pressures fall below their peak ( s ) and below those in the trunks of the aorta and pulmonary arteries , the aortic and pulmonary valves close again -- see , at right margin , Wiggers diagram , blue - line tracing . Now follows the isovolumic relaxation , during which pressure within the ventricles begin to fall significantly , and thereafter the atria begin refilling as blood returns to flow into the right atrium ( from the vena cavae ) and into the left atrium ( from the pulmonary veins ) . As the ventricles begin to relax , the mitral and tricuspid valves open again , and the completed cycle returns to ventricular diastole and a new `` Start '' of the cardiac cycle . Throughout the cardiac cycle , blood pressure increases and decreases . The movements of cardiac muscle are coordinated by a series of electrical impulses produced by specialised pacemaker cells found within the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node . Cardiac muscle is composed of myocytes which initiate their internal contractions without applying to external nerves -- with the exception of changes in the heart rate due to metabolic demand . In an electrocardiogram , electrical systole initiates the atrial systole at the P wave deflection of a steady signal ; and it starts contractions ( systole ) of the ventricles at the Q deflection of the QRS complex . ( Completing the P wave represents the end of the ventricular diastole and the start of the ventricular systole -- see cycle diagram . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram 1.1 Stages 1.2 Physiology 1.2. 1 Heart electrical conduction system 2 Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle 2.1 Atrial systole 2.2 Ventricular systole 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram ( edit ) A Wiggers diagram illustrate events and details of the cardiac cycle with electrographic trace lines , which depict ( vertical ) changes in a parameter 's value as time elapses left - to - right . The ventricular `` Diastole '' , or relaxation , begins with `` Isovolumic relaxation '' , then proceeds through three sub-stages of inflow , namely : `` Rapid inflow '' , `` Diastasis '' , and `` Atrial systole '' . ( During the `` Diastole '' period , the `` Ventricular volume '' increases ( see red - line tracing ) , beginning after the vertical bar at `` Aortic valve closes '' and ending with the vertical bar at R in the QRS complex ) . + The ventricular `` Systole '' , or contraction , begins with `` Isovolumic contraction '' , i.e. , with the vertical bar at `` A - V valve closes '' ; it ends with completing the `` Ejection '' stage at the bar at `` Aortic valve closes '' . During `` Ejection '' stage , the ( red - line ) tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' falls to its least amount ( see ejection fraction ) as the ventricles pump blood to the pulmonary arteries and to the aorta . The cardiac cycle involves four major stages of activity : 1 ) `` Isovolumic relaxation '' , 2 ) Inflow , 3 ) `` Isovolumic contraction '' , 4 ) `` Ejection '' . ( See Wiggers diagram , which presents the stages , label-wise , in 3 , 4 , 1 , 2 order , left - to - right . ) Moving from the left along the Wiggers diagram shows the activities within four stages during a single cardiac cycle . ( See the consecutive panels labeled , at bottom - right , `` Diastole '' then `` Systole '' . ) Stages 1 and 2 together -- `` Isovolumic relaxation '' plus Inflow ( equals `` Rapid inflow '' , `` Diastasis '' , and `` Atrial systole '' ) -- comprise the ventricular `` Diastole '' period , including atrial systole , during which blood returning to the heart flows through the atria into the relaxed ventricles . Stages 3 and 4 together -- `` Isovoumic contraction '' plus `` Ejection '' -- are the ventricular `` Systole '' period , which is the simultaneous pumping of separate blood supplies from the two ventricles , one to the pulmonary artery and one to the aorta . Notably , near the end of the `` Diastole '' , the atria begin contracting , then pumping blood into the ventricles ; this pressurized delivery during ventrucular relaxation ( ventricular diastole ) is called the atrial systole , aka atrial kick . The time-wise increases and decreases of the heart 's blood volume ( see Wiggers diagram ) , are also instructive to follow . The red - line tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' provides an excellent track of the two periods and four stages of one cardiac cycle . Starting with the Diastole period : the low - volume plateau of `` Isovolumic relaxation '' stage , followed by a rapid rise and two slower rises , all components of the `` Inflow stage '' -- increasing to the high - volume plateau of the `` Isovolumic contraction '' stage ; ( find the label at left side of diagram ) . Then , the Systole , including the high `` Isovolumic contraction '' stage to the rapid decrease in blood volume ( i.e. , the vertical drop of the red - line tracing ) which signifies the emptying of the ventricles during the `` Ejection '' stage of the completed cycle -- all equal to one heartbeat . Stages ( edit ) Diastole ( at right ) normally refers to atria and ventricles at relaxation and expansion together -- while refilling with blood returning to the heart . Systole ( left ) typically refers to ventricular systole , during which the ventricles are pumping ( or ejecting ) blood out of the heart through the aorta and the pulmonary veins . Valve configurations during main stages of the cardiac cycle Stage AV valves * Semilunar valves Status of ventricles and atria ; and blood flow 1 Isovolumic relaxation closed closed semilunar ( pulmonary and aortic ) valves close at end of ejection stage ; blood flow stops . 2a Inflow : ( Ventricular filling ) open closed ventricles and atria together relax and expand ; blood flows to the heart during ventricular and atrial diastole . 2b Inflow : ( Ventricular filling with Atrial systole ) open closed ventricles relaxed and expanded ; atrial contraction ( systole ) forces blood under pressure into ventricles during ventricular diastole -- late . 3 Isovolumic contraction closed closed AV valves close at end of ventricular diastole ; blood flow stops ; ventricles begin to contract . 4 Ejection : Ventricular ejection closed open ventricles contract ( ventricular systole ) ; blood flows from the heart -- to the lungs and to rest of body during venticular ejection . Notes : Stages 1 , 2a , and 2b together comprise the `` Diastole '' period ; stages 3 and 4 together comprise the `` Systole '' period . based on Ganong Rapid - filling inflow produced by atrial systole during `` ventricular diastole -- late '' Atrioventricular ( AV ) valves = tricuspid valve ; mitral valve Semilunar valves = pulmonary valve ; aortic valve Dichrotic notch - rebounding of aorta , helps perfuse coronary arteries , with increasing age the aorta stiffens and less elasticity hence the notch may be less and problems arise perfusing coronary arteries Physiology ( edit ) CGI animated graphic of the human heart , sectioned , with motions and timing synced with the Wiggers diagram . The section shows : 1 ) the opened ventricles contracting once per heartbeat -- that is , once per each cardiac cycle ; 2 ) the ( partly obscured ) mitral valve of the left heart ; 3 ) the tricuspid and pulmonary valves of the right heart -- note these paired valves open and close oppositely . + ( The aortic valve of the left heart is located below the pulmonary valve , and is completely obscured . ) The ( unsectioned ) atria are seen above the ventricles . The heart is a four - chambered organ consisting of right and left halves , called the right heart and the left heart . The upper two chambers , the left and right atria , are entry points into the heart for blood - flow returning from the circulatory system , while the two lower chambers , the left and right ventricles , perform the contractions that eject the blood from the heart to flow through the circulatory system . Circulation is split into pulmonary circulation -- during which the right ventricle pumps oxygen - depleted blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and arteries ; or the systemic circulation -- in which the left ventricle pumps / ejects newly oxygenated blood throughout the body via the aorta and all other arteries . Heart electrical conduction system ( edit ) Main article : Electrical conduction system of the heart In a healthy heart all activities and rests during each individual cardiac cycle , or heartbeat , are initiated and orchestrated by signals of the heart 's electrical conduction system , which is the `` wiring '' of the heart that carries electrical impulses throughout the body of cardiomyocytes , the specialized muscle cells of the heart . These impulses ultimately stimulate heart muscle to contract and thereby to eject blood from the ventricles into the arteries and the cardiac circulatory system ; and they provide a system of intricately - timed and persistent signaling that controls the rhythmic beating of the heart muscle cells , especially the complex impulse - generation and muscle contractions in the atrial chambers . The rhythmic sequence ( or sinus rhythm ) of this signaling across the heart is coordinated by two groups of specialized cells , the sinoatrial ( SA ) node , which is situated in the upper wall of the right atrium , and the atrioventricular ( AV ) node located in the lower wall of the right heart between the atrium and ventricle . The sinoatrial node , often known as the cardiac pacemaker , is the point of origin for producing a wave of electrical impulses that stimulates atrial contraction by creating an action potential across myocardium cells . Impulses of the wave are delayed upon reaching the AV node , which acts as a gate to slow and to coordinate the electrical current before it is conducted below the atria and through the circuits known as the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers -- all which stimulate contractions of both ventricles . The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers -- just before the return of the systole ( contractions ) , ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle . ( See Wiggers diagram : `` Ventricular volume '' tracing ( red ) , at `` Systole '' panel . ) Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle ( edit ) Main article : Diastole Cardiac diastole : Both AV valves ( tricuspid in the right heart ( light - blue ) , mitral in the left heart ( pink ) ) are open to enable blood to flow directly into both left and right ventricles , where it is collected for the next contraction . Cardiac ( ventricular ) systole : Both AV valves ( tricuspid in the right heart ( light - blue ) , mitral in the left heart ( pink ) ) are closed by back - pressure as the ventricles are contracted and their blood volumes are ejected through the newly - opened pulmonary valve ( dark - blue arrow ) and aortic valve ( dark - red arrow ) into the pulmonary trunk and aorta respectively . Cardiac diastole is the period of the cardiac cycle when , after contraction , the heart relaxes and expands while refilling with blood returning from the circulatory system . Both atrioventricular ( AV ) valves open to facilitate the ' unpressurized ' flow of blood directly through the atria into both ventricles , where it is collected for the next contraction . This period is best viewed at the middle of the Wiggers diagram -- see the panel labeled `` Diastole '' . Here it shows pressure levels in both atria and ventricles as near - zero during most of the diastole . ( See gray and light - blue tracings labeled `` Atrial pressure '' and `` Ventricular pressure '' -- Wiggers diagram . ) Here also may be seen the red - line tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' , showing increase in blood - volume from the low plateau of the `` Isovolumic relaxation '' stage to the maximum volume occurring in the `` Atrial systole '' sub-stage . Atrial systole ( edit ) Main article : Systole § Atrial systole Atrial systole is the contracting of cardiac muscle cells of both atria following electrical stimulation and conduction of electrical currents across the atrial chambers ( see above , Physiology ) . While nominally a component of the heart 's sequence of systolic contraction and ejection , atrial systole actually performs the vital role of completing the diastole , which is to finalize the filling of both ventricles with blood while they are relaxed and expanded for that purpose . Atrial systole overlaps the end of the diastole , occurring in the sub-period known as ventricular diastole -- late ( see cycle diagram ) . At this point , the atrial systole applies contraction pressure to ' topping - off ' the blood volumes sent to both ventricles ; this atrial kick closes the diastole immediately before the heart again begins contracting and ejecting blood from the ventricles ( ventricular systole ) to the aorta and arteries . Notably , atrial kick is absent or disrupted if there is loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart , such as caused by atrial fibrillation , atrial flutter , or heart block . Atrial kick may also be degraded by any deterioration in the condition of the heart , such as `` stiff heart '' found in patients with diastolic dysfunction . Ventricular systole ( edit ) Main article : Systole § Ventricular systole and Wiggers diagram Ventricular systole is the contractions , following electrical stimulations , of the ventricular syncytium of cardiac muscle cells in the left and right ventricles . Contractions in the right ventricle provides pulmonary circulation by pulsing oxygen - depleted blood through the pulmonary valve then through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs . Simultaneously , contractions of the left ventricular systole provide systemic circulation of oxygenated blood to all body systems by pumping blood through the aortic valve , the aorta , and all the arteries . ( Blood pressure is routinely measured in the larger arteries off the left ventricle during the left ventricular systole ) . See also ( edit ) Apex beat Cardiac action potential Cardiac output References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gersh , Bernard J ( 2000 ) . Mayo Clinic Heart Book . New York : William Morrow . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Betts , J. Gordon ( 2013 ) . Anatomy & physiology . pp. 787 -- 846 . ISBN 1 - 938168 - 13 - 5 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Guyton & Hall 2011 , pp. 105 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron , Emile L. Boulpaep ( 2016 ) Medical Physiology ( 3rd Edition ) Elsevier ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 4377 - 3 Jump up ^ Barrett , et al. Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24e ( 2012 ) Table 30 - 3 Jump up ^ Gersh , Bernard J ( 2000 ) . Mayo Clinic Heart Book . New York : William Morrow . pp. A12 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bellenir , Karen ( 2000 ) . Heart Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook , 2nd ed . Detroit : Frederick G. Ruffner , Jr. / Omnigraphics . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0238 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bellenir , Karen ( 2000 ) . Heart Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook , 2nd ed . Detroit : Frederick G. Ruffner , Jr. / Omnigraphics . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0238 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Interactive cardiac cycle . Interactivephysiology.com Cardiac cycle . University of Utah School of Medicine Heart sounds . UCLA School of Medicine <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_cycle&oldid=843586388 '' Categories : Cardiovascular physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Magyar Македонски नेपाली Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Українська 粵語 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 30 . 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1. Cardiac cycle 2. Ventricular diastole and systole 3. Atrial systole 4. Electrical conduction system of the heart 5. Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle

which award is bigger padma shri and padma bhushan

Indian honours system - wikipedia Indian honours system The Indian honours system is the system of awards given to individuals for a variety of services to the Republic of India . The categories of awards are as follows - Contents 1 Civilian Awards 1.1 Bharat Ratna 1.2 Padma awards 1.2. 1 Selection process 1.3 Annulment of awards 2 Military Awards 2.1 Wartime gallantry awards 2.2 Peacetime gallantry awards 2.3 Wartime / Peacetime service awards 2.4 Wartime Distinguished Service 2.5 Peacetime Distinguished Service 3 National awards 3.1 Women 3.2 Children 4 Literature awards 5 Particular awards 5.1 National sports awards 5.2 Police awards 5.3 Bravery awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Civilian awards ( edit ) Bharat Ratna ( edit ) The Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award of the country , was instituted in the year 1954 . Any person without distinction of race , occupation , position , or gender is eligible for this award . It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour . On conferment of the award , the recipient receives a Sanad ( certificate ) signed by the President and a medallion . It is not mandatory that this award should be given every year . Padma awards ( edit ) Padma Awards were instituted in the year 1954 . Except for brief interruptions during the years 1977 to 1980 and 1993 to 1997 , these awards have been announced every year on Republic Day . The award is given in three categories , viz . Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri , in the decreasing order of importance . Padma Vibhushan for `` exceptional and distinguished service '' . Padma Vibhushan is the second - highest civilian award in India . Padma Bhushan for `` distinguished service of a high order '' . Padma Bhushan is the third - highest civilian award in India . Padma Shri is awarded for `` distinguished service '' . Padma Shri is the fourth - highest civilian award in India . While national honours , the Padma awards do not include cash allowances , benefits , or special concessions in rail / air travel . Per a December 1995 judgment of the Supreme Court of India , no titles or honorifics are associated with the Bharat Ratna or any of the Padma awards ; honorees can not use them or their initials as suffixes , prefixes or pre - and post-nominals attached to the awardee 's name . This includes any such use on letterheads , invitation cards , posters , books etc . In the case of any misuse , the awardee will forfeit the award , and he or she is cautioned against any such misuse upon receiving the honour . The decoration comprises a sanad ( Certificate ) issued under the hand and seal of the President and a Medallion . The recipients are also given a replica of the medallion , which they can wear during any ceremonial / State functions etc. , if they desire . A commemorative brochure giving out brief details in respect of each award winner is also released on the day of the investiture ceremony . Selection process ( edit ) These awards seek to recognize work of any distinction and is given for distinguished and exceptional achievements / service in all fields of activities / disciplines , such as art , literature and education , sports , medicine , social work , science and engineering , public affairs , civil service , trade and industry , etc . All persons without distinction of race , occupation , position or sex are eligible for these awards . In 2015 , the BJP government decided to end the practice of ministers recommending names for Padma awards and replaced it with any Indian citizen recommending a person for Padma awards online . The government said that this was done with the belief that every citizen has something to contribute to the nation and that contribution should be integrated with the country 's growth . Accordingly , several hitherto unknown citizens were awarded Padma awards in 2017 . The role of the state governments was also minimised . Annulment of awards ( edit ) While there are no specific criteria for withdrawing a Padma award , the President of India , per the awards ' statutes , may cancel and annul any award in the case of any misconduct committed by the recipient . At least three awards of the Padma Shri have been so annulled , twice in 1958 for recipients residing in the state of Punjab and once in 1974 for a recipient residing in the state of Gujarat . Military awards ( edit ) Main article : Indian military decorations Wartime gallantry awards ( edit ) Param Vir Chakra -- Highest military award , equivalent to the Victoria Cross ( which was replaced once India gained its independence ) . Maha Vir Chakra -- Maha Vir Chakra is the second highest military decoration in India and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy , whether on land , at sea or in the air . Vir Chakra -- Third in precedence in the awards for wartime gallantry Peacetime gallantry awards ( edit ) Ashok Chakra Award -- An Indian military decoration awarded for valour , courageous action or self - sacrifice away from the battlefield . It is the peacetime equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra . Kirti Chakra -- Second in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards . Shaurya Chakra -- Third in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards . Wartime / Peacetime service awards ( edit ) Sena Medal / Nau Sena Medal / Vayusena Medal Wartime Distinguished Service ( edit ) Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Distinguished Service ( edit ) Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal National awards ( edit ) Women ( edit ) Nari Shakti Puraskar Children ( edit ) National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Literature awards ( edit ) Jnanpith Award is the highest literary honour Award in Literature of India Sahitya Akademi Award Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Saraswati samman Bhasha Samman Translation Awards Anand Coomarswamy Fellowships Premchand Fellowship Particular awards ( edit ) National sports awards ( edit ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Dronacharya award Arjuna award Dhyan Chand Award C.K. Nayudu Award Ranjit Award Police awards ( edit ) President 's Police Medal for Gallantry President 's Fire Services Medal for Gallantry President 's Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry President 's Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Fire Services Medal for Gallantry Correctional Service Medal for Gallantry Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Gallantry President 's Police Medal for Distinguished Service President 's Fire Services Medal for Distinguished Service President 's Correctional Service Medal for Distinguished Service President 's Home Guards and Civil Defence for Distinguished Service Police Medal for Meritorious Service Fire Services Medal for Meritorious Service Correction Service Medal for Meritorious Service Home Guards and Civil Defence Medal for Meritorious Service President Tat Rakshak Medal Bravery awards ( edit ) National Bravery Award Bharat Award Sanjay Chopra Award Geeta Chopra Award Kritin Bhardwaj Jeevan Raksha Padak Series of Awards Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak See also ( edit ) List of people who have declined or renounced Indian honours and decorations Indian military decorations National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ministry of Home Affairs , Govt of India , Samarth Ratna Archived November 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1219 : Padma Awards ( 2015 ) '' . Lok Sabha : Government of India . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2536 : Use of Title of Awards ( 2016 ) '' ( PDF ) . Lok Sabha : Government of India . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards this time only on merit , no lobbying : Modi government '' . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Underdogs stunned to get Padma awards , as PM reforms nomination process '' . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now , anyone can recommend a person for Padma awards online : PM Narendra Modi '' . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 4895 : Persons Awarded with Padmashree ( 2006 ) '' . Lok Sabha : Government of India . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Current orders , decorations and medals of India Genius Indian Achiver 's Award <Th_colspan="2"> Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Aryabhata Award Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry <Td_colspan="2"> Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card <Th_colspan="2"> Orders , decorations , and medals by country Africa <Td_colspan="2"> Botswana Burundi Ethiopia Egypt Kenya Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Senegal South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe Former Rhodesia Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Provinces Chile Colombia Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Civil Military Police Uruguay Venezuela Asia <Td_colspan="2"> Bangladesh Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Self - Defense Force Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macau Malaysia States North Korea Pakistan Civil Military Palestine Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Civil Military Police Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tajikistan Thailand Vietnam Former South Vietnam British Raj Europe <Td_colspan="2"> European Union Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Civil Military Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Military States Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Military Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sovereign Military Order of Malta Sweden Switzerland Military Turkey Military Ukraine Military United Kingdom Military Former Austria - Hungary Czechoslovakia Germany Empire Nazi East Independent State of Croatia Yugoslavia Kingdom SFR FR Soviet Union Republics Oceania <Td_colspan="2"> Australia Kiribati Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Former Hawaii Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_honours_system&oldid=866122787 '' Categories : Orders , decorations , and medals of India Honours systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 11 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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1. Indian honours system 2. Civilian awards 3. Military awards 4. Padma awards 5. National awards

when did the drinking age become 21 in washington state

U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Jump to : navigation , search Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . The history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds . By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1975 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) 21 Arizona ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . Delaware ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . 21 Florida ? 18 1980 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho ? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana ? Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . 21 Kansas ? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky ? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana ? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 ( Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . ) Maine ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 ( June 1 ) 1976 : Raised to 19 ( Sept 1 ) First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington `` Age of majority '' since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter . `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . PMID 19922564 . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ) . 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama '' . bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ) . ntl.bts.gov. April 1987 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality , McCornac , 1982 '' . Papers.ssrn.com. 2004 - 07 - 07 . SSRN 304765 . Jump up ^ `` Petersburg Pilot , Petersburg , Alaska : NEW DRINKING AGE '' . nber.org . Petersburg Public Library . October 19 , 1983 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Does the Minimum Drinking Age Save Lives ? Jeffrey A. Miron and Elina Tetelbaum , 2007 '' . Nber.org. 2007 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , December 4 , 1972 , `` State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1 '' ( NYT online archive ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) link to fake reference ( typical wikitrash ) ^ Jump up to : MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 14092 : SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1888 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 13780 : Selling Liquor to Minors '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1887 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 37 , Number 12646 : THE NEXT GRAND JURY '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1884 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Call , Volume 69 , Number 144 : NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1891 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR '' . jstor.org . Jump up ^ OLR Research Report - Lowering the Drinking Age , 2009 . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation final report ( DOT HS 809 348 ) `` Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers , '' section III. B. , `` What happened : regional & state experience . '' Jump up ^ `` Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. debate continuing on alcohol '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . UPI . September 29 , 1966 . p. 10C . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 '' . The Day . New London , CT . January 22 , 1971 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. to get new drinking age '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . September 24 , 1986 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 1 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` For Some , New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow '' . sun-sentinel.com . June 30 , 1985 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Alcohol Laws '' . Alcohollaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . March 18 , 1972 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho gears for younger drinkers '' . Deseret News . UPI . June 26 , 1972 . p. 8C . Jump up ^ `` Idaho 's legislature : Young jurors '' . Lewiston ( ID ) Morning Tribune . January 18 , 1972 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Taverns await new customers : age drops to 19 '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . June 30 , 1972 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho drinking : new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing '' . Spokane Chronicle. April 10 , 1987 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The new Northwest . ( Portland , Or . ) 1871 - 1887 , March 15 , 1872 , Image 4 : The Illinois Temperance Law '' . oregonnews.uoregon.edu . University of Oregon Libraries . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune , August 3 , 1961 , `` Girl , 19 , sues for right to have a drink '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 14 , 1973 , `` Beer at 19 Signed by Walker . '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ `` History of DUI Laws In Illinois '' , Illinois Secretary of State website ^ Jump up to : `` State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division , Historical Highlights '' . iowaabd.com . ^ Jump up to : Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 3 ) ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 4 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . NYTimes.com . New Jersey . 1982 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( May 28 , 1984 ) . `` Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . New York Times . June 11 , 1982 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . `` New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4 . Jump up ^ `` New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December '' . New York Times . June 19 , 1985 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5 - 01 - 08 '' ( PDF ) . nd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume LIV , Number 15 : 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . October 17 , 1968 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume III , Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 13 , Number 1 / March , 1985 , `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) Jump up ^ Daily Collegian , February 9 , 1984 , `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 5 ) ) Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline . Ric.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 85 , Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1893 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne . `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials . Mymarianas.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide . Vieques Travel Guide . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips . Virginislandsmap.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . 94 . Citation for Wisconsin drinking law : https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=830659824 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age 2. State variations in alcohol minimum purchase age 3. Impact of the 26th Amendment on drinking age 4. National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 5. Controversy surrounding the drinking age in the U.S.

where in the bible does it talk about mary and martha

Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary - wikipedia Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary by Tintoretto , 16th century Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary ( also referred to as Christ in the House of Martha and by other variant names ) refers to an episode in the life of Jesus which appears only in Luke 's Gospel ( Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 ) , and can be read immediately after the Parable of the Good Samaritan ( Luke 10 : 25 -- 37 ) . Jesus visits the home of Lazarus , Martha and Mary of Bethany , the latter typically conflated in Catholic medieval tradition with Mary Magdalene , though the New Testament probably means a different person . Contents 1 Gospel of Luke 2 Interpretation 3 Depictions in art 4 Depiction in Literature 5 Notes 6 See also Gospel of Luke ( edit ) Georg Friedrich Stettner : Christ at the home of Martha and Mary According to the Gospel of Luke : As Jesus and his disciples were on their way , he came to a village where a woman named Martha opened her home to him . She had a sister called Mary , who sat at the Lord 's feet listening to what he said . But Martha was distracted by all the preparations that had to be made . She came to him and asked , `` Lord , do n't you care that my sister has left me to do the work by myself ? Tell her to help me ! '' `` Martha , Martha , '' the Lord answered , `` you are worried and upset about many things , but only one thing is needed . Mary has chosen what is better , and it will not be taken away from her . '' Interpretation ( edit ) Mary chose listening to the teachings of Jesus over helping her sister prepare food . Jesus responded that she was right because only one thing is needed , `` one thing '' apparently meaning listening to the teachings of Jesus . This goes in line with words by Jesus that Man shall not live by bread alone , but by every word of God ( Luke 4 : 4 ) , and The words that I speak to you are spirit , and they are life , meaning eternal life ( John 6 : 63 ) . To simplify , this is frequently interpreted as spiritual values being more important than material business , such as preparation of food . Depictions in art ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paintings of Jesus in the house of Martha and Mary . Christ in the House of Martha and Mary , Diego Velázquez , 1618 The episode is mostly found in art from the Counter-Reformation onwards , especially in the 17th century , when the domestic setting is usually given a realistic depiction , and the subject appears as a single work rather than in cycles of the Life of Christ , or the life of Mary Magdalene . However , it appears in some Ottonian manuscript cycles , including the one in the Pericopes of Henry II ( c. 1002 -- 1012 ) , where it is given a hieratic architectural setting . Many paintings show Mary washing , or just having washed , Jesus 's feet , recalling the story in John 12.1 -- 8 ( which seems to be about Mary of Bethany ) . Via the story in Luke 7.36 -- 50 ( about an unnamed ' sinful woman ' ) , however , Mary of Bethany was often conflated with Mary Magdalene , and this too may be reflected in art . Artists depicting the subject include Diego Velázquez , Rembrandt , Jan Vermeer , Caravaggio and Rubens . Individual works with articles include : Christ in the House of Martha and Mary -- an early work by the Spanish painter Velázquez Christ in the House of Martha and Mary -- by Johannes Vermeer Martha and Mary Magdalene -- Caravaggio Depiction in literature ( edit ) In his book The Doors of Perception , Aldous Huxley alludes to the story of Mary and Martha , addressing the distinction between what he terms `` the way of Mary '' and `` the way of Martha . '' Huxley notes that , during his experiences with mescaline , time seems to stand still , and contemplation -- the way of Mary -- rules the day . Quotidian cares fall to the wayside . In one passage , Huxley writes , `` Mescalin opens up the way of Mary , but shuts the door on that of Martha . '' In the novel Time Enough For Love by Robert A. Heinlein , the character Minerva says , `` I am a Martha , Lazarus , not her sister Mary . '' This , as a response to another character 's attempt to describe her appearance , is a testament to her pride in being practically minded . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Literary studies in Luke -- Acts by Joseph B. Tyson , Richard P. Thompson 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 563 - 4 p. 271 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible by Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0 - 86554 - 373 - 9 p. 507 Jump up ^ Bible gateway Jump up ^ Profiles of Faith : Mary & Martha -- Lessons from Two Sisters Jump up ^ Schiller , Gertud , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol . I , 1971 , pp. 158 -- 59 , ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 Jump up ^ Gallery of art See also ( edit ) Gospel harmony List of names for the Biblical nameless Women in the Bible <Th_colspan="2"> New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus_at_the_home_of_Martha_and_Mary&oldid=837516685 '' Categories : Gospel episodes Gospel of Luke Christian iconography Women in the New Testament Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Hrvatski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 09 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary 2. Gospel of Luke 3. Spiritual values vs material business 4. Depictions in art 5. Interpretation of the story

where do you measure the three point line from

Basketball court - wikipedia Basketball court Jump to : navigation , search `` Basketball Arena '' redirects here . For the arena in London , see Basketball Arena ( London ) . The home court of the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association In basketball , the basketball court is the playing surface , consisting of a rectangular floor with tiles at either end . In professional or organized basketball , especially when played indoors , it is usually made out of a wood , often maple , and highly polished . Outdoor surfaces are generally made from standard paving materials such as concrete or asphalt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dimensions 1.1 Diagrams 1.2 Table 2 Sections 2.1 Center circle 2.2 Three - point line 2.3 Perimeter 2.4 Low post area 2.5 Key 2.5. 1 Restricted area arc 2.6 Other lines 2.7 FIBA changes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Dimensions ( edit ) Basketball courts come in different sizes . In the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the court is 94 by 50 feet ( 28.7 by 15.2 m ) . Under International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) rules , the court is minutely smaller , measuring exactly 28 by 15 metres ( 91.9 by 49.2 ft ) . A high school court is slightly smaller , at 84 by 50 feet ( 25.6 by 15.2 m ) . In amateur basketball , court sizes vary widely . The baskets are always 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the floor ( except possibly in youth competition ) . Basketball courts have a three - point arc at both baskets . A basket made from behind this arc is worth three points ; a basket made from within this line , or with a player 's foot touching the line , is worth 2 points . The free - throw line , where one stands while taking a foul shot , is located within the three - point arc at 15 feet from the basket . A foul shot is worth 1 point , but if a shot is made from the foul line while in play it is still worth 2 points . Diagrams ( edit ) A diagram of a FIBA basketball court Composite diagram of a basketball court with FIBA ( top half only ) , NBA ( both halves ) , and NCAA ( men 's & women 's -- bottom half only ) markings The backboard and basket NCAA backboard and basket ( 2008 ) Layout prescribed by the rules of the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Table ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Area <Th_colspan="2"> NBA <Th_colspan="2"> FIBA <Th_colspan="2"> WNBA <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA <Th_colspan="2"> U.S.H.S. <Th_colspan="2"> U.S. Junior H.S. Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric <Td_colspan="2"> Court length 94 ft 28.65 m 91.86 ft 28 m <Td_colspan="4"> Same as NBA 84 ft 25.60 m 74 ft 22.56 m <Td_colspan="2"> Court width 50 ft 15.24 m 49.21 ft 15 m <Td_colspan="6"> Same as NBA 42 ft 12.80 m <Td_colspan="2"> Rim height 10 ft 3.05 m <Td_colspan="10"> Same as NBA <Td_colspan="2"> Restricted arc radius 4 ft 1.22 m 4.10 ft 1.25 m <Td_colspan="2"> Same as NBA 3 ft 0.91 m <Td_colspan="4"> Non-existent <Td_colspan="2"> Center circle diameter 12 ft 3.66 m 11.81 ft 3.6 m <Td_colspan="8"> Same as NBA <Td_colspan="2"> 3 - point line distance from the basket 23.75 ft 22 ft in corner * 7.24 m 6.70 m in corner * 22.15 ft 21.65 ft in corner † 6.75 m 6.60 m in corner † <Td_colspan="2"> Same as FIBA 20.75 ft 6.32 m 19.75 ft 6.01 m <Td_colspan="2"> Same as high school <Td_colspan="2"> Key ( shaded lane or restricted area ) width 16 ft 4.88 m 16.08 ft 4.9 m <Td_colspan="2"> Same as NBA 12 ft 3.66 m <Td_colspan="4"> Same as NCAA <Td_colspan="2"> Free - throw line distance from point on the floor directly below the backboard 15 ft 4.57 m 15.09 ft 4.6 m <Td_colspan="8"> Same as NBA * The NBA three - point line is 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 23.75 ft ( 7.24 m ) arc . The 22 ft ( 6.70 m ) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket . † The FIBA three - point line is 2.95 ft ( 0.90 m ) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 22.1 ft ( 6.75 m ) arc . The 21.65 ft ( 6.60 m ) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket . Sections ( edit ) Center circle ( edit ) The only two players permitted to enter this area prior to the tipoff are the players contesting the jump ball ( usually but not always centers ) . Both players jump when the referee throws the ball in the air , each attempting to tap the ball into the hands of a player of their own team . Three - point line ( edit ) The three - point line is the line that separates the two - point area from the three - point area ; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points . If the shooting player steps on the line , it is counted as two points . Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three - point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in , and one if it does . The distance to the three - point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league , and has changed several times . These are the current distances , with the league or level using each distance : 19.75 ft ( 6.02 m ) : High School 20.75 ft ( 6.32 m ) : NCAA 21.65 ft ( 6.60 m ) to 22.15 ft ( 6.75 m ) : WNBA and FIBA 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) to 23.75 ft ( 7.24 m ) : NBA The NBA adopted the three - point line at the start of the 1979 -- 80 season . This is of variable distance , ranging from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) in the corners to 23.75 feet ( 7.24 m ) behind the top of the key . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) around the basket . It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996 -- 97 season . FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three - point line in 1985 . In most high school associations in the United States , the distance is 19.75 feet . This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well . On May 26 , 2007 , the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three - point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men . This rule went into effect for the 2008 -- 2009 season . The three - point line for women ( NCAA ) moved back one foot to 20.75 feet at the start of the 2011 -- 2012 season . The international distance , used in most countries outside the United States and in FIBA and WNBA competition , is currently 6.6 m ( 21.65 ft ) to 6.75 m ( 22.15 ft ) . Perimeter ( edit ) The perimeter is defined as the areas outside the free throw lane and inside the three - point line . Shots converted ( successfully made ) from this area are called `` perimeter shots '' or `` medium - range shots . '' If a player 's foot is on the three - point line , the shot is considered a perimeter shot . Low post area ( edit ) The low post is defined as the areas that are closest to the basket but outside of the free throw lane . This area is fundamental to strategy in basketball . Skilled low post players can score many points per game without ever taking a jump shot . Key ( edit ) The key , free throw lane or shaded lane refers to the usually painted area beneath the basket ; for the NBA it is 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide , for the NCAA it is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) wide ; for both instances it extends 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) from the backboard . At the top of the rectangle is the free throw line , behind which players shoot uncontested shots when they 're fouled . A circle is drawn around the free - throw line with a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) radius ; this is used for jump ball instances , as is done at the center circle . Two 6 - inch hash lines , 3 ft from the free throw lane line and 5 ft 8 in from the free throw line , show the lower defensive box linked to the restricted area . For FIBA tournaments , since October 2010 the key has been a rectangle 4.9 m wide and 5.8 m long . Previously it was a trapezoid 3.7 meters ( 12 ft ) wide at the free - throw line and 6 meters ( 19 feet and 6.25 inches ) at the end line . The key is primarily used to prevent players from staying beneath the basket of the opponents ' team for long periods ( maximum three seconds ) . Restricted area arc ( edit ) The restricted area arc is a semi-circular arc drawn around the area directly underneath the basket . With some exceptions , members of the defending team can not draw charging fouls in this area . The restricted arc in all North American rule sets above high school level ( NCAA men 's and women 's , NBA , and WNBA ) has a radius 4 feet ( 1.22 m ) from below the center of the basket . The NCAA restricted area arc was originally established for the 2011 -- 12 men 's and women 's seasons at a 3 - foot ( 0.91 m ) radius from below the center of the basket , and was extended to match the ( W ) NBA radius for the 2015 -- 16 season and beyond . Other lines ( edit ) On NBA floors , two hash marks are drawn at the end lines near the key to mark the area known as the lower defensive box . A defensive player is allowed to draw a charging foul within the restricted arc if the offensive player receives the ball and / or starts his drive within this area . Also , two lines are drawn on each of the sidelines , 28 feet from each of the endlines , which designates the extent of the coaching box and bench . This line marks the farthest extent a coach ( aside from the sidelines ) can stand . Directly behind this area is the team bench . On the half - court line of NBA floors two lines extend outside the playing court , designating the place where substitutes wait before they can enter the playing court ; directly behind this area are the various off - court officials such as the timekeeper and reserve referee . FIBA changes ( edit ) On April 26 , 2008 , FIBA announced several major rules changes involving the court markings . These changes took effect for major international competitions on October 1 , 2010 , after that year 's World Championships for men and women , and became mandatory for other competitions on October 1 , 2012 ( although national federations could adopt the new markings before 2012 ) . The changes were as follows . The shape of the key changed from a trapezoid to a rectangle as it is in the NBA , with NBA dimensions . The three - point line moved back to 6.75 metres ( 22 ft 1.7 in ) from 6.25 metres ( 20 ft 6.1 in ) , compared to 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) for the NBA at the top of the arc . The FIBA adopted the NBA 's restricted area arc with a marginally wider radius of 1.25 metres ( 4 ft 1.2 in ) . See also ( edit ) List of indoor arenas in the United States # Major college indoor arenas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2006 '' ( pdf ) . International Basketball Federation . 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wissel , Hal ( 1994 ) . Basketball : steps to success . United States : Human Kinetics Publishers , Inc . pp. ix . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 5500 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Court and Equipment Rules '' ( PDF ) . 2012 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Basketball Glossary Terms , Definition , Lane violation , Low post Archived April 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/nba101/misunderstood_0708.html Jump up ^ `` The FIBA Central Board approves historic rule changes '' ( Press release ) . FIBA. 2008 - 04 - 26 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basketball courts . Free Basketball Court Layout Template FIBA Central Board ( 2010 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 : Basketball Equipment '' ( pdf ) . International Basketball Federation . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 15 . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketball_court&oldid=807647764 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Rules of basketball Sports rules and regulations Sports venues by type Playing field surfaces Basketball equipment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français 한국어 ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Polski Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 08 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Basketball court dimensions 2. Three-point line 3. Perimeter shots 4. Low post area 5. Key and restricted area arc

who played joseph connor reagan on blue bloods

List of Blue Bloods characters - wikipedia List of Blue Bloods characters This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is an overview of the regular , recurring , and other characters of the TV series Blue Bloods . Contents 1 Reagan family 1.1 Frank Reagan 1.1. 1 Biography and family 1.1. 2 Service 1.1. 3 As police commissioner 1.1. 3.1 Senior staff 1.1. 4 List of assignments 1.1. 5 Partners 1.2 Danny Reagan 1.2. 1 Biography 1.2. 2 Partners 1.3 Erin Reagan 1.3. 1 Biography 1.4 Jamie Reagan 1.4. 1 Biography 1.4. 2 Partners 1.5 Henry Reagan 1.5. 1 Biography 1.5. 2 Notes 1.6 Linda Reagan 1.6. 1 Biography 1.7 Nicky Reagan - Boyle 1.7. 1 Biography 1.7. 2 Notes 1.8 Other Reagans 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Recurring 2.2 Associates of Frank 2.2. 1 Frank Russo / Robert Levitt 2.2. 2 Carter Poole 2.2. 3 Margaret Dutton 2.2. 4 Martin Mendez 2.2. 5 Abigail Baker 2.2. 6 Garrett Moore 2.2. 7 Dino Arbogast 2.2. 8 Kelly Peterson 2.2. 9 Sidney Gormley 2.2. 10 Senior NYPD officers 2.3 Associates of Danny 2.3. 1 Jackie Curatola 2.3. 2 Kate Lansing 2.3. 3 Maria Baez 2.3. 4 Dee Ann Carver 2.4 Associates of Erin 2.4. 1 Jack Boyle 2.4. 2 Charles Rosselini 2.4. 3 Amanda Harris 2.4. 4 Robert McCoy 2.4. 5 Alex McBride 2.4. 6 Anthony Abetemarco 2.5 Associates of Jamie 2.5. 1 Anthony Renzulli 2.5. 2 Vinny Cruz 2.5. 3 Eddie Janko 2.6 Others 2.6. 1 Darnell Potter 3 References Reagan family ( Edit ) Frank Reagan ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Frank Reagan <Td_colspan="2"> Blue Bloods character <Td_colspan="2"> Frank Reagan is played by actor Tom Selleck . First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Tom Selleck <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Francis Xavier Reagan Gender Male Occupation Police officer / police commissioner Title New York City Police Commissioner Family Henry Reagan ( father ) Betty Reagan ( mother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( older brother ) † Spouse ( s ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( wife ) † Children Danny Reagan Erin Reagan Joe Reagan † Jamie Reagan Relatives Charles Reagan ( grandfather ) † Teddy Reagan ( great - uncle ) Linda Reagan ( daughter - in - law ) † Eddie Janko ( future daughter - in - law ) Jack Boyle ( ex-son - in - law ) Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( granddaughter ) Jack Reagan ( grandson ) Sean Reagan ( grandson ) Religion Catholic Nationality American <Th_colspan="2"> Police career Department New York City Police Department Years of service 1974 -- Present Rank Commissioner Awards US Flag Breast Bar World Trade Center Breast Bar NYPD Medal of Honor NYPD Combat Cross ( 2 ) NYPD Meritorious Police Duty NYPD Excellent Police Duty NYPD Unit Citation NYPD 1986 Liberty Breast Bar NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar NYPD Award of Merit Commissioner Francis Xavier Reagan is a fictional character and the protagonist of the CBS TV series Blue Bloods . He is portrayed by former Magnum P.I. star Tom Selleck . Biography and family ( Edit ) Frank is the younger son of Henry ( Len Cariou ) and Betty Reagan , born in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , New York in the early 1950s . His older brother , Peter Christopher Reagan , died of leukemia at the age of 18 months over a year before Frank was born . Frank married Mary Margaret Reagan in the early 1970s , and they have four children together : Danny , Erin , Joe , and Jamie . Each of Frank 's sons followed him into the NYPD : Danny ( Donnie Wahlberg ) is a Detective 1st Grade and lead investigator with the 54th Precinct 's Detective Squad ; Joe was a Detective with the Warrants Squad who was murdered on the orders of his partner Sonny Malevsky ( Michael T. Weiss ) , the leader of a corrupt gang of police officers called the Blue Templar ; and Jamie ( Will Estes ) is a patrol officer assigned to the 12th Precinct with a law degree from Harvard University . Frank 's only daughter , Erin ( Bridget Moynahan ) , is also in law enforcement as a Manhattan Assistant District Attorney . Erin was promoted to Deputy Bureau Chief of the NYCDA 's Trial Bureau in 2013 . In addition to his children , Frank is also a loving grandfather to Erin 's daughter , Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( Sami Gayle ) , and Danny 's two children , Jack ( Tony Terraciano ) and Sean Reagan ( Andrew Terraciano ) . In one episode , it is mentioned that Frank 's wife 's grandfather was one of the builders on the Brooklyn Bridge in the 1870s and ' 80s . Frank 's dad 's father , Charles Reagan , was an Irish immigrant who served in World War I before becoming a police officer . Charles was the one who taught him how to fish . In `` Whistle Blower '' ( season 2 , episode 10 ) , Frank mentions his great - uncle Teddy Reagan , a member of the NYPD Mounted Unit , who spent a cold night in a boxcar with his horse , Dolly , and woke up in Pittsburgh . Growing up , Frank became friends with Angelo Gallo ( Chazz Palminteri ) , who grew up to be one of the top mafia lawyers . After Gallo was shot on the orders of a former client , Frank has him publicly arrested for hindering prosecution , to protect him from being considered a rat . Another close friend of his is Monsignor Walter Donahue , a member of the city archdiocese . However , it is also mentioned that Frank does not have many friends in the New York City Council , especially after Danny 's arrest of city Councilman Tony Mancini ( Richard Burgi ) , a former NYPD detective , for domestic abuse . Service ( Edit ) After serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War ( during which time he held the rank of Lieutenant and was awarded the Navy & Marine Corps Achievement Medal ) , Frank became the third generation of Reagans to become a police officer . He began his career as a patrol officer stationed at the 27th Precinct . After three years on patrol , he was promoted to Detective 3rd Grade . Since then , he has served in various positions across the city , including Chief of the Brooklyn South Division and the Chief of Department of the NYPD , culminating in being appointed Police Commissioner . In the 1970s , Frank led the attempt to apprehend Whitey Brennan , the head of the Westies , at his grandson 's baptism . Due to the chaos , a shootout ensued in which two police officers were wounded and four people from the Westies were killed , including Whitey 's wife and grandson . In the early 1980s , Frank served in the Canine Unit as a dog handler . However , he transferred out of the unit after Greta , his partner , was shot and killed by a burglar Frank sent her in after . From 1995 to 1999 , Frank was the Commanding Officer of the Special Investigations Unit , a special anti-narcotics task force . On September 11 , 2001 , Frank was working in the North Tower when the South Tower collapsed . He spent days at Ground Zero , and took refuge at St. Paul 's Chapel , where he and other officers slept in the pews . As a `` Member Of the Service '' ( MOS ) prior to 1994 , Frank continues to carry a revolver ( a Colt Official Police `` Fitz Special '' that originally belonged to his father and grandfather ) as his duty weapon . He also owns a Colt Government M1911 . At one point , he uses it on a serial rapist who was about to rape and kill Erin . As police Commissioner ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> List of Blue Bloods characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New York City Police Commissioner <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent <Td_colspan="2"> Assumed office September 24 , 2010 Appointed by Frank Russo Carter Poole Preceded by Commissioner Connors <Td_colspan="2"> Frank was appointed the Police Commissioner by Mayor Frank Russo ( Bruce Altman ) . In 2011 , after the election of Carter Poole ( David Ramsey ) , Frank offers to tender his resignation , but Poole decided to keep Frank on as PC . In 2015 , after Mayor Poole 's successful reelection , Frank struggles with whether he even wants to stay on for another four years as PC , assuming the Mayor even asks him to . He ultimately decides to stay for `` as long as the Mayor 's head is in his ass '' ( which was remarked as indefinitely ) . The Mayor officially asked Frank to re-up in February 2016 and he agrees . Frank has an indifferent attitude towards politics , often taking on the mayor and numerous reporters who misinterpret his actions . He tries hard not to judge people , and tends to purse his lips together when hearing bad news or the horrific details of an ongoing case . He also refuses to play favorites ; in season 4 , he mentions that he is afraid to recommend Jamie , now with four years on the force , for promotion to Detective because it would look like nepotism . In 2011 , Frank was shot by Kevin Brennan ( Jack Gwaltney ) , the son of the former head of the Westies who Frank arrested back in the ' 70s . In 2013 , Frank is the target of an assassination attempt by Hector Santiago ( Omar Maskati ) , a mentally - challenged teenager of the Bitterman housing projects who is tricked by a member of the Los Lordes gang who declared war on the NYPD . The bullets miss Frank , but hit Mayor Poole , leaving him paralyzed and confined to a wheelchair . One of Frank 's predecessors , `` Crooked '' Commissioner Connors , served time in a federal prison after his term as PC was completed and left him with more than one mess to clean up , including Officer Thomas Sculley ( Warren Kole ) , one of four patrol officers who , a few months after 9 / 11 , accidentally shot an unarmed Muslim teenager , and was acquitted of all charges and allowed by then - Commissioner Connors to keep his job . In 2016 , Officer Sculley , who had kept his head down for the last 14 years and made great strides to atone for his horrible rookie mistake , passed the Sergeant 's exam with flying colors . Frank was reluctant to promote him , lest tensions between the citizens and the police grow even worse and ultimately offered Officer Sculley a choice : transfer to another city ( Long Island , Albuquerque , New Mexico , Boulder , Colorado , or San Diego were among the departments Frank talked to ) or take his promotion to Sergeant and ride a desk at the NYPD Erie Basin Auto Pound in Brooklyn for the rest of his career . In the first season , Frank is well regarded and respected by his officers and his city , to the point where the Mayor felt threatened by his popularity ; however , by season 6 , public opinion regarding the police -- and him personally -- has changed so drastically that he gets booed off - stage while speaking at Columbia University . However , in season 7 , new mayor Margaret Dutton affirms that his polls are better than any of the NY Mayors Frank was nearly served with a vote of no confidence by the NYPD rank and file in 2012 when he publicly apologized for the accidental shooting of a black man by a rookie patrol officer ( Corbin Bleu ) instead of waiting for the official report . Senior staff ( Edit ) The following officers are among Frank 's senior staff who assist him in his duties as the New York City Police Commissioner . First Deputy Commissioner -- Vincenzo ( John Bedford Lloyd ) Deputy Commissioner , Public Information / de facto Chief of Staff -- Garrett Moore ( Gregory Jbara ) Chief of Department -- Ed Hines ( John Rue ) ( Ret. 2013 ) Chief of Department -- Dino Arbogast ( John Ventimiglia ) ( terminated , 2014 ) Special Assistant to the Commissioner -- Lieutenant Sidney Gormley ( de facto Chief of Department ) ( Robert Clohessy ) Chief of Organized Crime Control Bureau -- Bureau Chief Dino Arbogast ( John Ventimiglia ) ( promoted to Chief of Department in 2013 ) Chief of Intelligence -- Bureau Chief Bryce Helfond ( Victor Slezak ) Chief of Gang Division -- Deputy Chief Donald Kent ( Dennis Haysbert ) ( promoted to Assistant Chief and then KIA , 2015 ) Primary Aide -- Detective 1st Grade Abigail Baker , PC 's ( Detective ) Squad ( Abigail Hawk ) List of assignments ( Edit ) The following are Frank 's known police assignments . Patrol Officer , NYPD 27th Precinct Patrol Officer , NYPD 25th Precinct Detective , NYPD 21st Precinct Senior Detective , NYPD Homicide Dog handler , NYPD Canine Unit Commanding Officer , NYPD Special Investigations Unit Deputy Chief , NYPD Patrol Borough Brooklyn South Chief of Department , NYPD ( Wears the uniform and shield to Academy graduation . ) New York City Police Commissioner Partners ( Edit ) Over his career , Frank has had numerous partners . Jimmy Burke ( Gary Basaraba ) -- Frank 's partner while stationed at the 27th Precinct who took a bullet for him . He was eventually promoted to Inspector and placed in command of the 15th Precinct . While up for a promotion to Deputy Chief as the Deputy Commander of Patrol Borough Manhattan South , it was revealed that he had been cooking the books for his precinct 's CompStats . Frank allowed him to retire rather than face demotion to Captain and reassignment to the 128th Precinct in Staten Island . Lenny Ross ( Treat Williams ) -- Frank 's partner while stationed at the 25th Precinct ; by 2016 , Lenny had retired and wrote a book about the bad old days entitled `` Back in the Day '' detailing their exploits . John McKenna -- An NYPD officer who was with Frank during 9 / 11 who later got sick and died from illness he was exposed to during the attacks . Greta -- When assigned to the Canine Unit as a dog handler , Frank 's partner was Greta . He transferred out of the unit after Greta was shot and killed by a burglar Frank sent her in after . Danny Reagan ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Danny Reagan <Td_colspan="2"> Blue Bloods character <Td_colspan="2"> Danny Reagan ( Donnie Wahlberg ) First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Donnie Wahlberg <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Daniel Fitzgerald Reagan Gender Male Occupation Police officer Family Frank Reagan ( father ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( mother ) † Erin Reagan ( younger sister ) Joseph Conor `` Joe '' Reagan ( younger brother ) † Jamison `` Jamie '' Reagan ( younger brother ) Spouse ( s ) Linda Reagan ( wife ) † Significant other ( s ) Marianne Romano ( ex-girlfriend ) Children Jack Reagan Sean Reagan Relatives Henry Reagan ( grandfather ) Betty Reagan ( grandmother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( uncle ) † Charles Reagan ( great - grandfather ) † Eddie Janko ( future sister - in - law ) Jack Boyle ( ex-brother - in - law ) Wendy Lightner ( sister - in - law ) Jimmy ( brother - in - law ) Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( niece ) Sofie Lightner ( niece ) Religion Catholic Nationality American <Th_colspan="2"> Police career Department New York City Police Department Years of service 1990s -- Present Rank Detective 1st Grade Awards American Flag Breast Bar World Trade Center Breast Bar NYPD Medal of Honor NYPD Combat Cross NYPD Medal for Valor NYPD Honorable Mention NYPD Meritorious Police Duty Marine Corps Service Award Detective First Grade Daniel Fitzgerald Reagan is the eldest son of Commissioner Frank Reagan . He is portrayed by Donnie Wahlberg . Biography ( Edit ) The oldest son of the current New York City Police Commissioner Frank Reagan and his wife Mary , Danny grew up in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn with a younger sister , Erin , and two younger brothers , Joe and Jamie . He was happily married to Linda since 1996 , with whom he has two sons , Jack ( b . 2000 ) and Sean ( b . 2004 ) , until Linda 's death between seasons 7 and 8 . They lived on Staten Island until their home was destroyed in a fire in the season 7 finale , which was set by a drug cartel in retaliation to a recent bust Danny made . During high school , Danny dated Marianne Romano ( Charisma Carpenter ) , who was described by his partner Baez as `` the queen bee , super good looking , a little crazy , and dynamite in the sack '' to which he agreed . As a young man , Danny worked construction . For a class project of Nicky 's , Danny mentioned that when he was three years old , he wanted to be a firefighter for Halloween , but his grandfather Henry swore that as long as he was alive , no Reagan would ever be a member of the FDNY , got him into a police uniform , and he `` never took it off '' until he made Detective . On the job for 15 years ( as of season 1 ) , Danny took a leave of absence from the New York City Police Department to serve two tours in the Iraq War as a Marine . Danny saw combat in Fallujah , and was the only member of his platoon to come home alive ( resulting in some post-traumatic stress ) . During his time in the Marines , Danny was decorated for heroism . He is old - school ; his hotheadedness and harsh methods of detective work sometimes get him in trouble , which his father worries about . When asked if his son `` crosses the line '' and violates procedure from time to time , Frank answered , `` I think he walks on the line '' . Danny is hard on other policemen and detectives when he feels they are unprofessional or not doing their duty to its utmost . He is currently assigned to the Detective Squad of the 54th Precinct , and partnered with Detective Maria Baez . In `` Most Wanted '' , it is mentioned that he leads the Manhattan South Detective Borough in both collars and complaints . In `` Love Stories '' , he and Baez are awarded the NYPD Medal for Valor for their actions in `` Partners '' . As a detective with the NYPD , Danny carries a Kahr K9 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon , and drives a Dodge Charger on duty , which replaced his previous Chevrolet Impala 9C1 . He also owns a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm , and previously used a Smith & Wesson 5946 in 9 × 19mm . Danny drove a Jeep XJ Cherokee as his personal / family vehicle from Season 1 to Season 5 , whilst Linda drove a rather troublesome 2001 Kia Sedona / Carnival ; this vehicle was replaced when Henry lost his driver 's license and gave Linda his car . In Season 6 , Danny 's Cherokee was replaced by a fourth - generation Ford Explorer . Partners ( Edit ) Over his career , Danny has had numerous partners . Detective Darryl Reid ( Malik Yoba ) -- Partnered together for `` eight months seven years ago '' ( c. 2008 ) , Reid 's career came to an end ( and put Danny 's in jeopardy ) when it was revealed that he planted evidence to secure a murder conviction . Detective DeMarcus King ( Flex Alexander ) Detective Ava Hotchkiss ( Yvonna Kopacz Wright ) -- First partner of Danny 's when he was assigned to Major Crimes . Detective First Grade Jackie Curatola ( Jennifer Esposito ) -- From 2010 until 2012 , Danny was primarily partnered with Detective Jackie Curatola at the 54th Precinct . In 2012 , Jackie took early retirement from the NYPD after starting to show signs of burning out . Detective Kate Lansing ( Megan Ketch ) -- Assigned to replace Detective Curatola in 2012 , Detective Kate Lansing worked with Danny for almost three months . She transferred back to Internal Affairs after the arrest of Captain Derek Elwood ( Nestor Serrano ) , who framed Danny for possession of narcotics in order to prevent him from discovering his gambling problem . Detective Candice `` Mac '' McElroy ( Megan Boone ) -- A temporary addition to the 54th Precinct , Detective Candice McElroy briefly served as Danny 's partner in 2013 . Detective First Grade Maria Baez ( Marisa Ramirez ) -- Danny 's partner since 2013 ( and having known her going on 15 years ) . Previously spent three years with the Joint Bank Robbery Task Force until it was disbanded in 2011 . Erin Reagan ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Erin Reagan <Td_colspan="2"> Blue Bloods character First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Bridget Moynahan <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Erin Reagan Gender Female Occupation Prosecutor Family Frank Reagan ( father ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( mother ) † Daniel Fitzgerald `` Danny '' Reagan ( older brother ) Joseph Conor `` Joe '' Reagan ( younger brother ) † Jamison `` Jamie '' Reagan ( younger brother ) Spouse ( s ) Jack Boyle ( ex-husband ) Significant other ( s ) Charles Rosselini ( romantic interest ) Jacob Krystal ( romantic interest ) Jack Boyle ( fling ) Robert McCoy ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Nicky Reagan Relatives Henry Reagan ( grandfather ) Betty Reagan ( grandmother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( uncle ) † Charles Reagan ( great - grandfather ) † Linda Reagan ( sister - in - law ) † Eddie Janko ( future sister - in - law ) Jack Reagan ( nephew ) Sean Reagan ( nephew ) Religion Catholic Nationality American <Th_colspan="2"> DA career Department Manhattan District Attorney 's Office Years of service 2000s -- Present Rank Deputy Bureau Chief Assistant District Attorney Erin Reagan is Frank Reagan 's sole daughter . She is portrayed by Bridget Moynahan . Biography ( Edit ) A New York County Assistant District Attorney and single mother , Erin is the second child and only daughter of the current New York City Police Commissioner Frank Reagan and his wife Mary . She grew up in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn , with three brothers , Danny , Joe , and Jamie . It is implied throughout the series that she had something of a wild streak growing up ( unlike her daughter ) . In season 5 , it is mentioned that she graduated top of her class from Columbia University ; she later went on to attend Fordham University School of Law . In season 6 , Erin celebrated her 40th birthday . Erin is divorced from John `` Jack '' Boyle ( Peter Hermann ) , a criminal defense attorney , whom she met when they were 19 . In `` Old Wounds '' , she finally changes her name from Erin Reagan - Boyle back to Erin Reagan . Since her divorce , Erin has had a few romantic interests . She and her boss , District Attorney Charles Rosselini ( Bobby Cannavale ) , flirted with each other and even shared a kiss after a date , but nothing ever came of it mainly due to Erin 's reluctance with the idea of dating her boss . In 2011 , she met Jacob Krystal ( Fred Weller ) at an art gallery ; she later learned that he was an art thief who returned once - stolen works to their rightful owners , and he left town . In 2013 , after being shot in a courtroom hostage situation , she started up a fling with her ex-husband Jack but broke up when they started getting serious again ( lest he break her heart again , or their daughter find out that they were once again `` hooking up '' ) . In 2014 , she met Robert McCoy , a defense attorney , on a speed - date , and the two became romantically involved until he was appointed interim District Attorney , at which point she said she ca n't sleep with her boss . Erin is almost raped and killed in `` Re-Do '' , though Frank saves her life by shooting her attacker dead . In `` To Protect and Serve '' , Erin is taken hostage and shot in the arm at the courthouse . She is saved by Danny after he says a coded message , `` Please , do n't hurt my family , '' after which she dropped to the ground , and Danny shot her assailant . It is revealed that their father taught them this when they were young , as a plan in case one of them was ever held at gunpoint . In `` Working Girls '' , Erin is offered the position of Deputy Mayor of Operations by Mayor Poole , but she turns him down . In `` Ends and Means '' , Erin is promoted from Senior Counsel to Deputy Bureau Chief of the Trial Bureau . In the season four finale , she filed a complaint against her boss , Bureau Chief Amanda Harris , upon learning she had abused her power . In season six , Erin was considered for a judgeship . Like the rest of her family , Erin is licensed to carry a firearm . Her weapon of choice is the Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm and , according to Frank , she 's a better shot than Danny and Jamie . In season 8 , we found out Erin wanted to join the police force like her family , wanted to take the exam but it was n't for her and chose law and become a prosecutor . Jamie Reagan ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Jamie Reagan <Td_colspan="2"> Blue Bloods character First appearance `` Pilot '' September 24 , 2010 Created by Robin Green Mitchell Burgess Portrayed by Will Estes <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Jamison Reagan Aliases Jimmy Riordan Gender Male Occupation Police officer Family Frank Reagan ( father ) Mary Margaret Reagan ( mother ) † Daniel Fitzgerald `` Danny '' Reagan ( older brother ) Erin Reagan ( older sister ) Joseph Conor `` Joe '' Reagan ( older brother ) † Significant other ( s ) Sydney Davenport ( ex-fiancée ) Laura Peck ( former romantic interest ) Bianca Sanfino ( former romantic interest ) Dana ( fling ) Eddie Janko ( Fiancée ) Relatives Henry Reagan ( grandfather ) Betty Reagan ( grandmother ) † Peter Christopher Reagan ( uncle ) † Charles Reagan ( great - grandfather ) † Linda Reagan ( sister - in - law ) † Jack Boyle ( ex-brother - in - law ) Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( niece ) Jack Reagan ( nephew ) Sean Reagan ( nephew ) Religion Catholic Nationality American <Th_colspan="2"> Police career Department New York City Police Department Years of service 2010 -- Present Rank Officer Awards American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Honorable Mention NYPD Firearms Proficiency Bar Officer Jamison Reagan is the youngest son of Frank Reagan . He is portrayed by Will Estes . Biography ( Edit ) A young police officer and recent Harvard Law School graduate , Jamie is the youngest child of the current New York City Police Commissioner Frank Reagan and his wife Mary . Jamie grew up in Bay Ridge , Brooklyn with two older brothers , Danny and Joe , and an older sister , Erin . His shield number is 60528 . He is stationed at the 12th Precinct , and is partnered with Sgt . Anthony Renzulli ( his training officer ) in seasons one and two , Officer Vinny Cruz in season three , and Officer Eddie Janko since season four . During his first year on the job , Jamie was the one who continued Joe Reagan 's investigation into the Blue Templar . In season two , he takes advantage of a chance opportunity to go undercover in the Sanfino crime family . In `` Front Page News '' , Jamie gets his first kill in what he learns is a suicide by cop ; the shooting leaves him with brief post-shooting trauma ( more so since Bryant 's death was found to be a suicide - by - cop ) , but between his family and the NYPD psychologist ( Annabella Sciorra ) , he quickly recovers . In season four , he begins to express concerns because both his father and brother had made detective by that point in their careers , while he is still a patrol officer . In season six , Jamie is studying for and is considering taking the Sergeant 's exam ; however , he ultimately decides against taking it . In season seven , Frank gets wind from the ranks that he may be the only thing holding Jamie back from becoming a detective . When pressed , Jamie informs his father that he 's happy where he is in his career and does n't necessarily want another assignment . In that same episode , it is mentioned that Jamie is the only NYPD employee with a Harvard Law degree that walks a beat . While attending Harvard , Jamie met and became involved with Sydney Davenport and the two even got engaged . However , Sydney broke up with him a few months after he became a police officer when realizing the true danger of his career . Since 2013 , there has been significant romantic tension between Jamie and his patrol partner , Eddie Janko , with the two even sharing a kiss . Despite this , Jamie has chosen not to act on his feelings after learning that Sergeant Renzulli would reassign them to new road partners if they did . Despite agreeing to keep things professional , there remained lingering romantic tension between the two . In 2018 , Jamie and Eddie get engaged along with choosing to remain as partners on the job after discovering there is no official rule against it . As a uniformed patrol officer , Jamie drives a patrol car on duty and carries a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon ; while in plainclothes , Jamie uses the smaller Glock 26 in 9 × 19mm . While off - duty , Jamie drove his brother Joe 's 1971 Chevy Chevelle Malibu SS until it was sabotaged and totaled by the Blue Templar . Partners ( Edit ) Over his career , Jamie has had a few partners . Sergeant Anthony Renzulli ( Nicholas Turturro ) -- Jamie 's training officer , Sgt . Renzulli knows the beat of his precinct very well and often offers Jamie good advice when he needs it . He believes Jamie will make a great cop , and often pokes fun at him for abandoning a lucrative law career . Officer Vincent Cruz ( Sebastian Sozzi ) -- Jamie 's partner who grew up in the Bitterman housing projects neighborhood of New York City . In `` The Bitter End '' , Cruz and Jamie are patrolling near the Bitterman Houses and come across a purse snatcher who leads them on a chase through the project . The purse snatching proves to be a setup , and both officers find themselves under fire from Los Lourdes gang members . Cruz is hit twice in the neck and despite Jamie 's best efforts , he dies at the scene from massive internal bleeding . Officer Edit `` Eddie '' Janko ( Vanessa Ray ) -- A younger police officer and Jamie 's current partner . Feisty and strongly opinionated , she is very passionate when it comes to her job . As of late , her latent romantic feelings for Jamie have become more apparent , but they mutually decided not to pursue a romantic relationship lest they lose their partnership . However , they announced their engagement to the Reagan family in the season 8 finale , `` My Aim Is True '' . Henry Reagan ( Edit ) Former Commissioner Henry Reagan is Frank Reagan 's father . He is portrayed by Len Cariou . Biography ( Edit ) The retired Police Commissioner and father of Frank ( grandfather of Danny , Erin , Jamie , and the late Joe ; great - grandfather of Nicky , Sean , and Jack ) . His childhood during the 1920s and 1930s was hard due to his father , Charles , an Irish immigrant , World War I veteran and former police officer , being an alcoholic and unable to hold a job . Henry was a Marine in World War II and Korea , and joined the NYPD in 1952 . He got married in 1955 . Like his grandson Danny , Henry is socially conservative and hates the political correctness of modern law and order . His wife of 46 years , Betty , died December 2 , 2001 . It is later revealed that Henry and Betty had another son , Peter Christopher , who died of leukemia at the age of 18 months , over a year before Frank was born . In `` Bad Blood '' , it was revealed that he once rode with one of the first female patrol officers , Colleen McGuire ( Anita Gillette ) . Henry admitted that they both had romantic feelings for each other , but never acted on them since he was married . He had his boss reassign Colleen to a different partner to avoid putting his marriage at further risk , but remained good friends with her . In `` Stomping Grounds '' , it was mentioned that Henry , during his days as a Detective with the Vice Squad , transferred out of the unit when he started to see every woman on the street as a hooker . In `` Town Without Pity '' , Henry mentioned that during the New York City blackout of 1977 he was stationed in the South Bronx . Notes ( Edit ) Len Cariou , separated in age from Tom Selleck by only six years , wears make - up and a dental prosthetic to appear older . In `` A Night on the Town '' is revealed that Betty had a wooden box in which she put all her `` treasures '' . One of these treasures is a U.S. Army Master sergeant insignia that ca n't be Henry 's or Frank 's insignia because they served in the United States Marine Corps . Linda Reagan ( Edit ) Nurse Linda Rose Reagan ( née O'Shea ) was Danny Reagan 's wife . She was portrayed by Daytime Emmy - nominated actress , Amy Carlson . Biography ( Edit ) The wife of Danny from 1996 -- 2017 and mother of their two sons . She loves her husband and the Reagan family , but at times , Danny 's obsessive attitude toward collaring criminals makes her wonder whether he views his job as a higher priority than his family . In seasons one and two , she is a stay - at - home mom , but she returns to her nursing job at St. Victor 's Medical Center in season three . She has an older sister , Wendy ( Laurie Williams ) , and a niece , Sofie , who is a fashion model . She has a brother , Jimmy O'Shea ( Kevin Dillon ) , who has been in and out of trouble with the law . In `` New Rules '' , Linda is shot at the hospital by a teenage gangbanger who had been ordered to kill a witness , but she eventually makes a full recovery . In `` Under the Gun , '' Linda is mugged while working a community health van in the projects , and uses her father - in - law 's influence to bypass the New York City pistol permitting process to obtain an unresricted concealed carry permit and buys a . 38 Special Smith & Wesson Model 36 revolver . Ultimately she decides she does not want to carry after all , and gives the pistol to Danny . On May 28 , 2017 ( between seasons 7 and 8 ) , Linda died in a medivac helicopter crash while tending to a patient being air lifted to the hospital . Nicky Reagan - Boyle ( Edit ) Nicole Reagan is Erin Reagan 's daughter . She is portrayed by Sami Gayle . Biography ( Edit ) Erin 's daughter , born October 14 , 1996 , aspires to become an officer like the rest of her family . As of `` Old Wounds '' , she is 16 years old . In season five , she is a high school senior preparing for college ; in season six , she is attending Columbia University , her mother 's alma mater . She is a very curious young girl and is not afraid to question her uncle Danny and great - grandfather about police matters , often challenging their old school conservatism . During the initial seasons her willingness to be a nonconformist was emphasized by her short hair , but in later seasons she grew it out . She wanted to join the family business as the first female Reagan to be a cop . In season 8 , Nicky takes the police exam , over her mother 's objections . Notes ( Edit ) In the pilot episode , Nicky is portrayed by Marlene Lawston . Other Reagans ( Edit ) Appearing : Jack Reagan , Danny and Linda 's older son , born circa 2000 . He is portrayed by Tony Terraciano . Sean Reagan , Danny and Linda 's younger son , born circa 2004 . He is portrayed by Andrew Terraciano , Tony 's younger brother . Mentioned but not portrayed on - screen : Detective 1st Grade Joseph Conor Reagan , son of Frank and Mary , younger brother of Danny and Erin and older brother of Jamie . Joe was a member of the NYPD Warrants Squad partnered with Detective Sonny Malevsky ( Michael T. Weiss ) . He was a graduate of John Jay College of Criminal Justice . He was killed on May 15 , 2009 , by Sonny when Joe learned that he was the leader of a corrupt gang of police officers called the Blue Templar . Joe 's Shield , number 46808 , was retired after his death in the line of duty . In `` Cursed '' , the Reagans decided to reinstate the number when an officer made a request to wear it in honor of her late father who had the same number in Boston . Mary Margaret Reagan , Frank 's late wife and the mother of his four children , Danny , Erin , Joe , and Jamie . She died on September 14 , 2005 , of cancer . In `` Fathers and Sons '' , it is mentioned that her grandfather helped build the Brooklyn Bridge in the 1870s and ' 80s . Betty Reagan , Henry 's wife of 46 years and the mother of Frank . She died on December 2 , 2001 . Peter Christopher Reagan , Henry and Betty 's oldest son and Frank 's older brother . He died of leukemia when he was only eighteen months old . Recurring characters ( Edit ) Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character <Th_colspan="8"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 Robert Clohessy Lieutenant Sidney `` Sid '' Gormley <Td_colspan="8"> Recurring Gregory Jbara Garrett Moore <Td_colspan="8"> Recurring Abigail Hawk Detective Abigail Baker <Td_colspan="8"> Recurring Nicholas Turturro Sergeant Anthony Renzulli <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Andrew Terraciano Sean Reagan <Td_colspan="8"> Recurring Tony Terraciano Jack Reagan <Td_colspan="8"> Recurring Bruce Altman Mayor Frank Russo Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="5"> Bobby Cannavale District Attorney Charles Rosselini Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> Noelle Beck Sue Connors Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> Dylan Moore Sydney Davenport Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> David Ramsey Mayor Carter Poole <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring Guest John Rue Ed Hines <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Ato Essandoh Reverend Darnell Potter Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Guest John Ventimiglia Dino Arbogast Recurring Guest Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Matthew Rauch Lawrence Skolnick Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Guest Recurring Peter Hermann Jack Boyle <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Guest Recurring Victor Slezak Bureau Chief Bryce Helfond <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Sebastian Sozzi Officer Vincent `` Vinny '' Cruz <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Megan Boone Detective Candice `` Mac '' McElroy <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Megan Ketch Detective Kate Lansing <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Brian Roland Richard <Td_colspan="2"> Guest Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Amy Morton Trial Bureau Chief ADA Amanda Harris <Td_colspan="2"> Guest Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Racine Russell Officer Cosgrove <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Bebe Neuwirth Kelly Peterson <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Holt McCallany District Attorney Robert McCoy <Td_colspan="3"> Guest Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> James Lesure DA Investigator Alex McBride <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="2"> LaTanya Richardson Lieutenant Dee Ann Carver <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Steve Schirripa Det . Anthony Abetemarco <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Pallavi Sastry Cameron <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Mark Linn - Baker Carlton Miller <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Tamara Tunie Monica Graham <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Stacy Keach Archbishop Kevin Kearns <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Sarah Mezzanotte Officer Brenda Patimkin <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Lorraine Bracco Mayor Margaret Dutton <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring Nick Cordero Victor Lugo <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring Sam Simone McKenna <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring David Zayas Governor Martin Mendez <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring Associates of Frank ( Edit ) Frank Russo / Robert Levitt ( Edit ) The Mayor of New York City who appointed Frank Reagan to the position of New York City Police Commissioner . He lost the 2011 election to Carter Poole ( David Ramsey ) , who succeeded him as Mayor . While he is credited as the character `` Frank Russo '' in Season 1 , his name is never actually mentioned . He makes a return appearance in Season 3 when his daughter is arrested by Jamie and Vinny for smoking pot . Here , his character is introduced as `` Former Mayor Robert Levitt '' . He is portrayed by Bruce Altman . Carter Poole ( Edit ) Elected to the position of Mayor of New York City in 2011 , Carter Poole and Frank butt heads on occasion , but the two have a mutual respect for each other that Poole says went back to his childhood when Frank was a beat cop in his neighborhood and used to look out for the children . In `` Parenthood '' , it is mentioned that he attended Yale University and that he has an illegitimate daughter who does not know about him , aside from the fact that he is the mayor . In `` This Way Out '' , he 's shot in an assassination attempt during a town hall meeting by a mentally - challenged teenager who was tricked by a member of the Los Lordes gang operating out of the Bitterman Housing Projects . The shooting leaves the mayor paralyzed from the waist down , confining him to a wheelchair , but does not prevent him from discharging his duties as Mayor . In 2015 , he is reelected for another term as Mayor . In 2017 , he resigns as Mayor because he is burned out and feels he is not the man to lead the city any longer . He is portrayed by David Ramsey . Margaret Dutton ( Edit ) The New York City Public Advocate under Mayor Carter Poole , Margaret Dutton ascended to the position of interim Mayor of New York City in 2017 after the Mayor 's resignation . She is portrayed by Lorraine Bracco . As Mayor , she is aided by Carlton Miller , who is portrayed by Mark Linn - Baker . Martin mendez ( Edit ) The Governor of New York , known for his thin skin . He is portrayed by David Zayas . Abigail Baker ( Edit ) Detective 1st Grade Abigail Baker is a member of the Police Commissioner 's ( Detective ) Squad who serves as Frank 's primary aide . She was credited in Season 1 as `` Det . Melissa Baker '' , however was referred to as Abigail throughout the season and the name was changed in Season 2 . Baker is portrayed by Abigail Hawk . In `` Manhattan Queens '' , Baker was harassed by Suffolk County Police Department Deputy Chief Sam DeLuca , who had a romantic interest in her . In the same episode it is revealed that she is from Ocean Bay Park and her parents still live there . She speaks fluent Japanese . Frank mentions she is happily married in season 6 when questioned by his former partner Lenny . She subsequently became pregnant and gave birth during season 7 . Having been with Frank for nine years as of season 8 's `` Heavy Is the Head '' , Baker longs for more active detective work despite Frank 's assurances that he needs her and often leans on her detective 's instincts . She receives an offer working for newly - promoted Captain Bullman , who used to be her sergeant , but Frank refuses to let her resign . Frank reluctantly tells Abigail later that he found out Bullman mainly wanted to hire her to have someone in his ranks who could pull favors at 1PP . Garrett moore ( Edit ) The NYPD Deputy Commissioner of Public Information , who becomes Frank 's de facto chief of staff . Before becoming Frank 's DCPI , Garrett was a reporter . He has been married and divorced three times , and has a stepson , whom he has tried to keep out of trouble . Garrett and Frank have a rather complex relationship ; for example , Frank often expresses dismay when Garrett comes into his office unannounced but also seemingly values his perspective . Furthermore , many episodes depict the two debating an issue regarding what information should or should not be released to the public . In `` Nightmares '' , a woman in Atlantic City , New Jersey accused him of rape , but the allegations were proven to be false when it was revealed that the woman in question was a prostitute who slept with rich married men and then blackmailed them . He is portrayed by Gregory Jbara . Dino Arbogast ( Edit ) Formerly the Organized Crime Control Bureau Chief , Dino Arbogast was promoted to Chief of Department ( the highest - ranking uniformed police officer ) by Frank after the retirement of the previous Chief , Ed Hines . Dino maintains this role for season 4 , until the finale , when he 's forced to resign after being caught on video committing lewd acts with an escort hired by a recently deceased brothel madam , and lying about it , and benching Danny in an attempt to keep the act from being discovered . He is portrayed by John Ventimiglia . Kelly Peterson ( Edit ) The newly appointed Inspector General of the NYPD , Kelly Peterson is a former member of the Essex County Prosecutor 's Office in New Jersey . In the season 4 finale , Peterson tells Commissioner Reagan about her intent to resign , after finding that she does not have enough `` professional animosity '' toward the NYPD due to becoming too close to Frank . She is portrayed by Bebe Neuwirth . In season 8 , Peterson returns as the Corporation Counsel of New York City . Sidney Gormley ( Edit ) The Supervisor of the 54th Precinct 's Detective Squad , Sergeant Sidney Gormley was Danny 's boss for over four years . He was frequently exasperated by his subordinate . He lives in New Hyde Park with his wife , Sheila ( Cady Huffman ) , and , according to the certificate in his office , is a graduate of New York University . In `` Flags of Our Fathers '' , Gormley mentions that he is a veteran , and that he lost a grandfather and two uncles in the service . Early in season 5 , Gormley is reassigned by Frank to One Police Plaza and appointed as Dino 's replacement as Chief of Department . However , due to Gormley not being high enough in rank to be eligible for Chief of Department ( who must be at least a captain or higher ) , he is given the job title `` Special Assistant to the Commissioner '' , which gives him the authorities of the Chief of Department though not the pay grade or privileges . In this capacity , Gormley acts as Frank 's liaison to the rank and file . He is later on promoted to Lieutenant . He is portrayed by Robert Clohessy . Senior NYPD officers ( Edit ) First Deputy Commissioner Vincenzo , NYPD -- Frank 's 2nd - in - Command ; he was considered for the position of New York City Police Commissioner , but the Mayor ultimately appointed Frank to the position . He is portrayed by John Bedford Lloyd . Chief of Department & former Chief of Detectives Ed Hines , NYPD ( Ret. 2013 ) -- The highest - ranking uniformed police officer ; he is portrayed by John Rue . Bureau Chief Bryce Helfond , NYPD -- The NYPD Chief of Intelligence ; he is portrayed by Victor Slezak Assistant Chief Donald Kent -- The Chief of the NYPD Gang Division and a longtime friend of Frank ; the day he was promoted to Assistant Chief , he and Maggie , his wife of 30 years , were killed in a drive - by the Warrior Kings gang . He was portrayed by Dennis Haysbert . Deputy Chief Trevor Jackson -- The longtime commander of the New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit who was forced into mandatory retirement at the age of 63 . He is portrayed by Isaiah Washington . Associates of Danny ( Edit ) Jackie Curatola ( Edit ) Detective 1st Grade Jackie Curatola was Danny 's previous partner ; she is divorced and is regularly the recipient of passes or ogling from her uniformed colleagues and perps alike , much to her annoyance . In 2012 , Jackie took early retirement from the NYPD after starting to show signs of burning out . She is portrayed by Jennifer Esposito . As a detective with the NYPD , Jackie carried a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as her duty weapon . Kate Lansing ( Edit ) Assigned to replace Detective Curatola in 2012 , Detective Kate Lansing worked with Danny for almost three months . She transferred back to Internal Affairs after the arrest of Captain Derek Elwood ( Nestor Serrano ) , who framed Danny for possession of narcotics in order to prevent him from discovering his gambling problem . She is portrayed by Megan Ketch . Maria Baez ( Edit ) Danny 's partner since 2013 ( and someone Danny has known for 15 years ) , Detective 1st Grade Maria Baez previously spent three years with the NYPD 's Joint Bank Robbery Task Force until it was disbanded in 2011 . In `` Bad Blood '' , it is revealed that she has an older brother , Javier ( Kirk Acevedo ) , who is a recovering drug addict , and her mother , Carmen Baez ( Saundra Santiago ) , and her sister , Ana Baez ( Liza Colón - Zayas ) , are introduced in `` Stomping Grounds '' . Before transferring to the 54th Precinct , Maria fell hard for Detective Jimmy Mosely ( Johnathon Schaech ) , but their relationship fizzled out when he refused to leave his wife for her . In `` Partners '' , Javier revealed that he is an informant for the DEA against a drug cartel ; he dies saving Maria 's life in a raid on that cartel . In `` Love Stories '' , she and Danny are awarded the NYPD Medal for Valor for their actions in `` Partners '' . During season 7 , Danny claims that Baez has difficulty establishing or maintaining romantic relationships . She is portrayed by Marisa Ramirez . Dee Ann Carver ( Edit ) The new Commander of the 54th Precinct 's Detective Squad , Lieutenant Dee Ann Carver is Danny 's strict , by - the - book boss who took over after Sgt . Gormley was transferred to 1PP . She is portrayed by LaTanya Richardson Jackson . She is the adoptive mother of a baby girl whose father committed suicide in front of her and Danny , despite their best efforts to talk him down . Associates of Erin ( Edit ) Jack Boyle ( Edit ) Erin 's ex-husband and Nicky 's father , Jack Boyle is a formidable defense attorney . Due to his actions after the divorce ( including moving away and not keeping in contact with his daughter ) , Jack is not very well liked by the adults in the Reagan family ( although his nephews , Jack and Sean , are both excited to see him when he returns to New York ) . When Danny was framed for narcotics possession , Henry hired Jack as his attorney . Jack and Erin briefly got back together after surviving a courtroom hostage crisis , but Erin ended it when they started getting serious again ( lest he break her heart again , or their daughter find out that they were once again `` hooking up '' ) . Jack did return in 2017 to represent a man that Erin is trying to convict . This time Jack came out on top . Erin also learned of Jack 's relationship with a woman who is a few years older than Nicky , which did not last long . Late in season 8 , Erin confesses to Anthony that she is dating Jack again . Jack is portrayed by Peter Hermann . Charles Rosselini ( Edit ) Erin 's boss in the first season , Charles Rosselini is the New York County District Attorney with aspirations of higher office . He is portrayed by Bobby Cannavale . Amanda Harris ( Edit ) The Bureau Chief of the Manhattan District Attorney 's Trial Bureau , Amanda Harris promoted Erin to Deputy Bureau Chief . She almost fires Erin after she calls her out on violating Brady Rules by not providing the defense with video footage that may have exonerated a previous rape suspect ; Harris ends up keeping Erin , saying that she needs someone like her to keep her in check . Regardless of this , Harris is eventually arrested after Erin finds out that she has a long - standing deal with a recently deceased high - profile madam who has her people seduce high - profile New Yorkers of major influence -- like high - level cops , politicians , pro athletes , and various celebrities -- and get them on tape in order to guarantee their assistance whenever she needs it . ( Whether this assistance is solely for cases or possibly for darker , personal reasons is left open to speculation . ) She is portrayed by Amy Morton . Robert McCoy ( Edit ) A defense attorney Erin met on a speed - date . He was an Assistant District Attorney in Brooklyn for twelve years before leaving to join private practice in 2008 . After Bureau Chief Amanda Harris was fired , McCoy was appointed the interim New York County District Attorney . This caused Erin to break off their relationship , saying she ca n't sleep with her boss . He is portrayed by Holt McCallany . As the interim DA , McCoy came into conflict with Commissioner Reagan when he announced that the DA 's office did not plan on prosecuting petty marijuana possession charges . Alex McBride ( Edit ) A member of the DA 's Investigations Unit who assists Erin with her cases . He is portrayed by James Lesure . In 1995 , McBride 's mother was murdered in an unsolved robbery . When Erin finds the case in a cold - case pile , she runs DNA found at the scene , which reveals what McBride already suspected , but was afraid to confirm : that his father had been responsible . Anthony Abetemarco ( Edit ) A Detective for the DA 's Investigations Unit who assists Erin with her cases . In `` Friends in Need '' it is revealed his cousin is Joey Ruscoli ( Anthony DeSando ) and his aunt is Sophia Ruscoli ( Catherine Wolf ) . In `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' it is revealed that his mother is Lucille Abetemarco ( Suzanne Shepherd ) . In `` The Brave '' it is revealed that his ex-wife is Vivien Abetemarco ( Diana Bologna ) and that his daughter is Sophia Abetemarco ( Isabel Harper Leight ) . He and Danny do n't personally get along , but are willing to work together when necessary . He is portrayed by Steve Schirripa . Associates of Jamie ( Edit ) Anthony Renzulli ( Edit ) Jamie 's first partner and Training Officer , Sergeant Tony Renzulli knows the beat of his precinct very well and often offers Jamie good advice when he needs it . He believes Jamie will make a great cop , and often pokes fun at him for abandoning a lucrative law career . He was also the Training Officer for Joe . In season 3 , he moves to an apparent desk job managing the patrolmen of the 12th Precinct . He is married , and has a side job painting to make extra money ; he is also a gambler , but quit after Frank bailed him out of a $3,000 debt ( with it made clear that this is a one - time offer ) . He is portrayed by Nicholas Turturro . As a uniformed patrol supervisor , Sgt . Renzulli drives a patrol car on duty and carries a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon . Vinny Cruz ( Edit ) Vinny , shield number 59910 , is Jamie 's partner in season 3 . He 's a child of the Bittarman housing projects in Brooklyn . In `` The Bitter End '' , he is killed when he and Jamie are lured by a purse snatcher into the Bittarman projects , and Vinny is shot by a sniper on a rooftop . He is posthumously promoted to Detective 1st Grade . He was portrayed by Sebastian Sozzi . As a uniformed patrol officer , Vinny drove a patrol car on duty and carried a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as his duty weapon . Eddie Janko ( Edit ) Jamie 's current partner and fiancèe , Officer Edit `` Eddie '' Janko ( pronounced `` eh - DEET '' ) is of mixed Hungarian and Serbian descent . Feisty and strongly opinionated , she is very passionate when it comes to her job . She is portrayed by Vanessa Ray . Eddie 's mother immigrated from Serbia and she herself is fluent in the Serbian language , which comes in handy when Danny recruits her to bust a sex trafficking ring . Her father , Armin Janko ( William Sadler ) was a financial advisor before his company was revealed to be involved in a Ponzi scheme , ruining a lot of good people . As a result , he is serving a prison sentence . He gets a lighter sentence after busting a prison guard drug ring . In `` The Bullitt Mustang '' , Eddie is one of several police officers charged with official misconduct by the acting New York County District Attorney for fixing her 90 - year - old neighbor 's parking tickets ; the charges are subsequently dropped after Frank and Erin work out a deal . In `` Back in the Day '' , Eddie reveals her aspirations of making detective , having signed herself and Jamie up for a surveillance assignment for one of the precinct 's detectives . While awaiting their target , Eddie chose to remain at her post when Jamie chose to respond to an officer - down call , which proved to be false . This led to a brief conflict between them , with Jamie threatening to get a new partner if she ever goes against an emergency call again . There has been significant romantic tension between Eddie and Jamie since the middle of season four , the two even sharing a kiss . Despite their attraction , Jamie had chosen not to act on his feelings after learning that Renzulli would reassign them to new partners per NYPD protocol . Nevertheless , there continued to be romantic tension lingering between the two , which had become much more apparent when they both acknowledged to each other how they feel , leading to another kiss . Despite this , they agreed not to further act on their feelings since they do n't wish to jeopardize their partnership . In the season 8 finale , after a life - threatening situation , Jamie and Eddie accepted their feelings and got engaged . When they announced their engagement to the Reagan family , Frank offered Eddie her choice of a new precinct assignment . However , Jamie pointed out that there is no actual regulation prohibiting married NYPD officers from being partnered on the job . Therefore , they have decided to remain partners as well . As a uniformed patrol officer , Eddie drives a patrol car on duty and carries a Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm as her duty weapon . Others ( Edit ) Darnell Potter ( Edit ) A community social - activist preacher , portrayed by Ato Essandoh , who feels it is his duty to protect people of color ( particularly those in his neighborhood ) from the brutality and racial profiling of the NYPD . In `` Excessive Force '' , when a criminal Danny was pursuing purposely jumped out a window and falsely claimed that Danny pushed him . Potter , seeking to further his own agenda , relocated a young witness and his entire illegal family , and demanded to Commissioner Reagan to have his son take an early retirement . Potter is nearly arrested by Commissioner Reagan for witness tampering , but Frank lets him off with a warning in order for him to save face with his congregation . In season 7 Potter suffers a personal tragedy when his teenage son is murdered by one of the youths he once sheltered ; Frank consoles him , revealing that his son Joe was killed by a corrupt cop . This , along with Danny 's successful capture of the killer , softens some of Potter 's bitterness towards the Reagans . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` Men in Black '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 14 . February 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Blue Templar '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 22 . May 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ends and Means '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 20 . April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fathers and Sons '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 10 . January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Served '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 8 . November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bitter End '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 22 . May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Disturbance '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 2 . October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Business '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 13 . January 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dedication '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 15 . February 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad Blood '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 9 . November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critical Condition '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 3 . October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lost and Found '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 5 . October 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Officer Down '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 4 . October 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercy '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 1 . September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hold Outs '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 9 . November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Start '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 15 . February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Righting Wrongs '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 18 . April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Way Out '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 23 . May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blast From The Past '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 19 . April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unsung Heroes '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cutting Losses '' . Blue Bloods . Season 7 . Episode 1 . September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Business '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` After Hours '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 10 . December 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Back in the Day '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 11 . January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Stories '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 13 . January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Little Fish '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 11 . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Family Ties '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 12 . January 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Job '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 12 . February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Growing Boys '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 6 . November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Innocence '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 16 . February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Star '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 17 . March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Arrangements '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 19 . April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Wanted '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 6 . October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flags of Our Fathers '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 10 . December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0465670/ ^ Jump up to : `` Nightmares '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 7 . November 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Framed '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 12 . January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Jobs '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 13 . February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Protest Too Much '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 17 . March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love Lost '' . Blue Bloods . Season 7 . Episode 19 . April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bullet Mustang '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Wounds '' . Blue Bloods . Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Re-Do '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 9 . November 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Protect and Serve '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 3 . October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Working Girls '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exiles '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 22 . May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Absolute Power '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 2 . October 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Cellar Boy '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 21 . May 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unwritten Rules '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stomping Grounds '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 13 . January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Town Without Pity '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 18 . April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Model Behavior '' . Blue Bloods . Season 1 . Episode 19 . April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Bargain '' . Blue Bloods . Season 7 . Episode 16 . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of War '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reale , Willie ; and Wade , Kevin . Blue Bloods , Episode 5 / 09 , `` Under the Gun . '' First aired December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Truth About Lying '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cursed '' . Blue Bloods . Season 6 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parenthood '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 14 . February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing Dead '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Queens '' . Blue Bloods . Season 4 . Episode 14 . January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Night on the Town '' . Blue Bloods . Season 2 . Episode 5 . October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excessive Force '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sins of the Father '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 10 . January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1600051/ Jump up ^ http://beaufortcountynow.com/addon/tv&p=1&tvid=32692&episode=22&tvseason=2&tvname=Blue%20Bloods Jump up ^ `` New Rules '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 21 . April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Partners '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forgive and Forget '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 2 . October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot the Messenger '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 7 . November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Through The Looking Glass '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 19 . April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Show credits Jump up ^ `` Bad Company '' . Blue Bloods . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 13 , 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Blue Bloods <Td_colspan="2"> Characters Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blue_Bloods_characters&oldid=852733904 '' Categories : Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional New York City Police Department officers Lists of American crime television series characters Lists of American drama television series characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 00 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Blue Bloods characters 2. Frank Reagan 3. Danny Reagan 4. Erin Reagan 5. Jamie Reagan

how many oscars did how green was my valley win

How Green was My Valley ( Film ) - wikipedia How Green was My Valley ( Film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> How Green Was My Valley <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by John Ford Produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Screenplay by Philip Dunne Based on How Green Was My Valley by Richard Llewellyn Starring Walter Pidgeon Maureen O'Hara Anna Lee Donald Crisp Roddy McDowall Sara Allgood Narrated by Irving Pichel Music by Alfred Newman Cinematography Arthur C. Miller Edited by James B. Clark Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 28 , 1941 ( 1941 - 10 - 28 ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Welsh Budget $800,000 Box office $2.8 million ( US rentals ) How Green Was My Valley is a 1941 drama film directed by John Ford . The movie , based on the 1939 Richard Llewellyn novel of the same name , was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck and scripted by Philip Dunne . The movie features Walter Pidgeon , Maureen O'Hara , Anna Lee , Donald Crisp , and Roddy McDowall . It was nominated for ten Academy Awards , famously beating Citizen Kane for Best Picture along with winning Best Director , Best Cinematography , and Best Supporting Actor . The movie tells of the Morgans , a hard - working Welsh mining family living in the heart of the South Wales Valleys during the 19th century . The story chronicles life in the South Wales coalfields , the loss of that way of life and its effects on the family . The fictional village in the movie is based on Gilfach Goch ; Llewellyn spent many summers there visiting his grandfather , and it served as the inspiration for the novel . In 1990 , the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved How Green Was My Valley during 1998 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Other awards 6 Adaptations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Welsh mining village of How Green Was My Valley The movie begins with a monologue by an older Huw Morgan ( voice by Irving Pichel ) : `` I am packing my belongings in the shawl my mother used to wear when she went to the market . And I 'm going from my valley . And this time , I shall never return . '' The valley and its villages are now blackened by the coal mines that fill the area . A young Huw ( Roddy McDowall ) , the youngest child of Gwilym Morgan ( Donald Crisp ) , walks home with his father to meet his mother , Beth ( Sara Allgood ) . His older brothers , Ianto ( John Loder ) , Ivor ( Patric Knowles ) , Davy ( Richard Fraser ) , Gwilym Jr. , and Owen all work in the coal mines with their father , while sister Angharad ( Maureen O'Hara ) keeps house with their mother . Huw 's childhood is idyllic , the town , not yet overrun with mining spoil , is beautiful , and the household is warm and loving . Huw is smitten on meeting Bronwyn ( Anna Lee ) , a girl engaged to be married to his oldest brother , Ivor ( Patric Knowles ) . At the boisterous wedding party Angharad meets the new preacher , Mr. Gruffydd ( Walter Pidgeon ) , and there is an obvious mutual attraction . Trouble begins when the mine owner decreases wages , and the miners strike in protest . Gwilym 's attempt to mediate by not endorsing a strike estranges him from the other miners as well as his older sons , who quit the house . Beth interrupts a late night meeting of the strikers , threatening to kill anyone who harms her husband . While returning home , crossing the fields in a snowstorm in the dark , Beth falls into the river . Huw dives in to save her with the help of the townspeople , and temporarily loses the use of his legs . He recovers with the help of Mr. Gruffydd , which further endears him to Angharad . The strike is eventually settled , and Gwilym and his sons reconcile , yet many miners have lost their jobs . Angharad is courted by the mine owner 's son , Iestyn Evans ( Marten Lamont ) , though she loves Mr. Gruffydd . Mr. Gruffydd loves her too , to the malicious delight of the gossipy townswomen , but can not bear to subject her to an impoverished churchman 's life . Angharad submits to a loveless marriage to Evans , and they relocate out of the country . Huw begins school at a nearby village . Abused by other boys , he is taught to fight by boxer Dai Bando ( Rhys Williams ) and his crony , Cyfartha ( Barry Fitzgerald ) . After a beating by the cruel teacher Mr. Jonas ( Morton Lowry ) , Dai Bando avenges Huw with an impromptu boxing display on Mr. Jonas to the delight of his pupils . On the day that Bronwyn gives birth to their child , Ivor is killed in a mine accident . Later , two of Morgan 's sons are dismissed in favour of less experienced , cheaper labourers . With no job prospects , they leave to seek their fortunes abroad . Huw is awarded a scholarship to university , but to his father 's dismay he refuses it to work in the mines . He relocates in with Bronwyn to help provide for her and her child . When Angharad returns without her husband , vicious gossip spreads through the town of an impending divorce . Mr. Gruffydd is denounced by the church deacons , and after condemning the town 's small - mindedness , he decides to leave . Just then , the alarm whistle sounds , signalling another mine disaster . Several men are injured , and Gwilym and others are trapped in a cave - in . Young Huw , Mr. Gruffydd , and Dai Bando descend with others for a rescue attempt . Gwilym and his son are briefly re-united before he succumbs to his injuries . Huw rides the lift to the surface cradling his father 's body , his coal - blackened face devoid of youthful innocence . Narration by an older Huw recalls , `` Men like my father can not die . They are with me still , real in memory as they were in flesh , loving and beloved forever . How green was my valley then . '' The movie ends with a montage of family vignettes showing Huw with his father and mother , his brothers and sister . Cast ( edit ) Walter Pidgeon as Mr. Gruffydd , pastor of the village chapel Maureen O'Hara as Angharad Morgan Donald Crisp as Gwilym Morgan Roddy McDowall as Huw Morgan Sara Allgood as Mrs. Beth Morgan Anna Lee as Bronwyn , Ivor 's wife Patric Knowles as Ivor Morgan John Loder as Ianto Morgan Barry Fitzgerald as Cyfartha , boxing manager Rhys Williams as Dai Bando , boxer Morton Lowry as Mr. Jonas , school teacher Arthur Shields as Mr. Parry , deacon Frederick Worlock as Dr. Richards Richard Fraser as Davy Morgan Evan S. Evans as Gwilym Morgan Jr . James Monks as Owen Morgan Ethel Griffies as Mrs. Nicholas , housekeeper Lionel Pape as Mr. Evans senior Marten Lamont as Iestyn Evans , his son Ann E. Todd as Ceinwen , school girl Clifford Severn as Mervyn Phillips , school bully Irving Pichel as adult Huw Morgan ( the unseen narrator ) Minta Durfee ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) William Wyler , the original director , saw the screen test of McDowall and chose him for the part . Wyler was replaced by John Ford . Fox wanted to shoot the movie in Wales in Technicolor , but events in Europe during World War II made this impossible . Instead , Ford had the studio build an 80 - acre authentic replica of a Welsh mining town at Brent 's Crags ( subsequently Crags Country Club ) in the Santa Monica Mountains near Malibu , California . The cast had only one Welsh actor , Rhys Williams , in a minor role . Reception ( edit ) How Green Was My Valley maintains a 90 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes ; the site 's consensus write - up is , `` Though it perhaps strays into overly maudlin territory , this working - class drama is saved by a solid cast and director John Ford 's unmistakeable style . '' Tim Dirks of Filmsite.org lauded the film as `` one of John Ford 's masterpieces of sentimental human drama . '' While the opinion among the Academy Awards committee that it was 1941 's Best Picture has been left behind by modern film criticism , How Green Was My Valley continues to be well received in its own right , and in 1990 was added to the American National Film Registry . It is also well known for being Academy Award winning actor and director Clint Eastwood 's favorite movie . Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Winners Best Picture - Darryl F. Zanuck Best Director - John Ford Best Supporting Actor - Donald Crisp Best Black - and - White Cinematography - Arthur Charles Miller Best Black - and - White Art Direction - Interior Decoration - Richard Day , Nathan H. Juran and Thomas Little Nominations Best Adapted Screenplay - Philip Dunne Best Supporting Actress - Sara Allgood Best Film Editing - James B. Clark Best Music , Scoring of a Dramatic Picture - Alfred Newman Best Recording Sound - Edmund H. Hansen Other Awards ( edit ) New York Film Critics Circle Awards : NYFCC Award ; Best Director , John Ford ; 1941 . Silver Condor Award for Best Foreign Film at the 1943 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards in Argentina , John Ford , USA ; 1943 . 1990 -- National Film Registry . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Men like my father can not die . They are with me still -- real in memory as they were in flesh , loving and beloved forever . How green was my valley then . '' - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated Adaptations ( edit ) How Green Was My Valley was adapted as a radio play on the March 22 , 1942 broadcast of the Ford Theatre , with Sara Allgood , Donald Crisp , Roddy McDowell , Maureen O'Hara and Walter Pidgeon . It was also adapted on three broadcasts of Lux Radio Theater : on September 21 , 1942 , with Allgood , Crisp , O'Hara , McDowell and Pidgeon ; on March 31 , 1947 , with Crisp and David Niven ; and on September 28 , 1954 , with Crisp and Donna Reed . A Broadway musical adaptation , entitled A Time for Singing , produced by Alexander H. Cohen , opened at the Broadway Theatre on May 21 , 1966 . The music was by John Morris ; book and lyrics by Morris and Gerald Freedman , who also served as the director . Cast included Laurence Naismith as Gwillym , Tessie O'Shea as Beth Morgan , Shani Wallis as Angharad and Frank Griso as Huw . In 2017 , the book was also adapted as a short film for the use in the music video for the song Pleader by the band alt - J. The music video adaptation takes some liberties in retelling the story , with the catastrophic family deaths being caused by a meteor strike rather than a mine explosion . See also ( edit ) How Green Was My Valley ( novel ) The Proud Valley The Stars Look Down 1926 United Kingdom general strike English - language accents in film -- Welsh References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Some sources credit the narration to Rhys Williams Citations Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , p. 241 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4244 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Pix Gross in Millions '' Variety 6 Jan 1943 p 58 Jump up ^ `` NY Times : How Green Was My Valley '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Green Was My Valley '' - BBC Radio Wales , www.bbc.co.uk , published February 07 , 2009 . Retrieved February 06 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . ^ Jump up to : Maltin , Leonard . `` How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) - Notes - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . TCM Interactive Group . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.venturacountytrails.org/News/0168-MalibuCreekStParkHistory/NewsPage.htm Jump up ^ `` How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) on RT '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) '' . AMC . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Oscar Robbery : 10 Controversial Best - Picture Races -- 1942 : ' Citizen Kane ' vs. ' How Green Was My Valley ' '' . TIME . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hathaway , Hashim ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` 25 times the Oscars got it wrong '' . Yardbarker . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Academy Awards ( 1942 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Historia de la Asociación de Cronistas Cinematográficos de la República Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . Puestaenescena.com.ar . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot Jump up ^ A Time for Singing at IDBD accessed 8 - 19 - 2015 Jump up ^ `` Alt - J essentially make their own period drama for their ' Pleader ' video '' Jump up ^ alt - J Make A Breathtaking Short Film For ' Pleader ' External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How Green Was My Valley ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to How Green Was My Valley . How Green Was My Valley on IMDb How Green Was My Valley at the TCM Movie Database How Green Was My Valley at AllMovie How Green Was My Valley at Rotten Tomatoes How Green Was My Valley at Reel Classics How Green Was My Valley at Film Site web site ; contains plot detail . <Th_colspan="2"> Films by John Ford Silent films The Tornado ( 1917 ) The Trail of Hate ( 1917 ) The Scrapper ( 1917 ) Cheyenne 's Pal ( 1917 ) The Soul Herder ( 1917 ) Straight Shooting ( 1917 ) The Secret Man ( 1917 ) A Marked Man ( 1917 ) Bucking Broadway ( 1917 ) The Phantom Riders ( 1918 ) Wild Women ( 1918 ) Thieves ' Gold ( 1918 ) The Scarlet Drop ( 1918 ) Hell Bent ( 1918 ) A Woman 's Fool ( 1918 ) The Craving ( 1918 ) Three Mounted Men ( 1918 ) Roped ( 1919 ) The Fighting Brothers ( 1919 ) A Fight for Love ( 1919 ) Rustlers ( 1919 ) Bare Fists ( 1919 ) Gun Law ( 1919 ) By Indian Post ( 1919 ) The Gun Packer ( 1919 ) Riders of Vengeance ( 1919 ) The Last Outlaw ( 1919 ) The Outcasts of Poker Flat ( 1919 ) Ace of the Saddle ( 1919 ) Rider of the Law ( 1919 ) A Gun Fightin ' Gentleman ( 1919 ) Marked Men ( 1919 ) The Prince of Avenue A ( 1920 ) The Girl in Number 29 ( 1920 ) Hitchin ' Posts ( 1920 ) Just Pals ( 1920 ) The Big Punch ( 1921 ) The Freeze - Out ( 1921 ) The Wallop ( 1921 ) Desperate Trails ( 1921 ) Action ( 1921 ) Sure Fire ( 1921 ) Jackie ( 1921 ) Little Miss Smiles ( 1922 ) Silver Wings ( 1922 ) The Village Blacksmith ( 1922 ) The Face on the Bar - Room Floor ( 1923 ) Three Jumps Ahead ( 1923 ) Cameo Kirby ( 1923 ) North of Hudson Bay ( 1923 ) Hoodman Blind ( 1923 ) The Iron Horse ( 1924 ) Hearts of Oak ( 1924 ) Lightnin ' ( 1925 ) Kentucky Pride ( 1925 ) Thank You ( 1925 ) The Fighting Heart ( 1925 ) The Shamrock Handicap ( 1926 ) 3 Bad Men ( 1926 ) Upstream ( 1927 ) Four Sons ( 1928 ) Strong Boy ( 1929 ) Sound films The Black Watch ( 1929 ) Men Without Women ( 1930 ) Born Reckless ( 1930 ) Up the River ( 1930 ) Seas Beneath ( 1931 ) The Brat ( 1931 ) Arrowsmith ( 1931 ) Air Mail ( 1932 ) Pilgrimage ( 1933 ) Doctor Bull ( 1933 ) The Lost Patrol ( 1934 ) The World Moves On ( 1934 ) Judge Priest ( 1934 ) The Whole Town 's Talking ( 1935 ) The Informer ( 1935 ) Steamboat Round the Bend ( 1935 ) The Prisoner of Shark Island ( 1936 ) Mary of Scotland ( 1936 ) The Plough and the Stars ( 1936 ) Wee Willie Winkie ( 1937 ) The Hurricane ( 1937 ) Four Men and a Prayer ( 1938 ) Submarine Patrol ( 1938 ) Stagecoach ( 1939 ) Young Mr. Lincoln ( 1939 ) Drums Along the Mohawk ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) The Long Voyage Home ( 1940 ) Tobacco Road ( 1941 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) They Were Expendable ( 1945 ) My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) The Fugitive ( 1947 ) Fort Apache ( 1948 ) 3 Godfathers ( 1948 ) She Wore a Yellow Ribbon ( 1949 ) When Willie Comes Marching Home ( 1950 ) Wagon Master ( 1950 ) Rio Grande ( 1950 ) The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) What Price Glory ( 1952 ) The Sun Shines Bright ( 1953 ) Mogambo ( 1953 ) The Long Gray Line ( 1955 ) Mister Roberts ( co-d , 1955 ) The Searchers ( 1956 ) The Wings of Eagles ( 1957 ) The Rising of the Moon ( 1957 ) Gideon 's Day ( 1958 ) The Last Hurrah ( 1958 ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 ) Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) Two Rode Together ( 1961 ) The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) How the West Was Won ( 1963 ) Donovan 's Reef ( 1963 ) Cheyenne Autumn ( 1964 ) 7 Women ( 1966 ) Television `` Rookie of the Year '' ( 1955 ) `` The Colter Craven Story '' `` Flashing Spikes '' ( 1962 ) Productions The Iron Horse ( 1924 ) The Blue Eagle ( 1926 ) Mother Machree ( 1928 ) Hangman 's House ( 1928 ) Riley the Cop ( 1928 ) Salute ( 1929 ) Flesh ( 1932 ) The Adventures of Marco Polo ( 1938 ) Young Cassidy ( 1965 ) Documentaries and training films Torpedo Squadron Sex Hygiene ( 1942 ) The Battle of Midway ( 1942 ) December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) Undercover ( 1943 ) This is Korea ( 1951 ) Korea : Battleground for Liberty ( 1959 ) Chesty : A Tribute to a Legend ( 1970 ) Vietnam ! Vietnam ! ( 1971 ) ( produced and co-wrote ) Related Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) <Th_colspan="2"> Darryl F. Zanuck Producer Old San Francisco ( 1927 ) The First Auto ( 1927 ) The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) Tenderloin ( 1928 ) The Show of Shows ( 1929 ) Three Faces East ( 1930 ) The Doorway to Hell ( 1931 ) Little Caesar ( 1931 ) Illicit ( 1931 ) The Public Enemy ( 1931 ) The Man Who Played God ( 1932 ) The Rich Are Always with Us ( 1932 ) Doctor X ( 1932 ) Life Begins ( 1932 ) The Cabin in the Cotton ( 1932 ) Three on a Match ( 1932 ) 20,000 Years in Sing Sing ( 1932 ) Parachute Jumper ( 1933 ) 42nd Street ( 1933 ) The Working Man ' ( 1933 ) Ex-Lady ( 1933 ) The Bowery ( 1933 ) Blood Money ( 1933 ) Moulin Rouge ( 1934 ) Looking for Trouble ( 1934 ) Born to Be Bad ( 1934 ) Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back ( 1934 ) The Mighty Barnum ( 1934 ) Folies Bergère de Paris ( 1935 ) Les Misérables ( 1935 ) Cardinal Richelieu ( 1935 ) Call of the Wild ( 1935 ) Metropolitan ( 1935 ) Thanks a Million ( 1935 ) The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo ( 1935 ) Professional Soldier ( 1935 ) The Prisoner of Shark Island ( 1936 ) It Had to Happen ( 1936 ) A Message to Garcia ( 1936 ) Under Two Flags ( 1936 ) The Road to Glory ( 1936 ) Poor Little Rich Girl ( 1936 ) Sing , Baby , Sing ( 1936 ) Pigskin Parade ( 1936 ) Seventh Heaven ( 1937 ) Slave Ship ( 1937 ) Wee Willie Winkie ( 1937 ) Wake Up and Live ( 1937 ) Thin Ice ( 1937 ) Lancer Spy ( 1937 ) In Old Chicago ( 1937 ) Happy Landing ( 1938 ) International Settlement ( 1938 ) Kentucky Moonshine Always Goodbye ( 1938 ) Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm ( 1938 ) Just Around the Corner ( 1938 ) Little Miss Broadway ( 1938 ) My Lucky Star ( 1938 ) Submarine Patrol ( 1938 ) Jesse James ( 1939 ) Tail Spin ( 1939 ) Wife , Husband and Friend ( 1939 ) The Story of Alexander Graham Bell ( 1939 ) Rose of Washington Square ( 1939 ) Stanley and Livingstone ( 1939 ) The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Hollywood Cavalcade ( 1939 ) Swanee River ( 1939 ) The Little Princess ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Little Old New York ( 1940 ) The Man I Married ( 1940 ) The Return of Frank James ( 1940 ) Brigham Young ( 1940 ) Down Argentine Way ( 1940 ) The Mark of Zorro ( 1940 ) Hudson 's Bay ( 1941 ) Tobacco Road ( 1941 ) The Great American Broadcast ( 1941 ) Blood and Sand ( 1941 ) A Yank in the R.A.F. ( 1941 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1942 ) Son of Fury : The Story of Benjamin Blake ( 1942 ) Sex Hygiene ( Short ) ( 1942 ) To the Shores of Tripoli ( 1942 ) This Above All ( 1942 ) Thunder Birds ( 1942 ) The Purple Heart ( 1944 ) Wilson ( 1944 ) Winged Victory ( 1944 ) The Razor 's Edge ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Fury at Furnace Creek ( 1948 ) The Snake Pit ( 1948 ) Pinky ( 1949 ) Twelve O'Clock High ( 1949 ) No Way Out ( 1950 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) David and Bathsheba ( 1951 ) People Will Talk ( 1951 ) Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) The Snows of Kilimanjaro ( 1952 ) The Egyptian ( 1954 ) The View from Pompey 's Head ( 1955 ) The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit ( 1956 ) Island in the Sun ( 1957 ) The Sun Also Rises ( 1957 ) The Roots of Heaven ( 1958 ) Crack in the Mirror ( 1960 ) Sanctuary ( 1961 ) The Big Gamble ( 1961 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) The Chapman Report ( 1962 ) The Visit ( 1964 ) Writer as Mark Canfield The Desired Woman ( 1927 ) ( story ) Maybe It 's Love ( 1930 ) Baby Face ( 1933 ) ( story ) Crack in the Mirror ( 1960 ) as Melville Crossman Tenderloin ( story ) ( 1928 ) State Street Sadie ( story ) ( 1928 ) Thanks a Million ( story ) ( 1935 ) A Yank in the R.A.F. ( story ) ( 1941 ) Thunder Birds ( original story ) ( 1942 ) China Girl ( story ) ( 1942 ) The Purple Heart ( story ) ( 1944 ) as Gregory Rogers Find Your Man ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1924 ) The Lighthouse by the Sea ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1924 ) Three Weeks in Paris ( story , screenplay as Darryl Zanuck ) ( 1925 ) The Midnight Taxi ( story ) ( 1928 ) as self A Broadway Butterfly ( 1925 ) Red Hot Tires ( 1925 ) Hogan 's Alley ( 1925 ) The Caveman ( scenario ) ( 1926 ) The Little Irish Girl ( adaptation ) ( 1926 ) The Social Highwayman ( 1926 ) Footloose Widows ( 1926 ) Across the Pacific ( adaptation ) ( 1926 ) The Better ' Ole ( screenplay ) ( 1926 ) Tracked by the Police ( Rin Tin Tin story ) ( 1927 ) Old San Francisco ( 1927 ) The First Auto ( story ) ( 1927 ) Good Time Charley ( story ) ( 1927 ) Noah 's Ark ( story ) ( 1928 ) My Man ( story ) ( 1928 ) Hardboiled Rose ( story ) ( 1929 ) Madonna of Avenue A ( story ) ( 1929 ) Say It with Songs ( story ) ( 1929 ) The Life of the Party ( 1930 ) Little Caesar ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1931 ) The Dark Horse ( story ) ( 1932 ) Lady Killer ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1933 ) Folies Bergère de Paris ( contributing writer -- uncredited ) ( 1935 ) G Men ( story ) ( 1935 ) This Is My Affair ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1937 ) Alexander 's Ragtime Band ( contributing writer -- uncredited ) ( 1938 ) The Great Profile ( story -- uncredited ) ( 1940 ) Ten Gentlemen from West Point ( 1942 ) People Virginia Fox ( wife ) Richard D. Zanuck ( son ) Dean Zanuck ( grandson ) <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Green_Was_My_Valley_(film)&oldid=829674769 '' Categories : 1941 films American drama films American films Best Picture Academy Award winners American black - and - white films English - language films Films about the labor movement Films based on British novels Films directed by John Ford Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films set in Wales Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Labour disputes in the United Kingdom Mining in film Mining in the United Kingdom 1940s drama films 20th Century Fox films United States National Film Registry films Silver Condor Award for Best Foreign Film winners Films scored by Alfred Newman Screenplays by Philip Dunne Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. How Green Was My Valley - film 2. John Ford - director 3. Welsh mining family 4. Academy Awards 5. United States National Film Registry

when does walt tell hank he's heisenberg

Blood Money ( Breaking Bad ) - wikipedia Blood Money ( Breaking Bad ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Blood Money '' <Td_colspan="2"> Breaking Bad episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 9 Directed by Bryan Cranston Written by Peter Gould Featured music `` Wordmule '' by Jim White `` If I Did n't Love You '' by Squeeze Original air date August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) Running time 47 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Matt L. Jones as Badger Mayhew Charles Baker as Skinny Pete Lavell Crawford as Huell Tina Parker as Francesca Chad Brummett as Agent Artie Joe Nemmers as Agent Scott Ray Chavez as Skater Brett Shane Cooley as Homeowner Wayne Dehart as Homeless Man Cheryl Ford - Mente as Carol Jyl Murray as Car Wash Patron ( uncredited ) <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Gliding Over All '' Next → `` Buried '' <Td_colspan="2"> Breaking Bad ( season 5 ) List of Breaking Bad episodes `` Blood Money '' is the ninth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad , and the 55th overall episode of the series . Written by Peter Gould and directed by Bryan Cranston , it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on August 11 , 2013 as the mid-season premiere . The episode received high critical acclaim , with critics praising the flashforward scene in the beginning , the ending scene and the performances from Bryan Cranston and Dean Norris . For his performance in the episode , Norris was called `` Performer of the Week '' by TVLine . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Dedication 2.2 Title reference 2.3 References to other media 2.4 References to past episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) In a flashforward , a 52 - year - old Walter White arrives at his abandoned and fenced off house , following the events of `` Live Free or Die '' . Walt enters and sees `` HEISENBERG '' spray - painted on the living room wall . Observing the house 's dilapidated state , which includes a group of teenagers using his emptied pool to skateboard , he retrieves the hidden vial of ricin from his bedroom . As he leaves he greets his former neighbor , Carol , who is shocked by his presence . In the present , Hank Schrader reels from finding Gale Boetticher 's handwritten dedication found in Walt 's copy of Leaves of Grass , finally realizing that Walt , his brother - in - law , was Heisenberg all along . After excusing himself and his wife Marie from the party at Walt 's house , Hank swerves his car off the road on the way home while suffering a panic attack . Hank feigns an illness to work from home and takes the opportunity to review case files on Heisenberg and Gus Fring . Hank links people , events , and circumstances , as well as matching the handwriting in the Leaves of Grass dedication with that of the bullet points from Gale 's lab notebook , to confirm that Walt is Heisenberg . Walt , who has left the meth business , and discusses ways to launder his drug money faster with his wife Skyler , with expansion of their car wash business as an aim . Lydia shows up at the car wash looking distressed and pleads for Walt to return , as the quality of the meth since his retirement has fallen below acceptable standards , jeopardizing their deal . However , Walt dismisses her and Skyler warns her never to come back . It is later revealed that Walt 's cancer has returned , but he keeps this from his family and undergoes chemotherapy again . Meanwhile , Jesse Pinkman feels guilty over his role in Walt 's meth business , and is particularly distraught over the deaths of Drew Sharp and ( he assumes ) Mike Ehrmantraut . He gives all the money he received from Walt to Saul Goodman and asks him to deliver it to Mike 's granddaughter and Drew 's family . Saul refuses , advising it would raise suspicions , and reports this to Walt . Walt visits Jesse to return his money and lies to him , telling him that Mike is probably still alive somewhere and does n't need help taking care of his granddaughter . Jesse is still distressed and later gives a $10,000 bundle to a homeless man . He then drives through a neighborhood throwing more bundles of cash onto front lawns . In his bathroom , Walt finds his copy of Leaves of Grass missing . Alarmed at the coincidental timing of Hank 's apparent illness , his suspicions are deepened when he discovers a GPS tracker on his car . He shows up at Hank 's garage to ask about the tracker . An enraged Hank punches Walt and accuses him of being Heisenberg , which Walt neither confirms or denies . Walt tells Hank that he would have difficulty proving he is Heisenberg , and even if he did his cancer will probably kill him before he can be jailed . Hank demands Walt leave his children in Hank 's care before he will consider Walt 's argument , but is refused . Hank utters that he does not know him anymore , to which Walt replies , `` If that 's true , if you do n't know who I am , then maybe your best course would be to tread lightly . '' Production ( edit ) Dedication ( edit ) The episode is dedicated to Kevin Cordasco , a sixteen - year - old fan of Breaking Bad who had met several members of the series ' cast and crew ; Cordasco died earlier in 2013 from neuroblastoma . This was the fourth dedication in the history of the series . Title reference ( edit ) The term `` blood money '' is a double entendre : it means money obtained at the cost of another 's life as well as money paid to the family of a person who has been killed , usually by the killer or the killer 's clan . References to other Media ( edit ) In the opening flashforward scene , Walt is seen by his former neighbor Carol , who drops a bag of oranges ( which spill and roll across the ground ) in fear . Some critics interpret this as a reference to The Godfather , in which oranges represent death . For example , in one scene of The Godfather , after Vito Corleone ( Marlon Brando ) is shot , he drops a bag of oranges , which subsequently roll across the ground . References to past episodes ( edit ) `` Blood Money '' contains several other continuity references to past episodes . Hank 's montage , in which he investigates the revelation that Walt is Heisenberg , sees him looking through old case files and pictures . These reference Gus Fring , Gale Boetticher and his notebook ( `` Bullet Points '' ) , Dennis Markowski , Jesse 's car in Seasons 1 and 2 , the bullet - ridden car from his shoot - out with Tuco Salamanca ( `` Grilled '' ) , Hector Salamanca , Mike Ehrmantraut , Duane Chow ( `` Full Measure '' / `` Madrigal '' ) , Ron Forenall , Tyrus Kitt , Gonzo and No - Doze 's corpses ( `` Grilled '' ) , the gas mask Walt took from the school he worked at , Walt and Jesse stealing a barrel of methylamine ( `` A No - Rough - Stuff - Type Deal '' ) , the burned lab ( `` Live Free or Die '' ) , and finally , the Heisenberg drawing ( `` No Más '' ) . When Hank confronts Walt about his identity , he mentions Walt 's purposefully crashing the car on their way to Fring 's laundromat ( `` Crawl Space '' ) , killing the imprisoned members of Fring 's drug empire ( `` Gliding Over All '' ) , calling him about Marie to distract him from Jesse and the RV ( `` Sunset '' ) , and bombing a nursing home ( `` Face Off '' ) . Walt also acts like Gus in some scenes . His conversation with Lydia at the car wash references Walt and Gus ' earlier conversations at Los Pollos Hermanos , with Walt 's role being reversed . In another scene , Walt goes to the bathroom to vomit , turning the sink on to mask the noise and laying a towel down on the floor to kneel on , just as Gus had done in `` Salud '' . Hank 's neighbor 's son 's remote controlled car ( `` Seven Thirty - Seven '' ) also makes an appearance . The GPS tracker Hank places under Walt 's car is the same one he planted on Gus ' car in the fourth season . When Jesse opens a pack of cigarettes in front of Huell , Huell seems to remember the ricin - filled cigarette he stole from Jesse in `` End Times '' . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The episode originally aired on August 11 , 2013 , in the United States and Canada on AMC . It aired the next day in the United Kingdom on the web streaming service Netflix . According to the Nielsen ratings system , `` Blood Money '' was watched in the United States by an estimated 5.92 million viewers , the most in series history at the time . Reviews ( edit ) The episode received widespread critical acclaim , with extensive praise for Dean Norris and Bryan Cranston 's performances . Seth Amitin of IGN called the episode a satisfying preparation and set - up for the endgame of the series . Amitin also praised the confrontation at the end between Walt and Hank and the tense dialogue that fueled it . `` Blood Money was an amalgamation of a bunch of little things to love . '' Mark Berman of The Washington Post said the episode paid off plot points set up in previous episodes while simultaneously laying groundwork for future episodes . Berman was also surprised at how much ground was covered in Hank 's plotline in just one episode . David Berry of National Post called Walt and Hank 's showdown abrupt , menacing and cathartic without relieving any of the tension of the storyline . He also praised the acting . After reading other critics ' reviews , Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy wrote that `` ( Blood Money ) exceeded the hype and reached new heights . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Season premiere review : ' Breaking Bad ' - ' Blood Money ' : Better call , Saul '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pascal , Susan ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Episode Dedicated to Kevin Cordasco '' . Calabasas Patch . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Bad Dedicates Premiere To Kevin Cordasco , 16 - Year - Old Who Lost Battle With Cancer ( PHOTO ) '' . Huff Post Good News . August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` blood money '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Berman , Mark ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' -- Take the blood money and run '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Season 5 , Part 2 '' . Slate . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad premiere recap : ' Blood Money ' '' . The Week . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` BREAKING BAD Recap : `` Blood Money '' `` . Collider . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Bad Round Table : `` Blood Money '' `` . TV Fanatic . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad Watch : I Am the One Who Gets Knocked Out '' . TIME . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Blood Money review '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Susanna ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad new series 5b episode now available on Netflix '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Returns With Series High 5.9 Million Viewers ; ' Low Winter Sun ' Debuts to 2.5 Million Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Review : Breaking Bad , `` Blood Money '' `` . Metacritic . August 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amitin , Seth ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad `` Blood Money '' Review `` Hello , Carol . '' `` . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berry , David ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tread lightly : The final season premiere of Breaking Bad , ' Blood Money ' recapped '' . National Post . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' : First ' Blood Money ' reviews - What the critics said '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Blood Money '' at the official Breaking Bad site `` Blood Money '' on IMDb `` Blood Money '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Breaking Bad episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Cat 's in the Bag ... '' `` ... And the Bag 's in the River '' `` Cancer Man '' `` Gray Matter '' `` Crazy Handful of Nothin ' '' `` A No - Rough - Stuff - Type Deal '' Season 2 `` Seven Thirty - Seven '' `` Grilled '' `` Bit by a Dead Bee '' `` Down '' `` Breakage '' `` Peekaboo '' `` Negro y Azul '' `` Better Call Saul '' `` 4 Days Out '' `` Over '' `` Mandala '' `` Phoenix '' `` ABQ '' Season 3 `` No Más '' `` Caballo sin Nombre '' `` I.F.T. '' `` Green Light '' `` Más '' `` Sunset '' `` One Minute '' `` I See You '' `` Kafkaesque '' `` Fly '' `` Abiquiu '' `` Half Measures '' `` Full Measure '' Season 4 `` Box Cutter '' `` Thirty - Eight Snub '' `` Open House '' `` Bullet Points '' `` Shotgun '' `` Cornered '' `` Problem Dog '' `` Hermanos '' `` Bug '' `` Salud '' `` Crawl Space '' `` End Times '' `` Face Off '' Season 5 Part I `` Live Free or Die '' `` Madrigal '' `` Hazard Pay '' `` Fifty - One '' `` Dead Freight '' `` Buyout '' `` Say My Name '' `` Gliding Over All '' Part II `` Blood Money '' `` Buried '' `` Confessions '' `` Rabid Dog '' `` To'hajiilee '' `` Ozymandias '' `` Granite State '' `` Felina '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_Money_(Breaking_Bad)&oldid=838833533 '' Categories : Breaking Bad ( season 5 ) episodes 2013 American television episodes Screenplays by Peter Gould ( writer ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 15 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Breaking Bad episode "Blood Money" 2. Walter White's flashforward 3. Hank discovers Walt is Heisenberg 4. Walt's cancer returns 5. Jesse's guilt and giving away money

who was in la first raiders or rams

History of the National Football league in Los Angeles - wikipedia History of the National Football league in Los Angeles Jump to : navigation , search See also : Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers Professional American football , especially its established top level , the National Football League ( NFL ) , has had a long and complicated history in Los Angeles , which is the center of the second - largest media market in the United States . Los Angeles was the first city on the West Coast of the United States to host an NFL team of its own , when the former Cleveland Rams relocated to Los Angeles in 1946 and played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( `` The Coliseum '' ) from 1946 until 1979 . The Rams , after moving to suburban Anaheim , California in 1980 , were joined in the Los Angeles metropolitan area by the Los Angeles Raiders when that team moved into the Coliseum in 1982 . A combination of a split fan base and earthquake damage to the Coliseum prompted both teams to leave Los Angeles simultaneously prior to the 1995 season . The Raiders returned to their original home of Oakland , California , while the Rams began a 21 - year tenure in St. Louis , Missouri . The two - decade span in which Los Angeles lacked an NFL team was brought on in part by the obsolescence of Los Angeles 's existing stadiums , the unwillingness of the league to add expansion teams after 2002 ( when the Houston Texans were founded ) or relocate any other teams , and an inability to agree on a plan to build a new stadium , despite several proposals that received full regulatory approval but never landed a team willing to relocate under the developers ' terms . The threat of a relocation to Los Angeles was , in that span , used as an effective bargaining chip for teams in other , smaller markets ; a team could blackmail their home city into contributing more toward constructing or renovating a stadium by raising the specter of leaving for Los Angeles if their demands were not met . The league 's absence from Los Angeles ended in early 2016 , when the Rams received league approval to return to the area beginning at the start of the 2016 season . Currently , Los Angeles is the home of the NFL 's Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers , the last of whom announced their intent to relocate from its previous home in San Diego in January 2017 . The two teams will share Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park when the stadium opens in Inglewood in 2020 . In addition to the NFL , Los Angeles has been represented by almost every other high - level professional football league : the PCPFL 's Los Angeles Bulldogs , the AAFC 's Los Angeles Dons , the original 1960s AFL 's Los Angeles Chargers ( which are the same team that is currently in the NFL ) , the CFL 's Orange County Ramblers , the WFL 's Southern California Sun , the USFL 's Los Angeles Express , the Arena Football League 's Anaheim Piranhas , Los Angeles Cobras , Los Angeles Avengers and LA KISS , and the XFL 's Los Angeles Xtreme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of football in Los Angeles 2 NFL in Los Angeles : 1946 -- 1994 2.1 Los Angeles Rams 2.1. 1 Rams move to Anaheim 2.2 Los Angeles Raiders 3 1995 : Both Los Angeles franchises leave 3.1 Rams move to St. Louis 3.2 Raiders return to Oakland 4 Two decades without a team 4.1 Attempted Seahawks move to Los Angeles 4.2 Expansion team bid 4.3 From 2000 onward 4.4 Los Angeles as a bargaining chip 4.5 Civic disinterest 4.6 Interested parties 4.7 Potential league expansion 5 2016 : The NFL returns 5.1 Three franchises apply for relocation 5.2 The Rams return 5.3 The Chargers return 6 Football stadiums in the Los Angeles area 6.1 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 6.2 Anaheim Stadium 6.3 Rose Bowl 6.4 StubHub Center 6.5 Under construction : Inglewood 6.6 Past proposals 6.6. 1 Dodger Stadium site 6.6. 2 Carson 6.6. 3 City of Industry 6.6. 4 Downtown Los Angeles 7 Non-NFL gridiron football activity 8 In fiction 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins of Football in Los Angeles ( edit ) The first NFL team to name itself after the city of Los Angeles was the Los Angeles Buccaneers in 1926 . However , this was a road team , based in Chicago , made up of Californians , primarily University of California and University of Southern California alumni . Historian Michael McCambridge said that the Buccaneers became a road team because the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission had banned pro teams from its stadium . However , the difficulty of transcontinental travel in the era before modern air travel must have also been a factor in the decision to base the team in the Midwest . The upstart American Football League also featured a similar Midwest - based road team of West Coast players , the Los Angeles Wildcats . Both Los Angeles teams performed respectably on the field but folded after the 1926 season amid league - wide overextension . Ironically , the Wildcats ' last game was an exhibition in San Francisco against the Buccaneers in January 1927 . The first major professional football team to actually reside in Los Angeles were the Los Angeles Bulldogs , who operated both as an independent and as a member of several other leagues from approximately 1934 to 1948 , in its later years reduced to minor status . The Bulldogs played most of their tenure at Gilmore Stadium , a stadium on the site of what is now CBS Television City . The NFL had actually admitted the Bulldogs to the league for the 1937 NFL season , but reneged on the agreement because of travel concerns ( the great distance between the Bulldogs and every other team , plus having to cross the Rocky Mountains in an era when travel by airplane was still a rare and hazardous endeavor , proved to be too much of a risk for the newly stable NFL to be willing to take ; the league had finally stabilized in the mid-1930s after a decade and a half in which teams were leaving and joining the league annually ) . The NFL would hold its first two All - Star Games in Los Angeles following the 1938 and 1939 seasons . In 1946 , the Los Angeles Dons of the All - America Football Conference started play , lasting four years before folding with the demise of the AAFC . In 1960 , the American Football League ( AFL ) was formed , with a franchise at the region , the Los Angeles Chargers . After the inaugural season , the team moved to San Diego to become the San Diego Chargers , who joined the NFL during the NFL - AFL merger in 1970 . The Continental Football League , a second - tier professional league active in the late 1960s , included the Orange County Ramblers among its teams . NFL in Los Angeles : 1946 -- 1994 ( edit ) Los Angeles Rams ( edit ) Main article : History of the Los Angeles Rams In 1946 , the defending NFL champions , the Cleveland Rams moved to Los Angeles . The other league owners were not pleased with the move , but the league relented due in large part to concern that Los Angeles could potentially become the nucleus of a rival league . The Rams played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , at the time shared with two NCAA teams -- the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins -- and an AAFC franchise , the Los Angeles Dons . It was the establishment of the Rams in Los Angeles that prompted the league to lift its moratorium on African - American players that had been in place since the early 1930s : terms of the Rams ' lease on the Coliseum required the team to integrate , and to do so , the Rams signed former UCLA stars Kenny Washington and Woody Strode . When the AAFC folded in 1950 , the Dons went out of business , but the AAFC 's San Francisco 49ers were admitted to the NFL . This provided the NFL with a workable pair of West Coast cities for travel . Another AAFC franchise which moved over to the NFL in 1950 was the Cleveland Browns , who were based in the city the Rams had deserted . The Browns and the Rams met in three NFL championship games in six seasons -- in Cleveland in 1950 ( Browns won 30 - 28 ) and in Los Angeles in 1951 ( Rams won 24 - 17 ) and 1955 ( Browns won 38 - 14 ) . The Rams quickly became established as an NFL power , winning 7 straight divisional titles from 1973 to 1979 , with top quarterbacks like Roman Gabriel and the legendary Fearsome Foursome , consisting of Rosey Grier , Lamar Lundy , Merlin Olsen and Deacon Jones . Rams move to Anaheim ( edit ) By 1979 the Rams were a successful franchise , and made it to their first Super Bowl that year . However , they had long been dissatisfied with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . For most of the Rams ' tenure there , it was the largest stadium in the NFL , with over 90,000 seats . However , even in the Rams ' best years , the cavernous venue sold out very infrequently , causing blackouts of Rams games on local TV . Additionally , it was located in South Central Los Angeles , which was perceived as being one of the city 's more dangerous neighborhoods ; it had begun going to seed from the 1960s onward . The Coliseum also lacked adequate nearby parking . At various times they shared the stadium with both the USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins football teams . Ownership ( Carroll Rosenbloom , followed by his widow Georgia Frontiere ) was unable to persuade the city to build a new stadium in Los Angeles , so they decided to move out of the Coliseum to Anaheim ( 28 miles southeast of downtown L.A. ) in Orange County , which was then experiencing an enormous boom in population and construction . Beginning in 1980 , the Rams played in Anaheim Stadium , which already had a football press box built into the upper deck when it opened in 1966 . Further renovations included enclosing the facility by extending the stadium 's three decks ( the stadium had previously been open to the outside ) , and building luxury suites in the mezzanine `` club '' level . Los Angeles Raiders ( edit ) Main article : History of the Los Angeles Raiders The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum next received an NFL team in 1982 , when the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles to become the Los Angeles Raiders . Team owner Al Davis relocated there without the approval of his fellow owners or NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle . One major factor for Davis in moving to the Coliseum -- despite its flaws as a football stadium -- was his assumption that the NFL would eventually approve pay - per - view telecasts for its games ; such a move would potentially have given the Raiders a virtual TV monopoly in Los Angeles , the nation 's second - largest TV market . Davis also counted on being able to persuade the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission to renovate the facility , particularly by installing scores of luxury boxes . The Raiders continued the success they had in Oakland after the move south , winning Super Bowl XVIII in January 1984 and reaching the AFC Championship Game after the 1990 season . But the team gained a controversial reputation off the field , as its silver and black colors became associated with L.A. 's notorious street gangs . More importantly , the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission never gave Davis the lucrative package of amenities he had been promised , and the NFL 's broadcast contracts never instituted pay - per - view . Additionally , due to concerns about the area around Exposition Park and the Raiders ' difficulty in selling out their home games ( resulting in television blackouts in Los Angeles ) , the NFL scheduled all of the Raiders ' appearances on Monday Night Football as road games after 1985 , and would not even consider letting them play Monday night games in Anaheim . Eventually , Davis lost patience and entertained an offer from Irwindale , California ( east of downtown L.A. ) in 1987 , but did not move there . 1995 : both Los Angeles franchises leave ( edit ) Rams move to St. Louis ( edit ) In the early 1990s , Rams owner Georgia Frontiere began to shop around for a new home for her team , which was falling behind other NFL teams in luxury - box and other non-shared revenue . By the end of the 1994 season , talks had begun with St. Louis and Baltimore , two cities that had lost their original NFL franchises ( the Cardinals and Colts , respectively ) , and had both been unsuccessful in efforts to obtain an expansion franchise the previous year ; meanwhile , she was hoping that Anaheim and / or Orange County would also make an attractive offer . Anaheim , going through a recession , could not agree on a tax package to pay for the improvements that Frontiere insisted on , so they dropped out of the bidding . Rams fans , bothered by Frontiere talking to other cities about moving the franchise , voiced their anger by asking for her to sell the team , booing her and starting derogatory chants at games directed at her . Attendance began dwindling , due to frustration by the fans over ownership and the performance by the team on the field . Eventually , St. Louis gave Frontiere the offer she wanted , a brand - new $280 million domed stadium called the Trans World Dome ( now known as the Dome at America 's Center ) with a long - term lease and over 100 luxury boxes . The move was announced in February 1995 and approved by NFL owners that April . The Rams played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994 , losing 24 -- 21 to the Washington Redskins in front of only 25,750 fans in attendance at Anaheim Stadium . During the 2009 offseason , following Frontiere 's death , it was announced the Rams were for sale . It was considered possible that the next owner of the Rams could potentially move the team back to Los Angeles ; however , this prospect was at the time thought to have become much less likely when then - minority owner Stan Kroenke , a Missouri native and resident , acquired complete control in August 2010 . Raiders return to Oakland ( edit ) In May 1995 after the departure of the Rams for St. Louis , the owners of the National Football League teams approved with a 27 - 1 vote with two abstentions , a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million , privately financed stadium on property owned by Hollywood Park for the Raiders . Al Davis balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have to accept a second team at the stadium . Due in no small part to this and the decision by the Los Angeles Sports Commission to halt further planned renovations to the Coliseum due to repair costs generated by the 1994 Northridge earthquake , Al Davis gave up on Los Angeles , and decided to accept a new stadium renovation offer from Oakland , California and to return to his team 's former home . The renovation expanded the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum to 63,000 seats and added 86 luxury boxes and thousands of club seats . The deal was announced on June 23 , 1995 and approved by league owners on August 9 of that year . The Raiders , like the Rams , played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994 , losing 19 -- 9 to the Kansas City Chiefs in front of 64,130 in attendance at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Two decades without a team ( edit ) Los Angeles remained without an NFL franchise from 1995 to 2015 . One key sticking point had been that a new team needed to play in the outdated Coliseum or Rose Bowl , or a lower capacity NFL - specific stadium needed to be built in the area . Attempted Seahawks move to Los Angeles ( edit ) In March 1996 , Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring moved office equipment and some athletic gear to the elementary school in Anaheim that once held Rams practices , hoping to get approval for a permanent move to Southern California . The plan was for the relocated Seahawks to play at the Rose Bowl while an NFL stadium was built in either Anaheim or Los Angeles . The Seahawks planned move was announced at a time when the Cleveland Browns had announced their relocation to Baltimore and the Houston Oilers to Nashville . The league passed a resolution in the previous year that a return to Los Angeles would be controlled by the league , the 30 teams collectively . Because of an owners ' revolt where the league fined the Seahawks $50,000 dollars for every day the team was in Anaheim , Behring halted the process and moved the equipment back to Seattle . Eventually , Paul Allen bought the team and kept it in Seattle by building Seahawks Stadium , now known as CenturyLink Field . Expansion team bid ( edit ) Perhaps the closest Los Angeles came to regaining the NFL during this period was in 1999 , when the NFL approved a new franchise , the league 's 32nd , for Los Angeles , on the condition that the city and NFL agree on a stadium site and stadium financing . Those agreements were never reached , and in October 1999 , the franchise was awarded to a Houston ownership group instead , which formed the Houston Texans . From 2000 onward ( edit ) Then - Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger championed a new football stadium in Anaheim in tandem with a new L.A. Coliseum in 2006 . There were reports , however , that NFL owners would not approve a return to the L.A. area until two teams committed to play in a single new stadium ( similar to the New York Giants and New York Jets , first in Giants Stadium and since 2010 in MetLife Stadium ) . In response to rising cost estimates for a new stadium , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell said that returning the NFL to Los Angeles would require the league to consider unspecified `` alternative solutions . '' In November 2007 , the then - Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa declared that the policy of requiring the NFL to relocate to the Coliseum would change and other options would be explored . The NFL still maintained a presence in the Los Angeles market through NFL Network , the in - house cable and satellite network which was founded in 2003 , and is headquartered in nearby Culver City , to the point the very first episode of NFL Total Access had Rich Eisen say `` welcome to the NFL in Los Angeles '' . The Coliseum was part of the 2005 opening weekend celebration , and is home of the NFL Players Association 's `` Rookie Premiere '' , in which first - year athletes pose for trading card pictures ; The Dallas Cowboys also hosted their training camp in the Los Angeles suburb of Oxnard on a rotating basis during this period . Los Angeles as a bargaining chip ( edit ) During the two decades , many NFL teams used Los Angeles as a bargaining chip in order to get their cities to build new stadiums in their existing cities . By 2015 more than half the league had threatened to move there , during negotiations for new or renovated stadiums , which cost hundreds of millions of dollars , and 27 NFL stadiums had been built or received at least $400 million in renovations . Owners expressed interest in relocation and visited Los Angeles to encourage their city councils . According to NBC News , The threat of moving a team to Los Angeles is more valuable for the NFL than actually placing a team there . It 's the perfect bargaining chip for the league : Why would a franchise stay in , say , cold - weather , small - market Minnesota without a new stadium when big - market , celebrity - studded L.A. beckons ? Sports economist John Vrooman of Vanderbilt University stated : It is entirely possible that the L.A. football market has been more valuable to the N.F.L. empty than if it had been occupied since 1995 ... It is standard operating procedure for the N.F.L. commissioner and other concerned owners to drop the not - so - veiled threat of relocation to L.A. and a Yahoo ! Sports contributor observed that : The NFL does n't necessarily use Los Angeles as a bargaining chip with other cities , but whenever there is a stadium issue in another city , that team suddenly ends up on a list of franchises that could relocate to sunny Southern California . Convenient . Furthermore , there were opinions that even called relocation efforts a `` way of playing with fanbases ' feelings '' . In July 2015 HBO 's show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver had a segment on stadiums in which , among several stories , took a look at one of San Diego Chargers ' fans attempts to collect public money to build a new stadium to keep the team in town . In December 2015 Drew Magary wrote : They 've pit ... ( an NFL team ) against one another ( sometimes encouraging them to forge alliances and gang up on each other ) in an effort to secure the optimal L.A. deal , plus taxpayer - funded stadiums for whoever stays behind . They 've unveiled stadium designs ... It 's been a slow , open , agonizing process , with the NFL dripping out rumors and veiled demands and `` leaders in the clubhouse '' to their lapdog beat reporters every Sunday morning like clockwork to help speed the process along , with no interest in the emotional impact of these potential relocations ... None of this is new or surprising , of course ... Pro sports teams have been more interested in exploiting fan loyalty than appreciating it . Supporters of a Los Angeles NFL team agreed that their city had been , as Los Angeles City Councilman Bernard Parks said , `` used as a pawn '' . He added , `` L.A. always comes into the equation whenever a city is looking for a new stadium . Lo and behold , shockingly , the stadium gets built and L.A. is not in the equation . '' Fred Rosen said , `` It 's like the rabbit at the dog track . L.A. 's always chasing the rabbit , and the NFL has also used L.A. as the rabbit . '' The lack of an NFL - quality stadium also made moving a team to Los Angeles risky because of the possibility of being forced to play in the obsolete Coliseum or Rose Bowl , but building a stadium without a team would be financially and politically very difficult . Civic disinterest ( edit ) `` Everybody I know who moves out here , I go , Would you ever move back to Boston ? and they go , `` Never . '' Philly ? `` Never . '' Chicago ? `` Never . '' But who do you root for ? `` Boston ... Philadelphia ... Chicago . '' '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Kenneth Choi , 2015 Without a team the NFL remained popular on television in Los Angeles ; 18 of the 20 most - popular programs from September 2014 to early November were NFL games . During the time the area went without a local team , residents could usually watch the most appealing games each week ; sports bars show many games at once , and patrons and employees wear varying apparel . It was thought that a Los Angeles team might lower TV ratings . Residents choose teams around the country to support ; David Carter , sports business professor at USC , compared area fans to `` the NFL 's version of the United Nations '' . Many are from elsewhere in the United States and tend to support teams from their previous cities . As of February 2015 10 % of Los Angeles County residents who followed NFL Tweets followed the 49ers , 9 % the Raiders , and 7 % the Dallas Cowboys . In Orange County , the Chargers and Green Bay Packers were in second and third place . By contrast , in San Diego County 47 % of NFL Twitter users followed the Chargers and no other team had more than 4.5 % , despite the area having many loyal NFL fans of other teams ( notably the Pittsburgh Steelers ) due to the numerous military bases in the area . Whether fans of other teams would support a new or relocated NFL team in Los Angeles was unclear . The area already has very popular USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins football games , with much greater attendance than the Raiders had during the team 's time in Los Angeles . John C. Phillips of the University of the Pacific stated that `` People in Los Angeles really do not have that sense of community and identity with sports teams . In Cleveland and Buffalo , people identify with the city ; in Los Angeles , they do n't '' . During the Cleveland Browns ' relocation to Baltimore in 1996 owner Art Modell received death threats . NBC News wrote that by contrast , `` when the Raiders and Rams departed in 1994 , Angelenos yawned before going surfing . '' In 2001 , a proposal was floated for a new stadium near Staples Center . The stadium and team would have been owned by billionaire Phillip Anschutz and Hollywood scion Casey Wasserman , and the stadium would have been built with private funding . That died down quickly when it failed to get the support of the city council . In particular , Mark Ridley - Thomas , whose district includes the Coliseum , never supported it . In 2005 , then - Dodgers owner Frank McCourt showed interest in a plan in which a new NFL stadium would be built next to Dodger Stadium . However , city officials expressed their displeasure with his idea in part to their favoritism of the repeatedly defunct Coliseum plan . McCourt stated that his idea was suitable if the most recent Coliseum plan were to fail . In addition , the NFL was also rumored to favor the Dodger Stadium proposal to the countless Coliseum ideas in the past . Interested parties ( edit ) On December 1 , 2009 , in an interview for KTTV ( Fox 11 ) , John Semcken of Majestic Realty Co. -- ( the developer for the Los Angeles Stadium in Industry ) -- stated that there was a 50 / 50 chance of a team returning for the 2010 season and a 100 % chance for the 2011 season . The teams explicitly mentioned in the interview were the Jacksonville Jaguars , San Diego Chargers , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Buffalo Bills , and St. Louis ( formerly Los Angeles ) Rams . The interview occurred shortly after the California State Legislature and the governor approved plans for the stadium , but several months before Stan Kroenke became sole owner of the Rams . In March 2012 , Yahoo ! Sports reported on a meeting between the league management and Anschutz Entertainment Group ( AEG ) , in which it became clear that none of the NFL 's owners were willing to agree to the terms AEG was putting forth for the relocation of a team to Los Angeles . Neither AEG nor the league confirmed the meeting , which , if true , would jeopardize the project unless AEG were to make concessions . At the same time , the new owners of the Los Angeles Dodgers expressed interest in bringing the NFL to Chavez Ravine , current location of Dodger Stadium . In mid-season of 2011 , news regarding several teams involved in potential expansion broke . It was reported that Malcolm Glazer , then the owner of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , a franchise located in a metropolitan area with some of the lowest attendance figures in multiple pro sports , including football , had talked with officials in L.A. Nothing was made official , and Glazer also had ties to England ( before his death in 2014 , he also owned Manchester United , and his sons inherited his interests in both clubs ) , where there was a small but growing conversation about potential NFL relocation . Meanwhile , Jacksonville Jaguars owner Wayne Weaver sold the team to Shahid Khan ; Khan had unsuccessfully attempted to buy the Rams . Khan gave a verbal , but non-binding , commitment to keep the team in Jacksonville . On April 18 , 2012 , after a Minnesota Legislature committee rejected a public financing proposal for proposed new Minnesota Vikings stadium , the league met with Vikings owner Zygi Wilf and Minnesota governor Mark Dayton to discuss the potential sale and relocation of the Vikings franchise . Soon after , Wilf met with Los Angeles mayor Antonio Villaraigosa regarding the same topic , and indicated he would not renew the Vikings ' lease on the Metrodome without a plan for a new stadium . After a re-vote , the Minnesota House of Representatives passed a stadium financing bill on May 8 , albeit with less money than the Vikings were seeking . The Senate passed the bill May 10 , at which point the Vikings indicated they would be willing to accept the terms . This effectively eliminated the Vikings from the threat of relocation . In August 2014 , it became known that multibillionaire Eli Broad was one of at least two Los Angeles - based parties to consider placing a bid on the Buffalo Bills with the intent of relocating the team to Los Angeles . Broad declined to place a bid , determining that the league would never approve of moving the Bills and such a move would bring too much scrutiny from politicians . The team was later sold to Buffalo Sabres owner and billionaire Terrence Pegula who planned to keep the team in Buffalo long term ( as Pegula 's wife , who is 17 years younger , also owns a significant portion of the team and has resided in Western New York since childhood , this would effectively eliminate the Bills from the pool of potential relocation candidates for the next several decades ) . Potential league expansion ( edit ) In 2012 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell appeared on Costas Live on NBC Sports Network to discuss a possibility of football in L.A. Goodell said that he would n't like any team to relocate to the city . The commissioner said that if L.A. were to get a team , the league would have to expand to 34 teams . With no other non-NFL markets in the United States anywhere close to Los Angeles in size ( the second - largest media market without an NFL team is Orlando , Florida , ranked # 18 , and even that market is within 75 miles of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) , adding two expansion teams simultaneously in Los Angeles was one solution that had been explored . The perceived benefits of such a solution included the possibility of two owners being able to share the costs for a new stadium ( similar to what was done for New York 's two teams ) , in addition , adding two teams to Los Angeles at the same time would have precluded the possibility of one team having to pay any sort of territorial indemnity to the other . 2016 : the NFL returns ( edit ) Three franchises apply for relocation ( edit ) See also : The Dome at America 's Center § The loss of the Rams ( 2012 -- 2016 ) , San Diego Chargers stadium proposals , and Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum § Eventual replacements On January 30 , 2015 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell held a press conference two days before the Super Bowl . In his press conference , Goodell stated that multiple teams had expressed an interest in relocating to Los Angeles , but that the league had made `` no determination '' about any particular team moving to Los Angeles in the future . One year later , on January 4 , 2016 , three NFL franchises who previously played in the Greater Los Angeles Area filed for relocation to move to the area amidst stadium issues and proposals of building new arenas in Southern California . They were the St. Louis Rams ( who played in Los Angeles and Anaheim from 1946 to 1994 ) , the Oakland Raiders ( played in Los Angeles from 1982 -- 94 ) , and the San Diego Chargers ( had its inaugural AFL season in L.A. ) . The Rams planned to build a 60 - acre ( 24 ha ) tract in Inglewood between The Forum and Hollywood Park , and the Raiders and Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson , California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . All three teams had year - to - year stadium leases , with possible escape clauses . The Rams ' were triggered because The Dome at America 's Center , then known as Edward Jones Dome , had to be among the NFL 's eight best by the end of the 2014 season . Under the terms of the agreement , the St. Louis CVC was required to make modifications to the Edward Jones Dome in 2005 . However , then - owner , Georgia Frontiere , waived the provision in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city 's noncompliance . The minor renovations which totaled about $70 million did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement ; thus , keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty . In 2012 , the St. Louis Convention and Visitors Commission proposed a $124 million upgrade ; the Rams countered with a $700 million proposal . An arbitrator ruled in favor of the Rams in February 2013 , and the commission soon announced that it would not pursue any upgrade , leading to speculation about owner Stan Kroenke 's plans for the team . Publicly , city , county and state officials had expressed no interest in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome in light of those entities , as well as taxpayers , continuing to owe approximately $300 million more on that facility . As such , if a resolution was not reached by the end of the 2014 NFL season and the City of St. Louis remained non-compliant in its obligations under the lease agreement , the Rams would be free to nullify their lease and go to a year - to - year lease . Months later , the Rams scheduled to play in London , which violated the Edward Jones Dome 's terms of lease . Once Carol and Mark Davis inherited the Raiders in 2012 , they acknowledged negotiations with the L.A. groups , but were dissatisfied with both of the proposals ; the city still remained an option along with San Antonio , Texas . Chargers owner Dean Spanos said in 2014 that adding a Los Angeles team `` would really be harmful to us '' , given that `` 25 to 30 % of our business comes from the L.A. / Orange County areas '' . However , despite problems with Qualcomm Stadium , Spanos refused to exercise the escape clause ever since the opportunity was offered in 2007 . In March 2015 , Goodell said that , despite the stadium proposals , the league was `` not focused '' on bringing NFL back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season , and any Los Angeles team in 2016 would `` have to play in a temporary facility . '' He added one month later that only one of the two proposals would be greenlighted by the league . By June 2015 , the NFL had sent requests regarding the possibility of temporarily hosting football games to five venues : the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles ; Rose Bowl in Pasadena ; Angel Stadium in Anaheim ; and StubHub Center in Carson . Refusals were issued by both Angel Stadium , for conflicts with the Major League Baseball season , and the Rose Bowl , expressing more interest in a music festival . On October 23 , 2015 , Mark Fabiani , spokesperson for the Chargers , confirmed that the team planned to officially notify the NFL about its intentions to relocate to Los Angeles in January during the timetable when teams can request to relocate . The Rams return ( edit ) Weeks later , the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 12 and January 13 , a meeting that decided the end of the Los Angeles race . A few days before the scheduled owners meeting , Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones suggested that the St. Louis Rams ( now the Los Angeles Rams ) and San Diego Chargers should share Stan Kroenke 's Inglewood Stadium . This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings . During the Los Angeles meeting , the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities , which consists of six NFL owners , favored the Carson project over the Rams ' Inglewood project . However , in the first round of voting during the meeting , the Rams and the Inglewood proposal got the greater amount of votes than the Carson project with the former receiving 21 votes and the latter receiving 11 votes . However , the Rams and the Inglewood proposal did not meet the required 24 votes . In the second round of voting , the Rams ' Inglewood project received 20 votes with the Chargers and Raiders Carson proposal only having 12 . Eventually , the Inglewood proposal received 30 votes and the Carson proposal receiving only 2 ; meaning that , after 21 consecutive seasons without an NFL franchise , Los Angeles finally had an NFL team . All three teams filed the required paperwork to relocate on January 4 . After hours of finding a compromise , the Rams relocated to Los Angeles , with the Chargers having the option to join them ( had the Chargers declined to exercise that option , the Raiders would have also had this option ) . The league had set a relocation fee of $550 million for any team approved for relocation . The Rams played seven home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in 2016 , and will again 2017 through 2019 ( as part of the deal , the Rams will also host one game in London per year as part of the NFL International Series ) and would then move to their new stadium in Inglewood for the 2020 season . The Chargers return ( edit ) After the conclusion of the 2016 season , the Chargers officially announced they too would be exercising the option they had to relocate and would be moving back to LA ; the Chargers moved to the StubHub Center beginning in 2017 , will play at the facility for 2018 and 2019 , then serve as a tenant of the Rams at their new stadium in Inglewood from 2020 onward . Football stadiums in the Los Angeles area ( edit ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Super Bowl I - Los Angeles Coliseum The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was built in 1923 , and is both the largest stadium in California and the ninth largest in the United States . It has been home of the NCAA 's USC Trojans since its inauguration , and also hosted the UCLA Bruins from 1928 to 1981 . All NFL franchises from Southern California have used the Coliseum : the Rams held home games from their arrival in 1946 to their move to Anaheim , California in 1980 and are set play at the venue again in 2016 until 2019 ; the Raiders were headquartered there during their Los Angeles years , from 1982 to 1994 ; and the Chargers played the 1960 AFL season at the Coliseum , moving to San Diego the following year . The Coliseum also hosted the 1967 AFL - NFL Championship Game , retroactively known as Super Bowl I . The Coliseum was problematic as an NFL venue . At various times in its history , it was either the largest or one of the largest stadiums in the NFL , making it difficult to sell out . Since the NFL 's blackout rule barred games from being televised locally unless they were sold out 72 hours before kickoff , this meant Rams ( and later Raiders ) games were often blacked out in Southern California . Prior to 1993 , the Coliseum Commission approved multiple changes to enhance the stadium as a football facility : Capacity was reduced to around 68,000 , the field was lowered , the surrounding running track was removed , bleachers were replaced by single seats , and locker rooms and fan restrooms were upgraded . Proposals were raised for Coliseum renovations , where the refurbished stadium would have seated 63,300 for most major events , expanding to about 80,000 for Super Bowls and University of Southern California ( USC ) home games . The Coliseum would have retained the peristyle section and columns that are part of the current stadium , in a design similar to Soldier Field in Chicago , which is the home of the NFL 's Chicago Bears . This stadium was supported by then - California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and the Los Angeles City Council approved a preliminary financing plan and environmental impact report in 2006 . But the Exposition Park area still carries safety concerns among some fans . In October 2006 , a new doubt was cast over the Coliseum 's future as a possible venue , as reports surfaced that the Coliseum Commission was negotiating to hand over control of the stadium to USC , which could preclude any plans to renovate the stadium for the NFL . Pat Lynch , the Coliseum 's general manager , claimed in a panel discussion in December 2006 that the true cost of a new Coliseum would be closer to $650 million . Anaheim stadium ( edit ) Main article : Angel Stadium Rams game at Anaheim Stadium , 1991 . Anaheim Stadium , known since 2004 as Angel Stadium of Anaheim , is approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) south east of Downtown Los Angeles , at the city of Anaheim . It was built by Major League Baseball 's California Angels -- current Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim -- and opened in 1966 . The Rams moved into the stadium in 1980 , looking for a more modern venue than the Coliseum , and also a stadium that would be small enough to keep Rams games from being blacked out on local television . About 23,000 seats were added for football games . Three teams had previously played home games in Anaheim Stadium prior to the Rams ' move : the Southern California Sun of the World Football League and the now - defunct football programs at Cal State Fullerton and Long Beach State . Ever since the Rams left California in 1995 , Angel Stadium has reverted to a baseball - only configuration , and only hosts high school football . The stadium can no longer supply the needs of national TV football broadcasts . Rose Bowl ( edit ) Main article : Rose Bowl ( stadium ) The Rose Bowl in Pasadena , ten miles ( 16 kilometers ) northeast of downtown Los Angeles , was built in 1922 . It is used by the NCAA 's UCLA Bruins football team since 1982 , but has never been a permanent home for an NFL team . The Rose Bowl instead has hosted the Super Bowl , and with five editions ( XI , XIV , XVII , XXI , and XXVII ) has the second most tenants of any venue . During the two decades without the NFL in L.A. , a renovated Rose Bowl was a strong candidate to host a relocated or expansion team . However , after many years of varying offers , no deal could be struck between the NFL owners , the stadium 's owner , and the City of Pasadena . On November 7 , 2006 , Pasadena voters overwhelmingly ( 72 % opposition ) rejected a financing package that would have allocated money for a renovation of the stadium that would have accommodated an NFL team in fear of greatly increased traffic . While in 2012 , Pasadena officials approved a proposal which could allow an NFL team to temporarily play in the Rose Bowl , once the NFL asked in 2015 whether the Rose Bowl was open to being a temporary home for an NFL team , the stadium operators declined the offer . StubHub Center ( edit ) Main article : StubHub Center The StubHub Center is located on the campus of California State University , Dominguez Hills in Carson , California , approximately 13 miles ( 19 km ) south of Downtown Los Angeles . While a soccer - specific stadium , it receives high school and college gridiron , hosting California Interscholastic Federation finals and the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl . While the Chargers and Raiders planned a football stadium in Carson , they visited StubHub Center regarding using the facilities for training . The Chargers ultimately agreed to use the StubHub Center as their temporary home stadium until the Inglewood stadium is complete . Under construction : Inglewood ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park On January 31 , 2014 , both the Los Angeles Times and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke purchased approximately 60 acres of land adjacent to the Forum in Inglewood , California . Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site , in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238 - acre Hollywood Park site , Stockbridge Capital Group . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were jointly developing a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . On February 24 , 2015 , Inglewood City Council approved plans for the stadium with construction planned to begin in December 2015 , with or without a commitment from the Rams , and avoiding a public vote on June 2 in the process . On December 21 , 2015 , Construction was officially underway at the Hollywood Park site . On January 12 , 2016 , the Inglewood proposal and the Rams ' move to Los Angeles were approved 30 -- 2 in a vote at the Houston meetings . Past proposals ( edit ) Main article : Proposed Los Angeles NFL stadiums Dodger stadium site ( edit ) The Dodger Stadium parking lot was previously discussed by NFL owners , in private , as possibly being the best site in Southern California to build a new professional football stadium . Officials with the Dodgers and the NFL met in secret twice in 2005 to discuss the possibility of constructing a stadium and retail complex adjacent to Dodger Stadium . The 49ers ' current home , Levi 's Stadium , was built in the parking lot of an amusement park . After the Boston Herald reported the details of the plan , political pressure forced both the NFL and Dodgers owner Frank McCourt to deny that either party was aggressively pursuing the idea . Carson ( edit ) On February 19 , 2015 , the Chargers and Raiders announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson , California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . Due to television contracts , NFL bylaws , and both teams being in the same division , if both of the longstanding division rivals were to have moved to LA , one of the teams would have had to move to the National Football Conference and the NFC West , something that Mark Davis volunteered the Raiders to be willing to do . Davis 's father and Raiders founder Al Davis was a staunch opponent of the NFL before the merger . Had such a realignment occurred , one of the existing NFC West teams would have taken their spot in the AFC West , with either the Arizona Cardinals , St. Louis Rams ( now the Los Angeles Rams ) , or Seattle Seahawks being the most likely candidates . On April 22 , 2015 , the Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to public vote and approved the plan 3 - 0 . On May 5 , 2015 , Carson City Council unanimously voted to issue $50 million to finish environmental cleanup on the site . On May 19 , 2015 , the Chargers and Raiders announced that they finalized a land deal to secure land in Carson which was transferred to the joint powers authority in Carson after the 157 - acre site was purchased by Carson Holdings a company set up by the two teams . In May 2015 , Carmen Policy was hired to spearhead the project . On November 11 , 2015 , Bob Iger ( Disney CEO ) was hired as non-executive chairman of Carson Holdings . in addition , Iger had an option to buy a stake in the Chargers or Raiders ( had the Carson proposal been approved ) . On January 12 , 2016 , the Inglewood proposal and the Rams move to Los Angeles was approved 30 - 2 thus effectively rejecting and killing the Carson proposal . City of Industry ( edit ) Edward P. Roski , a part - owner of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings , announced plans for a new stadium on the northern side of the interchange of State Routes 57 and 60 ( almost 22 miles ( 35 km ) east of downtown LA ) with the purpose of attracting a team to the Los Angeles region . Roski , who built the Staples Center , stated that the new 73,300 - seat stadium , a part of a 600 - acre entertainment and retail project , would all be privately financed and be the centerpiece of a new entertainment complex in the City of Industry . In June 2008 , reports surfaced that the City of Industry could become the home of the 49ers or Raiders by as early as 2010 when both teams ' stadium leases expired , or could become home to another team . The project was cleared to begin construction , though it kept waiting on the negotiations of the NFL 's commitment to relocate a team ( or possibility two ) to Los Angeles . Downtown Los Angeles ( edit ) Casey Wasserman and Tim Leiweke investigated the probability of building a 72,000 - seat stadium behind Staples Center , where the West Hall of the Los Angeles Convention Center now sits . In December 2010 , Leiweke set a deadline anticipating a cleared negotiation with Los Angeles over control of the current convention center and ownership of the land and an agreement with the NFL over the likelihood of a team moving to Los Angeles . AEG owner Philip Anschutz discussed potential relocation with three teams : former Los Angeles teams : San Diego Chargers , St. Louis Rams , and Oakland Raiders . The Buffalo Bills , Jacksonville Jaguars , Minnesota Vikings , and San Francisco 49ers were also considered as relocation candidates . On August 9 , 2011 , the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field in a 12 - 0 vote , with a plan to open a stadium as early as 2016 . On March 9 , 2015 , AEG announced it would not seek an extension to the deadline for an agreement with a team set for April 17 that year , effectively shutting down the proposal . Non-NFL gridiron Football activity ( edit ) The Southern California Sun of the World Football League played two seasons in Anaheim from 1974 to 1975 . The Coliseum briefly fielded another professional football team , the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League ( USFL ) , from 1983 to 1985 . The league played in the springtime , avoiding stadium conflicts with the NFL and the Raiders . The Arena Football League has featured four teams representing the Los Angeles metropolitan area since its launch : The Los Angeles Cobras played only one season in 1988 . The Anaheim Piranhas played in the nearby Orange County suburb from 1996 to 1997 ; it folded after owner C. David Baker was promoted to league commissioner . The Los Angeles Avengers played from 2000 to 2008 , before the league suspended operations . The league would be revived in 2010 , but ( initially ) without a Los Angeles - area team . The LA KISS , a team owned by and branded after the band of the same name , played from 2014 to 2016 . While nominally representing the city , the team played in Anaheim ( much like the Rams from 1980 to 1994 ) . The Spring Football League , a league that lasted only two weeks in 2000 , included as one of its four teams the Los Angeles Dragons . The Los Angeles Xtreme won the only championship in the brief history of the XFL , in 2001 . The United Football League had committed to a Los Angeles franchise ( possibly with Mark Cuban as its owner ) for its 2009 season and , when the league cut back the number of teams it planned to launch from six to four , had planned to have the team that became the Las Vegas Locomotives play one of its home games in the Home Depot Center ( now the StubHub Center ) in preparation for a full - time Los Angeles team in 2010 . However , the league later dropped their plan to play at the Center in 2009 and , by the time the league failed in October 2012 , had never established a team in the city as promised . The Los Angeles Temptation of the Legends Football League ( known as the Lingerie Football League before 2013 ) played its first two full seasons ( 2009 and 2010 ) in the city ( specifically the LA Memorial Coliseum ) before relocating to the Inland Empire in 2011 . The Temptation still referred to themselves as a Los Angeles team until their folding in 2013 . Los Angeles had been named to have a franchise in the relaunch of the USFL , which will have Sean Salisbury as coach , but the league opening has experienced frequent internal turmoil and has yet to have any significant development . In fiction ( edit ) In the season 7 Entourage episode `` Buzzed '' , the fictional Hollywood agent Ari Gold is offered to run an NFL franchise in Los Angeles after he impresses the NFL board , but fails to win the contract to sell the NFL media rights . Ari jokingly states he will name the team the `` LA Golds '' . In season 3 of Psych , an episode revolves around a murder of a player on the fictional L.A. Thunderbirds NFL team that holds their training camp in Santa Barbara . In the 1984 film Against All Odds , Jeff Bridges 's character plays for a fictional team , the L.A. Outlaws . The 1991 action film The Last Boy Scout revolves around a fictional team , the L.A. Stallions . The 2011 book Between the Lies by Marv Levy has a fictional NFL team from Los Angeles called the Los Angeles Leopards as one of the best teams in the NFL , along with the Portland Pioneers . In the John Feinstein book Cover - up : Mystery at the Super Bowl the team is called the LA Dreams . The 2008 Midway Games video game Blitz : The League II featured a team called the L.A. Riot who played in Los Angeles and was the antagonist to the player - created team . In the Mike Lupica book Fantasy League , the team in the book is the LA Bulldogs . See also ( edit ) Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Chargers Sports in Los Angeles Pro Bowl National Football League in Toronto References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCambridge , Michael ( 2005 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Random House . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 0375504540 . Jump up ^ Schedules and scores of the teams in the 1926 American Football League Archived May 16 , 2009 , at WebCite -- `` Ghosts of the Gridiron '' Jump up ^ DAN REEVES MOVES WEST The Coffin Corner Volume XX , 1998 . Courtesy of The Pro Football Hall of Fame Jump up ^ Picture of Anaheim Stadium Archived May 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/198510280rai.htm Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; Ruling on Irwindale '' . New York Times . September 29 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Obituary : Bill Robertson Los Angeles Times . December 10 , 2005 `` But an achievement he considered one of the proudest of his career was his role as chief negotiator in the $6.7 - million deal in 1980 to bring the Raiders football team from Oakland to the Los Angeles Coliseum . He stepped in again later to persuade Raiders owner Al Davis to stay on and helped forge a public and private agreement to renovate the aging Coliseum . When the promised stadium reconfiguration bogged down , Davis announced in 1987 that he would move the Raiders to Irwindale . They returned to Oakland for the 1995 season . Robertson resigned from the Coliseum Commission , blaming the team 's defection on what he called the `` blind leadership '' of his successor as commission president , Alexander Haagen . Jump up ^ Darnell , Matthew ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` For sale : NFL team ( offensive line not included ) '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Kroenke is new Rams owner '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/nfl/post/_/id/97/al-davis-is-back-where-he-started Jump up ^ A two - decade NFL - Los Angeles timeline , LA Times Jump up ^ McDonald , Jerry -- Raiders ' exodus ... no crying in SoCal . Oakland Tribune , Jun 23 , 2005 Jump up ^ http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/football/article/Dark-days-10-years-ago-the-Seahawks-nearly-1194634.php Jump up ^ http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-02-02/sports/1996033039_1_seahawks-plan-to-move-slade-gorton ^ Jump up to : NFL in Los Angeles : A brief history of relocation threats , rumors and teases Jump up ^ Houston Texans ' history Archived April 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Governor , Mayors Make Pitch , LA Times Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` New commish likely by fall ; L.A. search to take longer '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lev , Michael ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` $1 billion ! '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ; Farmer , Sam ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Mayor benches NFL plan , wants Trojans in Coliseum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . With USC threatening to move its home games to Pasadena 's Rose Bowl , Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa called for a long - term deal to keep the Trojans in the Memorial Coliseum , saying for the first time that he had given up hope of the National Football League returning to the aging stadium . `` While I remain committed to bringing a professional team to Los Angeles , it is time to read the scoreboard '' , Villaraigosa said in a statement Wednesday . `` The Coliseum is no longer a viable option for the NFL . '' Jump up ^ NFL Network , 10 years later , remains league 's only real L.A. presence , Los Angeles Daily News Jump up ^ ' NFL OPENING KICKOFF 2005 ' to Feature THE ROLLING STONES , GREEN DAY , SANTANA , MAROON 5 and KANYE WEST Jump up ^ NFLPA announces player lineup for annual Rookie Premiere Jump up ^ Dallas Cowboys have ' exclusive use ' of training camp facilities in Oxnard through 2017 ^ Jump up to : Sweet , David ( December 19 , 2007 ) . `` Stars not aligning for NFL team in Los Angeles '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pheifer , Todd ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Five Reasons the NFL Has Not Needed a Franchise in Los Angeles '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barrows , Matt ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) . `` San Francisco would n't mind the Rams returning to L.A. , rekindling a rivalry gone flat '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Tim ( 2014 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Bills wo n't go Hollywood because timing is wrong for NFL team to return to L.A '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dayton : Let 's settle stadium issue , with talk of L.A '' . StarTribune.com . October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Jonathan ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Atlanta 's Mayor Reminds Council : LA Wants NFL Team '' . NBC Los Angeles . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Witz , Billy ( 2014 - 11 - 09 ) . `` A Passionate N.F.L. City , if in Absentia '' . The New York Times . pp. SP3 . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://deadspin.com/john-oliver-explains-the-biggest-scam-in-sports-1717440394 Jump up ^ http://deadspin.com/the-nfl-s-los-angeles-derby-is-a-shameless-repulsive-s-1749262328 Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ; Farmer , Sam ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) . `` NFL teams often use L.A. to get better deals to stay where they are '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Emily ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) . `` The NFL Wants L.A. , But Is It a Requited Love ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wharton , David ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) . `` NFL team in L.A. would have to win over fans with widespread loyalties '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/oct/17/canepa-sez-me-steelers-chargers-fans/ Jump up ^ Schmuck , Peter ; Morgan , Joe ( 1995 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Pro Sports Face Soured Market Los Angeles : Unfulfilled Promised Land '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodgers , NFL reportedly discuss stadium deal NBC Sports , December 29 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Football Stadium at Grand Crossing Latest News and Headlines '' . Losangelesfootballstadium.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jason ( March 29 , 2012 ) . Sources : Downtown Los Angeles Stadium proposal in trouble because of AEG 's terms to NFL . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ New Dodgers owners reportedly have looked into NFL stadium . NFL.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaszuba , Mike and Mark Craig ( April 18 , 2012 ) . NFL turns up heat : ' There are plenty of willing buyers ' for Vikings . Minneapolis Star - Tribune . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Private plane belonging to Minnesota Vikings owner Zygi Wilf spotted at Southern California airport . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Vikings stadium bill not workable , team says . NFL.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings stadium approved by state lawmakers '' . Fox Sports . May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( August 14 , 2014 ) . Los Angeles suitors explored buying Bills , quickly found that moving team was n't going to happen . The Buffalo News . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL commissioner Roger Goodell says 34 teams are likely if NFL adds franchise in Los Angeles -- ESPN Los Angeles '' . ESPN . February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Roger Goodell : Multiple teams interested in L.A '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Around the NFL staff ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Rams , Chargers , Raiders apply for L.A. relocation '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinson , Will ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders and Rams file for relocation to Los Angeles '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams to Return to Los Angeles '' . St. Louis Rams . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres in L.A '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piper , Brandie ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Rams owner bought 60 acres of land in Calif '' . KSDK . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` A return of L.A. Rams ? Owner is said to buy possible stadium site '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Three NFL teams on a short lease : Might they respond to L.A. 's call ? Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres in L.A '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Raiders owner admits L.A. stadium talks . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Daniel ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` San Diego Chargers may fight over L.A '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Chargers Announce Commitment to Continue New Stadium Efforts in San Diego Through 2015 . Press release ( December 16 , 2014 ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Goodell : ' We 're not focused ' on an L.A. team for 2016 '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Milasz , Bernie ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Bernie : Goodell says only one stadium for LA '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/oct/23/chargers-stadium-fabiani-relocation-los-angeles/ Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Los Angeles relocation fee to be $550 million per team '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chargers owner Dean Spanos announces he will move the franchise to LA Jump up ^ `` University of Southern California Official Athletic Site -- Facilities '' . Usctrojans.cstv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , Oct. 10 , 2006 , page D1 Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( June 6 , 2007 ) . `` Coliseum panel mulls options '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Regardie , Jon ( December 8 , 2006 ) . `` A Trip Down Ugly Memory Lane '' . LAdowntownnews.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fryer : Angel Stadium wo n't work as temporary housing for NFL team Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Big plans live and die in L.A.. Los Angeles Times , November 10 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Pasadena OKs plan that may bring NFL team to the Rose Bowl '' . Pasadena Sun . 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Temporary Use of the Rose Bowl Stadium by the National Football League '' . City of Pasadena . 2012 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ; Vincent , Roger ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Owner of St. Louis Rams plans to build NFL stadium in Inglewood '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres of land in Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piper , Brandie ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Rams owner bought 60 acres of land in Calif '' . KSDK . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Rams owner 's stadium plan pushes NFL closer to L.A. return '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Frank McCourt might keep Dodger Stadium parking lots '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` If Chargers and Raiders share stadium , one would likely move to NFC '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ed Roski makes bold move to build L.A. stadium Jump up ^ Sharma , Chandra ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` CA will benefit overall as Roski and NFL move toward LA Stadium deal '' . Fox & Hounds Daily . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/stories/2008/04/14/daily55.html Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin -- Los Angeles developer seeks team for stadium . Real estate billionaire Ed Roski hopes to entice a team with stadium issues , such as the Vikings , to move in by 2011 . Star Tribune , April 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam -- NFL in L.A. gets a new blueprint . Roski unveiling his plan for a stadium in the City of Industry , but is the league interested ? Los Angeles Times , April 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Niners , Raiders to move to Los Angeles ? June 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Regardie , Jon ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Leiweke Wants Framework on NFL Plan Within Three Months '' . LAdowntownnews.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings stadium approved by state lawmakers '' . Fox Sports . May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles stadium planner : Talks held with five NFL teams Sports Illustrated , June 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` L.A. NFL stadium agreement approved by City Council on 12 - 0 vote '' . Los Angeles Times . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AEG shuts down plans to build downtown Farmers Field for NFL team '' . Los Angeles Daily News . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Arena football 's Avengers shutting down . Columbus Business Journal . April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` KISS brings pro football back to Los Angeles with Arena Football League team '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / SeanUnfiltered : I 'm honored - humbled and grateful '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site Of The Usfl : Press Releases '' . Theusfl.net . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gehman , Jim . `` Between the Lies ( 9780983061939 ) : Marv Levy : Books '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . Further reading ( edit ) Markazi , Arash ( February 5 , 2011 ) . `` Reasons for No Team in Los Angeles '' . ESPN . Markazi , Arash ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Potential Teams for Relocation to LA '' . ESPN . Carmichael , Emma ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Does The NFL Really Want A Team In Los Angeles ? '' . Deadspin . Wickersham , Seth ; Van Natta Jr. , Don ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Wow Factor : Inside the NFL 's wild return to LA '' . ESPN . External links ( edit ) Los Angeles Rams website Los Angeles Chargers website Official stadium website <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Rams <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1936 Played in Cleveland ( 1936 -- 45 ) and St. Louis ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Headquartered in Thousand Oaks , California Franchise Franchise History in Cleveland in St. Louis Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Statistics Broadcasters Awards Stadiums Cleveland Stadium League Park Shaw Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Anaheim Stadium Busch Stadium Edward Jones Dome Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Rampage Cheerleaders Heaven Can Wait ( film ) Melonheads Carroll Rosenbloom John Ramsey Lore The Greatest Show on Turf Bull Elephant backfield Fearsome Foursome Rivalries San Francisco 49ers Kansas City Chiefs Retired numbers 7 28 29 74 75 78 80 85 Division championships ( 13 ) 1967 1969 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1985 1999 2001 2003 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1945 1949 1950 1951 1955 1979 1999 2001 League championships ( 3 ) 1945 1951 1999 ( XXXIV ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1937 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1936 ) Seasons ( 81 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Chargers <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Played in San Diego ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Based in Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Franchise Franchise History in San Diego Seasons Retired numbers 14 19 21 55 Hall of Fame Anniversary teams 40th 50th First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches History Broadcasters Stadiums Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Balboa Stadium Qualcomm Stadium San Diego stadium proposals StubHub Center Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Fearsome Foursome Air Coryell `` San Diego Super Chargers '' Bruise Brothers Marty Ball San Diego sports curse Los Angeles Charger Girls Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Oakland Raiders Lore Holy Roller Epic in Miami Freezer Bowl Division championships ( 15 ) 1960 1961 1963 1964 1965 1979 1980 1981 1992 1994 2006 2007 2008 2009 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1994 League championships ( 1 ) 1963 Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_National_Football_League_in_Los_Angeles&oldid=811353710 '' Categories : National Football League in Los Angeles Los Angeles Raiders Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Chargers National Football League controversies National Football League franchise relocations American football in Los Angeles History of Los Angeles Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 02 : 41 . 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where did han solo get frozen in carbonite

Han Solo - wikipedia Han Solo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character . For the trilobite , see Han ( trilobite ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Han Solo <Td_colspan="2"> Star Wars character <Td_colspan="2"> Harrison Ford as Han Solo in promotional image for Star Wars First appearance Star Wars ( 1977 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Harrison Ford ( Episodes IV - VII , Holiday Special ) Alden Ehrenreich ( Untitled Han Solo film ) Voiced by Harrison Ford ( The Star Wars Holiday Special animated inserts , Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) Perry King ( radio dramas and read - along storybook CDs ) Neil Ross ( Star Wars : Rogue Squadron , Star Wars : Force Commander and Star Wars : Masters of Teräs Käsi ) David Esch ( Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds ) Lex Lang ( Star Wars : Rogue Squadron III - Rebel Strike and Star Wars : Battlefront II ) John Armstrong ( Star Wars : Empire at War , Star Wars Battlefront : Renegade Squadron , Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out , Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II , Disney Infinity 3.0 , and Star Wars Battlefront ) Keith Ferguson ( Robot Chicken and The LEGO Movie ) Michael Daingerfield Hall ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) Katie Leigh ( Lego Star Wars : The Padawan Menace , young ) Ross Marquand ( Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Male Occupation Captain of the Millennium Falcon General in the Rebel Alliance / New Republic Smuggler Affiliation Galactic Empire ( Legends ) Rebel Alliance New Republic Resistance Galactic Federation of Free Alliances ( Legends ) Spouse ( s ) Leia Organa Sana Starros ( unconsummated ) Children Canon : Ben Solo ( son ) Legends : Jaina Solo ( daughter ) Jacen Solo ( son ) Anakin Solo ( son ) Relatives Canon : Luke Skywalker ( brother - in - law ) Legends : Mara Jade Skywalker ( sister - in - law ) Ben Skywalker ( nephew ) Allana Solo ( granddaughter ) Homeworld Corellia Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise . In the original film trilogy , Han and his co-pilot , Chewbacca , became involved in the Rebel Alliance 's struggle against the Galactic Empire . During the course of the Star Wars narrative , he becomes a chief figure in the Alliance and succeeding galactic governments . Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as `` a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good '' . Harrison Ford portrayed the character in the original Star Wars trilogy as well as The Force Awakens . Alden Ehrenreich will portray a young Han Solo in an upcoming , as yet untitled spinoff film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Film 1.1. 1 Star Wars 1.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 1.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 1.1. 4 The Force Awakens 1.1. 5 Spin - off film 1.2 Television 1.2. 1 Forces of Destiny 1.3 Comics 1.4 Legends 1.4. 1 Television film 1.4. 1.1 The Star Wars Holiday Special 1.4. 2 Novels and Comics 2 Creation and conception 3 Influence and critical reaction 4 Merchandising 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Appearances ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Star Wars ( edit ) Han Solo is introduced in Star Wars ( 1977 ) , when he and his co-pilot Chewbacca accept a charter request to transport Luke Skywalker , Obi - Wan Kenobi , C - 3PO , and R2 - D2 from Tatooine to Alderaan on their ship , the Millennium Falcon . Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head ; when the bounty hunter Greedo tries to deliver him to Jabba , dead or alive . After a failed attempt at getting Han to give him the money he owes Jabba as a bribe for letting him go , Greedo takes a shot at Han but Han leans to avoid the shot and shoots Greedo , and then he prepares to leave Tatooine . Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers , but escape by accelerating to light speed . When they arrive at Alderaan , however , they discover that the planet has been destroyed . The Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star , a moon - sized battle station constructed by the Empire . Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcon 's smuggling bays , and infiltrate the station disguised as stormtroopers . They discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board , and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward . They rescue Leia and escape , though Obi - Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader . After delivering Luke , Leia , C - 3PO , and R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance , Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave . Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star , but he refuses , not wanting to get involved . Han has a change of heart and returns to save Luke 's life during the film 's climactic battle scene , ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star . For his heroics , Han is presented with a medal of honor alongside Luke . The Empire strikes back ( edit ) Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth . While out on patrol with Luke , they witness a meteor strike the surface . Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate . Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba . Before he can depart , it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance . Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands , soon finding Luke badly injured and near death from exposure . Using his friend 's lightsaber , Han cuts open his tauntaun , providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning . Later , Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike . They discover that the ' meteor ' is actually an Imperial Probe Droid . The two succeed in destroying the probe , but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base . When the Empire attacks Echo Base , Han , Chewie , Leia , and C - 3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon . Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field , and unwittingly flies into the mouth of a giant worm . Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey . They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape , but not entirely unnoticed . Bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway . Han and company eventually end up at the Bespin system 's Cloud City seeking repairs and shelter from his old friend Lando Calrissian , the city 's administrator . However , Fett had arrived first and alerted the Empire . Under threat of death , Lando betrays Han to the Empire . Vader wishes to capture Luke by freezing him in carbonite , and subjects Solo to the freezing process first to test its lethality . Solo survives , his captors are satisfied , and Fett leaves for Tatooine with a frozen Han in tow to collect the bounty from Jabba . Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Han , still imprisoned in carbonite , is now Jabba 's favorite decoration at his palace on Tatooine . Luke attempts a rescue operation aided by Leia , Lando , Chewbacca , C - 3PO , and R2D2 , but they are caught . Jabba sentences Han and Luke to die in the Sarlaac Pit . Luke , Leia , and Han overpower their captors and Leia kills Jabba enabling their escape . Retreating back to the Rebel Base , they discover that the Empire is building another Death Star which orbits the forest moon of Endor . Following his return , Han is made a general in the Rebel Alliance along with Leia . Reuniting with Luke after his return from Dagobah , Han leads the Rebels down to Endor to take down the force field surrounding the battle station , which is still under construction . With help from the native Ewoks , Han and his team destroy the Death Star 's shield generator , allowing Lando and his strike force to destroy the Death Star . Han then reunites with Leia and Luke on Endor to celebrate the defeat of the Empire . The Force Awakens ( edit ) Harrison Ford reprised the role of Han for Star Wars : The Force Awakens in 2015 . In The Force Awakens , set approximately 30 years after Return of the Jedi , Han Solo has returned to his old life as a smuggler . Before the events of the film , he and Chewbacca had lost the Millennium Falcon to thieves , but they reclaim the ship after it takes off from the planet Jakku , piloted by the scavenger Rey and the renegade stormtrooper Finn . As mercenaries close in on them , Han takes the Falcon into light speed , and they get away . When Han learns that Rey is looking for Luke , who disappeared years before , he takes them to Maz Kanata , who can deliver the droid BB - 8 to the Resistance . They are forced to flee when First Order troops descend upon them . Han is impressed with Rey 's piloting skills , and offers her a job on the Falcon . She declines his offer , but comes to think of him as a mentor and father figure . When Rey is kidnapped by the First Order , Han sees her being carried off by First Order commander Kylo Ren , whom Han seems to recognize . Han and Finn meet with the Resistance , which is led by Leia , whom Han has not seen in many years . It is then revealed that Ren is their son , Ben Solo , who trained as a Jedi under Luke . However , he was corrupted by the First Order 's Supreme Leader Snoke , and turned to the dark side . As Kylo Ren , he betrayed the Republic and destroyed the Jedi -- much like his grandfather , Darth Vader . Heartbroken by Ben 's betrayal , Han and Leia separated , while Luke went into exile . Leia asks him to find Ben and bring him home , convinced that there is still good in him . Han and Chewbacca go with Finn to the First Order 's battle station , Starkiller Base , to destroy the base and rescue Rey . There , he sees Ren walk onto the bridge above the reactor chasm . Han follows Ren onto the bridge , and calls out to him by his real name . Han pleads with him to abandon the dark side and come back with him . Ren tells Han that he knows what he should do , but that he does n't have the strength to do it , and asks Han to help him . Han agrees . After a moment , an unrepentant Ren ignites his lightsaber , fatally wounding his father . Han looks into his son 's eyes and touches his face before falling off the bridge and into the reactor , to his death . Spin - off film ( edit ) Main article : Untitled Han Solo film A film featuring Han Solo before the events of the 1977 film is currently in production . Actor Alden Ehrenreich is portraying Han Solo in the film , which is directed by Ron Howard and written by Lawrence Kasdan and Jon Kasdan . The film is produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film also stars Donald Glover , Emilia Clarke , and Woody Harrelson . Television ( edit ) Forces of Destiny ( edit ) Han will appear in Star Wars : Forces of Destiny series . Comics ( edit ) Han is a main character in the 2015 Star Wars comic series . Issue # 6 introduces Sana Starros , an associate of Han 's who has previously posed as his wife . Star Wars : Han Solo is a five - issue mini-series focused on Han entering a race called the Dragon Void Rule . Legends ( edit ) Television film ( edit ) The Star Wars holiday Special ( edit ) In the Star Wars Holiday Special , Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk . He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk , and later joins Luke , Leia , R2 - D2 , C - 3PO , Chewbacca , and other Wookiees for their holiday , Life Day . Novels and comics ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Brian Daley wrote a series of novels ( The Han Solo Adventures ) , first published in 1979 , exploring Han Solo and Chewbecca 's smuggling adventures , and Ann C. Crispin 's The Han Solo Trilogy ( 1997 -- 1998 ) further develops the character 's backstory . Crispin 's books depict Solo as a beggar and pickpocket throughout much of his youth . He becomes a pilot and , in the process of undermining a religious fraud , falls in love with Bria Tharen , who disappears before Solo joins the Imperial Navy . Solo loses his commission and is cashiered when he refuses an order to skin Chewbacca for commandeering a ship carrying Wookiee children destined for slavery ; Chewbacca , in turn , swears a `` life - debt '' to Solo . The two become smugglers , and help repel an Imperial blockade of a Hutt moon . Solo soon thereafter wins the Millennium Falcon from Lando Calrissian in a card tournament . Tharen , now a Rebel agent , reappears and asks for Solo , Chewbacca and Calrissian 's help in attacking a slave colony . After succeeding , Tharen 's troopers steal the smuggler 's valuables to aid the Rebel Alliance . To compensate their losses , Solo and Chewbacca accept a smuggling job from Jabba the Hutt ; but Imperial ships force the smugglers to jettison their cargo , invoking the debt Solo and Chewbacca owe the Hutt at the beginning of Star Wars . Solo plays a central role in a couple of Star Wars stories set after Return of the Jedi . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1995 ) , he resigns his commission to pursue Leia , whom he eventually marries . Solo and Leia have three children : twins Jaina and Jacen and son Anakin . Han Solo was the general in command of the New Republic task force assigned to track down Imperial Warlord Zsinj and his forces , in the 1999 novel Solo Command . Chewbacca dies saving Anakin 's life in Vector Prime ( 1999 ) , sending Solo into a deep depression . In Star by Star ( 2001 ) , Anakin dies as well , compounding Solo 's despair . At the end of the series , however , Solo accepts the deaths of his son and his best friend , and reconciles with his family . In the Legacy of the Force series , Jacen Solo becomes the Sith Lord Darth Caedus and plunges the galaxy into a bloody civil war . Solo disowns Jacen , but is still devastated by each new outrage his son commits . He and Leia adopt Allana ( Jacen 's daughter ) after Jacen 's death in the novel Invincible . Creation and conception ( edit ) In the earliest version of the initial draft for Star Wars , Solo was a Ureallian with green skin , no nose and enormous gills , also being a member of the Jedi Bendu and being acquainted with General Skywalker . The following draft saw Solo as a pirate with a beard and flamboyancy , Lucas settling on making him a human to better develop the relationship between the three central characters ( Luke , Leia and Han ) and Chewbacca instead being used for the part of the alien sidekick . By the time of the third draft , Solo had developed into the `` tough James Dean style starpilot '' that would appear in the finished film . Harrison Ford was not immediately cast for the role of Han Solo , as George Lucas had already used him in the film American Graffiti and wanted somebody new for the role . However he hired Ford to rehearse lines with other actors and he was so impressed by the actor 's performance that he eventually gave him the role . Other actors that were considered for the role include : Al Pacino , Christopher Walken , Jack Nicholson , Sylvester Stallone , Kurt Russell , Bill Murray , Steve Martin , Robert Englund , Nick Nolte , and Burt Reynolds . During the early development of Star Wars : Episode III - Revenge of the Sith , Solo was originally considered to make an appearance helping Yoda to locate General Grievous at Kashyyyk . Some concept art of a 10 year old Solo was made , but Lucas decided to omit Solo 's appearance from the film before any actor was cast , or considered for the role . Ford , believing his character should die , was reluctant to sign onto the sequels of Star Wars . Solo 's death in The Force Awakens came about when Abrams felt the character was n't evolving or contributing to the story 's development , believing Kylo Ren 's killing of him would give the latter a chance to develop into a worthy successor for Darth Vader . Influence and critical reaction ( edit ) Han Solo is a reckless smuggler with a sarcastic wit ; he is `` a very practical guy '' and considers himself `` a materialist '' ; but the adventures in the first Star Wars movie evoke his compassion , a trait `` he did n't know he possessed '' . The American Film Institute ranked Solo as the 14th greatest film hero . He was also deemed the 4th greatest movie character of all - time by Empire magazine . Entertainment Weekly ranked the character 7th on their list of The All - Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture . On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked Solo at number 15 . IGN listed Han Solo as the second greatest Star Wars character of all time ( behind Darth Vader ) , as well as listing him as one of the top 10 characters who most needed a spin - off , saying he was `` Arguably the coolest character in the Star Wars universe '' . Prince of Persia producer Ben Mattes explained that their `` inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done : Indiana Jones , Han Solo '' . The antihero of the Japanese manga and anime Space Adventure Cobra has been compared by reviewers to Solo . In preparing to play James T. Kirk , Chris Pine drew inspiration from Ford 's depictions of Han Solo and Indiana Jones , highlighting their humor and `` accidental hero '' traits . Ford won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Actor for his portrayal in The Force Awakens . Merchandising ( edit ) Solo has been merchandised in multiple media , including action figures , video games , and other collectibles . A Han Solo action figure with `` human proportions '' was released in 1977 to follow with the initial release of the original Star Wars films , while a figure created for the films ' mid-1990s re-release was criticized as `` unrealistically muscled . '' Family tree ( edit ) Main article : Solo family This Star Wars - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( hide ) Skywalker family tree <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Aika Lars <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Cliegg Lars <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Shmi Skywalker <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Jobal Naberrie <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ruwee Naberrie <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Beru Whitesun <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Owen Lars <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Anakin Skywalker <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Padmé Amidala <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Bail Organa <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Breha Organa <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Luke Skywalker <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Leia Organa <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Han Solo <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ben Solo <Td_colspan="2"> References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . See also ( edit ) Han shot first Solo family Space Western Indiana Jones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Delivers Huge Change for Han Solo '' . IGN . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny -- first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Delivers Huge Change for Han Solo '' . IGN . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Who Is Sana Solo ? '' . IGN . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony Breznican ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Han Solo ' comic coming in June -- '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solo , Han '' . Encyclopedia . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Star Wars by George Lucas - Rough draft Jump up ^ The Characters of Star Wars features on the Star Wars Trilogy DVD Jump up ^ THE STAR WARS '' - From The Adventures of Luke Starkiller by George Lucas . Starkiller - The Jedi Bendu Script Site . Jump up ^ `` 5 Famous Actors Who Almost Played The Part Of Han Solo In Star Wars '' . Dailynewsdig.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Unused Concepts -- T - bone 's Star Wars Universe '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Han Solo Episode III cameo that never was '' . Jump up ^ Harrison Ford interview on EW.com Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` J.J. Abrams on Kylo Ren 's shocking act in Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . EW.com . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Joseph ; Bill Moyers ( 1989 ) . The Power of Myth . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 24774 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Fictional Characters '' . Fandomania.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Han Solo is # 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ News & Features Team ( 2010 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Top 10 Tuesday : Characters In Need of a Spin - Off '' . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary . `` Prince of Persia : Anatomy of a Prince '' . PlayStation : The Official Magazine . 2008 - 12 ( 50 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Space Adventure Cobra '' . 2008 - 08 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Space Adventure Cobra '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aftab , Kaleem ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Exclusive : Trek Star Reveals Captain Kirk Inspiration '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lock , James ; Daniel Le Grange ( 2004 ) . Help your teenager beat an eating disorder . Guilford Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57230 - 908 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grant , Jon E. ; Marc N. Potenza ( 2006 ) . Textbook of men 's mental health . American Psychiatric Pub . p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58562 - 215 - 3 . 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where does the term stockholm syndrome come from

Stockholm syndrome - wikipedia Stockholm syndrome Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stockholm syndrome ( disambiguation ) . The location where the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery took place in Stockholm , Sweden ( 2005 ) . Stockholm syndrome is a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity . These feelings , resulting from a bond formed between captor and captives during intimate time spent together , are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims . Generally speaking , Stockholm syndrome consists of `` strong emotional ties that develop between two persons where one person intermittently harasses , beats , threatens , abuses , or intimidates the other . '' The FBI 's Hostage Barricade Database System shows that roughly eight percent of victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome . It was formally named in 1973 when four hostages were taken during a bank robbery in Stockholm , Sweden . The hostages defended their captors after being released and would not agree to testify in court against them . Stockholm syndrome is ostensibly paradoxical because the sympathetic sentiments captives feel towards their captors are the opposite of the fear and disdain an onlooker may feel towards the captors . There are four key components that generally lead to the development of Stockholm syndrome : A hostage 's development of positive feelings towards their captor No previous hostage - captor relationship A refusal by hostages to co-operate with police forces and other government authorities A hostage 's belief in the humanity of their captor , for the reason that when a victim holds the same values as the aggressor , they cease to be perceived as a threat . Stockholm syndrome is considered a `` contested illness '' , due to many law enforcement officers ' doubt about the legitimacy of the condition . Stockholm syndrome has also come to describe the reactions of some abuse victims beyond the context of kidnappings or hostage - taking . Actions and attitudes similar to those suffering from Stockholm Syndrome have also been found in victims of sexual abuse , human trafficking , discrimination , terror , and political oppression . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Stockholm bank robbery 1.2 Other Famous Examples 1.2. 1 Mary McElroy 1.2. 2 Natascha Kampusch 1.2. 3 Patty Hearst 1.2. 4 Colleen Stan 1.3 Sexual abuse victims 1.3. 1 Elisabeth Fritzl 1.4 Lima syndrome 2 Symptoms and behaviours 2.1 Physical and psychological effects 2.2 Coping mechanism 2.2. 1 Possible evolutionary explanations 2.2. 2 Loving to survive 2.3 Recovery 3 Criticism 3.1 Professional 3.1. 1 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 3.1. 2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM5 ) 3.1. 3 Robbins and Anthony ( 1982 ) 3.1. 4 Victims 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Stockholm bank robbery ( edit ) Main article : Norrmalmstorg robbery In 1973 , Jan - Erik Olsson , a convict on parole , took four employees of the bank ( three women and one man ) hostage during a failed bank robbery in Kreditbanken , one of the largest banks in Stockholm , Sweden . He negotiated the release from prison of his friend Clark Olofsson to assist him . They held the hostages captive for six days ( 23 -- 28 August ) in one of the bank 's vaults while torturing them with nooses and dynamite . When they were released , none of them would testify against either captor in court ; instead they began raising money for their defense . Nils Bejerot , a Swedish criminologist and psychiatrist coined the term after Stockholm police asked him for assistance with analyzing the victims ' reactions to the 1973 bank robbery and their status as hostages . As the idea of brainwashing was not a new concept , Bejerot , speaking on `` a news cast after the captives ' release '' instinctively reduced the hostages ' reactions to a result of being brainwashed by their captors . He called it Norrmalmstorgssyndromet , meaning `` The Norrmalmstorg Syndrome '' ; it later became known outside of Sweden as the Stockholm syndrome . It was originally defined by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg to aid the management of hostage situations . Other famous examples ( edit ) Mary McElroy ( edit ) Mary McElroy was abducted from her home at age 25 by four men who held a gun to her , demanded her compliance , took her to an abandoned farmhouse , and chained her to a wall . She defended her kidnappers when she was released , explaining that they were only businessmen . She then continued to visit her captors while they were in jail . She eventually committed suicide and left the following note : `` My four kidnappers are probably the only people on Earth who do n't consider me an utter fool . You have your death penalty now - so , please , give them a chance . '' Natascha Kampusch ( edit ) Natascha Kampusch was kidnapped at age ten and kept in an insulated , dark room under the garage of Wolfgang Priklopil . She would receive a variation of kind , physically and sexually abusive , controlling , and permissive treatment from her captor . Eight years after her kidnapping , Natascha left and Priklopil committed suicide . After her kidnapper 's death , Natascha lamented and kept a picture of him in her wallet . Patty Hearst ( edit ) Patty Hearst , the granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst , was taken and held hostage by the Symbionese Liberation Army , `` an urban guerilla group '' , in 1974 . She was recorded denouncing her family as well as the police under her new name , `` Tania '' , and was later seen working with the SLA to rob banks in San Francisco . She publicly asserted her sympathetic feelings towards the SLA and their pursuits as well . After her 1975 arrest , pleading Stockholm syndrome did not work as a proper defense in court , much to the chagrin of her defense lawyer , F. Lee Bailey . Her seven - year prison sentence was later commuted , and she was eventually presidentially pardoned by Bill Clinton , who was informed that she was not acting under her own free will . Colleen Stan ( edit ) In 1977 , Colleen Stan was hitchhiking to visit a friend in southern California when she was kidnapped by Cameron Hooker and his wife Janice and forced to live in a wooden restraining box underneath their bed . For seven years she was repeatedly raped and tortured by Cameron and forced to live life as a sort of domestic / sex slave . Even though she was allowed to socialize with Janice and even visit her mother , she still continued to live in the box and did not attempt to escape . She was eventually freed by Janice , who asked Stan to not disclose her abuse as Janice was attempting to reform Cameron . Stan remained silent until Janice finally decided to turn Cameron over to the police . Sexual abuse victims ( edit ) There is evidence that some victims of childhood sexual abuse come to feel a connection with their abuser . They often feel flattered by the adult attention or are afraid that disclosure will create family disruption . In adulthood , they resist disclosure for emotional and personal reasons . Elisabeth Fritzl ( edit ) One instance of this was in the Elisabeth Fritzl case . Upon reaching the age of 18 , Fritzl 's father locked her in the cellar of her home where she remained captive and victim to her father 's repetitive molestations for 24 years . During her confinement , she birthed seven of her father 's children , four who were kept secret and three whom her father and mother cared for openly . Due to her father also being the father of her children , Elisabeth grew attached to him . Lima syndrome ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2018 ) A similar form of Stockholm syndrome called Lima syndrome has been proposed , in which abductors develop sympathy for their hostages . An abductor may also have second thoughts or experience empathy towards their victims . Lima syndrome was named after an abduction at the Japanese embassy in Lima , Peru , in 1996 , when members of a militant movement took hostage hundreds of people attending a party at the official residence of Japan 's ambassador . Within a few hours , the abductors had set free most of the hostages , including the most valuable ones , because of sympathy towards them . Jan - Erik Olsson , the perpetrator of the original bank robbery in Stockholm , said in an interview : `` It was the hostages ' fault . They did everything I told them to . If they had n't , I might not be here now . Why did n't any of them attack me ? They made it hard to kill . They made us go on living together day after day , like goats , in that filth . There was nothing to do but get to know each other . '' Symptoms and behaviours ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Victims of the formal definition of Stockholm syndrome develop `` positive feelings toward their captors and sympathy for their causes and goals , and negative feelings toward the police or authorities '' . These symptoms often follow escaped victims back into their previously ordinary lives . Physical and psychological effects ( edit ) Cognitive : confusion ; blurred memory ; refusal to accept the reality of events ; recurring flashbacks . Emotional : lack of feeling ; fear ; helplessness ; hopelessness ; aggression ; depression ; guilt ; dependence on captor ; development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Social : anxious ; irritable ; cautious ; estrangement Physical : increase in effects of pre-existing conditions ; development of health conditions due to possible restriction from food , sleep , or exposure to outdoors Coping mechanism ( edit ) From a psychoanalytic lens , it can be argued that Stockholm syndrome arises strictly as a result of survival instincts . Strentz states , `` the victim 's need to survive is stronger than his impulse to hate the person who has created the dilemma . '' A positive emotional bond between captor and captive is a `` defense mechanism of the ego under stress '' . These sentimental feelings are not strictly for show , however . Since captives often fear that their affection will be perceived as fake , they eventually begin to believe that their positive sentiments are genuine . The conception of Stockholm syndrome has grown to include victims of kidnappings or hostage instances , domestic or child abuse , human trafficking , incest , prisoners of war , political terrorism , cult members , concentration camp prisoners , slaves , and prostitutes . It is believed that women are especially subject to develop the condition . Typically , Stockholm syndrome develops in captives when they engage in `` face - to - face contact '' with their captors , and when captors make captives doubt the likelihood of their survival by terrorizing them into `` helpless , powerless , and submissive '' states . This enables captors to appear merciful when they perform acts of kindness or fail to `` beat , abuse , or rape '' the victims . Ideas like `` dominance hierarchies and submission strategies '' assist in devising explanations for the illogical reasoning behind the symptoms of those suffering from Stockholm syndrome as a result of any oppressive relationship . Partial activation of the capture - bonding psychological trait may lie behind battered woman syndrome , military basic training , fraternity hazing , and sex practices such as sadism / masochism or bondage / discipline . Possible evolutionary explanations ( edit ) Evolutionarily speaking , research evidence exists to support the genuine scientific nature of Stockholm syndrome . Responses similar to those in human captives have been detected in some reptiles and mammals , primates in particular . Abuse and subsequent submission and appeasement by the victim have been observed among chimpanzees , leading to the theory that the Stockholm Syndrome may have its roots in evolutionary needs . Life in the `` environment of evolutionary adaptiveness '' ( EEA ) is thought by researchers such as Israeli military historian Azar Gat to be similar to that of the few remaining hunter - gatherer societies , who asserts that war and abductions were typical of human pre-history . Being captured by neighbouring tribes was a relatively common event for women . In some of those tribes ( Yanomamo , for instance ) , practically everyone in the tribe is descended from a captive within the last three generations . As high as one in ten of females were abducted and incorporated into the tribe that captured them. Being captured and having their children killed may have been common ; women who resisted capture risked being killed . When selection is intense and persistent , adaptive traits ( such as capture - bonding ) become universal to the population or species . One of the `` adaptive problems faced by our hunter - gatherer ancestors '' , particularly females , was being abducted by another band . Life in the `` human environment of evolutionary adaptiveness '' ( EEA ) is thought by researchers such as Israeli military historian Azar Gat to be similar to that of the few remaining hunter - gatherer societies . Azar Gat asserts that war and abductions ( capture ) were typical of human pre-history . When selection is intense and persistent , adaptive traits ( such as capture - bonding ) become universal to the population or species . Being captured by neighboring tribes was a relatively common event for women in human history , if anything like the recent history of the few remaining tribes . In some of those tribes ( Yanomamo , for instance ) , practically everyone in the tribe is descended from a captive within the last three generations . Perhaps as high as one in ten of females were abducted and incorporated into the tribe that captured them . Loving to survive ( edit ) First published in 1994 , author Dee Graham uses the Stockholm syndrome label to describe group or collective responses to trauma , rather than individual reactions . Graham focuses specifically on the impact of Stockholm syndrome on battered and abused women as a community. She claimed that in both the psychological and societal senses , these women are defined by their sense of fear surrounding the threat of male violence . This constant fear is what drives these women to perform actions that they know will be pleasing to men in order to avoid emotional , physical , or sexual assault as a result of male anger . Graham draws parallels between women and kidnapping victims in the sense that these women bond to men to survive , as captives bond to their captors to survive . Recovery ( edit ) Recovering from Stockholm syndrome ordinarily involves `` psychiatric or psychological counseling , '' where the patient is helped to realize that his or her actions and feelings stemmed from inherent human survival techniques . The process of recovery includes reinstating normalcy into the lives of victims , including helping the victim learn how to decrease his or her survival - driven behaviors . Criticism ( edit ) Professional ( edit ) FBI law enforcement Bulletin ( edit ) A report by the FBI found that only 8 % of kidnapping victims showed signs of Stockholm syndrome . The sensational nature of dramatic cases causes that the public perceives this phenomenon as the rule rather than the exception . For Stockholm Syndrome to happen , FBI researchers have identified three key factors : the passage of time , continual contact , and small acts of kindness without direct and persistent abuse . Diagnostic and statistical manual ( DSM5 ) ( edit ) This book is widely used as the `` classification system for psychological disorders '' by the American Psychiatric Association . Stockholm syndrome has not historically appeared in the manual , as many believe it falls under Post Traumatic Stress Disorder . Before the fifth edition ( DSM5 ) was released , Stockholm syndrome was under consideration to be included under ' Disorders of Extreme Stress , Not Otherwise Specified ' . The work was updated in 2013 , but Stockholm syndrome was not present . Robbins and Anthony ( 1982 ) ( edit ) Robbins and Anthony , who had historically studied a condition similar to Stockholm syndrome , known as destructive cult disorder , observed in their 1982 study that the 1970s were rich with apprehension surrounding the potential risks of brainwashing . They assert that brainwashing 's media attention during this time resulted in the fluid reception of Stockholm syndrome as a psychological condition . Other researchers have found that although there is a lot of media coverage of Stockholm Syndrome , there has not been a lot of professional research into the phenomena . What little research has been done is often contradictory and does not always agree on what Stockholm Syndrome is . The term has grown beyond kidnappings to all kinds of abuse . Also , there is no clear definition of symptoms to ' diagnose ' the ' syndrome . Victims ( edit ) It is possible that the label Stockholm Syndrome is used too freely in cases in which it may not apply . Elizabeth Smart has been held as a classic example of Stockholm syndrome ; however , she denies that she ever had any emotional attachment to her abusers . Although she chose not to run away when she had the chance , she emphasized that the threats from her captors to her and her family , and the direct presence of her captors influenced her decision to stay . Once freed from her captors , she gladly reunited with her family and felt no empathy for her abusers . See also ( edit ) Atlas personality Attachment theory Codependency Cognitive dissonance Colonial mentality Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Enmeshment Patty Hearst Symptoms of victimization Traumatic bonding Uncle Tom syndrome Psychology portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jameson C ( 2010 ) . `` The Short Step From Love to Hypnosis : A Reconsideration of the Stockholm Syndrome '' . Journal for Cultural Research . Elsevior. 14.4 : 337 -- 355 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie IK ( 23 February 2004 ) . `` The Stockholm Syndrome Revisited '' . Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations. 4 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 21 . doi : 10.1300 / J173v04n01_02 . ^ Jump up to : Sundaram CS ( 2013 ) . `` Stockholm Syndrome '' . Salem Press Encyclopedia -- via Research Starters . ^ Jump up to : Adorjan M , Christensen T , Kelly B , Pawluch D ( 2012 ) . `` Stockholm Syndrome As Vernacular Resource '' . The Sociological Quarterly . 53 ( 3 ) : 454 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Bejerot N ( 1974 ) . `` The six day war in Stockholm '' . New Scientist. 61 ( 886 ) : 486 -- 487 . Jump up ^ Ochberg F ( 8 April 2005 ) . `` The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bovsun M ( 11 July 2009 ) . `` Justice Story : The lady and her kidnappers '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rhiannon D ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` 15 Twisted Cases Of Stockholm Syndrome '' . TheRichest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bovsun M ( 9 March 2014 ) . `` Hitchhiker kept as sex slave for seven years as ' Girl in the Box ' '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jülich S ( 2005 ) . `` Stockholm Syndrome and Child Sexual Abuse '' . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 14 ( 3 ) : 107 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Serena K ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` This Man Held His Daughter Captive In A Room For 24 Years And Had 7 Kids With Her '' . All That 's Interesting . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kato N , Kawata M , Pitman RK ( 2006 ) . PTSD . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 29566 - 2 . Jump up ^ Musa T ( 10 July 1996 ) . `` Africa Politics '' . International Press Service . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Westcott K ( 22 August 2013 ) . `` What is Stockholm syndrome ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Giambrone A. `` Coping After Captivity '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alexander DA , Klein S ( January 2009 ) . `` Kidnapping and hostage - taking : a review of effects , coping and resilience '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 102 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 21 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 2008.080347 . PMC 2627800 . PMID 19147852 . ^ Jump up to : Åse C ( 22 May 2015 ) . `` Crisis Narratives and Masculinist Protection '' . International Feminist Journal of Politics . 17 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 610 . doi : 10.1080 / 14616742.2015. 1042296 . Jump up ^ Thims L ( 2007 ) . Human Chemistry ( Volume Two ) . Lulu.com . pp. 604 -- 605 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4303 - 2840 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Henson K ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Evolutionary Psychology , Memes and the Origin of War '' . Mankind Quarterly . The Council for Social and Economic Studies . 46 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor C , Price J ( May 2007 ) . `` Traumatic entrapment , appeasement and complex post-traumatic stress disorder : evolutionary perspectives of hostage reactions , domestic abuse and the Stockholm syndrome '' . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry . 41 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 84 . doi : 10.1080 / 00048670701261178 . PMID 17464728 . Jump up ^ Fielder C , King C ( 2004 ) . `` Sexual Polarization in Warrior Cultures '' . Sexual Paradox : Complementarity , Reproductive Conflict and Human Emergence . Lulu Enterprises Inc . pp. 148 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 5532 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gat A ( 2000 ) . `` The Human Motivational Complex : Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of Hunter - Gatherer Fighting , Azar Gat Part II : Proximate , Subordinate , and Derivative Causes '' . Anthropological Quarterly . 73 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Graham , Dee L.R. ( 1994 ) . Loving to Survive ( PDF ) . New York and London : New York University Press . Jump up ^ Fuselier GD ( July 1999 ) . `` Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective '' ( PDF ) . FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . 68 : 22 . Jump up ^ American Psychiatry Association ( 2013 ) . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM - 5 ( 5th ed . ) . Washington : American Psychiatric Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89042 - 555 - 8 . Jump up ^ Young EA ( 31 December 2012 ) . `` The use of the '' Brainwashing `` Theory by the Anti-cult Movement in the United States of America , pre-1996 '' . Zeitschrift für junge Religionswissenschaft ( 7 ) . doi : 10.4000 / zjr. 387 . Jump up ^ Namnyak M , Tufton N , Szekely R , Toal M , Worboys S , Sampson EL ( January 2008 ) . `` ' Stockholm syndrome ' : psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth ? '' . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 117 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 11 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0447.2007. 01112. x . PMID 18028254 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin CM ( 2015 ) . Fear or Love : Examining Stockholm Syndrome in the Elizabeth Smart Kidnapping case ( Bachelor of Science thesis ) . Salem State University . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockholm_syndrome&oldid=843674891 '' Categories : Abuse Hostage taking Mind control Interpersonal relationships Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles to be expanded from January 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles that may contain original research from October 2016 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 18 : 04 . 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1. Stockholm syndrome 2. Psychological alliance with captors 3. Hostage survival strategy 4. Emotional bond with captor 5. Contested illness

who is captain marvel and what is her powers

Carol Danvers - wikipedia Carol Danvers <Th_colspan="2"> Carol Danvers <Td_colspan="2"> Carol Danvers as Captain Marvel in promotional art for Captain Marvel # 1 ( August 2012 ) . Art by Ed McGuinness . <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance As Carol Danvers : Marvel Super-Heroes # 13 ( March 1968 ) As Ms. Marvel : Ms. Marvel # 1 ( January 1977 ) As Binary : The Uncanny X-Men # 164 ( December 1982 ) As Warbird : The Avengers # 4 ( May 1998 ) As Captain Marvel : Avenging Spider - Man # 9 ( July 2012 ) Created by Carol Danvers : Roy Thomas Gene Colan Ms. Marvel : Gerry Conway John Buscema Binary : Chris Claremont Dave Cockrum Warbird : Kurt Busiek George Pérez <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Alter ego Carol Susan Jane Danvers Species Human / Kree hybrid Team affiliations A-Force Alpha Flight Space Program Avengers `` Defenders for a Day '' Guardians of the Galaxy Infinity Watch The Mighty Avengers NASA New Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. Starjammers Ultimates United States Air Force X-Men Partnerships Araña Notable aliases Ms. Marvel , Binary , Warbird , Catherine Donovan , Captain Marvel Abilities Superhuman strength , endurance , stamina and durability Energy projection and absorption Flight Carol Susan Jane Danvers is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Gene Colan , Danvers first appeared as an officer in the United States Air Force and a colleague of the Kree superhero Mar - Vell in Marvel Super-Heroes # 13 ( March 1968 ) and later became the first incarnation of Ms. Marvel in Ms. Marvel # 1 ( cover - dated January 1977 ) after her DNA was fused with Mar - Vell 's during an explosion , giving her superhuman powers . Debuting in the Silver Age of comics , the character was featured in a self - titled series in the late 1970s before becoming associated with the superhero teams the Avengers and the X-Men . The character has also been known as Binary , Warbird and Captain Marvel at various points in her history , and has been featured in other Marvel licensed products including video games , animated television series , and merchandise such as trading cards . Carol Danvers has been labeled `` Marvel 's biggest female hero '' and `` quite possibly Marvel 's mightiest Avenger '' . She was ranked # 11 on IGN 's `` Top 50 Avengers '' , and twenty - ninth in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Marvel Studios is scheduled to release a live - action film featuring Danvers , titled Captain Marvel and starring Brie Larson , on March 8 , 2019 . Larson is also scheduled to reprise the role in the fourth Avengers film . Contents 1 Publication history 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000s 1.6 2010s 2 Characterization 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 Age of Apocalypse 4.2 Age of Ultron 4.3 Amalgam 4.4 Exiles 4.5 Marvel Mangaverse 4.6 Ultimate Marvel 4.7 X-Men : The End 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Novels 5.4 Theatre 5.5 Video games 6 Collected editions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Publication history ( edit ) 1960s ( edit ) The character debuted in the title Marvel Super-Heroes as an officer in the United States Air Force and Security Chief of a restricted military base , where Danvers meets Dr. Walter Lawson , the human alias of alien Kree hero Captain Marvel . In a later story , Danvers is caught in the explosion of a Kree device , after trying to get close to Captain Marvel . Although Captain Marvel manages to save her life , Danvers sustains serious injuries . 1970s ( edit ) Carol Danvers as Ms. Marvel on the cover of Ms. Marvel # 1 ( January 1977 ) . Art by John Romita , Sr ... Danvers resurfaces with superhuman abilities and becomes the hero Ms. Marvel in a self - titled series in January 1977 , at first written by Gerry Conway and later by Chris Claremont . In the series , it is revealed that the energy exposure from the explosion of a device called the `` Psyche - Magnetron '' caused Danvers 's genetic structure to meld with Captain Marvel 's , effectively turning her into a human - Kree hybrid . Ms. Marvel had a series of semi-regular appearances in The Avengers , with additional appearances with the Defenders , Spider - Man , the Thing , and Iron Man . In one of these stories , the mutant terrorist Mystique kills Michael Barnett , Ms. Marvel 's lover . At the time of the publication of Ms. Marvel # 1 in 1977 , the title was self - consciously socially progressive for its time . This was reflected in the use of the word `` Ms . '' , then associated with the feminist movement , and in Danvers fighting for equal pay for equal work in her civilian identity . 1980s ( edit ) In The Avengers # 200 ( October 1980 ) , Ms. Marvel is kidnapped by a character named Marcus ( the apparent son of Avengers foe Immortus ) and taken to an alternate dimension , where she is brainwashed , seduced , and impregnated . She gives birth on Earth to a child that rapidly ages into another version of Marcus , who is ultimately unable to remain on Earth after Hawkeye mistakenly damages his machine , takes Ms. Marvel back to the alternate dimension with no opposition from the Avengers , who perceive Ms. Marvel and Marcus to have fallen in love . Comic book historian Carol A. Strickland criticized the storyline in an essay titled `` The Rape of Ms. Marvel '' . Citing Marcus ' line , `` Finally , after relative weeks of such efforts -- and admittedly , with a subtle boost from Immortus ' machines -- you became mine '' , Strickland posited that Ms. Marvel 's impregnation was simply rape by another name . As former writer of the solo title , Chris Claremont also commented on the inappropriateness of the storyline . Claremont effectively `` undid '' the Marcus story in Avengers Annual # 10 ( 1981 ) . In that story , Danvers is revealed to have returned to Earth -- courtesy of Immortus 's technology after Marcus continued to age and die of old age -- but is attacked by the mutant Rogue , who permanently absorbs the character 's abilities and memories . Danvers ' memories are restored by Professor X , and an angry confrontation with the Avengers concerning their failure to realize Marcus had brainwashed her follows . Claremont continued to develop the character in the title Uncanny X-Men . Danvers enters the Pentagon and , while wiping the government 's files on the X-Men , also deletes all records of herself in a symbolic break with her life as Ms. Marvel . During an adventure in space with the X-Men , Danvers is changed courtesy of experimentation by the alien race the Brood into a newly empowered character called `` Binary '' . Drawing on the power of a cosmic phenomenon called a white hole , Danvers becomes capable of generating the power of a star . As Binary , the character has a number of encounters with the X-Men , New Mutants , and the British team Excalibur , as well as a solo adventure . Cover to Uncanny X-Men # 164 ( December 1982 ) . Carol Danvers 's first appearance as Binary . Art by Dave Cockrum . Claremont expanded on the incident with the character Rogue by having the Carol Danvers persona manifest itself within Rogue 's mind , sometimes overpowering Rogue 's personality . This happens to Rogue on several occasions , which results in an uneasy armistice between the personalities within Rogue 's mind . After Rogue passes through the ancient supernatural gateway called the Siege Perilous , the Ms. Marvel persona is separated from her as an independent entity . Within the same issue , the Ms. Marvel persona is killed by Magneto . 1990s ( edit ) The character continued to make sporadic appearances , and two additional issues planned for the original title -- prevented by cancellation -- were printed in a quarterly anthology series . The same year the character was also used extensively in the storyline `` Operation Galactic Storm '' . By the conclusion of the story , the character had lost her connection to the white hole she drew her powers from , reverting to the use of the original Ms. Marvel powers , but retaining the energy manipulation and absorption powers she had as Binary , albeit on a smaller scale . After several more team and solo appearances the character then rejoins the Avengers with the new alias Warbird . Writer Kurt Busiek adds a new dimension to the character and casts her as an alcoholic , struggling to come to terms with the loss of her cosmic powers and memories . Danvers disgraces herself during the `` Live Kree or Die '' storyline and is soon suspended from active duty . After a brief appearance in Marvel 's alternate universe title What If ? , the character was featured in Iron Man , Wolverine , and The Avengers before making a cameo appearance in Mutant X . 2000s ( edit ) Carol Danvers as Ms. Marvel on the cover of Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 1 ( March 2006 ) . Art by Frank Cho . As Warbird , the character returns to the Avengers and plays a key role in the Kang Dynasty plotline . Kang 's son Marcus , the Scarlet Centurion , falls in love with her , but she rejects him , in part because he reminds her of Marcus , son of Kang 's older alter ego Immortus , who raped her . The Scarlet Centurion nonetheless helps her to defeat the Master of the World , a supervillain whose alien technology becomes the key to defeating Kang . In the course of the fight , Warbird kills the Master , and after the final victory over Kang she demands a court martial to review her actions . The court martial finds her killing justified as an act of war , and Carol continues as an Avenger . After the Avengers disband , Warbird leaves the group , and , along with other prominent former Avengers like Wasp , Hank Pym , Falcon and Wonder Man , is not included in the New Avengers group soon formed by Iron Man and Captain America . The character was then featured as `` Captain Marvel '' in a false reality created by the mutant Scarlet Witch in the limited series House of M . This reality pandered to Danvers ' subconscious desire to be accepted , as she proved to be the most popular superhero on Earth . Ms. Marvel then came to prominence again when the character was launched in a second self - titled volume . Together with fellow Avenger Iron Man , Danvers also becomes a principal advocate of the Superhuman Registration Act during the events of the 2006 - 7 `` Civil War '' storyline . The story also continues in Ms. Marvel 's own title as the character battles the anti-registration heroes led by Captain America . The storyline has major consequences for the New Avengers , causing the team to split and the pro -- registration heroes -- including Ms. Marvel -- form their own team , debuting in The Mighty Avengers . Danvers enters into a relationship with fellow member Wonder Man , appears in a crossover series with the robot Transformers , and becomes leader of the Mighty Avengers . The character makes an agreement with Tony Stark , director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , to lead a covert strike team called Operation : Lightning Storm , its designated mission being the elimination of supervillains before they become global threats . Ms. Marvel was captured by the Brood on Monster Island , whereupon she found the Brood Queen . An intense confrontation ensued during which Ms. Marvel was temporarily cut off from her powers and had to fight the Brood Queen as Carol Danvers . At one point , she was stripped of her civilian clothing and was forced to drift through space until she was able to access her powers . Ms. Marvel also plays a significant role in the 2008 limited series Secret Invasion against the alien shapeshifting Skrulls . She befriends Captain Marvel 's Skrull impostor and proves to him that she is not a Skrull by revealing intimate details about their life together . At the conclusion of the war with the Skrulls , Norman Osborn is placed in charge of the registered Avengers team . Refusing to serve under Osborn , Ms. Marvel flees Avengers Tower , and joins the New Avengers , becoming second - in - command . Osborn appoints former Thunderbolt member Moonstone ( Karla Sofen ) as the `` new '' Ms. Marvel to his Dark Avengers team ; Moonstone wears a variation of Ms. Marvel 's original costume . Osborn engineers a battle that results in Danvers 's powers overloading , causing her apparent death . The character Moonstone takes over the title role in the ongoing Ms. Marvel series . Danvers returns with the aid of the New Avengers , a group of MODOK embryos ( creations of the organization Advanced Idea Mechanics ( AIM ) ) , and a character known as the `` Storyteller '' and reclaims the title of Ms. Marvel from Karla Sofen . The increased use of Carol Danvers as a prominent character in many story arcs throughout this decade eventually prompted one commentator to note that `` she 's now the House of Ideas ' premier heroine '' . 2010s ( edit ) In the conclusion of the second volume of Ms. Marvel , Carol Danvers battles her old nemesis Mystique and a clone of Captain Marvel created by the Skrulls during the Secret Invasion , after they carry out a series of tragedies at temples belonging to the Church of Hala , a church dedicated to Mar - Vell . Danvers later aids the allied forces of Steve Rogers against Iron Patriot during the Siege of Asgard . Danvers also begins to develop a friendship with Spider - Man . Though he infuriates her the first time they work together , the two become closer when he helps her during the `` Dark Reign '' storyline , and she later admits to having feelings for him . Following the conclusion of the `` Siege '' storyline , Ms. Marvel returns as a regular character in the second volume of The New Avengers . In July 2012 , Carol Danvers assumed the mantle of Captain Marvel in an ongoing series written by Kelly Sue DeConnick with art by Dexter Soy . Danvers dons a jumpsuit and explores her own past . When describing her pitch for the series at WonderCon 2012 DeConnick said it could be `` pretty much be summed up with ' Carol Danvers as Chuck Yeager . ' '' She said the series would contemplate what Captain Marvel 's legend means to Danvers , how she will wield it , and how the rest of the Marvel Universe reacts . Danvers also rejoined the main Avengers team as Captain Marvel in vol. 5 of The Avengers and in the spin - off series , Avengers Assemble , also written by DeConnick . Editor Lauren Sankovitch said that Marvel editors liked DeConnick 's work and that adding her to the team would `` get some lady power in the Avengers lineup '' . DeConnick said , `` You might know this -- I have a certain affection for ( Carol Danvers ) . And I decided , ' Well , if I 'm deciding , there will be a slot available for her as well . ' '' In 2013 , Carol Danvers starred in the Captain Marvel / Avengers Assemble crossover storyline , `` The Enemy Within '' . In the story , Danvers and her Avenger teammates battle Yon - Rogg , the Kree commander who was responsible for the explosion that caused Danvers to receive her powers , and in defeating the Kree Danvers loses her memories . In November 2013 , Marvel announced that Danvers would be joining the Guardians of the Galaxy beginning in Free Comic Book Day : Guardians of the Galaxy ( May 2014 ) by Brian Michael Bendis and Sara Pichelli . In March 2014 , Marvel launched an eighth volume of Captain Marvel written again by DeConnick and starring Danvers in the title role but drawn by artist David López . DeConnick said , `` The big difference is we were grounded in New York City for the previous volume ; at least in the latter part of it . With the new Captain Marvel # 1 we start in NYC but after that we 're letting her go cosmic . Carol will be spending time off planet . '' During the 2015 Secret Wars crossover event , Danvers headlined her own tie - in series , Captain Marvel and the Carol Corps co-written by DeConnick and Kelly Thompson and drawn by López . In the series , Danvers leads an elite squadron of female fighter pilots stationed at an airbase called Hala Field , where she is the only superpowered being ; this leads the corps to help Danvers answer questions about her origin , which puts her in conflict with the controlling forces of Battleworld . Also during the Secret Wars event , Danvers appeared as a member of A-Force , Battleworld 's all - female team of Avengers . The series , written by G. Willow Wilson , continued into the `` All - New , All - Different Marvel '' relaunch following the conclusion of Secret Wars with Danvers in a key role . Beginning in October 2015 , Danvers starred in the ninth volume of Captain Marvel , written by Agent Carter showrunners Tara Butters and Michele Fazekas with artwork by Kris Anka , as part of the `` All - New , All - Different Marvel '' initiative . The series , set eight months after Secret Wars , sees Danvers taking over the responsibilities of S.W.O.R.D. , the military agency that was previously designated to protect Earth from intergalactic threats . Editor Sana Amanat said , `` This is really meant to be the next level for Captain Marvel . Carol is really meant to be a soldier and a commander , and also a diplomat . We 're really trying to build up this space complex and this space world . '' At this time , Danvers also joined The Ultimates . Series writer Al Ewing said , `` Carol 's currently running Alpha Flight , which is Earth 's premier space agency . ( She has ) seen the highs and the lows of the superhero business , and come out the other side . Right now , Carol 's in the ascendant , culturally , both in - universe and outside it ... Carol 's story in The Ultimates is very much about her links with the ordinary super-hero world , and about trying to form a bridge between that world and the world of The Ultimates . '' In 2016 , Danvers played a predominant role in Civil War II , by Brian Michael Bendis and artist David Marquez , as the leader of a faction of superheroes who wish to use Ulysses ' precognitive power to profile future crimes before they occur . About her position Bendis stated , `` From Carol 's point of view , she is like , ' You 're telling me the world is still turning at the end of the day and everyone is safe ? I do n't care ... If it keeps us safe , that 's fine . ' '' Following the conclusion of Civil War II , Danvers starred in The Mighty Captain Marvel , by writer Margaret Stohl and artist Ramon Rosanas , which sees Danvers become a household name . Stohl explained , `` She will be one of the most popular heroes on the planet -- but that 's not something she is very comfortable with . And of course she 's lost a lot of folks that she 's loved so she has to cope with that , too . That being said , she still has a job to do as commander of the Alpha Flight . Her latest mission being recruiting and training new cadets . It 'll also bring with it a mysterious danger that will threaten everything Carol has built . '' Beginning in July 2018 , Danvers headlined a new series titled , The Life of Captain Marvel , by Stohl and artist Carlos Pacheco . The series is described as a `` retelling '' of Danvers ' origin story but Stohl insisted that it is not a `` reinvention '' explaining , `` You look through a different lens . It 's nothing you 'll expect and nothing you 've seen happen but there will be parts of her life that change the context of what you 've seen before , so it 's telling the other side of the story , of how she came to be . '' Stohl also said that there will be similarities with the upcoming 2019 film , but the film is `` its own thing . '' Characterization ( edit ) With Ms. Marvel # 1 in 1977 , writer Gerry Conway played a significant role in the character 's development , writing in his introduction to the series , `` you might see a parallel between her quest for identity , and the modern woman 's quest for raised consciousness , for self - liberation , for identity '' . Ms. Marvel 's uniform and abilities , however , were derived from the character 's then - contemporary male counterpart : Captain Marvel . The Ms. Marvel letters page ( `` Ms. Prints '' ) featured letters debating whether or not the character was feminist . Reader ( and frequent letterhack ) Jana C. Hollingsworth took issue with Ms. Marvel 's entire origin : For the eleven years I 've been a comics fan , I 've been proud of how Marvel resisted the temptation to create male - based heroines à la Supergirl . It 's been proudly proclaimed that Ms. Marvel is not Marvel Girl ; well , maybe the early Marvel Girl did have weak powers and an insipid personality , but at least her powers were her powers and her personality was her personality ... I hope you can change her costume if it 's all possible , and keep her on her own instead of associating her with Captain Marvel ... Another reader had issue with the character 's outfit : `` Question : where is a woman who wears long sleeves , gloves , high boots and a scarf ( winter wear ) , and at the same time has a bare back , belly , and legs ? The Arctic equator ? That costume requires a few alterations . '' These questions , and the controversial rape in Avengers # 200 , caused many readers to question the character 's portrayal , and whether she was a good role model for female readers . ) ) It has been noted that `` Danvers ' initial appearances portrayed her as a strong character , but that changed over time -- even after she gained super powers . '' When Ms. Marvel received her own title in the 2000s , Marvel Comics was `` determined to have the character take center stage in the Marvel Universe '' , with `` Joe Quesada and the other powers ( having ) had the character play major roles in their huge ' House of M ' crossover , in the ' New Avengers ' and in the gargantuan success that is ' Civil War ' . '' `` Writer Brian Reed has had Ms. Marvel overcome worthy challenges ranging from alien invasions , time - traveling sorcerers and former teammates turned enemy . '' Brian Reed 's characterization of Ms. Marvel ( in the `` War of the Marvels '' story arc ) has been said to be `` an engaging mix of bravado and aggression juxtaposed with compassion and empathy . '' Ms. Marvel was listed as # 11 on IGN 's `` Top 50 Avengers '' , and as # 29 in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Carol Danvers initially possessed superhuman strength , endurance , stamina , flight , physical durability , a limited precognitive `` sixth sense '' , and a perfectly amalgamated human / Kree physiology that rendered her resistant to most toxins and poisons . As Binary , the character could tap the energy of a `` white hole '' , allowing full control and manipulation of stellar energies , and therefore control over heat , the electromagnetic spectrum and gravity . Light speed travel and the ability to survive in the vacuum of space were also possible . Although the link to the white hole was eventually severed , Danvers retains her Binary powers on a smaller scale , enabling her to both absorb energy and project it in photonic form . She can also still survive in space . While she lacks a constant source of energy to maintain the abilities at their previous cosmic level , she can temporarily assume her Binary form if empowered with a high enough infusion of energy . Danvers possesses superhuman strength and durability , can fly at roughly six times the speed of sound , retains her sixth sense , and can discharge explosive blasts of radiant energy , which she fires from her fingertips . She also demonstrates the ability to absorb other forms of energy , such as electricity , to further magnify her strength and energy projection , up to the force of an exploding nuclear weapon . When sufficiently augmented , she can withstand the pressure from a 92 - ton weight , and strike with a similar level of force , although Hank Pym theorized that this likely was not her limit . Danvers can not absorb magical energy without consequence , though she aided Dr. Stephen Strange in the defeat of the mystic menace Sir Warren Traveler . Carol Danvers is also an exceptional espionage agent , pilot , hand - to - hand combatant and marksman . Other versions ( edit ) Age of Apocalypse ( edit ) A powerless Carol Danvers helps Logan and Gateway escape at the price of her life , only to be `` healed '' and used by Pierce as a living weapon against her friends . Age of Ultron ( edit ) In the Age of Ultron , a version of Captain Marvel was seen vacationing in London when the Ultron Sentinels arrive . Captain Marvel is assisted in the fight against the Ultron Sentinels by Captain Britain and MI - 13 . After Computer Graham and Magic Boots Mel are killed in battle , Captain Marvel and Captain Britain sacrifice their lives to stop the Ultron Sentinels that were invading London . Amalgam ( edit ) In the Amalgam Comics universe , Carol was combined with Helena Bertinelli of DC Comics and became this reality 's Huntress . She 's a rogue ex-government solo agent ( although that may merely have been a cover story for a deep mission ) who uses her specialized skills and training as an agent for hire . Her crossbow was developed for her by Hawkeye ( Clint Archer ) of the Judgment League Avengers . She shows up in Dark Claw , where she discovers Dark Claw 's secret identity and aids him in tracking down the Hyena . Exiles ( edit ) Main article : Exiles ( Marvel Comics ) An evil version of the character features in the title Exiles , joining the alternate universe explorers Weapon X and becoming the lover of master villain Hyperion . Marvel Mangaverse ( edit ) Main article : Marvel Mangaverse A version of Danvers appears in the title New Mangaverse : The Rings of Fate briefly using the callsign Warbird . She later adopts the shield , costume , and name of Captain America at the end of the series . She displays superhuman strength and a near - invulnerability in the miniseries . No genuine explanation is given to how her powers came to exist in the Mangaverse ( though it is implied that she somehow gained them after exposure to attacks from the Rings of the Mandarin , as she claims she can feel the power of the Rings while climbing Mt . Fuji in the final issue of the series , indicating she followed them back to their present location on foot from the air base . ) , as she appears at first as a normal human , piloting what appears to be a variant design of an F - 22 while assigned to the Yokota Air Force base and survives her plane being destroyed by agents of the Hand , as well as a number of direct attacks which leave her briefly hospitalized , only to awaken with her injuries more or less fully healed and exhibiting superhuman strength as she destroys a heart monitor and needle , then lifts up a bed one handed with no effort . She further displays this enhanced strength when she cleaves Elektra in half with a single swing after climbing Mount Fuji with little real effort , making handholds on her own due to her new strength . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) The Ultimate Marvel imprint features a version of the character without superhuman abilities named Captain Carol Danvers in the `` Ultimate Galactus Trilogy '' storyline . As a U.S. Air Force officer , she was assigned to work on Mahr Vehl 's security detail with General Nick Fury when Earth was threatened by Gah Lak Tus . In the title Ultimate Power , the character becomes acting director of S.H.I.E.L.D. after Nick Fury 's disappearance . Her first missions involved working with the Fantastic Four and the X-Men opposing threats like Apocalypse , and the Silver Surfer . In Ultimate Spider - Man , she works on apprehending Norman Osborn after he escapes from the Triskelion . Things got difficult for her when Norman lied to the press that S.H.I.E.L.D. wrongly imprisoned him for trying to make the world a safer place , putting the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents out of a job . She receives help from Spider - Man ( Peter Parker ) after she arrests him in public , hoping that it would lure Norman to her . She summoned a press release and had Harry Osborn tell the reporters the truth that Norman was a horrible person for experimenting on himself and killing his mother . Outraged , Norman went to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier and attacked his son along with her , Spider - Man , and the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents on board . Norman accidentally killed Harry and , feeling guilty , tells the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents to kill him . Spider - Man becomes angry at Danvers because Harry died on her watch and told her to stay out of his life . She did not do as he asked , but she still felt sorry for him . As S.H.I.E.L.D. Director , Danvers was put in command of the newly formed New Ultimates . When Loki attempted another invasion of Earth , Danvers and the women of the team ( Zarda and Valkyrie ) were placed under a spell by Amora . Danvers , using technology , was able to resist the spell and was able to free the rest of the team to battle Loki 's forces . After Spider - Man was captured and replaced by the Chameleon , Danvers decided that having Peter , untrained , loose in the city was doing more harm than good . She approached May Parker and they both agreed that Peter would attend training lessons from individual members of the New Ultimates . Danvers and her New Ultimates battled Nick Fury and his Avengers while each side accused the other of being traitors to S.H.I.E.L.D. and the United States of America . During the fight , Danvers was hit by a Police Cruiser , leaving her in critical condition . Her role as S.H.I.E.L.D. Director was then passed on to Gregory Stark , the one that had in fact engineered the events from the start . After Stark is killed , Fury replaced Danvers as director . X-Men : the end ( edit ) The limited series X-Men : The End features a version of the character that exists as pure energy and controls the spaceship the Starjammer . In other Media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Ms. Marvel appeared in the X-Men animated series , voiced by Roscoe Handford . The episode `` A Rogue 's Tale '' details how Rogue gained Ms. Marvel 's powers , leaving her in a coma . A second echo of Ms. Marvel remained in Rogue 's mind . Ms. Marvel appears in the Spider - Woman : Agent of S.W.O.R.D. motion comics , voiced by Tena Nelson . Ms. Marvel appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , voiced by Grey DeLisle . This version is depicted as a strict S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who is the superior of the Super Hero Squad . Carol Danvers appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Jennifer Hale . She first appears in the episode `` 459 '' . Carol later gains her super powers in the episode `` Welcome to the Kree Empire '' , and assumes the Ms. Marvel identity . She joins the Avengers and appears as a regular character for the remainder of the series . Captain Marvel has a non-voiced cameo appearance in Avengers Assemble . She is first seen in the finale `` Avengers World '' on a holographic globe as one of the heroes Iron Man and Captain America consider potential candidates for the Avengers . Captain Marvel appears in Avengers : Ultron Revolution , voiced again by Grey DeLisle . In her self - titled episode `` Captain Marvel '' , she teams up with Captain America , Thor and Falcon to battle a group of Kree soldiers led by Galen - Kor who are planning to give the recently emerged Inhumans to the Kree Empire and even plan to give them Captain Marvel as a bonus . Throughout the episode , she and Captain America display a friendly rivalry , calling each other ' Army ' and ' Air Force ' respectively . However , they eventually put aside their differences and defeat the Kree . Captain Marvel then thanks the Avengers for their help and has grown closer to them , to the point where they even made her an official member , much to her delight . In Avengers : Secret Wars , Captain Marvel is one of the members of the All - New , All - Different Avengers alongside Black Panther , Vision , Ant - Man , Wasp , and Ms. Marvel . Captain Marvel appears in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures : Frost Fight ! , voiced again by Grey DeLisle . Captain Marvel appears in Guardians of the Galaxy voiced again by Grey DeLisle . Film ( edit ) Carol Danvers appears as Captain Marvel in the anime film Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher . Carol Danvers was intended to make her Marvel Cinematic Universe debut in the series Jessica Jones when it was developed for ABC , but the character changed to Trish Walker when it moved to Netflix , due to the changes in the direction of the MCU storyline , such as the decision for Danvers to appear in her own film . By May 2013 , a script for a Ms. Marvel film had been written for Marvel Studios . In October 2014 , Marvel announced the film , now titled Captain Marvel . Brie Larson was cast as Danvers in July 2016 . In April 2017 , Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct the film . By that August , Geneva Robertson - Dworet was hired to write the screenplay , replacing Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve , who had been with the project since April 2015 . The film will be set in the 1990s , with the Skrulls also appearing . Captain Marvel is scheduled to be released on March 8 , 2019 . Larson will also play Captain Marvel in the fourth Avengers film , which is set to be released on May 3 , 2019 . In December 2017 it was announced Kim Raver would voice Captain Marvel in the 2018 animated film , Marvel Rising : Secret Warriors . Novels ( edit ) A Captain Marvel prose novel by Shannon Hale and Dean Hale was announced at New York Comic - Con 2015 . Theatre ( edit ) Carol Danvers appears in the Marvel Universe : LIVE ! stage show , as Captain Marvel . Video games ( edit ) Carol Danvers appears as a non-playable character in a PSP version 's side mission of X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse . Ms. Marvel appears as a playable character in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance , voiced by April Stewart . Ms. Marvel appears as a playable character in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , with April Stewart reprising her role . Ms. Marvel appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad video game , voiced by Grey DeLisle . Ms. Marvel is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online , voiced again by Grey DeLisle . Ms. Marvel is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Ms. Marvel is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Danielle Nicolet . Carol Danvers is a playable character in Marvel Heroes , voiced again by Danielle Nicolet . She appears as both Ms. Marvel and Captain Marvel . Captain Marvel is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics . Two of Carol Danvers 's aliases ( Captain Marvel and Ms. Marvel ) are separate playable characters on Marvel Contest of Champions . Carol Danvers is a playable character in Marvel : Future Fight as Captain Marvel , with Ms. Marvel as an alternate costume in the game . Carol Danvers appears in Lego Marvel 's Avengers ; Ms. Marvel appears as a playable character , and Captain Marvel later gets added as downloadable content for Marvel 's `` Women of Power '' initiative . Captain Marvel is a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , voiced again by Grey DeLisle . Three versions of Captain Marvel ( Ms. Marvel , 3 - Star Captain Marvel and 4 - Star Captain Marvel ) are available for players to recruit in the match - three mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest . The most recent version was added to the game in January 2017 . Captain Marvel is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 voiced by Kate O'Sullivan . Captain Marvel is one of the playable characters in Marvel Powers United VR . Captain Marvel is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by Hannah Laurel . Collected editions ( edit ) Essential Ms. Marvel , Vol. 1 ( collects Ms. Marvel # 1 - 23 ; Marvel Super-Heroes Magazine # 10 - 11 ; Avengers Annual # 10 ) , February 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 2499 - 3 Ms. Marvel Vol. 1 : Best of the Best ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 1 - 5 ; Giant - Size Ms. Marvel ) , October 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 2281 - 4 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 1996 - 8 ( SC ) Vol. 2 : Civil War ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 6 - 10 ; Ms. Marvel Special ) , March 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 2304 - 0 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 2305 - 7 ( SC ) Vol. 3 : Operation Lightning Storm ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 11 - 17 ) , October 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 2890 - 8 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 2449 - 8 ( SC ) Vol. 4 : Monster Smash ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 18 - 24 ) , March 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3018 - 5 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 2813 - 7 ( SC ) Vol. 5 : Secret Invasion ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 25 - 30 ) , October 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3019 - 2 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3299 - 8 ( SC ) Vol. 6 : Ascension ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 31 - 34 , Annual ; Ms. Marvel Special : Storyteller ) , March 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3457 - 2 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3178 - 6 ( SC ) Vol. 7 : Dark Reign ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 35 - 41 ) , September 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3838 - 9 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3839 - 6 ( SC ) Vol. 8 : War of the Marvels ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 42 - 46 ) , December 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3840 - 2 ( HC ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 3841 - 9 ( SC ) Vol. 9 : Best You Can Be ( collects Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 47 - 50 ) , April 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 4573 - 8 ( HC ) , 978 - 0 - 7851 - 4574 - 5 ( SC ) Captain Marvel ( 2012 - 2014 ) Vol. 1 : In Pursuit of Flight ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 7 # 1 - 6 ) , January 1 , 2013 , 978 - 0785165491 ( SC ) Vol. 2 : Down ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 7 # 7 - 12 ) , June 4 , 2013 , 978 - 0785165507 ( SC ) Avengers : The Enemy Within ( Collects Avengers : The Enemy Within # 1 ; Captain Marvel vol. 7 # 13 - 14 , 17 ; Avengers Assemble Vol. 2 # 16 - 17 ) December 17 , 2013 , 978 - 0785184034 ( SC ) Infinity Companion ( Captain Marvel Vol. 7 # 15 - 16 ) Captain Marvel : Earth 's Mightiest Hero Vol. 1 ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 7 # 1 - 12 ) June 28 , 2016 978 - 1302901271 Captain Marvel : Earth 's Mightiest Hero Vol. 2 ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 7 # 13 - 17 , Avengers : The Enemy Within # 1 , Avengers Assemble # 16 - 19 , Avenging Spider - Man # 9 - 10 ) November 1 , 2016 978 - 1302901288 Captain Marvel ( 2014 - 2015 ) Captain Marvel Vol. 1 : Higher , Further , Faster , More ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 8 # 1 - 6 ) October 21 , 2014 , 978 - 0785190134 ( SC ) Captain Marvel Vol. 2 : Stay Fly ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 8 # 7 - 11 ) April 21 , 2015 , 978 - 0785190141 ( SC ) Captain Marvel Vol. 3 : Alis Volat Propriis ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 8 # 12 - 15 ) September 1 , 2015 , 978 - 0785198413 ( SC ) Captain Marvel & the Carol Corps ( collects Captain Marvel & the Carol Corps # 1 - 4 ) December 1 , 2015 , 978 - 0785198659 ( SC ) Captain Marvel : Earth 's Mightiest Hero Vol. 3 ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 8 # 1 - 11 ) February 28 , 2017 978 - 1302902681 ( SC ) Captain Marvel : Earth 's Mightiest Hero Vol. 4 ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 8 # 12 - 15 , Captain Marvel & the Carol Corps # 1 - 4 ) August 9 , 2017 978 - 1302902698 ( SC ) Captain Marvel ( 2016 - present ) Captain Marvel Vol. 1 : Rise of Alpha Flight ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 9 # 1 - 5 ) August 2 , 2016 , 978 - 0785196426 ( SC ) Captain Marvel Vol. 2 : Civil War II ( collects Captain Marvel vol. 9 # 6 - 10 ) February 2017 , 978 - 0785196433 ( SC ) The Mighty Captain Marvel Vol. 1 : Alien Nation ( collects The Mighty Captain Marvel vol. 1 # 0 - 4 ) September 2017 , 978 - 1302906054 ( SC ) The Mighty Captain Marvel Vol. 2 : The Band of Sisters ( collects The Mighty Captain Marvel vol. 2 # 5 - 9 ) December 2017 , 978 - 1302906061 ( SC ) See also ( edit ) Comics portal Feminism portal List of feminist comic books Portrayal of women in comics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oh Captain My Captain : How Carol Danvers Became Marvel 's Biggest Female Hero '' . Comics Alliance . November 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Marvel wants YOU for the Carol Corps '' . The Daily Dot . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marvel Super-Heroes # 13 ( March 1968 ) Jump up ^ Captain Marvel # 1 ( May 1968 ) Jump up ^ Captain Marvel # 18 ( November 1969 ) Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel # 1 - 23 ( January 1977 -- April 1979 ) Jump up ^ Defenders # 62 - 63 ( August -- September 1978 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Team - Up # 77 ( January 1979 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Two - in - One # 51 ( May 1979 ) Jump up ^ Iron Man # 125 - 126 ( August -- September 1979 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Super-Heroes vol. 2 , # 11 ( October 1992 ) Jump up ^ Weeler , Andrew ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Oh Captain My Captain : How Carol Danvers Became Marvel 's Biggest Female Hero '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` MARVEL WOMEN OF THE 70 'S : MS . MARVEL '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Carol A. ( January 1980 ) . `` The Rape of Ms. Marvel '' . LoC ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Chris Claremont , quoted in X-Men Companion # 2 ( Fantagraphics Books , 1982 ) : `` Actually , my reaction was a lot stronger than that . But how callous ! How cruel ! How unfeeling ! Considering that ( the Avengers ) must have seen Ms. Marvel only a couple of days before , or even a couple of months before . She was n't pregnant then . How could she be eight months pregnant now ? '' Jump up ^ Avengers Annual # 10 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 158 ( June 1982 ) Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 164 ( December 1982 ) Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 166 - 167 ( February -- March 1983 ) ; # 171 , 174 ( July , October 1983 ) ; # 200 - 201 ( December 1985 -- January 1986 ) Jump up ^ New Mutants # 19 ( September 1984 ) ; # 50 - 51 ( April -- May 1987 ) Jump up ^ Excalibur # 17 ( December 1989 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Fanfare # 24 ( January 1986 ) Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 182 ( June 1984 ) ; # 203 ( March 1986 ) ; # 235 - 239 ( October 1988 -- February 1989 ) Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 246 - 247 ( July -- August 1989 ) Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 269 ( October 1990 ) Jump up ^ X-Men Spotlight On ... Starjammers # 1 - 2 ( May -- June 1990 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Marvel Super-Heroes vol. 2 # 10 - 11 ( July -- October 1992 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers # 350 - 351 ( both August 1992 ) ; Starblast # 1 ( January 1994 ) ; X-Men Unlimited # 1 ( December 1996 ) ; Excalibur # 116 ( January 1998 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers vol. 3 , # 4 ( May 1998 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Iron Man vol. 3 , # 7 ; Captain America vol. 3 # 8 ; Quicksilver # 10 ; Avengers vol. 3 , # 7 ( August 1998 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers vol. 3 , # 8 ( September 1998 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ What If ? vol. 2 # 111 ( August 1998 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Iron Man vol. 3 # 12 , 18 ( January , July 1999 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Wolverine # 133 - 134 ( January -- February 1999 ) Jump up ^ The Avengers vol. 3 # 17 - 18 , 21 ( June -- July , October 1999 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Mutant X # 14 ( November 1999 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers vol. 3 # 41 - 54 ( June 2001 - July 2002 ) Jump up ^ Avengers # 500 - 503 ( September -- December 2004 ) , Avengers : Finale # 1 ( January 2005 ) Jump up ^ House of M # 1 - 8 ( August -- December 2005 ) Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 , # 1 ( March 2006 ) Jump up ^ Civil War # 1 - 7 ( July 2006 -- January 2007 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 , # 6 - 8 ( October -- December 2006 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Mighty Avengers # 1 ( May 2007 ) . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : The Mighty Avengers # 6 ( September 2007 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ New Avengers / Transformers # 1 - 4 ( September -- December 2007 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Mighty Avengers # 7 ( October 2007 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 13 ( May 2007 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 23 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Secret Invasion ( June 2008 -- January 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Dark Avengers # 1 ( January 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ New Avengers # 48 ( December 2008 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ New Avengers # 51 ( March 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 38 ( June 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Marvels '' storyline in Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 41 - 47 ( November 2009 -- January 2010 ) . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Wizard Magazine # 220 ( January 2010 ) . Andy Serwin . No. 23 . Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 # 48 - 50 ( December 2009 -- February 2010 ) Jump up ^ Siege # 2 - 3 ( April -- May 2010 ) Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Storming Heaven : Siege # 2 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Storming Heaven : Siege # 3 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 Annual ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man : Siege ( June 2010 ) Jump up ^ New Avengers # 1 ( June 2010 ) Jump up ^ Beard , Jim ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` WonderCon 2012 : Captain Marvel '' . marvel.com . Marvel . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Avengers Vol. 5 # 2 ( December 2012 ) Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` DeConnick and Caselli Assemble the Avengers '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` DeConnick 's Avengers , Captain Marvel Battle ' The Enemy Within ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the New Guardians of the Galaxy on Free Comic Book Day '' . marvel.com . Marvel . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Blasts Off to a New # 1 ... and SPAAACE ! '' . Newsarama . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Evie ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive First Look At Marvel 's Newest Women - Driven Comic '' . Fast Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jaime ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` A-Force To Launch With G. Willow Wilson For All - New , All - Different Marvel '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Evie ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` A First Look At The New Captain Marvel , Written By `` Agent Carter '' Showrunners `` . Fast Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` THE ULTIMATES Get ' Pretty Damn Cosmic ' In New Ongoing '' . Newsarama . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lendof , Emil ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` Brian Michael Bendis on Tearing Marvel 's Heroes Apart ( Again ) in ' Civil War II ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lendof , Emil ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Comic Being Relaunched With YA Author Margaret Stohl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' author Margaret Stohl says new origin story is ' nothing you 'll expect ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) . `` Ms. Prints '' Ms. Marvel 1 ( January 1977 ) Jump up ^ Hollingsworth , Jana C. ( w ) . `` Ms. Prints '' Ms. Marvel 5 ( May 1977 ) Jump up ^ Lipp , Debbie ( w ) . `` Ms. Prints '' Ms. Marvel 8 ( August 1977 ) Jump up ^ Chris Claremont , quoted in X-Men Companion # 2 ( Fantagraphics , 1982 ) : ( ( Blockquote As Carol ( Strickland ) pointed out in her article in LOC ( # 1 ) , women tend to get very short shrift in comics . They are either portrayed as wallflowers or as supermacho insensitive men with different body forms , who almost invariably feel guilty about their lack of femininity . And it 's always seemed to me that , why does this have to be exclusive ? Can you not have a woman who is ruthless and capable and courageous and articulate and intelligent and all the other buzz - words -- heroic when the need arises , and yet feminine and gentle and compassionate , at others ? That was what I tried to do with Ms. Marvel . I tried to create a character who had all the attributes that made her a top - secret agent yet at the same time was a compassionate , warm , humorous , witty , intelligent , attractive woman . Jump up ^ Munguia , Shawn ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Heroines shine in 3 titles '' . Valley Morning Star . Harlingen , Texas . ^ Jump up to : Maida , Jerome ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` She 's just Marvel - ous '' . Philadelphia Daily News . p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 26 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Captain Marvel # 1 ( August 2012 ) Jump up ^ Avengers vol. 3 , # 41 ( June 2001 ) Jump up ^ Ms. Marvel vol. 2 , # 5 ( September 2006 ) Jump up ^ Weapon X # 3 - 4 ( May -- June 1995 ) Jump up ^ Avengers Assemble # 15AU Jump up ^ Legends of the Dark Claw Jump up ^ Exiles # 38 ( February 2004 ) Jump up ^ New Mangaverse : The Rings of Fate # 4 Jump up ^ New Mangaverse : The Rings of Fate # 5 Jump up ^ New Mangaverse : The Rings of Fate # 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Ultimate Exctinction # 1 - 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Nightmare # 1 - 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Secret # 1 - 4 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Power # 9 ( February 2008 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate X-Men # 91 - 93 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Fantastic Four # 42 - 46 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Ultimate Spider - Man # 111 - 117 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 117 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ New Ultimates # 1 - 6 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 150 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers vs New Ultimates # 4 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers vs New Ultimates # 6 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ X-Men : The End vols. 1 -- 3 ( October 2004 -- July 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Voice Of Ms. Marvel - Marvel Universe Behind The Voice Actors '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Check marks indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources Jump up ^ `` Marvel Introduces ' The Super Hero Squad Show ' at Comic - Con 2009 Panel '' . Popdecay.com . July 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ultimate Spider - Man '' and `` Avengers '' Renewed on Disney XD with New Titles `` . June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYCC : Marvel Animation Announces Holiday Special '' . October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYCC LIVE ! Marvel Animation Panel with Ultimate Spider - Man , GOTG & More '' . October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher ' : See the trailer here ! Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Hunter ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel TV Announces Development Slate ; Includes Live - Action Development Slate ; Includes Live - Action A.k.a. Jessica Jones ( Alias ) , The Hulk , Cloak and Dagger , Mockingbird , Animated Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H , More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Marvel 's Carol Danvers Was Originally on Jessica Jones '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Bond , Paul ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Cliffhanger : Robert Downey Jr. 's $50 Million Sequel Showdown '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Storm , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Captain Marvel Soars Into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Brie Larson officially announced as Captain Marvel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Finds Directors in Anna Boden , Ryan Fleck ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Taps Geneva Robertson - Dworet To Script ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Perlman & Meg LeFauve to Write Marvel 's ' Captain Marvel ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Captain Marvel ' Will Be Set in the ' 90s With Skrulls as Villains '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Phase 3 Update '' . Marvel.com . August 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` What RoboCop Has to Do with the Future of the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Susan ; Flaherty , Keely ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Launching A New Franchise Of Wonderful , Diverse Superheroes '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAPTAIN MARVEL Coming To Prose '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel Universe Live ! ' adds Captain Marvel , Black Widow & more '' . November 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Character Reveal '' . IGN . August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gamespot ( July 20 , 2013 ) . LEGO Marvel Super Heroes Gameplay Demo - SDCC 2013 . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Nicolet '' . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Captain Marvel ! '' . MarvelHeroes.com . Gazillion Entertainment . October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ms. Marvel joins Marvel Heroes '' . MarvelHeroes.com . Gazillion Entertainment . May 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Future Fight ' : Top 10 Tips & Cheats You Need to Know '' . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Games Announces `` Women Of Power '' Initiative `` . March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Marvel vs. Capcom returns with Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Piecing Together Marvel Puzzle Quest : Captain Marvel '' . News - Marvel.com . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Marvel Powers United VR , a game that let me Hulk Smash for real '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Laurel Voices.com '' . voices.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ms. Marvel ( Carol Danvers ) at the Marvel Universe wiki <Th_colspan="2"> Captain Marvel <Td_colspan="2"> Stan Lee Gene Colan Characters Mar - Vell Monica Rambeau Genis - Vell Phyla - Vell Khn'nr Noh - Varr Carol Danvers Supporting characters Eon Eros Rick Jones Mentor Ms. Marvel Enemies Doctor Minerva Entropy ISAAC Mercurio the 4 - D Man Nitro Ronan the Accuser Skrull Super-Skrull Thanos Yon - Rogg Related topics Kree `` Kree -- Skrull War '' Mahr Vehl Civil War II Other media Captain Marvel <Th_colspan="2"> Ms. Marvel <Td_colspan="2"> Roy Thomas Gene Colan Characters Carol Danvers Sharon Ventura Karla Sofen Deidre Wentworth Kamala Khan Supporting characters Anya Corazon Jessica Drew Lockjaw Mar - Vell Wonder Man Enemies AIM The Brood Deathbird Doomsday Man Elementals Hecate Master of the World MODOK Moonstone Mystique Skrulls Yon - Rogg Related topics Dark Avengers Inhumans Kree `` Operation : Galactic Storm '' Rogue <Th_colspan="2"> Jessica Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Michael Bendis Michael Gaydos Supporting characters Luke Cage Carol Danvers Jessica Drew Ben Urich Enemies Man Mountain Marko Purple Man Publications Alias The Pulse Jessica Jones In other media Jessica Jones season 1 characters Related articles Daily Bugle New Avengers <Th_colspan="2"> Mighty Avengers <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Michael Bendis Frank Cho Dan Slott Initial members Ares Black Widow Iron Man Ms. Marvel The Sentry Vision Wasp Wonder Man Enemies Chthon Modred the Mystic Mole Man Skrulls Symbiotes Ultron Storylines Civil War The Initiative Secret Invasion Dark Reign Siege Related series Avengers Avengers : The Initiative New Avengers Dark Avengers <Th_colspan="2"> New Avengers <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Michael Bendis David Finch Initial members Luke Cage Captain America Echo Iron Man Sentry Spider - Man Spider - Woman Wolverine Enemies A.I.M. 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when was the last time the detroit lions won on thanksgiving

NFL on Thanksgiving Day - wikipedia NFL on Thanksgiving Day Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of National Football League games . For the Canadian Football League games , see Thanksgiving Day Classic . For the black college football rivalry , see Turkey Day Classic . The NFL Thanksgiving logo used for 2016 ; the year is updated annually , with the new NFL shield being used for the first time in 2008 . The National Football League ( NFL ) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . It has been a regular occurrence since the league 's inception in 1920 . Currently , three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving . The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys ; a third game , with no fixed opponents , has been played annually since 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Throwback uniforms 1.2 Memorable games 1.3 Home team controversy 2 Game results 2.1 1920 -- 1940 2.2 1945 -- 1959 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- present 3 Thanksgiving Day standings 3.1 Notable appearance droughts 3.2 Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams 4 Game MVPs 4.1 Turkey Leg Award ( CBS & FOX ) 4.2 Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball ( FOX ) 4.3 All - Iron Award ( CBS ) 4.4 Prime time games ( NFLN & NBC ) 4.5 Complete list 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876 , shortly after the game had been invented , as it was a day that most people had off from work . In that year , the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day . The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games , holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905 . The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as `` The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football . '' In some areas , high - school teams play on Thanksgiving , usually to wrap - up the regular - season . By the time football had become a professional event , playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution . Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s , with the first pro -- am team , the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In 1902 , the `` National '' Football League , a Major League Baseball - backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL , attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend ; after the game ended in a tie , eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title . Members of the Ohio League , during its early years , usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day . For instance , in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs , considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football ( along with the Massillon Tigers ) , played on Thanksgiving . A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations . During the 1910s , the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable . This was not the case in other regional circuits : in 1919 , the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons . The game ended in a scoreless tie , leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship . Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league , including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals ( 1922 -- 33 ; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935 ) , Frankford Yellow Jackets , Pottsville Maroons , Buffalo All - Americans , Canton Bulldogs ( even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton ) , and the New York Giants ( 1929 -- 38 , who always played a crosstown rival ) . The first owner of the Lions , George A. Richards , started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games , and to continue a tradition begun by the city 's previous NFL teams . What differentiated the Lions ' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR , a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network ; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network . During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940 , the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles , as both teams were in the same state ( Pennsylvania ) . ( At the time , then - president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move ; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not . This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games . Incidentally , the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time . ) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons , the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941 , nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945 . When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945 , only the Lions ' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday . In 1951 , the Packers began a thirteen - season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963 . The All - America Football Conference and American Football League , both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL , also held Thanksgiving contests , although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts . Likewise , the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence , while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season , which featured the Cleveland Rams , a future NFL team , and the 1940 -- 41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier `` Franksgiving '' date . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games . It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one ( since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty ) . This is only partly true ; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day . In 1975 and 1977 , at the behest of then - Commissioner Pete Rozelle , the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team ( Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976 ) . Although the Cardinals , at the time known as the `` Cardiac Cards '' due to their propensity for winning very close games , were a modest success at the time , they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys , who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era . This , combined with St. Louis 's consistently weak attendance , a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three - game stretch , and opposition from the Kirkwood -- Webster Groves Turkey Day Game ( a local high school football contest ) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978 ; it was then , after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games , that the Cowboys requested ( and received ) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever . Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis - hosted games in 1975 and 1977 , the two `` traditional '' Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas . Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season , to make sure that both the AFC - carrying network ( NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997 , and CBS since 1998 ) and the NFC - carrying network ( CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993 , and Fox since 1994 ) got at least one game each , one of these games was between NFC opponents , and one featured AFC - NFC opponents . Thus , the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving , and the AFC team was always the visiting team . Since 2006 , a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night . It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011 ; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012 . The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences , enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match - up to feature on that night . The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games ( one would be played at night ) , and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams . In 2014 , the NFL added the cross-flex rule , allowing CBS to televise NFC away games , and Fox to broadcast AFC away games , under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons ; however , this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests . CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward , which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays ; from that year through 2016 , CBS carried all - NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving , and in 2014 and 2015 , no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games . The NFL 's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games ; however , the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions . In some years ( namely 2002 ) , it extended to nearly all games of the weekend , and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums . In 2001 -- 2004 , and again in 2008 , 2010 , and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years . From 2001 to 2003 , Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey not seen since 1995 . In 2004 , the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963 . In 2009 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL , both Dallas and Oakland played in a `` AFL Legacy Game . '' In 2013 , the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks , but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league 's new concussion protocol ; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look , the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963 . In 2015 , the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white `` Double - Star '' jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league 's `` Color Rush '' , a trial run of specially - designed , monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games . Memorable games ( edit ) 1920 : An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel , in Chicago , in the league 's inaugural season , with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season , purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season ( no other team would fold until 1921 ) . The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members ; nevertheless , the Tigers , after a 27 -- 0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week , never played football again . The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season , later renaming themselves the Bears . 1921 : In a matchup of two of the league 's best teams , the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All - Americans at home . The Staleys demand a rematch , with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off - the - record exhibition game . That later match , which Chicago won , ended up counting despite the All - Americans ' insistence , controversially handing Chicago the championship . 1952 : The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron , Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest . Their opponent for that game , the Chicago Bears , underestimated the then - winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game ; the Texans scored a 27 -- 23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence . 1962 : The Lions handed the 10 -- 0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season . 1964 -- 65 : The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers , the two teams that would eventually meet in those years ' American Football League Championship Games . 1974 : Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16 -- 3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes . 1976 : The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history . O.J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game , with 273 . However , Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts , for 29 yards passing , and a rating of 19.7 . The Lions defeated the Bills 27 - 14 . 1980 : With the Lions and Bears tied 17 - 17 at the end of regulation , the game went to overtime , the first Thanksgiving game to do so ( overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974 ) , and the first overtime game at the Silverdome . Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth - quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game - winning touchdown , ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time . 1986 : The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history . It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley 's career ; Stanley netted 207 all - purpose yards and three touchdowns , including an 83 - yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay , 44 -- 40 . Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL . 1989 : Known as the `` Bounty Bowl '' , the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27 -- 0 . Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker , thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams , the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later . 1993 : In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history , the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14 -- 13 with just seconds remaining in a rare , snow - filled Texas Stadium . Miami 's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40 - yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys ' Jimmie Jones . Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed `` The Cowboys will win . '' Indeed , since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage , once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession . However , the ball landed and began spinning on its tip , leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession . Lett slipped , fell , and knocked the ball forward . By rule , the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line . With the recovery , Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal . The Dolphins won 16 -- 14 . 1994 : Troy Aikman was injured and third - string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers . The Cowboys won a 42 -- 31 shoot - out against Brett Favre . 1998 : In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game , the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16 -- 16 . Pittsburgh 's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air , but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time . The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession , winning 19 -- 16 . As a result of the fiasco , team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed , and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession . The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46 -- 36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns , all of over 50 yards . 2008 : The 10 -- 1 Titans routed the 0 -- 11 Lions by a score of 47 -- 10 , one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving . The Lions would go on to finish the season 0 -- 16 . 2011 : The trio of games was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history . The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other -- a preview of Super Bowl XLVII . 2012 : The prime time contest became infamous for the `` Butt fumble '' , an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman . He subsequently fumbled the ball ; it was recovered by New England , who returned it for a touchdown . In the earlier game , one of the NFL 's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett 's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81 - yard touchdown . Referee Walt Coleman stated that , by rule , scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach . Because of the improper attempted challenge , the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15 - yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct . The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed , the review would continue . It was called the ' Jim Schwartz rule ' . Home team controversy ( edit ) It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades . However , in recent years , other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games . Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Chiefs ( who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967 -- 69 as an AFL team prior to the merger ) , lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday . When the NFL adopted a third , prime time game , the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest , but the team was not made a permanent host , and Hunt 's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team . The host issue came to a head in 2008 , focusing particularly on the winless Lions . Going into the game , Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games , and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup . The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout . The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47 -- 10 , en route to the team 's 0 -- 16 season . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season , but kept the issue open to revisit in the future . Conversely , the Dallas Cowboys , who typically represent a larger television draw , have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving . One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving . The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site . This is true for most Thursday games , but with the night games , the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk - thru the following morning . With the introduction of the prime time game , which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving , along with the introduction of year - long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season ( thus negating any on - field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving ) , the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed . Game results ( edit ) ( Winning teams are denoted by boldface type ; tie games are italicized . ) 1920 -- 1940 ( edit ) All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era ( AFL I in 1926 , AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940 ) played Thanksgiving games , which are also listed as indicated . Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings . The All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex , albeit only for one game . Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 25 , 1920 Canton Bulldogs 0 Akron Pros 7 Decatur Staleys 6 Chicago Tigers 0 Detroit Heralds 0 Dayton Triangles 28 Columbus Panhandles 0 Elyria Athletics * 0 Hammond Pros 0 Chicago Boosters * 27 All - Tonawanda * 14 Rochester Jeffersons Nov. 24 , 1921 Canton Bulldogs 14 Akron Pros 0 Buffalo All - Americans 7 Chicago Staleys 6 Nov. 30 , 1922 Buffalo All - Americans 21 Rochester Jeffersons 0 Chicago Bears 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 Milwaukee Badgers 0 Racine Legion Oorang Indians 18 Columbus Panhandles 6 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 14 Nov. 29 , 1923 Toledo Maroons 0 Canton Bulldogs 28 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears Hammond Pros 0 Green Bay Packers 19 Milwaukee Badgers 16 Racine Legion 0 Nov. 27 , 1924 Buffalo Bisons 0 Akron Pros 22 Chicago Bears 21 Chicago Cardinals 0 Dayton Triangles 7 Frankford Yellowjackets 32 Milwaukee Badgers 10 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Canton ) 53 Green Bay Packers 17 Kansas City Blues 6 Nov. 26 , 1925 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Kansas City Cowboys 17 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Hartford ) 0 Rock Island Independents 6 Detroit Panthers Green Bay Packers 0 Pottsville Maroons 31 Nov. 25 , 1926 New York Giants 17 Brooklyn Lions 0 Los Angeles Buccaneers 9 Detroit Panthers 6 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Green Bay Packers 14 Frankford Yellowjackets 20 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 8 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 0 ( AFL I ) Los Angeles Wildcats 0 Chicago Bulls 0 ( AFL I ) Philadelphia Quakers 13 New York Yankees 10 Nov. 24 , 1927 Chicago Cardinals Chicago Bears 0 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 6 Green Bay Packers 17 Frankford Yellowjackets 9 Cleveland Bulldogs 30 New York Yankees 19 Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 29 , 1928 Providence Steam Roller 7 Pottsville Maroons 0 Dayton Triangles 0 Detroit Wolverines 33 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 34 Nov. 28 , 1929 New York Giants 21 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 Chicago Cardinals 40 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 27 , 1930 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Providence Steam Roller 12 Brooklyn Dodgers 33 Green Bay Packers 25 Frankford Yellowjackets 7 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 26 , 1931 Green Bay Packers 38 Providence Steam Roller 7 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 9 Chicago Cardinals 7 Chicago Bears 18 Nov. 24 , 1932 Green Bay Packers 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 New York Giants 13 Staten Island Stapletons 13 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 24 Nov. 30 , 1933 New York Giants 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 22 Chicago Cardinals 6 Nov. 29 , 1934 Green Bay Packers 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 New York Giants 27 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 19 Detroit Lions 16 Nov. 28 , 1935 Green Bay Packers 7 Chicago Cardinals 9 New York Giants 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions 14 Nov. 26 , 1936 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 13 New York Giants 14 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 ( AFL II ) Cleveland Rams 7 Rochester Tigers 6 Nov. 25 , 1937 Chicago Bears 13 Detroit Lions 0 New York Giants 13 Brooklyn Dodgers 13 Nov. 24 , 1938 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 14 New York Giants 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 23 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 Philadelphia Eagles 17 Nov. 21 , 1940 ( AFL III ) New York Yankees 16 Columbus Bullies 17 ( AFL III ) Buffalo Tigers 13 Milwaukee Chiefs 30 Nov. 28 , 1940 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II . Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward . The All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 22 , 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams 28 Detroit Lions 21 Nov. 28 , 1946 NFL Boston Yanks 34 Detroit Lions 10 AAFC New York Yankees 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 27 , 1947 NFL Chicago Bears 34 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 27 Los Angeles Dons 17 AAFC San Francisco 49ers 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 25 , 1948 NFL Chicago Cardinals 28 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 31 Los Angeles Dons 14 AAFC Buffalo Bills 39 Chicago Rockets 35 Nov. 24 , 1949 NFL Chicago Bears 28 Detroit Lions 7 AAFC New York Yankees 17 Los Angeles Dons 16 AAFC Cleveland Browns 14 Chicago Hornets 6 Nov. 23 , 1950 NFL New York Yanks 14 Detroit Lions 49 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Chicago Cardinals 17 Nov. 22 , 1951 NFL Green Bay Packers 35 Detroit Lions 52 Nov. 27 , 1952 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 48 Chicago Bears 23 Dallas Texans ( at Akron , Ohio ) 27 Nov. 26 , 1953 NFL Green Bay Packers 15 Detroit Lions 34 Nov. 25 , 1954 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 28 Nov. 24 , 1955 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 22 , 1956 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 20 Nov. 28 , 1957 NFL Green Bay Packers 6 Detroit Lions 18 Nov. 27 , 1958 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 26 , 1959 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 17 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) The American Football League ( AFL ) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade . The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 24 , 1960 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 23 AFL Dallas Texans 35 New York Titans 41 Nov. 23 , 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers 17 Detroit Lions 9 AFL Buffalo Bills 14 New York Titans 21 Nov. 22 , 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 26 AFL New York Titans 46 Denver Broncos 45 Nov. 28 , 1963 NFL Green Bay Packers 13 Detroit Lions 13 AFL Oakland Raiders 26 Denver Broncos 10 Nov. 26 , 1964 NFL Chicago Bears 27 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 27 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 25 , 1965 NFL Baltimore Colts 24 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 20 Nov. 24 , 1966 NFL San Francisco 49ers 41 Detroit Lions 14 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 26 AFL Buffalo Bills 31 Oakland Raiders 10 Nov. 23 , 1967 NFL Los Angeles Rams 31 Detroit Lions 7 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Dallas Cowboys 46 AFL Oakland Raiders 44 Kansas City Chiefs 22 Denver Broncos 20 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 28 , 1968 NFL Philadelphia Eagles 12 Detroit Lions 0 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 29 AFL Buffalo Bills 10 Oakland Raiders 13 Houston Oilers 10 Kansas City Chiefs 24 Nov. 27 , 1969 NFL Minnesota Vikings 27 Detroit Lions 0 San Francisco 49ers 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 AFL Denver Broncos 17 Kansas City Chiefs 31 San Diego Chargers 21 Houston Oilers 17 1970 -- 2005 ( edit ) From 1970 to 2005 , three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving . The two afternoon games were held at Detroit ( 12 : 30 p.m. EST ) and Dallas ( 4 : 15 p.m. EST ) , respectively . Detroit always hosts the `` early '' game because a 12 : 30 p.m. EST kick - off at Dallas would be 11 : 30 a.m. local time ( CST ) , and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally . The two games rotate annually as intra-conference ( NFC vs. NFC ) and inter-conference ( AFC vs. NFC ) games . This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC ) and Fox ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC ) . The `` early '' game kicks off at a special time of 12 : 30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the `` late '' game , and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show ( selected years ) . When Fox carries the `` early '' game , they typically start their pregame coverage ( Fox NFL Sunday ) at 11 : 30 a.m. ( with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup , its pregame will begin at 10 : 30 a.m. for 2015 ) . When CBS carries the `` early '' game , they start their pregame coverage ( The NFL Today ) at 12 : 00 p.m. , due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon . The network with the 4 : 15 `` late '' game begins pregame coverage at 3 : 30 p.m. EST . Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977 ; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976 . Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game , the long - established Kirkwood -- Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis , weak fan support in St. Louis , and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals , the Cardinals ' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular . Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since . Likewise , the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St. Louis , in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America 's Center since 1996 . Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002 , no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts . This is because under the current rotation , the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game , requiring an NFC opponent . To date , the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998 . AFC North teams can play in the prime time game , as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 26 , 1970 Oakland Raiders 14 Detroit Lions 28 Green Bay Packers Dallas Cowboys 16 Nov. 25 , 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 21 Detroit Lions 32 Los Angeles Rams 21 Dallas Cowboys 28 Nov. 23 , 1972 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 37 San Francisco 49ers 31 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 22 , 1973 Washington Redskins 20 Detroit Lions 0 Miami Dolphins 14 Dallas Cowboys 7 Nov. 28 , 1974 Denver Broncos 31 Detroit Lions 27 Washington Redskins 23 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1975 Los Angeles Rams 20 Detroit Lions 0 Buffalo Bills 32 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 25 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 14 Detroit Lions 27 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Dallas Cowboys 19 Nov. 24 , 1977 Chicago Bears 31 Detroit Lions 14 Miami Dolphins 55 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 23 , 1978 Denver Broncos 14 Detroit Lions 17 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 37 Nov. 22 , 1979 Chicago Bears 0 Detroit Lions 20 Houston Oilers 30 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1980 Chicago Bears 23 Detroit Lions 17 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks 7 Dallas Cowboys 51 Nov. 26 , 1981 Kansas City Chiefs 10 Detroit Lions 27 Chicago Bears 9 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 25 , 1982 New York Giants 13 Detroit Lions 6 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 31 Nov. 24 , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers Detroit Lions 45 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 22 , 1984 Green Bay Packers 28 Detroit Lions 31 New England Patriots 17 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 28 , 1985 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 31 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 27 , 1986 Green Bay Packers 44 Detroit Lions 40 Seattle Seahawks 31 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1987 Kansas City Chiefs 27 Detroit Lions 20 Minnesota Vikings 44 Dallas Cowboys 38 ( OT ) Nov. 24 , 1988 Minnesota Vikings 23 Detroit Lions 0 Houston Oilers 25 Dallas Cowboys 17 Nov. 23 , 1989 Cleveland Browns 10 Detroit Lions 13 Philadelphia Eagles 27 Dallas Cowboys 0 Nov. 22 , 1990 Denver Broncos 27 Detroit Lions 40 Washington Redskins 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 28 , 1991 Chicago Bears 6 Detroit Lions 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 26 , 1992 Houston Oilers 24 Detroit Lions 21 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 30 Nov. 25 , 1993 Chicago Bears 10 Detroit Lions 6 Miami Dolphins 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 24 , 1994 Buffalo Bills 21 Detroit Lions 35 Green Bay Packers 31 Dallas Cowboys 42 Nov. 23 , 1995 Minnesota Vikings 38 Detroit Lions 44 Kansas City Chiefs 12 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 1996 Kansas City Chiefs 28 Detroit Lions 24 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 27 , 1997 Chicago Bears 20 Detroit Lions 55 Tennessee Oilers 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Detroit Lions 19 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings 46 Dallas Cowboys 36 Nov. 25 , 1999 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 21 Miami Dolphins 0 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 23 , 2000 New England Patriots 9 Detroit Lions 34 Minnesota Vikings 27 Dallas Cowboys 15 Nov. 22 , 2001 Green Bay Packers 29 Detroit Lions 27 Denver Broncos 26 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 2002 New England Patriots 20 Detroit Lions 12 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 27 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 22 Miami Dolphins 40 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 25 , 2004 Indianapolis Colts 41 Detroit Lions 9 Chicago Bears 7 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 24 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons 27 Detroit Lions 7 Denver Broncos 24 Dallas Cowboys 21 ( OT ) 2006 -- present ( edit ) Since 2006 , three contests have been played on Thanksgiving . In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games , a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2011 ) or NBC ( since 2012 ) . Current plans call for the various NFL teams ( other than the Lions and Cowboys ) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis . In 2006 , Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game . The game marked a new `` Thanksgiving Tripleheader '' tradition . The Denver / Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving ( as well as the first all - AFC holiday matchup ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . Rule changes in the 2012 -- 2022 television contracts permit `` cross flexing '' , whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX , effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game . The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules ; the league again scheduled an all - NFC Thanksgiving for 2015 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov. 24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20 Thanksgiving Day standings ( edit ) Of current NFL franchises . This includes American Football League ( AFL ) games ; however , it does not include All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) games . Team Last Game Wins Losses Ties Win % Other names appeared under Baltimore Ravens 2013 0 1.000 Carolina Panthers 2015 0 1.000 Houston Texans 2012 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Philadelphia Eagles 2015 7 . 875 Minnesota Vikings 2017 6 . 750 Los Angeles Rams . 750 Cleveland Rams ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , does not include 1936 AFL 's Cleveland Rams Miami Dolphins 2011 5 . 714 Tennessee Titans 2008 5 . 714 Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Indianapolis Colts 2016 . 625 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Los Angeles Chargers 2017 . 625 San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Dallas Cowboys 2017 30 19 . 622 New York Giants 2017 7 6 . 607 New England Patriots 2012 . 600 Chicago Bears 2015 17 15 . 529 Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Kansas City Chiefs 2006 5 5 . 500 Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans . New York Jets 2012 . 500 New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) San Francisco 49ers 2014 . 500 Does not include 1 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Seattle Seahawks 2014 . 500 Atlanta Falcons 2007 . 500 Detroit Lions 2017 37 39 . 494 Buffalo Bills 1994 . 438 Does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name . Oakland Raiders 2013 . 429 Green Bay Packers 2015 14 20 . 417 Denver Broncos 2009 7 . 364 Arizona Cardinals 2008 6 15 . 304 Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1959 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 6 . 250 Washington Redskins 2017 7 . 364 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2006 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 1989 0 . 000 Does not include 3 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Jacksonville Jaguars None 0 0 -- Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving . Notable appearance droughts ( edit ) The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars , who joined the league in 1995 . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL 's current scheduling formula , which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010 , effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving , as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving . These teams can , under the 2014 television contracts , play only in the third ( night ) game ; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 ( either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games ) , this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated . The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team , with their last appearance coming in 1975 . Among current NFL markets , Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving ; the Browns last appeared in 1989 , several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team . Since 2010 , the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts . New Orleans , Cincinnati , Baltimore , Houston , and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame . San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011 , and the Los Angeles Chargers , who last played on the holiday in 1969 ( while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego ) before actually joining the league , appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017 . Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams ( edit ) League teams only , since 1920 . Team Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . Other names appeared under Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1931 ) New York Yankees 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Pottsville Maroons 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1928 ) Boston Yanks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1948 ) Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) , unrelated to current NFL team with this name Dallas Texans 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1952 ) , does not count AFL 's Dallas Texans , which are now the Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Buccaneers 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Oorang Indians 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Rock Island Independents 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1925 ) All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1921 ) Akron Pros . 700 Defunct ( 1926 ) Buffalo Bisons . 500 Buffalo All - Americans ( 1920 -- 1923 ) , Defunct ( 1929 ) Canton Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Cleveland Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1927 ) Dayton Triangles . 500 Defunct ( 1929 ) Kansas City Cowboys . 500 Kansas City Blues ( 1924 ) , Defunct ( 1926 ) Milwaukee Badgers . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Brooklyn Lions 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Chicago Tigers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) Detroit Heralds 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) New York Yanks 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1950 ) Providence Steam Roller 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1931 ) Racine Legion 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Toledo Maroons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Chicago Hornets 0 . 000 Chicago Rockets ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , Defunct ( 1949 ) Columbus Panhandles 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Detroit Panthers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Hammond Pros 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Rochester Jeffersons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1925 ) Los Angeles Dons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) * All - America Football Conference team . Game MVPs ( edit ) Since 1989 , informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games . Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five ( 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 and 2002 ) . Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves , and criteria are loose . Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily , and `` group '' awards are common . The announcement of the winner ( s ) , and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game , during post-game network coverage . Turkey Leg award ( CBS & Fox ) ( edit ) In 1989 , John Madden of CBS awarded the first `` Turkey Leg Award '' , for the game 's most valuable player . Pursuant to its name , it was an actual cooked turkey leg , and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews . Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient . The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden 's famous multi-legged turkey , cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey 's Barbecue ( located less than a mile from Texas Stadium ) . Since then , however , the award has gained subtle notoriety . Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994 , and it continued through 2001 . Because of the loose and informal nature of the award , at times it has been awarded to multiple players . On one occasion in 1994 , it was given to players of both teams . Galloping Gobbler / game ball ( Fox ) ( edit ) When John Madden left FOX after 2001 , the network introduced a new award starting in 2002 , named the `` Galloping Gobbler . '' It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet striking a Heisman - like pose . Much like Cleatus and Digger , the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox 's irreverent mascots , and went through several iterations . Unimpressed by its tackiness , 2002 winner Emmitt Smith ( who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times ) famously threw his in a trash can . In 2007 , the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze - colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football . In 2011 , the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque . Unlike the aforementioned `` Turkey Leg Award '' , the `` Galloping Gobbler '' is normally awarded to only one player annually , however in 2016 , co-winners were honored . For 2017 , the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired , and replaced with the `` Game Ball , '' an stylish , ornate football - shaped trophy , reminiscent of the tradition where game - used balls are typically awarded to players of the game . No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball . All - Iron award ( CBS ) ( edit ) When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998 , they introduced their own award , the `` All - Iron Award '' , which is , suitably enough , a small silver iron , a reference to Phil Simms ' All - Iron team for toughness . The All - Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms ' mother . Through 2006 , the trophy was only awarded to one player annually . Occasionally , it has been issued as a `` group award '' in addition to a single player award . In 2008 , Simms stated it was `` too close to call '' and named four players to the trophy ; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013 , after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014 . Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year . Prime time games ( nfln & NBC ) ( edit ) During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game , from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the `` Pudding Pie Award '' for MVPs . The award was an actual pie . In 2009 , NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years . NBC , which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997 , did not issue an MVP award during that time . NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012 , at which point the MVP award was added . The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game , and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team . From 2012 to 2015 , the NBC award was referred to as the `` Madden Thanksgiving Player - of - the - Game '' , honoring John Madden ( who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008 ) . In the first few years , the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense , but in recent years , defensive players have not necessarily been recognized . The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and , as a gesture to Madden , a cooked turkey leg . Complete list ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> CBS Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1989 Reggie White ( Phi ) 1990 Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1991 Barry Sanders ( Det ) 1992 Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line 1993 Richard Dent ( Chi ) <Td_colspan="2"> CBS All - Iron Award 1998 Stephen Boyd ( Det ) 1999 Dexter Coakley ( Dal ) 2000 Charlie Batch ( Det ) 2001 Mike Anderson ( Den ) 2002 Troy Brown ( NE ) 2003 Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers ( Mia ) Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line 2005 Ron Dayne ( Den ) 2006 Joey Harrington ( Mia ) 2007 Tony Romo & Cowboys defense * 2008 Albert Haynesworth ( Ten ) Chris Johnson ( Ten ) Kevin Mawae ( Ten ) LenDale White ( Ten ) 2009 Miles Austin ( Dal ) Tony Romo ( Dal ) Jason Witten ( Dal ) Tom Brady ( NE ) 2011 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2012 Andre Johnson ( Hou ) Matt Schaub ( Hou ) J.J. Watt ( Hou ) 2013 Tony Romo ( Dal ) DeMarco Murray ( Dal ) Lance Dunbar ( Dal ) HM : Matthew McGloin ( Oak ) 2014 Calvin Johnson ( Det ) 2015 Luke Kuechly ( Car ) Jerricho Cotchery ( Car ) Kurt Coleman ( Car ) Cam Newton ( Car ) 2016 Matt Prater ( Det ) Darius Slay ( Det ) Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2017 no award <Td_colspan="2"> FOX Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1994 Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett ( Dal ) Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe ( GB ) 1995 Herman Moore ( Det ) Brett Perriman ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1997 Luther Ellis ( Det ) 1998 Randy Moss ( Min ) 1999 Gus Frerotte ( Det ) Greg Hill ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Robert Porcher ( Det ) 2000 Robert Smith ( Min ) Randy Moss ( Min ) Daunte Culpepper ( Min ) Cris Carter ( Min ) 2001 Brett Favre & Ahman Green ( GB ) <Td_colspan="2"> FOX Galloping Gobbler Award 2002 Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 2003 Dré Bly ( Det ) Julius Jones ( Dal ) 2005 Michael Vick ( Atl ) 2006 Tony Romo ( Dal ) 2007 Brett Favre ( GB ) 2008 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2009 Donald Driver ( GB ) Drew Brees ( NO ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( GB ) 2012 Robert Griffin III ( Was ) 2013 Reggie Bush ( Det ) 2014 LeSean McCoy ( Phi ) 2015 Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2016 Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott ( Dal ) <Td_colspan="2"> FOX Game Ball 2017 Case Keenum ( Min ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFLN Pudding Pie Award Year MVP ( Team ) 2006 Not given 2007 Reggie Wayne ( Ind ) 2008 Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook ( Phi ) 2009 Brandon Marshall ( Den ) Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis ( NYJ ) 2011 Terrell Suggs ( Bal ) <Td_colspan="2"> NBC Player of the Game 2012 Tom Brady ( NE ) Vince Wilfork ( NE ) Steve Gregory ( NE ) 2013 Jacoby Jones ( Bal ) Justin Tucker ( Bal ) 2014 Russell Wilson ( Sea ) Richard Sherman ( Sea ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( Chi ) Tracy Porter ( Chi ) 2016 Le'Veon Bell ( Pit ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pit ) Antonio Brown ( Pit ) 2017 Kirk Cousins ( Was ) Jamison Crowder ( Was ) Ryan Kerrigan ( Was ) Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense , Chris Canty , DeMarcus Ware , Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted . In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out , though Phillip Rivers ( Chargers ) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage . Broadcasting ( edit ) DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953 ; CBS took over in 1956 , and in 1965 , the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts . Starting in 2012 , all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece . The first two games are split between CBS and Fox . These games are rotated annually , with CBS getting the 12 : 30 p.m. ( EST ) `` early '' game , and Fox getting the 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' game in even - numbered years , while Fox likewise gets the `` early '' game and CBS the `` late '' game in odd - numbered years . The third game , with a prime time 8 : 30 p.m. start , is carried by NBC . The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game . Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games , with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest . ( Under league rules , only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast . ) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks . The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year , with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five . See also ( edit ) American football on Thanksgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navy vs Michigan st ( NJ ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1887 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1888 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1889 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1891 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Football on Thanksgiving : A Brief But Comprehensive History '' . Midwest Sports Fans . November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Thanksgiving Day Tradition '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jaworowski , Matt ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Timeline : How football became a Thanksgiving tradition . WIVB - TV . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See also : Pennsylvania Keystoners Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do the Cowboys Play on Thanksgiving Day ? '' . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( November 22 , 2017 ) . Cardinals , not Cowboys , could have been an NFL Thanksgiving Day staple . azcentral.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces Week 13 flex plan '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` NFL renews lucrative TV deals '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : Flex games can now start in Week 5 '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Thursday , Saturday , and Monday games are not affected . Jump up ^ `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Splash of color for Thursday Night teams . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 1976 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps - YouTube Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins at Dallas Cowboys - November 25th , 1993 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football Preview : Games , TV Schedule , Point Spreads , Picks and Predictions '' . Midwestsportsfans.com. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` NFL Thanksgiving games are appealing , for once -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bakay , Nick ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Manly House of Football : Another helping of Lions football for the holiday ? No , thanks ! '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted . Annual Lions game is roasted . The Detroit News . 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Detroit , Tradition Takes a Hike ; Annual Thanksgiving Football Game Offers Little Joy for Troubled City '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Once - beaten Titans dominate winless Lions 47 -- 10 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Turkey game safe ... for now '' . Detroit Free Press . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Lions president says NFL will not take away team 's Thanksgiving Day game '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Networks vie for Dallas Cowboys ' home opener '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The best football writer of our time '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : No AFC teams on Thanksgiving Day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Previewing the 2017 Thanksgiving Day slate '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Imnam , Cam ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` John Madden talks Thanksgiving , his health , Raiders rise , 49ers fall , NFL TV ratings '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galloping Gobbler : An evolution of greatness '' . Laces Out -- Fox Blog . Fox Sports . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts '' . Sports Geekery . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts - Sports Geekery '' . 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ezekiel Elliott , Dak Prescott win Galloping Gobbler after Thanksgiving win vs. Washington Jump up ^ 2016 Steelers - Colts Game Broadcast on NBC , Post-game coverage : November 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Easton - P'burg TV coverage wo n't crash gate '' . The Morning Call . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . As an added bonus , John Madden will return to NBC to open the broadcast and will give his first `` Madden Thanksgiving Player of the - Game '' award Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Night Game on NBC New England Patriots vs. New York Jets '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turkey Leg Award is the best NFL football on Thanksgiving tradition . SB Nation ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` Turkey Day '' tradition begins `` . NBC Sports History Page . Bibliography ( edit ) 2003 NFL Record and Fact Book ( ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3148 - 5 ) ( for game results through 2002 ) Detroit Lions 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) External links ( edit ) NFL.com Thanksgiving Page All - Time NFL Thanksgiving Day game results , from the Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Thanksgiving game boxscores <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Detroit Lions <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Dallas Cowboys <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - 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FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush <Th_colspan="2"> Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - 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when does the last season of pll come out

Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Pretty Little Liars ( season 7 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) -- June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 6 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10 , 2014 , for two additional seasons , making the show Freeform 's longest running original series . The season consisted of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017 . The season 's premiere aired on June 21 , 2016 , on Freeform . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 , which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17 , 2016 . On August 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1. 1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . While discussing possible suspects , the girls ' suspicion fell on Alison . Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison . Emily finds the jacket in Alison 's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile , Hanna manages to escape . Elliot 's true motive is later revealed to Alison ; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night . She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods . The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer '' on his burner phone . Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill '' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte . Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them . Emily confronts Jenna and Sara . Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte 's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte . Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after . A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave . The Liars find videos in Noel 's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse . Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him does n't work and films an interrogation video . He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school . They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them . In the confrontation , Noel is accidentally killed , and Spencer is shot by A.D. , while Jenna corners Spencer . Jenna prepares to kill Spencer , but is knocked out by Mary . She then reveals that Spencer is her second child . A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer . One week later , Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery , killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school . Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica . Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles . Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her , thus she used his pills to kill Jessica . A.D. then uses Emily 's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison , as a way to further torture the liars . Meanwhile , A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team . Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D. 's new helper , destroying Emison 's baby nursery and leaving an `` A '' message in Spencer 's house , until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects . Mona , who is becoming addicted to the A-game again , reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self - defense . Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica 's murder . A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte 's killer . One year later , Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer , who comes face - to - face with A.D. - Alex Drake , her twin sister . Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley . Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything . She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte 's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life '' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte 's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte 's sister '' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer 's not Spencer '' and alerts Toby who tells the others . Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out . The Liars , Toby , Mona , and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they can not tell them apart , until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer 's favorite poem from a book she gave him . Mona tracked A.D. 's location has a cop arrest her . The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra . Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop '' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse . In the finale moment , a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader , Addison , has just gone missing . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Detective Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Dr. Elliott Rollins / Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Detective Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Lieutenant Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars , Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) 2M7201 1.43 <Td_colspan="8"> Whilst searching for Hanna , the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station . They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort . After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna , `` Uber A '' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte 's real killer or Hanna dies . The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof . Aria and Ezra search Alison 's house , and are almost caught by Elliott . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison , in a drugged state - of - mind , seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte . After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered , Emily finds the jacket at Alison 's house . Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A ' in order to save Hanna . Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A '' , but manages to escape . However , she later meets Mary . Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte . 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 2M7202 1.24 <Td_colspan="8"> After putting herself in danger , Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake . After Alison calls Emily about her current condition , this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott . Spencer and Caleb 's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him . Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him , he unleashes on Ezra . Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan , and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids . 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 2M7203 1.12 <Td_colspan="8"> Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together . Toby and Yvonne get engaged . Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna . Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina . Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte 's love affair . The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A 's threats . Meanwhile , Alison manages to escape Rollins , who chases her to the woods , where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car . 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 2M7204 1.26 <Td_colspan="8"> After killing Rollins , the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death , but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process . At the psychiatric hospital , Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died : she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott , and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte . Mona intervenes with a cover - up plan to help the girls , for better or worse . Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him . Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott , whose real name is revealed to be Archer . 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 2M7205 1.17 <Td_colspan="8"> Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A ' suspect list . Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake , and finds out that Archer stole all her money . Spencer enlists Hanna 's help to search for Caleb , she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb 's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco , who is revealed to be a detective . Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D '' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A '' saying her friends gave it to them . Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna . 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 2M7206 1.10 <Td_colspan="8"> The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott 's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead . The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott 's murder altogether , with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth . Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator . Meanwhile , Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra 's proposal because of Elliott 's murder . Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together , and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna 's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release . Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up . `` A.D. '' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask . After hearing everything from Aria , Ezra proposes to her again -- and , this time , she says yes . Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer 's grave on their computer . 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 2M7207 1.16 <Td_colspan="8"> Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary . Meanwhile , Noel Kahn 's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby 's house to steal Mary 's Radley file . The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica , leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward 's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley . They then begin to think that this child , a cousin of Alison , may be behind the `` A.D. '' mask , and wanting revenge for something . The cellar explodes right after the girls leave , and someone writes `` I see you '' on the rear window of their car . Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy , but right before they are about to leave , the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' steals the files about Aria and Noel , and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file . 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 2M7208 1.11 <Td_colspan="8"> After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach , Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job . Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald , who warns her about Noel . Meanwhile , Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High , but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her . Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole 's cellphone , and later , with Spencer , visits the doctor who delivered Mary 's baby in order to get answers . Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole , delaying their wedding . After not getting any help from the Liars , Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D. '' is . 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 2M7209 1.09 <Td_colspan="8"> When the typical methods of sleuthing are n't working , Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn ( who she thinks is `` A.D. '' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up ; however , her initial goal fails . Emily turns to Paige for comfort , while her relationship with Sabrina plummets . Jason and Aria look into Mary 's past where they learn that Steven Kahn , Noel and Eric 's father , orchestrated the adoption of Mary 's second child . Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing . At the Kahn 's cabin , Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer 's house . At the end , after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel , Hanna knocks him out from behind . 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 2M7210 1.33 <Td_colspan="8"> The Liars , Alison , Mona , and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna . Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship . Alison reveals to Emily that she 's pregnant . Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood . Aria finds out that Nicole is alive . Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna , armed with a gun , attempts to murder the Liars with Noel . However , Noel , while attacking Hanna and Emily , trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself . Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer . Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer 's biological mother . While leaving town , Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school , and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer . They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D. '' , as they put up their hoodie . 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 2M7211 1.33 <Td_colspan="8"> One week after the events of the last episode , Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered . Ezra arrives and reveals he has n't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married . Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business . Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High . The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D. '' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars . Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary . Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D. '' knows they killed Rollins . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses . She 's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game . `` A.D. '' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap . After reading the top of the first page , Jenna mutters `` end game '' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 2M7212 0.92 <Td_colspan="8"> The Liars question what to do with the board game . Emily refuses to play and leaves . Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again . Meanwhile , Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her . Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley . Jenna , having been in hiding , returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery . She further says Noel wanted it , threatened Jenna , and murdered Sara . Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily . 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 2M7213 0.86 <Td_colspan="8"> Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events . Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D. '' and discover that she is working for `` A.D. '' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna . They realize that `` A.D. '' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney , who claims that `` A.D. '' is simply an anonymous client . Sydney leaves , however , Aria plants a tracking device in her bag . Meanwhile , Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey , while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra , and Hanna 's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for , leading to shocking consequences . 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 2M7214 0.91 <Td_colspan="8"> Ali 's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D '' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room . Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily 's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus , realizing Emily is her child 's mother . Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts . Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige , learning the truth about Ali 's pregnancy . Meanwhile , Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood , but decides against it , resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship . Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole 's arrival and bristles under `` A.D. 's '' taunts . While searching for Mary , wanting answers from her , Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted , who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte 's biological father . He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte 's old childhood friend . Meanwhile , Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team , working with `` A.D. '' . Sydney and `` A.D. '' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team . 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 2M7215 0.85 <Td_colspan="8"> After being blackmailed by `` A.D. '' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings . Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer 's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer 's death . After some arguing , Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria , while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child . Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child . That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily , while finally making up after years of hate . Realizing that Emily loves Alison , Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good . After learning about Lucas ' relation with Charles , Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent , but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D '' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles , that heavily resembles the `` A '' game . Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them , and in return she is gifted the official `` A '' uniform . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' is busy playing around with Aria 's face that they created during their snapchat videos , while `` A.D. '' , masquerading as Aria , holds a secret file of Aria 's , while they laugh uncontrollably . 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 2M7216 0.90 <Td_colspan="8"> Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco 's apartment about Lucas ' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed . `` A.D. '' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily 's nursery . In Hanna 's turn at the game , `` A.D. '' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School . The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he did n't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person , or that Charlotte was `` A '' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game . Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery . Meanwhile , Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas 's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up . The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song . Hanna remembers that `` A '' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse . Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' has the second comic book . They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book . They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies '' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 2M7217 0.97 <Td_colspan="8"> With Mona making inroads in the game , Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali 's procedure . Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter , to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged . Meanwhile , `` A.D. '' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder , leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust . Ezra notices Aria 's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her ; and `` A.D. '' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare . 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 2M7218 0.96 <Td_colspan="8"> The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes . Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner . The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose '' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness . Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from , and later discover that they are being sent from Mona 's house . While leaving to find Spencer , Aria discovers Archer 's corpse is in her car trunk , just as a police car pulls up to confront her . 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2M7219 0.83 <Td_colspan="8"> The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D. '' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building . Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game . She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it . When Hanna , Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car , the final two puzzle pieces are waiting . Later , the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in . When the pieces are in place , the game says `` Congratulations . Claim the grand prize '' , a picture of Archer . Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol 's house . The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol 's where Archer 's body is found . Mary lies and says she killed Archer , also confessing to Jessica 's murder , saving the Liars from a murder charge . Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her , Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self - defense . `` A.D. '' ending : `` A.D. '' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars ' game pieces in a plastic bag . 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 2M7220 1.41 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later , Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married . Alison and Emily have twin daughters , named Grace and Lily . Alison proposes to Emily , who accepts . Before their wedding , Ezra suddenly goes missing , so the wedding is postponed . Spencer is kidnapped by Mona , who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D. '' When Spencer awakens , she meets her secret twin sister , Alex Drake , who is revealed as `` A.D. '' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England , where he later introduced her to Charlotte , whom she had a close relationship with . She became `` A.D. '' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren , and turned him into an eternity stone . Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby . With help from Mona , who reveals she 's playing to beat `` A.D. '' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex . Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is , and Alex and Mary are arrested . The Liars are gathered to see Aria off , when Hanna reveals she is pregnant . Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon . The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves . In France , Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse , officially winning the `` A '' game . Meanwhile , Addison 's friends are having a sleepover . When they awaken , they find that Addison has gone missing , with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream '' and the series ends . Specials ( edit ) Special no . Title Narrator ( s ) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers ( million ) `` A-List Wrap Party '' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.62 <Td_colspan="6"> Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell - all after series finale to discuss all of the series ' tightly held secrets , behind - the - scenes insights , and top moments . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10 , 2014 , right before the fifth - season premiere aired , which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family 's longest running original series , surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family 's previous longest running original series . The season will consist of 20 episodes , in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016 , with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017 . Charlie Craig , who served as writer / consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer / co-showrunner . I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' on Twitter . Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21 , 2016 , the latest for a season premiere in the show 's history . Additionally , series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season . Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season . A promo was released on May 12 , 2016 . Freeform released a promotional poster for the season , on June 7 , 2016 . After the season premiere , Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson . On August 29 , 2016 , I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season . King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual , in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two - hour episode event . It was reported on October 26 , 2016 , that a tell - all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind - the - scenes exclusive . Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons . In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end . But the best part about these last two years is that , because it 's the beginning of the end , we can actually start telling the story I think we 've been waiting to tell for a long time . '' Regarding the show 's ending , Lucy Hale said to E ! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show . '' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7 , and we 're going to let the fans tell us if they 're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters . '' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book . In an interview with Variety regarding the five - year time - jump , King said `` I think that this story when we 're back will end next year at the end of Season 7 '' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season , but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season . Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season . Bellisario 's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016 , that the show was ending in 2017 , as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends . Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7 . '' It was announced on August 29 , 2016 , the day before the mid-season finale would air , that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season . Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1 , 2016 , when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season . Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016 . Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing , with eight of them returning from the previous season , six of which was part of the original cast from the first season . The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A ' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb , while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season . Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam . Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison . Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych - ward . Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side . Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz . Andrea Parker was added as a series regular , playing Jessica DiLaurentis ' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth - season finale , it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake , Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season . Deadline reported on May 10 , 2016 , that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey , a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department . The character was later renamed Det . Marco Furey . Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth - season episode `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' . On June 2 , 2016 , Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season . On June 10 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere . The actress playing Sydney Driscoll , Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media , confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode . On July 28 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season . It was announced on August 8 , 2016 , that Ava Allan will appear on the show , and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison . On August 17 , 2016 , TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season . Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season . Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 141 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) 0.7 1.41 <Td_colspan="2"> 721 `` A-List Wrap Party '' June 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 27 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref . 141 `` Tick - Tok , Bitches '' June 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 21 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam '' June 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' July 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' July 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 19 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 146 6 `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' August 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' August 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime '' April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 154 14 `` Power Play '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' June 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' June 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets , Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL ' Movie ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` It 's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' Pretty Little Liars ' to End With Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars ' Postmortem : Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna 's ' Questionable ' Fate in Season 7 ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Here we go . First # PLLTableReAd of seAson 7 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , I. Marlene ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock , Bitches '' @ ThexCreator `` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement '' . Facebook . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Copa America 2016 scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' rules the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' premieres , NBA Playoffs lead the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Genius ' premieres , ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA Playoffs rule , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' ticks up , ' Pretty Little Liars ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' returns well , ' WWE Smackdown ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' ticks up , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Animal Kingdom ' and ' WWE Smackdown ' fall '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Haves and The Have Nots ' and ' Queen Sugar ' return , ' Animal Kingdom ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' series finale scores high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Pretty Little Liars Tell All , Saving Hope 's Final Season and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Clarissa ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS : Freeform to Air Tell - All Special After Series Finale '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7 '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' SEASON 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform 's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars '' Starts Production on Season Seven `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer : Hanna 's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster : The Girls ( Minus Hanna ) Are Dressed to Kill '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED ! '' . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale ' On E ! News '' . YouTube . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , Elizabeth ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars ? ! '' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles ' Transition , Ali 's New Man and the Show 's Future After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Will End After Season 7 , Says Creator '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy , Swift ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars ' ending with Season 7 , reveals how she hopes it ends '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Ending After Season 7 -- It 's ' Coming To An End This Year ' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell , Ernie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS ' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL , CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT ' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` We 're back ! # Prettylittlewriters '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , I. Marlene ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's do this . # Prettylittlewriters # Season7 '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood 's Newest Detective '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive : Meet the man who 's going to solve murders in Rosewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 ( ' Be Afraid ' ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars ' Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Chloe ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Back at it again ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars : Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 - 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , June 27 - July 3 : ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 4 - 10 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Preacher ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , July 11 - 17 : ' Mr. Robot , ' ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Major Crimes ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 1 - 7 : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 8 - 14 : ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Ballers , ' ' The Last Ship ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 15 - 21 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Aug. 22 - 28 : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' and ' Rizzoli & Isles ' lead again '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' racks up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville ' return makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . 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the different names of jehovah and their meaning

Names of God - wikipedia Names of God Jump to : navigation , search This article is about names for the monotheist belief of a singular God . For theonyms generally , see List of deities . A diagram of the names of God in Athanasius Kircher 's Oedipus Aegyptiacus ( 1652 -- 54 ) . The style and form are typical of the mystical tradition , as early theologians began to fuse emerging pre-Enlightenment concepts of classification and organization with religion and alchemy , to shape an artful and perhaps more conceptual view of God . Part of a series on God General conceptions ( show ) Agnosticism Apatheism Atheism Deism Henotheism Ignosticism Monotheism Monism Dualism Monolatry Kathenotheism Omnism Panpsychism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Theism Transtheism Specific conceptions ( show ) Creator Demiurge Deus Father Great Architect Monad Mother Supreme Being Sustainer The All The Lord Trinity Tawhid Ditheism Monism Personal Unitarianism In particular religions ( show ) Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Mormonism Indo - Iranian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Chinese Tian Shangdi Hongjun Laozu Attributes ( show ) Eternalness Existence Gender Names ( `` God '' ) Omnibenevolence Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Experiences Practices ( show ) Belief Esotericism Faith Fideism Gnosis Hermeticism Metaphysics Mysticism Prayer Revelation Worship Related topics ( show ) Euthyphro dilemma God complex God gene Theology Ontology Problem of evil ( theodicy ) Religion philosophy texts Portrayals of God in popular media A number of traditions have lists of many names of God , many of which enumerate the various qualities of a Supreme Being . The English word `` God '' ( and its equivalent in other languages ) is used by multiple religions as a noun or name to refer to different deities , or specifically to the Supreme Being , as denoted in English by the capitalized and uncapitalized terms `` god '' and `` God '' . Ancient cognate equivalents for the word `` God '' include proto - Semitic El , biblical Hebrew Elohim , Arabic ' ilah , and biblical Aramaic Elah . The personal or proper name for God in many of these languages may either be distinguished from such attributes , or homonymic . For example , in Judaism the tetragrammaton is sometimes related to the ancient Hebrew ehyeh ( I will be ) . In the Hebrew bible , the excellent name of The God ( SWT ) is revealed directly to the beloved prophet Musa ( SAWS ) , in Chapter 3 , verse 14 of the book of Exodus , namely : `` I Am '' . Correlation between various theories and interpretation of the name of `` the one God '' , used to signify a monotheistic or ultimate Supreme Being from which all other divine attributes derive , has been a subject of ecumenical discourse between Eastern and Western scholars for over two centuries . In Christian theology the word must be a personal and a proper name of God ; hence it can not be dismissed as mere metaphor . On the other hand , the names of God in a different tradition are sometimes referred to by symbols . The question whether divine names used by different religions are equivalent has been raised and analyzed . Exchange of names held sacred between different religious traditions is typically limited . Other elements of religious practice may be shared , especially when communities of different faiths are living in close proximity ( for example , the use of Om and Gayatri within the Indian Christian community ) but usage of the names themselves mostly remains within the domain of a particular religion , or even may help define one 's religious belief according to practice , as in the case of the recitation of names of God ( such as the japa ) . Guru Gobind Singh 's Jaap Sahib , which contains 950 names of God . The Divine Names , the classic treatise by Pseudo-Dionysius , defines the scope of traditional understandings in Western traditions such as Hellenic , Christian , Jewish and Islamic theology on the nature and significance of the names of God . Further historical lists such as The 72 Names of the Lord show parallels in the history and interpretation of the name of God amongst Kabbalah , Christianity , and Hebrew scholarship in various parts of the Mediterranean world . The attitude as to the transmission of the name in many cultures was surrounded by secrecy . In Judaism , the pronunciation of the name of God has always been guarded with great care . It is believed that , in ancient times , the sages communicated the pronunciation only once every seven years ; this system was challenged by more recent movements . The nature of a holy name can be described as either personal or attributive . In many cultures it is often difficult to distinguish between the personal and the attributive names of God , the two divisions necessarily shading into each other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Abrahamic religions 1.1 Judaism 1.2 Christianity 1.2. 1 Mormonism 1.2. 2 Jehovah 's Witnesses 1.2. 3 Other Christian movements 1.3 Islam 1.3. 1 Sufism 2 Bahá'í Faith 3 Hinduism 4 Arya Samaj 5 Jainism 6 Sikhism 7 Zoroastrianism 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Sources 10 External links Abrahamic religions ( edit ) Further information : El ( deity ) Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Names of God in Judaism Further information : I Am that I Am , Yahweh , Tetragrammaton , Elohim , El Shaddai , and Elyon El comes from a root word meaning might , strength , power . Sometimes referring to God and sometimes the mighty when used to refer to the God of Israel , El is almost always qualified by additional words that further define the meaning that distinguishes him from false gods . A common title of God in the Hebrew Bible is Elohim ( Hebrew : אלהים ) . The root Eloah ( אלה ) is used in poetry and late prose ( e.g. , the Book of Job ) and ending with the masculine plural suffix `` - im '' ים creating a word like ba ` alim ( `` owner ( s ) '' and adonim ( `` lord ( s ) , master ( s ) '' ) that may also indicate a singular identity . In the Book of Exodus , God commands Moses to tell the people that ' I AM ' sent him , and this is revered as one of the most important names of God according to Mosaic tradition . Moses said to God , `` Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them , ' The God of your fathers has sent me to you , ' and they ask me , ' What is his name ? ' Then what shall I tell them ? '' God said to Moses , `` I am who I am . This is what you are to say to the Israelites : ' I am has sent me to you . ' '' God also said to Moses , `` Say to the Israelites , ' The Lord , the God of your fathers -- the God of Abraham , the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob -- has sent me to you . ' This is my name forever , the name you shall call me from generation to generation '' . -- Exodus 3 : 13 - 15 In Exodus 6 : 3 , when Moses first spoke with God , God said , `` I used to appear to Abraham , Isaac , and Jacob as El Shaddai , but I did not make myself known to them by my name YHWH . '' YHWH ( יהוה ‬ ) is the proper name of God in Judaism . Neither vowels nor vowel points were used in ancient Hebrew writings and the original vocalisation of YHWH has been lost . Later commentaries additionally suggested that the true pronunciation of this name is composed entirely of vowels , such as the Greek Ιαουε . However , this is put into question by the fact that vowels were only distinguished in the time - period by their very absence due to the lack of explicit vowels in the Hebrew script . The resulting substitute made from semivowels and glottals , known as the tetragrammaton , is not ordinarily permitted to be pronounced aloud , even in prayer . The prohibition on misuse ( not use ) of this name is the primary subject of the command not to take the name of the Lord in vain . Instead of pronouncing YHWH during prayer , Jews say `` Adonai '' ( `` Lord '' ) . Halakha requires that secondary rules be placed around the primary law , to reduce the chance that the main law will be broken . As such , it is common religious practice to restrict the use of the word `` Adonai '' to prayer only . In conversation , many Jewish people , even when not speaking Hebrew , will call God HaShem ( השם ) , which is Hebrew for `` the Name '' ( this appears in Leviticus 24 : 11 ) . Almost all Orthodox Jews avoid using either Yahweh or Jehovah altogether on the basis that the actual pronunciation of the tetragrammaton has been lost in antiquity . Many use the term HaShem as an indirect reference , or they use `` God '' or `` The Lord '' instead . Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Names of God in Christianity Further information : Jehovah See also : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Some biblical scholars say YHWH was most likely pronounced Yahweh . References , such as The New Encyclopædia Britannica , validate the above by offering additional specifics to its ( Christian ) reconstruction out of Greek sources : Early Christian writers , such as Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century , had used a form like Yahweh , and claim that this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost . Other Greek transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh . Christianity is based on the revelation of God . God Himself became a human . Therefore the name Jesus , Yeshua , Iesous , is the name of God . The Hebrew theonyms Elohim and YHWH are mostly rendered as `` God '' and `` the LORD '' respectively , although in the Protestant tradition the personal names Yahweh and Jehovah are also used . `` Jehovah '' appears in the Tyndale Bible , the King James Version , and other translations from that time period and later . Many English translations of the Bible translate the tetragrammaton as LORD , thus removing any form of YHWH from the written text and going well beyond the Jewish oral practice of substituting Adonai for YHWH when reading aloud . English Bible translations of the Greek New Testament render ho theos ( Greek : Ο Θεός ) as God and ho kurios ( Greek : Ο Κύριος ) as `` the Lord '' . Jesus ( Iesus , Yeshua was a common alternative form of the name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ ( `` Yehoshua '' - Joshua ) in later books of the Hebrew Bible and among Jews of the Second Temple period . The name corresponds to the Greek spelling Iesous , from which comes the English spelling Jesus . `` Christ '' means `` the anointed '' in Greek ( Χριστός ) . Khristos is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word Messiah ; while in English the old Anglo - Saxon Messiah - rendering hæland ( healer ) was practically annihilated by the Latin `` Christ '' , some cognates such as heiland in Dutch and Afrikaans survive -- also , in German , the word Heiland is sometimes used as reference to Jesus , e.g. , in church chorals ) . In the Book of Revelation in the Christian New Testament , God is quoted as saying `` I am the Alpha and the Omega , the First and the Last , the Beginning and the End '' . ( cf. Rev. 1 : 8 , 21 : 6 , and 22 : 13 ) In Messianic Judaism YHWH ( pre-incarnate ) and Yeshua ( incarnate ) are one and the same , the second Person , with the Father and ruach hakodesh ( Holy Spirit ) being the first and third Persons , respectively , of ha'Elohiym ( the Godhead ) . YHWH is called haShem . Some Quakers refer to God as The Light . Another term used is King of Kings or Lord of Lords and Lord of the Hosts . Other names used by Christians include Ancient of Days , Father / Abba , `` Most High '' and the Hebrew names Elohim , El - Shaddai , Yahweh , Jehovah and Adonai . Abba ( Father ) is a common term used for the creator within Christianity because it was a title Jesus used to refer to God the Father . Mormonism ( edit ) In Mormonism the name of God the Father is Elohim and the name of Jesus in his pre-incarnate state was Jehovah . Together , with the Holy Ghost they form the Godhead ; God the Father , Jesus Christ , and the Holy Spirit . Mormons typically refer to God as `` Heavenly Father '' or `` Father in Heaven '' . Although Mormonism views the Father , the Son , and the Holy Spirit as three distinct beings , they are one in purpose and God the Father ( Elohim ) is worshiped and given all glory through his Son , Jesus Christ ( Jehovah ) . Despite the Godhead doctrine , which teaches that God the Father , Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost are three separate , divine beings , many Mormons ( mainstream Latter - day Saints and otherwise , such as the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ) view their beliefs as monotheist since Christ is the conduit through which humanity comes to the God the Father . The Book of Mormon ends with `` to meet you before the pleasing bar of the great Jehovah , the eternal Judge of both the quick and dead . Amen . '' Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that God has only one distinctive name , represented in the Old Testament by the tetragrammaton . In English , they prefer to use the form Jehovah . According to Jehovah 's Witnesses , the name Jehovah means `` He causes to become '' . Scriptures frequently cited in support of the name include Isaiah 42 : 8 : `` I am Jehovah . That is my name '' , Psalms 83 : 18 : `` May people know that you , whose name is Jehovah , You alone are the Most High over all the earth '' , and Exodus 6 : 3 : `` And I used to appear to Abraham , Isaac , and Jacob as God Almighty , but with regard to my name Jehovah I did not make myself known to them . '' While opposers of the faith critique their use of the form `` Jehovah '' , Jehovah 's Witnesses still hold on to their belief that - despite having scholars prefer the `` Yahweh '' pronunciation - the name Jehovah adequately transmits the idea behind the meaning of God 's name in English . While they do n't discourage the use of the `` Yahweh '' pronunciation , they highly consider the long history of the name Jehovah in the English language and see that it sufficiently identifies God 's divine persona . Other Christian movements ( edit ) Deus , is the Latin word for `` god '' . It was inherited by the Romance languages in French Dieu , Spanish Dios , Portuguese and Galician Deus , Italian Dio , etc. , and by the Celtic languages in Welsh Duw and Irish Dia . Guđán is the Proto - Germanic word for God . It was inherited by the Germanic languages in Gud in modern Scandinavian ; God in Frisian , Dutch , and English ; and Gott in modern German . Bog is the word for God in most Slavic languages . ( Cyrillic script : Бог ; Czech : Bůh ; Polish : Bóg ; Slovak : Boh ) . Shàngdì ( 上帝 pinyin shàng dì , literally ' King Above ' ) is used to refer to the Christian God in the Standard Chinese Union Version of the Bible . Shén 神 ( lit . `` God '' , `` spirit '' , or `` deity '' ) was adopted by Protestant missionaries in China to refer to the Christian God . In this context it is usually rendered with a space , `` 神 '' , to demonstrate reverence . Zhŭ and Tiānzhǔ 主 , 天主 ( lit . `` Lord '' or `` Lord in Heaven '' ) are equivalent to `` Lord '' ; these names are used as formal titles of the Christian God in Mainland China 's Christian churches . Korean Catholics also use the Korean cognate of Tiānzhŭ , Cheon - ju , as the primary reference to God in both ritual / ceremonial and vernacular ( but mostly ritual / ceremonial ) contexts . Korean Catholics and Korean Anglicans also use a cognate of the Chinese Shàngdì ( Sangje ) , but this has largely fallen out of regular use in favor of Cheon - ju . Also used is the vernacular Haneunim , the traditional Korean name for the God of Heaven . Liberal - minded Korean Protestants also use Haneunim , but not Sangje , and conservative Korean Protestants do not use Sangje or Haneunim at all but instead use Hananim , which implied the oneness of the Almighty distinct from the mythological implications they see in the term Haneunim . Many Vietnamese Christians also use cognates of Shàngdì ( expected to have a distribution in usage similar to Korean Christians , with Anglicans and Catholics using the cognates of Sangje in ritual / ceremonial contexts and Protestants not using it at all ) , to refer to the biblical God . Tagalog - speaking Filipino Catholics and other Christians use Maykapal ( glossed as `` creator '' ) -- an epithet originally applied to the pre-colonial supreme deity Bathala -- to refer to the Christian godhead in most contexts . When paired with another term for God ( e.g. Panginoong Maykapal `` Lord Creator '' , Amang Maykapal `` Father Creator '' ) , it functions as a descriptor much like the adjectives in the English `` God Almighty '' or Latin Omnipotens Deus . Among the Nguni peoples of Southern Africa , he is known as Nkosi ( roughly glossed as `` king '' ) . This name is used in Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika . Followers of the Rastafari Movement call God Jah Rastafari . In the Yorubaland region of West Africa , meanwhile , he is known as Olodumare . Islam ( edit ) 99 names of Allah , in Chinese Sini ( script ) . Main article : Names of God in Islam Further information : Allah and God in Islam Allah -- meaning `` the God '' in Arabic -- is the name of God in Islam . The word Allah has been used by Arabic people of different religions since pre-Islamic times . More specifically , it has been used as a term for God by Muslims ( both Arab and non-Arab ) and Arab Christians . God has many names in Islam , the Qur'an says ( translation ) to Him Belong the Best Names ( Lahu Al - Asmao Al - Husna ) , examples like Ar - Rahman ( The Entirely Merciful ) , Ar - Rahim ( The Especially Merciful ) . Besides these Arabic names , Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to refer to God , such as Khuda in Persian , Bengali and Hindi - Urdu . `` He is Allah , other than whom there is no deity , Knower of the unseen and the witnessed . He is the Entirely Merciful , the Especially Merciful . He is Allah , other than whom there is no deity , the Sovereign , the Pure , the Perfection , the Bestower of Faith , the Overseer , the Exalted in Might , the Compeller , the Superior . Exalted is Allah above whatever they associate with Him . He is Allah , the Creator , the Inventor , the Fashioner ; to Him belong the best names . Whatever is in the heavens and earth is exalting Him . And He is the Exalted in Might , the Wise . '' ( Translation of Qur'an : Chapter 59 , Verses 22 - 24 ) Sufism ( edit ) In Tasawwuf , the inner , mystical dimension of Islam , Hu , Huwa ( depends on placement in sentence ) , or Parvardigar in Persian are used as names of God . The sound Hu derives from the last letter of the word Allah , which is read as Allahu when in the middle of a sentence . Hu means Just He or Revealed . The word explicitly appears in many verses of the Quran : `` La ilaha illa Hu '' -- Family of Imran : 18 Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) The Bahá'í scriptures often refer to God by various titles and attributes , such as Almighty , All - Possessing , All - Powerful , All-Wise , Incomparable , Gracious , Helper , All - Glorious , and Omniscient . Bahá'ís believe the Greatest Name of God is `` All - Glorious '' or Bahá in Arabic . Bahá is the root word of the following names and phrases : the greeting Alláh - u-Abhá ( God is the All - Glorious ) , the invocation Yá Bahá'u'l - Abhá ( O Thou Glory of the Most Glorious ) , Bahá'u'lláh ( The Glory of God ) , and Bahá'i ( Follower of the All - Glorious ) . These are expressed in Arabic regardless of the language in use ( see Bahá'í symbols ) . Apart from these names , God is addressed in the local language , for example Ishwar in Hindi , Dieu in French and Dios in Spanish . Bahá'ís believe Bahá'u'lláh , the founder of the Bahá'í Faith , is the `` complete incarnation of the names and attributes of God '' . See also : God in the Bahá'í Faith Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : God in Hinduism There are multiple names for God in Hinduism . Some of the popular names for God in Hinduism are : Krishna , कृष्ण Krishna is recognised as the complete and or as the Supreme God in his own right . Krishna is one of the most widely revered and popular of all Hindu deities . Prabhu , प्रभु Bhagavan , भगवान the most frequently used name for God in Hinduism . Brahman , ब्रह्मन् the unchanging reality amidst and beyond the world , which can not be exactly defined . Ishvara ईश्वर is a theological concept in Hinduism translating to `` lord , '' applied to the `` Supreme Being '' or God in the monotheistic sense , or as an Ishta - deva in monistic thought . Brahma , ब्रह्मा is the Hindu god of creation and one of the Trimurti . Vishnu विष्णु is the Supreme God of Vaishnavism , one of the three main sects of Hinduism . Shiva शिव is the Supreme God of Shaivism , one of the three main sects of Hinduism Shakti शक्ति represents the dynamic forces that are thought to move through the entire universe in Hinduism . And is the supreme God ( dess ) in Shaktism Ganesha गणेश also known as Vighnaharta , son of Shiva and Shakti . Additionally , most Hindu gods ( and some revered saints ) have a collection of 108 names . Each collection of 108 names is known as that god 's Ashtottara Shatanamavali , which is chanted during pujas or prayer . Gods with 108 names include Krishna , Ganesha , Vishnu , Shiva , Lakshmi , and even saints such as Sai Baba , Swami Samarth . The Mahabharata , ( Anusasana Parva ) book 13 , ( S - 149 ) lists the thousand names of the one god ( Vasudeva ) . That collection is known as the Vishnu Sahasranaamam . Arya samaj ( edit ) Main article : Satyarth Prakash Maharishi Dayanand in his famous book Satyarth Prakash has listed 100 names of God each representing some property or attribute thereof mentioning `` Om or Aum '' as God 's personal and natural name . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : God in Jainism Jainism rejects the idea of a creator deity responsible for the manifestation , creation , or maintenance of this universe . According to Jain doctrine , the universe and its constituents ( soul , matter , space , time , and principles of motion ) have always existed . All the constituents and actions are governed by universal natural laws and an immaterial entity like God can not create a material entity like the universe . Jainism offers an elaborate cosmology , including heavenly beings ( devas ) , but these beings are not viewed as creators ; they are subject to suffering and change like all other living beings , and must eventually die . Jains define godliness as the inherent quality of any soul characterizing infinite bliss , infinite power , Perfect knowledge and Perfect peace . However , these qualities of a soul are subdued due to karmas of the soul . One who achieves this state of soul through right belief , right knowledge and right conduct can be termed as god . This perfection of soul is called Kaivalya or Bodhi . A liberated soul thus becomes a god -- liberated of miseries , cycles of rebirth , world , karmas and finally liberated of body as well . This is called nirvana or moksha . If godliness is defined as the state of having freed one 's soul from karmas and the attainment of enlightenment / Nirvana and a god as one who exists in such a state , then those who have achieved such a state can be termed gods / Tirthankara . Thus , Rishabha was god / Tirthankara but he was not the only Tirthankara ; there were many other Tirthankara . However , the quality of godliness is one and the same in all of them . Thus , Jainism can be defined as polytheist , monotheist , nontheist , transtheist or atheist , depending on one 's definition of God . Jainism does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment . The Tirthankara is a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment , but the struggle for enlightenment is one 's own . Moral rewards and sufferings are not the work of a divine being , but a result of an innate moral order in the cosmos ; a self - regulating mechanism whereby the individual reaps the fruits of his own actions through the workings of the karmas . Jains believe that to attain enlightenment and ultimately liberation from all karmic bonding , one must practice the ethical principles not only in thought , but also in words ( speech ) and action . Such a practice through lifelong work towards oneself is called as observing the Mahavrata ( `` Great Vows '' ) . Gods can be thus categorized into embodied gods also known as Tīrthankaras and Arihantas or ordinary Kevalin , and non-embodied formless gods who are called Siddhas . Jainism considers the devīs and devas to be souls who dwell in heavens owing to meritorious deeds in their past lives . These souls are in heavens for a fixed lifespan and even they have to undergo reincarnation as humans to achieve moksa . Sikhism ( edit ) Main article : God in Sikhism There are multiple names for God in Sikhism . Some of the popular names for God in Sikhism are : Akal Purakh , meaning timeless One . Ik Onkar , the beginning of the Sikh Mool Mantra . Nirankar , meaning formless One . Satnam meaning True Name , some are of the opinion that this is a name for God in itself , others believe that this is an adjective used to describe the `` Gurmantar '' , Waheguru ( See above ) . Waheguru , meaning Wonderful Teacher bringing light to remove darkness , this name is considered the greatest among Sikhs , and it is known as Gurmantar , the Guru 's Word . Waheguru is the only way to meet god in Sikhism . Allah , meaning `` The God '' : The term is also used by Sikhs in the Sikh scriptures in reference to God . The word Allah ( ਅਲਹੁ ) is used 12 times in the Guru Granth Sahib by Sheikh Farid . Guru Nanak , Guru Arjan and Saint Kabeer used the word 18 times . God , according to Guru Nanak , is beyond full comprehension by humans ; has endless number of virtues ; takes on innumerable forms , but is formless ; and can be called by an infinite number of names thus `` Your Names are so many , and Your Forms are endless . No one can tell how many Glorious Virtues You have . '' Zoroastrianism ( edit ) Main article : 101 Names of God In Zoroastrianism , 101 names of God ( Pazand Sad - o - yak nam - i - khoda ) is a list of names of God ( Ahura Mazda ) . The list is preserved in Persian , Pazand and Gujarati . Parsi tradition expanded this to a list of `` 101 names of God '' . See also ( edit ) Religion portal Bhadrakalpikasutra c. 200 - 250 CE , which gives names of 1002 Buddhas Good Lord ( disambiguation ) Sahasranama Seven Names of God Prayer Vishnu sahasranama References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Velde , Rudi van de ( 2006 ) . Aquinas on God : the ' divine science ' of the Summa theologiae . Aldershot , Hants , England : Ashgate . pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 0755 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mark D. ( 1983 ) The Names of God and the Being of Names . In The Existence and Nature of God , edited by Alfred J. Freddoso , pp. 161 -- 190 . University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 00911 - 2 Jump up ^ ( PDF ) Sacraments of the Incarnate Word : The Christological Form of the Summa theologiae C Wells Jump up ^ Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy , G.S.S. Sreenivasa Rao , Inter-faith dialogue and world community . Christian Literature Society for India ( 1991 ) `` All these names of God are , of course , symbols ... All names of the one God or the Absolute are symbols . '' p. 9 Jump up ^ Peter C. Phan Being religious interreligiously : Asian perspectives on interfaith dialogue . 2004 p. 102 Jump up ^ Jerald D. Gort On sharing religious experience : possibilities of interfaith mutuality p. 146 Encounter of Religions Research Group Rodopi , 1992 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0505 - 1 Jump up ^ Singh , Prithi Pal ( 2006 ) . The History of Sikh Gurus . Lotus Press . p. 176 . ISBN 9788183820752 . Jump up ^ Paul Rorem , Pseudo-Dionysius : a commentary on the texts and an introduction to their influence . Oxford University Press , 1993 , p. 163 ISBN 0 - 19 - 507664 - 8 Jump up ^ Valentina Izmirlieva , All the names of the Lord : lists , mysticism , and magic , University of Chicago Press , 2008 ISBN 0 - 226 - 38870 - 0 Jump up ^ James Orr The International Standard Bible encyclopaedia Edition : 2 -- Item notes : v. 1 -- 1959 1915 p. 1267 Jump up ^ John S. Mbiti . Concepts of God in Africa . p. 217 , 1970 ^ Jump up to : `` How the Name was originally vocalized is no longer certain . Its pronunciation was in time restricted to the Temple service , then to the High Priest intoning it on the Day of Atonment , after , and after the destruction of the Temple it received a substitute pronunciation both for the reading of Scripture and for its use at prayer . '' Plaut , W. Gunther ; Leviticus / Bernard J. Bamberger ; Essays on ancient Near Eastern literature / commentaries by William W. Hallo ( 1985 ) . ( Torah ) = The Torah : a modern commentary ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Union of Hebrew Congregations . pp. 424 -- 426 . ISBN 0807400556 . ^ Jump up to : The New Encyclopædia Britannica , Vol. 12 , 1998 , Chicago , IL , article `` Yahweh , '' p. 804 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Masoretes who vocalized the Hebrew text took the vowels from the word Adonai ( יְהֹוָה ) and put them with הוה to remind the reader not to pronounce the name but to substitute Adonai ( ... ) A Christian writer of the sixteenth century who was unaware of this substitution transcribed the word as he saw it , namely as Jehovah , and this error has since entered many Christian Bibles ( 5 ) . 5 . Only rarely has the pronunciation Jehovah been given scholarly endorsement ; one exception is J. Neubauer , Bibelwissenschaftliche Irrungen ( Berlin : Louis Lamm , 1917 ) , who bases his opinion on Jerusalem Talmud San ... 10 : 1 , describing the controversy between the Rabbanites and the Samaritans over the proniunciation . M.S. Enslin , The Prophet from Nazareth ( New York : Schocken , 1968 ) , p. 19 , n . 7 , calls the vocalization Jehovah an `` orthoepic monstrosity . '' '' Plaut , W. Gunther ; Leviticus / Bernard J. Bamberger ; Essays on ancient Near Eastern literature / commentaries by William W. Hallo ( 1985 ) . ( Torah ) = The Torah : a modern commentary ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Union of Hebrew Congregations . p. 425 . ISBN 0807400556 . Jump up ^ NASB ( 1995 ) . `` Preface to the New American Standard Bible '' . New American Standard Bible ( Updated Edition ) . Anaheim , California : Foundation Publications ( for the Lockman Foundation ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 07 . There is yet another name which is particularly assigned to God as His special or proper name , that is , the four letters YHWH ( Exodus 3 : 14 and Isaiah 42 : 8 ) . This name has not been pronounced by the Jews because of reverence for the great sacredness of the divine name . Therefore , it has been consistently translated LORD . The only exception to this translation of YHWH is when it occurs in immediate proximity to the word Lord , that is , Adonai . In that case it is regularly translated GOD in order to avoid confusion . Jump up ^ Yeshua ( ישוע , with vowel pointing יֵשׁוּעַ - yēšūă ' in Hebrew ) Strong 's Yeshuwa Jump up ^ Ilan , Tal ( 2002 ) . Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I : Palestine 330 BCE - 200 CE ( Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91 ) . Tübingen , Germany : J.C.B. Mohr . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Stern , David ( 1992 ) . Jewish New Testament Commentary . Clarksville , Maryland : Jewish New Testament Publications . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ First Presidency and Council of the Twelve , 1916 , `` God the Father , '' compiled by Gordon Allred , p. 150 Jump up ^ Moroni 10 : 34 Jump up ^ Old Testament Institute Manual : Genesis to 2 Samuel -- `` Who is the God of the Old Testament ? '' Jump up ^ `` Doctrine and Covenants 76 : 12 - 24 '' . Jump up ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints . `` How can we come to know our Father in Heaven ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Moroni 10 : 34 '' . Jump up ^ Holden , A. ( 2002 ) . Cavorting With the Devil : Jehovah 's Witnesses Who Abandon Their Faith ( PDF ) . Department of Sociology , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YL , UK . p . Endnote ( i ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix A4 '' . New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures . p. 1735 . Jump up ^ Holden , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Jehovah 's Witnesses : Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement . Routledge . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26609 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ringnes , Hege Kristin ( 2009 ) . Søda , Helje Kringlebotn , ed . Jehovas vitner -- en flerfaglig studie ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Universitetsforlaget . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Does God Have a Name ? '' . JW.org . Jump up ^ `` What Knowing God 's Name Involves '' . JW.org . Jump up ^ `` ( KS ) Name used for `` god '' in Korean language `` . Jump up ^ `` Allah . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Adamson , Hugh C. ( 2007 ) . Historical dictionary of the Bahá'í Faith . Metuchen , N.J : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5096 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 2000 ) . `` greatest name '' . A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith . Oxford : Oneworld Publications . pp. 167 -- 168 . ISBN 1 - 85168 - 184 - 1 . Jump up ^ McLean , Jack ; Lee , Anthony A. ( 1997 ) . Revisioning the Sacred : New Perspectives on a Baha'i Theology . Kalimat Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 933770 - 96 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sacred Sanskrit words , p. 111 Jump up ^ `` 108 Hindu Names Collection '' . Drik Panchang . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Mahabharata , Book 13 : Anusasana Parva : Section CXLIX '' . www.sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Guru Granth Sahib p. 358 Jump up ^ Antonio Panaino , The lists of names of Ahura Mazdā ( Yašt I ) and Vayu ( Yašt XV ) , 2002 , p. 20 . Sources ( edit ) Brichto , Herbert Chanan ( 1998 ) . The names of God : poetic readings in biblical beginnings . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510965 - 1 . Mbiti , John S. ( 1990 ) . African religions & philosophy . London : Heinemann . pp. 34 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 89591 - 5 . Parrinder , Geoffrey ( 1975 ) . Comparative religion . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7301 - 9 . Walter Henry Medhurst ( 1848 ) . An inquiry into the proper mode of rendering the word God in translating the Sacred Scriptures into the Chinese language . Mission Press . p. 170 . Edward Washburn Hopkins ( 1918 ) . History of Religions . ISBN 1 - 4366 - 7119 - 1 . van der Toorn , Karel ( 1995 ) . Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible . New York : E.J. Brill . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2491 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Names of God . Bibliography on Divine Names in the Dead Sea Scrolls Education -- Hearing and chanting in ISKCON Ehyeh and YHWH -- The Relationship Between the Divine Names in Exodus 3 : 14 - 15 Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 - Turks Hebrew Names of God Jehovah ( Yahweh ) Judeo Christian Biblical Names of God The 101 Names of God given by Meher Baba <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Names of God <Td_colspan="2"> In Christianity In Hinduism In Islam In Judaism In Zoroastrianism In Chinese language <Td_colspan="2"> Adonai Ahura Mazda Allah Brahman Cao Đài El Elohim Elyon El Shaddai God Great Spirit Haneullim Hu Hyang I Am that I Am Ik Onkar Ishvara Jah Khuda The Lord Ngai Olodumare The One Parvardigar Shangdi Svayam Bhagavan Tenri - Ō - no - Mikoto Tianzhu Waheguru YHWH Jehovah Yahweh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_God&oldid=821115994 '' Categories : Names of God Lists of names Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français مصرى Português Русский Türkçe Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 13 : 58 . 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1. Names of God in different religions 2. Monotheistic belief in a singular God 3. The significance of names in religious traditions 4. The use of different names for God in Abrahamic religions 5. The importance of the tetragrammaton in Judaism and Christianity

where does the river rhine start and finish

Rhine - wikipedia Rhine Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the river . For other uses , see Rhine ( disambiguation ) and Rhein ( disambiguation ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Rhine ( Rhenus , Rein , Rhein , le Rhin , Rijn ) <Td_colspan="2"> River <Td_colspan="2"> The Lorelei rock in Rhineland - Palatinate <Td_colspan="2"> Name origin : Celtic Rēnos <Td_colspan="2"> Countries Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Germany , France , Netherlands Rhine Basin Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Vorarlberg , South and Western Germany , North - Eastern France , Belgium , Netherlands , Val di Lei , Italy Region Central and Western Europe <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Primary source Vorderrhein / Rein Anteriur - location Tomasee ( Romansh : Lai da Tuma ) , Surselva , Graubünden , Switzerland - elevation 2,345 m ( 7,694 ft ) - coordinates 46 ° 37 ′ 57 '' N 8 ° 40 ′ 20 '' E  /  46.63250 ° N 8.67222 ° E  / 46.63250 ; 8.67222 Secondary source Hinterrhein / Rein Posteriur - location Paradies Glacier , Graubünden , Switzerland Source confluence Reichenau - location Tamins , Graubünden , Switzerland - elevation 585 m ( 1,919 ft ) - coordinates 46 ° 49 ′ 24 '' N 9 ° 24 ′ 27 '' E  /  46.82333 ° N 9.40750 ° E  / 46.82333 ; 9.40750 Mouth North Sea - location Hoek van Holland , Rotterdam , Netherlands - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 51 ° 58 ′ 54 '' N 4 ° 4 ′ 50 '' E  /  51.98167 ° N 4.08056 ° E  / 51.98167 ; 4.08056 Coordinates : 51 ° 58 ′ 54 '' N 4 ° 4 ′ 50 '' E  /  51.98167 ° N 4.08056 ° E  / 51.98167 ; 4.08056 <Td_colspan="2"> Length 1,230 km ( 764 mi ) , Basin 185,000 km ( 71,429 sq mi ) Discharge - average 2,900 m / s ( 102,413 cu ft / s ) - max 13,000 m / s ( 459,091 cu ft / s ) - min 800 m / s ( 28,252 cu ft / s ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Name Upper Middle Rhine Valley Year 2002 ( # 26 ) Number 1066 Region Europe and North America Criteria ( ii ) ( iv ) ( v ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of the Rhine basin <Td_colspan="2"> Wikimedia Commons : Rhine <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The Rhine ( Latin : Rhenus , Romansh : Rein , German : Rhein , French : le Rhin , Dutch : Rijn ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps , forms part of the Swiss - Austrian , Swiss - Liechtenstein , Swiss - German and then the Franco - German border , then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands . The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne , Germany , with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . It is the second - longest river in Central and Western Europe ( after the Danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , with an average discharge of about 2,900 m / s ( 100,000 cu ft / s ) . The Rhine and the Danube formed most of the northern inland frontier of the Roman Empire and , since those days , the Rhine has been a vital and navigable waterway carrying trade and goods deep inland . Its importance as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire is supported by the many castles and fortifications built along it . In the modern era , it has become a symbol of German nationalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography 2.1 Alpine Rhine 2.1. 1 Headwaters and sources 2.1. 2 Hinterrhein and Vorderrhein 2.1. 3 Rhine Valley 2.2 Lake Constance 2.2. 1 Obersee 2.2. 2 Seerhein 2.2. 3 Untersee 2.3 High Rhine 2.4 Upper Rhine 2.5 Middle Rhine 2.6 Lower Rhine 2.7 Delta 3 Geologic history 3.1 Alpine orogeny 3.2 Stream capture 3.3 End of the last ice age 3.4 Holocene delta 4 Cultural history 4.1 Antiquity 4.2 Medieval and modern history 5 Lists of features 5.1 Cities on the Rhine 5.2 Countries and borders 5.3 Bridges 5.4 Former distributaries 5.5 Canals 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Notes 7.2 References 7.3 Bibliography 8 External links Name ( edit ) The variants of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos , which was adapted in Roman - era geography ( 1st century BC ) as Greek Ῥῆνος ( Rhēnos ) , Latin Rhenus . The spelling with Rh - in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography , while the vocalisation - i - is due to the Proto - Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as * Rīnaz , via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín , Old High German Rīn , early Middle Dutch ( c. 1200 ) Rijn ( then also spelled Ryn or Rin ) . The diphthong in modern German Rhein ( also adopted in Romansh Rein , Rain ) is a Central German development of the early modern period , the Alemannic name Rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , as does Ripuarian Rhing , while Palatine has diphthongized Rhei , Rhoi . Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin - , while Italian , Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren - . The Gaulish name Rēnos ( Proto - Celtic or pre-Celtic * Reinos ) belongs to a class of river names built from the PIE root * rei - `` to move , flow , run '' , also found in other names such as the Reno in Italy . The grammatical gender of the Celtic name ( as well as of its Greek and Latin adaptation ) is masculine , and the name remains masculine in German , Dutch and French . The Old English river name was variously inflected as masculine or feminine ; and its Old Icelandic adoption was inflected as feminine . Geography ( edit ) The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in `` Rhine - kilometers '' ( Rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance ( 0 km ) to Hoek van Holland ( 1036.20 km ) . The river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to a number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . The `` total length of the Rhine '' , to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . Its course is conventionally divided as follows : length section avg . discharge elevation left tributaries ( incomplete ) right tributaries ( incomplete ) 76 km The various sources and headwaters forming the Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein within Grisons , Switzerland 114 m / s 584 m Aua Russein , Schmuèr Rein da Tuma , Rein da Curnera , Rein da Medel , Rein da Sumvitg ( Rein da Vigliuts ) , Glogn ( Valser Rhine ) , Rabiusa , Hinterrhein ( right : Ragn da Ferrera , Albula / Alvra ( left : Gelgia ; right : Landwasser ) ) c. 90 km The Alpine Rhine along the Rhine Valley ( forming part of the Austrian - Swiss and Liechtenstein border ) . 400 m Tamina Plessur , Landquart , Ill c. 60 km Lake Constance , including the short channel called Seerhein at Constance , connecting Obersee ( Lake Constance ) and Untersee ( Lake Constance ) ; 395 m Goldach Dornbirner Ach , Leiblach , Schussen , Rotach , Brunnisaach , Lipbach , Seefelder Aach , Radolfzeller Aach c. 150 km the High Rhine from the exit of Lake Constance to Basel , forming a substantial part of the German - Swiss border 1,300 m / s 246 m Thur , Töss , Glatt , Aare , Ergolz , Birs Wutach 362 km the Upper Rhine from Basel to Bingen forming the Upper Rhine Plain and in its upper course the Franco - German border 79 m Ill , Moder , Lauter , Nahe Wiese , Elz ( Rhine ) , Kinzig ( Rhine ) , Rench , Acher , Murg , Alb , Pfinz , Neckar , Main 159 km the Middle Rhine between Bingen and either Bonn or Cologne is entirely within Germany , passing the Rhine Gorge ; 45 m Moselle , Nette , Ahr Lahn , Wied , Sieg 177 km the Lower Rhine downstream of Bonn , passing the Lower Rhine region of Northrhine - Westphalia 11 m Erft Wupper , Düssel , Ruhr , Emscher , Lippe c. 50 km the Nederrijn or `` Nether Rhine '' ( shortened course of Oude Rijn within the Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta in the Netherlands . 2,900 m / s 0 m Meuse Oude IJssel , Berkel Jump up ^ length of the Vorderrhein ( including Rein da Medel ) Jump up ^ Constance to Basel : Rheinkilometer 0 -- 167 . Jump up ^ At the confluence of Aare and Rhine , the Aare at 560 m3 / s carries more water on average than the Rhine at 439 m3 / s , so that hydrographically speaking the Rhine is a right tributary of the Aare . Jump up ^ Basel to Bingen : Rheinkilometer 167 -- 529 . Jump up ^ Bingen to Cologne : Rheinkilometer 529 -- 688 ( 159 km ) ; there is no unambiguous definition of the Middle Rhine , some would prefer to have it begin further upstream , at the mouth of the Main . Jump up ^ Rheinkilometer 688 -- 865.5 ( 177.5 km ) from Cologne to the Dutch - German border Jump up ^ the total discharge of the Rhine is subject to significant fluctuations , and average values cited vary between sources ; the total discharge taken into account here consists of : Maasmond : 1450 m / s , Haringvliet : 820 m / s , Den Oever : 310 m / s , Kornwerderzand : 220 m / s , IJmuiden : 9 m / s , Scheldt -- Rhine Canal 10 m / s Alpine Rhine ( edit ) Main article : Alpine Rhine Map of the Alpine Rhine Headwaters and sources ( edit ) Main article : Sources of the Rhine Lake Toma , seen from the upstream end The Rhine carries its name without distinctive accessories only from the confluence of the Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein near Tamins - Reichenau . Above this point is the extensive catchment of the headwaters of the Rhine . It belongs almost exclusively to the Swiss Canton of Graubünden , ranging from Gotthard Massif in the west via one valley lying in Ticino and Italy in the south to the Flüela Pass in the east . Traditionally , Lake Toma near the Oberalp Pass in the Gotthard region is seen as the source of the Vorderrhein and the Rhine as a whole . The Hinterrhein rises in the Rheinwald valley below Mount Rheinwaldhorn . Hinterrhein and Vorderrhein ( edit ) Main articles : Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein ( river ) The source of the river is generally considered north of Lai da Tuma ( Tomasee ) on Vorderrhein / Rein Anteriur , although its southern tributary Rein da Medel is actually longer before its confluence with the Vorderrhein near Disentis . The Vorderrhein , or Anterior Rhine , springs from Lai da Tuma ( Tomasee ) , near the Oberalp Pass and passes the impressive Ruinaulta formed by the largest visible rock slide in the alps , the Flims Rockslide . A multiday trekking route is signposted along the young Rhine called Senda Sursilvana . The Hinterrhein / Rein Posteriur , or Posterior Rhine , starts from the Paradies Glacier , near the Rheinwaldhorn . One of its tributaries , the Reno di Lei , drains the Valle di Lei on politically Italian territory . After three main valleys separated by the two gorges , Roflaschlucht and Viamala , it reaches Reichenau . Confluence of the Hinterrhein ( right ) and the Vorderrhein ( left ) at Reichenau The Vorderrhein ( English : Anterior Rhine ) arises from numerous source streams in the upper Surselva and flows in an easterly direction . One source is Lai da Tuma ( 2345 m ) with the Rein da Tuma , which is usually indicated as source of the Rhine , flowing through it . Into it flow tributaries from the south , some longer , some equal in length , such as the Reno di Medel , the Rein da Maighels , and the Rein da Curnera . The Cadlimo Valley in the Canton of Ticino is drained by the Reno di Medel , which crosses the geomorphologic Alpine main ridge from the south . All streams in the source area are partially , sometimes completely , captured and sent to storage reservoirs for the local hydro - electric power plants . In its lower course the Vorderrhein flows through a gorge named Ruinaulta through the Flims Rockslide . The whole stretch of the Vorderrhein to the Rhine confluence near Reichenau - Tamins is accompanied by a long - distance hiking trail called Senda Sursilvana . The Hinterrhein ( English : Posterior Rhine ) flows first east - northeast , then north . It flows through the three valleys named Rheinwald , Schams and Domleschg - Heinzenberg . The valleys are separated by the Rofla Gorge and Viamala Gorge . Its sources are located in the Adula Alps ( Rheinwaldhorn , Rheinquellhorn and Güferhorn ) . The Avers Rhine joins from the South . One of its headwaters , the Reno di Lei ( stowed in the Lago di Lei ) , is partially located in Italy . Near Sils the Hinterrhein is joined by the Albula , from the East , from the Albula Pass region . The Albula draws its water mainly from the Landwasser with the Dischmabach as the largest source stream , but almost as much from the Gelgia , which comes down from the Julier Pass . The confluence of the Anterior Rhine to the left and the Posterior Rhine to right , forming the Alpine Rhine at Reichenau Numerous larger and smaller tributary rivers bear the name of the Rhine or equivalent in various Romansh idioms like Rein or Ragn . Examples : Vorderrhine area : Vorderrhein / Rein Anteriur , Rein da Medel , Rein da Tuma , Rein da Curnera , Rein da Maighels , Rein da Cristallina , Rein da Nalps , Rein da Plattas , Rein da Sumvitg , Rein da Vigliuts , Valser Rhine Hinterrhein basin : Hinterrhein / Rein Posteriur , Reno di Lei , Madrischer Rhein , Avers Rhine , Jufer Rhein Albula - Landwasser area : In the Dischma valley , near Davos , far east of the Rhine , there 's a place called Am Rin ( `` Upon Rhine '' ) . A tributary of the Dischma is called Riner Tälli . Nearby , on the other side of the Sertig , is the Rinerhorn . Rhine valley ( edit ) Rhine at Fläsch , just before it becomes the border to Liechtenstein See also : Rheintal Near Tamins - Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine . The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur . This section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m . It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley ( German : Rheintal ) . Near Sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the river Aare . The Alpine Rhine begins in the most western part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden , and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East . As an effect of human work , it empties into Lake Constance on Austrian territory and not on the border that follows its old natural river bed . The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta . The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ( `` Old Rhine '' ) and in the East by a modern canalized section . Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . It includes the Austrian towns of Gaißau , Höchst and Fußach . The natural Rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . In the local Alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced `` Isel '' and this is also the local pronunciation of Esel ( `` Donkey '' ) . Many local fields have an official name containing this element . Alpine Rhine delta at Lake Constance A regulation of the Rhine was called for , with an upper canal near Diepoldsau and a lower canal at Fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta . The Dornbirner Ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake . Its water has a darker color than the Rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . This has already happened to the former Lake Tuggenersee . The cut - off Old Rhine at first formed a swamp landscape . Later an artificial ditch of about two km was dug . It was made navigable to the Swiss town of Rheineck . Lake Constance ( edit ) Satellite image . In the center and on the right ( i.e. to the East ) the larger part of Lake Constance , called the Obersee , is visible , and it includes , in the lower right , the Delta of the Alpine Rhine . The northwesterly `` finger '' ( on the top left ) is Lake Überlingen , containing the island of Mainau . Below Lake Überlingen ( also in the West ) is the smaller Untersee , containing Reichenau Island . The Obersee and Untersee are connected by the four kilometers long Seerhein . On the left the High Rhine can be seen . Main article : Lake Constance Lake Constance consists of three bodies of water : the Obersee ( `` upper lake '' ) , the Untersee ( `` lower lake '' ) , and a connecting stretch of the Rhine , called the Seerhein ( `` Lake Rhine '' ) . The lake is situated in Germany , Switzerland and Austria near the Alps . Specifically , its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and Baden - Württemberg , the Austrian state of Vorarlberg , and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau and St. Gallen . The Rhine flows into it from the south following the Swiss - Austrian border . It is located at approximately 47 ° 39 ′ N 9 ° 19 ′ E  /  47.650 ° N 9.317 ° E  / 47.650 ; 9.317 . Obersee ( edit ) Main article : Obersee ( Lake Constance ) The flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . The cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of Upper Lake . But then , at the so - called Rheinbrech , the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . The flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( German ) shore of the lake , off the island of Lindau . The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee . A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake Überlingen . Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne ( `` Rhine Gutter '' ) and Seerhein . Depending on the water level , this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake . The Rhine carries very large amounts of debris into the lake . In the mouth region , it is therefore necessary to permanently remove gravel by dredging . The large sediment loads are partly due to the extensive land improvements upstream . Three countries border the Obersee , namely Switzerland in the south , Austria in the southeast and the German states of Bavaria in the northeast and Baden - Württemberg in the north and northwest . Seerhein ( edit ) Main article : Seerhein Distances markers along the Rhine indicate distances from this bridge in Constance The 555km marker , downstream from the Lorelei The Seerhein is only four km long . It connects the Obersee with the 30 cm lower Untersee . Distance markers along the Rhine measure the distance from the bridge in the old city centre of Constance . For most of its length , the Seerhein forms the border between Germany and Switzerland . The exception is the old city centre of Constance , on the Swiss side of the river . The Seerhein emerged in the last thousands of years , when erosion caused the lake level to be lowered by about 10 metres . Previously , the two lakes formed a single lake , as the name still suggests . Untersee ( edit ) Main article : Untersee ( Lake Constance ) Like in the Obersee , the flow the Rhine can be traced in the Untersee . Here , too , the river water is hardly mixed with the lake water . The northern parts of the Untersee ( Lake Zell and Gnadensee ) remain virtually unaffected by the flow . The river traverses the southern , which , in isolation , is sometimes called Rhinesee ( `` Lake Rhine '' ). , The Radolfzeller Aach adds large amounts of water from the Danube system to the Untersee . Reichenau Island was formed at the same time as the Seerhein , when the water level was lowered to its current level . Lake Untersee is part of the border between Switzerland and Germany , with Germany on the North bank and Switzerland on the south , except both sides are Swiss in Stein am Rhein , where the High Rhine flows out of the lake . High Rhine ( edit ) Main article : High Rhine The High Rhine The Rhine Falls at Schaffhausen ( Switzerland ) The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance , flows generally westward , as the Hochrhein , passes the Rhine Falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river Aare . The Aare more than doubles the Rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m / s ( 35,000 cu ft / s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the Dutch border . The Aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of Finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the Rhine basin . The Rhine roughly forms the German - Swiss border from Lake Constance with the exceptions of the canton of Schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of Zürich and Basel - Stadt , until it turns north at the so - called Rhine knee at Basel , leaving Switzerland . The High Rhine begins in Stein am Rhein at the western end of the Untersee . Unlike the Alpine Rhine and Upper Rhine , it flows to the west . It falls from 395 m to 252 m . Some stretches of the High Rhine between Stein am Rhein and Eglisau form the border between Switzerland on the South bank and Germany in the North . On other stretches , both sides are Swiss ; in fact most of the Canton of Schaffhausen is on the North bank . Between Eglisau and Basel , the High Rhine consistently forms the border . The Rhine Falls are situated below Schaffhausen . It has an average water flow of 373 m3 / s ( mean summer discharge 700 m3 / s ) and is the second largest waterfall in Europe in terms of potential energy , after Dettifoss in Iceland . The High Rhine is characterized by numerous dams . On the few remaining natural sections , there are still several rapids . Near Koblenz in the Aargau , the Aare joins the Rhine . With an average discharge of 557 m3 / s , the Aare is more voluminous than the Rhine , which has an average discharge of 439 m3 / s . Nevertheless , the Alpine Rhine is considered the main branch , because it is longer . Upper Rhine ( edit ) Main article : Upper Rhine Rhein ( front ) and Rhine canal ( back ) near Breisach In the centre of Basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the `` Rhine knee '' ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North . Here the High Rhine ends . Legally , the Central Bridge is the boundary between High and Upper Rhine . The river now flows North as Upper Rhine through the Upper Rhine Plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . The most important tributaries in this area are the Ill below of Strasbourg , the Neckar in Mannheim and the Main across from Mainz . In Mainz , the Rhine leaves the Upper Rhine Valley and flows through the Mainz Basin . View of the Mainz Basin downstreams of Mainz , from Eltville and Erbach to Bingen The southern half of the Upper Rhine forms the border between France ( Alsace ) and Germany ( Baden - Württemberg ) . The northern part forms the border between the German states of Rhineland - Palatinate in the West on the one hand , and Baden - Württemberg and Hesse on the other hand , in the east and north . A curiosity of this border line is that the parts of the city of Mainz on the right bank of the Rhine were given to Hesse by the occupying forces in 1945 . The Upper Rhine was a significant cultural landscape in Central Europe already in antiquity and during the Middle Ages . Today , the Upper Rhine area hosts many important manufacturing and service industries , particularly in the centers Basel , Strasbourg and Mannheim - Ludwigshafen . Strasbourg is the seat of the European Parliament , and so one of the three European capitals is located on the Upper Rhine . The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century . The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . Dead branches were removed by construction workers and the area around the river was made more habitable for humans flood plains as flooding decreased sharply . On the French side , the Grand Canal d'Alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . In some places , there are large compensation pools , for example , the huge Bassin de compensation de Plobsheim in Alsace . The Upper Rhine river has undergone significant human change since the 19th century . While it was slightly modified during the Roman occupation , it was not until the emergence of engineers such as Johann Gottfried Tulla that significant modernization efforts changed the shape of the river . Earlier work under Frederick the Great surrounded efforts to ease shipping and construct dams to serve coal transportation . Tulla is considered to have domesticated the Upper Rhine , domestication that served goals such as reducing stagnant bogs that fostered waterborne diseases , making regions more habitable for human settlement , and reduce high frequency of flooded water . Not long before Tulla went to work on widening and straightening the river heavy floods had brought significant loss of life . Four diplomatic treaties were signed among German state governments and French regions dealing with the changes proposed along the Rhine , one was `` the Treaty for the Rectification of the Rhine flow from Neuberg to Dettenheim '' ( 1817 ) , which surrounded states such as Bourbon France and the Bavarian Palatinate . Loops , oxbows , branches and islands were removed along the Upper Rhine so that there would be a present uniformity to the river . The engineering of the Rhine was not without protest , farmers and fishermen had grave concerns about valuable fishing areas and farmland being lost . While some areas lost ground , other areas saw swamps and bogs be drained and turned into arable land . Johann Tulla had the goal of shortening and straightening the Upper Rhine river . Early engineering projects the Upper Rhine also had issues , with Tulla 's project at one part of the river creating rapids , after the Rhine cut down from erosion to sheer rock . Engineering along the Rhine river eased flooding and made transportation along the river less cumbersome . These state projects were part of the advanced and technical progress efforts going on in the country alongside the industrial revolution . For the German state , to make the river more predictable was to ensure development projects could easily commence . The section of the Upper Rhine downstream from Mainz is also known as the `` Island Rhine '' . Here a number of river islands occur , locally known as `` Rheinauen '' . Middle Rhine ( edit ) Main article : Middle Rhine The Rhine is the longest river in Germany . It is here that the Rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the Neckar , the Main and , later , the Moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m / s ( 11,000 cu ft / s ) . Northeastern France drains to the Rhine via the Moselle ; smaller rivers drain the Vosges and Jura Mountains uplands . Most of Luxembourg and a very small part of Belgium also drain to the Rhine via the Moselle . As it approaches the Dutch border , the Rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m / s ( 81,000 cu ft / s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) . Play media Rhine by ship from Assmannshausen to Rüdesheim ( Video 2008 ) Between Bingen and Bonn , the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site ( 2002 ) and known as `` the Romantic Rhine '' , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages and many quaint and lovely country villages . Until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . Although many plants and factories can be found along the Rhine up into Switzerland , it is along the Lower Rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of Cologne , Düsseldorf and Duisburg . Duisburg is the home of Europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of Rotterdam , Antwerp and Amsterdam . The Ruhr , which joins the Rhine in Duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of Slag and brownfields . The Ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . It contributes 70 m / s ( 2,500 cu ft / s ) to the Rhine . Other rivers in the Ruhr Area , above all , the Emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution . Between Strasbourg and Kehl Bridge at Karlsruhe Aerial photo between Eltville and Bingen Marksburg near Koblenz , built in 1231 The Rhine in Cologne , Germany Rhine at Düsseldorf View of the Middle Rhine Valley and Burg Katz , in the background Lorelei The Mainz Basin ends in Bingen am Rhein ; the Rhine continues as `` Middle Rhine '' into the Rhine Gorge in the Rhenish Slate Mountains . In this sections the river falls from 77.4 m above sea level to 50.4 m . On the left , is located the mountain ranges of Hunsrück and Eifel , on the right Taunus and Westerwald . According to geologists , the characteristic narrow valley form was created by erosion by the river while the surrounding landscape was lifted ( see water gap ) . Major tributaries in this section are the Lahn and the Moselle . They join the Rhine near Koblenz , for the right and left respectively . Almost the entire length of the Middle Rhine runs in the German state of Rhineland - Palatinate . The dominant economic sectors in the Middle Rhine area are viniculture and tourism . The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Near Sankt Goarshausen , the Rhine flows around the famous rock Lorelei . With its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the Middle Rhine Valley can be considered the epitome of the Rhine romanticism . Lower Rhine ( edit ) Main article : Lower Rhine Low water in Düsseldorf The Lower Rhine at Emmerich In Bonn , where the Sieg flows into the Rhine , the Rhine enters the North German Plain and turns into the Lower Rhine . The Lower Rhine falls from 50 m to 12 m . The main tributaries on this stretch are the Ruhr and the Lippe . Like the Upper Rhine , the Lower Rhine used to meander until engineering created a solid river bed . Because the levees are some distance from the river , at high tide the Lower Rhine has more room for widening than the Upper Rhine . The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine - Westphalia . Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations Cologne , Düsseldorf and Ruhr area . Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany , the Rhine - Ruhr region . One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe ( Duisport ) . The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural . In Wesel , 30 km downstream of Duisburg , is located the western end of the second east - west shipping route , the Wesel - Datteln Canal , which runs parallel to the Lippe . Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge , the longest suspension bridge in Germany , crosses the 400 - metre - wide ( 1,300 ft ) river . Near Krefeld , the river crosses the Uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken . Delta ( edit ) Main articles : Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta and Nether Rhine The central and northern parts of the Rhine - Meuse delta Changing the Meuse estuary in 1904 : light blue old course , dark blue today 's course Partition of Rhine and Meuse water among the various branches of their delta Rhine near Wageningen The Dutch name for Rhine is `` Rijn '' . The Rhine turns west and enters the Netherlands , where , together with the rivers Meuse and Scheldt , it forms the extensive Rhine - Meuse - Scheldt delta , with 25,347 km ( 9,787 sq mi ) the largest river delta in Europe . Crossing the border into the Netherlands at Spijk , close to Nijmegen and Arnhem , the Rhine is at its widest , although the river then splits into three main distributaries : the Waal ( river ) , Nederrijn ( `` Nether Rhine '' ) and IJssel . From here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the Dutch name Rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . Two thirds of the water flow volume of the Rhine flows farther west , through the Waal and then , via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede ( De Biesbosch ) , merging with the Meuse , through the Hollands Diep and Haringvliet estuaries , into the North Sea . The Beneden Merwede branches off , near Hardinxveld - Giessendam and continues as the Noord , to join the Lek , near the village of Kinderdijk , to form the Nieuwe Maas ; then flows past Rotterdam and continues via Het Scheur and the Nieuwe Waterweg , to the North Sea . The Oude Maas branches off , near Dordrecht , farther down rejoining the Nieuwe Maas to form Het Scheur . The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn . The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the Nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal . However , at Wijk bij Duurstede , the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek . It flows farther west , to rejoin the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea . The name Rijn , from here on , is used only for smaller streams farther to the north , which together formed the main river Rhine in Roman times . Though they retained the name , these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine , but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders . From Wijk bij Duurstede , the old north branch of the Rhine is called Kromme Rijn ( `` Bent Rhine '' ) past Utrecht , first Leidse Rijn ( `` Rhine of Leiden '' ) and then , Oude Rijn ( `` Old Rhine '' ) . The latter flows west into a sluice at Katwijk , where its waters can be discharged into the North Sea . This branch once formed the line along which the Limes Germanicus were built . During periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages , the Rhine took a left turn , creating the Channel River , the course of which now lies below the English Channel . The Rhine - Meuse Delta , the most important natural region of the Netherlands begins near Millingen aan de Rijn , close to the Dutch - German border with the division of the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn . Since the Rhine contributes most of the water , the shorter term Rhine Delta is commonly used . However , this name is also used for the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance , so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine - Meuse delta , or even Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta , as the Scheldt ends in the same delta . The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations : first , at Millingen aan de Rijn , the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal , which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren , and second near Arnhem , the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn . This creates three main flows , two of which change names rather often . The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede ( `` Upper Merwede '' ) , Beneden Merwede ( `` Lower Merwede '' ) , Noord River ( `` North River '' ) , Nieuwe Maas ( `` New Meuse '' ) , Het Scheur ( `` the Rip '' ) and Nieuwe Waterweg ( `` New Waterway '' ) . The middle flow begins as Nederrijn , then changes into Lek , then joins the Noord , thereby forming Nieuwe Maas . The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer . Three more flows carry significant amounts of water : the Nieuwe Merwede ( `` New Merwede '' ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede ; the Oude Maas ( `` Old Meuse '' ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Beneden Merwede into Noord , and Dordtse Kil , which branches off from Oude Maas . Before the St. Elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) , the Meuse flowed just south of today 's line Merwede - Oude Maas to the North Sea and formed an archipelago - like estuary with Waal and Lek . This system of numerous bays , estuary - like extended rivers , many islands and constant changes of the coastline , is hard to imagine today . From 1421 to 1904 , the Meuse and Waal merged further upstream at Gorinchem to form Merwede . For flood protection reasons , the Meuse was separated from the Waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called `` Bergse Maas '' , then Amer and then flows into the former bay Hollands Diep . The northwestern part of the estuary ( around Hook of Holland ) , is still called Maasmond ( `` Meuse Mouth '' ) , ignoring the fact that it now carries only water from the Rhine . This might explain the confusing naming of the various branches . The hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta 's main arms , disconnected arms ( Hollandse IJssel , Linge , Vecht , etc . ) and smaller rivers and streams . Many rivers have been closed ( `` dammed '' ) and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders . The construction of Delta Works changed the Delta in the second half of the 20th Century fundamentally . Currently Rhine water runs into the sea , or into former marine bays now separated from the sea , in five places , namely at the mouths of the Nieuwe Merwede , Nieuwe Waterway ( Nieuwe Maas ) , Dordtse Kil , Spui and IJssel . The Rhine - Meuse Delta is a tidal delta , shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers , but also by tidal currents . This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea . Before the construction of the Delta Works , tidal influence was palpable up to Nijmegen , and even today , after the regulatory action of the Delta Works , the tide acts far inland . At the Waal , for example , the most landward tidal influence can be detected between Brakel and Zaltbommel . Geologic History ( edit ) Alpine orogeny ( edit ) Schematic cross section of the Upper Rhine Graben . The Rhine flows from the Alps to the North Sea Basin ; the geography and geology of its present - day watershed has been developing , since the Alpine orogeny began . In southern Europe , the stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era , with the opening of the Tethys Ocean , between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates , between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP ( million years before present ) . The present Mediterranean Sea descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea . At about 180 MBP , in the Jurassic Period , the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the Tethys floor , causing it to be subducted under Eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the Alpine Orogeny of the Oligocene and Miocene Periods . Several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally , generating the individual features of Mediterranean geography : Iberia pushed up the Pyrenees ; Italy , the Alps , and Anatolia , moving west , the mountains of Greece and the islands . The compression and orogeny continue today , as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes . In northern Europe , the North Sea Basin had formed during the Triassic and Jurassic periods and continued to be a sediment receiving basin since . In between the zone of Alpine orogeny and North Sea Basin subsidence , remained highlands resulting from an earlier orogeny ( Variscan ) , such as the Ardennes , Eifel and Vosges . From the Eocene onwards , the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N -- S rift system to develop in this zone . The main elements of this rift are the Upper Rhine Graben , in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment , in northwest Germany and the southeastern Netherlands . By the time of the Miocene , a river system had developed in the Upper Rhine Graben , that continued northward and is considered the first Rhine river . At that time , it did not yet carry discharge from the Alps ; instead , the watersheds of the Rhone and Danube drained the northern flanks of the Alps . Stream capture ( edit ) The watershed of the Rhine reaches into the Alps today , but it did not start out that way . In the Miocene period , the watershed of the Rhine reached south , only to the Eifel and Westerwald hills , about 450 km ( 280 mi ) north of the Alps . The Rhine then had the Sieg as a tributary , but not yet the Moselle ( river ) . The northern Alps were then drained by the Danube . Through stream capture , the Rhine extended its watershed southward . By the Pliocene period , the Rhine had captured streams down to the Vosges Mountains , including the Mosel , the Main and the Neckar . The northern Alps were then drained by the Rhone . By the early Pleistocene period , the Rhine had captured most of its current Alpine watershed from the Rhône , including the Aare . Since that time , the Rhine has added the watershed above Lake Constance ( Vorderrhein , Hinterrhein , Alpenrhein ; captured from the Rhône ) , the upper reaches of the Main , beyond Schweinfurt and the Vosges Mountains , captured from the Meuse , to its watershed . Around 2.5 million years ago ( ending 11,600 years ago ) was the geological period of the Ice Ages . Since approximately 600,000 years ago , six major Ice Ages have occurred , in which sea level dropped 120 m ( 390 ft ) and much of the continental margins became exposed . In the Early Pleistocene , the Rhine followed a course to the northwest , through the present North Sea . During the so - called Anglian glaciation ( ~ 450,000 yr BP , marine oxygen isotope stage 12 ) , the northern part of the present North Sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed , that overflowed through the English Channel . This caused the Rhine 's course to be diverted through the English Channel . Since then , during glacial times , the river mouth was located offshore of Brest , France and rivers , like the Thames and the Seine , became tributaries to the Rhine . During interglacials , when sea level rose to approximately the present level , the Rhine built deltas , in what is now the Netherlands . The last glacial ran from ~ 74,000 ( BP = Before Present ) , until the end of the Pleistocene ( ~ 11,600 BP ) . In northwest Europe , it saw two very cold phases , peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000 -- 24,000 BP . The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum ( Last Glacial Maximum ) . During this time , the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest , through the English Channel and finally , to the Atlantic Ocean . The English Channel , the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land , mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than today . Most of the Rhine 's current course was not under the ice during the last Ice Age ; although , its source must still have been a glacier . A tundra , with Ice Age flora and fauna , stretched across middle Europe , from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean . Such was the case during the Last Glacial Maximum , ca . 22,000 -- 14,000 yr BP , when ice - sheets covered Scandinavia , the Baltics , Scotland and the Alps , but left the space between as open tundra . Loess ( wind - blown topsoil dust ) arose from the south and North Sea plain settling on the slopes of the Alps , Urals and the Rhine Valley , rendering the valleys facing the prevailing winds especially fertile . End of the last ice Age ( edit ) As northwest Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward , frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall - winter snow covers melted in spring . Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension . Rapid warming and changes of vegetation , to open forest , began about 13,000 BP . By 9000 BP , Europe was fully forested . With globally shrinking ice - cover , ocean water levels rose and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated . Meltwater , adding to the ocean and land subsidence , drowned the former coasts of Europe transgressionally . About 11000 yr ago , the Rhine estuary was in the Strait of Dover . There remained some dry land in the southern North Sea , known as Doggerland , connecting mainland Europe to Britain . About 9000 yr ago , that last divide was overtopped / dissected . Man was already resident in the area when these events happened . Since 7500 yr ago the situation of tides , currents and land - forms has resembled the present . Rates of sea - level rise dropped such that natural sedimentation by the Rhine and coastal processes widely compensate for transgression by the sea . In the southern North Sea , due to ongoing tectonic subsidence , the coastline and sea bed are sinking at the rate of about 1 -- 3 cm ( 0.39 -- 1.18 in ) per century ( 1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years ) . About 7000 -- 5000 BP , a general warming encouraged migration of all former ice - locked areas , including up the Danube and down the Rhine by peoples to the east . A sudden massive expansion of the Black Sea as the Mediterranean Sea burst into it through the Bosporus may have occurred about 7500 BP . Holocene delta ( edit ) At the begin of the Holocene ( ~ 11,700 years ago ) , the Rhine occupied its Late - Glacial valley . As a meandering river , it reworked its ice - age floodplain . As sea - level rise continued in the Netherlands , the formation of the Holocene Rhine - Meuse delta began ( ~ 8,000 years ago ) . Coeval absolute sea - level rise and tectonic subsidence have strongly influenced delta evolution . Other factors of importance to the shape of the delta are the local tectonic activities of the Peel Boundary Fault , the substrate and geomorphology , as inherited from the Last Glacial and the coastal - marine dynamics , such as barrier and tidal inlet formations . Since ~ 3000 yr BP ( = years Before Present ) , human impact is seen in the delta . As a result of increasing land clearance ( Bronze Age agriculture ) , in the upland areas ( central Germany ) , the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has speeded up . This has caused increased flooding and sedimentation , ending peat formation in the delta . In the geologically recent past the main process distributing sediment across the delta has been the shifting of river channels to new locations on the floodplain ( termed avulsion ) . Over the past 6000 years , approximately 80 avulsions have occurred . Direct human impact in the delta began with the mining of peat for salt and fuel from Roman times onward . This was followed by embankment of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries , which took place in the 11 -- 13th century AD . Thereafter , canals were dug , bends were straightened and groynes were built to prevent the river 's channels from migrating or silting up . At present , the branches Waal and Nederrijn - Lek discharge to the North Sea through the former Meuse estuary , near Rotterdam . The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer ( formerly the Zuider Zee ) , initially a brackish lagoon but a freshwater lake since 1932 . The discharge of the Rhine is divided into three branches : the River Waal ( 6 / 9 of total discharge ) , the River Nederrijn -- Lek ( 2 / 9 of total discharge ) and the River IJssel ( 1 / 9 of total discharge ) . This discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 by river engineering works including the digging of the Pannerdens canal and the installation , in the 20th century , of a series of weirs on the Nederrijn river . Cultural History ( edit ) Main article : Rhineland Further information : Rhenus Pater This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Loreley Antiquity ( edit ) Further information : Limes Germanicus The Rhine was not known to Herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century BC in Roman - era geography . At that time , it formed the boundary between Gaul and Germania . The Upper Rhine had been part of the areal of the late Hallstatt culture since the 6th century BC , and by the 1st century BC , the areal of the La Tène culture covered almost its entire length , forming a contact zone with the Jastorf culture , i.e. the locus of early Celtic - Germanic cultural contact . In Roman geography , the Rhine formed the boundary between Gallia and Germania by definition ; e.g. Maurus Servius Honoratus , Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil ( 8.727 ) ( Rhenus ) fluvius Galliae , qui Germanos a Gallia dividit `` ( The Rhine is a ) river of Gaul , which divides the Germanic people from Gaul . '' In Roman geography , the Rhine and Hercynia Silva were considered the boundary of the civilized world ; as it was a wilderness , the Romans were eager to explore it . This view is typified by Res Gestae Divi Augusti , a long public inscription of Augustus , in which he boasts of his exploits ; including , sending an expeditionary fleet north of the Rheinmouth , to Old Saxony and Jutland , which he claimed no Roman had ever done before . Augustus ordered his general Drusus to establish 50 military camps along the Rhine , starting the Germanic Wars in 12 BC . At this time , the plain of the Lower Rhine was the territory of the Ubii . The first urban settlement , on the grounds of what is today the centre of Cologne , along the Rhine , was Oppidum Ubiorum , which was founded in 38 BC by the Ubii . Cologne became acknowledged , as a city by the Romans in AD 50 , by the name of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium . From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70 , Rome accepted as her Germanic frontier the water - boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube . Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt , opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum ( Mainz ) , the southernmost slopes of the Black Forest and a few scattered bridge - heads . The northern section of this frontier , where the Rhine is deep and broad , remained the Roman boundary until the empire fell . The southern part was different . The upper Rhine and upper Danube are easily crossed . The frontier which they form is inconveniently long , enclosing an acute - angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern Baden and Württemberg . The Germanic populations of these lands seem in Roman times to have been scanty , and Roman subjects from the modern Alsace - Lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards . The Romans kept eight legions in five bases along the Rhine . The actual number of legions present at any base or in all , depended on whether a state or threat of war existed . Between about AD 14 and 180 , the assignment of legions was as follows : for the army of Germania Inferior , two legions at Vetera ( Xanten ) , I Germanica and XX Valeria ( Pannonian troops ) ; two legions at oppidum Ubiorum ( `` town of the Ubii '' ) , which was renamed to Colonia Agrippina , descending to Cologne , V Alaudae , a Celtic legion recruited from Gallia Narbonensis and XXI , possibly a Galatian legion from the other side of the empire . For the army of Germania Superior : one legion , II Augusta , at Argentoratum ( Strasbourg ) ; and one , XIII Gemina , at Vindonissa ( Windisch ) . Vespasian had commanded II Augusta , before his promotion to imperator . In addition , were a double legion , XIV and XVI , at Moguntiacum ( Mainz ) . The two original military districts of Germania Inferior and Germania Superior , came to influence the surrounding tribes , who later respected the distinction in their alliances and confederations . For example , the upper Germanic peoples combined into the Alemanni . For a time , the Rhine ceased to be a border , when the Franks crossed the river and occupied Roman - dominated Celtic Gaul , as far as Paris . Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period , by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine , Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine . This `` Germanic Heroic Age '' is reflected in medieval legend , such as the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the Drachenfels ( Siebengebirge ) ( `` dragons rock '' ) , near Bonn at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms , at the Rhine and Kriemhild 's golden treasure , which was thrown into the Rhine by Hagen . Medieval and modern History ( edit ) Further information : Rhine romanticism French forces under Louis XIV cross the Rhine into the Netherlands in 1672 By the 6th century , the Rhine was within the borders of Francia . In the 9th , it formed part of the border between Middle and Western Francia , but in the 10th century , it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire , flowing through Swabia , Franconia and Lower Lorraine . The mouths of the Rhine , in the county of Holland , fell to the Burgundian Netherlands in the 15th century ; Holland remained contentious territory throughout the European wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , when the length of the Rhine fell to the First French Empire and its client states . The Alsace on the left banks of the Upper Rhine was sold to Burgundy by Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1469 and eventually fell to France in the Thirty Years ' War . The numerous historic castles in Rhineland - Palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route . Since the Peace of Westphalia , the Upper Rhine formed a contentious border between France and Germany . Establishing `` natural borders '' on the Rhine was a long - term goal of French foreign policy , since the Middle Ages , though the language border was -- and is -- far more to the west . French leaders , such as Louis XIV and Napoleon Bonaparte , tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the Rhine . The Confederation of the Rhine was established by Napoleon , as a French client state , in 1806 and lasted until 1814 , during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the First French Empire . In 1840 , the Rhine crisis , prompted by French prime minister Adolphe Thiers 's desire to reinstate the Rhine as a natural border , led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in Germany . Allied soldiers crossing the Rhine into Germany after the end of WWI , December 1918 The Rhine became an important symbol in German nationalism during the formation of the German state in the 19th century ( see Rhine romanticism ) . The song Die Wacht am Rhein , which became almost a national anthem . Das Rheingold -- inspired by the Nibelungenlied , the Rhine is one of the settings for the first opera of Richard Wagner 's Der Ring des Nibelungen . The action of the epic opens and ends underneath the Rhine , where three Rheinmaidens swim and protect a hoard of gold . The Loreley / Lorelei is a rock on the eastern bank of the Rhine , that is associated with several legendary tales , poems and songs . The river spot has a reputation for being a challenge for inexperienced navigators . At the end of World War I , the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles . This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies , until 1935 and after that , it would be a demilitarised zone , with the German army forbidden to enter . The Treaty of Versailles and this particular provision , in general , caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler 's rise to power . The allies left the Rhineland , in 1930 and the German army re-occupied it in 1936 , which was enormously popular in Germany . Although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation , Britain and France were not inclined to do so , a feature of their policy of appeasement to Hitler . Soldiers of the US 89th Infantry Division cross the Rhine in assault boats under German fire as part of Operation Plunder on 24 March 1945 In World War II , it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany , by the Western Allies . The Rhine bridge at Arnhem , immortalized in the book , A Bridge Too Far and the film , was a central focus of the battle for Arnhem , during the failed Operation Market Garden of September 1944 . The bridges at Nijmegen , over the Waal distributary of the Rhine , were also an objective of Operation Market Garden . In a separate operation , the Ludendorff Bridge , crossing the Rhine at Remagen , became famous , when U.S. forces were able to capture it intact -- much to their own surprise -- after the Germans failed to demolish it . This also became the subject of a film , The Bridge at Remagen . Seven Days to the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War . Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres ( 764 miles ) . In 1932 the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres ( 820 miles ) , presumably a typographical error . After this number was placed into the authoritative Brockhaus Enzyklopädie , it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications . The error was discovered in 2010 , and the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) . Lists of features ( edit ) Cities on the Rhine ( edit ) Large cities that are situated on the Rhine : Switzerland : Basel France : Strasbourg Germany : Karlsruhe Mannheim Ludwigshafen Wiesbaden Mainz Koblenz Bonn Cologne Leverkusen Neuss Düsseldorf Krefeld ( Uerdingen ) Duisburg Netherlands : Arnhem ( Nederrijn ) Nijmegen ( Waal ) Utrecht ( Kromme Rijn ) Rotterdam ( Nieuwe Maas ) Smaller cities that are situated on the Rhine : Switzerland : Chur Kreuzlingen Schaffhausen Liechtenstein : Vaduz Germany : Konstanz Breisach Speyer Worms Bingen am Rhein Rüdesheim am Rhein Neuwied Andernach Bad Honnef Königswinter Niederkassel Wesseling Dormagen Zons Monheim am Rhein Wesel Xanten Emmerich am Rhein Netherlands : Zutphen ( IJssel ) Deventer ( IJssel ) Zwolle ( IJssel ) Kampen ( IJssel ) Leiden ( Oude Rijn ) Dordrecht ( Merwede ) Countries and borders ( edit ) During its course from the Alps to the North Sea , the Rhine passes through four countries and constitutes six different country borders . On the various parts : the Vorderrhein lies entirely within Switzerland , while at least one tributary to Hinterrhein , Reno di Lei originates in Italy , but is not considered a part of the Rhein proper . the Alpine Rhine flows within Switzerland till Sargans , from which it becomes the border between Switzerland ( to the West ) and Liechtenstein ( to the East ) until Oberriet , and the river never flows within Liechtenstein . It then becomes the border between Switzerland ( to the West ) and Austria ( to the East ) until Diepoldsau where the modern and straight course enters Switzerland , while the original course Alter Rhein makes a bend to the East and continues as the Swiss - Austrian border until the confluence at Widnau . From here the river continues as the border until Lustenau , where the modern and straight course enters Austria ( the only part of the river that flows within Austria ) , while the original course makes a bend to the West and continues as the border , until both courses enters Lake Constance . the first half of Seerhein , between the upper and lower body of Lake Constance , flows within Germany ( and the city of Konstanz ) , while the second is the German ( to the North ) -- Swiss ( to the South ) frontier . the first parts of the High Rhine , from Lake Constance to Altholz , the river alternates flowing within Switzerland and being the German - Swiss frontier ( three times each ) . From Altholz the river is the German -- Swiss border until Basel , where it enters Switzerland for the last time . the Upper Rhine is the border between France ( to the West ) and Switzerland ( to the East ) for a short distance , from Basel to Hunningue . Here it becomes the Franco ( to the West ) -- German ( to the East ) frontier until Au am Rhein . Hence , the main course of the Rhine never flows within France , although some river canals do . From here the river flows within Germany . the Middle Rhine flows entirely within Germany . the Lower Rhine flows within Germany until Emmerich am Rhein , where it becomes the border between The Netherlands ( to the North ) and Germany ( to the South ) . At Millingen aan de Rijn the river enters the Netherlands and continues to the North Sea . Bridges ( edit ) Main article : List of bridges over the Rhine Former distributaries ( edit ) Order : panning North to South through the Western Netherlands : Vecht ( Utrecht ) ( minor channel in Roman times , flowing into former Zuider Zee lagoon ) Kromme Rijn -- Oude Rijn ( Utrecht and South Holland ) ( main channel in Roman times , dammed in the 12th century ) Hollandse IJssel ( formed after Roman times , dammed in the 13th century AD ) Linge ( big channel in Roman times , dammed in the 14th century AD ) De Biesbosch - area ( initiated by AD 1421 -- 1424 storm surges and river floods , by - passed since the digging of Nieuwe Merwede canal in AD 1904 ) Canals ( edit ) Order : upstream to downstream : Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal -- southeastern Germany Grand Canal d'Alsace -- eastern France Rhine - Herne Canal -- northwest Germany , connection to the Dortmund - Ems Canal and the Mittellandkanal Maas - Waal Canal -- eastcentral Netherlands Amsterdam - Rhine Canal -- central Netherlands Scheldt - Rhine Canal -- southwest Netherlands Canal of Drusus See also ( edit ) Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route Köln - Düsseldorfer Piz Lunghin ( triple watershed : Po -- Rhine -- Danube ) Witenwasserenstock ( triple watershed : Rhone -- Rhine -- Po ) Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Rhine only has an official length scale ( Rheinkilometer ) downstream of Constance . Its full length is subject to the definition of the Alpine Rhine . In 2010 , there were media reports to the effect that the length of the Rhine had long been underreported in 20th - century encyclopedias , and upon request by journalists , Dutch Rijkswaterstaat cited a length of 1,232 km . Schrader , Christopher ; Uhlmann , Berit ( 28 March 2010 ) . `` Der Rhein ist kürzer als gedacht -- Jahrhundert - Irrtum '' . sueddeutsche.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 March 2010 ... `` Rhine River 90km shorter than everyone thinks '' . The Local -- Germany 's news in English . 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . `` ' We checked it out and came to 1,232 kilometres , ' said Ankie Pannekoek , spokeswoman for the Dutch government hydrology office . '' Jump up ^ The Rhine is cited as the `` twelfth - longest river of Europe '' if the Russian rivers Volga , Ural , Pechora , Kama , Northern Dvina -- Vychegda , Oka and Belaya are counted which are based on the modern conventional boundary between Europe and Asia are within European Russia or form part of the boundary to Asia . Also longer than the Rhine are the Eastern European rivers Dnieper , Don and Dniester flowing into the Black Sea . Jump up ^ The Rhine was not known in the Hellenistic period . It is mentioned by Cicero , In Pisonem 33.81 . Strabo ( 1.4. 3 ) mentions the countries `` at the mouth of the Rhine '' αἱ τοῦ Ῥήνου ἐκβολαί ; `` states that the countries `` beyond the Rhine and as far as Scythia '' καὶ τὰ πέραν τοῦ Ῥήνου τὰ μέχρι Σκυθῶ should be considered unknown , as Pytheas ' account of remote nations is not to be trusted . Jump up ^ The loss of final - n in pausa is a recent development in Alemannic , the form Rīn is mostly preserved in Lucerne dialects . Schweizerisches Idiotikon s.v. `` Rī ( n ) '' ( 6,994 ) . Jump up ^ Krahe ( 1964 ) claims the hydronym as `` Old European '' , i.e. belonging to the oldest Indo - European layer of names predating the 6th century BC ( Hallstatt D ) Celtic expansion . Jump up ^ . In Albanian / Illyrian `` Template : Rrhedh '' also means to `` move , flow , run '' . Pokorny 's ( 1959 ) `` 3 . er - : or - : r - ' to move , set in motion ' '' ( pp. 326 -- 32 ) , laryngealist * h reiH - , with an - n - suffix ; Celtic reflexes : Old Irish renn `` rapid '' , rīan `` sea '' , Middle Irish rian `` river , way '' . The root gives the Germanic verb rinnan ( ' < * ri - nw - an ) whence English run ( from a causative * rannjanan , Old English eornan ) ; Gothic rinnan `` run , flow , '' Old English rinnan , Old Norse rinna `` to run , '' , rinno `` brook '' ; c.f. Sanskrit rinati `` causes to flow '' ; Root cognates without the - n - suffix include Middle Low German ride `` brook '' , Old English riþ `` stream '' , Dutch ril `` running stream '' , Latin rivus `` stream '' , Old Church Slavonic reka `` river ''. ; see also `` Rhine '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Douglas Harper . November 2001 . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ most notably the straighening of the Upper Rhine planned by Johann Gottfried Tulla , completed during 1817 -- 1876 . Jump up ^ The geomorphological ridge line does not necessarily coincide with the watershed , since it refers to the average altitude in a surrounding circle Jump up ^ sediment management . The Rhine transports each year up to 3 million m3 of solids into the lake References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( official site ) ( in French ) . Paris , France : L'Institut National de l'Information Geographique et Forestrière IGN http://tab.geoportail.fr/?c=7.503120422363362,47.67887135071144&z=12&l0=ORTHOIMAGERY.ORTHOPHOTOS:WMTS(1)&l1=GEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS.SCAN-EXPRESS.STANDARD:WMTS(1)&permalink=yes . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frijters and Leentvaar ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Bosworth and Toller , An Anglo - Saxon Dictionary ( 1898 ) , p. 799 . Sió eá ðe man hǽt Rín Orosius ( ed . J. Bosworth 1859 ) 1.1 Jump up ^ Rijn , Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek Jump up ^ Bosworth and Toller , An Anglo - Saxon Dictionary ( 1898 ) , p. 799 : Rín ; m. ; f . The Rhine ( ... ) O.H. Ger . Rín ; m. : Icel . Rín ; f . Jump up ^ sum of Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein discharges according to Hydrologischer Atlas der Schweiz , 2002 , Tab . 5.4 `` Natürliche Abflüsse 1961 -- 1980 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Maps of Switzerland -- Swiss Confederation -- GEWISS '' ( online map ) . Vorderrhein . Gewässernetz 1 : 2 Mio . National Map 1 : 200 000 ( in German ) . Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo . Berne , Switzerland : Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 -- via http://map.geo.admin.ch . ^ Jump up to : `` Maps of Switzerland -- Swiss Confederation -- GEWISS '' ( online map ) . Alpenrhein . Gewässernetz 1 : 2 Mio . National Map 1 : 2 Mio ( in German ) . Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo . Berne , Switzerland : Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 -- via http://map.geo.admin.ch . ^ Jump up to : `` Maps of Switzerland -- Swiss Confederation -- GEWISS '' ( online map ) . Lake Constance . Gewässernetz 1 : 200 000 , Flussordnung . National Map 1 : 2 Mio ( in German ) . Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo . Berne , Switzerland : Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 -- via http://map.geo.admin.ch . Jump up ^ Average over the period 1961 -- 1990 : 1,297 m / s ( M. Spreafico und R. Weingartner , Hydrologie der Schweiz : Ausgewählte Aspekte und Resultate , Berichte des BWG , 2005 , citing Schädler and Weingartner , 2002 ) ; regular yearly peak at 2,500 m / s , exceptional peaks above 4,000 m / s . Simon Scherrer , Armin Petrascheck , Hanspeter Hode , Extreme Hochwasser des Rheins bei Basel -- Herleitung von Szenarien ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Maps of Switzerland -- Swiss Confederation -- GEWISS '' ( online map ) . High Rhine . Gewässernetz 1 : 2 Mio . National Map 1 : 2 Mio ( in German ) . Cartography by Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo . Berne , Switzerland : Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 -- via http://map.geo.admin.ch . Jump up ^ ( ( in English ) Atlas der Schweiz Switzerland maps by Swiss Federal Office of Topography Jump up ^ ( ( in English ) Hiking Switzerland on Senda Sursilvana along young Rhine Jump up ^ National Map of Switzerland , Sheet 1232 `` Oberalppass '' , 1 : 25 000 , Federal Office of Topography , 2005 Edition Jump up ^ Swiss Rhine long - distance trail Senda Sursilvana in Graubünden Jump up ^ Cioc , Mark . The Rhine : an eco-biography , 1815 -- 2000 . Seattle : University of Washington Press. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Cioc , Mark . The Rhine : an eco-biography , 1815 -- 2000 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . 2002 . 52 Jump up ^ Cioc , Mark . The Rhine : an eco-biography , 1815 -- 2000 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . 2002 . 53 Jump up ^ Cioc , Mark . The Rhine : an eco-biography , 1815 -- 2000 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . 2002 . 54 Jump up ^ Cioc , Mark . The Rhine : an eco-biography , 1815 -- 2000 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . 2002 : 54 Jump up ^ Cioc , Mark . The Rhine : an eco-biography , 1815 -- 2000 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . 2002 : 56 Jump up ^ Tockner , K ; Uehlinger , U ; Robinson , CT ; Siber , R ; Tonolla , D ; Peter , FD ( 2009 ) . `` European Rivers '' ( PDF ) . In Lekens , Gene E. Encyclopedia of Inland Waters. 3 . Elsevier . pp. 366 -- 377 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 370626 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Berendsen and Stouthamer ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Ménot et al. ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Cohen et al. ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Hoffmann et al. ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Gouw and Erkens ( 2007 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Berendsen , Henk J.A. ; Stouthamer , Esther ( 2001 ) . Palaeogeographic Development of the Rhine - Meuse Delta , The Netherlands . Assen : Koninklijke Van Gorcum . ISBN 90 - 232 - 3695 - 5 . OCLC 495447524 . Blackbourn , David ( 2006 ) . The Conquest of Nature : Water , Landscape , and the Making of Modern Germany . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06071 - 6 . OCLC 224244112 . Cohen , K.M. ; Stouthamer , E. ; Berendsen , H.J.A. ( February 2002 ) . `` Fluvial Deposits As a Record for Late Quaternary Neotectonic Activity in the Rhine - Meuse Delta , The Netherlands '' ( PDF ) . Netherlands Journal of Geosciences -- Geologie en Mijnbouw. 81 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 389 -- 405 . ISSN 0016 - 7746 . Frijters , Ine D. ; Leentvaar , Jan ( 2003 ) . Rhine Case Study ( PDF ) . Technical documents in hydrology , no . 17 . Paris : UNESCO International Hydrological Programme , ( Rep. No . SC / 2003 / WS / 54 ) . OCLC 55974122 . Gouw , M.J.P. ; Erkens , G. ( March 2007 ) . `` Architecture of the Holocene Rhine - Meuse delta ( the Netherlands ) -- A result of changing external controls '' . Netherlands Journal of Geosciences -- Geologie en Mijnbouw. 86 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 54 . ISSN 0016 - 7746 . Hoffmann , T. ; Erkens , G. ; Cohen , K. ; Houben , P. ; Seidel , J. ; Dikau , R. ( 2007 ) . `` Holocene Floodplain Sediment Storage and Hillslope Erosion Within the Rhine Catchment '' . The Holocene. 17 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 118 . doi : 10.1177 / 0959683607073287 . Ménot , Guillemette ; Bard , Edouard ; Rostek , Frauke ; Weijers , Johan W.H. ; Hopmans , Ellen C. ; Schouten , Stefan ; Sinninghe Damsté , Jaap S. ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Early Reactivation of European Rivers During the Last Deglaciation '' . Science . 313 ( 5793 ) : 1623 -- 1625 . PMID 16973877 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1130511 . `` Rhine River History '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Roll , Mitch ( 2009 ) . `` Rhine River History and Maps '' . The ROLL `` FAME '' Family . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . External links ( edit ) Rhine with maps and details of navigation through the French section ; places , ports and moorings , by the author of Inland Waterways of France , Imray Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals ( French waterways website section ) <Th_colspan="3"> Tributaries of the Rhine Left ( western ) Vorderrhein Aua Russein Schmuèr Alpine Rhine Vorderrhein Tamina Rietaach Alter Rhein Freibach Lake Constance Goldach High Rhine Thur Töss Glatt Aare Sissle Ergolz Birs Birsig Upper Rhine Ill Moder Sauer Lauter Spiegelbach Queich Speyerbach Rehbach Isenach Eckbach Eisbach Pfrimm Selz Middle Rhine Nahe Moselle Nette Brohlbach Ahr Lower Rhine Erft Right ( eastern ) Vorderrhein Rein da Tuma Rein da Curnera Rein da Medel Rein da Sumvitg Glogn Rabiusa Hinterrhein Ragn da Ferrera Albula / Alvra Alpine Rhine Hinterrhein Plessur Landquart Mülbach Ill Frutz Lake Constance Dornbirner Ach Bregenzer Ach Leiblach Schussen Rotach Brunnisaach Lipbach Seefelder Aach Stockacher Aach Radolfzeller Aach High Rhine Biber Wutach Alb Murg Wehra Upper Rhine Wiese Elz Kinzig Rench Acher Murg Alb Pfinz Saalbach Kraichbach Leimbach Neckar Weschnitz Modau Main Middle Rhine Wisper Lahn Wied Lower Rhine Sieg Wupper Düssel Ruhr Emscher Lippe IJssel Oude IJssel / Issel Berkel Schipbeek <Th_colspan="2"> Rhine -- Meuse -- Scheldt delta Rhine Rijn Rhin Current distributaries Waal Nederrijn IJssel Lek Merwede Boven Merwede Nieuwe Merwede Beneden Merwede Oude Maas Dordtsche Kil Noord Nieuwe Maas Het Scheur Nieuwe Waterweg Former distributaries Kromme Rijn Leidse Rijn Oude Rijn Hollandse IJssel Vecht Waaltje Brielse Maas Spui Current estuaries Nieuwe Waterweg IJsselmeer Former estuaries Hollands Diep Haringvliet Volkerak Krammer Grevelingen Keeten - Mastgat Oosterschelde Associated canals Bijlands Kanaal Pannerdens Kanaal Amsterdam -- Rhine Canal Vaartse Rijn Nieuwe Merwede Nieuwe Waterweg Scheldt -- Rhine Canal Maas -- Waal Canal Meuse Maas Current distributaries Bergse Maas Amer Former distributaries Oude Maasje Afgedamde Maas Merwede Boven Merwede Beneden Merwede Oude Maas Dordtsche Kil Noord Nieuwe Maas Het Scheur Nieuwe Waterweg Current estuaries Former estuaries Hollands Diep Haringvliet Volkerak Krammer Grevelingen Keeten - Mastgat Oosterschelde Associated canals Heusden Canal Bergse Maas Maas -- Waal Canal Scheldt Schelde Escaut Current distributaries Western Scheldt Former distributaries Oosterschelde Eendracht Current estuaries Western Scheldt Former estuaries Oosterschelde Krammer Grevelingen Associated canals Scheldt -- Rhine Canal Canal through Walcheren Other rivers ( directly draining into the delta ) Linge Mark Donge Rotte Oude IJssel Islands and Peninsulas Rozenburg IJsselmonde Het Eiland van Dordt Voorne and Putten Hoeksche Waard Tiengemeten Goeree - Overflakkee Schouwen - Duiveland Tholen Sint Philipsland Walcheren Noord - Beveland Zuid - Beveland Towns Rotterdam Antwerp Dordrecht Bergen - op - Zoom Schiedam Vlissingen Vlaardingen Middelburg Spijkenisse Other topics Delta Works Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal Verdronken Land van Saeftinghe St. Elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) St. Felix 's Flood All Saints ' Flood ( 1570 ) VIAF : 3145602320301361474 LCCN : sh85113657 GND : 4049739 - 2 BNF : cb11949068g ( data ) HDS : 8768 NDL : 00629394 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhine&oldid=800997841 '' Categories : Rhine Rhine basin International rivers of Europe Rivers of Austria Rivers of France Rivers of Liechtenstein Rivers of Switzerland Border rivers Austria -- Switzerland border France -- Germany border Germany -- Switzerland border Graubünden -- St. Gallen border Liechtenstein -- Switzerland border Geography of Central Europe Geography of Western Europe Rifts and grabens Rivers of Baden - Württemberg Rivers of North Rhine - Westphalia Rivers of Rhineland - Palatinate Federal waterways in Germany Rivers of Alsace Rivers of Gelderland Rivers of Utrecht ( province ) Rivers of South Holland Rivers of Overijssel Rivers of the Netherlands Rivers of Bas - Rhin Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Alemannic - language text Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Old English - language text Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Romansh - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Wikipedia type : river page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Gaulish - 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how many different types of old pound coins are there

Coins of the pound sterling - wikipedia Coins of the pound sterling Jump to : navigation , search `` British coinage '' redirects here . For ancient British coinage , see Celtic coins . The Royal Shield reverse designs , introduced in 2008 ( £ 2 coin uses original design ) . Examples of the standard reverse designs minted until 2008 ( £ 2 coin is not shown ) The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom is denominated in pounds sterling ( symbol `` £ '' ) , and , since the introduction of the two - pound coin in 1994 ( to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Bank of England 1694 -- 1994 ) , ranges in value from one penny to two pounds . Since decimalisation , on 15 February 1971 , the pound has been divided into 100 ( new ) pence . From the 16th century until decimalisation , the pound was divided into 20 shillings , each of 12 ( old ) pence . British coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant , Wales . The Royal Mint also commissions the coins ' designs . As of 31 March 2016 , there were an estimated 30.14 billion coins circulating in the United Kingdom . The first decimal coins were circulated in 1968 . These were the five pence ( 5p ) and ten pence ( 10p ) , and had values of one shilling ( 1 / - ) and two shillings ( 2 / - ) , respectively , under the pre-decimal £ sd system . The decimal coins are minted in copper - plated steel ( previously bronze ) , nickel - plated steel , cupronickel and nickel - brass . The two - pound coins , and , as from 28 March 2017 the new one - pound coins , are bimetallic . The coins are discs , except for the twenty pence and fifty pence pieces , both of which have faces that are heptagonal curves of constant width , and the new one - pound coins , which have faces with 12 sides . All the circulating coins have an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse , and various national and regional designs , and the denomination , on the reverse . The circulating coins , excepting the two - pound coin , were redesigned in 2008 , keeping the sizes and compositions unchanged , but introducing reverse designs that each depict a part of the Royal Shield of Arms and form ( most of ) the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement ( see photo ) . The exception , the 2008 one - pound coin , depicts the entire shield of arms on the reverse . All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX , meaning `` Elizabeth II , by the grace of God , Queen and Defender of the Faith '' . In addition to the circulating coinage , the UK also mints commemorative decimal coins ( crowns ) in the denomination of five pounds . Prior to decimalisation , the denomination of special commemorative coins was five shillings , that is , ​ ⁄ of a pound . Crowns , therefore , had a face value of 25p from decimalisation until 1981 , when the last 25p crown was struck . Ceremonial Maundy money and bullion coinage of gold sovereigns , half sovereigns , and gold and silver Britannia coins are also produced . Some territories outside the United Kingdom , which use the pound sterling , produce their own coinage , with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs . In the years just before decimalisation , the circulating British coins were the half crown ( 2 / 6 , withdrawn 1 January 1970 ) , two shillings or florin ( 2 / - ) , shilling ( 1 / - ) , sixpence ( 6d ) , threepence ( 3d ) , penny ( 1d ) and halfpenny ( ​ ⁄ d ) . The farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) had been withdrawn in 1960 . There was also the Crown ( 5 / - ) , which was ( and still is ) legal tender but only minted on special occasions and not normally circulated . All modern coins feature a profile of the current monarch 's head . The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch , a pattern that began with the Stuarts . For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts , both left and right - facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch . In the Middle Ages , portrait images tended to be full face . From a very early date , British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced , and a longer or shorter title , always in Latin ; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia , which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX , `` King Offa '' . The English silver penny was derived from another silver coin , the sceat , of 20 troy grains weight , which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages . In the 12th century , Henry II established the sterling silver standard for English coinage , of 92.5 % silver and 7.5 % copper , replacing the earlier use of fine silver in the Middle Ages . The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight / value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins . Silver was eliminated from coins , except Maundy coins , in 1947 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Manufacture 1.2 Origins of the penny 1.3 Silver content 1.4 Monarch 's head 2 Currently circulating coinage 2.1 Production and distribution 2.2 Coins in circulation 2.3 Dimensions 2.4 UK decimal coinage history 2.4. 1 Decimalisation 2.4. 2 Post 1982 2.4. 3 2008 redesign 2.4. 4 Steel 5p and 10p coins 2.4. 5 2016 £ 1 coin design change 2.5 Summary of denominations 2.6 Specifications 2.6. 1 Circulating coinage 2.6. 2 Commemorative Issues 2.7 Obsolete coinage 2.8 UK designs 2.8. 1 Obverse 2.8. 2 Original reverse designs 2.8. 3 Royal Shield reverse 2.8. 4 Edge designs 2.8. 5 Commemorative designs 2.9 Non-UK coinage 3 Non-circulating coins 3.1 25p and £ 5 coins 3.2 Maundy money 3.3 Bullion coinage 4 Pre-decimal coinage 4.1 System 4.2 Denominations 4.3 Slang and everyday usage 4.4 Coins in the colonies 5 Minting errors reaching circulation 6 Regal Titles 7 Mottos 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Manufacture ( edit ) The history of the Royal Mint stretches back to AD 886 . For many centuries production was in London , initially at the Tower of London , and then at premises nearby in Tower Hill in what is today known as Royal Mint Court . In the 1970s production was transferred to Llantrisant in South Wales . Historically Scotland and England had separate coinage ; the last Scottish coins were struck in 1709 shortly after union with England . Coins were originally hand - hammered -- an ancient technique in which two dies are struck together with a blank coin between them . This was the traditional method of manufacturing coins in the Western world from the classical Greek era onwards , in contrast with Asia , where coins were traditionally cast . Milled ( that is , machine - made ) coins were produced first during the reign of Elizabeth I ( 1558 -- 1603 ) and periodically during the subsequent reigns of James I and Charles I , but there was initially opposition to mechanisation from the moneyers , who ensured that most coins continued to be produced by hammering . All British coins produced since 1662 have been milled . Origins of the penny ( edit ) See also : Penny ( English coin ) and Scottish coinage The English penny first appeared in Anglo - Saxon times , as a silver coin . It was derived from another silver coin , the sceat , of 20 troy grains weight , which was in general circulation in Europe during the Middle Ages . The weight of the English penny was fixed at ​ 22 ⁄ troy grains ( about 1.46 grams ) by Offa of Mercia , an 8th - century contemporary of Charlemagne . The coin 's designated value , however , was that of 24 troy grains of silver ( one pennyweight , or ​ ⁄ of a troy pound , or about 1.56 grams ) , with the difference being a premium attached by virtue of the minting into coins . Thus , 240 pennyweights made one troy pound of silver in weight , and the monetary value of 240 pennies also became known as a `` pound '' . ( 240 actual pennies , however , weighed only 5400 troy grains , known as tower pound , a unit used only by mints . The tower pound was abolished in the 16th century . ) The silver penny remained the primary unit of coinage for about 500 years . The purity of 92.5 % silver ( i.e. , sterling silver ) was instituted by Henry II in 1158 with the `` Tealby Penny '' -- a hammered coin . Over the years , the penny was gradually debased until by the 16th century it contained about a third the silver content of a proper troy 24 grain pennyweight . By 1915 , a penny was worth around one - sixth what it had been worth during the Middle Ages . British government sources suggest that prices have risen over 61-fold since 1914 , so a medieval sterling silver penny might have had purchasing power equivalent to £ 4.50 today , and a farthing ( a quarter penny ) would have the value of slightly more than today 's pound ( about £ 1.125 ) . Silver content ( edit ) From the time of Charlemagne until the 12th century , the silver currency of England was made from the highest purity silver available . But there were disadvantages to minting currency of fine silver , notably the level of wear it suffered , and the ease with which coins could be `` clipped '' , or trimmed . In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II -- the Sterling Silver standard of 92.5 % silver and 7.5 % copper . This was a harder - wearing alloy , yet it was still a rather high grade of silver . It went some way towards discouraging the practice of `` clipping '' , though this practice was further discouraged and largely eliminated with the introduction of the milled edge we see on coins today . During the reign of Henry VIII , the silver content was gradually debased , reaching a low of one - third silver . However , in Edward VI 's reign , silver purity was increased to sterling again and the first crowns and half - crowns were produced dated 1551 . From this point onwards till 1920 , sterling was the rule . By 1696 , the currency had been seriously weakened by an increase in clipping during the Nine Years ' War to the extent that it was decided to recall and replace all hammered silver coinage in circulation . The exercise came close to disaster due to fraud and mismanagement , but was saved by the personal intervention of Isaac Newton after his appointment as Warden of the Mint , a post which was intended to be a sinecure , but which he took seriously . Newton was subsequently given the post of Master of the Mint in 1699 . Following the 1707 union between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland , Newton used his previous experience to direct the 1707 -- 1710 Scottish recoinage , resulting in a common currency for the new Kingdom of Great Britain . After 15 September 1709 no further silver coins were ever struck in Scotland . As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty 's Treasury the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by Royal proclamation on 22 December 1717 , forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than 21 silver shillings . Due to differing valuations in other European countries this unintentionally resulted in a silver shortage , as silver coins were used to pay for imports , while exports were paid for in gold , effectively moving Britain from the silver standard to its first gold standard , rather than the bimetallic standard implied by the proclamation . The coinage reform of 1816 set up a weight / value ratio and physical sizes for silver coins . In 1920 , the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5 % to 50 % , with some of the remainder consisting of manganese , which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for long . Silver was eliminated altogether in 1947 , except for Maundy coinage , which returned to the pre-1920 92.5 % silver composition . The 1816 weight / value ratio and size system survived the debasement of silver in 1920 , and the adoption of token coins of cupronickel in 1947 . It even persisted after decimalisation for those coins which had equivalents and continued to be minted with their values in new pence . The UK finally abandoned it in 1992 when smaller , more convenient , `` silver '' coins were introduced . Monarch 's head ( edit ) All coins since the 17th century have featured a profile of the current monarch 's head . The direction in which they face changes with each successive monarch , a pattern that began with the Stuarts , as shown in the table below : Facing left Facing right Cromwell 1653 -- 1658 Charles II 1660 -- 1685 James II 1685 -- 1688 William and Mary 1689 -- 1694 William III 1694 -- 1702 Anne 1702 -- 1714 George I 1714 -- 1727 George II 1727 -- 1760 George III 1760 -- 1820 George IV 1820 -- 1830 William IV 1830 -- 1837 Victoria 1837 -- 1901 Edward VII 1901 -- 1910 George V 1910 -- 1936 Edward VIII 1936 ( uncirculated issues ) George VI 1936 -- 1952 Elizabeth II 1952 -- present For the Tudors and pre-Restoration Stuarts , both left - and right - facing portrait images were minted within the reign of a single monarch ( left - facing images were more common ) . In the Middle Ages , portrait images tended to be full face . There was a small quirk in this alternating pattern when Edward VIII became king in January 1936 and was portrayed facing left , the same as his predecessor George V . This was because Edward thought his left to be his best side . However , Edward VIII abdicated in December 1936 and his coins were never put into general circulation . When George VI came to the throne , he had his coins struck with him facing the left , as if Edward VIII 's coins had faced right ( as they should have done according to tradition ) . Thus , in a timeline of circulating British coins , George V and VI 's coins both feature left - facing portraits , although they follow directly chronologically . Currently circulating coinage ( edit ) Production and distribution ( edit ) All genuine UK coins are produced by the Royal Mint . The same coinage is used across the United Kingdom : unlike banknotes , local issues of coins are not produced for different parts of the UK . The pound coin until 2016 was produced in regional designs , but these circulate equally in all parts of the UK ( see UK designs , below ) . Every year , newly minted coins are checked for size , weight , and composition at a Trial of the Pyx . Essentially the same procedure has been used since the 13th century . Assaying is now done by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on behalf of HM Treasury . The 1p and 2p coins from 1971 are the oldest standard - issue coins still in circulation . Coins from the British dependencies and territories that use the pound as their currency are sometimes found in change in other jurisdictions . Strictly , they are not legal tender in the United Kingdom ; however , since they have the same specifications as UK coins , they are sometimes tolerated in commerce , and can readily be used in vending machines . UK - issued coins are , on the other hand , generally fully accepted and freely mixed in other British dependencies and territories that use the pound . An extensive coinage redesign was commissioned by the Royal Mint in 2005 , and new designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from summer 2008 . The pre-2008 coins will remain legal tender and are expected to stay in circulation for the foreseeable future ( except for the £ 1 coin ) . Coins in circulation ( edit ) Estimated as at March 2016 Denomination Number of pieces ( millions ) Face value ( £ m ) Two pounds 479 957.036 One pound 1,671 1,671.328 Fifty pence 1,053 526.153 Twenty - five pence 81 20 Twenty pence 3,004 600.828 Ten pence 1,713 171.312 Five pence 4,075 203.764 Two pence 6,714 134.273 One penny 11,430 114.299 Total 30,139 4,643.658 Dimensions ( edit ) Stated as largest value Denomination Diameter ( mm ) Thickness ( mm ) Ten pounds 65.0 2.5 Five pounds 38.61 2.5 Two pounds 28.4 2.5 Old one pound 22.5 3.15 2017 + one pound 23.43 2.8 Fifty pence 27.3 1.78 Twenty - five pence 38.61 2.5 Twenty pence 21.4 1.7 Ten pence 24.5 1.85 Five pence 18.0 1.7 Two pence 25.9 2.03 One penny 20.3 1.65 UK decimal coinage history ( edit ) Decimalisation ( edit ) Since decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the pound ( symbol `` £ '' ) has been divided into 100 pence . ( Prior to decimalisation the pound was divided into 20 shillings , each of 12 ( old ) pence ; thus , there were 240 ( old ) pence to the pound . The value of the pound itself was unchanged by decimalisation . ) The first decimal coins -- the five pence ( 5p ) and ten pence ( 10p ) -- were introduced in 1968 in the run - up to decimalisation in order to familiarise the public with the new system . These initially circulated alongside the pre-decimal coinage and had the same size and value as the existing one shilling and two shilling coins respectively . The fifty pence ( 50p ) coin followed in 1969 , replacing the old ten shilling note . The remaining decimal coins -- at the time , the half penny ( ​ ⁄ p ) , penny ( 1p ) and two pence ( 2p ) -- were issued in 1971 at decimalisation . A quarter - penny coin , to be struck in aluminium , was proposed at the time decimalisation was being planned , but was never minted . The new coins were initially marked with the wording NEW PENNY ( singular ) or NEW PENCE ( plural ) . The word `` new '' was dropped in 1982 . The symbol `` p '' was adopted to distinguish the new pennies from the old , which used the symbol `` d '' ( from the Latin denarius , a coin used in the Roman Empire ) . Post 1982 ( edit ) In the years since decimalisation , a number of changes have been made to the coinage . The twenty pence ( 20p ) coin was introduced in 1982 to fill the gap between the 10p and 50p coins . The pound coin ( £ 1 ) was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £ 1 banknote which was discontinued in 1984 ( although the Scottish banks continued producing them for some time afterwards ; the last of them , the Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 note , is still in production as of 2013 ) . The designs on the one pound coin change annually in a largely five - year cycle . The decimal half penny coin was demonetised in 1984 as its value was by then too small to be useful . The pre-decimal sixpence , shilling and two shilling coins , which had continued to circulate alongside the decimal coinage with values of ​ 2 ⁄ p , 5p and 10p respectively , were finally withdrawn in 1980 , 1990 and 1993 respectively . However , the double florin and crown with values of 20p and 25p respectively have not been withdrawn . In the 1990s , the Royal Mint reduced the sizes of the 5p , 10p , and 50p coins . As a consequence , the oldest 5p coins in circulation date from 1990 , the oldest 10p coins from 1992 and the oldest 50p coins come from 1997 . Since 1997 , many special commemorative designs of 50p have been issued . Some of these are found fairly frequently in circulation and some are rare . They are all legal tender . The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p , 10p , and 50p coins refer to the current versions . These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively . With their high copper content ( 97 % ) , the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s , until by 2006 the coins would , if melted down , have been worth about 50 % more than their face value . ( To do this , however , would be illegal , and they would have had to be melted in huge quantities , using quite a bit of energy , to achieve significant gain . ) In later years , the price of copper fell considerably . Copper plated steel coins were introduced to replace them . A circulating bimetallic two pound ( £ 2 ) coin was introduced in 1998 ( first minted in , and dated , 1997 ) . There had previously been unimetallic commemorative £ 2 coins which did not normally circulate . This tendency to use the two pound coin for commemorative issues has continued since the introduction of the bimetallic coin , and a few of the older unimetallic coins have since entered circulation . There are also commemorative issues of crowns . Before 1990 , these had a face value of twenty - five pence ( 25p ) , equivalent to the five shilling crown used in pre-decimal Britain . However , in 1990 crowns were redenominated with a face value of five pounds ( £ 5 ) as the previous value was considered not sufficient for such a high - status coin . The size and weight of the coin remained exactly the same . Decimal crowns are generally not found in circulation as their market value is likely to be higher than their face value , but they remain legal tender . 2008 redesign ( edit ) In 2008 , UK coins underwent an extensive redesign , which changed the reverse designs , and some other details , of all coins except the £ 2 . The original intention was to exclude both the £ 1 and £ 2 coins from the redesign because they were `` relatively new additions '' to the coinage , but it was later decided to include the £ 1 coin . This was the first wholesale change to British coinage since the first decimal coins were introduced in April 1968 . The new coins were initially to be put into circulation in early 2008 , although they did not actually start to appear until mid-2008 . The major design feature was the introduction of a reverse design shared across six coins ( 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p , 50p ) , that can be pieced together to form an image of the Royal Shield . This was the first time a coin design had been featured across multiple coins in this way . Completing the set , the new £ 1 reverse features the Shield in its entirety . The effigy of the Queen , by Ian Rank - Broadley , continued to appear on the obverse of all the coins until 2015 when it was replaced by the fifth and latest portrait , designed by Jody Clark . On all coins , the beading ( ring of small dots ) around the edge of the obverses has been removed . The obverse of the 20p coin has also been amended to incorporate the year , which had been on the reverse of the coin since its introduction in 1982 ( giving rise to an unusual issue of a mule version without any date at all ) . The orientation of both sides of the 50p coin has been rotated through 180 degrees , meaning the bottom of the coin is now a corner rather than a flat edge . The numerals showing the decimal value of each coin , previously present on all coins except £ 2 and £ 1 , have been removed , leaving the values spelled out in words only . The redesign was the result of a competition launched by the Royal Mint in August 2005 , which closed on 14 November 2005 . The competition was open to the public and received over 4,000 entries . The winning entry was unveiled on 2 April 2008 , designed by Matthew Dent . The Royal Mint stated the new designs were `` reflecting a twenty - first century Britain '' . An advisor to the Royal Mint described the new coins as `` post-modern '' and said that this was something that could not have been done 50 years previously . The redesign was criticised by some for having no specifically Welsh symbol ( such as the Welsh Dragon ) , because the Royal Shield does not include a specifically Welsh symbol . Wrexham MP Ian Lucas , who was also campaigning to have the Welsh Dragon included on the Union Flag , called the omission `` disappointing '' , and stated that he would be writing to the Queen to request that the Royal Standard be changed to include Wales . The Royal Mint stated that `` the Shield of the Royal Arms is symbolic of the whole of the United Kingdom and as such , represents Wales , Scotland , England and Northern Ireland . '' Designer Dent stated `` I am a Welshman and proud of it , but I never thought about the fact we did not have a dragon or another representation of Wales on the design because as far as I am concerned Wales is represented on the Royal Arms . This was never an issue for me . '' The designs were also criticised for not including a portrayal of Britannia , the female personification of Britain whose image has appeared on British coinage continuously since 1672 . In response to the concern over the loss of Britannia , the chairman of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee stated `` There are 806 million Britannias in circulation at the moment ( on the old 50p coin ) . They will remain in circulation . They will see all of us out , until they die a natural death . So whatever happens , Britannia stays around '' . The Royal Mint 's choice of an inexperienced coin designer to produce the new coinage was criticised by Virginia Ironside , daughter of Christopher Ironside who designed the previous UK coins . She stated that the new designs were `` totally unworkable as actual coins '' , due to the loss of a numerical currency identifier , and the smaller typeface used . The German news magazine Der Spiegel claimed that the redesign signalled the UK 's intention `` not to join the euro any time soon '' . Steel 5p and 10p coins ( edit ) As of 2012 , 5p and 10p coins have been issued in nickel - plated steel , and much of the remaining cupronickel types withdrawn , in order to retrieve more expensive metals . The new coins are 11 % thicker to maintain the same weight . There are heightened nickel allergy concerns over the new coins . Studies commissioned by the Royal Mint found no increased discharge of nickel from the coins when immersed in artificial sweat . However , an independent study found that the friction from handling results in four times as much nickel exposure as from the older - style coins . Sweden already plans to desist from using nickel in coins from 2015 . 2016 £ 1 coin design change ( edit ) £ 1 coin design change In 2016 , the £ 1 coin design was changed from a round single metal design to a 12 sided bi-metal design , with a slightly larger diameter . Summary of denominations ( edit ) Half penny ( ​ ⁄ p ; £ 0.005 ) 1971 -- 1984 , demonetised since then . One penny ( 1p ; £ 0.01 ) , 1971 -- present Two pence ( 2p ; £ 0.02 ) , 1971 -- present Five pence ( 5p ; £ 0.05 ) , 1968 -- 1990 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1990 -- present Ten pence ( 10p ; £ 0.10 ) , 1968 -- 1992 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1992 -- present Twenty pence ( 20p ; £ 0.20 ) , 1982 -- present Twenty - five pence or crown ( 25p ; £ 0.25 ) , 1972 -- 1981 ( special issues , not in common circulation ) Fifty pence ( 50p ; £ 0.50 ) , 1969 -- 1997 ( reduced to present size ) ; 1997 -- present One pound ( £ 1.00 ) , 1983 -- 2016 ( design changed from round coin to twelve - sided one ) , 2017 -- present Two pounds ( £ 2.00 ) , 1986 -- 1997 ( special issues ) ; 1997 -- present ( general issue -- bimetallic ) Five pounds or crown ( £ 5.00 ) , 1990 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) ( 1 ) Twenty pounds ( £ 20.00 ) , 2013 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) Fifty Pounds ( £ 50.00 ) , 2015 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) One Hundred pounds ( £ 100.00 ) , 2015 -- present ( special issues , not in common circulation though still legal tender ) Specifications ( edit ) Circulating coinage ( edit ) Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced One penny Queen Elizabeth II Crowned portcullis with chains `` New Penny '' 1971 -- 1981 `` One Penny '' 1982 -- 2008 20.3 mm 1.52 mm ( bronze ) 1.65 mm ( copper - plated steel ) 3.56 g Bronze ( 1971 -- Sept 1992 ) Copper - plated steel ( Sept 1992 -- 2008 ) Smooth 1971 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.65 mm Copper - plated steel 2008 Two pence Plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet `` New Pence '' 1971 -- 1981 `` Two Pence '' 1982 -- 2008 25.9 mm 1.85 mm ( bronze ) 2.03 mm ( copper - plated steel ) 7.12 g Bronze ( 97 % copper , 2.5 % zinc , 0.5 % tin ) -- until September 1992 Copper - plated steel -- September 1992 -- 2008 , except in 1998 when the 2p was made in both alloys 1971 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2.03 mm Copper - plated steel 2008 Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned thistle 18 mm 1.7 mm 3.25 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) Milled 1990 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.7 mm ( cupronickel ) 1.89 mm ( nickel - plated steel ) Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1990 - 2011 Nickel - plated steel 2012 -- Present 2008 Ten pence * Crowned lion 24.5 mm 1.85 mm 6.5 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1992 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1.85 mm ( cupronickel ) 2.05 mm ( nickel - plated steel ) Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) 1992 - 2012 Nickel - plated steel 2012 -- Present 2008 Twenty pence Crowned Tudor Rose 21.4 mm 1.7 mm 5 g Cupronickel ( 84 : 16 ) Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1982 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008 Twenty - five pence No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled , with variable inscription 1972 ( commemorative , not in general circulation ) Fifty pence * Britannia and lion 27.3 mm 1.78 mm 8 g Cupronickel ( 75 : 25 ) Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1997 Various commemorative designs 1998 Segment of the Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 2008 One pound Queen Elizabeth II Rose , leek , thistle , and shamrock encircled by a coronet 23.03 -- 23.43 mm 2.8 mm 8.75 g Inner : Nickel - plated alloy Outer : Nickel - brass Alternately milled and plain ( 12 - sided ) 28 March 2017 Two pounds † No standard reverse design 28.4 mm 15.98 g Nickel - brass Milled 1986 ( commemorative , not in general circulation ) Design by Bruce Rushin 28.4 mm 2.5 mm 12 g Inner : Cupronickel Outer : Nickel - brass Milled with variable inscription and / or decoration 1997 ( issued 1998 ) Various commemorative designs 1999 Five pounds Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g Cupronickel Milled , with variable inscription 1990 ( commemorative , not in general circulation ) * The specifications and dates of introduction of the 5p , 10p , and 50p coins refer to the current versions . These coins were originally issued in larger sizes in 1968 and 1969 respectively . † This coin was originally issued in a smaller size in a single metal in 1986 for special issues only . It was redesigned as a bi-metallic issue for general circulation in 1997 . With their high copper content ( 97 % ) , the intrinsic value of pre-1992 1p and 2p coins increased with the surge in metal prices of the mid-2000s , until by 2006 the coins , would , if melted down , have been worth about 50 % more than their face value . ( To do this , however , would be illegal , and they would have had to be melted in huge quantities to achieve significant gain . ) In subsequent years the price of copper fell considerably from these peaks . Commemorative issues ( edit ) The following are commemorative issues and are seldom encountered in normal circulation due to their precious metal content . Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Twenty - five pence Queen Elizabeth II No standard reverse design 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Silver Milled , with variable inscription 1972 Five pounds 38.61 mm 2.89 mm 31.10 g Milled , with variable inscription and / or decoration 1990 Ten Pounds 65.0 mm 2.5 mm 155.5 g Milled 2012 Twenty pounds 27.00 mm 15.71 g 2013 Fifty Pounds Britannia 34.00 mm 31 g 2015 One Hundred Pounds Elizabeth Tower ' Big Ben ' 40.00 mm 62.86 g Obsolete coinage ( edit ) The following decimal coins have been withdrawn from circulation and have ceased to be legal tender . Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn Half Penny Queen Elizabeth II St Edward 's Crown 17.4 mm 1 mm 1.78 g Bronze Smooth 1971 1984 Five pence * Queen Elizabeth II Crowned Thistle 23.59 mm 1.7 mm 5.65 g Cupronickel Milled 1968 1990 Ten pence * Crowned Lion 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1968 1992 Fifty pence * Seated Britannia alongside a Lion 30.0 mm 1.78 mm 13.5 g Smooth , Reuleaux heptagon 1969 1997 Various commemorative designs 1973 One Pound † Queen Elizabeth II Numerous different designs 22.5 mm 3.15 mm 9.5 g Nickel - brass Milled with variable inscription and / or decoration October 15 , 2017 Royal Shield 2008 * The specifications and dates of 5p , 10p , and 50p coins refer to the larger sizes issued in 1968 and 1969 respectively . † The specification refers to the round coin issued from 1983 - 2016 . Although obsolete , this coin is still redeemable at banks and still legal tender on the Isle of Man . UK designs ( edit ) Obverse ( edit ) All modern British coins feature a profile of the current monarch 's head on the obverse . There has been only one monarch since decimalisation , Queen Elizabeth II , so her head appears on all decimal coins , facing to the right ( see also Monarch 's head , above ) . However , five different effigies have been used , reflecting the Queen 's changing appearance as she has aged . These are the effigies by Mary Gillick ( until 1968 ) , Arnold Machin ( 1968 -- 1984 ) , Raphael Maklouf ( 1985 -- 1997 ) , Ian Rank - Broadley ( 1998 -- 2015 ) , and Jody Clark ( from 2015 ) . All current coins carry a Latin inscription whose full form is ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX , meaning `` Elizabeth II , by the grace of God , Queen and Defender of the Faith '' . The inscription appears on the coins in any of several abbreviated forms , typically ELIZABETH II DG REG FD . From 2008 , the circle of dots between the lettering and the rim was removed from the 1p , 2p , 5 , and 10p and £ 1 . It was never on the 20p and 50p , and is retained on the £ 2 . Original reverse designs ( edit ) The original standard - issue decimal coinage reverse designs are as follows : ​ ⁄ p ( discontinued 1984 ) -- A crown , symbolising the monarch . 1p -- A crowned portcullis with chains ( the badge of the Houses of Parliament ) . 2p -- The Prince of Wales 's feathers : a plume of ostrich feathers within a coronet . 5p -- A crowned thistle , formally `` The Badge of Scotland , a thistle royally crowned '' . 10p -- A crowned lion , part of the British Coat of Arms ( and often is the national animal of England ) 20p -- A crowned Tudor Rose , a traditional heraldic emblem of England ( NB With incuse design and lettering ) . 50p -- Britannia and lion . £ 1 -- Numerous different designs ( see below ) . £ 2 -- An abstract design of concentric circles , representing technological development from the Iron Age to the modern day electronic age . Up until the 2008 redesign , the reverse designs of the one pound coin have followed a five - year cycle . This cycle successively represents , by using royal heraldic badges , each of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom , namely Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and England , with the Royal Coat of Arms used in every fifth year . From 2008 until 2016 , a single design based on the Royal Coat of Arms was issued every year , with additional designs representing the nations issued sporadically . Reverse designs ( Images : ( 2 ) ) Royal designs <Th_colspan="5"> Themed designs Theme Scotland Wales Northern Ireland England 1983 : Royal Coat of Arms National plants 1984 : Thistle 1985 : Leek 1986 : Flax 1987 : Oak 1988 : Royal Shield & Crown 1989 : Thistle 1990 : Leek 1991 : Flax 1992 : Oak 1993 : Royal Coat of Arms National symbols 1994 : Lion Rampant 1995 : Welsh dragon 1996 : Celtic cross 1997 : The Three Lions 1998 : Royal Coat of Arms 1999 : Lion Rampant 2000 : Welsh dragon 2001 : Celtic cross 2002 : The Three Lions 2003 : Royal Coat of Arms Bridges 2004 : Forth Bridge 2005 : Menai Suspension Bridge 2006 : MacNeill 's Egyptian Arch 2007 : Gateshead Millennium Bridge 2008 -- 2016 : Royal Shield Capitals 2011 : Edinburgh 2011 : Cardiff 2010 : Belfast 2010 : London National plants 2014 : Thistle & bluebell stem 2013 : Leek & daffodil plant 2014 : Shamrock & flax stem 2013 : Rose & oak twig 2015 : Royal Coat of Arms Heraldic beasts <Td_colspan="5"> 2016 : A unicorn ( for Scotland ) , a dragon ( for Wales ) , an Irish elk ( for Northern Ireland ) and a lion ( for England ) . Royal Shield reverse ( edit ) The 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coin designs post 2008 each depicts a part of the Royal Shield , and form the whole shield when they are placed together in the appropriate arrangement . The Royal Shield is seen in its entirety on the £ 1 coin . The 1p coin depicts the lower part of the first quarter and the upper part of the third quarter of the shield , showing the lions passant of England and the harp of Ireland respectively The 2p coin depicts most of the second quarter of the shield , showing the lion rampant of Scotland The 5p coin depicts the centre of the shield , showing the meeting and parts of the constituent parts of the shield The 10p coin depicts most of the first quarter of the shield , containing the three lions passant of England The 20p coin depicts the lower part of the second quarter and upper part of the fourth quarter , showing the lion rampant of Scotland and the lions passant of England respectively The 50p coin depicts the point of the shield and the bottom portions of the second and third quarters showing the harp of Ireland and lions passant of England respectively The £ 1 coin depicts the whole of the Royal Shield The standard - issue £ 2 coin design remains unchanged Edge designs ( edit ) The 1p , 2p , 20p and 50p coins have smooth edges . The 5p , 10p , £ 1 and £ 2 coins have milled edges . The milling , in combination with the non-circular shape of the 20p and 50p , serve as the primary means of identification and differentiation between coinage for blind or visually impaired people . Historically , milling also served to discourage coin clipping . The £ 1 coin and £ 2 coins have , inscribed into the milling , words or a decoration related to their face design . Many issues of the £ 1 coin carry one of the following edge inscriptions : DECUS ET TUTAMEN -- Latin for `` An ornament and a safeguard '' , a phrase taken from Virgil 's Aeneid , and here referring to the fact that the inscription serves both as a decorative feature and as a safeguard against the clipping of the coin 's edges ( this is not a modern concern , but harks back to the days when circulating coins were made of precious metals ) . This appears on coins with English - themed , Northern Irish - themed or general UK - themed designs . PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD -- Welsh for `` True am I to my country '' , from the Welsh national anthem . This appears on coins with Welsh - themed designs . NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT -- Latin for `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' , the motto of the Order of the Thistle . This appears on coins with Scottish - themed designs . The standard - issue £ 2 coin carries the edge inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS . Other designs of the coin are issued from time to time to commemorate special events or anniversaries . These may have special edge inscriptions relevant to the theme , or the edge inscription may be replaced by a decorative motif . Commemorative designs ( edit ) Circulating fifty pence and two pound coins have been issued with various commemorative reverse designs , typically to mark the anniversaries of historical events or the births of notable people . Three commemorative designs were issued of the large version of the 50p : in 1973 ( the EEC ) , 1992 -- 3 ( EC presidency ) and 1994 ( D - Day anniversary ) . Commemorative designs of the smaller 50p coin have been issued ( alongside the Britannia standard issue ) in 1998 ( two designs ) , 2000 , and from 2003 to 2007 yearly ( two designs in 2006 ) . For a complete list , see Fifty pence ( British decimal coin ) . Prior to 1997 , the two pound coin was minted in commemorative issues only -- in 1986 , 1989 , 1994 , 1995 and 1996 . Commemorative £ 2 coins have been regularly issued since 1999 , alongside the standard - issue bi-metallic coins which were introduced in 1997 . One or two designs have been minted each year , with the exception of none in 2000 , and four regional 2002 issues marking the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester . As well as a distinct reverse design , these coins have an edge inscription relevant to the subject . The anniversary themes are continued until at least 2009 , with two designs announced . For a complete list , see Two pounds ( British decimal coin ) . Non-uk coinage ( edit ) The British Islands ( red ) and overseas territories ( blue ) using the Pound or their local issue . Outside the United Kingdom , the British Crown Dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey use the pound sterling as their currencies . However , they produce local issues of coinage in the same denominations and specifications , but with different designs . These circulate freely alongside UK coinage and English , Northern Irish , and Scottish banknotes within these territories , but must be converted in order to be used in the UK . The island of Alderney also produces occasional commemorative coins . ( See coins of the Jersey pound , coins of the Guernsey pound , and Alderney pound for details . ) . The Isle of Man is a unique case among the Crown Dependencies , issuing its own currency , the Manx pound . While the Isle of Man recognises the Pound Sterling as a secondary currency , coins of the Manx pound are not legal tender in the UK . The pound sterling is also the official currency of the British overseas territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , British Antarctic Territory and Tristan da Cunha . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands produces occasional special collectors ' sets of coins . In 2008 , British Antarctic Territory issued a £ 2 coin commemorating the centenary of Britain 's claim to the region . The currencies of the British overseas territories of Gibraltar , The Falkland Islands and Saint Helena / Ascension -- namely the Gibraltar pound , Falkland Islands pound and Saint Helena pound -- are pegged one - to - one to the pound sterling but are technically separate currencies . These territories issue their own coinage , again with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs , as coins of the Gibraltar pound , coins of the Falkland Islands pound and coins of the Saint Helena pound . The other British overseas territories do not use the pound as their official currency . Non-circulating coins ( edit ) 25p and £ 5 coins ( edit ) 1981 commemorative twenty - five pence coin , celebrating the marriage of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer . Although these coins are in practice very rarely found in circulation , they are for convenience described with the circulating coins , above . Maundy money ( edit ) Maundy money is a ceremonial coinage traditionally given to the poor , and nowadays awarded annually to deserving senior citizens . There are Maundy coins in denominations of one , two , three and four pence . They bear dates from 1822 to the present and are minted in very small quantities . Though they are legal tender in the UK , they are never encountered in circulation . The pre-decimal Maundy pieces have the same legal tender status and value as post-decimal ones , and effectively increased in face value by 140 % upon decimalisation . Their numismatic value is much greater . Maundy coins still bear the original portrait of the Queen as used in the circulating coins of the first years of her reign . Bullion coinage ( edit ) The traditional bullion coin issued by Britain is the gold sovereign , formerly a circulating coin with a face value of one pound . The Royal Mint continues to produce gold sovereigns and half sovereigns , with 2013 list prices of , respectively , £ 495 and £ 250 . Between 1987 -- 2012 a series of bullion coins , the Britannia , was issued , containing 1 - troy - ounce ( 31 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 16 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 7.8 g ) , and ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 3.1 g ) of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 916 ( 22 carat ) and with face values of £ 100 , £ 50 , £ 25 , and £ 10 . Since 2013 Britannia bullion contains 1 - troy - ounce ( 31 g ) of fine gold at a millesimal fineness of 999 ( 24 carat ) . Between 1997 -- 2012 silver bullion coins have also been produced under the name `` Britannias '' . The alloy used was Britannia silver ( millesimal fineness 958 ) . The silver coins were available in 1 - troy - ounce ( 31 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 16 g ) , ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 7.8 g ) , and ⁄ - troy - ounce ( 3.1 g ) sizes . Since 2013 the alloy used is silver at a ( millesimal fineness 999 ) . In 2016 the Royal Mint launched a series of 10 Queen 's Beasts bullion coins , one for each beast available in both gold and silver . The Royal Mint also issues silver , gold and platinum proof sets of the circulating coins , as well as gift products such as gold coins set into jewellery . Pre-decimal coinage ( edit ) Half crown , 1953 Shilling , 1956 , showing English and Scottish reverses For further information about the history of pre-decimal coinage , see Pound sterling . See also Decimal Day . System ( edit ) Before decimalisation in 1971 , the pound was divided into 240 pence rather than 100 , though it was rarely expressed in this way . Rather it was expressed in terms of pounds , shillings and pence , where : £ 1 = 20 shillings ( 20s ) . 1 shilling = 12 pence ( 12d ) . Thus : £ 1 = 240 pence . The penny was further subdivided at various times , though these divisions vanished as inflation made them irrelevant : 1 penny = 2 halfpennies and ( earlier ) 4 farthings ( half farthing , a third of a farthing , and quarter farthing coins were minted in the late 19th century , and into the early 20th century in the case of the third farthing , but circulated only in certain British colonies and not in the UK ) . Using the example of five shillings and sixpence , the standard ways of writing shillings and pence were : 5s 6d 5 / 6 5 / - for 5 shillings only , with the dash to stand for zero pennies . The sum of 5 / 6 would be spoken as `` five shillings and sixpence '' or `` five and six '' . The abbreviation for the old penny , d , was derived from the Roman denarius , and the abbreviation for the shilling , s , from the Roman solidus . The shilling was also denoted by the slash symbol , also called a solidus for this reason , which was originally an adaptation of the long s . The symbol `` £ '' , for the pound , is derived from the first letter of the Latin word for pound , libra . A similar pre-decimal system operated in France , also based on the Roman currency , consisting of the livre ( L ) , sol or sou ( s ) and denier ( d ) . Until 1816 another similar system was used in the Netherlands , consisting of the gulden ( G ) , stuiver ( s ; ​ ⁄ G ) and duit , ( d ; ​ ⁄ s or ​ ⁄ G ) . Denominations ( edit ) 2 shilling coin or florin For an extensive list of historical pre-decimal coin denominations , see List of British banknotes and coins . In the years just prior to decimalisation , the circulating British coins were : Denomination Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Introduced Withdrawn Farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Various Monarchs Wren ( Britannia on early mintages ) 20.19 mm 2.83 g Bronze Smooth 1860 1961 Half Penny ( ​ ⁄ d ) Golden Hind ( Britannia on early mintages ) 25.48 mm 5.67 g 1969 Penny ( 1d ) Britannia 31 mm 1971 Threepence ( 3d ) King George VI 1944 - 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953 -- 1971 Thrift until 1952 Crowned portcullis with chains 21.0 -- 21.8 mm 2.5 mm 6.8 g Nickel - brass Plain ( 12 - sided ) 1944 1971 Sixpence ( 6d ) King George VI 1946 -- 1952 Queen Elizabeth II 1953 -- 1971 Floral design - Four Home Nations 19.41 mm 2.83 g Cupronickel Milled 1947 1980 Shilling ( 1 / - ) Coat of Arms of England or Scotland 23.60 mm 1.7 mm 5.66 g 1990 Florin ( 2 / - ) Crowned rose flanked by a thistle and shamrock 28.5 mm 1.85 mm 11.31 g 1992 Half crown ( 2 / 6 ) Crowned Royal Shield 32.31 mm 14.14 g 1969 Crown ( 5 / - ) Various commemorative designs 38 mm 2.89 mm 28.28 g 1951 Present The farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) had been demonetised on 1 January 1961 , while the crown ( 5 / - ) was issued periodically as a commemorative coin but rarely found in circulation . The crown , half crown , florin , shilling , and sixpence were cupronickel coins ( in historical times silver or silver alloy ) ; the penny , halfpenny , and farthing were bronze ; and the threepence was a twelve - sided nickel - brass coin ( historically it was a small silver coin ) . Some of the pre-decimalisation coins with exact decimal equivalent values continued in use after 1971 alongside the new coins , albeit with new names ( the shilling became equivalent to the 5p coin , with the florin equating to 10p ) , and the others were withdrawn almost immediately . The use of florins and shillings as legal tender in this way ended in 1991 and 1993 when the 5p and 10p coins were replaced with smaller versions . Indeed , while pre-decimalisation shillings were used as 5p coins , for a while after decimalisation many people continued to call the new 5p coin a shilling , since it remained ​ ⁄ of a pound , but was now counted as 5p ( five new pence ) instead of 12d ( twelve old pennies ) . The pre-decimalisation sixpence , also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece , was equivalent to ​ 2 ⁄ p , but was demonetised in 1980 . Pre-decimal coins of the pound sterling Five pounds Two pounds Sovereign ( Pound ) Crown Half crown Florin Shilling Sixpence Groat Threepence Penny Halfpenny Farthing Half farthing Third farthing Quarter farthing Five pounds ​ 2 ⁄ 5 20 40 50 100 200 300 400 1200 2400 4800 9600 14400 19200 Two pounds ​ ⁄ 8 16 20 40 80 120 160 480 960 1920 3840 5760 7680 Sovereign ( Pound ) ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ 8 10 20 40 60 80 240 480 960 1920 2880 3840 Crown ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ 2 ⁄ 5 10 15 20 60 120 240 480 720 960 Half crown ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ 1 ⁄ ​ 2 ⁄ 5 ​ 7 ⁄ 10 30 60 120 240 360 480 Florin ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ 6 8 24 48 96 192 288 384 Shilling ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ 12 24 48 96 144 192 Sixpence ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ 1 ⁄ 6 12 24 48 72 96 Groat ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ 1 ⁄ 8 16 32 48 64 Threepence ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ 6 12 24 36 48 Penny ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ 8 12 16 Halfpenny ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ 6 8 Farthing ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ Half farthing ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ 1 ⁄ Third farthing ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ 1 ⁄ Quarter farthing ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ ​ ⁄ Visualisation of some British currency terms before decimalisation Slang and everyday usage ( edit ) Some pre-decimalisation coins or denominations became commonly known by colloquial and slang terms , perhaps the most well known being bob for a shilling , and quid for a pound . A farthing was a mag , a silver threepence was a joey and the later nickel - brass threepence was called a threepenny bit ( / ˈθrʌpni / or / ˈθrɛpni / bit , i.e. thrup'ny or threp'ny bit -- the apostrophe was pronounced on a scale from full `` e '' down to complete omission ) ; a sixpence was a tanner , the two - shilling coin or florin was a two - bob bit . Bob is still used in phrases such as `` earn / worth a bob or two '' , and `` bob ‐ a ‐ job week '' . The two shillings and sixpence coin or half - crown was a half dollar , also sometimes referred to as two and a kick . A value of two pence was universally pronounced / ˈtʌpəns / tuppence , a usage which is still heard today , especially among older people . The unaccented suffix `` - pence '' , pronounced / pəns / , was similarly appended to the other numbers up to twelve ; thus `` fourpence '' , `` sixpence - three - farthings '' , `` twelvepence - ha'penny '' , but `` eighteen pence '' would usually be said `` one - and - six '' . Quid remains as popular slang for one or more pounds to this day in Britain in the form `` a quid '' and then `` two quid '' , and so on . Similarly , in some parts of the country , bob continued to represent one - twentieth of a pound , that is five new pence , and two bob is 10p . The introduction of decimal currency caused a new casual usage to emerge , where any value in pence is spoken using the suffix pee : e.g. `` twenty - three pee '' or , in the early years , `` two - and - a-half pee '' rather than the previous `` tuppence - ha'penny '' . Amounts over a pound are normally spoken thus : `` five pounds forty '' . A value with less than ten pence over the pound is sometimes spoken like this : `` one pound and a penny '' , `` three pounds and fourpence '' . The slang term `` bit '' has almost disappeared from use completely , although in Scotland a fifty pence is sometimes referred to as a `` ten bob bit '' . Decimal denomination coins are generally described using the terms piece or coin , for example , `` a fifty - pee piece '' , a `` ten - pence coin '' . Coins in the colonies ( edit ) A ​ 1 ⁄ d coin was circulated in Jamaica in the nineteenth century . Jamaicans referred to the coin as a `` quatty '' . Minting errors reaching circulation ( edit ) Coins with errors in the minting process that reach circulation are often seen as valuable items by coin collectors . In 1983 , the Royal Mint mistakenly produced some two pence pieces with the old wording `` New Pence '' on the reverse ( tails ) side , when the design had been changed from 1982 to `` Two Pence '' . In June 2009 , the Royal Mint estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 dateless 20 pence coins had entered circulation , the first undated British coin to enter circulation in more than 300 years . It resulted from the accidental combination of old and new face tooling in a production batch , creating what is known as a mule , following the 2008 redesign which moved the date from the reverse ( tails ) to the obverse ( heads ) side . Regal titles ( edit ) From a very early date , British coins have been inscribed with the name of the ruler of the kingdom in which they were produced , and a longer or shorter title , always in Latin ; among the earliest distinctive English coins are the silver pennies of Offa of Mercia , which were inscribed with the legend OFFA REX `` King Offa '' . As the legends became longer , words in the inscriptions were often abbreviated so that they could fit on the coin ; identical legends have often been abbreviated in different ways depending upon the size and decoration of the coin . Inscriptions which go around the edge of the coin generally have started at the center of the top edge and proceeded in a clockwise direction . A very lengthy legend would be continued on the reverse side of the coin . All but Edward III and both Elizabeths use Latinised names ( which would have been EDWARDUS and ELIZABETHA respectively ) . More recent legends include the following ( the full unabbreviated text is given here ) : EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC D HYB ( E ) `` Edward III , by the grace of God King of England and France , Lord of Ireland . '' EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL DNS HYB Z ACQ `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England , Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine . '' This version was used after the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) when Edward III temporarily gave up his claim to the French throne . EDWARD DEI G REX ANG Z FRA DNS HYB Z ACT `` Edward , by the grace of God King of England and France , Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine . '' This version was used after Anglo - French relations broke down and Edward III resumed his claim . HENRICUS VII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VII by the Grace of God , King of England and France '' . France had been claimed by the English continuously since 1369 . HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA REX ANGLIAE & FRANCIAE `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God , King of England and France '' . The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII . HENRICUS VIII DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE & HIBERNIAE REX `` Henry VIII by the Grace of God , Of England , France and Ireland , King '' . Henry VIII made Ireland a kingdom in 1541 . The Arabic numeral 8 was also used instead of the Roman VIII . PHILIPPUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA REX & REGINA `` Philip and Mary by the Grace of God , King and Queen '' . The names of the realms were omitted from the coin for reasons of space . ELIZABETH DEI GRATIA ANGLIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Elizabeth , by the Grace of God , of England , France , and Ireland , Queen '' . IACOBUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . James , King of Scotland , by succeeding to the English throne united the two kingdoms in his person ; he dubbed the combination of the two kingdoms `` Great Britain '' ( the name of the whole island ) though they remained legislatively distinct for more than a century afterwards . CAROLUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . OLIVARIUS DEI GRATIA REIPUBLICAE ANGLIAE SCOTIAE HIBERNIAE & CETERORUM PROTECTOR `` Oliver , by the Grace of God , of the Commonwealth of England , Scotland , Ireland etc. , Protector '' . Cromwell ruled as a monarch but did not claim the title of king . CAROLUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` Charles II , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . IACOBUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` James II , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . GULIELMUS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX ET REGINA `` William and Mary by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King and Queen '' . The spouses William and Mary ruled jointly . GULIELMUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX `` William III by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King '' . William continued to rule alone after his wife 's death . ANNA DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REGINA `` Anne by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , Queen '' . GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . '' George I added the titles he already possessed as Elector of Hanover . He also added the title `` Defender of the Faith '' , which had been borne by the English kings since Henry VIII , but which had previously only rarely appeared on coins . GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George II by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . '' GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE FRANCIAE ET HIBERNIAE REX FIDEI DEFENSOR BRUNSVICENSIS ET LUNEBURGENSIS DUX SACRI ROMANI IMPERII ARCHITHESAURARIUS ET ELECTOR `` George III by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland King , Defender of the Faith , of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke , of the Holy Roman Empire Archtreasurer and Elector . '' GEORGIUS III DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George III , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' By the Acts of Union 1800 , Ireland was united with Great Britain into a single kingdom , which is represented on the coinage by the Latin genitive plural Britanniarum `` of the Britains '' ( often abbreviated BRITT ) , signifying `` the United Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland '' . At the same time , the United Kingdom abandoned the traditional claim to the throne of France , which had become a Republic , and the other titles were dropped from the coinage . GEORGIUS IIII ( IV ) DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George IV , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' The Roman numeral `` 4 '' is represented by both IIII and IV in different issues . GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` William IV , by the Grace of God , of the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God , of the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith . '' VICTORIA DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX INDIAE IMPERATRIX `` Victoria , by the Grace of God , of the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith , Empress of India . '' Queen Victoria was granted the title `` Empress of India '' in 1876 . EDWARDUS VII DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` Edward VII , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . '' Edward VII 's coins added OMNIUM `` all '' after `` Britains '' to imply a rule over the British overseas colonies as well as the United Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland . GEORGIUS V DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George V , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . '' GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR INDIAE IMPERATOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India . '' A 1937 George VI penny GEORGIUS VI DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REX FIDEI DEFENSOR `` George VI , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains King , Defender of the Faith . '' The title `` Emperor of India '' was relinquished in 1948 , after the independence of India and Pakistan . ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA BRITANNIARUM OMNIUM REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God , of all the Britains Queen , Defender of the Faith . '' ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FIDEI DEFENSATRIX `` Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God , Queen , Defender of the Faith . '' The `` of all the Britains '' was dropped from the coinage in 1954 , and current coins do not name any realm . Mottos ( edit ) In addition to the title , a Latin or French motto might be included , generally on the reverse side of the coin . These varied between denominations and issues ; some were personal to the monarch , others were more general . Some of the mottos were : POSUI DEUM ADIUTOREM MEUM `` I have made God my helper '' . Coins of Henry VII , Henry VIII , Elizabeth I. Possibly refers to Psalm 52 : 7 , Ecce homo qui non posuit Deum adjutorem suum `` Behold the man who did not make God his helper '' . RUTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA `` A dazzling rose without a thorn '' . Coins of Henry VIII and Edward VI . Initially on the unsuccessful and very rare Crown of the Rose of Henry VIII and continued on subsequent small gold coinage into the reign of Edward VI . POSUIMUS DEUM ADIUTOREM NOSTRUM `` We have made God our helper '' . Coins of Philip and Mary . The same as above , but with a plural subject . FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM UNAM `` I shall make them into one nation '' . Coins of James I , signifying his desire to unite the English and Scottish nations . Refers to Ezekiel 37 : 2 in the Vulgate Bible . CHRISTO AUSPICE REGNO `` I reign with Christ as my protector '' . Coins of Charles I . EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI `` May God rise up , may ( his ) enemies be scattered '' . Coins of Charles I , during the Civil War . Refers to Psalm 67 : 1 in the Vulgate Bible ( Psalm 68 in English Bible numbering ) . PAX QUAERITUR BELLO `` Peace is sought by war '' . Coins of the Protectorate ; personal motto of Oliver Cromwell . BRITANNIA `` Britain '' . Reign of Charles II to George III . Found on pennies and smaller denominations . HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE . `` Shamed be he who thinks ill of it . '' Sovereigns of George III . Motto of the Order of the Garter . DECUS ET TUTAMEN . `` A decoration and protection . '' Some pound coins of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and some crown coins including some of Victoria and George V. Refers to the inscribed edge as a protection against the clipping of precious metal , as well as being a complimentary reference to the monarch and the monarchy . See also ( edit ) Banknotes of the pound sterling Britannia ( coin ) List of British bank notes and coins One hundred pounds ( British coin ) Royal Mint Roman currency Mark ( money ) Twenty pounds ( British coin ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mintage Figures , Royal Mint Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom £ 5 Coin ( Commemorative Crown ) '' . The Royal Mint Limited . 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coins -- Collector Gold & Silver Coins & Limited Edition Gifts -- The Royal Mint '' . The Royal Mint . Jump up ^ `` Llantrisant '' . Royal Mint. 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . In April 1967 it was announced that the new Royal Mint would be built at Llantrisant in South Wales . Jump up ^ `` National Museums of Scotland - Balance and scales ( detail ) '' . Jump up ^ The 1696 Recoinage ( 1696 -- 1699 ) , Richard Kleer , University of Regina , The Literary Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Newton and the Counterfeiter , Thomas Levenson , Faber & Faber , ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22992 - 5 Jump up ^ The Scottish Mint after the recoinage , 1709 -- 1836 , Athol L Murray , Society of Antiquaries of Scotland , 1999 Jump up ^ Sir Isaac Newton and the Scottish recoinage , 1707 -- 10 , Athol L Murray , Society of Antiquaries of Scotland , 1997 Jump up ^ On the Value of Gold and Silver in European Currencies and the Consequences on the World - wide Gold - and Silver - Trade , Sir Isaac Newton , 21 September 1717 . Jump up ^ By The King , A Proclamation Declaring the Rates at which Gold shall be current in Payments reproduced in the numismatic chronicle and journal of the Royal Numismatic Society , Vol V. , April 1842 -- January 1843 Jump up ^ Coins with Cromwell 's image were first minted in 1656 by Pierre Blondeau . Jump up ^ `` Mintage Figures '' . The Royal Mint . ^ Jump up to : `` Why coppers are rising in value '' , The Times , 12 May 2006 Jump up ^ Corporate FAQs Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Mint unveils coin designs '' . BBC News . 2 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ New Coin Designs FAQ Archived 6 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Royal Mint ^ Jump up to : `` New Designs , Spring of 2008 '' . Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Your Change is Changing '' . Bulletin . Royal Mint ( 107 ) : 6 . 2008 . ( Stephen Raw said ) `` We could n't have had post-modern designs like this 50 years ago -- the public simply would n't have accepted them ^ Jump up to : `` Wales short - changed by new coin designs '' , Daily Post ( North Wales ) , 3 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Birmingham MP 's crusade to bring back Britannia on coins '' , Birmingham Post , 9 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` I hate the new coins . My father must be turning in his grave '' . The Independent . UK . 6 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Make Way for Britain 's New Coin Designs '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cupro Nickel Replacement Programme '' . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury ' should foot coin change bill ' '' . BBC News . 5 November 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Anna Lacey ( June 22 , 2013 ) . `` A bad penny ? New coins and nickel allergy '' . BBC Health Check . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationwide.co.uk/guides/news/articles/2017/03/the-new-1-pound-coin-is-here?et_cid=16411777&et_rid=2364759607 Jump up ^ `` New 12 - sided pound coin to enter circulation in March '' . BBC News . 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Penny Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Jump up ^ Copper price graphs Archived 7 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , LME Jump up ^ The Fifth Definitive Coinage Portrait First Edition Royal Mint ( www.royalmint.com ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Royal Arms 1 - pound coin Royal Mint ( www.royalmint.com ) . Retrieved on 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Blog : The 2016 UK coin designs revealed Royal Mint ( www.royalmint.com ) . Retrieved on 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Royal Mint Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles : South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Jump up ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles : British Antarctic Territory Jump up ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles : Tristan da Cunha Jump up ^ `` Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands '' . Jump up ^ The British Antarctic Territory Currency Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Antarctic Heritage Trust Jump up ^ The 2013 gold proof sovereign , Royal Mint Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Beasts are brought to life in a new bullion coin range '' , Royal Mint Blog , 31 March 2016 , retrieved 1 April 2016 Jump up ^ Quiddities : An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary , p. 126 , W.V. Quine , 1989 Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary , Thesaurus , & Grammar '' . Jump up ^ `` '' bob or two '' - Google Search `` . Jump up ^ David Jones ( 7 April 2008 ) . `` Two Bob Trouble '' . Blogspot . Jump up ^ Chalmers , Robert ( 1893 ) . A History of Currency in the British Colonies . London , UK : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . p. 110 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 29 June 2009 ) . `` Mix - up at Royal Mint creates dateless 20p pieces worth £ 50 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . External links ( edit ) Current British coins with pictures Coins of England and Great Britain British Coin Denominations UK Coin Designs and Specifications from the Royal Mint 's website Current UK Coins -- Royal Mint Museum Obsolete UK Coins -- Royal Mint Museum Coin Designs -- Royal Mint competition designs British Coins -- catalogue <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) British coinage Decimal ​ ⁄ p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Third farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Half farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Farthing ( ​ ⁄ d ) Halfpenny ( ​ ⁄ d ) Penny ( 1d ) Three halfpence ( ​ 1 ⁄ d ) Twopence ( 2d ) Threepence ( 3d ) Fourpence ( 4d ) Sixpence ( 6d ) Shilling ( 1 / - ) Florin ( 2 / - ) Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) Double florin ( 4 / - ) Crown ( 5 / - ) Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) Third guinea ( 7 / - ) Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) Sovereign ( £ 1 ) Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) Five pound ( £ 5 ) Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen 's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom <Th_colspan="2"> Types of British coinage <Td_colspan="2"> Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey St Helena and Ascension United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coins_of_the_pound_sterling&oldid=815768117 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Pre-decimalisation coins of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 00 : 43 . 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1. Pound sterling coinage 2. Decimalisation of the pound 3. Royal Mint and coin production 4. Designs and features of UK coins 5. History and evolution of British coinage

what european nations ceased to exist after world war 1

List of former sovereign States - wikipedia List of former sovereign States Jump to : navigation , search This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs attention from an expert in history . The specific problem is : How can colonies , mandates , and UN trust territories be included in a list of SOVEREIGN states ? . WikiProject History may be able to help recruit an expert . ( August 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A historical state or historical sovereign state is a state that once existed , but has since been dissolved due to conflict , war , rebellion , annexation , or uprising . This page lists sovereign states , countries , nations , empires or territories that have ceased to exist as political entities , grouped geographically and by constitutional nature . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents 1 Criteria for inclusion 2 Ancient and medieval states 3 Modern states and territories by geography 3.1 Africa 3.1. 1 Morocco ( Maghreb al - Aksa ) 3.1. 2 Egypt and Sudan 3.1. 3 Modern Algeria ( Central Maghreb ) 3.1. 4 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.1. 4.1 Horn of Africa 3.1. 4.2 Western Africa 3.1. 4.3 African Great Lakes 3.1. 4.4 Central Africa 3.1. 4.5 Southern Africa 3.2 Asia 3.2. 1 Central Asia 3.2. 2 East Asia 3.2. 3 West Asia 3.2. 3.1 Anatolia 3.2. 3.2 Mesopotamia 3.2. 3.3 Persia 3.2. 3.4 Levant 3.2. 3.5 Arabian Peninsula 3.2. 4 South Asia 3.2. 5 Southeast Asia 3.3 Europe 3.3. 1 Nordic countries 3.3. 2 Modern France 3.3. 3 Modern Germany 3.3. 4 Italy 3.3. 5 Modern United Kingdom 3.3. 6 Ireland 3.3. 7 Low Countries 3.3. 8 Modern Poland 3.3. 9 Baltic countries 3.3. 10 Romania 3.3. 11 Russia 3.3. 12 Hungary 3.3. 13 The Czech Republic and Slovakia 3.3. 14 Balkans 3.3. 15 Caucasus 3.3. 16 Iberia 3.4 North America 3.5 Oceania 3.6 South America 4 Modern states and territories by type 4.1 Former colonies , possessions , protectorates and territories 4.1. 1 Africa 4.1. 2 Asia 4.1. 3 Europe 4.1. 4 North America 4.1. 5 Oceania 4.1. 6 South America 4.2 Dismembered countries 4.3 Nominally independent homelands of South Africa 4.4 Secessionist states 4.5 Annexed countries 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Criteria for inclusion ( edit ) The criteria for inclusion in this list is similar to that of the List of states with limited recognition . To be included here , a polity must have claimed statehood and either : had de facto control over a territory , a population , a government , a capacity to enter into relations with other states , or have been recognised as a state by at least one other state . For purposes of this list , the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 . Ancient and medieval states ( edit ) List of sovereign states in the 35th century BC List of Bronze Age states List of Classical Age states List of Iron Age states List of states during Late Antiquity List of states during the Middle Ages Modern States and territories by geography ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) See also : List of African Great Lakes kingdoms This article appears to contradict the article List of pre-modern states . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Morocco ( Maghreb al - Aksa ) ( edit ) Saadi principality of Sus and Tagmadert ( independence recognized in 1527 through the treaty of Tadla , reunified with Morocco after the Saadi dynasty overthrew the Wattasid dynasty in 1549 ) Naqsid principality of Tetouan ( independence from Morocco in 1597 , annexed to Morocco in 1673 ) Republic of Bou Regreg ( independence from Morocco in 1627 , annexed to Morocco in 1668 ) Egypt and Sudan ( edit ) Sultanate of Sennar -- annexed by Egypt in 1821 Sultanate of Darfur -- annexed by Egypt in 1874 Modern Algeria ( Central Maghreb ) ( edit ) Kingdom of Tlemcen ( independence from the Almohad Empire in 1235 , annexed to the Regency of Algiers in 1556 ) Sub-Saharan Africa ( edit ) Oyo Empire 1300 - 1896 Bornu Empire 1380 - 1893 Ashanti Empire 1701 - 1957 Ibadan Empire 1860 - 1893 Horn of Africa ( edit ) Adal Sultanate 1415 -- 1559 Ajuran Sultanate 13th century -- 17th century Aussa Sultanate 1734 -- 1936 Sultanate of Hobyo 1878 -- early 20th century Majeerteen Sultanate mid-18th century -- early 20th century Marehan Sultanate 17th -- 19th century Sultanate of Mogadishu 12th -- 16th century , absorbed into Ajuran Sultanate Warsangali Sultanate ( 1298 -- 1886 ) , ( 1897 -- 1960 ) Western Africa ( edit ) Biafra ( c. 1967 -- c. 1970 ) Kingdom of Mali ( c. 1230 -- c. 1600 ) Songhai Empire ( c. 1340 -- 1591 , annexed by Morocco ) Jolof Empire ( 1350 -- 1549 ) Empire of Great Fulo ( Denanke Kingdom ) ( 1490 -- 1776 ) Sultanate of Damagaram ( 1731 -- 1851 ) Aro Confederacy -- fell to the United Kingdom in 1902 Ashanti Empire -- fell to the United Kingdom in 1900 Bamana Empire ( 1712 -- 1861 ) Benin -- fell in 1897 to the United Kingdom Bundu -- fell to France in 1851 Dahomey -- conquered by France in 1894 Dendi -- annexed by France 1901 Fante Confederacy -- 1874 , to the United Kingdom Fulani Empire -- annexed by France and the United Kingdom in 1903 Futa Jallon -- fell to France in 1896 Futa Toro ( 1725 -- 1861 ) Kaabu ( 1537 -- 1867 ) Republic of Maryland ( 1854 -- 1857 ) Mossi States -- conquered by France 1894 -- 95 Oyo Empire -- made a British protectorate in 1888 Kingdom of Sine -- became a French protectorate Toucouleur Empire -- fell to France in 1890 Wassoulou Empire -- annexed by France in 1898 African Great Lakes ( edit ) Buganda 14th century until made a British protectorate in 1894 , within Uganda , revolt 1897 -- 98 Bunyoro 13th century until made a British protectorate in 1897 Ankole Made a British protectorate in 1901 Toro Kingdom 1830 -- 1876 Busoga Kingdom of Rwanda 11th century until made a German protectorate in 1894 Kingdom of Burundi 1680 ? -- 1885 , part of German East Africa in 1899 ; independent kingdom 1962 -- 1966 when republic declared Wituland Sultanate 1858 -- 1885 -- became German and then British protectorate Pemba mid-13th century Sultanate of Zanzibar , pre-1503 / 4 , 1856 -- 1890 , 1963 -- 1964 People 's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba 1964 -- merged to form Tanzania Merina Kingdom 1540 -- 1897 ( Madagascar ) Tanganyika 1961 -- 1962 -- merged to form Tanzania Central Africa ( edit ) Kanem - Borno ( 11th century to 1900 ) Ouaddai -- fell to France in 1912 Baguirmi -- fell to France in 1897 Anziku -- became a French protectorate in 1875 Kongo -- annexed by Portugal in 1914 Matamba ( 1631 -- 1744 ) Ndongo -- fell to Portugal in 1671 Kasanje -- annexed by Portugal in 1910 Kuba -- fell to Belgium in 1900 Kazembe Yeke -- fell to Belgium in 1891 Luba -- fell to Belgium in 1889 Lunda -- annexed by Belgium , Portugal and United Kingdom in 1887 Southern Africa ( edit ) Barotseland -- annexed by United Kingdom in 1900 South African Republic ( Transvaal ) -- 1856 -- 1877 , 1881 -- 1902 Orange Free State 1854 -- 1902 Kingdom of Butua 1450 -- c. 1683 Matabeleland ? -- 1891 -- became British protectorate Gaza Empire 1824 -- 1895 -- fell to Portugal Kingdom of Mutapa ( 1430 -- 1760 ) Zulu Kingdom -- 1816 -- 1897 , fell to United Kingdom Basutoland ? -- 1868 , to the United Kingdom Mthwakazi 1830s -- 1889 -- became British protectorate Rozvi Empire 1684 -- 1834 Asia ( edit ) Central Asia ( edit ) In Afghanistan Durrani Empire ( 1747 -- 1823 ) East Asia ( edit ) Tibetan States ( 900 -- 1240 , 1300 -- 1620 ) Tibet under Ganden Phodrang Govt. ( 1644 -- 1720 ) Taiping Heavenly Kingdom ( 1851 -- 1864 ) Republic of Ezo ( 1869 ) Ryukyu Kingdom ( 1429 -- 1879 ) Republic of Formosa ( 1895 , Taiwan ) Korean Empire ( 1897 -- 1910 ) Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 , mainland China ) Tibet ( 1912 -- 51 ) Mongolian People 's Republic ( 1924 -- 1992 ) Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province ( 1927 ) Manchukuo ( 1932 -- 1945 ) Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi Province ( 1931 -- 1937 ) Tuvan People 's Republic ( 1921 -- 1944 ) West asia ( edit ) Anatolia ( edit ) Empire of Trebizond ( 1204 -- 1461 ) Ottoman Empire ( c. 1281 -- 1923 ) Mesopotamia ( edit ) Kingdom of Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 1924 ) Kingdom of Iraq ( 1921 -- 1958 ) Arab Federation ( 1958 ) Persia ( edit ) Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Gilan ( Iran ) ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Republic of Mahabad ( 1946 -- 1947 ) Levant ( edit ) Kingdom of Arab Syria ( 1920 ) French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon ( 1923 - 1946 ) , including : Alawite State in coastal Syria ( 1920 -- 1936 under French mandate of Syria ) Jabal el Druze ( state ) ( 1921 -- 1936 under French mandate of Syria ) State of Aleppo ( 1920 -- 1925 under French mandate of Syria ) State of Damascus ( 1920 -- 1925 under French mandate of Syria ) Arabian Peninsula ( edit ) Emirate of Diriyah ( 1744 -- 1812 ) Emirate of Nejd ( 1812 -- 1891 ) Trucial States ( 1820 -- 1971 ) Muscat and Oman ( 1820 -- 1970 ) Emirate of Jabal Shammar ( 1836 -- 1921 ) Idrisid Emirate of Asir ( 1906 -- 1934 ) Emirate of Nejd and Hasa ( 1902 -- 1921 ) Sultanate of Nejd ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Kingdom of Hejaz ( 1916 -- 1925 ) Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz ( 1926 -- 1932 ) Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ( 1918 -- 1962 ) Federation of Arab Emirates of the South 1959 -- 1962 Yemen Arab Republic ( 1962 -- 1990 ) Federation of South Arabia ( 1962 -- 1967 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen ( 1967 -- 1990 ) Republic of Kuwait ( 1990 ) Democratic Republic of Yemen ( 1994 ) South asia ( edit ) In the Indian subcontinent : Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1857 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1820 ) Bijapur Sultanate ( Adil Shahi dynasty , 1490 -- 1686 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Kashmir and Jammu ( 1846 -- 1953 ) Sikkim ( 1642 -- 1853 , 1890 -- 1975 ) United Suvadive Republic ( 1959 -- 1963 ) Kingdom of Mysore ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Hyderabad ( 1724 -- 1948 ) Travancore ( 1500s -- 1947 ) Cochin State ( circa 12th -- century -- 1947 ) Kharan ( 1697 -- 1948 ) Las Bela ( 1742 -- 1948 ) Makran ( 18th century -- 1948 ) Pandyan Dynasty ( before 500 BC -- 16th century AD ) Manipur ( before 33 AD -- 1948 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1948 ) Southeast asia ( edit ) In Indonesia ( Dutch East indies ) : Sultanate of Mataram 1588 -- 1681 Sultanate of Aceh 1496 -- 1903 Sultanate of Banten 1527 -- 1813 Sultanate of Cirebon 1445 -- 1677 Sultanate of Demak 1475 -- 1548 Kingdom of Pajang 1568 -- 1586 Sultanate of Palembang ? -- 1821 Republic of Lanfang 1777 -- 1884 In Malaysia : Kingdom of Sarawak 1841 -- 1941 , 1945 -- 1946 Sultanate of Malacca 1400 -- 1511 Pattani kingdom 1516 -- 1902 In Burma ( Myanmar ) Mon kingdoms ( 9th -- 11th , 13th -- 16th , 18th centuries ) Ava ( 1364 -- 1555 ) Pegu ( 1287 -- 1539 , 1747 -- 1757 ) Mrauk U ( 1434 -- 1784 ) Taungoo Dynasty ( 1486 -- 1752 , 2nd Empire ) Konbaung Dynasty ( 1752 -- 1885 , 3rd Empire ) Shan States ( 1287 -- 1557 ) Arakan ( 1287 -- 1784 ) In the Philippines Sultanate of Maguindanao 1500 -- 1888 Sultanate of Sulu 1457 -- 1917 Rajahnate of Maynila 1500s -- 1571 Confederation of Madya - as 1200s -- 1569 Tondo ( historical polity ) unknown -- 1589 Namayan 13th century -- 1571 Kingdom of Taytay , Palawan ( Existing centuries earlier than 1521 when it was discovered by Magellan 's men . Remained until early 1800s . ) In Indochina : Champa kingdom 192 -- 1832 Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945 -- 1976 Republic of Vietnam 1954 -- 1975 Republic of South Vietnam 1969 - 1976 Europe ( edit ) See also : Former countries in Europe after 1815 Nordic countries ( edit ) In the Nordic countries , unions were personal , not unitary Norwegian Social Republic ( 1942 -- 1945 ) Finnish Democratic Republic ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Kingdom of Iceland ( 1918 -- 1944 ) Kingdom of Finland ( 1918 ) United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway ( 1814 -- 1905 ) Kingdom of Norway ( 1814 ) Denmark -- Norway ( 1524 -- 1814 ) Kalmar Union ( 1397 -- 1523 , intermittent ) Modern France ( edit ) Duchy of Brittany ( 939 -- 1532 ) Kingdom of France ( 843 -- 1792 ) ( 1814 / 15 -- 1848 ) Kingdom of France ( 1791 -- 1792 ) French First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) First French Empire ( 1804 -- 1814 / 15 ) French Second Republic ( 1848 -- 1852 ) Second French Empire ( 1852 -- 1870 ) French Third Republic ( 1870 -- 1940 ) Vichy France ( 1940 -- 1944 ) French Fourth Republic ( 1946 -- 1958 ) Kingdom of Corsica ( 1736 ) Corsican Republic ( 1755 -- 1769 ) Anglo - Corsican Kingdom ( 1794 -- 1796 ) County of Foix ( 1010 -- 1607 ) Free States of Menton and Roquebrune ( 1848 -- 1860 ) Modern Germany ( edit ) Holy Roman Empire ( 843 -- 1806 ) Confederation of the Rhine ( 1806 -- 1813 ) German Confederation ( 1815 -- 1866 ) North German Federation ( 1867 -- 1871 ) German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) Nazi Germany ( Third Reich 1933 -- 1945 ) German Democratic Republic ( 1949 -- 1990 ) ( also called GDR , DDR , East Germany or Eastern Germany ) , its states acceded to Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 Alsace - Lorraine ( 1918 ) Alsace Soviet Republic ( 1918 ) Anhalt ( Duchy 1863 -- 1918 ) Anhalt - Bernburg ( Duchy 1803 -- 1863 , inherited by the Duke of Anhalt - Dessau ) Anhalt - Dessau ( Duchy 1807 -- 1863 ) Anhalt - Köthen ( Duchy 1807 -- 1847 , inherited by the Duke of Anhalt - Dessau ) Baden ( Grand Duchy -- 1806 -- 1918 ) Free State of Bavaria ( Kingdom -- 1806 -- 1918 ) Bavarian Soviet Republic ( 1919 ) Bremen Brunswick Frankfurt ( Free Imperial City of Frankfurt ( HRE ) , before 1806 ; City of Frankfurt , 1815 -- 1866 ) Hamburg ( Free city until modern days ) Kingdom of Hanover ( 1814 -- 1866 ) Hesse - Darmstadt Hesse - Homburg Hesse - Kassel ( or Hesse - Cassel ) ( Electorate , 1803 -- 1807 , 1813 -- 1866 ) Hohenzollern - Hechingen Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen Holstein Lippe Lübeck ( Free city 1226 -- 1937 ) Mecklenburg - Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Nassau Oldenburg Pomerania Prussia ( 1525 -- 1947 ) Duchy of Prussia ( 1525 -- 1618 ) Brandenburg - Prussia ( 1618 -- 1701 ) Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) Reuss Saxe - Altenburg Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Saxe - Gotha Saxe - Hildburghausen Saxe - Lauenburg ( or Duchy of Lauenburg ) Saxe - Meiningen Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach Saxony ( Kingdom -- 1806 -- 1918 ) Schaumburg - Lippe Schleswig Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Waldeck Württemberg ( Kingdom -- 1806 -- 1918 ) For the hundreds of feudal states of various size ( mainly Kleinstaaterei ) and nature that were part of the non-centralised Holy Roman Empire ( mainly in Germany , Austria , Benelux countries and various neighbouring regions ) , see List of states in the Holy Roman Empire . Italy ( edit ) See also : Historical states of Italy Cisalpine Republic ( 1797 -- 1802 ) Cispadane Republic ( 1796 -- 1797 ) Republic of Cospaia ( 1440 -- 1826 ) Sovereign Principality of Elba ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Kingdom of Etruria ( 1801 -- 1807 ) Gozitan Nation ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Emirate of Bari ( 847 - 871 ) Italian Republic ( Napoleonic ) ( 1802 -- 1805 ) Kingdom of Italy ( Napoleonic ) ( 1805 -- 1814 ) Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia ( 1815 -- 1866 ) Duchy of Lucca ( 1815 -- 1847 ) Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( 1530 -- 1798 ) Duchy of Mantua ( 1273 -- 1707 ) Duchy of Massa and Carrara ( 15th to 19th centuries ) Duchy of Milan ( 1395 -- 1797 ) Duchy of Modena ( 1452 -- 1796 , 1815 -- 1859 ) Kingdom of Naples ( 1285 -- 1816 ) Duchy of Parma ( 1545 -- 1859 ) Papal States ( 752 -- 1870 ) Roman Republic ( 19th century ) ( 1849 ) Kingdom of Sardinia ( 1324 -- 1861 ) Kingdom of Sicily ( 1130 -- 1816 ) Transpadane Republic ( 1796 -- 1797 ) Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( 1569 -- 1801 , 1815 -- 1859 ) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( 1815 -- 1860 ) Free Territory of Trieste ( 1947 -- 1954 ) Republic of Venice ( 697 -- 1797 ) Republic of Genoa ( 1095 -- 1797 ) Modern United Kingdom ( edit ) Kingdom of Scotland ( 843 -- 1707 ) Kingdom of England ( 927 -- 1707 ) North Sea Empire ( 1016 -- 1035 ) Commonwealth of England ( 1649 -- 1653 ) and ( 1659 -- 1660 ) The Protectorate ( 1653 -- 1659 ) Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1800 ) Significant territory changes occurred in the overseas possessions of the UK , referred to as the British Empire at times during the period 1497 -- 1997 ( see territorial evolution of the British Empire ) . Ireland ( edit ) Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 -- 1541 ) Kingdom of Ireland ( 1541 -- 1801 ) Kingdom of Uí Failghe ( Unknown -- 1550 ) Kingdom of Leinster Kingdom of Connacht Republic of Connacht ( 1798 ) Irish Republic ( 1919 -- 1922 ) -- see also Southern Ireland ( 1921 -- 1922 ) Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) Low countries ( edit ) Prince - Bishopric of Liège ( 972 -- 1795 ) annexed by France in 1795 . United Belgian States ( 1789 -- 1790 ) Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ( 1581 -- 1795 ) ( Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden / Provinciën ) Independence from Spain after Eighty Years ' War in 1581 , conquered by France 1795 . Batavian Republic ( 1795 -- 1806 ) ( Bataafse Republiek ) France 's vassal state . Kingdom of Holland ( 1806 -- 1810 ) ( Koninkrijk Holland / Royaume d'Hollande ) Ruled by Louis Bonaparte , annexed by France 1810 . Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands ( 1813 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1815 -- 1839 ) Modern Poland ( edit ) Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1569 -- 1795 ) Lemko - Rusyn Republic ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Duchy of Warsaw ( 1807 -- 1815 ) Free City of Danzig ( 1807 -- 1815 ) ( 1920 -- 1939 ) Galician Soviet Socialist Republic ( 1920 ) Republic of Kraków ( 1815 -- 1846 ) Second Polish Republic ( 1918 -- 1939 ) People 's Republic of Poland ( 1944 -- 1989 ) Baltic countries ( edit ) Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( 13th century -- 1795 ) Kingdom of Lithuania ( 1918 ) Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1569 -- 1795 ) Republic of Central Lithuania ( 1920 -- 1922 ) Duchy of Courland and Semigallia ( 1561 -- 1795 ) Republic of Perloja ( 1918 -- 1923 ) Romania ( edit ) Principality of Moldavia ( 1346 -- 1859 ) Principality of Wallachia ( 1330 -- 1859 ) United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia ( 1859 -- 1881 ) Kingdom of Romania ( 1881 -- 1947 ) People 's , then Socialist Republic of Romania ( 1947 -- 1989 ) Russia ( edit ) Golden Horde ( 1320 -- 1547 ) Tsardom of Russia ( 1547 -- 1721 ) Russian Empire ( 1721 -- 1917 ) Russian Republic ( 1917 ) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( 1917 -- 1991 ) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( 1922 -- 1991 ) Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( 1919 -- 1991 , founding United Nations member ) Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( 1919 -- 1991 , founding United Nations member ) Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic Sea island ( 1917 -- 1918 ) Hungary ( edit ) Kingdom of Hungary ( December 1000 -- November 1918 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( November 1918 -- March 1919 , August 1919 ) Hungarian Soviet Republic ( March 1919 -- August 1919 ) Hungarian Republic ( August 1919 -- February 1920 ) Kingdom of Hungary ( February 1920 -- February 1946 ) Republic of Hungary ( February 1946 -- August 1949 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( August 1949 -- October 1989 ) The Czech Republic and Slovakia ( edit ) Kingdom of Bohemia ( 1198 -- 1918 ) Slovak Soviet Republic ( 1919 ) First Czechoslovak Republic ( 1918 -- 1938 ) Second Czechoslovak Republic ( 1938 -- 1939 ) Third Czechoslovak Republic ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 1960 -- 1989 ) Czechoslovak Federative Republic ( 1990 ) Czech and Slovak Federative Republic ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Balkans ( edit ) Ottoman Empire ( c. 1281 -- 1923 ) Principality of Zeta ( 1371 -- 1514 ) Serbian Despotate ( 1402 -- 1459 ) Habsburg Empire , Austrian Empire , Austria - Hungary ( 1527 -- 1918 ) Kingdom of Bosnia ( 1377 -- 1463 ) Republic of Ragusa ( 1358 -- 1808 ) Principality of Serbia ( 1817 -- 1882 ) Kingdom of Serbia ( 1882 -- 1918 ) First French Empire ( Illyrian Provinces ) ( 1809 -- 1812 ) Principality of Montenegro ( 1852 -- 1910 ) Kingdom of Montenegro ( 1910 -- 1918 ) State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ( 1918 ) Republic of Prekmurje ( 1919 ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1918 -- 1943 ) Free State of Fiume ( 1920 -- 1924 ) Independent State of Croatia ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Free Territory of Trieste ( 1947 -- 1954 ) Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1943 -- 1992 ) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1992 -- 2003 ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Principality of Bulgaria ( 1878 -- 1908 ) Kingdom of Bulgaria ( 1908 -- 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 1946 -- 1990 ) Septinsular Republic ( 1800 -- 1815 ) United States of the Ionian Islands ( 1815 -- 1864 ) First Hellenic Republic ( 1828 -- 1832 ) Strandzha commune ( 1903 ) Kingdom of Greece ( 1832 -- 1924 , 1935 -- 1941 , 1944 -- 1974 ) Second Hellenic Republic ( 1924 -- 1935 ) Hellenic State ( 1941 -- 1944 ) Albanian Kingdom ( 1928 -- 1939 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( 1946 -- 1991 ) Caucasus ( edit ) Kingdom of Georgia ( 1008 -- 1466 ) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic ( February 1918 -- May 1918 ) Democratic Republic of Georgia ( 1918 -- 1921 ) First Republic of Armenia ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Republic of Mountainous Armenia ( April 1921 -- July 1921 ) Iberia ( edit ) Kingdom of Navarre ( 824 -- 1620 ) Kingdom of Galicia ( 410 -- 1833 ) Crown of Aragon ( 1162 -- 1716 ) Crown of Castile ( 1230 -- 1715 ) Emirate of Granada ( 1238 -- 1492 ) Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves ( 1249 -- 1910 ) First Portuguese Republic ( 1910 -- 1926 ) Ditadura Nacional ( 1926 -- 1933 ) Second Portuguese Republic ( 1933 -- 1974 ) Republic of Galicia ( 1931 ) Catalan Republic ( 2017 ) North America ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article List of pre-modern states . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Name Location Origin Fate Notes Indigenous peoples of the Americas The whole of North America ( including the Inuit of the Arctic ) . Native Americans in the United States and the First Nations of Canada had established varying levels of governmental organization before contact with Europeans . The most advanced civilizations of North America were represented by the indigenous peoples in Mexico and Central America . All the native peoples were eventually incorporated into the United States , Mexico , Canada and Central America , but many retain various levels of self - government and autonomy within those nations . Cahokia Illinois , Missouri , Indiana , Kentucky and parts of Ohio . The population of the town at Cahokia exploded circa 1050 AD , indicating the establishment of a large `` chiefdom '' . The population of Cahokia dispersed in the 14th century , indicating the decline of the Cahokia `` chiefdom '' . Other political bodies existed in the Mississippian culture ; the Mississippian culture article has a list of Known Mississippian Chiefdoms . Huron Confederacy Central Ontario . Confederacy of five Iroquoian tribes and several smaller groups . Controlled trade in corn and furs in the upper Great Lakes area and sporadically through the Ottawa and St. Lawrence River valleys . The Hurons were dispersed by the Iroquois in 1649 . Many fled to the northern Lake Michigan region and Quebec , while a large group joined the Iroquois . Iroquois Confederacy Upstate New York and surrounding areas . Formed before European contact ; arguably as early as 31 August 1142 , though also likely sometime in the 15th to 17th centuries . The Treaty of Canandaigua , signed in 1794 , established relations between the United States government and the Iroquois ; the treaty is still in force , though the Confederacy is no longer effectively an independent nation . Cherokee Nation Originally in the southeastern United States , primarily Georgia , South Carolina , and North Carolina , and parts of Alabama and Tennessee . Parts of The Nation ( and its government structures ) ended up in present - day Oklahoma . The original Cherokee Nation was unified from an interrelated society of city - states in the late 18th century . They enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with the Spanish , British , French , and later ( with the exception of the Chickamauga factions ) , to the U.S. The modern Cherokee Nation , the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians are the three federally recognized tribal successors to the original Cherokee Nation , being somewhat autonomous within the United States . Vermont Republic State of Vermont . Organized by Moses Robinson , Thomas Chittenden , and others in 1777 from territory claimed by New York and New Hampshire . Admitted as a state to the United States of America in 1791 . They were originally a part of British North America via the newly conquered province of Quebec . Originally known as Republic of New Connecticut , it had the first written national constitution in North America . State of Franklin Northeastern part of the Washington District , North Carolina ( easternmost Tennessee ) . Seceded from North Carolina 23 August 1784 . Government was largely abandoned and the area officially re-incorporated into North Carolina in 1789 . Applied for admission to the United States as a separate state . Whether Franklin considered itself independent of the United States is unclear . State of Muskogee Western Florida , near Tallahassee , might have claimed parts of Georgia ( U.S. state ) and Alabama . Creek and Seminole Indians under English adventurer William Augustus Bowles declared independence in 1799 . Annexed by Spain in 1803 . First Mexican Empire All of modern - day Mexico , parts of modern - day United States ( California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , New Mexico , Texas with parts of Colorado , Wyoming , Kansas and Oklahoma ) and Central America ( without Panama ) . After independence from the Kingdom of Spain , Mexico decided on a monarchical system of government , backed by Mexican conservatives and some liberals . A European prince was sought , but Spain prohibited any from taking the throne . Agustín I , in the meantime , was proclaimed emperor of Mexico in 1821 . In December 1822 , Generals Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria wrote and signed the Plan of Casa Mata , an agreement between the two generals , amongst other Mexican generals , governors , and high - ranking governmental officials , to abolish the monarchy and replace it with the United Mexican States , which was done in 1823 . Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico , head of the Second Mexican Empire , adopted Agustin 's grandsons . Their descendants live in exile . Republic of West Florida Gulf Coast of the United States , parts of present - day Louisiana , Mississippi , and Alabama . Rebelled and declared independence from Spain on 3 September 1810 . The Republic lasted only 90 days . It was annexed by proclamation of U.S. President James Madison and was helped by the U.S. Army to annex it into the U.S. upon its entry to Baton Rouge on December 10 , 1810 . West Florida was split between the Territory of Orleans and the Mobile District . Spain formally relinquished its claim under the Adams - Onis Treaty of 1819 . Republic of Indian Stream Pittsburg , New Hampshire Formed 9 July 1832 in territory claimed by both the United States and the United Kingdom , where the treaty description of the border was unclear . Voted to annex to the United States in 1835 , Britain relinquished claim in January 1836 , and U.S. jurisdiction was acknowledged around May 1836 . The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty in 1842 settled several U.S. - British border disputes dating from 1783 , including the division of the former area of Indian Stream . Republic of Texas Texas and some surrounding territory . Seceded from Mexico in 1836 . Voluntarily annexed to the United States and admitted as a state in 1845 . Annexation to the U.S. triggered the Mexican -- American War the next year 1846 . California Republic California , though based in Northern California . American settlers declared independence from Mexico in June 1846 . Controlled by U.S. Navy in July 1846 upon the declared United States ' occupation of present - day California . The area of influence was confined to Sonoma , California , 30 miles north of San Francisco ; it did not cover the large area that became the present - day state of California in 1850 . Alta California Southern California , centered in San Jose and Santa Barbara . After U.S. occupation of Los Angeles in 1846 , the Californios revolted and defeated an American force on 30 September 1846 . Signed the Treaty of Cahuenga on 13 January 1847 , accepting American sovereignty over California . Confederate States of America Southeastern United States of America , from Texas to Virginia . Political factions in the `` border states '' of Kentucky and Missouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those states early in the war . The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy , and participated in its military efforts . Declared secession from the United States of America in 1861 . Reintegrated into the United States of America in 1865 . Reconstruction ended in 1876 , U.S. troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877 . South Carolina was the first state to declare secession , on December 20 , 1860 . Second Mexican Empire Modern day Mexico Mexico 's second monarchy was formed when Napoleon III set Maximilian I , of the House of Habsburg , on the throne of Mexico in 1864 . His consort was Carlota of Mexico , a Belgian princess . France occupied Mexico , starting in 1861 . Many Mexicans , including the nobility , backed his government . Maximiliano 's rule was blemished by constant conflict . Liberals found backing from United States after the Civil War in 1865 , and the French withdrew in 1867 , leaving Maximilian and his supporters on their own . Maximilian was captured and , on orders of Benito Juárez , executed in the Cerro de las Campanas near Querétaro . Republic of Manitoba Manitoba Founded in June 1867 by Thomas Spence at the town of Portage la Prairie in Rupert 's Land or the `` Northwest Territories '' . By late spring 1868 , the Republic had been informed by the Colonial Office in London that its government had no power . The Province of Manitoba was organized within Canada on 12 May 1870 , and promised the Metis people of Manitoba an autonomous government . The Great Republic of Rough and Ready Northern California Hoping to avoid paying a recently introduced tax on new mining claims , in April 1850 residents of the town of Rough and Ready drew up articles of secession , forming the `` Great Republic of Rough and Ready . '' The new country lasted only three months , until an Independence Day change of heart convinced the miners to vote themselves back into the union . Dominion of Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador . A former Crown Colony which had rejected confederation with Canada in 1869 , the Dominion of Newfoundland was established on 26 September 1907 . Newfoundland entered into confederation with Canada on 31 March 1949 , becoming a province . In 1934 , Newfoundland voluntarily gave up self - government and reverted to direct control from London . Olmec nation In and around Veracruz and Tabasco . Arose approximately 1200 BC . Decline through approximately 400 BC . First people to use zero . Toltec kingdom / empire Central Mexico . sometime after 750 . Destroyed by Chichimeca ( `` barbarian '' ) invasions around 12th century AD . Aztec Empire Central Mexico , might extended northward to present - day U.S. by the Mexican border , and southward towards Central America ( El Salvador , Guatemala and Honduras ) . 1325 , founded Tenochtitlan ( present - day Mexico City ) . 1521 , conquered by Hernán Cortés . When he and his crew first arrived in 1519 , it was thought to be the world 's largest city . Tlaxcala nation Tlaxcala , Mexico , north of Mexico City . unknown ( present in 1521 ) . Absorbed by Spanish conquest into New Spain . Never conquered by Aztec Empire , assisted Hernán Cortés in his campaign against the Aztecs in 1520 . Zapotec kingdom Oaxaca and surrounding areas of southern Mexico . unknown ( present in 1521 ) . Submitted to Spain in 1551 after previous resistance against the Spaniards . Maya civilization Southern Mexico , Guatemala , Honduras , and Belize . Political structures formed by about 250 AD . Last Mayan kingdom conquered on 13 March 1697 by the Spaniards , and later the British in Belize . Mayan political structures tended to center around the person of the king ; even when one king conquered another , the result was usually a tributary arrangement , and the identity of the conquered kingdom persisted . Northern America Viceroyalty of New Spain and Captaincy General of Guatemala Withdrew from Spain on November 6 , 1813 . It became the Mexican Empire . The United Provinces of Central America seceded from Mexico one year later ( 1814 ) . Republic of the Rio Grande Mexican states of Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas , and the U.S. state of Texas along the Rio Grande . Withdrew from Mexico on 17 January 1840 . General Canales , commander of the forces of the Republic of the Rio Grande , accepted a command in the Mexican Army on 6 November 1840 . The Republic of the Rio Grande claimed territory north to the Nueces River and the upper Medina River , territory also claimed by the Republic of Texas by 1845 . Republic of Yucatán Yucatán Peninsula , Mexico ( The modern states of Yucatán , Campeche and Quintana Roo ) were later separated from the state of Yucatán . Declared independence 1840 , due to dislike of centralization of Mexican government . Resolved differences with central government and rejoined partially to Mexico in December 1843 with self - government . Rejoined Mexico to obtain assistance against Mayans in the Caste War of Yucatán , treaty signed 17 August 1848 . Republic of Yucatán declared neutrality in Mexican -- American War 1846 -- 48 . United Provinces of Central America Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica with a southern portion of Chiapas , Mexico . Formed in aftermath of independence from Spain in 1823 . Confederation dissolved civil war in 1840 . Attempts were made to reunite in 1842 -- 44 , 1852 , the 1880s , 1896 -- 98 and 1921 -- 22 . Chan Santa Cruz Quintana Roo Territory . Formed during the Caste War of Yucatán , named about 1850 . The eponymous capital was conquered by Mexico on 5 May 1901 , though low - level fighting persisted for another 10 years . Withdrawal of British recognition and end of trade with Belize in 1893 led to eventual reconquest by Mexico . Republic of Sonora Baja California , Baja California Sur , Sonora Declared an independent state by filibuster William Walker January 10 , 1854 . Disestablished May 8 , 1854 . After he was captured William Walker was put on trial in California and acquitted by the jury . See also : Category : Former countries in North America Oceania ( edit ) Tuʻi Tonga Empire ( c. 450 -- 1865 ) Kingdom of Bora Bora ( till 1888 or 1895 ) Kingdom of Raiatea ( till 1888 , French protectorate since 1880 ) Kingdom of Huahine ( till 1895 , French protectorate since 1888 ) Kingdom of Tahiti ( 1788 / 91 -- 1880 , French protectorate since 1842 ) Kingdom of Rurutu ( till 1900 , French protectorate since 1888 ) Kingdom of Rimatara ( till 1901 , French protectorate since 1888 ) Kingdom of Tahuata ( till 1880 , French protectorate since 1842 ) Kingdom of Rapa Iti ( till 1881 , kingship continued to 1887 ) Kingdom of Mangareva ( till 1881 , French protectorate since 1844 / 1871 ) Taiohae Kingdom of Nuku Hiva ( till 1901 , sovereignty ceded to France in 1842 ) British Solomon Islands ( 1893 -- 1978 ) Kingdom of Fiji ( 1871 -- 1874 ) Colonial Fiji ( 1874 -- 1970 ) Dominion of Fiji ( 1970 -- 1987 ) Kingdom of Hawaii ( 1795 -- 1893 ) Provisional Government of Hawaii ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 ) Patu - iki or Kingdom of Niue ( c. 1700 -- 1900 ) Kingdom of Rarotonga ( 1858 -- 1893 ) Cook Islands Federation ( 1893 -- 1901 ) Saudeleur Dynasty ( ca . 1100 -- ca . 1628 ) Kingdom of Rapa Nui ( Easter Island ) ( till 1888 ) New Hebrides ( 1906 -- 1980 ) Kingdom of Nauru ( till 1888 ) German New Guinea -- German protectorate from 1884 until conquered by Australia in 1914 ; now part of Papua New Guinea . German Samoa -- German protectorate from 1900 until conquered by New Zealand in 1914 . Became independent as Western Samoa in 1961 ; renamed Samoa in 1997 . Gilbert and Ellice Islands -- British protectorate , later colony , dissolved 1976 . Gilbert Islands became independent as Kiribatiin 1979 and Ellice Islands became independent as Tuvalu in 1978 . Netherlands East Indies -- Collection of Dutch colonies , officially since the end of the Napoleonic Wars , up to 1799 controlled by the Dutch East India Company but occupied and administered by the British in an interregnum during the Napoleonic Wars under the authority of the Kew Letters . Became independent as Indonesia in 1945 . Netherlands New Guinea -- adjacent to the Netherlands East Indies until 1949 , became part of Indonesia in 1963 as Irian Jaya . North Borneo -- British colony , became part of Malaysia in 1963 . Territory of Papua -- British colony from 1884 until 1949 , when it merged with the former German New Guinea to form Territory of Papua and New Guinea , which became independent as Papua New Guinea in 1975 . Portuguese Timor -- Eastern half of the island of Timor was a Portuguese colony until 1975 , when independence was declared as East Timor . Indonesian troops seized the country in that same year , but it finally became independent in 2002 . It is now called Timor - Leste . Kingdom of Sarawak -- Independent 1842 , became a British protectorate 1888 -- 1946 . The Straits Settlements -- British colony until 1946 . Singapore separated out , the rest united with the Federated Malay States and the five Unfederated Malay States to form Malayan Union . Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ( also known as United States Pacific Trust Territory ) -- Joint dependency of the USA and United Nations from 1947 until 1986 . Now divided into Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Palau , and the US dependency of the Northern Marianas . The British colonies of Western Australia , South Australia , Victoria , New South Wales , Queensland and Tasmania all united to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 . South America ( edit ) Name Location Origin Fate Notes Republic of Acre present - day state of Acre , Brazil . Created 1899 declaring independence from Bolivia . Annexed by Brazil in the Treaty of Petrópolis . Three attempts at independence in 1899 , 1900 , and 1903 . Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia present - day Eastern Patagonia in Argentina , and the Araucanía in Chile . Created 1860 by the French lawyer Orelie - Antoine de Tounens who was appointed king by indigenous Mapuches . It never controlled its vast territory and was an unrecognized state . Lost the only portion of land under its control , Perquenco , in 1862 to Chile . The micronation was allied with Napoleon III of France . Kingdom of Chimor Indigenous people of northern Peru and Ecuador . unknown ( present in 1531 ) . Incorporated into the Inca Empire in the 1470s . Chimors or the Chim migrated from Colombia over 1,000 years ago . Gran Colombia present - day Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador and Panama . Created 1819 during wars for independence from Spain . Broke apart in 1830 , formally dissolved in 1831 . Successor states were Colombia , which included present - day Panama , Venezuela , and Ecuador . Its official name was República de Colombia : there never was a state called `` Greater Colombia '' or `` Gran Colombia '' ; this is an addition by later historians in order to distinguish it from the present - day Republic of Colombia . Although the literal translation is `` Great Colombia '' , historians have traditionally chosen to translate it as `` Greater Colombia '' . Inca Empire large parts of modern Ecuador , Peru , western and south central Bolivia , northwest Argentina , north and north - central Chile , and southern Colombia . around 1197 Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire . Its capital was in Cuzco , Peru . Peru - Bolivian Confederation Approximately present - day Peru and Bolivia , plus some of northern Chile and other territories . Created 1836 through union of Republic of North Peru , Republic of South Peru , and Bolivia . Dissolved as a result of the War of the Confederation , 1839 . Another conflict , the War of the Pacific followed in the 1870s . The Chileans defeated the Bolivians and Peruvians . Chile annexed the Arica and Tacna provinces in 1881 , but returned Tacna to Peru in 1928 . Modern States and territories by type ( edit ) Former colonies , possessions , protectorates and territories ( edit ) This article needs attention from an expert in geography . The specific problem is : How can colonies , mandates , and UN trust territories be included in a list of SOVEREIGN states ? . WikiProject Geography may be able to help recruit an expert . ( August 2016 ) These were all colonies , League of Nations mandates , or United Nations trust territories , most of which were renamed after their independence . Africa ( edit ) Congo Free State -- Name of the state owned from 1884 by King Léopold II of Belgium , later mostly annexed by his country in 1908 , when it became known as Belgian Congo . Belgian Congo -- Belgian colony from 1908 until 1960 , when the it became independent as the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Ruanda - Urundi -- UN Trusteeship ( Belgian ) until 1962 . Became independent as Burundi and Rwanda . Anglo - Egyptian Sudan -- Condominium ruled jointly by the United Kingdom and Egypt . Became independent as Sudan in 1956 ( and South Sudan from Sudan in 2011 ) . East Africa Protectorate -- British territory . Became Kenya Colony and then became independent as Kenya in 1963 . Gold Coast -- British colony since 1874 , it became independent as Ghana in 1957 . Tanganyika -- British territory until 1961 . From then independent until 1964 , when it unified with Sultanate of Zanzibar and became Tanzania Bechuanaland -- Since 1884 a British protectorate , later colony ( governed from South Africa ) . Became independent as Botswana in 1966 . Northern Rhodesia -- Became Zambia in 1964 . Southern Rhodesia -- British colony , unilaterally declared itself independent as Rhodesia in 1965 , renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1979 , then gained international recognition as Zimbabwe 1980 . Nyasaland -- British protectorate , previously called British Central Africa , it was renamed Nyasaland in 1907 . It became part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1953 , and became independent as Malawi in 1964 . Orange River Sovereignty -- Became the Orange Free State in 1854 . Basutoland -- Since 1868 a British protectorate , later colony ( governed from South Africa ) . Became independent as Lesotho in 1966 . Dutch Gold Coast -- Colony of the Netherlands from 1598 to 1872 , when it was ceded to the United Kingdom . Dahomey -- This African kingdom was acquired by France . In 1904 , it was made part of the French West African federation . It became independent in 1960 , changing its name in 1975 to Benin . French West Africa -- Dissolved into Mali , Senegal , Ivory Coast , Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) , Niger , Guinea , Dahomey , Mauritania . French Mauritania -- Became Mauritania in 1960 . French Sudan -- Became Mali Federation in 1959 together with Senegal , which fell apart in 1960 , after which the country was renamed to Mali . French Upper Volta -- Became Republic of Upper Volta in 1958 and Burkina - Faso in 1984 . French Niger -- Became Niger in 1960 . French Senegal -- Became Senegal in 1960 . French Guinea -- Became Guinea in 1958 . French Ivory Coast -- Became Ivory Coast in 1960 . French Togoland -- Became Togo in 1960 . French Dahomey -- Became Republic of Dahomey in 1958 and later Benin . French Somaliland -- became Afars and Issas then independent Djibouti in 1977 , disputed by Somalia . French Equatorial Africa -- French federation of colonies , formed in 1910 , containing the colonies of French Cameroon , French Congo , French Chad and Ubangi - Shari . Each of these states became independent in 1960 ( Ubangi - Shari as the Central African Republic and French Congo as Republic of the Congo and Gabon ) . French Chad - Became Chad in 1960 . Ubangi - Shari -- Became Central African Republic in 1960 . French Congo -- Also named Middle Congo . Became independent as Republic of the Congo and Gabon . Afars and Issas -- French territory between 1967 and 1977 , called French Somaliland before that . Became independent as Djibouti . German East Africa -- Became Tanganyika , now part of Tanzania , went to British rule during World War I ( 1914 -- 18 ) ; and Ruanda - Urundi . German South - West Africa -- German colony from 1884 to 1915 , after which it became South African held territory until 1990 , when the country became independent as Namibia by 1990 . Italian Tripolitania -- Italian colony , 1927 -- 1934 , absorbed by Italian Libya Italian Libya -- Occupied by British and French troops after Italy 's defeat in World War II , became Libya in 1951 . Italian East Africa -- Italian colonies of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland together with occupied Ethiopia . Italy invaded and occupied Ethiopia from 1936 to 1944 . Portuguese Guinea -- Became Guinea - Bissau in 1974 . Portuguese Angola -- Became Angola in 1975 . Portuguese Mozambique -- Became Mozambique in 1975 . South - West Africa -- In 1915 , South Africa occupied the German colony of South - West Africa , which it held under mandate until 1922 , after which they remained ruling the territory until its independence in 1990 as Namibia ( since 1994 also including Walvisbaai ) . Spanish Sahara -- Now generally known as Western Sahara , but claimed by and divided between Morocco and Mauritania in 1976 , later entirely by Morocco . The issues of sovereignty and international recognition have yet to be resolved . Rio Muni -- Former Spanish colony , then part of territory of Spanish Guinea until 1968 . Became independent as Equatorial Guinea . Spanish Guinea -- Became Equatorial Guinea . Consisted of two former colonies of Rio Muni and Fernando Po . Liberia -- American colony , 1822 -- 1847 , regulated by the American Colonization Society for former slaves . Asia ( edit ) British India -- became India and Pakistan in 1947 ( and Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 ) . British Palestine from 1920 to 1948 . By the end of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , it was divided into the newly formed State of Israel , the West Bank ( then held by the Jordan ) and the Gaza Strip ( then held by Egypt ) . French India ( including Mahé , Pondichéry , Karikal and Yanaon ) -- became part of India in 1950 . French Indochina -- French territory until 1949 -- 1954 . Became independent as Cambodia , Laos and Việt Nam , while the exclave of Kouang - Tchéou - Wan became part of China in 1946 . Gwadar -- colony of Muscat and Oman , became part of Pakistan in 1958 . Hong Kong -- colony of the United Kingdom , sovereignty transferred to the People 's Republic of China on July 1 , 1997 , as a `` Special Administrative Region '' . Indian princely states : over 550 principalities which were protectorates of the British crown were merged with the successor states of British India in the years after independence in 1947 . Macao -- colony of Portugal , sovereignty transferred to the People 's Republic of China on December 20 , 1999 , as a `` Special Administrative Region '' . Portuguese India ( including Goa , Daman and Diu ) -- became part of India in 1961 . Shamian Island -- jointly owned by Britain and France , transferred to China in 1946 . Protectorate of South Arabia -- Federation until 1967 , consisting of British colony of Aden and numerous protectorates . Became independent as People 's Republic of Yemen ( from 1970 People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen ) known as ' South Yemen ' . Europe ( edit ) Dodecanese -- Italian colony taken from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 , transferred to Greece in 1947 . Heligoland -- British colony taken from Denmark in 1807 , given to Germany in 1890 in exchange for Zanzibar . United States of the Ionian Islands -- British protected state , which had been ruled by Napoleonic France from 1797 until 1815 , given to Greece in 1864 . Malta -- British protectorate , later a colony from 1800 to 1964 . Menorca -- British colony returned to Spain in 1810 . Nearby Majorca and the Balearic Isles was occupied by Napoleonic France from 1801 to 1815 , also returned to Spain . North America ( edit ) British America -- British interests in North America ( now generally parts of the United States and Canada ) until 1783 when Britain accepted the United States as independent . The Maritime Provinces of Canada are the descending colonies of what was then the British Colonies of America . British Honduras -- became Belize in 1981 , disputed by Guatemala . British Leeward Islands -- British colony between 1833 and 1958 . Joined West Indies Federation in 1958 . Now divided into the countries of Antigua and Barbuda and St Kitts and Nevis , and the dependencies of Anguilla , Montserrat and British Virgin Islands . British North America -- Some British interests in North America after the territory of the 13 former colonies became recognized as a new independent country , the USA , in 1783 ( note : the colonies in question were , at the time of independence , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Rhode Island , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia ; the land of the nominally newly independent territory included a number of Native American nations ; also , entities that were already no longer colonies before independence included East Jersey , West Jersey , New Netherland , New Sweden , and Plymouth Colony . ) British Windward Islands -- British colony between 1833 and 1958 . Joined West Indies Federation in 1958 . Now divided into Dominica , Grenada , Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Danish West Indies -- Danish colony , sold in 1917 to the United States . Now known as the United States Virgin Islands . Mosquito Coast -- British colony 1834 -- 1894 , when it became part of Nicaragua . New France was conquered by the United Kingdom ; various parts of it later became part of Canada and the United States . New Netherland -- A Dutch colony in the present - day United States , mainly in and around the state of New York . It was conquered by England in 1664 . Panama Canal Zone -- US administered until 1979 . Became part of Panama . The British colonies of Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Upper Canada and Lower Canada ( later , the Province of Canada ) , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland , plus the territory of Rupert 's Land , spent much time reorganizing themselves into various patterns ; they all eventually became part of Canada . Oceania ( edit ) German New Guinea -- protectorate from 1884 until conquered by Australia in 1914 , now part of Papua New Guinea . German Samoa -- protectorate from 1900 until conquered by New Zealand in 1914 , became independent as Western Samoa in 1961 , renamed Samoa in 1997 . Gilbert and Ellice Islands -- British protectorate , later colony , dissolved 1976 . Gilbert Islands became independent as Kiribati in 1979 and Ellice Islands became independent as Tuvalu in 1978 . Netherlands East Indies -- A collection of Dutch colonies , officially since the end of the Napoleonic Wars , up to 1799 controlled by the Dutch East India Company but occupied and administered by the British in an interregnum during the Napoleonic Wars under the authority of the Kew Letters . Became independent as Indonesia in 1945 . Netherlands New Guinea -- adjacent to the Netherlands East Indies until 1949 , became part of Indonesia in 1963 as Irian Jaya . New Hebrides -- An Anglo - French condominium until 1980 . Became independent as Vanuatu . North Borneo -- British colony , became part of Malaysia in 1963 . Okinawa -- administered by the United States from 1945 to 1972 , when the island chain ( Ryukyu Islands ) was returned to Japan . Territory of Papua -- British colony from 1884 until 1949 , when it merged with the former German New Guinea to form Territory of Papua and New Guinea , which became independent as Papua New Guinea in 1975 . Portuguese Timor -- The eastern side of the island of Timor was a Portuguese colony until 1975 , when independence was declared as East Timor . Indonesian troops seized the country , but the country was finally declared independent in 2002 . Kingdom of Sarawak -- Independent 1842 , became a British protectorate 1888 -- 1946 . The Straits Settlements -- British colony until 1946 . Singapore separated out , the rest united with the Federated Malay States and the five Unfederated Malay States to form Malayan Union . Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ( also known as United States Pacific Trust Territory ) -- Joint dependency of the USA and United Nations from 1947 until 1986 . Now divided into Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Palau , and the US dependency of the Northern Marianas . The British colonies of Western Australia , South Australia , Victoria , New South Wales , Queensland and Tasmania all united to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 . South America ( edit ) British Guiana -- became Guyana in 1966 , disputed by Venezuela . New Granada -- A Spanish colony made up by present - day Colombia , Ecuador , Panama , and Venezuela ( which then included Trinidad and western Guyana ) . It was established in 1717 and dissolved in 1810 when Venezuela declared its independence . Surinam -- A Dutch colony that became Suriname in 1975 . Dismembered countries ( edit ) These states are now dissolved into a number of states , none of which retain the old name . Austria - Hungary -- This double monarchy was formed in 1867 from the Habsburg empire , having an Austrian and a Hungarian part . In 1918 , the empire was split into Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia ( itself later dismembered ) , Poland and Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ; itself later dismembered ) . Also the Lemko - Rusyn Republic , ceded to Poland . British India was partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947 , while at the same time the larger British Indian Empire was dissolved , creating for a time some new independent states , notably Hyderabad . The secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 brought another new country into existence . Federal Republic of Central America also incorrectly known in English as United States of Central America -- independent 1823 ; fell apart into separate states in civil war 1838 -- 1840 . Czechoslovakia -- State created from parts of Austria - Hungary , which dissolved after World War I. During 1939 -- 1945 was dismembered into Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Slovak State . In 1993 the country voluntarily split into two parts , the Czech Republic and Slovakia . Gran Colombia -- Simón Bolívar forged this state from parts of the Spanish Empire . It split into Venezuela , New Granada and Ecuador . In 1863 New Granada changed its name to Colombia , and Panama gained its independence from it in 1903 . Mali Federation -- In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan , both parts of French West Africa , as an independent nation . It fell apart in 1960 into Senegal and Mali . Peru - Bolivian Confederacy -- A union formed in 1836 by Peru and Bolivia and which lasted until 1839 . Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( or The Commonwealth of the Two Nations ) partitioned in 1772 , 1793 and 1795 in three rounds among Russia , Prussia and Austria . These lands are further distributed today among Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia . Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ( also known as Central African Federation ) -- This was a union of Northern Rhodesia , Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia into a British self - governing dominion , founded in 1953 . It fell apart in 1964 with the independence of Zambia , Malawi and Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe . Senegambia -- Loose confederation between African countries of Senegal and the Gambia that existed from 1982 to 1989 . Serbia and Montenegro -- Loose state union of the two remaining republics of the former Yugoslavia that was founded in 2003 . Both countries became independent following the May 2006 referendum which decided in favor of the secession of Montenegro . Soviet Union , more formally known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( or USSR ) . Formed in 1922 . Dissolved 1991 -- 1992 into its constituent republics : Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , and Uzbekistan . United Arab Republic -- A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958 . It was dissolved in 1961 , though Egypt used the name until 1971 . Other Pan-Arab unity agreements with Iraq and Jordan of the 1950s failed . United Arab States - A confederation formed by the United Arab Republic and North Yemen in 1958 . It was dissolved in 1961 . United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1815 -- 1830 ) ( Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden / Royaume - Uni des Pays - Bas ) created during the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , dissolved to Belgium ( revolted 1830 ) , Luxembourg ( left 1835 , but the personal union with the King as Grand Duke lasted until 1890 ) and Netherlands . United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ( 1815 -- 1822 ) ( Reino Unido de Portugal , Brasil e Algarves / Royaume - Uni de Portugal , Brésil et des Algarves ) created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom , once the Portuguese royal family was living in Rio de Janeiro since 1809 . This country was dissolved in 1822 when Brazil became independent . West Indies Federation -- Federal state created by the United Kingdom in 1958 which encompassed most of its possessions in the Caribbean . The federation collapsed after Jamaica voted to separate . Tu'i Tonga -- Lost states such as Samoa , Fiji , and other parts of Polynesia to foreign powers ( Britain , France , Germany and the United States ) by 1900 . Yugoslavia -- State created from parts of Austria - Hungary and Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro in 1918 . Re-created after World War II and dissolved in 1991 . ( Slovenia and Croatia declared independence in June 1991 , Macedonia in September 1991 , Bosnia and Herzegovina in April 1992 . In 1992 Serbia and Montenegro founded a new country , FR Yugoslavia , that was later , in 2003 , renamed into Serbia and Montenegro . Serbia and Montenegro itself was dismembered into its constituent republics of Serbia and Montenegro in June , 2006 . Nominally independent homelands of South Africa ( edit ) Four of the homelands , or bantustans , for black South Africans , were granted nominal independence from South Africa . Not recognised by other nations , these puppet states were re-incorporated in 1994 . Bophuthatswana -- Declared independent in 1977 , reincorporated in 1994 . Ciskei -- Declared independent in 1981 , reincorporated in 1994 . Transkei -- Declared independent in 1976 , reincorporated in 1994 . Venda -- Declared independent in 1979 , reincorporated in 1994 . Gazankulu -- Declared independent in 1971 , reincorporated in 1994 . Secessionist States ( edit ) These nations declared themselves independent , but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country . Republic of Acre -- Declared independence from Bolivia in 1899 . Annexed by Brazil in 1903 . Bavarian Soviet Republic -- Proclaimed independent in April 1919 , reincorporated into Germany four weeks later . Biafra -- Declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967 . Defeated and reincorporated in 1970 . California -- declared independence from Mexico in June 1846 , claimed by U.S. Navy for United States in July 1846 . California -- Mexico 's commander in California , Pío Pico , abandoned the Californios , Mexicans living in California , who organized an army to defend themselves from the United States . The Californios defeated an American force in Los Angeles on September 30 , 1846 , and signed the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13 , 1847 , accepting American sovereignty over California . Carpatho - Ukraine -- declared independence from Czechoslovakia in 1939 , but was annexed by Hungary within a few days . Cartagena Canton -- the haven city of Cartagena , Spain seceded from the First Spanish Republic in 1873 . Catalan Republic ( April 14 -- April 17 , 1931 ) . Chechnya -- Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 as Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , however the country was recognized only by Taliban . After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia 's control in the Second Chechen War . Confederate States of America -- Declared its independence from the United States in 1861 , reincorporated , 1861 -- 1865 . Corsican Republic -- Seceded from Genoa in 1755 , annexed by France in 1769 . Anglo - Corsican Kingdom ( 1794 -- 1796 ) Independent State of Croatia ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , declared independence from Ukraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine . Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia -- Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 , reincorporated into the country in 1994 . Cruzob , achieved independence from Mexico in 1856 , but was reannexed in 1901 . Ezo -- declared independence from Japan in 1868 after the defeat of the forces of the Tokugawa shogunate during the Boshin War until it was reincorporated into Japan in 1869 Republic of Formosa -- Lasted from May to October 1895 after the island was ceded by China to Japan and the local gentry and officials declared a tributary republic in a failed attempt to avert Japanese annexation . Green Ukraine -- Declared independence from Far Eastern Republic in 1920 , dissolved in 1922 . Italian Social Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Katanga -- Declared its independence of the newly formed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960 , was incorporated again into the country in 1963 . Manitoba -- short - lived republic led by Thomas Spence , declared after the Hudson 's Bay Company gave up Rupert 's Land and before the government of Canada took control ( 1867 ) . Red River Rebellion -- provisional government in Rupert 's Land , led by Louis Riel in ( 1869 -- 1870 ) . Rif Republic 1921 -- 1926 Republic of the Rio Grande ( ' Republic of Texas ' ) declared independence in 1840 , brought back into Mexico by force less than a year later , encompassed the land of the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Nuevo León , and parts of the United States state of Texas . Republic of Serbian Krajina -- declared independence from Croatia in 1991 , reincorporated into the country in 1995 . South Kasai -- declared independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960 , reincorporated into the country in December 1961 . Slovak Soviet Republic -- Proclaimed independent in July 1919 , incorporated into Czechoslovakia three weeks later . Republika Srpska -- Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 , reincorporated into the country in 1995 . Republic of Texas -- Gained its independence from Mexico in 1836 . Annexed by the United States in 1845 . Principality of Trinidad -- Declared independence in 1893 , claimed by United Kingdom in 1895 , but incorporated by Brazil . Republic of Prekmurje ( 1919 ) Ukrainian People 's Republic -- declared independence after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , but fell to the Soviet Union in 1920 . Annexed countries ( edit ) These nations , once separate , are now part of another country . Cases of voluntary accession are included . Republic of Alsace - Lorraine -- Formed after the collapse of the German Empire at the end of World War I , 11 days later it was occupied by and incorporated in France . British Somaliland -- Became part of Somalia , but has since asserted its independence as the Somaliland republic . Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and Free State of Fiume 1920 -- 1924 , two short - lived states in the port city of Fiume / Rijeka proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio . Following World War I , the city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia , and eventually captured by Italy in 1921 . The city passed to Yugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia . Chan Santa Cruz Maya state in eastern Yucatán Peninsula , recognized as independent nation by British Empire in the 1850s ; now part of Mexico . Cospaia -- Tiny republic which lasted for centuries before being divided between Tuscany and the Papal States in 1826 . Couto Misto -- Tiny 10th century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864 -- 8 . Crete -- Autonomous under Ottoman suzerainty in 1898 , unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908 , which was recognized in 1913 . Eastern Rumelia -- Province of the Ottoman Empire unified with Bulgaria in 1885 Germany was enlarged twice since the 1950s , growing from 10 to 16 federal states : the Saarland , French protectorate , joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) in 1990 joined the Federal Republic of Germany ( until then known as West Germany ) , but not as a whole , divided in five newly recreated states ( Bundesländer ) . Far Eastern Republic -- Puppet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , 1920 -- 1922 Franceville -- Independent in 1889 , later governed by France and Britain as part of the New Hebrides ; now part of Vanuatu . Republic of Hatay -- Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey ; independent 1938 -- 1939 The Kingdom of Hawaii was unified in 1810 under Kamehameha I , and was recognized by the United States as an independent nation from 1826 until January 17 , 1893 . Following the overthrow of the monarchy it existed as the independent Republic of Hawaii until annexation by the United States in 1898 . Became the territory , and then the state , of Hawaii . Indian Princely States Republic of Indian Stream -- 1832 -- 1835 , now part of U.S. Italian Somaliland -- Became part of Somalia . Kalat -- 1666 to 1955 , became part of Pakistan . Karelo - Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic -- annexed by Russia , upon the collapse of the Soviet Union became the autonomous Republic of Karelia . Never independent . Manchukuo -- Japanese puppet state in Manchuria from 1931 until 1945 . Reincorporated into China in 1945 . Free States of Menton and Roquebrune -- Seceded from Monaco in 1848 , under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia , then annexed by France in 1861 . Moldavia -- Now divided among Romania , Moldova and Ukraine . Moresnet -- 1816 -- 1920 , Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium . Natalia Republic -- 1839 -- 1843 , Was quickly made into a British colony Newfoundland -- Existed as an autonomous colony of the United Kingdom from 1855 to 1907 , then a sovereign dominion until 1934 when it reverted to a crown colony . It joined in Confederation with Canada in 1949 . Orange Free State -- This country was independent from 1854 to 1900 , when it was incorporated into South Africa . It was one of two Boer republics , along with the South African Republic ( Transvaal Republic ) . Islands of Refreshment -- The islands of Tristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811 . Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815 . Ryukyu Kingdom -- Established in 1429 , recognized by China as of 1372 as Chūzan ; conquered by Japan 's Satsuma Domain in 1609 ; formally annexed in 1879 , following the Meiji Restoration . Kingdom of Sikkim merged with India in 1975 . State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs -- Created in 1918 and joined Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes after existing for just one month . South Yemen ( People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen ) and North Yemen ( Yemen Arab Republic ) in 1990 united to form Yemen Islamic Republic of Tatarstan -- 1992 until annexed by the Russian Federation in 1994 . Republic of Texas -- Annexed by United States in 1846 . Tibet -- Unified Tibetan empire was created in the 8th century . Mongol conquests in the 13th century made Tibet part of a Mongol - ruled Chinese empire , and four centuries later the Manchu - ruled Qing Dynasty formed a patron - priest relationship with Tibet 's spiritual rulers . In 1914 , China refused to ratify a treaty which would have granted China suzerainty over `` Inner Tibet '' and `` Outer Tibet , '' establishing direct rule over the former and leaving the latter autonomous . In 1950 , a Chinese army invaded Tibet . The region remains under Chinese control . Transvaal Republic ( South African Republic ) -- Independent country before becoming part of the British Empire during the Second Boer War in 1902 and is currently part of South Africa . It was one of two Boer republics , the other was the Orange Free State . Transylvania -- Semi-independent before becoming part of Austria - Hungary . Became part of Romania after World War I . Tuva Urjanchai Republic 1911 -- 1914 , Annexed by Russia Tuvan People 's Republic ( Tannu Tuva ) , 1921 -- 1944 , Annexed by Soviet Union , founding member of Russian Federation in 1992 Vermont Republic -- Republic of Vermont existed from 1777 until 1791 , when Vermont became the 14th state of the United States . Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) -- Conquered by the North Vietnam in 1975 , which then ruled the South through the Vietcong , or Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam . North and South were merged in 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Wallachia -- United with Moldavia to form Romania in 1859 . Republic of West Florida ( 1810 ) Republic of Yucatán 1823 , 1841 -- 1848 ; Became part of Mexico Zanzibar -- Zanzibar merged in 1964 with Tanganyika to become Tanzania . Zanzibar was not annexed , but joined through a free referendum . See also ( edit ) List of Bronze Age states ( c. 3300 -- 1200 BC ) List of Iron Age states ( c. 1200 -- 600 BC ) List of Classical Age states ( c. 600 BC -- 200 AD ) List of states during Late Antiquity ( c. 200 -- 700 ) List of states during the Middle Ages ( c. 700 -- 1500 ) List of countries List of former national capitals List of historic states of Italy List of historic states of Russia List of historic states of Germany Former countries in Europe after 1815 List of largest empires List of micronations Timeline of sovereign states in Europe Notes ( edit ) ^ The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee : A Second Breath for the Self - Determination of Peoples ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . ^ The Simla Convention ( 1914 ) and its appendix identified Tibet as `` under the suzerainty of China ... ( forming ) part of Chinese territory ; '' China refused to ratify however and instead Britain and Tibet alone signed and ratified three treaties recognizing Tibet 's autonomy but not China 's claims ( Article 2 , Note 2 ) . ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Harding , Les . Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries : Aden to Zululand . Scarecrow Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3445 - 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of sovereign states by year <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> AD ( CE ) <Td_colspan="2"> Current list of sovereign states <Td_colspan="2"> Centuries <Td_colspan="2"> 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 19th <Td_colspan="2"> Years <Td_colspan="2"> 2nd century 220 6th century 501 502 503 12th century 1143 15th century 1400 1494 1496 16th century 1500 1528 17th century 1620 1648 1660 1661 1662 18th century 1768 1769 1776 1777 1778 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Decades <Td_colspan="2"> 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s <Td_colspan="2"> Ages <Td_colspan="2"> Classical Late Antiquity Middle <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> BC ( BCE ) <Td_colspan="2"> Centuries 35th BC 21st BC 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC Ages Copper Bronze Iron Classical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_former_sovereign_states&oldid=808885452 '' Categories : History by country History by former country Lists of former countries Hidden categories : Articles needing expert attention from August 2016 All articles needing expert attention History articles needing expert attention Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles contradicting other articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Geography articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Català Čeština Eesti Español Esperanto Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Ирон Kaszëbsczi Лезги Limburgs Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Português Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 20 : 34 . 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if you were in savannah georgia on what coast of the united states would you be located

Georgia ( U.S. state ) - wikipedia Georgia ( U.S. state ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state . For the country , see Georgia ( country ) . For other uses , see Georgia . `` State of Georgia '' redirects here . For the TV series , see State of Georgia ( TV series ) . <Th_colspan="2"> State of Georgia <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : Peach State , Empire State of the South <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Wisdom , Justice , Moderation <Td_colspan="2"> State song ( s ) : `` Georgia on My Mind '' <Td_colspan="2"> Official language English Spoken languages English , Spanish ( 7.42 % ) Demonym Georgian Capital ( and largest city ) Atlanta Largest metro Atlanta metropolitan area Area Ranked 24th Total 59,425 sq mi ( 153,909 km ) Width 230 miles ( 370 km ) Length 298 miles ( 480 km ) % water 2.6 Latitude 30.356 -- 34.985 ° N Longitude 80.840 -- 85.605 ° W <Td_colspan="2"> Population Ranked 8th Total 10,429,379 ( 2017 est . ) Density 165 / sq mi ( 65.4 / km ) Ranked 18th Median household income $50,768 ( 39th ) <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation Highest point Brasstown Bald 4,784 ft ( 1,458 m ) Mean 600 ft ( 180 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level <Td_colspan="2"> Before statehood Province of Georgia Admission to Union January 2 , 1788 ( 4th ) Governor Nathan Deal ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle ( R ) Legislature Georgia General Assembly Upper house State Senate Lower house House of Representatives <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Senators Johnny Isakson ( R ) David Perdue ( R ) U.S. House delegation 10 Republicans , 4 Democrats ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US - GA Abbreviations GA , Ga . Website www.georgia.gov <Th_colspan="2"> show Georgia state symbols <Td_colspan="2"> The Flag of Georgia <Td_colspan="2"> The Seal of Georgia <Th_colspan="2"> Living insignia Amphibian American green tree frog Bird Brown thrasher ( Toxostoma rufum ) Fish Largemouth bass Flower Cherokee Rose Insect Honey bee Mammal White - tailed deer Reptile Gopher tortoise ( Gopherus polyphemus ) Tree Live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) <Th_colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia Food Peanut Mineral Staurolite Song `` Georgia on My Mind '' Other Vegetable : Vidalia onion Marine mammal : Right whale <Th_colspan="2"> State route marker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State quarter <Td_colspan="2"> Released in 1999 <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols Georgia ( / ˈdʒɔːrdʒə / ( listen ) JOR - jə ) is a state in the Southeastern United States . It began as a British colony in 1733 , the last of the original Thirteen Colonies . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina down to Spanish Florida and New France along Louisiana ( New France ) , also bordering to the west towards the Mississippi River . Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution , on January 2 , 1788 . In 1802 -- 1804 , western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory , which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819 . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate states . It was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 . Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States . From 2007 to 2008 , 14 of Georgia 's counties ranked among the nation 's 100 fastest - growing , second only to Texas . Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South . Atlanta is the state 's capital , its most populous city , and has been named a global city . Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina , to the west by Alabama , and to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina . The state 's northernmost part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains , part of the Appalachian Mountains system . The Piedmont extends through the central part of the state from the foothills of the Blue Ridge to the Fall Line , where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the coastal plain of the state 's southern part . Georgia 's highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet ( 1,458 m ) above sea level ; the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean . Of the states entirely east of the Mississippi River , Georgia is the largest in land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geology and terrain 2.3 Ecology 2.4 Flora 2.5 Fauna 2.6 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Languages 3.3 Major cities ( 2017 ) 3.4 Religion 4 Government 4.1 State government 4.2 Local government 4.3 Elections 4.4 Politics 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Mining 5.3 Industry 5.4 Logistics 5.5 Military 5.6 Energy use and production 5.7 State taxes 5.8 Film 5.9 Tourism 6 Culture 6.1 Fine and performing arts 6.2 Literature 6.3 Television 6.4 Music 6.5 Film 6.6 Sports 7 Parks and recreational activities 8 Education 9 Media 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Health care 11 Cities 12 Notable people 13 State symbols 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Before settlement by Europeans , Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures . The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12 , 1733 . The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by ( and named for ) King George II . The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the colony 's settlement , known as the Oglethorpe Plan , which envisioned an agrarian society of yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery . The colony was invaded by the Spanish in 1742 , during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . In 1752 , after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony , the Trustees turned over control to the crown . Georgia became a crown colony , with a governor appointed by the king . The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain , on June 27 , 1864 The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence . The State of Georgia 's first constitution was ratified in February 1777 . Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24 , 1778 , and was the 4th state to ratify the current Constitution on January 2 , 1788 . In 1829 , gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains , which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega , which continued its operation until 1861 . The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to take land from the Cherokee Nation . In 1830 , President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law , sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present - day Oklahoma , including all of Georgia 's tribes . Despite the Supreme Court 's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) that ruled U.S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries , President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling . In 1838 , his successor , Martin Van Buren , dispatched federal troops to gather the Cherokee and deport them west of the Mississippi . This forced relocation , known as the Trail of Tears , led to the death of over 4,000 Cherokees . In early 1861 , Georgia joined the Confederacy and became a major theater of the Civil War . Major battles took place at Chickamauga , Kennesaw Mountain , and Atlanta . In December 1864 , a large swath of the state from Atlanta to Savannah was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman 's March to the Sea . 18,253 Georgian soldiers died in service , roughly one of every five who served . In 1870 , following the Reconstruction Era , Georgia became the last Confederate state to be restored to the Union . A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill , 1909 . With white Democrats having regained power in the state legislature , they passed a poll tax in 1877 , which disenfranchised many poor blacks and whites , preventing them from registering . In 1908 , the state established a white primary ; with the only competitive contests within the Democratic Party , it was another way to exclude blacks from politics . They constituted 46.7 % of the state 's population in 1900 , but the proportion of Georgia 's population that was African American dropped thereafter to 28 % , primarily due to tens of thousands leaving the state during the Great Migration . This political disfranchisement persisted through the mid-1960s , until after Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . According to the Equal Justice Institute 's 2015 report on lynching in the United States ( 1877 - 1950 ) , Georgia had 531 deaths , the second - highest total of these crimes of any state in the South , exceeded by Mississippi . The overwhelming number of victims were black and male . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Road to Brasstown Bald Jekyll Island Okefenokee Swamp , Georgia Boundaries ( edit ) Beginning from the Atlantic Ocean , the state 's eastern border with South Carolina runs up the Savannah River , northwest to its origin at the confluence of the Tugaloo and Seneca Rivers . It then continues up the Tugaloo ( originally Tugalo ) and into the Chattooga River , its most significant tributary . These bounds were decided in the 1797 Treaty of Beaufort , and tested in the U.S. Supreme Court in the two Georgia v. South Carolina cases in 1923 and 1989 . The border then takes a sharp turn around the tip of Rabun County , at latitude 35 ° N , though from this point it diverges slightly south ( due to inaccuracies in the original survey ) . This northern border was originally the Georgia and North Carolina border all the way to the Mississippi River , until Tennessee was divided from North Carolina , and the Yazoo companies induced the legislature of Georgia to pass an act , approved by the governor in 1795 , to sell the greater part of Georgia 's territory presently comprising Alabama and Mississippi . The state 's western border runs in a straight line south - southeastward from a point southwest of Chattanooga , to meet the Chattahoochee River near West Point . It continues downriver to the point where it joins the Flint River ( the confluence of the two forming Florida 's Apalachicola River ) ; the southern border goes almost due east and very slightly south , in a straight line to the St. Mary 's River , which then forms the remainder of the boundary back to the ocean . The water boundaries are still set to be the original thalweg of the rivers . Since then , several have been inundated by lakes created by dams , including the Apalachicola / Chattahoochee / Flint point now under Lake Seminole . Georgia state legislators have claimed that in an 1818 survey , the state 's border with Tennessee was erroneously placed one mile ( 1.6 km ) farther south than intended , and they proposed a correction in 2010 . The state was then in the midst of a significant drought , and the new border would allow Georgia access to water from the Tennessee River . Geology and terrain ( edit ) Map of elevations in Georgia Main article : Geology of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Each region has its own distinctive characteristics . For instance , the Ridge and Valley , which lies in the northwest corner of the state , includes limestone , sandstone , shale and other sedimentary rocks , which have yielded construction - grade limestone , barite , ocher , and small amounts of coal . Ecology ( edit ) Main article : Ecology of Georgia Flora ( edit ) The state of Georgia has approximately 250 tree species and 58 protected plants . Georgia 's native trees include red cedar , a variety of pines , oaks , hollies , cypress , sweetgum , scaly - bark and white hickories and sabal palmetto . East Georgia is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and conifer species as other broadleaf evergreen flora make up the majority of the southern and coastal regions . Yellow jasmine , and mountain laurel make up just a few of the flowering shrubs in the state . See also : List of taxa described from Georgia Fauna ( edit ) White - tailed ( Virginia ) deer are in nearly all counties . The northern mockingbird and brown thrasher are among the 160 bird species that live in the state . Reptiles and amphibians include the eastern diamondback , copperhead , and cottonmouth , salamanders , frogs , alligators and toads . There are about 79 species of reptile and 63 amphibians known to live in Georgia . The most popular freshwater game fish are trout , bream , bass , and catfish , all but the last of which are produced in state hatcheries for restocking . Popular saltwater game fish include red drum , spotted seatrout , flounder , and tarpon . Porpoises , whales , shrimp , oysters , and blue crabs are found inshore and offshore of the Georgia coast . See also : List of taxa described from Georgia Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Köppen climate classification types of Georgia Image of March 1993 Storm of the Century covering the length of the east coast . The outline of Georgia is discernible in the center of the image . The majority of the state is primarily a humid subtropical climate . Hot and humid summers are typical , except at the highest elevations . The entire state , including the North Georgia mountains , receives moderate to heavy precipitation , which varies from 45 inches ( 1143 mm ) in central Georgia to approximately 75 inches ( 1905 mm ) around the northeast part of the state . The degree to which the weather of a certain region of Georgia is subtropical depends on the latitude , its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico , and the elevation . The latter factor is felt chiefly in the mountainous areas of the northern part of the state , which are farther away from the ocean and can be 4500 feet ( 1350 m ) above sea level . The USDA Plant hardiness zones for Georgia range from zone 6b ( no colder than − 5 ° F ( − 21 ° C ) ) in the Blue Ridge Mountains to zone 8b ( no colder than 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) ) along the Atlantic coast and Florida border . The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 ° F ( 44.4 ° C ) in Louisville on July 24 , 1952 , while the lowest is − 17 ° F ( − 27.2 ° C ) in northern Floyd County on January 27 , 1940 . Georgia is one of the leading states in frequency of tornadoes , though they are rarely stronger than EF1 . Although tornadoes striking the city are very rare , a EF2 nonviolent tornado hit downtown Atlanta on March 14 , 2008 , causing moderate to severe damage to various buildings . With a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean , Georgia is also vulnerable to hurricanes , although direct hurricane strikes were rare during the 20th century . Georgia often is affected by hurricanes that strike the Florida panhandle , weaken over land , and bring strong tropical storm winds and heavy rain to the interior , as well as hurricanes that come close to the Georgia coastline , brushing the coast on their way north . Monthly average daily high and low temperatures for major Georgia cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Athens 51 / 11 33 / 1 56 / 13 35 / 2 65 / 18 42 / 6 73 / 23 49 / 9 80 / 27 58 / 14 87 / 31 65 / 18 90 / 32 69 / 21 88 / 31 68 / 20 82 / 28 63 / 17 73 / 23 51 / 11 63 / 17 42 / 6 54 / 12 35 / 2 Atlanta 52 / 11 34 / 1 57 / 14 36 / 2 65 / 18 44 / 7 73 / 23 50 / 10 80 / 27 60 / 16 86 / 30 67 / 19 89 / 32 71 / 22 88 / 31 70 / 21 82 / 28 64 / 18 73 / 23 53 / 12 63 / 17 44 / 7 55 / 13 36 / 2 Augusta 56 / 13 33 / 1 61 / 16 36 / 4 69 / 21 42 / 6 77 / 25 48 / 9 84 / 29 57 / 14 90 / 32 65 / 18 92 / 33 70 / 21 90 / 32 68 / 20 85 / 29 62 / 17 76 / 24 50 / 10 68 / 20 41 / 5 59 / 15 35 / 2 Columbus 57 / 14 37 / 3 62 / 17 39 / 4 69 / 21 46 / 8 76 / 24 52 / 11 83 / 28 61 / 16 90 / 32 69 / 21 92 / 33 72 / 22 91 / 32 72 / 22 86 / 30 66 / 19 77 / 25 54 / 12 68 / 20 46 / 8 59 / 15 39 / 4 Macon 57 / 14 34 / 1 61 / 16 37 / 3 68 / 20 44 / 7 76 / 24 50 / 10 83 / 28 59 / 15 90 / 32 67 / 19 92 / 33 70 / 21 90 / 32 70 / 21 85 / 29 64 / 18 77 / 25 51 / 11 68 / 20 42 / 6 59 / 15 36 / 2 Savannah 60 / 16 38 / 3 64 / 18 41 / 5 71 / 22 48 / 9 78 / 26 53 / 12 84 / 29 61 / 16 90 / 32 68 / 20 92 / 33 72 / 22 90 / 32 71 / 22 86 / 30 67 / 19 78 / 26 56 / 13 70 / 21 47 / 8 63 / 17 40 / 4 <Td_colspan="13"> Temperatures are given in ° F / ° C format , with highs on top of lows . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 82,548 -- 1800 162,686 97.1 % 1810 251,407 54.5 % 1820 340,989 35.6 % 1830 516,823 51.6 % 1840 691,392 33.8 % 1850 906,185 31.1 % 1860 1,057,286 16.7 % 1870 1,184,109 12.0 % 1880 1,542,181 30.2 % 1890 1,837,353 19.1 % 1900 2,216,331 20.6 % 1910 2,609,121 17.7 % 1920 2,895,832 11.0 % 1930 2,908,506 0.4 % 1940 3,123,723 7.4 % 1950 3,444,578 10.3 % 1960 3,943,116 14.5 % 1970 4,589,575 16.4 % 1980 5,463,105 19.0 % 1990 6,478,216 18.6 % 2000 8,186,453 26.4 % 9,687,653 18.3 % Est. 2017 10,429,739 7.7 % <Td_colspan="4"> 1910 -- 2010 2015 Estimate Population density of Georgia . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Georgia was 10,214,860 on July 1 , 2015 , a 5.44 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . In 2015 , Georgia had an estimated population of 10,214,860 which was an increase of 117,517 from the previous year , and an increase of 527,207 since 2010 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 438,939 people ( that is 849,414 births minus 410,475 deaths ) and an increase from net migration of 606,673 people into the state . Immigration resulted in a net increase of 228,415 people , and migration within the country produced a net increase of 378,258 people . As of 2010 , the number of illegal immigrants living in Georgia had skyrocketed , more than doubling to 480,000 from January 2000 to January 2009 , according to a federal report . That gave Georgia the greatest percentage increase among the 10 states with the biggest illegal immigrant populations during those years . There were 743,000 veterans in 2009 . Population ( edit ) According to the 2010 United States Census , Georgia had a population of 9,687,653 . In terms of race and ethnicity , the state was 59.7 % White ( 55.9 % Non-Hispanic White Alone ) , 30.5 % Black or African American , 0.3 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 3.2 % Asian , 0.1 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 4.0 % from Some Other Race , and 2.1 % from Two or More Races . Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 8.8 % of the population . Georgia Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 71.0 % 65.1 % 59.7 % Black 27.0 % 28.7 % 30.5 % Asian 1.2 % 2.1 % 3.3 % Native 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.3 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- 0.1 % 0.1 % Other race 0.6 % 2.4 % 4.0 % Two or more races -- 1.4 % 2.1 % As of 2011 , 58.8 % of Georgia 's population younger than age 1 were minorities ( meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white ) compared to other states like California with 75.1 % , New York with 55.6 % , and Texas with 69.8 % . The largest European ancestry groups are : English 8.1 % Irish 8.1 % German 7.2 % In the 1980 census 1,584,303 Georgians claimed English ancestry out of a total state population of 3,994,817 , making them 40 % of the state , and the largest ethnic group at the time . Today , many of these same people claiming that they are of `` American '' ancestry are actually of English descent , and some are of Scots - Irish descent ; however , their families have lived in the state for so long , in many cases since the colonial period , that they choose to identify simply as having `` American '' ancestry or do not in fact know their own ancestry . Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim `` American '' ancestry , though they are of predominately English ancestry . As of 2004 , 7.7 % of Georgia 's population was reported as under 5 years of age , 26.4 % under 18 , and 9.6 % were 65 or older . Also as of 2004 , females made up approximately 50.6 % of the population and African Americans made up approximately 29.6 % . Historically , about half of Georgia 's population was composed of African Americans who , before the Civil War , were almost exclusively enslaved . The Great Migration of hundreds of thousands of blacks from the rural South to the industrial North from 1914 -- 70 reduced the African American population . Georgia had the second - fastest - growing Asian population growth in the U.S. from 1990 to 2000 , more than doubling in size during the ten - year period . In addition , according to census estimates , Georgia ranks third among the states in terms of the percent of the total population that is African American ( after Mississippi and Louisiana ) and third in numerical Black population after New York and Florida . Georgia was the state with the largest numerical increase in the black population from 2006 to 2007 with 84,000 . Georgia is the state with the third - lowest percentage of older people ( 65 or older ) , at 12.8 percent ( as of 2015 ) . The colonial settlement of large numbers of Scottish American , English American and Scotch - Irish Americans in the mountains and piedmont , and coastal settlement by some English Americans and African Americans , have strongly influenced the state 's culture in food , language and music . The concentration of Africans imported to coastal areas in the 18th century repeatedly from rice - growing regions of West Africa led to the development of Gullah - Geechee language and culture in the Low Country among African Americans . They share a unique heritage in which African traditions of food , religion and culture were continued more than in some other areas . In the creolization of Southern culture , their foodways became an integral part of all Southern cooking in the Low Country . Languages ( edit ) Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Georgia Language Percentage of population ( as of 2010 ) Spanish 7.42 % Korean 0.51 % Vietnamese 0.44 % French 0.42 % Chinese ( including Mandarin ) 0.38 % German 0.29 % Hindi 0.23 % Niger - Congo languages of West Africa ( Ibo , Kru , and Yoruba ) 0.21 % Gujarati 0.18 % Portuguese and French Creole 0.16 % As of 2010 , 87.35 % ( 7,666,663 ) of Georgia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 7.42 % ( 651,583 ) spoke Spanish , 0.51 % ( 44,702 ) Korean , 0.44 % ( 38,244 ) Vietnamese , 0.42 % ( 36,679 ) French , 0.38 % ( 33,009 ) Chinese ( which includes Mandarin ) , and German , which was spoken as a main language by 0.29 % ( 23,351 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 12.65 % ( 1,109,888 ) of Georgia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Major cities ( 2017 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Largest cities or towns in Georgia ( U.S. state ) https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html Rank Name County Pop . Atlanta Augusta Atlanta Fulton 486,290 Columbus Macon Augusta Richmond 197,166 Columbus Muscogee 194,058 Macon Bibb 152,663 5 Savannah Chatham 146,444 6 Athens Clarke 125,691 7 Sandy Springs Fulton 106,739 8 Roswell Fulton 94,786 9 Johns Creek Fulton 84,350 10 Warner Robins Houston 74,854 * In 2012 , voters in Macon and Bibb County approved the consolidation of the City of Macon and unincorporated Bibb County ; they officially merged on January 1 , 2014 . Macon joined Columbus , Augusta , and Athens as consolidated cities in Georgia . The U.S. Census Bureau lists fourteen metropolitan areas in Georgia . The largest , Atlanta , is the ninth most populous metro area in the United States . Religion ( edit ) St. Mark 's United Methodist Church in Atlanta The composition of religious affiliation in Georgia is 70 % Protestant , 9 % Catholic , 1 % Mormon , 1 % Jewish , 0.5 % Muslim , 0.5 % Buddhist , and 0.5 % Hindu . Atheists , deists , agnostics , and other unaffiliated people make up 13 % of the population . The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 1,759,317 ; the United Methodist Church with 619,394 ; and the Roman Catholic Church with 596,384 . Non-denominational Evangelical Protestant had 566,782 members , the Church of God ( Cleveland , Tennessee ) has 175,184 members , and the National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc. has 172,982 members . The Presbyterian Church ( USA ) is the largest Presbyterian body in the state , with 300 congregations and 100,000 members . The other large body , Presbyterian Church in America , had at its founding date 14 congregations and 2,800 members ; in 2010 it counted 139 congregations and 32,000 members . The Roman Catholic Church is noteworthy in Georgia 's urban areas , and includes the Archdiocese of Atlanta and the Diocese of Savannah . Georgia is home to the largest Hindu temple in the United States , the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta , located in the suburb city of Lilburn . Georgia is home to several historical synagogues including The Temple ( Atlanta ) , Congregation Beth Jacob ( Atlanta ) , and Congregation Mickve Israel ( Savannah ) . Chabad and the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute are also active in the state . <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in Georgia ( 2014 ) Religion Percent <Td_colspan="2"> Protestant <Td_colspan="2"> 67 % <Td_colspan="2"> None <Td_colspan="2"> 18 % <Td_colspan="2"> Catholic <Td_colspan="2"> 9 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jehovah 's Witness <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jewish <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Mormon <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Do n't know <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of Georgia ( U.S. state ) State government ( edit ) See also : List of governors of Georgia and Georgia elected officials The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta with the distinctive gold dome City Hall in Savannah As with all other US states and the federal government , Georgia 's government is based on the separation of legislative , executive , and judicial power . Executive authority in the state rests with the governor , currently Nathan Deal ( Republican ) . Both the Governor of Georgia and lieutenant governor are elected on separate ballots to four - year terms of office . Unlike the federal government , but like many other U.S. States , most of the executive officials who comprise the governor 's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia rather than appointed by the governor . Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly , composed of the Senate and House of Representatives . The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate , while members of the House of Representatives select their own Speaker . The Georgia Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 senators , elected from single - member districts , and a minimum of 180 representatives , apportioned among representative districts ( which sometimes results in more than one representative per district ) ; there are currently 56 senators and 180 representatives . The term of office for senators and representatives is two years . The laws enacted by the General Assembly are codified in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated . State judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals , which have statewide authority . In addition , there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction , including Superior Courts , State Courts , Juvenile Courts , Magistrate Courts and Probate Courts . Justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Appeals are elected statewide by the citizens in non-partisan elections to six - year terms . Judges for the smaller courts are elected to four - year terms by the state 's citizens who live within that court 's jurisdiction . Local government ( edit ) Further information : List of counties in Georgia Georgia consists of 159 counties , second only to Texas , with 254 . Georgia had 161 counties until the end of 1931 , when Milton and Campbell were merged into the existing Fulton . Some counties have been named for prominent figures in both American and Georgian history , and many bear names with Native American origin . Counties in Georgia have their own elected legislative branch , usually called the Board of Commissioners , which usually also has executive authority in the county . Several counties have a sole Commissioner form of government , with legislative and executive authority vested in a single person . Georgia is the only state with Sole Commissioner counties . Georgia 's Constitution provides all counties and cities with `` home rule '' authority . The county commissions have considerable power to pass legislation within their county , as a municipality would . Georgia recognizes all local units of government as cities , so every incorporated town is legally a city . Georgia does not provide for townships or independent cities , though there have been bills proposed in the Legislature to provide for townships ; it does allow consolidated city - county governments by local referendum . All of Georgia 's second - tier cities except Savannah have now formed consolidated city - county governments by referendum : Columbus ( in 1970 ) , Athens ( 1990 ) , Augusta ( 1995 ) , and Macon ( 2012 ) . ( Augusta and Athens have excluded one or more small , incorporated towns within their consolidated boundaries ; Columbus and Macon eventually absorbed all smaller incorporated entities within their consolidated boundaries . ) The small town of Cusseta adopted a consolidated city - county government after it merged with unincorporated Chattahoochee County in 2003 . Three years later , in 2006 , the town of Georgetown consolidated with the rest of Quitman County . There is no true metropolitan government in Georgia , though the Atlanta Regional Commission ( ARC ) and Georgia Regional Transportation Authority do provide some services , and the ARC must approve all major land development projects in the Atlanta metropolitan area . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in Georgia ( U.S. state ) See also : United States presidential election , 2004 , in Georgia and Political party strength in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2016 51.30 % 2,068,623 45.60 % 1,837,300 2012 53.40 % 2,070,221 45.44 % 1,761,761 2008 52.20 % 2,048,744 47.00 % 1,844,137 57.97 % 1,914,254 41.37 % 1,366,149 2000 54.67 % 1,419,720 42.98 % 1,116,230 47.01 % 1,080,843 45.84 % 1,053,849 42.88 % 995,252 43.47 % 1,008,966 59.75 % 1,081,331 39.50 % 714,792 1984 60.17 % 1,068,722 39.79 % 706,628 1980 40.95 % 654,168 55.76 % 890,733 1976 32.96 % 483,743 66.74 % 979,409 1972 75.04 % 881,496 24.65 % 289,529 1968 * 30.40 % 380,111 26.75 % 334,440 1964 54.12 % 616,584 41.15 % 522,557 1960 37.43 % 274,472 62.54 % 458,638 1956 32.65 % 216,652 66.48 % 441,094 1952 30.34 % 198,979 69.66 % 456,823 1948 18.31 % 76,691 60.81 % 254,646 1944 18.25 % 59,880 81.74 % 268,187 1940 14.83 % 46,360 84.85 % 265,194 <Td_colspan="3"> * State won by George Wallace of the American Independent Party , at 42.83 % , or 535,550 votes Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . In recent decades Georgia has voted Republican in six consecutive presidential elections since 1996 . Until 1964 , Georgia 's state government had the longest unbroken record of single - party dominance , by the Democratic Party , of any state in the Union . This record was established largely due to the disenfranchisement of most blacks and many poor whites by the state in its constitution and laws in the early 20th century . Some elements , such as requiring payment of poll taxes and passing literacy tests , prevented blacks from registering to vote ; their exclusion from the political system lasted into the 1960s and reduced the Republican Party to a non-competitive status in the early 20th century . White Democrats regained power after Reconstruction due in part to the efforts of some using intimidation and violence , but this method came into disrepute . In 1900 , shortly before Georgia adopted a disfranchising constitutional amendment in 1908 , blacks comprised 47 % of the state 's population . The whites dealt with this problem of potential political power by the 1908 amendment , which in practice disenfranchised blacks and poor whites , nearly half of the state population . It required that any male at least 21 years of age wanting to register to vote must also : ( a ) be of good character and able to pass a test on citizenship , ( b ) be able to read and write provisions of the U.S. and Georgia constitutions , or ( c ) own at least 40 acres of land or $500 in property . Any Georgian who had fought in any war from the American Revolution through the Spanish -- American War was exempted from these additional qualifications . More importantly , any Georgian descended from a veteran of any of these wars also was exempted . Because by 1908 many white Georgia males were grandsons of veterans and / or owned the required property , the exemption and the property requirement basically allowed only well - to - do whites to vote . The qualifications of good character , citizenship knowledge , and literacy ( all determined subjectively by white registrars ) , and property ownership were used to disqualify most blacks and poor whites , preventing them from registering to vote . The voter rolls dropped dramatically . In the early 20th century , Progressives promoted electoral reform and reducing the power of ward bosses to clean up politics . Their additional rules , such as the eight - box law , continued to effectively close out people who were illiterate . White , one - party rule was solidified . For more than 130 years , from 1872 to 2003 , Georgians nominated and elected only white Democratic governors , and white Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly . Most of the Democrats elected throughout these years were Southern Democrats , who were fiscally and socially conservative by national standards . This voting pattern continued after the segregationist period . Legal segregation was ended by passage of federal legislation in the 1960s . According to the 1960 census , the proportion of Georgia 's population that was African American was 28 % ; hundreds of thousands of blacks had left the state in the Great Migration to the North and Midwest . New white residents arrived through migration and immigration . Following support from the national Democratic Party for the civil rights movement and especially civil rights legislation of 1964 and 1965 , most African - American voters , as well as other minority voters , have largely supported the Democratic Party in Georgia . In the decades since the late 20th century , the conservative white - majority voters have increasingly supported Republicans for national and state offices . In 2003 , incumbent moderate Democratic Governor Roy Barnes was defeated by Republican Sonny Perdue , a state legislator and former Democrat . While Democrats retained control of the State House , they lost their majority in the Senate when four Democrats switched parties . They lost the House in the 2004 election . Republicans then controlled all three partisan elements of the state government . Even before 2003 , the state had become increasingly supportive of Republicans in Presidential elections . It has supported a Democrat for president only three times since 1960 . In 1976 and 1980 , native son Jimmy Carter carried the state ; in 1992 , the former Arkansas governor Bill Clinton narrowly won the state . Generally , Republicans are strongest in the predominantly white suburban ( especially the Atlanta suburbs ) and rural portions of the state . Many of these areas were represented by conservative Democrats in the state legislature well into the 21st century . One of the most conservative of these was U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald , former head of the John Birch Society , who died when the Soviet Union shot down KAL 007 near Sakhalin Island . Democratic candidates have tended to win a higher percentage of the vote in the areas where black voters are most numerous , as well as in the cities among liberal urban populations ( especially Atlanta and Athens ) , and the rural Black Belt region that passes through the central and southwestern portion of the state . The ascendancy of the Republican Party in Georgia and in the South in general resulted in Georgia U.S. House of Representatives member Newt Gingrich being elected as Speaker of the House following the election of a Republican majority in the House in 1994 . Gingrich served as Speaker until 1999 , when he resigned in the aftermath of the loss of House seats held by members of the GOP . Gingrich mounted an unsuccessful bid for President in the 2012 election , but withdrew after winning only the South Carolina and Georgia primaries . In recent events , Democrat Jim Martin ran against incumbent Republican Senator Saxby Chambliss . Chambliss failed to acquire the necessary 50 percent of votes , a Libertarian Party candidate receiving the remainder of votes . In the runoff election held on December 2 , 2008 , Chambliss became the second Georgia Republican to be reelected to the U.S. Senate . As of the 2010 reapportionment , the state has 14 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives . These are held by 10 Republicans and 4 Democrats . The Georgia House of Representatives has 61 Democrats , 118 Republicans , and 1 Independent , while the Georgia Senate has 17 Democrats and 39 Republicans . In the last three presidential elections as of 2018 , the Republican candidate have won Georgia by approximately 5 - 8 points over the Democratic nominee , at least once for each state being narrower than margins recorded in some states that have flipped within that timeframe , such as Michigan , Ohio and Wisconsin . Therefore it could potentially be regarded as a swing state in future elections should voter preferences only shift slightly . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Georgia ( U.S. state ) During the 1960s and 1970s , Georgia made significant changes in civil rights and governance . As in many other states , its legislature had not reapportioned congressional districts according to population from 1931 to after the 1960 census . Problems of malapportionment in the state legislature , where rural districts had outsize power in relation to urban districts , such as Atlanta 's , were corrected after the US Supreme Court ruling in Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) . The court ruled that congressional districts had to be reapportioned to have essentially equal populations . A related case , Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , required state legislatures to end their use of geographical districts or counties in favor of `` one man , one vote ; '' that is , districts based upon approximately equal populations , to be reviewed and changed as necessary after each census . These changes resulted in residents of Atlanta and other urban areas gaining political power in Georgia in proportion to their populations . From the mid-1960s , the voting electorate increased after African Americans ' rights to vote were enforced under civil rights law . Economic growth through this period was dominated by Atlanta and its region . It was a bedrock of the emerging `` New South '' . From the late 20th century , Atlanta attracted headquarters and relocated workers of national companies , becoming more diverse , liberal and cosmopolitan than many areas of the state . In the 21st century , many conservative Democrats , including former U.S. Senator and governor Zell Miller , decided to support Republicans . The state 's socially conservative bent results in wide support for such measures as restrictions on abortion . In 2004 , a state constitutional amendment banning same - sex marriages was approved by 76 % of voters . However , after the United States Supreme Court issued its ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges , all Georgia counties came into full compliance , recognizing the rights of same - sex couples to marry in the state . Economy ( edit ) See also : Georgia ( U.S. state ) locations by per capita income Georgia 's 2016 total gross state product was $531 billion . Its per capita personal income for 2011 put it 39th in the nation at $35,979 . For years Georgia as a state has had the highest credit rating by Standard & Poor 's ( AAA ) and is one of only 15 states with a AAA rating . If Georgia were a stand - alone country , it would be the 28th largest economy in the world . A heat map of Georgia 's counties depicting the median income as of 2014 . There are 17 Fortune 500 companies and 26 Fortune 1000 companies with headquarters in Georgia , including Home Depot , UPS , Coca - Cola , TSYS , Delta Air Lines , Aflac , Southern Company , Anthem Inc. , Honeywell , and SunTrust Banks . Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , the world 's busiest airport as measured by both passenger traffic and aircraft traffic , is located in Georgia . Also , the Port of Savannah is the fourth largest seaport and fastest - growing container seaport in North America , importing and exporting a total of 2.3 million TEUs per year . Atlanta has a large effect on the state of Georgia , the Southeastern United States , and beyond . Atlanta has been the site of growth in real estate , service , logistics and the communications and film industries , while tourism is important to the economy . Atlanta is a global city , also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center , as a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system . For the past five years , Georgia has been ranked the top state ( number 1 ) in the nation to do business , and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation , number 1 in business climate in the nation , number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a `` Best in Class '' state economic development agency . In 2016 , Georgia had median annual income per person of between $50,000 -- $59,999 which is inflated adjusted dollars for 2016 . The US Median annual income for the entire nation is $57,617 . This lies within the range of Georgia 's median annual income . Agriculture ( edit ) A cotton field in southern Georgia Widespread farms produce peanuts , corn , and soybeans across middle and south Georgia . The state is the number one producer of pecans in the world , with the region around Albany in southwest Georgia being the center of Georgia 's pecan production . Gainesville in northeast Georgia touts itself as the Poultry Capital of the World . Georgia is in the top five blueberry producers in the United States . Georgia 's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs , pecans , peaches , cotton , peanuts , rye , cattle , hogs , dairy products , turfgrass , timber , particularly pine trees , tobacco and vegetables . Mining ( edit ) A Georgia U.S. quarter Major products in the mineral industry include a variety of clays , stones , sands and the clay palygorskite , known as attapulgite . See also : List of gold mines in Georgia Industry ( edit ) Industry in Georgia is diverse . While many textile jobs moved overseas , there is still a textile industry located around the cities of Rome , Columbus , Augusta , Macon and along the I - 75 corridor between Atlanta and Chattanooga , Tennessee . Historically it started along the fall line in the Piedmont , where factories were powered by waterfalls and rivers . It includes the towns of Cartersville , Calhoun , Ringgold and Dalton In November 2009 , Kia started production in Georgia at the first U.S. Kia Motors plant , Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point . Industrial products include textiles and apparel , transportation equipment , food processing , paper products , chemicals and products , and electric equipment . Logistics ( edit ) Georgia was ranked the No. 2 state for infrastructure and global access by Area Development magazine . The Georgia Ports Authority owns and operates four ports in the state : Port of Savannah , Port of Brunswick , Port Bainbridge , and Port Columbus . The Port of Savannah is the fourth largest seaport in the United States , importing and exporting a total of 2.3 million TEUs per year . The Port of Savannah 's Garden City Terminal is the largest single container terminal in North America . Several major companies including Target , IKEA , and Heineken operate distribution centers in close proximity to the Port of Savannah . Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport has three cargo complexes that include two million square feet of space , the airport moves over 650,000 tons of cargo annually , it has nearby cold storage for perishables , and is the only airport in the Southeast with USDA - approved cold - treatment capabilities . Delta Air Lines also offers an on - airport refrigeration facility for perishable cargo , and a 250 - acre Foreign Trade Zone is located at the airport . Georgia is a major railway hub , has the most extensive rail system in the Southeast , and has the service of two Class I railroads , CSX and Norfolk Southern , plus 24 short - line railroads . Georgia is ranked the # 3 state in the nation for rail accessibility . Rail shipments include intermodal , bulk , automotive and every other type of shipment . Georgia has an extensive interstate highway system including 1,200 miles of interstate highway and 20,000 miles of federal and state highways that facilitate the efficient movement of more than $620 billion of cargo by truck each year . Georgia 's six interstates connect to 80 percent of the U.S. population within a two - day truck drive . More than $14 billion in funding has been approved for new roadway infrastructure . Military ( edit ) Southern Congressmen have attracted major investment by the US military in the state . The several US military installations include Moody Air Force Base , Fort Stewart , Hunter Army Airfield , Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay , Fort Benning , Robins Air Force Base , Fort Gordon , Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany , Dobbins Air Reserve Base , Coast Guard Air Station Savannah and Coast Guard Station Brunswick . These installations command numerous jobs and business for related contractors . Energy use and production ( edit ) Georgia 's electricity generation and consumption are among the highest in the United States , with natural gas being the primary electrical generation fuel , followed by coal . The state also has two nuclear power facilities , Plant Hatch and Plant Vogtle , which contribute almost one fourth of Georgia 's electricity generation , and an additional two nuclear power plants are under construction at Plant Vogtle . In 2013 , the generation mix was 39 % gas , 35 % coal , 23 % nuclear , 3 % hydro and other renewable sources . The leading area of energy consumption is the industrial sector because Georgia `` is a leader in the energy - intensive wood and paper products industry '' . Solar generated energy is becoming more in use with solar energy generators currently installed ranking Georgia 15th in the country in installed solar capacity . In 2013 , $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home , business and utility use representing a 795 % increase over the previous year . State taxes ( edit ) Georgia has a progressive income tax structure with six brackets of state income tax rates that range from 1 % to 6 % . In 2009 , Georgians paid 9 % of their income in state and local taxes , compared to the US average of 9.8 % of income . This ranks Georgia 25th among the states for total state and local tax burden . The state sales tax in Georgia is 4 % with additional percentages added through local options ( e.g. Special - purpose local - option sales tax or SPLOST ) , but there is no sales tax on prescription drugs , certain medical devices , or food items for home consumption . The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes , such as the 2 % SPLOST tax and the 1 % sales tax for MARTA serviced counties . Excise taxes are levied on alcohol , tobacco , and motor fuel . Owners of real property in Georgia pay property tax to their county . All taxes are collected by the Georgia Department of Revenue and then properly distributed according to any agreements that each county has with its cities . Film ( edit ) Main article : Film industry in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Captain America : Civil War filming in Atlanta The Georgia Film , Music and Digital Entertainment Office promotes filming in the state . Since 1972 , seven hundred film and television projects have been filmed on location in Georgia . Georgia overtook California in 2016 as the state location with the most feature films produced . In fiscal year 2017 film and tv production had an economic impact in Georgia of $9.5 billion . Atlanta now is even called the `` Hollywood of the South . '' Television shows like Stranger Things , The Walking Dead , and The Vampire Diaries are filmed in the state . Movies too , such as Passengers , Forrest Gump , Contagion , Hidden Figures , Sully , Baby Driver , The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , Captain America : Civil War , Black Panther , and many more , were filmed around Georgia . Tourism ( edit ) Savannah 's River Street is a popular tourist destination . In the Atlanta area , World of Coke , Georgia Aquarium , Zoo Atlanta and Stone Mountain are important tourist attractions . Stone Mountain is Georgia 's `` most popular attraction '' ; receiving over four million tourists per year . The Georgia Aquarium , in Atlanta , was the largest aquarium in the world in 2010 according to Guinness World Records . Callaway Gardens , in western Georgia , is a family resort . The area is also popular with golfers . The Savannah Historic District attracts over eleven million tourists each year . The Golden Isles are a string of barrier islands off the Atlantic coast of Georgia near Brunswick that include beaches , golf courses and the Cumberland Island National Seashore . Several sites honor the lives and careers of noted American leaders : the Little White House in Warm Springs , which served as the summer residence of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt while he was being treated for polio ; President Jimmy Carter 's hometown of Plains and the Carter Presidential Center in Atlanta ; the Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta , which is the final resting place of Martin Luther King , Jr. and Coretta Scott King ; and Atlanta 's Ebenezer Baptist Church , where Dr. King preached . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Fox Theatre is a performing arts venue located in Midtown Atlanta , and is the centerpiece of the Fox Theatre Historic District . Fine and performing arts ( edit ) Georgia 's major fine art museums include the High Museum of Art and the Michael C. Carlos Museum , both in Atlanta ; the Georgia Museum of Art on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens ; Telfair Museum of Art and the SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah ; and the Morris Museum of Art in Augusta . The state theatre of Georgia is the Springer Opera House located in Columbus . The Atlanta Opera brings opera to Georgia stages . The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra is the most widely recognized orchestra and largest arts organization in the southeastern United States . There are a number of performing arts venues in the state , among the largest are the Fox Theatre , and the Alliance Theatre at the Woodruff Arts Center , both on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta as well as the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre , located in Northwest Atlanta . Literature ( edit ) Authors have grappled with Georgia 's complex history . Popular novels related to this include Margaret Mitchell 's Gone with the Wind , Olive Ann Burns ' Cold Sassy Tree , and Alice Walker 's The Color Purple . A number of noted authors , poets and playwrights have lived in Georgia , such as James Dickey , Flannery O'Connor , Sidney Lanier , Frank Yerby and Lewis Grizzard . Television ( edit ) Well - known television shows set in Atlanta include , from Tyler Perry Studios , House of Payne and Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns , The Real Housewives of Atlanta , the CBS sitcom Designing Women , Matlock , the popular AMC series The Walking Dead , Lifetime Drop Dead Diva , Rectify and numerous HGTV original productions . The Dukes of Hazzard , a 1980s TV show , was set in the fictional Hazzard County , Georgia . The first five episodes were shot on location in Conyers and Covington , Georgia as well as some locations in Atlanta . Production was then moved to Burbank , California . Also filmed in Georgia is The Vampire Diaries , using Covington as the setting for the fictional Mystic Falls . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Georgia ( U.S. state ) See also : List of hip hop musicians from Atlanta A number of notable musicians in various genres of popular music are from Georgia . Among them are Ray Charles ( whose many hits include `` Georgia on My Mind '' , now the official state song ) , and Gladys Knight ( known for her Georgia - themed song , `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' ) . Rock groups from Georgia include the Atlanta Rhythm Section , The Black Crowes , and The Allman Brothers . The university city of Athens sparked an influential rock music scene in the 1980s and 1990s . Among the groups achieving their initial prominence in that city were R.E.M. , Widespread Panic , and the B - 52 's . Since the 1990s , various hip - hop and R&B musicians have included top - selling artists such as Outkast , Usher , Ludacris , TLC , B.o.B. , and Ciara . Atlanta is mentioned in a number of these artists ' tracks , such as Usher 's `` A-Town Down '' reference in his 2004 hit Yeah ! ( which also features Atlanta artists Lil Jon and Ludacris ) , Ludacris ' `` Welcome to Atlanta '' , Outkast 's album `` ATLiens '' , and B.o.B. 's multiple references to Decatur , Georgia , as in his hit song `` Strange Clouds '' . Film ( edit ) Films set in Georgia include two pictures both set in Atlanta that were awarded the Oscar for Best Picture : Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) and Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) . Other films set in Georgia include Deliverance ( 1972 ) , which was based on the novel of the same name by James Dickey , Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) , and Vacation at Six Flags Over Georgia . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Kickoff at Sanford Stadium of the Georgia - South Carolina college football game on September 8 , 2007 Sports in Georgia include professional teams in nearly all major sports , Olympic Games contenders and medalists , collegiate teams in major and small - school conferences and associations , and active amateur teams and individual sports . The state of Georgia has teams in four major professional leagues -- the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball , the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League , the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association , and Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer . The Georgia Bulldogs ( Southeastern Conference ) , Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets ( Atlantic Coast Conference ) , Georgia State Panthers and Georgia Southern Eagles ( Sun Belt Conference ) are Georgia 's NCAA Division I FBS football teams , having won multiple national championships between them . The 1996 Summer Olympics took place in Atlanta . The stadium that was built to host various Olympic events was converted to Turner Field , the home of the Atlanta Braves through the 2016 season . The Masters golf tournament , the first of the PGA tour 's four `` majors '' , is held annually the second weekend of April at the Augusta National Golf Club . The Atlanta Motor Speedway hosts the Dixie 500 NASCAR Cup Series stock car race and Road Atlanta the Petit Le Mans endurance sports car race . Atlanta 's Georgia Dome hosted Super Bowl XXVIII in 1994 and Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . The Georgia Dome hosted the NCAA Final Four Men 's Basketball National Championship in 2002 , 2007 , and 2013 . It hosted WWE 's WrestleMania XXVII in 2011 , an event which set an attendance record of 71,617 . The dome was also the venue of the annual Chick - fil - A Bowl post-season college football games . Since 2017 , they have been held at the Mercedes - Benz Stadium along with the FIRST World Championships . Professional baseball 's Ty Cobb was the first player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . He was from Narrows and was nicknamed the `` Georgia Peach . '' Parks and recreational activities ( edit ) Main article : Protected areas of Georgia ( U.S. state ) There are 63 parks in Georgia , 48 of which are state parks and 15 that are historic sites , and numerous state wildlife preserves , under the supervision of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources . Other historic sites and parks are supervised by the National Park Service and include the Andersonville National Historic Site in Andersonville ; Appalachian National Scenic Trail ; Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area near Atlanta ; Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park at Fort Oglethorpe ; Cumberland Island National Seashore near St. Marys ; Fort Frederica National Monument on St. Simons Island ; Fort Pulaski National Monument in Savannah ; Jimmy Carter National Historic Site near Plains ; Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park near Kennesaw ; Martin Luther King , Jr. , National Historic Site in Atlanta ; Ocmulgee National Monument at Macon ; Trail of Tears National Historic Trail ; and the Okefenokee Swamp in Waycross , Georgia Outdoor recreational activities include hiking along the Appalachian Trail ; Civil War Heritage Trails ; rock climbing and whitewater kayaking . Other outdoor activities include hunting and fishing . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Georgia Tech 's Tech Tower Georgia county and city public school systems are administered by school boards with members elected at the local level . As of 2013 , all but 19 of 181 boards are elected from single - member districts . Residents and activist groups in Fayette County , Georgia sued the board of commissioners and school board for maintaining an election system based on at - large voting , which tended to increase the power of the majority and effectively prevented minority participation on elected local boards for nearly 200 years . A change to single - member districts has resulted in the African - American minority being able to elect representatives of its choice . Georgia high schools ( grades nine through twelve ) are required to administer a standardized , multiple choice End of Course Test , or EOCT , in each of eight core subjects including algebra , geometry , U.S. history , economics , biology , physical science , Ninth Grade Literature and composition , and American literature . The official purpose of the tests is to assess `` specific content knowledge and skills . '' Although a minimum test score is not required for the student to receive credit in the course , completion of the test is mandatory . The EOCT score accounts for 15 % of a student 's grade in the course . The ' ' Georgia Milestone ' ' evaluation is taken by public school students in the state . Georgia has 85 public colleges , universities , and technical colleges in addition to over 45 private institutes of higher learning . Among Georgia 's public universities is the flagship research university , the University of Georgia , founded in 1785 as the country 's oldest state - chartered university and the birthplace of the American system of public higher education . The University System of Georgia is the presiding body over public education in the state . The System includes 29 institutions of higher learning . The System is governed by the Georgia Board of Regents . Georgia 's workforce of more than 6.3 million is constantly refreshed by the growing number of people who move here along with the 90,000 graduates from the universities , colleges and technical colleges across the state , including the nationally - ranked University of Georgia , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University . The HOPE Scholarship , funded by the state lottery , is available to all Georgia residents who have graduated from high school or earned a General Educational Development certificate . The student must maintain a 3.2 or higher grade point average and attend a public college or university in the state . The Georgia Historical Society , an independent educational and research institution , has a research center located in Savannah . The research center 's library and archives hold the oldest collection of materials related to Georgia history in the nation . Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The CNN Center in Atlanta . The Atlanta metropolitan area is the ninth largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research . The state 's other top markets are Savannah ( 95th largest ) , Augusta ( 115th largest ) , and Columbus ( 127th largest ) . There are 48 television broadcast stations in Georgia including TBS , TNT , TCM , Cartoon Network , CNN and Headline News , all founded by notable Georgia resident Ted Turner . The Weather Channel also has its headquarters in Atlanta . By far , the largest daily newspaper in Georgia is the Atlanta Journal - Constitution with a daily readership of 195,592 and a Sunday readership of 397,925 . Other large dailies include The Augusta Chronicle , the Columbus Ledger - Enquirer , The Telegraph ( formerly The Macon Telegraph ) and the Savannah Morning News . WSB - AM in Atlanta was the first licensed radio station in the southeastern United States , signing on in 1922 . Georgia Public Radio has been in service since 1984 and , with the exception of Atlanta , it broadcasts daily on several FM ( and one AM ) stations across the state . Georgia Public Radio reaches nearly all of Georgia ( with the exception of the Atlanta area , which is served by WABE ) . WSB - TV in Atlanta is the state 's oldest television station , having begun operations in 1948 . WSB was only the second such operation founded in the Southern U.S. , trailing only WTVR in Richmond , Virginia . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The Port of Brunswick and the Sidney Lanier Bridge Transportation in Georgia is overseen by the Georgia Department of Transportation , a part of the executive branch of the state government . Georgia 's major Interstate Highways are I - 20 , I - 75 , I - 85 , and I - 95 . On March 18 , 1998 , the Georgia House of Representatives passed a resolution naming the portion of Interstate Highway 75 , which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line the Larry McDonald Memorial Highway . Larry McDonald , a Democratic member of the House of Representatives , had been on Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by the Soviets on September 1 , 1983 . MARTA rapid transit train Georgia 's primary commercial airport is Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport ( ATL ) , and is the world 's busiest passenger airport . In addition to Hartsfield - Jackson , there are eight other airports serving major commercial traffic in Georgia . Savannah / Hilton Head International Airport is the second - busiest airport in the state as measured by passengers served , and is the only additional international airport . Other commercial airports ( ranked in order of passengers served ) are located in Augusta , Columbus , Albany , Macon , Brunswick , Valdosta , and Athens . The Georgia Ports Authority manages two deepwater seaports , at Savannah and Brunswick , and two river ports , at Bainbridge and Columbus . The Port of Savannah is a major U.S. seaport on the Atlantic coast . The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority ( MARTA ) is the principal rapid transit system in the Atlanta metropolitan area . Formed in 1971 as strictly a bus system , MARTA operates a network of bus routes linked to a rapid transit system consisting of 48 miles ( 77 km ) of rail track with 38 train stations . MARTA operates almost exclusively in Fulton and DeKalb counties , with bus service to two destinations in Cobb county and the Cumberland Transfer Center next to the Cumberland Mall , and a single rail station in Clayton County at Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . MARTA also operates a separate paratransit service for disabled customers . As of 2009 , the average total daily ridership for the system ( bus and rail ) was 482,500 passengers . Health Care ( edit ) Medical Center of Central Georgia in Macon ( Georgia 's 2nd largest hospital ) See also : List of hospitals in Georgia ( U.S. state ) The state has 151 general hospitals , over 15,000 doctors and almost 6,000 dentists . The state is ranked forty - first in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise . Cities ( edit ) See also : Georgia census statistical areas Downtown Atlanta Atlanta , located in north - central Georgia at the Eastern Continental Divide , has been Georgia 's capital city since 1868 . It is the most populous city in Georgia , with just over 420,000 residents in 2010 . The Atlanta metropolitan area is the cultural and economic center of the Southeast ; its population in 2010 was 5,268,860 , or 53.6 % of Georgia 's total . Atlanta is the nation 's ninth largest metropolitan area . The state has fourteen other cities with populations above 50,000 ( based on 2012 census estimates ) . In descending order of size they are Columbus , Augusta , Macon , Savannah , Athens , Sandy Springs , Roswell , Albany , Johns Creek , Warner Robins , Alpharetta , Marietta , Valdosta and Smyrna . Along with the rest of the Southeast , Georgia 's population continues to grow rapidly , with primary gains concentrated in urban areas . The population of the Atlanta metropolitan area added 1.23 million people ( 24 percent ) between 2000 and 2010 , and Atlanta rose in rank from the eleventh - largest metropolitan area in the United States to the ninth - largest . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Jimmy Carter , from Plains , Georgia , was President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta in 1929 . He was a civil rights movement leader fighting for rights for African Americans and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 . State Symbols ( edit ) A brown thrasher , Georgia 's state bird . Rosa laevigata , Cherokee rose , the state flower of Georgia . Reference : Georgia Symbols Amphibian : American green tree frog Bird : brown thrasher Crop : peanut Fish : largemouth bass Flower : Cherokee rose Fruit : peach Gem : quartz Insect : honey bee Mammal : white - tailed deer Marine mammal : right whale Mineral : staurolite Nicknames : `` Peach State '' `` Empire State of the South '' Reptile : gopher tortoise Song : `` Georgia on My Mind '' Tree : live oak Vegetable : Vidalia onion See also ( edit ) Georgia USA portal Index of Georgia ( U.S. state ) - related articles Outline of Georgia ( U.S. state ) -- organized list of topics about Georgia Georgia ( U.S. state ) -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Georgia : Population estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia History Overview -- The History Channel '' . The History Channel . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia at the Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Georgia Encyclopaedia '' . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coweta is the 41st fastest growing county in United States '' . The Times - Herald . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TIGER database ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates '' . Census.gov . United States Census . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Facts and Symbols -- Georgia.gov '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Monthly Averages for Macon , GA The Weather Channel . Jump up ^ Monthly Averages for Clayton , GA The Weather Channel . Jump up ^ `` Georgia USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Each state 's high temperature record USA Today , last updated August 2004 . Jump up ^ Each state 's low temperature record USA Today , last updated August 2006 ^ Jump up to : Wurman , Joshua . `` Why do n't tornadoes hit cities more often ? '' . scientificamerican.com . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN , A DIVISION OF NATURE AMERICA , INC . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weather By Day Georgia '' . Weatherbyday.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast sees big influx of illegal immigrants '' . NBCNews.com . Associated Press . February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kanell , Michael E. ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Number of veterans , October '' . Atlanta , Georgia : Atlanta Constitution - Journal . pp. A6 . quoting the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Census . October 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Population of Georgia : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES - 2011 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Census . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions , Divisions and States '' ( PDF ) . Census . 1980 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . 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'' , Demography , 28 ( 3 ) : 411 -- 29 , doi : 10.2307 / 2061465 , JSTOR 2061465 , PMID 1936376 Jump up ^ Lieberson , Stanley ; Santi , Lawrence ( 1985 ) , `` The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns '' , Social Science Research , 14 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 6 , doi : 10.1016 / 0049 - 089x ( 85 ) 90011 - 0 Jump up ^ Lieberson , Stanley ; Waters , Mary C ( September 1986 ) , `` Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites '' , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 487 ( 79 ) : 82 -- 86 , doi : 10.1177 / 0002716286487001004 Jump up ^ Frey , William H ( May 2004 ) , The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 -- 2000 ( PDF ) , The Brookings Institution , archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 28 , 2008 , retrieved May 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Atlanta ( PDF ) ( profile ) , GA : Oca , archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Georgia '' , Quickfacts , Census , archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Early Mountain Life '' , Travel , Georgia , archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Who are Americans , The well ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maps '' . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/13/rcms2010_13_state_name_2010.asp '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/presbyterian-church-america '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiszer , Marc ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Georgia 's Kublanow balances faith and football '' . Savannah Now . Kublanow was n't just born Jewish , he was raised and had his bar mitzvah while attending an orthodox Chabad synagogue . His mother , Shelly Kublanow Rosenblatt , will attend Friday night and Saturday morning services at the Chabad House in Athens and then head to Sanford Stadium in the afternoon to watch Kublanow and his linemates clear the way for Todd Gurley . Jump up ^ Sollish , Ari ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` Chabad Course Explores Israel 's Spiritual Side '' . Crown Heights Info . ATLANTA , GA -- A new six - part adult - education course from Chabad - Lubavitch 's Rohr Jewish Learning Institute will explore the spiritual connection between the Jewish people and the land of Israel starting at the end of October . Unlike courses that focus on the history or the culture of Israel , `` The Land & the Spirit : Why We All Care About Israel '' will explore the mystery of the deep connection between Jews everywhere and that small patch of land in the Middle East . Jump up ^ `` Religious Landscape Study '' . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Senate Kids . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived December 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Constitution of Georgia Article III Section II . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived December 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court of Georgia History '' . Supreme Court of Georgia . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Georgia Counties . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Archived November 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's County Governments '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Niesse , Mark ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Townships proposed as an alternative to cities in Georgia '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Race , Voting Rights , and Segregation '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saye , Albert B. ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . A Constitutional History of Georgia , 1732 -- 1945 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820335544 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1900 US Census , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Archived August 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's 1908 Disfranchisement Constitutional Amendment '' . Ray City History . Ray City Community Library . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A State Divided '' . Ourgeorgiahistory.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The long goodbye '' . Economist.com . November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Confident Years '' . Ngeorgia.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last white Democrat in House from Deep South wins re-election '' . Reuters.com. 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White voters solidly in for GOP in Georgia ( October 16 , 2012 ) '' . Ajc.com . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election 2004 '' . CNN . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Partisan composition of state houses '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia State Senate '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Epstein , Thomas G. Walk , Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice 8th Edition , SAGE , 2012 , p. 753 Jump up ^ `` Georgia Marriage Amendment , Question 1 ( 2004 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bluestein , Greg ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Top Georgia court official : Judges are following the law on gay marriages '' . Atlanta , Georgia : Atlanta Constitution - Journal . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Jump up ^ `` Per Capita Personal Income by State '' . Bureau of Business & Economic Research , UNM . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State credit ratings '' . ballotpedia.org . Ballotpedia . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BEA statistics for 2005 GSP -- October 26 , 2006 '' . Bea.gov . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Jim ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Atlanta Airport Still the `` Busiest '' `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport '' . Delta Air Lines , Inc . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Port of Savannah fourth - busiest , fastest - growing in the U.S. '' Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Belser , Briana . `` State of Georgia ranked No. 1 in business '' . CBS46.com . WGCL - TV ( Meredith Corporation ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 State For Business Georgia Leads in Workforce Training , Global Access and Infrastructure '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census map '' ( PDF ) . www.census.gov . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? '' . Georgia Blueberry Commission . Georgia Department of Agriculture . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Kathy ( September 3 , 2013 ) `` New Carpet Factories Help Cushion Blows From Recession Losses '' , NPR ; Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia '' . workforce.georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Savannah 's Garden City Terminal is the Largest Single Container Terminal in North America '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia By Air '' . workforce.georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure in Georgia '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INFRASTRUCTURE IN GEORGIA '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Information Administration '' . Tonto.eia.doe.gov . March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on the Georgia Solar Industry '' . Georgia Solar . Solar Energy Industries Association . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia 's State and Local Tax Burden 1977 -- 2009 '' . The Tax Foundation . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://etax.dor.ga.gov/salestax/salestaxrates/LGS_2014_Jul_Rate_Chart.pdf Jump up ^ `` Georgia Public Policy Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Gppf.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Film Industry in Georgia . ( 2004 -- 2010 ) . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Georgia Industries : Film Facts Archived February 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2010 ) . Georgia . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Kenna . `` GA GA LAND Georgia 's film industry spurs big plans beyond production '' . georgiatrend.com . Georgia Trend Magazine . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times ( 29 August 2015 ) . `` How Atlanta became the Hollywood of the South '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Khouli , Gabriel ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' crew to film on square Thursday , Friday '' . The Covington News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/5-oscar-nominated-movies-filmed-around-atlanta/495189611 Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Black Panther , I , Tonya , Stranger Things , and why MCU = ATL '' . Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zoo Atlanta . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Circues . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Sheridan `` Stone Mountain Park -- Georgia 's Most Popular Attraction '' . gosoutheast.about.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rattlesnake Roundups . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press `` Aquarium sets Guinness record -- Official from world record book says aquarium is world 's largest '' . ajc.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callaway Gardens . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Savannah GA Historical Information '' . Savannahvisit.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Willamette . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Archived October 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Atlanta Opera . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Atlanta Symphony Orchestra . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Literature : Overview . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tim ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta tunes up for Final Four with South region '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cobb , Ty '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Georgia Department of Natural Resources gadnr.org , accessed May 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ National Park Service nps.gov , accessed May 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Appalachian Trail . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Civil War Heritage Trails . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rock climbing . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewater rafting '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , A.B.S. ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Fayette County At - Large Election Process Violates Voting Rights Act '' . Jump up ^ GA DOE -- Testing -- EOCT . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Archived May 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lowry , Donna ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` New Georgia test will be different from CRCT '' . 11 Alive . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Points of Pride '' . University of Georgia . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Leads in Workforce Training , Global Access and Infrastructure '' . georgia.org . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 210 Designated Market Areas -- 03 -- 04 '' . Nielsen Media . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AJC circulation continues to fall '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals. April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Network , Georgia Public Radio , archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 , retrieved May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ About , Georgia Public Radio , archived from the original on May 3 , 2007 , retrieved May 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Airport information '' , Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport , archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 , retrieved June 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Public - Use Airports '' , Georgia Encyclopedia , retrieved June 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie ( Autumn 2009 ) , Public Transportation Ridership Report ( PDF ) , American Public Transportation Association Jump up ^ `` Living in Georgia '' , Culture , retrieved May 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Physical exercise '' , Health ( graph ) , Statemaster , retrieved May 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau '' . 2010.census.gov . March 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Area Population & Housing Patterns : 2000 -- 2010 '' . Proximityone.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta moves to 9th largest US Metro area '' . www.ajc.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tieck , Sarah ( 2013 ) . Georgia . Minneapolis , MN : ABDO Publishing Company . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61783 - 348 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Symbols '' . Georgia.gov . Jump up ^ `` White - Tailed Deer Named State Mammal of Georgia -- Georgia.gov '' . Jump up ^ `` Look Georgia Agriculture on www.georgia.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bartley , Numan V . The Creation of Modern Georgia ( 1990 ) . Covers 1865 -- 1990 period . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1183 - 9 . Coleman , Kenneth . ed . A History of Georgia ( 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 1269 - X . London , Bonnie Bullard. ( 2005 ) Georgia and the American Experience Atlanta , Georgia : Clairmont Press ISBN 1 - 56733 - 100 - 9 . A middle school textbook . Peirce , Neal R . The Deep South States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Seven Deep South States ( 1974 ) . Information on politics and economics 1960 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05496 - 9 . Williams , David and Christopher C. Meyers . Georgia : A Brief History Macon : Mercer University Press , 2012 . 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who was the president of india during kargil war

Kargil war - wikipedia Kargil war Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Kargil War <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Indo - Pakistani Wars and the Kashmir conflict <Td_colspan="2"> Location of the conflict <Td_colspan="2"> Date May -- July 1999 ( 2 months ) Location Kargil district , Jammu and Kashmir Result India regains possession of Kargil Territorial changes None <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents India Pakistan <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Ved Prakash Malik Pervez Musharraf <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 30,000 5,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses Indian official figures 527 killed 1,363 wounded 1 POW 1 fighter jet shot down 1 fighter jet crashed 1 helicopter shot down Pakistani claims 1,600 Pakistani official figures 357 -- 453 killed 665 + wounded 8 POWs Other Pakistani claims 1,000 to 4,000 killed Indian claims 700 + killed <Th_colspan="2"> Kargil War <Td_colspan="2"> Battle of Tiger Hill Battle of Tololing Operation Safed Sagar Operation Talwar Operation Vijay <Th_colspan="2"> Indo - Pakistani conflicts <Td_colspan="2"> Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Kargil War ( Hindi : करगिल युद्ध , kargil yuddh , Urdu : کرگل جنگ ‬ ‎ kargil jang ) , also known as the Kargil conflict , was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control ( LOC ) . In India , the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay ( Hindi : विजय , literally `` Victory '' ) which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector . The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers disguised as Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC , which serves as the de facto border between the two states . During the initial stages of the war , Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents , but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan 's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces , led by General Ashraf Rashid . The Indian Army , later supported by the Indian Air Force , recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants . Facing international diplomatic opposition , the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC . The war is one of the most recent examples of high - altitude warfare in mountainous terrain , which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides . It is one of the very few instances of direct , conventional warfare between nuclear states ( i.e. , those possessing nuclear weapons ) . India had conducted its first successful test in 1974 ; Pakistan , which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time , conducted its first known tests in 1998 , just two weeks after a second series of tests by India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Background 3 War progress 3.1 Conflict events 3.2 Occupation by Pakistan 3.3 India discovers infiltration and mobilises 3.3. 1 Naval action 3.4 India attacks Pakistani positions 3.5 Withdrawal and final battles 4 World opinion 5 Gallantry awards 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 6 Impact and influence of media 7 WMDs and the nuclear factor 8 Aftermath 8.1 India 8.2 Kargil Review Committee 8.3 Pakistan 9 Casualties 10 Kargil War Memorial , India 11 Popular culture 12 Notes 13 Footnotes 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 16.1 Indian literature on Kargil war 16.2 Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre 17 External links Location Before the Partition of India in 1947 , Kargil was part of the Baltistan district of Ladakh , a sparsely populated region with diverse linguistic , ethnic and religious groups , living in isolated valleys separated by some of the world 's highest mountains . The First Kashmir War ( 1947 -- 48 ) concluded with the LOC bisecting the Baltistan district , with the town and district of Kargil lying on the Indian side in the Ladakh subdivision of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . After Pakistan 's defeat in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , the two nations signed the Simla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary . The town of Kargil is located 205 km ( 127 mi ) from Srinagar , facing the Northern Areas across the LOC . Like other areas in the Himalayas , Kargil has a temperate climate . Summers are cool with frigid nights , while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping to − 48 ° C ( − 54 ° F ) . An Indian national highway ( NH 1D ) connecting Srinagar to Leh cuts through Kargil . The area that witnessed the infiltration and fighting is a 160 km long stretch of ridges overlooking this only road linking Srinagar and Leh . The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 metres ( 16,000 ft ) high , with a few as high as 5,485 metres ( 18,000 ft ) . Apart from the district capital , Kargil , the populated areas near the front line in the conflict included the Mushko Valley and the town of Drass , southwest of Kargil , as well as the Batalik sector and other areas , northeast of Kargil . Kargil was targeted partly because the terrain was conducive to the preemptive seizure of several unoccupied military positions . With tactically vital features and well - prepared defensive posts atop the peaks , a defender on the high ground would enjoy advantages akin to a fortress . Any attack to dislodge a defender from high ground in mountain warfare requires a far higher ratio of attackers to defenders , and the difficulties would be exacerbated by the high altitude and freezing temperatures . Kargil is just 173 km ( 107 mi ) from the Pakistani - controlled town of Skardu , which was capable of providing logistical and artillery support to Pakistani combatants . Background The town of Kargil is strategically located . After the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , there had been a long period with relatively few direct armed conflicts involving the military forces of the two neighbours -- notwithstanding the efforts of both nations to control the Siachen Glacier by establishing military outposts on the surrounding mountains ridges and the resulting military skirmishes in the 1980s . During the 1990s , however , escalating tensions and conflict due to separatist activities in Kashmir , some of which were supported by Pakistan , as well as the conducting of nuclear tests by both countries in 1998 , led to an increasingly belligerent atmosphere . In an attempt to defuse the situation , both countries signed the Lahore Declaration in February 1999 , promising to provide a peaceful and bilateral solution to the Kashmir conflict . During the winter of 1998 -- 1999 , some elements of the Pakistani Armed Forces were covertly training and sending Pakistani troops and paramilitary forces , some allegedly in the guise of mujahideen , into territory on the Indian side of the LOC . The infiltration was codenamed `` Operation Badr '' ; its aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh , and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier , thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute . Pakistan also believed that any tension in the region would internationalise the Kashmir issue , helping it to secure a speedy resolution . Yet another goal may have been to boost the morale of the decade - long rebellion in Indian Administered Kashmir by taking a proactive role . Pakistani Lieutenant general Shahid Aziz , and then head of ISI analysis wing , has confirmed there were no mujahideen but only regular Pakistan Army soldiers who took part in the Kargil War . `` There were no Mujahideen , only taped wireless messages , which fooled no one . Our soldiers were made to occupy barren ridges , with hand held weapons and ammunition '' , Lt Gen Aziz wrote in his article in The Nation daily in January 2013 . Some writers have speculated that the operation 's objective may also have been retaliation for India 's Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier . According to India 's then army chief Ved Prakash Malik , and many other scholars , much of the background planning , including construction of logistical supply routes , had been undertaken much earlier . On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s , the army had given Pakistani leaders ( Zia ul Haq and Benazir Bhutto ) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region , but the plans had been shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all - out war . Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff in October 1998 . After the war , Nawaz Sharif , Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict , claimed that he was unaware of the plans , and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from Atal Bihari Vajpayee , his counterpart in India . Sharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and `` just two or three of his cronies '' , a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals , including Musharraf , knew of the plan . Musharraf , however , asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee 's journey to Lahore on 20 February . War progress Further information : Kargil order of battle Conflict events Date ( 1999 ) Event 3 May Pakistani intrusion in Kargil reported by local shepherds 5 May Indian Army patrol sent up ; Five Indian soldiers captured and tortured to death . 9 May Heavy shelling by Pakistan Army damages ammunition dump in Kargil 10 May Infiltrations first noticed in Dras , Kaksar , and Mushkoh sectors Mid-May Indian Army moves in more troops from Kashmir Valley to Kargil Sector 26 May IAF launches air strikes against infiltrators 27 May IAF loses two fighters -- MiG - 21 and MiG - 27 ; . Flt Lt Nachiketa taken POW 28 May IAF MI - 17 shot down by Pakistan ; four air crew dead 1 June Pakistan steps up attacks ; bombs NH 1A 5 June Indian Army releases documents recovered from three Pakistani soldiers indicating Pakistan 's involvement 6 June Indian Army launches major offensive in Kargil 9 June Indian Army re-captures two key positions in the Batalic sector 11 June India releases intercepts of conversation between Pakistani Army Chief Gen Pervez Musharraf , while on a visit to China and Chief of General Staff Lt Gen Aziz Khan in Rawalpindi , as proof of Pakistani Army 's involvement 13 June Indian Army secures Tololing in Dras 15 June U.S. President Bill Clinton , in a telephonic conversation , asks Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to pull out from Kargil 29 June Indian Army captures two vital posts : Point 5060 and Point 5100 near Tiger Hill 2 July Indian Army launches three - pronged attack in Kargil 4 July Indian Army recaptures Tiger Hill after an 11 - hour battle 5 July Indian Army takes control of Dras . Sharif announces Pakistani army 's withdrawal from Kargil following his meeting with Clinton 7 July India recaptures Jubar Heights in Batalik 11 July Pakistan begins pullout ; India captures key peaks in Batalik 14 July Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declares Operation Vijay a success . Government sets condition for talks with Pakistan 26 July Kargil conflict officially comes to an end . Indian Army announces complete eviction of Pakistani intruders . There were three major phases to the Kargil War . First , Pakistan infiltrated forces into the Indian - controlled section of Kashmir and occupied strategic locations enabling it to bring NH1 within range of its artillery fire . The next stage consisted of India discovering the infiltration and mobilising forces to respond to it . The final stage involved major battles by Indian and Pakistani forces resulting in India recapturing most of the territories held by Pakistani forces and the subsequent withdrawal of Pakistani forces back across the Line of Control after international pressure . Occupation by Pakistan Infiltration and military build - up During February 1999 , the Pakistan Army sent forces to occupy some posts on the Indian side of the LOC . Troops from the elite Special Services Group as well as four to seven battalions of the Northern Light Infantry ( a paramilitary regiment not part of the regular Pakistani army at that time ) covertly and overtly set up bases on the vantage points of the Indian - controlled region . According to some reports , these Pakistani forces were backed by Kashmiri guerrillas and Afghan mercenaries . According to General Ved Malik , the bulk of the infiltration occurred in April 1999 . Pakistani intrusions took place in the heights of the lower Mushkoh Valley , along the Marpo La ridgeline in Dras , in Kaksar near Kargil , in the Batalik sector east of the Indus River , on the heights above of the Chorbatla sector where the LOC turns North and in the Turtok sector south of the Siachen area . India discovers infiltration and mobilises Initially , these incursions were not detected for a number of reasons : Indian patrols were not sent into some of the areas infiltrated by the Pakistani forces and heavy artillery fire by Pakistan in some areas provided cover for the infiltrators . But by the second week of May , the ambushing of an Indian patrol team led by Capt Saurabh Kalia , who acted on a tip - off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector , led to the exposure of the infiltration . Initially , with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the infiltration , the Indian troops in the area assumed that the infiltrators were jihadis and claimed that they would evict them within a few days . Subsequent discovery of infiltration elsewhere along the LOC , and the difference in tactics employed by the infiltrators , caused the Indian army to realise that the plan of attack was on a much bigger scale . The total area seized by the ingress is generally accepted to between 130 km2 -- 200 km2 ; The Government of India responded with Operation Vijay , a mobilisation of 200,000 Indian troops . However , because of the nature of the terrain , division and corps operations could not be mounted ; subsequent fighting was conducted mostly at the regimental or battalion level . In effect , two divisions of the Indian Army , numbering 20,000 , plus several thousand from the Paramilitary forces of India and the air force were deployed in the conflict zone . The total number of Indian soldiers that were involved in the military operation on the Kargil - Drass sector was thus close to 30,000 . The number of infiltrators , including those providing logistical backup , has been put at approximately 5,000 at the height of the conflict . This figure includes troops from Pakistan - administered Kashmir who provided additional artillery support . The Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar in support of the mobilisation of Indian land forces , but its effectiveness during the war was limited by the high altitude and weather conditions , which in turn limited bomb loads and the number of airstrips that could be used . Naval Action The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports ( primarily the Karachi port ) to cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar . The Indian Navy 's western and eastern fleets joined in the North Arabian Sea and began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan 's sea trade . This exploited Pakistan 's dependence on sea based oil and trade flows . Later , then - Prime Minister of Pakistan , Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full - scale war had broken out . India attacks Pakistani positions This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The terrain of Kashmir is mountainous and at high altitudes ; even the best roads , such as National Highway 1D from Leh to Srinagar , are only two lanes . The rough terrain and narrow roads slowed down traffic , and the high altitude , which affected the ability of aircraft to carry loads , made control of NH 1D ( the actual stretch of the highway which was under Pakistani fire ) a priority for India . From their observation posts , the Pakistani forces had a clear line - of - sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on NH 1D , inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians . This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was the main logistical and supply route . The Pakistani shelling of the arterial road posed the threat of Leh being cut off , though an alternative ( and longer ) road to Leh existed via Himachal Pradesh . Indian soldiers after winning a battle during the Kargil War The infiltrators , apart from being equipped with small arms and grenade launchers , were also armed with mortars , artillery and anti-aircraft guns . Many posts were also heavily mined , with India later stating to have recovered more than 8,000 anti-personnel mines according to an ICBL report . Pakistan 's reconnaissance was done through unmanned aerial vehicles and AN / TPQ - 36 Firefinder radars supplied by the US . The initial Indian attacks were aimed at controlling the hills overlooking NH 1D , with high priority being given to the stretches of the highway near the town of Kargil . The majority of posts along the Line of Control were adjacent to the highway , and therefore the recapture of nearly every infiltrated post increased both the territorial gains and the security of the highway . The protection of this route and the recapture of the forward posts were thus ongoing objectives throughout the war . The Indian Army 's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH 1D . This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras , which dominated the Srinagar - Leh route . This was soon followed by the Batalik - Turtok sub-sector which provided access to Siachen Glacier . Some of the peaks that were of vital strategic importance to the Pakistani defensive troops were Point 4590 and Point 5353 . While 4590 was the nearest point that had a view of NH 1D , point 5353 was the highest feature in the Dras sector , allowing the Pakistani troops to observe NH 1D . The recapture of Point 4590 by Indian troops on 14 June was significant , notwithstanding the fact that it resulted in the Indian Army suffering the most casualties in a single battle during the conflict . Though most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway were cleared by mid-June , some parts of the highway near Drass witnessed sporadic shelling until the end of the war . IAF MiG - 21s were used extensively in the Kargil War . Once India regained control of the hills overlooking NH 1D , the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the Line of Control . The Battle of Tololing , amongst other assaults , slowly tilted the combat in India 's favour . The Pakistani troops at Tololing were aided by Pakistani fighters from Kashmir . Some of the posts put up a stiff resistance , including Tiger Hill ( Point 5140 ) that fell only later in the war . Indian troops found well - entrenched Pakistani soldiers at Tiger Hill , and both sides suffered heavy casualties . After a final assault on the peak in which ten Pakistani soldiers and five Indian soldiers were killed , Tiger Hill finally fell . A few of the assaults occurred atop hitherto unheard of peaks -- most of them unnamed with only Point numbers to differentiate them -- which witnessed fierce hand to hand combat . As the operation was fully underway , about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the line - of - sight . The Bofors FH - 77B field howitzer played a vital role , with Indian gunners making maximum use of the terrain . However , its success was limited elsewhere due to the lack of space and depth to deploy it . It was in this type of terrain that aerial attacks were used with limited effectiveness . French made Mirage 2000H of the IAF were tasked to drop laser - guided bombs to destroy well - entrenched positions of the Pakistani forces . The IAF lost a MiG - 27 strike aircraft , which it attributed to an engine failure , and a MiG - 21 fighter which was shot down by Pakistan ; initially Pakistan said it shot down both jets after they crossed into its territory . One Indian Mi - 8 helicopter was also lost due to Stinger SAMs . On 27 May 1999 , Flt . Lt. Nachiketa developed engine trouble in the Batalik sector and bailed out of his craft . Sqn Ldr Ajay Ahuja went out of his way to locate his comrade but was shot down by a shoulder - fired Stinger missile . According to reports , he had bailed out of his stricken plane safely but was apparently killed by his captors as his body was returned riddled with bullet wounds . In many vital points , neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the outposts manned by the Pakistani soldiers , who were out of visible range . The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 18,000 feet ( 5,500 m ) . Since any daylight attack would be suicidal , all the advances had to be made under the cover of darkness , escalating the risk of freezing . Accounting for the wind chill factor , the temperatures were often as low as − 15 ° C to − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F to 5 ° F ) near the mountain tops . Based on military tactics , much of the costly frontal assaults by the Indians could have been avoided if the Indian Military had chosen to blockade the supply route of the opposing force , creating a siege . Such a move would have involved the Indian troops crossing the LoC as well as initiating aerial attacks on Pakistani soil , a manoeuvre India was not willing to exercise fearing an expansion of the theatre of war and reduced international support for its cause . Two months into the conflict , Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators ; according to the official count , an estimated 75 % -- 80 % of the intruded area and nearly all the high ground were back under Indian control . Withdrawal and final battles Following the outbreak of armed fighting , Pakistan sought American help in de-escalating the conflict . Bruce Riedel , who was then an aide to President Bill Clinton , reported that US intelligence had imaged Pakistani movements of nuclear weapons to forward deployments for fear of the Kargil hostilities escalating into a wider conflict . However , President Clinton refused to intervene until Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the Line of Control . Following the Washington accord of 4 July 1999 , when Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops , most of the fighting came to a gradual halt , but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LOC . In addition , the United Jihad Council ( an umbrella for extremist groups ) rejected Pakistan 's plan for a climb - down , instead deciding to fight on . The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July ; as soon as the Drass subsector had been cleared of Pakistani forces , the fighting ceased on 26 July . The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas ( Kargil Victory Day ) in India . By the end of the war , Pakistan had to withdraw under international pressure and due to pressure from continued fighting at battle front and left India in control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control , as was established in July 1972 as per the Simla Agreement . World opinion Pakistan was criticised by other countries for instigating the war , as its paramilitary forces and insurgents crossed the Line of Control . Pakistan 's primary diplomatic response , one of plausible deniability linking the incursion to what it officially termed as `` Kashmiri freedom fighters '' , was in the end not successful . Veteran analysts argued that the battle was fought at heights where only seasoned troops could survive , so poorly equipped `` freedom fighters '' would neither have the ability nor the wherewithal to seize land and defend it . Moreover , while the army had initially denied the involvement of its troops in the intrusion , two soldiers were awarded the Nishan - E-Haider ( Pakistan 's highest military honour ) . Another 90 soldiers were also given gallantry awards , most of them posthumously , confirming Pakistan 's role in the episode . India also released taped phone conversations between the Army Chief and a senior Pakistani general where the latter is recorded saying : `` the scruff of ( the militants ) necks is in our hands '' , although Pakistan dismissed it as a `` total fabrication '' . Concurrently , Pakistan made several contradicting statements , confirming its role in Kargil , when it defended the incursions saying that the LOC itself was disputed . Pakistan also attempted to internationalise the Kashmir issue , by linking the crisis in Kargil to the larger Kashmir conflict but , such a diplomatic stance found few backers on the world stage . As the Indian counter-attacks picked up momentum , Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet US President Bill Clinton on 4 July to obtain support from the United States . Clinton rebuked Sharif , however , and asked him to use his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory . Clinton would later reveal in his autobiography that `` Sharif 's moves were perplexing '' since the Indian Prime Minister had travelled to Lahore to promote bilateral talks aimed at resolving the Kashmir problem and `` by crossing the Line of Control , Pakistan had wrecked the ( bilateral ) talks '' . On the other hand , he applauded Indian restraint for not crossing the LoC and escalating the conflict into an all - out war . G8 nations supported India and condemned the Pakistani violation of the LOC at the Cologne summit . The European Union also opposed Pakistan 's violation of the LOC . China , a long - time ally of Pakistan , insisted on a pullout of forces to the pre-conflict positions along the LOC and settling border issues peacefully . Other organisations like the ASEAN Regional Forum too supported India 's stand on the inviolability of the LOC . Faced with growing international pressure , Sharif managed to pull back the remaining soldiers from Indian territory . The joint statement issued by Clinton and Sharif conveyed the need to respect the Line of Control and resume bilateral talks as the best forum to resolve all disputes . Gallantry awards India A number of Indian soldiers earned awards for gallantry : Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav , 18 Grenadiers , Param Vir Chakra Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey , 1 / 11 Gorkha Rifles , Param Vir Chakra , Posthumous Captain Vikram Batra , 13 JAK Rifles , Param Vir Chakra , Posthumous Rifleman Sanjay Kumar , 13 JAK Rifles , Param Vir Chakra Captain Anuj Nayyar , 17 JAT Regiment , Maha Vir Chakra , Posthumous Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari , 18 Grenadiers , Maha Vir Chakra , Posthumous Captain Haneef - u-ddin , 11 Rajputana Rifles , Vir Chakra , posthumous Major Mariappan Saravanan , 1 Bihar , Vir Chakra , Posthumous Squadron Leader Ajay Ahuja , Indian Air Force , Vir Chakra , Posthumous Havildar Chuni Lal , 8 JAK LI , Vir Chakra . Also awarded Sena Medal for gallantry and posthumously awarded Ashoka Chakra as a Naib Subedar . Pakistan Two Pakistani soldiers received the Nishan - e-Haider , Pakistan 's highest military gallantry award : Captain Karnal Sher Khan , 27th Sindh Regiment , Nishan - e-Haider , Posthumous Havaldaar Lalak Jan , Northern Light Infantry , Nishan - e-Haider , Posthumous Impact and influence of media The Kargil War was significant for the impact and influence of the mass media on public opinion in both nations . Coming at a time of exploding growth in electronic journalism in India , the Kargil news stories and war footage were often telecast live on TV , and many websites provided in - depth analysis of the war . The conflict became the first `` live '' war in South Asia and it was given such detailed media coverage that one effect was the drumming up of jingoistic feelings . The conflict soon turned into a news propaganda war , in which press briefings given by government officials of each nation produced conflicting claims and counterclaims . The Indian government placed a temporary News Embargo on information from Pakistan , banning the telecast of the state - run Pakistani channel PTV and blocking access to online editions of the Dawn newspaper . The Pakistani media criticised this apparent curbing of freedom of the press in India , while India media claimed it was in the interest of national security . The Indian government ran advertisements in foreign publications including The Times and The Washington Post detailing Pakistan 's role in supporting extremists in Kashmir in an attempt to garner political support for its position . As the war progressed , media coverage of the conflict was more intense in India than in Pakistan . Many Indian channels showed images from the battle zone in a style reminiscent of CNN 's coverage of the Gulf War ( one of the shells fired by Pakistan troops even hit a Doordarshan transmission centre in Kargil while coverage continued ) . Reasons for India 's increased coverage included the greater number of privately owned electronic media in India compared to Pakistan and relatively greater transparency in the Indian media . At a seminar in Karachi , Pakistani journalists agreed that while the Indian government had taken the press and the people into its confidence , Pakistan had not . The print media in India and abroad was largely sympathetic to the Indian cause , with editorials in newspapers based in the west and other neutral countries observing that Pakistan was largely responsible for the conflict . Some analysts believe that Indian media , which was both larger in number and more credible , may have acted as a force multiplier for the Indian military operation in Kargil and served as a morale booster . As the fighting intensified , the Pakistani version of events found little backing on the world stage . This helped India gain valuable diplomatic recognition for its position . Wmds and the nuclear factor Since Pakistan and India each had weapons of mass destruction , many in the international community were concerned that if the Kargil conflict intensified , it could lead to nuclear war . Both countries had tested their nuclear capability in 1998 ( India conducted its first test in 1974 while it was Pakistan 's first - ever nuclear test ) . Many pundits believed the tests to be an indication of the escalating stakes in the scenario in South Asia . When the Kargil conflict started just a year after the nuclear tests , many nations desired to end it before it intensified . International concerns increased when Pakistani foreign secretary Shamshad Ahmad made a statement on 31 May warning that an escalation of the limited conflict could lead Pakistan to use `` any weapon '' in its arsenal . This was immediately interpreted as a threat of nuclear retaliation by Pakistan in the event of an extended war , and the belief was reinforced when the leader of Pakistan 's senate noted , `` The purpose of developing weapons becomes meaningless if they are not used when they are needed '' . Many such ambiguous statements from officials of both countries were viewed as warnings of an impending nuclear crisis where the combatants would consider use of their limited nuclear arsenals in `` tactical '' nuclear warfare in the belief that it would not have ended in mutual assured destruction , as could have occurred in a nuclear conflict between the United States and the USSR . Some experts believe that following nuclear tests in 1998 , the Pakistani military was emboldened by its nuclear deterrent to markedly increase coercion against India . The nature of the India - Pakistan conflict took a more sinister turn when the United States received intelligence that Pakistani nuclear warheads were being moved towards the border . Bill Clinton tried to dissuade Pakistan prime minister Nawaz Sharif from nuclear brinkmanship , even threatening Pakistan of dire consequences . According to a White House official , Sharif seemed to be genuinely surprised by this supposed missile movement and responded that India was probably planning the same . In a May 2000 article , Sanjay Badri - Maharaj claimed that India too had readied at least five nuclear - tipped ballistic missiles , but could not back up this claim with any official proof . Sensing a deteriorating military scenario , diplomatic isolation , and the risks of a larger conventional and nuclear war , Sharif ordered the Pakistani army to vacate the Kargil heights . He later claimed in his official biography that General Pervez Musharraf had moved nuclear warheads without informing him . Recently however , Pervez Musharraf revealed in his memoirs that Pakistan 's nuclear delivery system was not operational during the Kargil war ; something that would have put Pakistan under serious disadvantage if the conflict went nuclear . The threat of WMD included chemical and even biological weapons . Pakistan accused India of using chemical weapons and incendiary weapons such as napalm against the Kashmiri fighters . India , on the other hand , showcased a cache of gas masks as proof that Pakistan may have been prepared to use non-conventional weapons . US official and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons determined that Pakistani allegations of India using banned chemicals in its bombs were unfounded . Aftermath India From the end of the war until February 2000 , the Indian stock market rose by more than 30 % . The next Indian national budget included major increases in military spending . There was a surge in patriotism , with many celebrities expressing their support for the Kargil cause . Indians were angered by media reports of the death of pilot Ajay Ahuja , especially after Indian authorities reported that Ahuja had been murdered and his body mutilated by Pakistani troops . The war had produced higher than expected fatalities for the Indian military , with a sizeable percentage of them including newly commissioned officers . One month after conclusion of the Kargil War , the Atlantique Incident , in which a Pakistan Navy plane was shot down by India , briefly reignited fears of a conflict between the two countries . After the war , the Indian government severed ties with Pakistan and increased defence preparedness . India increased its defence budget as it sought to acquire more state of the art equipment . Media reported about military procurement irregularities and criticism of intelligence agencies like Research and Analysis Wing , which failed to predict the intrusions or the identity / number of infiltrators during the war . An internal assessment report by the armed forces , published in an Indian magazine , showed several other failings , including `` a sense of complacency '' and being `` unprepared for a conventional war '' on the presumption that nuclearism would sustain peace . It also highlighted the lapses in command and control , the insufficient troop levels and the dearth of large - calibre guns like the Bofors . In 2006 , retired Air Chief Marshal , A. Y . Tipnis , alleged that the Indian Army did not fully inform the government about the intrusions , adding that the army chief Ved Prakash Malik , was initially reluctant to use the full strike capability of the Indian Air Force , instead requesting only helicopter gunship support . Soon after the conflict , India also decided to complete the project , previously stalled by Pakistan , to fence the entire LOC . The end of the Kargil conflict was followed by the 13th Indian General Elections to the Lok Sabha , which gave a decisive mandate to the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government . It was re-elected to power in September -- October 1999 with a majority of 303 seats out of 545 in the Lok Sabha . On the diplomatic front , Indo - US relations improved , as the United States appreciated Indian attempts to restrict the conflict to a limited geographic area . Relations with Israel -- which had discreetly aided India with ordnance supply and matériel such as unmanned aerial vehicles , laser - guided bombs , and satellite imagery -- also were bolstered . Kargil Review committee Soon after the war the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government set up an inquiry into its causes and to analyse perceived Indian intelligence failures . The high - powered committee was chaired by eminent strategic affairs analyst K. Subrahmanyam and given powers to interview anyone with current or past associations with Indian security , including former Prime Ministers . The committee 's final report ( also referred to as the `` Subrahmanyam Report '' ) led to a large - scale restructuring of Indian Intelligence . It , however , came in for heavy criticism in the Indian media for its perceived avoidance of assigning specific responsibility for failures over detecting the Kargil intrusions . The Committee was also embroiled in controversy for indicting Brigadier Surinder Singh of the Indian Army for his failure to report enemy intrusions in time , and for his subsequent conduct . Many press reports questioned or contradicted this finding and claimed that Singh had in fact issued early warnings that were ignored by senior Indian Army commanders and , ultimately , higher government functionaries . In a departure from the norm the final report was published and made publicly available . Some chapters and all annexures , however , were deemed to contain classified information by the government and not released . K. Subrahmanyam later wrote that the annexures contained information on the development of India 's nuclear weapons program and the roles played by Prime Ministers Rajiv Gandhi , P. V. Narasimha Rao and V. P. Singh . Pakistan Nawaz Sharif , Prime minister at that time , after a few months a military coup d'état was initiated that ousted him and his government . Shortly after declaring itself a nuclear weapons state , Pakistan had been humiliated diplomatically and militarily . Faced with the possibility of international isolation , the already fragile Pakistan economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistan forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers , an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties , but Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation . Responding to this , Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf said , `` It hurts me when an ex-premier undermines his own forces '' , and claimed that Indian casualties were more than that of Pakistan . The legacy of Kargil war still continues to be debated on Pakistan 's news channels and television political correspondents , which Musharraf repeatedly appeared to justify . Many in Pakistan had expected a victory over the Indian military based on Pakistani official reports on the war , but were dismayed by the turn of events and questioned the eventual retreat . The military leadership is believed to have felt let down by the prime minister 's decision to withdraw the remaining fighters . However , some authors , including Musharraf 's close friend and former American CENTCOM Commander General Anthony Zinni , and former Prime minister Nawaz Sharif , state that it was General Musharraf who requested Sharif to withdraw the Pakistani troops . In 2012 , Musharraf 's senior officer and retired major - general Abdul Majeed Malik maintained that Kargil was a `` total disaster '' and bitterly criticised General Musharraf . Pointing out the fact that Pakistan was in no position to fight India in that area ; the Nawaz Sharif government initiated the diplomatic process by involving the US President Bill Clinton and got Pakistan out of the difficult scenario . Malik maintained that soldiers were not `` Mujaheddin '' but active - duty serving officers and soldiers of the Pakistan Army . The PAF F - 16s had valuable significance for the patrolling missions but none of the F - 16s took active participation in the conflict . In a national security meeting with Prime minister Nawaz Sharif at the Joint Headquarters , General Musharraf became heavily involved with serious altercations with Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Fasih Bokhari who ultimately called for a court - martial against General Musharraf . Taking participation in the arguments , Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal PQ Mehdi quoted that `` any intervention by the Navy and the PAF into disputed land of Indian - controlled Kashmir would be perceived as an escalation to all - out declared war '' . After witnessing Musharraf 's criticism given to his fellow officers , ACM PQ Mehdi decided to give Musharraf a favour after issuing orders to PAF 's F - 16s for the patrolling missions near the Skardu Valley . The Pakistan Navy largely remained camouflaged during the entire conflict , and only submarines were deployed for patrolling missions . With Sharif placing the onus of the Kargil attacks squarely on the army chief Pervez Musharraf , there was an atmosphere of uneasiness between the two . On 12 October 1999 , General Musharraf staged a bloodless coup d'état , ousting Nawaz Sharif . Benazir Bhutto , an opposition leader in the parliament and former prime minister , called the Kargil War `` Pakistan 's greatest blunder '' . Many ex-officials of the military and the Inter-Services Intelligence ( Pakistan 's principal intelligence agency ) also believed that `` Kargil was a waste of time '' and `` could not have resulted in any advantage '' on the larger issue of Kashmir . A retired Pakistan Army 's Lieutenant - General Ali Kuli Khan , lambasted the war as `` a disaster bigger than the East Pakistan tragedy '' , adding that the plan was `` flawed in terms of its conception , tactical planning and execution '' that ended in `` sacrificing so many soldiers '' . The Pakistani media criticised the whole plan and the eventual climbdown from the Kargil heights since there were no gains to show for the loss of lives and it only resulted in international condemnation . Despite calls by many , no public commission of inquiry was set up in Pakistan to investigate the people responsible for initiating the conflict . The Pakistan Muslim League ( PML ( N ) ) published a white paper in 2006 , which stated that Nawaz Sharif constituted an inquiry committee that recommended a court martial for General Pervez Musharraf , but Musharraf `` stole the report '' after toppling the government , to save himself . The report also claims that India knew about the plan 11 months before its launch , enabling a complete victory for India on military , diplomatic and economic fronts . A statement in June 2008 by a former X Corps commander and Director - General of Military Intelligence ( M.I. ) that time , Lieutenant - General ( retired ) Jamshed Gulzar Kiani said that : `` As Prime minister , Nawaz Sharif `` was never briefed by the army '' on the Kargil attack , reignited the demand for a probe of the episode by legal and political groups . Though the Kargil conflict had brought the Kashmir dispute into international focus , which was one of Pakistan 's aims , it had done so in negative circumstances that eroded its credibility , since the infiltration came just after a peace process between the two countries was underway . The sanctity of the LOC too received international recognition . President Clinton 's move to ask Islamabad to withdraw hundreds of armed militants from Indian - administered Kashmir was viewed by many in Pakistan as indicative of a clear shift in US policy against Pakistan . After the war , a few changes were made to the Pakistan armed forces . In recognition of the Northern Light Infantry 's performance in the war , which even drew praise from a retired Indian Lt. General , the regiment was incorporated into the regular army . The war showed that despite a tactically sound plan that had the element of surprise , little groundwork had been done to gauge the politico - diplomatic ramifications . And like previous unsuccessful infiltrations attempts , such as Operation Gibraltar , which sparked the 1965 war , there was little co-ordination or information sharing among the branches of the Pakistani Armed Forces . One US Intelligence study is reported to have stated that Kargil was yet another example of Pakistan 's ( lack of ) grand strategy , repeating the follies of the previous wars . In 2013 , General Musharraf 's close collaborator and confidential subordinate Lieutenant General ( retired ) Shahid Aziz revealed to Pakistan 's news televisions and electronic media , that `` ( Kargil ) adventure ' was India 's intelligence failure and Pakistan 's miscalculated move , the Kargil operation was known only to General Parvez Musharraf and four of his close collaborators '' . Casualties Memorial of Operation Vijay Pakistan army losses have been difficult to determine . Pakistan confirmed that 453 soldiers were killed . The US Department of State had made an early , partial estimate of close to 700 fatalities . According to numbers stated by Nawaz Sharif there were over 4,000 fatalities . His PML ( N ) party in its `` white paper '' on the war mentioned that more than 3,000 Mujahideens , officers and soldiers were killed . Another major Pakistani political party , the Pakistan Peoples Party , also says that `` thousands '' of soldiers and irregulars died . Indian estimates stand at 1,042 Pakistani soldiers killed . Musharraf , in his Hindi version of his memoirs , titled `` Agnipath '' , differs from all the estimates stating that 357 troops were killed with a further 665 wounded . Apart from General Musharraf 's figure on the number of Pakistanis wounded , the number of people injured in the Pakistan camp is not yet fully known although they are at least more than 400 according to Pakistan army 's website . One Indian Pilot was officially captured during the fighting , while there were eight Pakistani soldiers who were captured during the fighting , and were repatriated on 13 August 1999 . India gave its official casualty figures as 527 dead and 1,363 wounded . Kargil war memorial , India Main article : Dras War Memorial The main entrance of Kargil War Memorial by the Indian Army at Dras , India The Kargil War memorial , built by the Indian Army , is located in Dras , in the foothills of the Tololing Hill . The memorial , located about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill , commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War . A poem `` Pushp Kii Abhilasha '' ( Wish of a Flower ) by Makhanlal Chaturvedi , a renowned 20th century neo-romantic Hindi poet , is inscribed on the gateway of the memorial greets visitors . The names of the soldiers who lost their lives in the War are inscribed on the Memorial Wall and can be read by visitors . A museum attached to the Kargil War Memorial , which was established to celebrate the victory of ' Operation Vijay ' , houses pictures of Indian soldiers , archives of important war documents and recordings , Pakistani war equipments and gear , and official emblems of the Army from the Kargil war . A giant national flag , weighing 15 kg was hoisted at the Kargil war memorial to commemorate the 13th anniversary of India 's victory in the war . Popular culture The brief conflict provided considerable dramatic material for filmmakers and authors in India . Some documentaries which were shot on the subject were used by the ruling party coalition , led by Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , in furthering its election campaign that immediately followed the war . The following is a list of the major films and dramas on the subject . Lord John Marbury is a 1999 episode in the first season of The West Wing that depicts a fictionalised representation of the Kargil conflict . Pentagram 's single , ' Price of Bullets ' , released in 1999 dealt with the Kargil War . LOC : Kargil ( 2003 ) , a Hindi movie which depicts many incidents from the war was one of the longest in Indian movie history , running for more than four hours . Lakshya ( 2004 ) , another Hindi movie portraying a fictionalised account of the conflict . Movie critics have generally appreciated the realistic portrayal of characters . The film also received good reviews in Pakistan because it portrays both sides fairly . Sainika ( 2002 ) , the Kannada film directed by Mahesh Sukhdhare depicted the life of a soldier with Kargil war as one of the events . Starring C.P. Yogishwar and Sakshi Shivanand . Dhoop ( 2003 ) , Hindi film , directed by national award winner Ashwini Chaudhary , which depicted the life of Anuj Nayyar 's parents after his death . Anuj Nayyar was a captain in the Indian army and was awarded Maha Vir Chakra posthumously . Om Puri plays the role of S.K. Nayyar , Anuj 's father . Mission Fateh -- Real Stories of Kargil Heroes , a TV series telecast on Sahara channel chronicling the Indian Army 's missions . Fifty Day War -- A theatrical production on the war , directed by Aamir Raza Husain , the title indicating the length of the Kargil conflict . This was claimed to be the biggest production of its kind in Asia , budget of Rs. 15 million , involving real aircraft and explosions in an outdoor setting . Kurukshetra ( 2008 ) -- A Malayalam film directed by a former Indian Army Major Ravi ( Retd ) based on his experience of Kargil War . Laag ( 2000 ) -- A Pakistani film - drama based on the armed intrusions and struggle of Pakistan army soldiers in the conflict . Kargil Kartoons ( 1999 ) -- With a support of the cartoons of eight leading cartoonists , Shekhar Gurera compiled a collection of cartoons dedicated to the Indian defence forces . He also coordinated Kargil Kartoons ( A Collection of Cartoons and a chain of Cartoon Exhibition ) , the solidarity gesture of drawing on - the - spot cartoons of army men who passing through the New Delhi railway station on their way to Kargil . The cartoons on Kargil War were later exhibited at The Lalit Kala Academy , New Delhi . 25 -- 31 July 1999 , followed by the chain exhibition of cartoons at Jaipur , Chandigarh , Patna and Indore . Stumped ( 2003 ) -- A film expressing the mixed emotions of 1999 Cricket World Cup celebrations and mourning associated with individual 's casualty in the Kargil war . Mausam ( 2011 film ) was a 2011 romantic drama film directed by Pankaj Kapoor , spanned over the period between 1992 and 2002 covering major events . Many other movies like Tango Charlie drew heavily upon the Kargil episode , which still continues to be a plot for mainstream movies with a Malayalam movie Keerthi Chakra . The impact of the war in the sporting arena was visible during the India - Pakistan clash in the 1999 Cricket World Cup , which coincided with the Kargil timeline . The game witnessed heightened passions and was one of the most viewed matches in the tournament . Notes ^ Jump up to : Chakraborty , A. K. `` Kargil War Brings into Sharp Focus India 's Commitment to Peace '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown of casualties into Officers , JCOs , and Other Ranks '' . Parliament of India Website . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Roll of Honour of Indian Army 's Killed in Action during Op Vijay '' . Indian Army . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official statement giving breakdown of wounded personnel '' . Parliament of India Website . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf claims Kargil was a big success militarily for Pakistan '' . Greater Kashmir. 1 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Musharraf now has Pak 's Kargil toll : 357 '' . Indian Express . 7 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil probe body had sought Musharraf 's court martial '' . thenews.com . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war '' . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Army admits to Kargil martyrs '' . NDTV . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pervez Musharraf ' crossed LoC before Kargil war ' ; V. K. Singh praises ex-Pak army chief 's ' courage ' '' . 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ashok Kalyan Verma , Major General . Kargil : Blood on the Snow . p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` The Kargil ( Kashmir ) War , May -- July 1999 '' . University of Texas , Austin . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tortured Kargil martyr 's parents want justice for war crime '' . Times of India . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodrigo Tavares ( 2006 ) . Understanding regional peace and security . Göteborg University ( original from Northwestern University . ISBN 9187380676 . Page 297 Jump up ^ It is also sometimes referred to as Operation Vijay Kargil so as to distinguish it from Operation Vijay , the operation by the Military of India that led to the capture of Goa , Daman and Diu and Anjidiv Islands . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Kargil Conflict '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Clancy ; Tony Zinni ; Tony Koltz ( 2004 ) . Battle Ready . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15176 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Pak commander blows the lid on Islamabad 's Kargil plot '' . 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 13 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sharif admits he let down Vajpayee on Kargil conflict '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Shuja , Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within , p. 420 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hussain , Javed ( 21 October 2006 ) . `` Kargil : what might have happened '' . Dawn . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Cheema , Pervaiz Iqbal ( 2003 ) . The Armed Forces of Pakistan . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 119 - 1 . Pg 4 Jump up ^ `` Profile of Kargil District '' Archived 18 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Official website of Kargil District Jump up ^ `` Climate & Soil conditions '' . Official website of Kargil District . Archived from the original on 18 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War in Kargil -- The CCC 's summary on the war '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Chandran , Suba ( 2004 ) . `` Limited War with Pakistan : Will It Secure India 's Interests ? '' . ACDIS Occasional Paper . Program in Arms Control , Disarmament , and International Security ( ACDIS ) , University of Illinois . Archived from the original on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Against the `` accepted 3 : 1 ratio for attacking troops vs defending troops '' , the ratio over mountain terrain is estimated at 6 : 1 . `` Men At War '' , India Today Jump up ^ Acosta , Marcus P. , CPT , U.S. Army , `` High Altitude Warfare : The Kargil Conflict & the Future '' Archived 28 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , June 2003 . Alternate Link Jump up ^ `` The Coldest War '' . Outside Magazine . Archived from the original on 2 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pervez Musharraf admits Pakistan nurtured terrorism '' . The Free Press Journal . 28 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pak backed terror groups like LeT to fan militancy : Musharraf '' . Business Standard . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Supported , Trained Terror Groups Like LeT to Fan Militancy : Pervez Musharraf '' . Outlook . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan trained terrorists against India : Pervez Musharraf '' . India Today . 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Supported , Trained Terror Groups : Pervez Musharraf '' . NDTV. 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pervez Musharraf 's confession on Pakistan terror groups : Truth finally out , say Indian political parties '' . DNA India . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf equates Bal Thackeray with Hafiz Saeed '' . The Times of India . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kargil : where defence met diplomacy '' Archived 16 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , India 's then Chief of Army Staff VP Malik , expressing his views on Operation Vijay . Hosted on Daily Times Jump up ^ Vikas Kapur and Vipin Narang , `` The Fate of Kashmir '' , Stanford Journal of International Relations Jump up ^ `` Book review of The Indian Army : A Brief History by Maj Gen Ian Cardozo '' Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Hosted on IPCS Jump up ^ `` No mujahideen , our soldiers took part in Kargil : Pak ex-Gen '' . The Tribune ( Online Edition ) . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shahid Aziz ( 6 January 2013 ) . `` Putting our children in line of fire '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert G. Wirsing ( 2003 ) . Kashmir in the Shadow of War : regional rivalries in a nuclear age . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1090 - 6 . Pg 38 Jump up ^ Ludra , Kuldip S. ( 2001 ) . Operation Badr : Mussharef 's contribution to Pakistan 's thousand years war against India . Institute for Strategic Research and Analysis Chandigarh . Jump up ^ Low Intensity Conflicts in India By Vivek Chadha , United Service Institution of India Published by SAGE , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 3325 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Hassan Abbas ( 2004 ) . Pakistan 's Drift into Extremism : Allah , the Army , and America 's War on Terror . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1497 - 9 . Jump up ^ Musharraf advised against Kargil , says Benazir , ' Musharraf planned Kargil when I was PM ' : Bhutto -- Previous interview to Hindustan Times , 30 November 2001 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195476972 . Jump up ^ Kapur , S. Paul ( 2007 ) . Dangerous Deterrent . Stanford University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5550 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz blames Musharraf for Kargil '' . The Times of India . 28 May 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I learnt about Kargil from Vajpayee , says Nawaz '' . Dawn. 29 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Qadir , Shaukat ( April 2002 ) . `` An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999 '' ( PDF ) . RUSI Journal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil planned before Vajpayee 's visit : Musharraf '' . Indian Express . 13 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune , Chandigarh , India -- Opinions '' . Tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ V. P. Malik , `` Kargil War : Need to learn strategic lessons '' , India Tribune , 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil conflict timeline '' . BBC News . 13 July 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Tariq . `` Bitter Chill of Winter '' . London Review of Books = . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Colonel Ravi Nanda ( 1999 ) . Kargil : A Wake Up Call . Vedams Books . ISBN 81 - 7095 - 074 - 0 . Online summary of the Book Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How I Started A War '' . Time . 12 July 1999 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pervez Musharraf ( 2006 ) . In the Line of Fire : A Memoir . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8344 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Northern Light Infantry in the Kargil Operations '' . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . by Ravi Rikhye 1999 August 25 , 2002 -- ORBAT ^ Jump up to : It is estimated that around 2,000 `` Mujahideen '' might have been involved as Musharraf stated on 6 July 1999 , to Pakistan 's The News ; online article , Asia Times quoting the General 's estimate . An Indian Major General ( retd ) too puts the `` Number of guerrillas at 2,000 '' , apart from the NLI Infantry Regiment . Jump up ^ Malik , V.P. ( Summer 2009 ) , `` The Kargil War : Some Reflections '' ( PDF ) , CLAWS Journal Jump up ^ `` Saurabh Kalia 's parents waging a lone battle to highlight war crimes '' . Hindu.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` War in Kargil '' Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) `` Islamabad Playing with Fire by Praful Bidwai '' , The Tribune , 7 June 1999 Jump up ^ Gen VP Malik . `` Lessons from Kargil '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Grare , Frédéric . `` The Resurgence of Baluch nationalism '' ( PDF ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Power '' . Force India . Archived from the original on 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Azam Khan , Cdr ( Retd ) Muhammad . `` Exercise Seaspark -- 2001 '' . 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The Tribune . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ War Against Error , Cover story on Outlook , 28 February 2005 ( Online edition ) Jump up ^ `` Army was reluctant to tell govt about Kargil : Tipnis '' , 7 October 2006 , The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Fencing Duel '' , India Today Jump up ^ Paul R. Dettman , `` India Changes Course '' ( Greenwood Publishing Group : 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 275 - 97308 - 5 , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ News reports from Daily Times ( Pakistan ) and BBC mentioning the Israeli military support to India during the conflict . Jump up ^ `` Kargil : Subrahmanyam Committee 's Report '' . Indian News . Archived from the original on 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil report shows the way '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pg 56 -- 60 Dixit , JN , `` India - Pakistan in War & Peace '' , Routledge , 2002 . Books.google.co.in. 2 August 2003 . ISBN 9780203301104 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . 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Online scanned version of the article ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Musharraf and the truth about Kargil '' , The Hindu , 25 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Over soldier 's killed in Kargil : Sharif '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 5 August 2004 ) . `` India suffered more casualties in Kargil than Pakistan , claims Musharraf '' . Expressindia.com . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Badmi , Vaseem ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` 11th Hour '' . ARY News TV . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bacha , Sana ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Top Story '' . Dunya News . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ K. Ratnayake , `` Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif 's resignation '' , 7 August 1999 , Can Sharif deliver ? , Michael Krepon . `` The Stability - Instability Paradox in South Asia '' -- Hosted on Henry L. Stimson Centre . Jump up ^ Tom Clancy ; Tony Koltz ( 2004 ) . Battle Ready . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Musharraf Vs. Sharif : Who 's Lying ? Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Tariq Butt ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Kargil was a total disaster '' . The News International , 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Times Report ( 9 October 2002 ) . `` Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12 : Fasih Bokhari '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Navy chief says the general feared court martial for masterminding Kargil Jump up ^ Tufail , PAF , Brigadier Kaisar ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` Himalayan Showdown '' . Air Forces Monthly ( UK ) . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tufail , Kaisar . `` Kargil Conflict and Pakistan Air Force '' . Kaisar Tufail at Air Force Monthly . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Admiral Mohammad Anwer ( 2006 ) . Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals : Autobiography of a Senior Naval Officer . Karachi Pakistan : AuthorHouse ( 20 October 2006 ) . p. 252 . ISBN 9781425900205 . Jump up ^ `` Kargil Was Success Only For Pervez '' . Farjinews.blogspot.com. 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Select Media Reports from Urdu Media in Pakistan Archived 4 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : Kargil was a bigger disaster than 1971 Archived 6 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . -- Interview of Lt Gen Ali Kuli Khan Khattak . Jump up ^ Review of Musharraf 's memoirs by S. A. Haleem Archived 24 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jang , 19 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` Victory in reverse : the great climbdown '' , Dawn Jump up ^ Ayaz Amir , `` For this submission what gain ? '' , Dawn Jump up ^ `` Today 's Newspaper -- The News International '' . The News International , Pakistan . Jump up ^ Ill - conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil : PML - N Pak Tribune , 6 August 2006 Jump up ^ Call for Musharraf treason trial By M Ilyas Khan BBC News 3 June 2008 Jump up ^ Lawmakers demand probe into Kargil debacle Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Associated Press of Pakistan 3 June 2008 Jump up ^ MNAs seek probe into Kargil debacle By Naveed Butt Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . The Nation Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Shift in US Kashmir stance ? '' , BBC 17 June 1999 Jump up ^ Irfan Husain , `` Kargil : the morning after '' , 29 April 2000 Dawn Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Kargil : A blessing in disguise ? '' , Daily Times , 19 July 2004 , Pakistan Jump up ^ APP ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Kargil adventure was India 's intelligence failure , Pakistan 's miscalculated move : Ex-Pak General '' . National Turk English . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex General reveals details about Kargil fiasco '' . GEO News . 29 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Khalid Kaikani ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Kargil adventure was four - man show : general '' . Dawn News . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ill - conceived planning by Musharraf led to second major military defeat in Kargil : PML - N 6 August 2006 , PakTribune Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pak summit 2001 '' . Pakistan Peoples Party . 12 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Army rubbishes Musharraf 's Kargil claims Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` President Musharaffs disclosure on Pakistani Casualties in his book '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 22 May 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Pakistan army publishes list of army regulars who died in various conflicts , November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Tribune Report on Pakistani POWs '' . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ http://kavitakosh.org/kk/ पुष्प_की_अभिलाषा_ / _माखनलाल_चतुर्वेदी Jump up ^ 15 - kg Tricolour hoisted at Kargil war memorial Jammu and Kashmir Videos - IBNLive . Ibnlive.in.com ( 25 July 2012 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ LOC : Kargil main page on the website IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Lakshya '' . rottentomatoes.com. 18 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Bollywood 's Kargil -- Ihsan Aslam Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Daily Times Jump up ^ `` Sainika Film Story '' . KannadaAudio.com . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Dhoop on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The larger than life director '' . Financial Express . 19 February 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kargil Kartoons a collection of cartoons Jump up ^ `` Humour for warriors up front , '' Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Indian Express , 14 July 1999 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu : Bowled over by the star of ' Stumped ' '' . hindu.com . Jump up ^ Tango Charlie on IMDb Jump up ^ Keerthi Chakra on IMDb Jump up ^ Hasan , Uzair ( 14 February 2015 ) . `` India vs. Pakistan : A Match Made In Heaven And Hell '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Ashwani Shrotriya . `` Operation Vijay : Everything You Need To Know In 4 Minutes '' , Dainik Bhaskar Footnotes ^ Note ( I ) : Names for the conflict : There have been various names for the conflict . During the actual fighting in Kargil , the Indian Government was careful not to use the term `` war '' , calling it a `` war - like situation '' , even though both nations indicated that they were in a `` state of war '' . Terms like Kargil `` conflict '' , Kargil `` incident '' or the official military assault , `` Operation Vijay '' , were thus preferred . After the end of the war however , the Indian Government increasingly called it the `` Kargil War '' , even though there had been no official declaration of war . Other less popularly used names included `` Third Kashmir War '' and Pakistan 's codename given to the infiltration : `` Operation Badr '' . See also Indo - Pakistani wars and conflicts References Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia : The Cause and Consequences of the 1999 Limited War in Kargil the CCC Kargil Project . Kargil Conflict ( GlobalSecurity.org ) Limited Conflict Under the Nuclear Umbrella ( RAND Corporation ) War in Kargil ( Center for Contemporary Conflict ) ( PDF ) Essay on the outcomes of the Kargil War Stephen P. Cohen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 1 . Kargil Review Committee ( 2000 ) . From Surprise to Reckoning : The Kargil Review Committee Report . SAGE Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9466 - 1 . ( Executive summary of the report , Online ) Limited War with Pakistan : Will It Secure India 's Interests ? ACDIS Occasional Paper by Suba Chandran , Published 2004 by Program in Arms Control , Disarmament , and International Security ( ACDIS ) , University of Illinois . An Analysis of the Kargil Conflict 1999 , by Shaukat Qadir , RUSI Journal , April 2002 ( PDF ) V.P. Malik ( 2006 ) . Kargil ; From Surprise to Victory . Harper Collins , New Delhi , India . Further reading Indian literature on Kargil war M.K. Akbar ( 1999 ) . Kargil Cross Border Terrorism . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 7099 - 734 - 8 . Amarinder Singh ( 2001 ) . A Ridge Too Far : War in the Kargil Heights 1999 . Motibagh Palace , Patiala . ASIN : B0006E8KKW . Jasjit Singh ( 1999 ) . Kargil 1999 : Pakistan 's Fourth War for Kashmir . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 86019 - 22 - 7 . J.N. Dixit ( 2002 ) . India - Pakistan in War & Peace . Books Today . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30472 - 5 . Ranjan Kumar Singh . Sarhad Zero Mile . Parijat Prakashan . ISBN 81 - 903561 - 0 - 0 . Mona Bhan . Counterinsurgency , Democracy and the Politics of Identity in India . Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series . Pakistan literature on Kargil theatre Muhammad Ayub . An Army ; Its role and Rule ( A History of the Pakistan Army From Independence to Kargil 1947 -- 1999 ) . Rosedog Books , Pittsburgh . Pennsylvania , USA . ISBN 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 3 . Hussain , PA , Ashfaq ( 2008 ) . Witness to Blunder . Idara Matbuaat - e-Sulemani . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Mazari , Shireen M. ( 2003 ) . The Kargil conflict , 1999 : separating fact from fiction ( 1st ed . ) . Islamabad : Institute of Strategic Studies . ISBN 9789698772000 . Aziz , PA , Shahid ( 2008 ) . Yeh Khamoshi Kahan Tak ? . Islamabad , Pakistan : Army Press Publications . Anwar , PN , Admiral Muhammad ( 18 October 2006 ) . Stolen Stripes and Broken Medals . Bloomington , US : Autor House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 0020 - 5 . Musharraf , Pervez ( 2006 ) . In the Line of Fire : A Memoir . New York ( u.a. ) : Free Press . ISBN 074 - 3283449 . Hilali , A.Z. ( 2005 ) . `` Renewal of US -- Pakistan Partnership : President BIll Clinton in Kargil War '' . US -- Pakistan relationship : Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Burlington , VT : Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0754 - 642206 . Aziz , Mazhar ( 2008 ) . `` L'État , c'est militaire ' '' . Military control in Pakistan : The parallel state . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 93357 - 5 . Kiani , PA , Jameshed Gulzar . `` Making an example '' . GEO Television Press Publishers . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Siddiqa , Ayesha ( 2007 ) . Military Inc . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 9780745325453 . Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Karachi : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195476606 . External links This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text . 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( Audio help ) More spoken articles Media related to Kargil War at Wikimedia Commons Indian Armed Forces site on Kargil Animated timeline and other Kargil stories -- India Today Impact of the conflict on civilians -- BBC POSTCARD USA : Kargil , Kargil everywhere -- Pakistan 's Daily Times Pakistan 's lessons from its Kargil War Video of Pakistani PoWs from the conflict Video -- Tiger hill , Kargil hill 's turning point <Th_colspan="2"> Pakistan Armed Forces Joint services and administrative Cabinet Committee on National Security Chief of General Staff Commander - in - Chief President of Pakistan Inter-Services Public Relations Inter-Services Selection Board Inter-Services Intelligence Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Joint Staff Headquarters Judge Advocate General Branch Military Lands and Cantonments Department Ministry of Defence Minister of Defence National Command Authority Missiles Nuclear doctrine Strategic Plans Division Force Weapons of mass destruction National Defence University National Security Council Army Army Museum Army ranks and insignia Chief of Army Staff replaced Commander - 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is there a new season of the arrow

List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Chairhandlers ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 28 , 29 August 2017 ( Reverted to revision 797430023 by Brojam ( talk ) . ( TW ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 28 , 29 August 2017 by Chairhandlers ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted to revision 797430023 by Brojam ( talk ) . ( TW ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first four seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . The fifth season debuted on October 5 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season , which is scheduled to debut on October 12 , 2017 . As of May 24 , 2017 , 115 episodes of Arrow have aired , concluding the fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 3 Home media 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) <Td_colspan="1"> 1 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 <Td_colspan="1"> 2 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 <Td_colspan="1"> 3 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 <Td_colspan="1"> 4 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 23 <Td_colspan="1"> October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1 1 `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 2 2 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 3 3 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 4 4 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 1 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 2 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 3 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 4 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 1 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 <Td_colspan="8"> The newly promoted Captain Quentin Lance calls off the task - force against Arrow . Elsewhere , Werner Zytle , who has claimed the mantle of Vertigo , attempts to kill Arrow in a bid to raise his profile . After losing the first battle , Oliver and Roy are able to stop Zytle , along with some help from Sara who is back in town for an unknown reason . Meanwhile , businessman Ray Palmer successfully acquires Queen Consolidated under a plan of rebuilding the city and renaming it `` Star City '' . Diggle and Lyla welcome a baby girl , which convinces Diggle to take Oliver 's suggestion and retire from field duty . Oliver and Felicity go on a first date , but Oliver ends it explaining how he can not be both the Arrow and Oliver , although he acknowledges loving her . Sara is shot in the chest with arrows by an unseen figure before falling from a rooftop to her death . In flashbacks , Waller assigns agent Maseo Yamashiro as Oliver 's handler . After numerous failed attempts to escape , Oliver agrees to proceed with his training to prevent Waller from killing Maseo 's family as punishment for his failure in restraining Oliver . 48 2 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 <Td_colspan="8"> Laurel takes Sara 's body to the team . Quentin alerts Oliver to another archer in the city killing people , unaware about Sara . Oliver follows a lead and is able to identify the archer as Simon Lacroix . The team learns of Lacroix 's next target and intercepts him . Laurel arrives , determined to avenge Sara 's death . As Oliver attempts to dissuade her , Lacroix reveals that he was not in Starling City at the time of Sara 's death . The team buries Sara ; and Laurel decides not to tell Quentin that Sara is dead . Diggle decides to return to field duty again . Meanwhile , Roy reveals to Oliver that Thea left town when she learned he was working with the Arrow . In Corto Maltese , Thea is shown with Malcolm and has proven to be capable of defeating more than one henchman in combat . Felicity decides to work for Ray . In flashbacks , Oliver is tasked with killing Tommy , after the latter comes to Hong Kong to find Oliver after seeing activity on Oliver 's email account . To save Tommy , Oliver pretends to kidnap him and tricks him into thinking that it was a ruse to gain ransom money before Maseo , posing as a police officer , rescues Tommy . 49 3 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 <Td_colspan="8"> With no more leads in Sara 's murder , Oliver focuses his attention on bringing Thea home . Felicity is able to track her to Corto Maltese . Thea initially refuses to return . While he waits to convince her , Oliver assists Diggle on a mission for A.R.G.U.S. to ascertain the whereabouts of one of its agents , Mark Shaw . Mark is revealed to have broken into the A.R.G.U.S. database and stolen information to sell on the black market . Oliver and Diggle manage to stop him , who convinces Diggle to tell Waller that he is dead . After a last minute plea , and Oliver revealing the truth about Robert 's death , Thea agrees to return , which Merlyn allows . Meanwhile , trying to emulate Sara , Laurel attempts to exact vengeance on an abusive boyfriend of a fellow A.A. member , but she is overpowered and ends up in the hospital . Later , she seeks out boxer Ted Grant to train her to fight after Oliver 's refusal . Using Felicity 's help , Ray opens a file of details of advanced weaponry . Nyssa confronts Oliver and demands Sara 's whereabouts . In flashbacks to six months prior , Merlyn begins training Thea to calm her mind and heal her emotional pain , while also mastering control over physical pain . 50 4 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver informs Nyssa that Sara was killed ; and Nyssa reveals to Oliver that Merlyn is alive and Sara was sent by the League to confirm his existence . After tracking Merlyn , Oliver agrees to meet him in a public location , where Merlyn tells Oliver that he did not kill her , but only returned to Starling City to save Thea . Nyssa kidnaps Thea in an attempt to draw out Merlyn , known by the League as the `` Magician '' ; but Oliver arrives to rescue Thea . Merlyn arrives shortly after to clear his name and insinuates to Nyssa that it was Ra 's who had Sara killed . Nyssa does not believe him ; but Oliver does and vows to protect Merlyn for as long as he is in Starling . Nyssa warns Oliver that he has made a serious enemy in the League before leaving and reporting back to Ra 's . Quentin gets worried about Sara 's status . In flashbacks , Oliver completes his first assassination , and learns that Waller was behind Edward Fyers ' actions on the island ; and her intention was to kill Chien on a flight to Hong Kong . Since Oliver stopped the attack , Waller demands him to help her find out the reason of Chien 's presence . 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 <Td_colspan="8"> A cyber terrorist attacks Starling City , threatening to shut down all banks and set everyone on an even socioeconomic status . While Oliver and Roy attempt to keep the peace on the streets , Felicity works to locate the virus . She quickly realizes that she designed the virus five years earlier , and that it is unstoppable . Her mother Donna shows up unannounced , and the two have a falling out over how different they are from each other . Felicity soon realizes that Donna was unknowingly sent by the cyber terrorist -- revealed to be Felicity 's ex-boyfriend Cooper -- who kidnaps them both . Using Donna as leverage , Cooper forces Felicity to divert a set of armored vehicles , carrying newly minted money , to their location . She secretly uses a smart watch presented by Ray to Donna to also contact Oliver , who arrives with Roy and Diggle and stops Cooper and his team . Felicity reconciles with Donna . Roy begins having nightmares that he was the one who killed Sara . Meanwhile , Laurel continues to train with Ted , and reveals to him the real reason that she is learning to fight . Thea buys a house using the money inherited from Merlyn and convinces Oliver to stay with her . 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Maseo 's wife , Tatsu , uses a type of meditation to help Oliver remember where a dead associate of Chien 's dropped a letter , hoping that he leaves her family soon . From the letter , the name Li Kuan Hui is extracted . In the present , a murderer begins taking out gang members ; and when a body shows up in Ted 's gym , he becomes a suspect . Ted reveals to Oliver that he was once a vigilante who retired after a drug dealer was beaten to death by accident . Ted reveals the murderer was his former protégé Isaac Stanzler , who was responsible for the death of the dealer , but is bested by Oliver before escaping . Isaac kidnaps Ted and Laurel ; but Oliver and his team are able to successfully stop him . Meanwhile , Roy tells Felicity about his dreams and later confesses to Oliver and Laurel . Using the technique learned from Tatsu , Oliver helps Roy access his memories to realize that he did not kill Sara ; however , Roy discovers he did kill a cop while under the effects of Mirakuru . Ted decides to continue training Laurel . Isaac is confronted by a female archer calling herself `` Cupid '' . 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 <Td_colspan="8"> Cupid , revealed to had been saved by the Arrow during Slade 's attack , murders Isaac and leaves his body dressed up as the Arrow . Following a lead , Oliver learns that she is a former cop named Carrie Cutter who is obsessed with him as a result of her condition . Carrie uses a former C.I. to track down Oliver 's hideout , the Verdant , which is reopened by Thea . Oliver lures Carrie away and rejects her romantic advancement before she tries to kill the both of them . He stops her , which reinforces Carrie 's delusion that he is in love with her . Subsequently , Oliver gives her to A.R.G.U.S. as a new member of their Squad . Meanwhile , Ray rebrands Queen Consolidated into Palmer Technologies . Oliver struggles with how much time Felicity is spending with Ray ; and the situation is made worse when he finds them kissing . Ray is later shown working on a personal exosuit design called A.T.O.M. A killer using boomerang blades appears in the city . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Tatsu go off to find Maseo when he goes missing , during which time she ends her displeasure towards Oliver . They return home and find Maseo safe and sound . 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 <Td_colspan="8"> Flashbacks to Hong Kong show Oliver learning how to torture suspects effectively to get information . In the present , Oliver and Roy track down the home of Digger Harkness , the boomerang - wielding murderer , but they only find A.R.G.U.S. operatives looking for the same man . Caitlin and Cisco arrive in Starling City to help Felicity investigate Sara 's death . Digger attempts to kill Lyla ; Roy , Oliver and Barry arrive and stop him . Later , Lyla reveals Digger was part of the Suicide Squad . Oliver 's extreme interrogation methods lead Barry to question how emotionally stable Oliver is . Digger traces Oliver 's hideout , where he wounds Lyla before escaping . In order to leave town , Digger plants 5 bombs around the city . While Oliver captures Digger , Barry uses both his and Oliver 's teams to defuse the bombs at the same time . Digger is incarcerated in the island with Slade . Lyla accepts Diggle 's marriage proposal . Before Barry and his team 's departure , he and Oliver decide to have a friendly duel . This episode concludes a crossover that begins on The Flash season 1 episode 8 . 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 <Td_colspan="8"> The League demands Oliver to find and turn over Sara 's killer in 48 hours or they will begin murdering Starling City citizens , a mission led by Maseo , revealed to have joined the League . S.T.A.R. Labs sends Felicity the DNA results , which appears to be Oliver 's D.N.A. Realizing that she has been lying , Arrow confronts Thea , who demonstrates her fighting skill before escaping . Later , Merlyn informs Oliver that he drugged Thea and manipulated her into killing Sara and not remembering it . Merlyn filmed the event to use as leverage to force Oliver to take the blame and challenge Ra 's to a duel , which no one has dared in 67 years . Ra 's overpowers Oliver before impaling him and kicking him over the side of a cliff . Meanwhile , Laurel reveals Sara 's death to Dinah and convinces her not to tell Quentin . Dinah asks her to avenge Sara 's murder . Ray shows the A.T.O.M. design to Felicity and states his intention to use the exosuit to protect the city as a vigilante . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo learn that Chien has stolen an engineered super-virus . China breaks into Maseo 's house and kidnaps Tatsu after ovepowering her . 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo steal the counterpart to the super-virus , thus making Chien 's portion inert . Oliver also slips a GPS tracker on one of Chien 's men so that they can locate Tatsu . In the present , Diggle and Roy work to continue protecting the city in Oliver 's absence . With the Arrow missing , a new crime lord named Danny `` Brick '' Brickwell plots to take over the Glades . After Thea expresses concern over Oliver 's absence , Merlyn investigates the site of the duel and brings the bloodied sword back to the team , proclaiming Oliver 's death . Diggle discovers Brickwell 's plan , to secure all the evidence against street enforcers so they are released from jail and forced to join his crew , and heads to the police warehouse with Roy to stop him . Fearing for their lives , Felicity decides to trap the duo in the warehouse and let Brickwell escape . Afterward , Felicity proclaims the group non-existent without Oliver and quits both the group and helping Ray with A.T.O.M. Laurel starts fighting Brickwell 's operatives , donning an altered Canary costume . Merlyn advises Thea to leave Starling City with him . Meanwhile , Maseo finds Oliver 's body and takes it to Tatsu , who revives Oliver . 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 <Td_colspan="8"> While Oliver attempts to rest and heal , members of the League arrive , forcing Maseo and Tatsu to kill them to protect Oliver . Maseo wounds himself so Ra 's will believe Oliver escaped the former . Roy and Diggle warn Laurel to stay off the streets after Roy saves her from a fight . Brick kidnaps the city 's aldermen , killing one during a rescue attempt . In exchange for the remaining aldermen , Brick demands that all police presence evacuate the Glades for good . The team is able to locate the aldermen and successfully rescue them , but the Mayor still agrees to remove the police after Brick reveals that he has targeted every legislative body member . Meanwhile , Felicity decides to rejoin the team and help Ray with his plan . Merlyn tells Thea about Ra 's , and she convinces him to stay and fight instead of flight . Chase , the DJ for Verdant , is revealed to be a spy for the League , informing Maseo about Merlyn 's decision . In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver manage to save Tatsu . 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 <Td_colspan="8"> Flashbacks chronicle the death of Merlyn 's wife , Merlyn killing the man believed to have killed her and his journey to the League to seek training . In the present , Oliver decides to return to Starling City . Tatsu informs him that if he wants to defeat Ra 's , he will need to seek swordsman training from a student , like Maseo . With the police out of the Glades , Roy and Laurel are tasked with fighting Brick 's men to keep the peace . Quentin gives the team all the information the police have on Brick to help locate him . Merlyn spies on the team as they review the evidence against Brick , and discovers that Brick was responsible for the death of Merlyn 's wife . Merlyn propositions the team to join forces to take down Brick , but the team refuses . Instead , they rally the citizens of the Glades to take on Brick and his men . Merlyn overpowers Brick before Oliver arrives and persuades him to spare Brick 's life and let the police arrest him . Cindy tells Quentin her knowledge that the new female vigilante is not Sara . In the aftermath , Oliver requests Merlyn train him so that he can take on Ra 's . 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 <Td_colspan="8"> Werner Zytle escapes custody by poisoning a guard with Vertigo . As Oliver tries to keep Laurel off the streets as a vigilante , Merlyn informs him that to beat Ra 's he will need to bring Thea into the team . Oliver reveals the truth to her , who accepts and praises him for the work he has been doing as the Arrow . Laurel tracks down Zytle and takes him on herself , only to be poisoned with Vertigo . She begins to hallucinate images of Sara , who attacks her . Oliver and Roy arrive in time to get her back to the base for treatment . Oliver realizes that his team does not fight for him anymore , but for the city . Chase attempts to kill Thea , but Roy and Merlyn show up and Chase commits suicide . Oliver and Laurel successful capture Zytle together . On Merlyn 's advice , Oliver takes Thea to the island for training . Laurel finally tells Quentin , who already knows the former 's alter ego , about Sara 's death . In flashbacks , Oliver is captured by A.R.G.U.S. and interrogated for the location of Maseo and his family . Maseo is captured trying to save Oliver . Waller brings Oliver and Maseo to Starling City to find Chien . 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 <Td_colspan="8"> While on the island of Lian Yu , Oliver begins Thea 's training . He goes to the A.R.G.U.S. prison to visit with Slade , but he discovers the guard dead and Slade missing . Oliver warns Thea and they find out that Merlyn had Slade freed as part of their training . Slade arrives and captures them , imprisoning them in the A.R.G.U.S. cell . The duo manages to open the doors and escape . Oliver reveals to Thea that she killed Sara . Slade arrives and engages them . Oliver dissuades Thea from killing Slade , who gets imprisoned back in the cell . The duo returns to Starling City , where Thea confronts Merlyn for forcing her to kill Sara . Thea decides to work with him to fight Ra 's , but denounces their personal relationship . Quentin blames Laurel for hiding the truth . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo start tracking an employee of Queen Consolidated associated with Chien . Oliver looks in on his family and discovers that Thea is using drugs . Oliver and Maseo acquire the virus and arrest Chien . Oliver is introduced to General Matthew Shrieve , who promises to free him after he is debriefed in China . 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver and Thea continue their training with Merlyn . Thea confesses the whole truth to Laurel , who instead blames Merlyn ; Thea makes a deal to turn him over to the League . Laurel confronts Merlyn and is outmatched , but they are interrupted by Nyssa and the League , and Merlyn is captured . Having imprisoned Nyssa , Oliver decides to go to Nanda Parbat to rescue Merlyn to prevent Thea from blaming herself when she realizes that she has sentenced her father to death . Oliver and Diggle infiltrate Nanda Parbat , but walk into a trap set by Ra 's . Oliver tells Diggle that Thea was not his only motive and he could not accept the defeat from someone else . Diggle states that he considers him a brother . Thea confesses the truth to Nyssa and offers her the chance at revenge , and Ray tests the flight capabilities of his completed A.T.O.M. exo - suit . Instead of killing Oliver , Ra 's expresses his praise for Oliver 's courage and strength , and asks Oliver to replace him as the head of the League . In flashbacks , Oliver is debriefed by Matthew and freed . On their way , Oliver and the Yamashiros are attacked . Oliver flees for safety with Akio , Maseo 's son . 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 <Td_colspan="8"> Ra 's explains that the localized pool of water in Nanda Parbat has healing effects that have allowed him to live far longer than any mortal man . The pool is becoming less effective on him , so Ra 's is looking for a replacement . In a show of good faith to convince Oliver , Ra 's releases Diggle and Merlyn and forgives all blood debts . Oliver returns to Starling and releases Nyssa . Oliver and his team return to stopping crime , but Quentin tells the Arrow that he will not aid him anymore because of hiding Sara 's death . Afterward , Oliver realizes that he is not ready to give up being the Arrow ; Oliver informs Maseo of his decision , who warns Oliver of the consequences of defying Ra 's . Upset with Ra 's for his offer to Oliver , Nyssa leaves him and returns to Starling City , befriending Laurel and deciding to train her . Ra 's , dressed as the Arrow , frames the vigilante for murder . Thea leaves Malcolm and moves in Roy 's . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Akio continue to be on the run , during which they seemingly stumble across a woman resembling Shado . 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 <Td_colspan="8"> Diggle and Lyla officially remarry , but Waller interrupts their honeymoon to recruit them for a Suicide Squad mission to rescue Senator Cray from a kidnapping . The kidnapping turns out be a ruse by Cray , to help his bid for President . The team rescues the hostages , but Lawton seemingly sacrifices himself so everyone can get out safely . He is announced responsible for the kidnapping , and Cray 's involvement is covered up . The police issue a warrant for the Arrow , which Ray supports . Oliver discovers that Ra 's has sent multiple assassins to impersonate him . In his new A.T.O.M. suit , Ray locates the Arrow and through facial scans learns his identity . Laurel refuses to accept Ray 's evidence against Oliver . Ray engages Oliver in a fight , but the latter disables Ray 's suit . Oliver convinces Ray that he is being framed . Diggle decides to leave Oliver 's team and Lyla decides to resign from A.R.G.U.S. Maseo , dressed as the Arrow , murders the mayor and shoots another arrow at Felicity . In flashbacks , Lawton struggles to transition back into society from the military , including his wife and child leaving him . Lawton is propositioned by H.I.V.E. to assassinate Andrew Diggle , John 's brother . 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 <Td_colspan="8"> Ray takes the arrow for Felicity . Quentin issues an arrest warrant for the Arrow and his team , with shoot to kill orders in effect . Oliver uses Nyssa to track Maseo 's location . Ra 's appears and repeats his demand . The police arrive and Oliver and his team manage to escape . Ra 's kidnaps Quentin and reveals the Arrow 's identity , which Quentin announces at a press conference . Oliver decides to turn himself in in exchange for immunity for his teammates . Roy dresses as the Arrow , stops Oliver 's transport van and surrenders to the police , claiming that he has been the Arrow all along . Meanwhile , Ray is revealed to have developed a deadly thrombus that has no known cure . He reveals to have nanobots that can destroy the clot . Felicity injects them and saves him by the help of Donna . In flashbacks , the woman resembling Shado turns out to be her twin sister Mei . The assailants come after them , but Maseo and Tatsu arrive and rescue them . Before leaving , Oliver tells Mei that Shado and Yao are dead . 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 <Td_colspan="8"> Roy is arrested and the District Attorney decides not to charge Oliver . However , Quentin knows the truth and decides to continue investigating Oliver , who and his team start working on how to stop metahuman Jake Simmons . Oliver enlists Ray 's help . After a failed first attempt , Oliver and Ray sync their movements through a neural network , but when the network malfunctions during the battle , Ray defeats Simmons himself , and places him under S.T.A.R. Labs ' custody . Cisco deduces that Simmons did not acquire his powers from the particle accelerator explosion . With the help of A.R.G.U.S , Roy fakes his own murder so that the public believes the Arrow is dead and Oliver innocent . As a result , Roy is forced to leave the city . Ra 's visits Thea and impales her with his sword . In flashbacks , Oliver infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. to stop Waller , only to discover that she is a prisoner of Shrieve , who was behind the attack and plans to release the virus in Hong Kong . Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu steal the vaccine and decide to stop Shrieve 's plan . 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver rushes Thea to a hospital , where her death is said to be apparently inevitable . Maseo contacts Oliver to let him know that if he accepts Ra 's offer , he will be able to use the Lazarus Pit to heal her . Malcolm warns against this , stating that the pit changes a person in their soul , but Oliver decides to take her to Nanda Parbat regardless . Thea is dipped into the pit and returns healed but in a state of confusion , and her memories jumbled . Felicity has sex with Oliver before drugging him so the team can sneak him out of the fortress , which is aided by Maseo . Cornered by the Assassins , Oliver wakes in time to order them to stand down . Afterward , Oliver returns to take his place as head of the League , alone . Thea wakes up in her apartment , her mind clear and distraught that Oliver sacrificed himself for her . Oliver renounces his old life , taking on an apprentice role in the League and the name Al Sah - him until he is ready to take over as the new Ra 's . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu go after the virus , but during a fight it is released . 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver begins his training , which includes breaking down his psyche so that his allegiance is only to the League and his new identity as Al Sah - him . Ra 's recounts the moment that he was chosen to become the leader of the League , and a duel with his best friend Damien Darhk who saw himself as the heir . Ra 's hesitated and Damien fled , stealing from the Lazarus Pit and starting his own group . Damien is revealed to had hired Gholem Qadir and Mark Shaw . Subsequently , Oliver is directed to kill Nyssa . Oliver and the League come to Starling City , where team Arrow announce their protection of Nyssa . Oliver kidnaps Lyla to force the team to give her up . At the exchange , a fight breaks out and Nyssa is taken by the League . Oliver almost kills Diggle , but Thea , in her own suit , arrives and stops him . Felicity reveals to Thea that Roy is alive . In Nanda Parbat Ra 's orders Nyssa to marry Oliver , and Oliver has to use the Alpha / Omega virus to cleanse Starling City as afinal act of commitment . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu , who were vaccinated , watch as the citizens of Hong Kong , including Akio , become infected . 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver go after Shreive to see if he has a cure . They only succeed in leading Shrieve to their location , while Akio dies in Tatsu 's arms . In the present , Diggle and Laurel patrol Starling City , taking on any criminals they find . Thea finds Roy and reunites with him . Oliver learns that Maseo is the one who provided Ra 's with the Omega virus when he originally came to Nanda Parbat . Sneaking away from the castle , Oliver , revealed to have been in league with Malcolm and that his agreement to become Ra 's heir was a charade to get close to Ra 's and slowly dismantle the League from within , tells Malcolm Ra 's plan . On Oliver 's advice , Malcolm uses Tatsu to convince team Arrow of the truth . The team , including Tatsu , Ray , and Malcolm go to Nanda Parbat where Tatsu kills Maseo before they are overrun by the League and captured . Malcolm reveals Oliver 's treachery to Ra 's , whom Oliver manages to convince of his loyalty . Roy secretly leaves Thea . Ra 's exposes the team , excluding Tatsu , to the virus before sealing them away in a cell . Afterward , Oliver and Nyssa get married . 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 <Td_colspan="8"> While Ra 's and Oliver head toward Starling City , team Arrow wakes in the dungeon . Malcolm informs them that he secretly gave them the vaccine . Barry arrives and frees them . Oliver and Nyssa attack Ra 's and other Assassins . Ra 's escapes with a canister of the virus , vowing to destroy Starling . Ra 's reveals to have four targets . Felicity locates them , and Oliver organizes the team , along with Quentin and the police , to those locations , with Thea arriving in Roy 's suit to help . Oliver duels Ra 's , as the team successfully stops the attack and minimizes the casualties . Oliver kills Ra 's before being saved from the police by Felicity in A.T.O.M. suit . Afterward , Oliver decides to have a normal life with Felicity instead of operating as a vigilante , knowing that there are other vigilantes that can take his place . Oliver cedes the title of Ra 's to Malcolm , to whom Nyssa kneels , but promises vengeance . Ray begins testing a way to miniaturize his ATOM suit , which results in an explosion . In flashbacks , Oliver tortures Shrieve for hours before Maseo executes him . The trio separates and Oliver decides to live a lonely life away from his family . He boards a ship headed to Coast City . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 1 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 <Td_colspan="8"> Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in the honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , Taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , the vigilante broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 2 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 <Td_colspan="8"> The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 3 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 <Td_colspan="8"> Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 4 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 <Td_colspan="8"> Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 <Td_colspan="8"> As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 <Td_colspan="8"> While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of the latter 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 <Td_colspan="8"> Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , titled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 <Td_colspan="8"> While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 <Td_colspan="8"> Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 <Td_colspan="8"> The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 <Td_colspan="8"> Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 <Td_colspan="8"> Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 <Td_colspan="8"> Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 <Td_colspan="8"> Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without the latter , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and the latter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 <Td_colspan="8"> Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 <Td_colspan="8"> As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 <Td_colspan="8"> Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 <Td_colspan="8"> Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 <Td_colspan="8"> His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 <Td_colspan="8"> Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 1 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 <Td_colspan="8"> Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at the latter 's request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 2 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 <Td_colspan="8"> Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Haven Rock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 3 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 <Td_colspan="8"> Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory , the Ragman , that she was the one responsible for Haven Rock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 4 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the Anti-Crime Unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 <Td_colspan="8"> A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . D.A. Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon , '' using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 <Td_colspan="8"> Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver finds what seems to be Laurel Lance alive and well inside the lair . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - 2 doppelganger , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In a bar in Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John . The latter 's corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody , but Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but the latter is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 <Td_colspan="8"> During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill an illegal drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia again presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses instead to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is tasked with helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver initially refuses to do . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team manages to capture Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . In order to prevent John and Felicity from acting against their own morals , Oliver accepts Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival with Dinah 's assistance . Team Arrow and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal ; John decides to spare Walker , who is then arrested by the Military Police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later stealthily deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful , and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 <Td_colspan="8"> Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to normal life . She enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing Team Arrow to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer , '' stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross , '' the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian continues torturing Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands Team Arrow and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by Team Arrow . Diggle eventually tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins Team Arrow , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who has created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but who is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix but Alena , having already anticipated it , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by Team Arrow ; but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix end their connection to Felicity , but provide her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight for reclaiming Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity , which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity and rendering her paralysed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft by the others ' help and manages to pull up Oliver and Felicity . Team Arrow takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 <Td_colspan="8"> Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert , shocking Thea and Oliver . Team Arrow deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , where Oliver is captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 <Td_colspan="8"> The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him kidnap Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William ; and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are also kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , and Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer flashbacks to times he killed or watched others die over the last five years . After enduring hallucinations of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 <Td_colspan="8"> Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness is reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaching the boat in time and calling Moira . Season 6 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 1 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 TBD 117 2 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz TBA T27. 13452 TBD 118 3 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama TBA T27. 13453 TBD 119 4 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich TBA T27. 13454 TBD 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos TBA T27. 13455 TBD Home media ( edit ) Season <Th_colspan="3"> DVD release dates <Th_colspan="2"> Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B 1 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 2 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 3 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 4 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today . '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim ( @ mguggenheim ) ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow 's sixth season begins production today . @ MericlesHappen @ JamesBamford @ StephenAmell '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim ( @ mguggenheim ) ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow Ep. 602 is in production . @ SchwartzApprovd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim ( @ mguggenheim ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow Ep. 603 begins production today . @ RealSpeedWeed @ ojbalderrama @ KTANCH Title for ... @ EdGross @ markaaltman '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim ( @ mguggenheim ) ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Arrow Ep. 604 starts production today . @ gregorythesmith @ sarahtarkoff '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marc Guggenheim ( @ mguggenheim ) ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm posting this one early because it 's Friday . Also , I 'm worried the title might be too subtle . @ manubennett '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : Season 1 ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website List of Arrow episodes on IMDb List of Arrow episodes at The Futon Critic Arrow at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance Adrian Chase The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Other Vixen Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arrow_episodes&oldid=797832126 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 12 : 28 . 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1. Arrow television series 2. Green Arrow character 3. Vigilante crime-fighting 4. Team of vigilantes 5. DC Comics adaptation

what languages developed from latin in the iberian peninsula

Iberian Romance languages - wikipedia Iberian Romance languages Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Iberian Romance Geographic distribution Originally Iberian Peninsula and southern France ; now worldwide Linguistic classification Indo - European Italic Romance Western Iberian Romance Subdivisions Occitano - Romance ( East Iberian ) West Iberian Pyrenean -- Mozarabic Glottolog sout3183 ( Shifted Iberian ) unsh1234 ( Aragonese -- Mozarabic ) The Iberian Romance , Ibero - Romance or simply Iberian languages are the Romance languages that developed on the Iberian Peninsula , an area consisting primarily of Spain , Portugal , Gibraltar and Andorra , and in southern France . Originating in Iberia , the most widely spoken Iberian Romance languages are Castilian ( Spanish ) , Portuguese , Catalan and Galician . These languages also have their own regional and local dialects . Based on mutual intelligibility , Dalby counts seven `` outer '' languages , or language groups : Portuguese + Galician , Spanish , Asturian + Leonese , `` Wider '' - Aragonese , `` Wider '' - Catalan , Provençal + Lengadocian , and `` Wider '' - Gascon . In addition to those languages , there are a number of Portuguese - based creole languages and Spanish - based creole languages , for instance Papiamento . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and development 2 Statuses 3 Family tree 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins and development ( edit ) Linguistic map of southwestern Europe See also : History of the Spanish language , History of Portuguese , and History of Catalan Like all Romance languages , the Iberian Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin . Vulgar Latin was the nonstandard ( in contrast to Classical Latin ) form of the Latin language spoken by soldiers and merchants throughout the Roman Empire . With the expansion of the empire , Vulgar Latin came to be spoken by inhabitants of the various Roman - controlled territories . Latin and its descendants have been spoken in Iberia since the Punic Wars , when the Romans conquered the territory ( see Roman conquest of Hispania ) . The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process : The Romanization of the local Iberian population . The diversification of Latin spoken in Iberia , with slight differences depending on location . Development of Old Spanish , Galician - Portuguese , Astur - Leonese and Navarro - Aragonese ( the West Iberian languages ) and early Catalan language from Latin between the eighth and tenth centuries . The genetic classification of early Catalan and Occitan is uncertain . Some scholars place it within Ibero - Romance ( hence it would be East Iberian ) , others place it within Gallo - Romance . Further development into modern Castilian , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Asturian , Leonese , Mirandese , etc. ( see languages of Iberia : languages of Spain , languages of Portugal and languages of Andorra ) between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries . Statuses ( edit ) Politically ( not linguistically ) , there are four major officially recognised Iberian Romance languages : Castilian , better known overseas as Spanish ( see names given to the Spanish language ) , is the national and official language of 21 countries , including Spain . Spanish is the fourth-most widely spoken language in the world , with over 570 total million speakers , and the second-most widely spoken native language . It has a number of dialects and varieties . Portuguese , official language in eight countries including Portugal . After Spanish , Portuguese is the second most widely spoken Romance language in the world with over 250 million speakers , currently ranked seventh by number of native speakers . Various Portuguese dialects exist outside of the European standard spoken in Portugal . Catalan is the official language in Andorra and co-official in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia , Balearic Islands and Valencian Community ( where it is known as Valencian ) , and the Italian city of Alghero . It is also spoken in the French department of Pyrénées - Orientales ( Northern Catalonia ) without official recognition . Catalan is closely related to Occitan , with the two languages having been treated as one in studies by Occitanist linguists ( such as Pierre Bec , or more recently Domergue Sumien ) . When not treated as one , the two languages are widely classified together as Occitano - Romance languages , a group which is itself sometimes grouped with the Gallo - Romance languages . Catalan has two main dialectal branches ( Eastern and Western Catalan ) and several subdialects , and is spoken by about 12 million people ( ranking the seventy - fifth most spoken language in the world ) , mostly in five variants : Central Catalan , Northern Catalan , Northwestern Catalan , Valencian and Balearic . Galician , co-official in Galicia and also spoken in adjacent western parts of Asturias and Castile and León . Closely related to Portuguese , and to an extent Spanish . It shares origins with Portuguese , from the medieval Galician - Portuguese . Modern Galician is spoken by around 3.2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers . Additionally , the Asturian language , although not an official language , is recognised by the autonomous community of Asturias . In Portugal , Mirandese , which , like Asturian , is one of the Astur - Leonese languages , has official status in the northernmost part of the country . Family tree ( edit ) Main article : Romance languages Ibero - Romance languages around the world Ibero - Romance languages in Iberia Portuguese Galician Fala Astur - Leonese Extremaduran Castilian Aragonese Catalan Occitan The Iberian Romance languages are a conventional group of Romance languages . Many authors use the term in a geographical sense although they are not necessarily a phylogenetic group ( the languages grouped as Iberian Romance may not all directly descend from a common ancestor ) . Phylogenetically , there is disagreement about what languages should be considered within the Iberian Romance group ; for example , some authors consider that East Iberian , also called Occitano - Romance , could be more closely related to languages of northern Italy ( or also Franco - Provençal , the langues d'oïl and Rhaeto - Romance ) . A common conventional geographical grouping is the following : East Iberian West Iberian Daggers ( † ) indicate extinct languages Iberian Romance languages East Iberian ( alternatively classified as Gallo - Romance languages ) Catalan Judaeo - Catalan † Occitan West Iberian Astur - Leonese Asturian Cantabrian Extremaduran Leonese Mirandese Castilian Spanish Judaeo - Spanish Galician - Portuguese Fala Galician Judaeo - Portuguese † Portuguese Navarro - Aragonese † Aragonese Judaeo - Aragonese † Mozarabic † See also ( edit ) Languages of Iberia Barranquenho Iberophone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ibero - Romance '' . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Shifted Iberian '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Aragonese -- Mozarabic '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Pharies , David A. ( 2007 ) . A Brief History of the Spanish Language . University of Chicago Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 66683 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ethnologue : Statistical Summaries Jump up ^ Dalby , David ( 2000 ) . `` 5 = Indo - European phylosector '' ( PDF ) . The Linguasphere register of the world 's languages and speech communities . 2 . Oxford : Observatoire Linguistique , Linguasphere Press . Jump up ^ Thomason , Sarah ( 2001 ) . Language Contact . Georgetown University Press . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87840 - 854 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brown , Keith ; Ogilvie , Sarah ( 2008 ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World . Elsevier Science . p. 1020 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 087774 - 7 . Jump up ^ Penny , Ralph ( 2002 ) . A History of the Spanish Language . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01184 - 6 . Jump up ^ Penny ( 2002 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Turell , M. Teresa ( 2001 ) . Multilingualism in Spain : Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups . Multilingual Matters . p. 591 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85359 - 491 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cabo Aseguinolaza , Fernando ; Abuín Gonzalez , Anxo ; Domínguez , César ( 2010 ) . A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula . John Benjamins Publishing Company . pp. 339 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 3457 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lapesa , Rafael ( 1968 ) . Historia de la lengua española ( 7th ed . ) ( in Spanish ) . Gredos . p. 124 . ISBN 84 - 249 - 0072 - 3 . ISBN 84 - 249 - 0073 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Lengua Española o Castellana '' . Promotora Española de Lingüística ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Ethnologue : Table 3 . Languages with at least 3 million first - language speakers Jump up ^ See Ethnologue Jump up ^ Constitution of Andorra ( Article 2.1 ) Jump up ^ Bec , Pierre ( 1973 ) , Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne , coll . Connaissance des langues , Paris : Picard Jump up ^ Sumien , Domergue ( 2006 ) , La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan : nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique , développement du lexique et de la morphologie , coll . Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes , Turnhout : Brepols Jump up ^ Myers - Scotton , Carol ( 2005 ) . Multiple Voices : An Introduction to Bilingualism . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21937 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnologue Jump up ^ Posner , Rebecca ( 1996 ) . The Romance Languages . Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28139 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` La jueza a Fernando González : ' No puede usted hablar en la lengua que le dé la gana ' '' . El Comercio. 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ See : Euromosaic report External links ( edit ) Spanish words of Latin origin GND : 4120201 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Romance_languages&oldid=814616347 '' Categories : Iberian Romance languages Languages of Spain Languages of Portugal Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Íslenska Italiano Kurdî Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Iberian Romance languages 2. Geographic distribution of Iberian Romance languages 3. Origins and development of Iberian Romance languages 4. Statuses of Iberian Romance languages 5. Family tree of Iberian Romance languages

what is the job of the queen bee

Queen bee - wikipedia Queen bee Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Queen bee ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carniolan queen bee with attendants on a honeycomb . The term `` queen bee '' is typically used to refer to an adult , mated female that lives in a honey bee colony or hive ; she is usually the mother of most , if not all , of the bees in the beehive . The queens are developed from larvae selected by worker bees and specially fed in order to become sexually mature . There is normally only one adult , mated queen in a hive , in which case the bees will usually follow and fiercely protect her . The term `` queen bee '' can be more generally applied to any dominant reproductive female in a colony of a eusocial bee species other than honey bees . However , as in the Brazilian stingless bee Schwarziana quadripunctata , a single nest may have multiple queens or even dwarf queens , ready to replace a dominant queen in a case of sudden death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Virgin queen bee 2.1 Piping 3 Reproduction cycle 3.1 Supersedure 4 Daily life 5 Identification 6 Queen rearing 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) Older queen larvae in queen cell lying on top of wax comb A queen cup Queen larvae floating on royal jelly in opened queen cups laid on top of wax comb . When conditions are favorable for swarming , the queen will start laying eggs in queen cups . A virgin queen will develop from a fertilized egg . The young queen larva develops differently because it is more heavily fed royal jelly , a protein - rich secretion from glands on the heads of young workers . If not for being heavily fed royal jelly , the queen larva would develop into a regular worker bee . All bee larvae are fed some royal jelly for the first few days after hatching but only queen larvae are fed the jelly exclusively . As a result of the difference in diet , the queen will develop into a sexually mature female , unlike the worker bees . Queens are raised in specially constructed queen cells . The fully constructed queen cells have a peanut - like shape and texture . Queen cells start out as queen cups . Queen cups are larger than the cells of normal brood comb and are oriented vertically instead of horizontally . Worker bees will only further build up the queen cup once the queen has laid an egg in a queen cup . In general , the old queen starts laying eggs into queen cups when conditions are right for swarming or supersedure . Swarm cells hang from the bottom of a frame while supersedure queens or emergency queens are generally raised in cells built out from the face of a frame . As the young queen larva pupates with her head down , the workers cap the queen cell with beeswax . When ready to emerge , the virgin queen will chew a circular cut around the cap of her cell . Often the cap swings open when most of the cut is made , so as to appear like a hinged lid . During swarming season , the old queen will likely leave with the prime swarm before the first virgin queen emerges from a queen cell . Virgin queen bee ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Metamorphosis of the queen bee Egg hatches on Day 3 Larva ( several moltings ) Day 3 to Day ​ 8 ⁄ Queen cell capped ~ Day ​ 7 ⁄ Pupa ~ Day 8 until emergence Emergence ~ Day ​ 15 ⁄ - Day 17 Nuptial Flight ( s ) ~ Day 20 - 24 Egg Laying ~ Day 23 and up A virgin queen is a queen bee that has not mated with a drone . Virgins are intermediate in size between workers and mated , laying queens , and are much more active than the latter . They are hard to spot while inspecting a frame , because they run across the comb , climbing over worker bees if necessary , and may even take flight if sufficiently disturbed . Virgin queens can often be found clinging to the walls or corners of a hive during inspections . Virgin queens appear to have little queen pheromone and often do not appear to be recognized as queens by the workers . A virgin queen in her first few hours after emergence can be placed into the entrance of any queenless hive or nuc and acceptance is usually very good , whereas a mated queen is usually recognized as a stranger and runs a high risk of being killed by the older workers . When a young virgin queen emerges from a queen cell , she will generally seek out virgin queen rivals and attempt to kill them . Virgin queens will quickly find and kill ( by stinging ) any other emerged virgin queen ( or be dispatched themselves ) , as well as any unemerged queens . Queen cells that are opened on the side indicate that a virgin queen was likely killed by a rival virgin queen . When a colony remains in swarm mode after the prime swarm has left , the workers may prevent virgins from fighting and one or several virgins may go with after - swarms . Other virgins may stay behind with the remnant of the hive . Some virgins have been seen to escape the hive to avoid being killed and seek out another without a queen , such as in the eusocial bee Melipona scutellaris . As many as 21 virgin queens have been counted in a single large swarm . When the after - swarm settles into a new home , the virgins will then resume normal behavior and fight to the death until only one remains . If the prime swarm has a virgin queen and the old queen , the old queen will usually be allowed to live . The old queen continues laying . Within a couple of weeks she will die a natural death and the former virgin , now mated , will take her place . Unlike the worker bees , the queen 's stinger is not barbed and she is able to sting repeatedly without dying . Capped queen cell opened to show queen pupa ( with darkening eyes ) . Piping ( edit ) Piping describes a noise made by virgin and mated queen bees during certain times of the virgin queens ' development . Fully developed virgin queens communicate through vibratory signals : `` quacking '' from virgin queens in their queen cells and `` tooting '' from queens free in the colony , collectively known as piping . A virgin queen may frequently pipe before she emerges from her cell and for a brief time afterwards . Mated queens may briefly pipe after being released in a hive . Piping is most common when there is more than one queen in a hive . It is postulated that the piping is a form of battle cry announcing to competing queens and the workers their willingness to fight . It may also be a signal to the worker bees which queen is the most worthwhile to support . The piping sound is a G ♯ ( aka A ♭ ) . The adult queen pipes for a two - second pulse followed by a series of quarter - second toots . The queens of Africanized bees produce more vigorous and frequent bouts of piping Reproduction cycle ( edit ) The surviving virgin queen will fly out on a sunny , warm day to a `` drone congregation area '' where she will mate with 12 - 15 drones . If the weather holds , she may return to the drone congregation area for several days until she is fully mated . Mating occurs in flight . The young queen stores up to 6 million sperm from multiple drones in her spermatheca . She will selectively release sperm for the remaining 2 -- 7 years of her life . The young virgin queen has a limited time to mate . If she is unable to fly for several days because of bad weather and remains unmated , she will become a `` drone layer . '' Drone - laying queens usually signal the death of the colony , because the workers have no fertilized ( female ) larvae from which to raise worker bees or a replacement queen . ( Pearcy et al. 2004 ) Though timing can vary , matings usually take place between the sixth and tenth day after the queen emerges . Egg laying usually begins 2 to 3 days after the queen returns to the beehive , but can start earlier than this . A special , rare case of reproduction is thelytoky : the reproduction of female workers or queens by laying worker bees . Thelytoky occurs in the Cape bee , Apis mellifera capensis , and has been found in other strains at very low frequency . Supersedure ( edit ) Capped supersedure queen cells As the queen ages her pheromone output diminishes . A queen bee that becomes old , or is diseased or failing , is replaced by the workers in a procedure known as `` supersedure '' . Supersedure may be forced by a beekeeper , for example by clipping off one of the queen 's middle or posterior legs . This makes her unable to properly place her eggs at the bottom of the brood cell ; the workers detect this and then rear replacement queens . When a new queen becomes available , the workers kill the reigning queen by `` balling '' her , clustering tightly around her . Death through balling is accomplished by surrounding the queen bee and raising her body temperature , causing her to overheat and die . Balling is often a problem for beekeepers attempting to introduce a replacement queen . If a queen suddenly dies , the workers will attempt to create an `` emergency queen '' by selecting several brood cells where a larva has just emerged which are then flooded with royal jelly . The worker bees then build larger queen cells over the normal - sized worker cells which protrude vertically from the face of the brood comb . Emergency queens are usually smaller and less prolific than normal queens . Daily life ( edit ) Unmarked queen with attendants . Although the name might imply it , a queen bee does not directly control the hive . Her sole function is to serve as the reproducer . A well - mated and well - fed queen of quality stock can lay about 1,500 eggs per day during the spring build - up -- more than her own body weight in eggs every day . She is continuously surrounded by worker bees who meet her every need , giving her food and disposing of her waste . The attendant workers also collect and then distribute queen mandibular pheromone , a pheromone that inhibits the workers from starting queen cells . The queen bee is able to control the sex of the eggs she lays . The queen lays a fertilized ( female ) or unfertilized ( male ) egg according to the width of the cell . Drones are raised in cells that are significantly larger than the cells used for workers . The queen fertilizes the egg by selectively releasing sperm from her spermatheca as the egg passes through her oviduct . Identification ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( March 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Color Year ends in white 1 or 6 yellow 2 or 7 red 3 or 8 green 4 or 9 blue 5 or 0 Marked queen The queen bee 's abdomen is longer than the worker bees surrounding her and also longer than a male bee 's . Even so , in a hive of 60,000 to 80,000 honey bees , it is often difficult for beekeepers to find the queen with any speed ; for this reason , many queens in non-feral colonies are marked with a light daub of paint on their thorax . The paint used does no harm to the queen and makes her much easier to find when necessary . Although the color is sometimes randomly chosen , professional queen breeders use a color that identifies the year a queen hatched , which helps them to decide whether their queens are too old to maintain a strong hive and need to be replaced . The mnemonic taught to assist beekeepers in remembering the colour order is Will You Raise Good Bees ( white , yellow , red , green , blue ) . Sometimes tiny convex disks marked with identification numbers ( Opalithplättchen ) are used when a beekeeper has many queens born in the same year . Queen rearing ( edit ) Queen rearing is the process by which beekeepers raise queen bees from young fertilized worker bee larvae . The most commonly used method is known as the Doolittle method . In the Doolittle method , the beekeeper grafts larvae , which are 24 hours or less of age , into a bar of queen cell cups . The queen cell cups are placed inside of a cell - building colony . A cell - building colony is a strong , well - fed , queenless colony that feeds the larva royal jelly and develops the larvae into queen bees . After approximately ten days , the queen cells are transferred from the cell building colony to small mating nuclei colonies , which are placed inside of mating yards . The queen cells hatch inside of the mating nuclei . After approximately 7 -- 10 days , the virgin queens take their mating flights , mate with 10 - 20 drone bees , and return to their mating nuclei as mated queen bees . Queen rearing can be practiced on a small scale by hobbyist or sideline beekeepers raising a small amount of queens for their own use , or can be practiced on a larger , commercial scale by companies that produce queen bees for sale to the public . As of 2017 , the cost of a queen honeybee ranges from $25 to $32 . Beekeepers can also utilize alternative methods of queen rearing . Examples are the Jenter kit , walk - away split , Cloake board , and artificial insemination . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Root , A.I. ; Root , E.R. ( 1980 ) . The ABC and Xyz of Bee Culture . Medina , Ohio : A.I. Root . OCLC 6586488 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Márcia De F. ; Alves , Denise De A. ( 2001 ) . `` Size Variation in Schwarziana quadripunctata Queens ( Hymenoptera , Apidae , Meliponini ) '' ( PDF ) . Revista de Etologia. 3 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Márcia de F. ; Wenseleers , Tom ; Filho , Pérsio de S. Santos ; Alves , Denise de A. `` Miniature queens in stingless bees : basic facts and evolutionary hypotheses '' . Apidologie. 37 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 2006023 . Jump up ^ Butler , Charles . `` The ' piping ' and ' quacking ' of queen bees '' ( Web Article ) . The Moir Rare Book Collection . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Waldbauer , Gilbert ( 1998 ) . The Birder 's Bug Book . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Gojmerac , Walter . ( 1980 ) . Bees , Beekeeping , Honey & Pollination . AVI Publishing Company , Inc . Jump up ^ Seeley , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Wisdom of the Hive . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 95376 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Waring , Adrian ; Waring , Claire ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Get Started in Beekeeping : A practical , illustrated guide to running hives of all sizes in any location '' . Hodder & Stoughton . Retrieved 1 March 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` How to Raise Queen Bees with the Doolittle Method - dummies '' . dummies . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Rearing - Glenn Apiaries '' . www.glenn-apiaries.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Cells '' . Wildflower Meadows . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Queen Bees For Sale Wildflower Meadows '' . Wildflower Meadows . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apis mellifera queen . Bees Gone Wild Apiaries , accessed May 2005 Schneider , Stanley Scott ; DeGrandi - Hoffman , Gloria ; Roan Smith , Deborah THE AFRICAN HONEY BEE : Factors Contributing to a Successful Biological Invasion Annual Review of Entomology 2004 . 49 : 351 -- 76 ; accessed 05 / 2005 The Feminin ' Monarchi ' , Or the History of Bees by Charles Butler , 1634 , London ; accessed 05 / 2005 Châline , Nicolas ( September 2004 ) . `` Reproductive conflict in the honey bee '' ( PDF ) . Sheffield , England : University of Sheffield , Department of Animal and Plant Sciences . OCLC 278134906 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Sour Honey <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Honey bee types and characteristics Bee castes Queen bee Worker bee Laying worker bee Drone Lifecycle Beehive Honey bee life cycle Brood Bee learning and communication Swarming Western honey bee subspecies and breeds Buckfast bee Carniolan honey bee European dark bee Italian bee Maltese honey bee Africanized bee Apis mellifera scutellata Honey bee race Cultivation Beekeeping Apiology Apiary Beehive Langstroth hive Horizontal top - bar hive Beeswax Honey Honey extraction Honey extractor Propolis Royal jelly Lists Topics in beekeeping Diseases of the honey bee Beekeeping by countries Hungary India Ireland Nepal New Zealand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_bee&oldid=833019016 '' Categories : Beekeeping Insect reproduction Bees Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kinyarwanda Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 06 : 56 . 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1. Queen bee reproduction 2. Virgin queen bee behavior 3. Queen bee identification 4. Queen bee rearing 5. Queen bee life cycle

which continent was the last one to be settled by humans starting around 12 000 years ago

Settlement of the Americas - wikipedia Settlement of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The continents of North and South America was settled by natives from Asia between 10 and 20 thousand years ago after they crossed a land bridge that was created between far northeastern Siberia and Alaska by the lowering of sea level during the last ice age . Available scientific evidence indicates that modern humans emerged from Africa over 100,000 years ago , yet did not arrive in the Americas until less than 20,000 years ago . Current understanding of the settlement of the Americas derives from advances in four interrelated disciplines : archaeology , Pleistocene geology , physical anthropology , and DNA analysis . While there is general agreement that the Americas were first settled from Asia , the pattern of migration , its timing , and the place ( s ) of origin in Asia of the peoples who migrated to the Americas remain unclear . In the 2000s , researchers sought to use familiar tools to validate or reject established theories , such as Clovis first . The archeological evidence suggests that the Paleo - Indians ' first dispersal into the Americas occurred near the end of the last glacial period or , more specifically , what is known as the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) , around 16,500 -- 13,000 years ago . The settlement of the Americas is of intense interest to archaeologists and anthropologists . Modern biochemical techniques , as well as the accumulation of archaeological and geological evidence , have shed progressively more light on the subject ; however , significant questions remain unresolved . Contents ( hide ) 1 The environment during the latest Pleistocene 1.1 Emergence and submergence of Beringia 1.2 Glaciers 1.3 Climate and biological environments 1.4 Environmental changes during deglaciation 2 Chronology and sources of migration 2.1 Chronology 2.1. 1 Archaeological evidence 2.1. 2 Genomic age estimates 2.2 Source populations 2.2. 1 Human genomic models 2.2. 2 HTLV - 1 genomics 2.2. 3 Physical anthropology 2.2. 4 Stemmed points 3 Migration routes 3.1 Interior route 3.2 Pacific coastal route 3.2. 1 East Asians : Paleoindians of the coast 3.2. 2 Problems with evaluating coastal migration models 4 Y - DNA among South American and Alaskan natives 5 Other hypotheses 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The environment during the latest Pleistocene ( edit ) For an introduction to the radiocarbon dating techniques used by archaeologists and geologists , see radiocarbon dating . Emergence and submergence of Beringia ( edit ) Figure1 . Submergence of the Beringian land bridge with post-Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) rise in eustatic sea level During the Wisconsin Glaciation , varying portions of the Earth 's water were stored as glacier ice . As water accumulated in glaciers , the volume of water in the oceans correspondingly decreased , resulting in lowering of the eustatic sea level . The variation of the eustatic sea level with time has been reconstructed using oxygen isotope analysis of deep sea cores , the dating of marine terraces , and high resolution oxygen isotope sampling from ocean basins and modern ice caps . A drop of eustatic sea level by about 60 m to 120 m lower than present - day levels , commencing around 30,000 years BP , caused the revealing of Beringia as a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska . With the rise of sea level after the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) , the Beringian land bridge was again submerged . Estimates of the final re-submergence of the Beringian land bridge based purely on present bathymetry of the Bering Strait and eustatic sea level curve place the event around 11,000 years BP ( Figure 1 ) . Ongoing research reconstructing Beringian paleogeography during deglaciation could change that estimate and possible earlier submergence could further constrain models of human migration into North America . Glaciers ( edit ) The onset of the Last Glacial Maximum after 30,000 years BP saw the expansion of alpine glaciers and continental ice sheets that blocked migration routes out of Beringia . By 21,000 years BP , and possibly thousands of years earlier , the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets coalesced east of the Rocky Mountains , closing off a potential migration route into the center of North America . Alpine glaciers in the coastal ranges and the Alaskan Peninsula isolated the interior of Beringia from the Pacific coast . Coastal alpine glaciers and lobes of Cordilleran ice coalesced into piedmont glaciers that covered large stretches of the coastline as far south as Vancouver Island and formed an ice lobe across the Straits of Juan de Fuca by 15,000 C years BP ( 18,000 cal years BP ) . Coastal alpine glaciers started to retreat around 19,000 cal years BP while Cordilleran ice continued advancing in the Puget lowlands up to 14,000 C years BP ( 16,800 cal years BP ) Even during the maximum extent of coastal ice , unglaciated refugia persisted on present - day islands , that supported terrestrial and marine mammals . As deglaciation occurred , refugia expanded until the coast became ice - free by 15,000 cal years BP . The retreat of glaciers on the Alaskan Peninsula provided access from Beringia to the Pacific coast by around 17,000 cal years BP . The ice barrier between interior Alaska and the Pacific coast broke up starting around 13,500 C years ( 16,200 cal years ) BP . The ice - free corridor to the interior of North America opened between 13,000 and 12,000 cal years BP . Glaciation in eastern Siberia during the LGM was limited to alpine and valley glaciers in mountain ranges and did not block access between Siberia and Beringia . Climate and biological environments ( edit ) The paleoclimates and vegetation of eastern Siberia and Alaska during the Wisconsin glaciation have been deduced from high resolution oxygen isotope data and pollen stratigraphy . Prior to the Last Glacial Maximum , climates in eastern Siberia fluctuated between conditions approximating present day conditions and colder periods . The pre-LGM warm cycles in Arctic Siberia saw flourishes of megafaunas . The oxygen isotope record from the Greenland Ice Cap suggests that these cycles after about 45k years BP lasted anywhere from hundreds to between one and two thousand years , with greater duration of cold periods starting around 32k cal years BP . The pollen record from Elikchan Lake , north of the Sea of Okhotsk , shows a marked shift from tree and shrub pollen to herb pollen prior to 26k C years BP , as herb tundra replaced boreal forest and shrub steppe going into the LGM . A similar record of tree / shrub pollen being replaced with herb pollen as the LGM approached was recovered near the Kolyma River in Arctic Siberia . The abandonment of the northern regions of Siberia due to rapid cooling or the retreat of game species with the onset of the LGM has been proposed to explain the lack of archaeosites in that region dating to the LGM . The pollen record from the Alaskan side shows shifts between herb / shrub and shrub tundra prior to the LGM , suggesting less dramatic warming episodes than those that allowed forest colonization on the Siberian side . Diverse , though not necessarily plentiful , megafaunas were present in those environments . Herb tundra dominated during the LGM , due to cold and dry conditions . Coastal environments during the Last Glacial Maximum were complex . The lowered sea level , and an isostatic bulge equilibrated with the depression beneath the Cordilleran Ice Sheet , exposed the continental shelf to form a coastal plain . While much of the coastal plain was covered with piedmont glaciers , unglaciated refugia supporting terrestrial mammals have been identified on Haida Gwaii , Prince of Wales Island , and outer islands of the Alexander Archipelago . The now - submerged coastal plain has potential for more refugia . Pollen data indicate mostly herb / shrub tundra vegetation in unglaciated areas , with some boreal forest towards the southern end of the range of Cordilleran ice . The coastal marine environment remained productive , as indicated by fossils of pinnipeds . The highly productive kelp forests over rocky marine shallows may have been a lure for coastal migration . Reconstruction of the southern Beringian coastline also suggests potential for a highly productive coastal marine environment . Environmental changes during deglaciation ( edit ) Pollen data indicate a warm period culminating between 14k and 11k C years BP ( 17k - 13k cal years BP ) followed by cooling between 11k - 10k C years BP ( 13k - 11.5 k cal years BP ) . Coastal areas deglaciated rapidly as coastal alpine glaciers , then lobes of Cordilleran ice , retreated . The retreat was accelerated as sea levels rose and floated glacial termini . Estimates of a fully ice - free coast range between 16k and 15k cal years BP . Littoral marine organisms colonized shorelines as ocean water replaced glacial meltwater . Replacement of herb / shrub tundra by coniferous forests was underway by 12.4 k C years BP ( 15k cal years BP ) north of Haida Gwaii . Eustatic sea level rise caused flooding , which accelerated as the rate grew more rapid . The inland Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets retreated more slowly than did the coastal glaciers . Opening of an ice - free corridor did not occur until after 13k to 12k cal years BP . The early environment of the ice - free corridor was dominated by glacial outwash and meltwater , with ice - dammed lakes and periodic flooding from the release of ice - dammed meltwater . Biological productivity of the deglaciated landscape was gained slowly . The earliest possible viability of the ice - free corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11.5 k cal years BP . Birch forests were advancing across former herb tundra in Beringia by 14.3 ka C years BP ( 17k cal years BP ) in response to climatic amelioration , indicating increased productivity of the landscape . Chronology and sources of migration ( edit ) While most of the archaeological community is in general agreement that the Americas were settled by migrants from northeastern Asian populations , the chronology of the migrations , the source populations that contributed to the migrations , and their migration routes remain uncertain . The uncertainty is fed by a lack of archaeological evidence along migration routes that date to the periods when those migrations are proposed to have occurred ; uncertainties in the dating and interpretation of the oldest proposed archaeosites in the Americas ; and uncertainties of assumptions underlying chronological and source models of migration derived from studies of modern Native American genetics . Chronology ( edit ) Map of the Americas showing pre Clovis sites . In the early 21st century , the models of the chronology of migration are divided into two general approaches . The first is the short chronology theory , that the first migration occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum , which went into decline after about 19,000 years ago , and was then followed by successive waves of immigrants . The second theory is the long chronology theory , which proposes that the first group of people entered the Americas at a much earlier date , possibly 21,000 -- 40,000 years ago , followed by a much later second wave of immigrants . Further controversy has been generated as age - dating of archaeosites in the Americas and the timing of the opening of the ice - free corridor have challenged the Clovis First theory , which dominated thinking on New World anthropology for much of the 20th century . Archaeological evidence ( edit ) Figure 2 . Schematic illustration of maternal ( mtDNA ) gene - flow in and out of Beringia ( long chronology , single source model ) . Figure 3 . Illustration of hypothetical chronology for migration through Beringia ( long chronology model ) . Not authoritative on timing of glacial features and not constrained by archaeological data . Pre-Last Glacial Maximum migration across Beringia into the Americas has been proposed to explain purported pre-LGM ages of archaeosites in the Americas such as Bluefish Caves and Old Crow Flats in the Yukon Territory , and Meadowcroft Rock Shelter in Pennsylvania . The earlier C date from a bone artifact at the Old Crow Flats site has been supplanted by an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry C date that indicates a Holocene age . The interpretations of butcher marks and the geologic association of bones at the Bluefish Cave and Old Crow Flats sites have been called into question . The ages of the earliest positively identified artifacts at the Meadowcroft site are constrained by a compiled age estimate from C in the range of 12k - 15k C years BP ( 13.8 k - 18.5 k cal years BP ) . The Meadowcroft Rockshelter site and the Monte Verde site in southern Chile , with a date of 14.8 k cal years BP , are the archaeosites in the Americas with the oldest dates that have gained broad acceptance . Stones described as probable tools , hammerstones and anvils , have been found in southern California , at the Cerutti Mastodon site , that are associated with a mastodon skeleton which appeared to have been processed by humans . The mastodon skeleton was dated by thorium - 230 / uranium radiometric analysis , using diffusion -- adsorption -- decay dating models , to 130.7 ± 9.4 thousand years ago . No human bones were found , and the claims of tools and bone processing have been described as `` not plausible '' . Michael R. Waters commented that `` To demonstrate such early occupation of the Americas requires the presence of unequivocal stone artefacts . There are no unequivocal stone tools associated with the bones ... this site is likely just an interesting paleontological locality . '' Chris Stringer said that `` extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence - each aspect requires the strongest scrutiny , '' adding that `` High and concentrated forces must have been required to smash the thickest mastodon bones , and the low energy depositional environment seemingly provides no obvious alternative to humans using the heavy cobbles found with the bones . '' The Yana River Rhino Horn site ( RHS ) has dated human occupation of eastern Arctic Siberia to 27k C years BP ( 31.3 k cal years BP ) . That date has been interpreted by some as evidence that migration into Beringia was imminent , lending credence to occupation of Beringia during the LGM . However , the Yana RHS date is from the beginning of the cooling period that led into the LGM . But , a compilation of archaeosite dates throughout eastern Siberia suggest that the cooling period caused a retreat of humans southwards . Pre-LGM lithic evidence in Siberia indicate a settled lifestyle that was based on local resources , while post-LGM lithic evidence indicate a more migratory lifestyle . The oldest archaeosite on the Alaskan side of Beringia date to 12k C years BP ( 14k cal years BP ) . It is possible that a small founder population had entered Beringia before that time . However , archaeosites that date closer to the Last Glacial Maximum on either the Siberian or the Alaskan side of Beringia are lacking . Genomic age estimates ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas . Recent studies of Amerindian genetics have used high resolution analytical techniques applied to DNA samples from modern Native Americans and Asian populations regarded as their source populations to reconstruct the development of human Y - chromosome DNA haplogroups ( yDNA haplogroups ) and human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups ( mtDNA haplogroups ) characteristic of Native American populations . Models of molecular evolution rates are used to estimate the ages at which Native American DNA lineages branched off from their parent lineages in Asia and to deduce the ages of demographic events . One model based on Native American mtDNA Haplotypes ( Figure 2 ) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 30k and 25k cal years BP , with migration into the Americas occurring around 10k to 15k years after isolation of the small founding population . Another model ( Figure 3 ) proposes that migration into Beringia occurred approximately 36k cal years BP , followed by 20k years of isolation in Beringia . Yet another model proposes that migration into Beringia occurred between 40k and 30k cal years BP , with a pre-LGM migration into the Americas followed by isolation of the northern population following closure of the ice - free corridor . The three Native American mtDNA evolution rate models all fall within the long chronology theory of migration into the Americas . A study of the diversification of mtDNA Haplogroups C and D from southern Siberia and eastern Asia , respectively , suggests that the parent lineage ( Subhaplogroup D4h ) of Subhaplogroup D4h3 , a lineage found among Native Americans and Han Chinese , emerged around 20k cal years BP , constraining the emergence of D4h3 to post-LGM . Age estimates based on Y - chromosome micro-satellite diversity place origin of the American Haplogroup Q1a3a ( Y - DNA ) at around 10k to 15k cal years BP . Greater consistency of DNA molecular evolution rate models with each other and with archaeological data may be gained by the use of dated fossil DNA to calibrate molecular evolution rates . Source populations ( edit ) There is general agreement among anthropologists that the source populations for the migration into the Americas originated from an area somewhere east of the Yenisei River . The common occurrence of the mtDNA Haplogroups A , B , C , and D among eastern Asian and Native American populations has long been recognized , along with the presence of Haplogroup X . As a whole , the greatest frequency of the four Native American associated haplogroups occurs in the Altai - Baikal region of southern Siberia . Some subclades of C and D closer to the Native American subclades occur among Mongolian , Amur , Japanese , Korean , and Ainu populations . Human genomic models ( edit ) For a non-technical introduction to genetics in general , see Introduction to genetics . The development of high - resolution genomic analysis has provided opportunities to further define Native American subclades and narrow the range of Asian subclades that may be parent or sister subclades . For example , the broad geographic range of Haplogroup X has been interpreted as allowing the possibility of a western Eurasian , or even a European source population for Native Americans , as in the Solutrean hypothesis , or suggesting a pre-Last Glacial Maximum migration into the Americas . The analysis of an ancient variant of Haplogroup X among aboriginals of the Altai region indicates common ancestry with the European strain rather than descent from the European strain . Further division of X subclades has allowed identification of Subhaplogroup X2a , which is regarded as specific to Native Americans . With further definition of subclades related to Native American populations , the requirements for sampling Asian populations to find the most closely related subclades grow more specific . Subhaplogroups D1 and D4h3 have been regarded as Native American specific based on their absence among a large sampling of populations regarded as potential descendants of source populations , over a wide area of Asia . Among the 3764 samples , the Sakhalin - lower Amur region was represented by 61 Oroks . In another study , Subhaplogroup D1a has been identified among the Ulchis of the lower Amur River region ( 4 among 87 sampled , or 4.6 % ) , along with Subhaplogroup C1a ( 1 among 87 , or 1.1 % ) . Subhaplogroup C1a is regarded as a close sister clade of the Native American Subhaplogroup C1b . Subhaplogroup D1a has also been found among ancient Jōmon skeletons from Hokkaido The modern Ainu are regarded as descendants of the Jōmon . The occurrence of the Subhaplogroups D1a and C1a in the lower Amur region suggests a source population from that region distinct from the Altai - Baikal source populations , where sampling did not reveal those two particular subclades . The conclusions regarding Subhaplogroup D1 indicating potential source populations in the lower Amur and Hokkaido areas stand in contrast to the single - source migration model . Subhaplogroup D4h3 has been identified among Han Chinese . Subhaplogroup D4h3 from China does not have the same geographic implication as Subhaplotype D1a from Amur - Hokkaido , so its implications for source models are more speculative . Its parent lineage , Subhaplotype D4h , is believed to have emerged in east Asia , rather than Siberia , around 20k cal years BP . Subhaplogroup D4h2 , a sister clade of D4h3 , has also been found among Jōmon skeletons from Hokkaido . D4h3 has a coastal trace in the Americas . The contrast between the genetic profiles of the Hokkaido Jōmon skeletons and the modern Ainu illustrates another uncertainty in source models derived from modern DNA samples : However , probably due to the small sample size or close consanguinity among the members of the site , the frequencies of the haplogroups in Funadomari skeletons were quite different from any modern populations , including Hokkaido Ainu , who have been regarded as the direct descendant of the Hokkaido Jomon people . The descendants of source populations with the closest relationship to the genetic profile from the time when differentiation occurred are not obvious . Source population models can be expected to become more robust as more results are compiled , the heritage of modern proxy candidates becomes better understood , and fossil DNA in the regions of interest is found and considered . HTLV - 1 genomics ( edit ) The Human T cell Lymphotrophic Virus 1 ( HTLV - 1 ) is a virus transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids and from mother to child through breast milk . The mother - to - child transmission mimics a hereditary trait , although such transmission from maternal carriers is less than 100 % . The HTLV virus genome has been mapped , allowing identification of four major strains and analysis of their antiquity through mutations . The highest geographic concentrations of the strain HLTV - 1 are in sub-Saharan Africa and Japan . In Japan , it occurs in its highest concentration on Kyushu . It is also present among African descendants and native populations in the Caribbean region and South America . It is rare in Central America and North America . Its distribution in the Americas has been regarded as due to importation with the slave trade . The Ainu have developed antibodies to HTLV - 1 , indicating its endemicity to the Ainu and its antiquity in Japan . A subtype `` A '' has been defined and identified among the Japanese ( including Ainu ) , and among Caribbean and South American isolates . A subtype `` B '' has been identified in Japan and India . In 1995 , Native Americans in coastal British Columbia were found to have both subtypes A and B. Bone marrow specimens from an Andean mummy about 1500 years old were reported to have shown the presence of the A subtype . The finding ignited controversy , with contention that the sample DNA was insufficiently complete for the conclusion and that the result reflected modern contamination . However , a re-analysis indicated that the DNA sequences were consistent with , but not definitely from , the `` cosmopolitan clade '' ( subtype A ) . The presence of subtypes A and B in the Americas is suggestive of a Native American source population related to the Ainu ancestors , the Jōmon . Physical Anthropology. ( edit ) Paleoamerican skeletons in the Americas such as Kennewick Man ( Washington State ) , Hoya Negro skeleton ( Yucatán ) , Luzia Woman and other skulls from the Lagoa Santa site ( Brazil ) , Buhl Woman ( Idaho ) , Peñon Woman III , two skulls from the Tlapacoya site ( Mexico City ) , and 33 skulls from Baja California have exhibited craniofacial traits distinct from most modern Native Americans , leading physical anthropologists to the opinion that some Paleoamericans were of an Australoid rather than Siberian origin . The most basic measured distinguishing trait is the dolichocephaly of the skull . Some modern isolates such as the Pericúes of Baja California and the Fuegians of Tierra del Fuego exhibit that same morphological trait . Other anthropologists advocate an alternative hypothesis that evolution of an original Beringian phenotype gave rise to a distinct morphology that was similar in all known Paleoamerican skulls , followed by later convergence towards the modern Native American phenotype . Resolution of the issue awaits the identification of a Beringian phenotype among paleoamerican skulls or evidence of a genetic clustering among examples of the Australoid phenotype . A report published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology in January 2015 reviewed craniofacial variation focussing on differences between early and late Native Americans and explanations for these based on either skull morphology or molecular genetics . Arguments based on molecular genetics have in the main , according to the authors , accepted a single migration from Asia with a probable pause in Berengia , plus later bi-directional gene flow . Studies focussing on craniofacial morphology have argued that Paleoamerican remains have `` been described as much closer to African and Australo - Melanesians populations than to the modern series of Native Americans '' , suggesting two entries into the Americas , an early one occurring before a distinctive East Asian morphology developed ( referred to in the paper as the `` Two Components Model '' . A third model , the `` Recurrent Gene Flow '' ( RGF ) model , attempts to reconcile the two , arguing that circumarctic gene flow after the initial migration could account for morphological changes . It specifically re-evaluates the original report on the Hoya Negro skeleton which supported the RGF model , the authors disagreed with the original conclusion which suggested that the skull shape did not match those of modern Native Americans , arguing that the `` skull falls into a subregion of the morphospace occupied by both Paleoamericans and some modern Native Americans . '' Stemmed points ( edit ) Stemmed points are a lithic technology distinct from Beringian and Clovis types . They have a distribution ranging from coastal east Asia to the Pacific coast of South America . The emergence of stemmed points has been traced to Korea during the upper Paleolithic . The origin and distribution of stemmed points have been interpreted as a cultural marker related to a source population from coastal east Asia . Migration routes ( edit ) Interior route ( edit ) Map showing the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . Historically , theories about migration into the Americas have centered on migration from Beringia through the interior of North America . The discovery of artifacts in association with Pleistocene faunal remains near Clovis , New Mexico in the early 1930s required extension of the timeframe for the settlement of North America to the period during which glaciers were still extensive . That led to the hypothesis of a migration route between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets to explain the early settlement . The Clovis site was host to a lithic technology characterized by spear points with an indentation , or flute , where the point was attached to the shaft . A lithic complex characterized by the Clovis Point technology was subsequently identified over much of North America and in South America . The association of Clovis complex technology with late Pleistocene faunal remains led to the theory that it marked the arrival of big game hunters that migrated out of Beringia then dispersed throughout the Americas , otherwise known as the Clovis First theory . Recent radiocarbon dating of Clovis sites has yielded ages of 11.1 k to 10.7 k C years BP ( 13k to 12.6 k cal years BP ) , somewhat later than dates derived from older techniques . The re-evaluation of earlier radiocarbon dates led to the conclusion that no fewer than 11 of the 22 Clovis sites with radiocarbon dates are `` problematic '' and should be disregarded , including the type site in Clovis , New Mexico . Numerical dating of Clovis sites has allowed comparison of Clovis dates with dates of other archaeosites throughout the Americas , and of the opening of the ice - free corridor . Both lead to significant challenges to the Clovis First theory . The Monte Verde site of Southern Chile has been dated at 14.8 k cal years BP . The Paisley Cave site in eastern Oregon yielded a C date of 12.4 k years ( 14.5 k cal years ) BP , on a coprolite with human DNA and C dates of 11.3 k - 11k ( 13.2 k - 12.9 k cal years ) BP on horizons containing western stemmed points . Artifact horizons with non-Clovis lithic assemblages and pre-Clovis ages occur in eastern North America , although the maximum ages tend to be poorly constrained . Geological findings on the timing of the ice - free corridor also challenge the notion that Clovis and pre-Clovis human occupation of the Americas was a result of migration through that route following the Last Glacial Maximum . Pre-LGM closing of the corridor may approach 30k cal years BP and estimates of ice retreat from the corridor are in the range of 12 to 13k cal years BP . Viability of the corridor as a human migration route has been estimated at 11.5 k cal years BP , later than the ages of the Clovis and pre-Clovis sites . Dated Clovis archaeosites suggest a south - to - north spread of the Clovis culture . Pre-Last Glacial Maximum migration into the interior has been proposed to explain pre-Clovis ages for archaeosites in the Americas , although pre-Clovis sites such as Meadowcroft Rock Shelter , Monte Verde , and Paisley Cave have not yielded confirmed pre-LGM ages . The interior route is consistent with the spread of the Na Dene language group and Subhaplogroup X2a into the Americas after the earliest paleoamerican migration . Pacific coastal route ( edit ) Possible migration routes to the Americas as predicted by the distribution of Y - DNA haplogroups : inland route ( purple lines ) , Pacific coastal route ( brown dashed line ) , and possible trans - Atlantic route ( light blue double line ) . Main article : Coastal migration Pacific models propose that people first reached the Americas via water travel , following coastlines from northeast Asia into the Americas . Coastlines are unusually productive environments because they provide humans with access to a diverse array of plants and animals from both terrestrial and marine ecosystems . While not exclusive of land - based migrations , the Pacific ' coastal migration theory ' helps explain how early colonists reached areas extremely distant from the Bering Strait region , including sites such as Monte Verde in southern Chile and Taima - Taima in western Venezuela . Two cultural components were discovered at Monte Verde near the Pacific coast of Chile . The youngest layer is radiocarbon dated at 12,500 radiocarbon years ( ~ 14,000 cal BP ) and has produced the remains of several types of seaweeds collected from coastal habitats . The older and more controversial component may date back as far as 33,000 years , but few scholars currently accept this very early component . As the chronology of deglaciation in the interior and coastal regions of North America became better understood , the coastal migration hypothesis was advanced by Knute Fladmark as an alternative to the ice - free corridor hypothesis . Debate on coastal versus interior migration for initial settlement has centered on evidence for chronology of initial settlement of Beringia , interior North America , the Pacific coast of the Americas , and timing of the opening of coastal versus interior migration routes indicated by geological evidence . Complicating the debate has been the absence of archaeological data from the coastal and interior migration routes from the periods when the initial migration is proposed to have occurred . A recent variation of the coastal migration hypothesis is the marine migration hypothesis , which proposes that migrants with boats settled in coastal refugia during deglaciation of the coast . The proposed use of boats adds a measure of flexibility to the chronology of coastal migration , as a continuous ice - free coast ( 16k - 15k cal years BP ) would no longer be required . A coastal east Asian source population is integral to the marine migration hypothesis . In 2014 , the autosomal DNA of a toddler from Montana , dated at 10.7 k C years ( 12.5 - 12.7 cal years ) BP was sequenced . The DNA was taken from a skeleton referred to as Anzick - 1 , found in close association with several Clovis artifacts . The analysis yielded identification of the mtDNA as belonging to Subhaplogroup D4h3a , a rare subclade of D4h3 occurring along the west coast of the Americas , as well as geneflow related to the Siberian Mal'ta population . The data indicate that Anzick - 1 is from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations . Anzick - 1 is less closely related to present North American Native American populations . D4h3a has been identified as a clade associated with coastal migration . The problems associated with finding archaeological evidence for migration during a period of lowered sea level are well known . Sites related to the first migration are usually submerged , so the location of such sites is obscured . Certain types of evidence dependent on organic material , such as radiocarbon dating , may be destroyed by submergence . Wave action can destroy site structures and scatter artifacts along a prograding shoreline . Additionally , Pacific coastal conditions tend to be unstable due to steep unstable terrain , earthquakes , tsunamis , and volcanoes . Strategies for finding earliest migration sites include identifying potential sites on submerged paleoshorelines , seeking sites in areas uplifted either by tectonics or isostatic rebound , and looking for riverine sites in areas that may have attracted coastal migrants . Otherwise , coastal archaeology is dependent on secondary evidence related to lifestyles and technologies of maritime peoples from sites similar to those that would be associated with the original migration . Other coastal models , dealing specifically with the peopling of the Pacific Northwest and California coasts , have been advocated by archaeologists Knut Fladmark , Roy Carlson , James Dixon , Jon Erlandson , Ruth Gruhn , and Daryl Fedje . In a 2007 article in the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology , Erlandson and his colleagues proposed a corollary to the coastal migration theory -- the `` kelp highway hypothesis '' -- arguing that productive kelp forests supporting similar suites of plants and animals would have existed near the end of the Pleistocene around much of the Pacific Rim from Japan to Beringia , the Pacific Northwest , and California , as well as the Andean Coast of South America . Once the coastlines of Alaska and British Columbia had deglaciated about 16,000 years ago , these kelp forest ( along with estuarine , mangrove , and coral reef ) habitats would have provided an ecologically similar migration corridor , entirely at sea level , and essentially unobstructed . A 2016 DNA analysis of plants and animals suggest a coastal route was feasible . East asians : Paleoindians of the coast ( edit ) See also : Genetic studies of Austronesian peoples and Migration and dispersion of Austronesian peoples to the Americas supported by coconut and sweet potato population genetics The boat - builders from Southeast Asia ( Austronesian peoples ) may have been one of the earliest groups to reach the shores of North America . One theory suggests people in boats followed the coastline from the Kurile Islands to Alaska down the coasts of North and South America as far as Chile . 62 54 , 57 . The Haida nation on the Queen Charlotte Islands off the coast of British Columbia may have originated from these early Asian mariners between 25,000 and 12,000 years ago . Early watercraft migration would also explain the habitation of coastal sites in South America such as Pikimachay Cave in Peru by 20,000 years ago ( disputed ) and Monte Verde in Chile by 13,000 years ago ( 6 30 ; 8 383 ) . ' There was boat use in Japan 20,000 years ago , ' says Jon Erlandson , a University of Oregon anthropologist . ' The Kurile Islands ( north of Japan ) are like stepping stones to Beringia , ' the then continuous land bridging the Bering Strait . Migrants , he said , could have then skirted the tidewater glaciers in Canada right on down the coast . ( 7 64 ) ' Problems with evaluating coastal migration models ( edit ) The coastal migration models provide a different perspective on migration to the New World , but they are not without their own problems . One of the biggest problems is that global sea levels have risen over 120 metres ( 390 ft ) since the end of the last glacial period , and this has submerged the ancient coastlines that maritime people would have followed into the Americas . Finding sites associated with early coastal migrations is extremely difficult -- and systematic excavation of any sites found in deeper waters is challenging and expensive . On the other hand , there is evidence of marine technologies found in the hills of the Channel Islands of California , circa 10,000 BCE . If there was an early pre-Clovis coastal migration , there is always the possibility of a `` failed colonization '' . Another problem that arises is the lack of hard evidence found for a `` long chronology '' theory . No sites have yet produced a consistent chronology older than about 12,500 radiocarbon years ( ~ 14,500 calendar years ) , but research has been limited in South America related to the possibility of early coastal migrations . Y - DNA among South American and Alaskan natives ( edit ) The micro-satellite diversity and distribution of a Y lineage specific to South America suggest that certain Amerindian populations became isolated after the initial colonization of their regions . The Na - Dené , Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q ( Y - DNA ) mutations , but are distinct from other indigenous Amerindians with various mtDNA and autosomal DNA ( atDNA ) mutations . This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations . Other hypotheses ( edit ) Other known or supposed trans - oceanic migrations and contacts are not within the scope of this article . The well - documented 10th century Viking colonies in Canada , and the Solutrean hypothesis of Palaeolithic migration from Europe to the Americas , are discussed in those articles . An examination of the many theories , myths and legends about the settlement of the Americas is found in this article about Pre-Columbian contact . See also ( edit ) Bluefish Caves Little John ( archeological site ) Dené -- Yeniseian languages - proposed family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples of Asia and North America Early human migrations Historical migration History of Mesoamerica ( Paleo - Indian ) List of countries and islands by first human settlement Making North America ( 2015 PBS film ) Norse colonization of the Americas Olmec alternative origin speculations Origins of Paleoindians Pendejo Cave Paleo - Indians period ( Canada ) Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact Recent African origin of modern humans References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Goebel , Ted ; Waters , Michael R. ; O'Rourke , Dennis H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Science . 319 ( 5869 ) : 1497 -- 1502 . PMID 18339930 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1153569 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Gremillion , David H. ; Auton , Adam ; Falush , Daniel ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Archaeolog : Pre Siberian Human Migration to America : Possible validation by HTLV - 1 mutation analysis '' . PLoS Genetics . Traumwerk.stanford.edu. 4 ( 5 ) : e1000078 . PMC 2367454 . PMID 18497854 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1000078 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Nicole Waguespack ( 2012 ) . `` Early Paleoindians , from Colonization to Folsom '' . In Timothy R. Pauketat . The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology . Oxford University Press . pp. 86 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538011 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Brigham - Grette , Julie , Lozhkin , Anatoly V. , Anderson , Patricia M. , and Glushkova , Olga Y. , . `` Western Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum ( Chapter 2 ) , '' . in Madsen , David B. ( editor ) Entering America : Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum , University of Utah Press , 2004 , 486p . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 786 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Pinsker , Lisa . `` Geotimes - February 2004 - The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . ^ Jump up to : Jackson L.E. Jr. ; Phillips F.M. ; Shimamura K. ; Little E.C. ( 1997 ) . `` Cosmogenic Cl dating of the Foothills Erratics train , Alberta , Canada '' . Geology. 25 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 198 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1997 ) 025 < 0195 : ccdotf > 2.3.co ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Mandryk , Carole A.S. , Josenhans , Heiner , Fedje , Daryl W. , and Mathewes , Rolf W. `` Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of Northwestern North America : implications for inland versus coastal migration routes '' ( PDF ) . Quaternary Science Reviews . 20 : 301 -- 314 . doi : 10.1016 / s0277 - 3791 ( 00 ) 00115 - 3 . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Misarti , Nicole , Finney , Bruce P. , Jordan , James W. , Maschner , Herbert D.G. , Addison , Jason A. , Shapley , Mark D. , Krumhardt , Andrea , and Beget , James E. , . `` Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 48 : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2012.05. 014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Clague John J. , Mathewes , Rolf w. , and Ager , Thomas A. , . `` Western Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum ( Chapter 3 ) , '' . Environments of Northwestern North America before the Last Glacial Maximum , in Madsen , David B. ( editor ) Entering America : Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum , University of Utah Press , 2004 , 486p . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 786 - 7 . 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Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Bibliography Diamond , Jared , Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years , 1997 . Dixon , E. James . Quest for the Origins of the First Americans . University of New Mexico Press . 1993 . Dixon , E. James . Bones , Boats , and Bison : the Early Archeology of Western North America . University of New Mexico Press . 1993 . Erlandson , Jon M. Early Hunter - Gatherers of the California Coast . Plenum Press . 1994 . Erlandson , Jon M ( 2001 ) . `` The Archaeology of Aquatic Adaptations : Paradigms for a New Millennium '' . Journal of Archaeological Research . 9 : 287 -- 350 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1013062712695 . Erlandson , Jon M. Anatomically Modern Humans , Maritime Migrations , and the Peopling of the New World . In The First Americans : The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World , edited by N. Jablonski , 2002 . pp. 59 -- 92 . Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences . San Francisco . Erlandson , Jon . M. ; Graham , M.H. ; Bourque , Bruce J. ; Corbett , Debra ; Estes , James A. ; Steneck , R.S. ( 2007 ) . `` The Kelp Highway Hypothesis : Marine Ecology , The Coastal Migration Theory , and the Peopling of the Americas '' . Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. 2 : 161 -- 174 . doi : 10.1080 / 15564890701628612 . Eshleman , Jason A. ; Malhi , Ripan S. ; Glenn Smith , David ( 2003 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans : Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas '' . Evolutionary Anthropology. 12 : 7 -- 18 . doi : 10.1002 / evan. 10048 . Fedje ; Christensen ( 1999 ) . `` Modeling Paleoshorelines and Locating Early Holocene Coastal Sites in Haida Gwaii '' . American Antiquity. 64 ( 4 ) : 635 -- 652 . doi : 10.2307 / 2694209 . Greenman , E.F. ( 1963 ) . `` The Upper Palaeolithic and the New World '' . Current Anthropology. 4 : 41 -- 66 . doi : 10.1086 / 200337 . Hey , Jody ( 2005 ) . `` On the Number of New World Founders : A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas '' . PLOS Biology . 3 ( 6 ) : e193 . PMC 1131883 . PMID 15898833 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030193 . Jones , Peter N. Respect for the Ancestors : American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West . Bauu Institute Press . 2005 . Matson and Coupland . The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast . Academic Press . New York . 1995 . Adovasio , J.M. , with Jake Page . The First Americans : In Pursuit of Archaeology 's Greatest Mystery . New York : Random House , 2002 . Bradley , B. ; Stanford , D. ( 2004 ) . `` The North Atlantic ice - edge corridor : a possible Palaeolithic route to the New World '' . World Archaeology. 36 ( 4 ) : 2004 . doi : 10.1080 / 0043824042000303656 . Bradley , B. ; Stanford , D . `` The Solutrean - Clovisct = result connection : reply to Straus , Meltzer and Goebel '' . World Archaeology. 38 : 704 -- 714 . JSTOR 40024066 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438240601022001 . Lauber , Patricia . Who Came First ? New Clues to Prehistoric Americans . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2003 . Snow , Dean R . `` The First Americans and the Differentiation of Hunter - Gatherer Cultures . '' In Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb * E. Washburn , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas , Volume I : North America ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 ) , 125 - 199 . Jones , Peter N. `` Respect for the Ancestors : American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West . '' Boulder , Colorado : Bauu Press . 2004 Dixon , E. James . Bones , Boats and Bison : the Early Archeology of Western North America . University of New Mexico Press . 1999 . Evidence Supports Earlier Date for People in North America , April 4 , 2008 Dennis J. Stanford , Bruce Bradely , Pre-Clovis First Americans : The Origin of America 's Clovis Culture ( University of California Press , 2012 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22783 - 5 Dennis J. Stanford , Bruce A. Bradley , Across Atlantic Ice : The Origin of America 's Clovis Culture ( University of California Press ( 2012 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22783 - 5 First peoples in a new world : colonizing ice age America - by David J Meltzer - University of California , Berkeley , 2009 ISBN 0 - 520 - 25052 - 4 The First Americans : The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World - by Nina G. Jablonski - California Academy of Sciences , 2002 ISBN 0 - 940228 - 49 - 1 Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey ( book ) - by Spencer Wells - Princeton University Press , 2002 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7146 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indigenous nations of the Americas . `` The first Americans : How and when were the Americas populated ? '' , Earth , January 2016 `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' - Smithsonian Magazine February 2013 Ordering information and news items for The Dene -- Yeniseian Connection ; the 2011 2nd printing has corriagenda for 14 articles in the 2010 ist printing Journey of Man : A Genetic Odyssey ( movie ) on YouTube - by Spencer Wells - PBS and National Geographic Channel , 2003 - 120 Minutes , UPC / EAN : 841887001267 Atlas of the Human Journey , Genographic Project , National Geographic Journey of Mankind - Genetic Map -- Bradshaw Foundation The Paleoindian Period -- United States Department of the Interior , National Park Service Alabama Archaeology : Prehistoric Alabama -- The University of Alabama , Department of Archaeology The Paleoindian Database -- The University of Tennessee , Department of Anthropology . Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die - Off -- American Academy of Arts and Sciences , National Humanities Center <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline <Td_colspan="3"> Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future <Th_colspan="3"> Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-history Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Classification Archaeology Genetics Mythology / Religion Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas ‎ List of deities Native American religion Mesoamerican mythology Mesoamerican religion European colonization European colonization Population history Columbian Exchange Modern societies by country North America Canada Caribbean Dominica Jamaica Costa Rica El Salvador Greenland Mexico Panama United States South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Indigenous American studies Indigenous languages Indigenous movements Indigenous art Artists Writers <Td_colspan="3"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Pre-Columbian North America <Td_colspan="2"> Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. 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who plays gary girlfriend in remember the titans

Remember the Titans - Wikipedia Remember the Titans Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Remember the Titans <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Boaz Yakin Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Chad Oman Written by Gregory Allen Howard Starring Denzel Washington Will Patton Donald Faison Nicole Ari Parker Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Philippe Rousselot Edited by Michael Tronick Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Technical Black Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 29 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $136.7 million Remember the Titans is a 2000 American sports film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin . The screenplay , written by Gregory Allen Howard , is based on the true story of African - American coach Herman Boone , portrayed by Denzel Washington , and his attempt to integrate the T.C. Williams High School football team in Alexandria , Virginia , in 1971 . Will Patton portrays Bill Yoast , Boone 's assistant coach . Real - life athletes Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell are portrayed by Ryan Hurst and Wood Harris , respectively . The film was co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films and released by Buena Vista Pictures . On September 29 , 2000 , the film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . It features songs by several recording artists including Creedence Clearwater Revival , The Hollies , Marvin Gaye , James Taylor , The Temptations , and Cat Stevens . Remember the Titans had a budget of $30 million and premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on September 29 , 2000 . It has grossed an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,683 worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Historical accuracy 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In July 1971 , at the desegregated T.C. Williams High School , a black head coach , Herman Boone , is hired to lead the school 's football team . Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast , nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame . In an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are `` white '' only , Boone is assigned the head coach job . He refuses believing it is unfair to Yoast , but relents after seeing what it means to the black community . Yoast is then offered an assistant coach 's job by the school board and initially refuses , but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate . Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships , Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone . The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives , but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt . On August 15 , 1971 , the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College , where their training camp takes place . As their days of training camp progress , black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts , including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell . But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone , which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery , and a motivational speech , the team achieves racial harmony and success . After returning from football camp , Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game , he will be dismissed . Subsequently , the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice , before slowly gaining support from the community . Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism , following a game where he intentionally missed a block which consequently led to the near - season - ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry `` Rev '' Harris . Just before the state semi-finals , Yoast is told by the chairman of the school board that he will be inducted into the Hall of Fame after the Titans lose one game , implying he wants Boone to be dismissed over his race . During the game , it becomes apparent that the referees are biased against the Titans . Upon seeing the chairman and other board members in the audience looking on with satisfaction , Yoast realizes they 've rigged the game and warns the head official that he will go to the press and expose the scandal unless the game is officiated fairly . The Titans nonetheless win and advance to the state championship , but Yoast is told by the chairman that his actions have resulted in his loss of candidacy for Hall of Fame induction . While celebrating the victory , Bertier is severely injured in a car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection . Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down , the team goes on to win the state championship . Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life . Ten years later , Bertier dies in another automobile accident caused by a drunk driver , after winning the gold medal in shot put in the Paralympic Games . Coaches and other former teammates reunite to attend his funeral . In the epilogue , descriptions show the players and coaches activities after the events in 1971 . Cast ( edit ) Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone Will Patton as assistant coach Bill Yoast Wood Harris as DE Julius Campbell Ryan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier Donald Faison as RB / CB Petey Jones Ethan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik Kip Pardue as QB Ronnie `` Sunshine '' Bass Craig Kirkwood as QB Jerry `` Rev '' Harris Nicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone , Herman Boone 's wife . Krysten Leigh Jones as Nicky Boone , Herman Boone 's daughter . Inasia Brown as Karen Boone , Herman Boone 's youngest daughter . Hayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast , Bill Yoast 's 10 - year - old daughter . Kate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt - Gerry 's girlfriend Earl C. Poitier as OL Darryl `` Blue '' Stanton Ryan Gosling as Cornerback Alan Bosley Gregory Alan Williams as Coach Paul `` Doc '' Hines , offensive line coach Brett Rice as Coach Herb Tyrell , special teams coach Burgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds David Jefferson Jr. as `` Cook '' Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Filming locations for the motion picture included Atlanta , Georgia , including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While this movie is based on a true story , it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork , commitment , and friendship to the film . Boone may not be the coach that Washington portrays in the movie ; in interviews , many former Titans football players said they believed his coaching strategies had no correlation to their success , and were indeed too harsh , causing some players to quit . The Titans had a solid football team for many years and most of their games were large victories . By the end of the 1971 football season they were ranked second in the nation , and nine out of thirteen games were shutouts . In the movie , Coach Boone states , `` We are not like all the other schools in this conference , they 're all white . They do n't have to worry about race . We do . '' This is false as well ; all the schools the Titans faced were integrated years before . While the team is at camp , it shows Coach Boone waking them up at three in the morning to go for a run . This did not occur ; neither did his speech at Gettysburg . The team did go on a tour in Gettysburg , although it was not as dramatic as portrayed in the film . Sunshine ( Ronnie ) was far from being the only one with long hair at the time . Even Gerry ( Ryan Hurst ) had long hair . But in interviews Bass said `` I 'll say for the record my hair was never that long . '' He also says the kiss with Gerry never happened . The climax of the movie is the fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T.C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School . The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season match - up between T.C. Williams and Marshall into a made - for - Hollywood state championship . In reality , the Marshall game was the toughest game T.C. Williams played all year . As depicted in the movie , the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come - from - behind play at the very end of the game . The actual state championship ( against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem ) was a 27 -- 0 blowout . Bertier 's car accident took place after the Championship game , on December 11 , 1971 . Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the players of the 1971 , T.C. Williams Titans football team for their undefeated season . After the banquet , Bertier borrowed his mother 's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro . Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed ( the movie shows him getting broadsided ) . The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the engine mount . The film also omits the fact that Sheryl Yoast died in 1996 at the age of 34 and that she was not an only child as she had three sisters . Her oldest sister Bonnie was in college , her second oldest Angela went to a different high school , and her younger sister Deidre was only three years - old in 1971 . Music ( edit ) On September 19 , 2000 , the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists . From the instrumental score , Rabin 's track `` Titans Spirit '' , was the only cue ( of the 12 composed ) added to the soundtrack . It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released . `` Titans Spirit '' was a seven - minute instrumental . It has been used on numerous sports telecasts , particularly those on NBC , which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002 , Athens 2004 , Torino 2006 , Beijing 2008 , Vancouver 2010 , London 2012 , and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well as with the final closing credits montage for their 12 - year run with the NBA in 2002 . The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium , and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship . The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens , Ken Daneyko , Scott Niedermayer , Martin Brodeur , and Patrik Elias . It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech , and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election . Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Various Artists Released September 19 , 2000 Genre R&B , pop rock Length 46 : 21 Label Walt Disney <Th_colspan="3"> Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 2 : 29 2 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' 4 : 02 3 . `` Peace Train '' 4 : 08 4 . `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' 4 : 05 5 . `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' 3 : 17 6 . `` I Want to Take You Higher '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Up Around the Bend '' 2 : 42 8 . `` Spill the Wine '' 4 : 05 9 . `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' 5 : 10 10 . `` Act Naturally '' 2 : 21 11 . `` Express Yourself '' 3 : 53 12 . `` Titans Spirit '' 7 : 25 <Td_colspan="2"> Total length : 46 : 21 Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) Following its release in theaters , the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20 , 2001 . A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20 , 2001 , along with a widescreen Director 's cut on March 14 , 2006 . A restored widescreen hi - definition Blu - ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4 , 2007 . Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin , producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard , feature audio commentary with real - life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast , `` Remember The Titans : An inspirational journey behind the scenes '' hosted by Lynn Swann , `` Denzel Becomes Boone , '' `` Beating The Odds '' ; Deleted scenes ; Movie Showcase and seamless menus . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office , grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks . It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,684 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Among mainstream critics in the U.S. , Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73 % of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review , with an average score of 6.3 out of 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics ' reviews , the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Writing for The New York Times , A.O. Scott said that `` aside from a handful of tense showdowns at the line of scrimmage , there 's not much else to see -- is washed in on the flood tide of a thousand violins . '' James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews , called the film `` relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable '' but noted that it was `` a notch above the average entry in part because its social message ( even if it is soft - peddled ) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut . '' Describing some pitfalls , Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that `` beneath its rah - rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing , it 's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or , for that matter , a Hallmark greeting card . Its heart is in the right place , but it has no soul . '' Wilonsky however was quick to admit `` The film 's intentions are noble , but its delivery is ham - fisted and pretentious ; you ca n't deny the message , but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it . '' ' Remember the Titans ' has the outer form of a brave statement about the races in America , but the soul of a sports movie in which everything is settled by the obligatory last play in the last seconds of the championship game . `` '' -- Roger Ebert , writing in the Chicago Sun - Times Todd McCarthy , writing in Variety , said , `` As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is , it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an ' if only it could be like this ' fantasy , as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film , albeit a PG - rated one with all the cuss words removed . '' Roger Ebert , in the Chicago Sun - Times , viewed the film as `` a parable about racial harmony , yoked to the formula of a sports movie , '' adding , `` Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we 're not sure if we 're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns . Real life is never this simple , but then that 's what the movies are for '' . In the San Francisco Chronicle , Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that `` it 's possible to make a sentimental drama that is n't sickening -- and a sports movie that transcends cliches . '' Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review , somewhat praised the film , writing , `` The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter , but Washington and company make it watchable . '' Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans , but you can see why he wanted to do the movie : He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough - love saint . '' Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was `` corny , clichéd , and downright cheesy at times , '' as well as how it relayed its message in one of the `` most predictable , heavy - handed manners we 've seen in a movie in years '' , the film `` serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people , just waiting for the right person to bring it out . '' He also viewed the casting as top - notch , saying that it helped to have a `` rock - solid foundation in the form of leading - man Denzel Washington '' at the helm . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated and won several awards in 2000 -- 2001 . Award Nominee Result 2001 Angel Awards Silver Angel -- -- -- -- Nominated BET Awards 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won 2001 BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Trevor Rabin Won Black Reel Awards of 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won Best Screenplay Gregory Allen Howard Won Best Film Jerry Bruckheimer , Chad Oman Nominated 2001 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actor - Drama Denzel Washington Nominated Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama Wood Harris Nominated 2001 Casting Society of America Awards Best Casting for Feature Film - Drama Ronna Kress Nominated 2001 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Denzel Washington Won Outstanding Motion Picture -- -- -- -- Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Wood Harris Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Nicole Ari Parker Nominated Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Krysten Leigh Jones Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Male Newcomer Kip Pardue Nominated Youth in Film Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR Robert L. Sephton , Christopher T. Welch , Julie Feiner , Cindy Marty , Gaston Biraben , Suhail Kafity Nominated Best Sound Editing - Music Will Kaplan Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Political Film Society Awards Human Rights -- -- -- -- Won Exposé -- -- -- -- Nominated Golden Satellite Awards 2000 Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture Drama Denzel Washington Nominated 2001 Teen Choice Awards Film - Choice Drama / Action Adventure -- -- -- -- Nominated 22nd Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Hayden Panettiere Won Best Family Feature Film - Drama -- -- -- -- Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated See also ( edit ) American Football portal Virginia portal Film in the United States portal 1970s portal 2000s portal T.C. Williams High School References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the Titans '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Production Details '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Dave ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Remember The Titans Is A Lie , And This Man Still Wants You To Know It '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the Titans True Story - Real Gerry Bertier , Bill Yoast , Herman Boone '' . ChasingtheFrog.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Tom ( November 24 , 2002 ) . `` This legendary football coach wo n't forget the Titans '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , MA . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama Wins Big : ' Change Has Come to America ' '' . Time . November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) - DVD Widescreen '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans All Available Formats & Editions '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Blu - Ray '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Weekly '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Remember the Titans . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/19/ Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 29 September 2000 ) . How the Goal Line Came To Replace the Color Line . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . ReelViews . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wilonsky , Robert ( 28 September 2000 ) . Clash of the Titans . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 29 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 24 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( 29 September 2000 ) . Gaining Ground / Sport bridges racial divide with a minimum of cliches in Remember the Titans . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Bob ( 19 July 2001 ) . Remember the Titans . Sacramento News & Review . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 6 October 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jeff , Vice ( 27 June 2002 ) . Remember the Titans . Deseret News . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Remember the Titans Official website Remember the Titans on IMDb Remember the Titans at AllMovie Remember the Titans at Rotten Tomatoes Remember the Titans at Metacritic Remember the Titans at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Boaz Yakin <Td_colspan="2"> Fresh ( 1994 ) A Price Above Rubies ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) Death in Love ( 2008 ) Safe ( 2012 ) Max ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer <Td_colspan="2"> Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Girls Trip ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remember_the_Titans&oldid=831387251 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films American drama films American football films American films Films about racism Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1971 Films set in 1981 Films directed by Boaz Yakin Films set in Virginia Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films based on actual events Films scored by Trevor Rabin Films about race and ethnicity High school football films Sports drama films Sports films based on actual events Walt Disney Pictures films 2000s high school films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 09 : 40 . 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1. Remember the Titans 2. American sports film 3. Integration of T.C. Williams High School football team 4. Denzel Washington 5. Racial tensions and prejudice

where is the thorax located in the body

Thorax - wikipedia Thorax Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the anatomy concept . For other uses , see Thorax ( disambiguation ) . `` Chest '' redirects here . For the furniture used for storage , see Chest ( furniture ) . For other uses , see Chest ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Thorax Chest <Td_colspan="2"> X-ray image of the chest showing the internal anatomy of the rib cage , lungs and heart as well as the inferior thoracic border -- made up of the diaphragm . <Td_colspan="2"> Surface projections of the organs of the trunk , with the thorax or chest region seen stretching down to approximately the end of the oblique lung fissure anteriorly , but more deeply it its lower limit rather corresponds to the upper border of the liver . <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin thorax Greek θώραξ TA A01. 1.00. 014 FMA 9576 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The thorax or chest ( from the Greek θώραξ thorax `` breastplate , cuirass , corslet '' via Latin : thorax ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen . The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall . It contains organs including the heart , lungs , and thymus gland , as well as muscles and various other internal structures . Many diseases may affect the chest , and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Contents 1.2 The chest 1.3 Bones 1.4 Anatomical landmarks 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Injury 2.2 Pain 2.2. 1 Non-cardiac causes of chest pain 2.3 Atelectasis 2.4 Pneumothorax 3 Other animals 3.1 In tetrapods 3.2 In arthropods 4 Additional Images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) In humans and other hominids , the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen , along with its internal organs and other contents . It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage , spine , and shoulder girdle . Contents ( edit ) An X-ray of a human chest area , with some structures labeled The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland ) ; the ( major and minor pectoral muscles , trapezius muscles and neck muscle ) ; internal structures such as the diaphragm , esophagus , trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process ) . Arteries and veins are also contained -- ( aorta , superior vena cava , inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery ) ; bones ( the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus , the scapula , sternum , thoracic portion of the spine , collarbone , and the rib cage and floating ribs ) . External structures are the skin and nipples . The chest ( edit ) In the human body , the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest . The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest . The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs . All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle , and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri . In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above , while about three fingers ' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt , which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum . Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum , and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted . At the lower part of the sternum , where the seventh or last true ribs join it , the ensiform cartilage begins , and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach . Bones ( edit ) The bones of the thorax , called the `` thoracic skeleton '' is a component of the axial skeleton . It consists of the ribs and sternum. The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1 - 12 . 11 & 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum , as 1 - 7 are , and therefore are termed `` floating '' . Whereas ribs 8 - 10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above . Anatomical landmarks ( edit ) The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks . The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below ; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle ; in the female it is not so constant . A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla ; in the female this is obscured by the breast , which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally . The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc , the areola . The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space , three and a half inches from the mid-line . Clinical significance ( edit ) High - resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax , taken in the axial , coronal and sagittal planes , respectively . Click here to scroll through the image stacks . This type of investigation can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma . Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy , flail chest , atelectasis , and the most common condition , chest pain . These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma . Any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition . Injury ( edit ) Injury to the chest ( also referred to as chest trauma , thoracic injury , or thoracic trauma ) results in up to 1⁄4 of all deaths due to trauma in the United States . The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air , blood , or both in combination . Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents , as in esophageal perforations , also must be considered . Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries ( e.g. , rib fractures ) . The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult , and this may compromise ventilation . Direct lung injuries , such as pulmonary contusions ( see the image below ) , are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism . Pain ( edit ) Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems , digestive issues , musculoskeletal complications . The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well . Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart , but it should not be taken lightly either . Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain . While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back , neck and arms , pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted . Different people feel pains differently for the same condition . Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious . Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions . If this condition is present in the body , discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body . Sweating , shortness of breath , lightheadedness , and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced . If heart attack occurs , the bulk of damage is caused during the first six hours , so getting the proper treatment quickly as possible is important . Some people , especially those who are elderly or have diabetes , may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack . It is important that these patients and their care givers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms . Non-cardiac causes of chest pain ( edit ) Just like with a heart attack , not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart . Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity . Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning . It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious . Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection . This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough . Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops . Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain . It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough . Atelectasis ( edit ) Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis . It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless . When bronchial tubes are blocked , this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath . The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air . The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus , such as a plug of mucus , a tumour , or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin , piece of food , or a toy . It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage . Pneumothorax ( edit ) Pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space . It can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury . The size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up , so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle . If it is untreated , blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax . It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own . Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath . Other animals ( edit ) The trilobite body is divided into three major sections , a cephalon with eyes , mouthparts and sensory organs such as antennae , a thorax of multiple similar segments ( that in some species allowed them to roll up into a ball ) , and a pygidium , or tail section . In the worker ant , the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma , itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster . In tetrapods ( edit ) In mammals , the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum , the thoracic vertebrae , and the ribs . It extends from the neck to the diaphragm , and does not include the upper limbs . The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity , as well as many blood vessels . The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum . Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds , but not in reptiles . In arthropods ( edit ) Main article : Thorax ( insect anatomy ) In insects , crustaceans , and the extinct trilobites , the thorax is one of the three main divisions ( or tagmata ) of the creature 's body , each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments . It is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects , or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites . In most insects , the thorax itself is composed of three segments ; the prothorax , the mesothorax , and the metathorax . In extant insects , the prothorax never has wings , though legs are always present in adults ; wings ( when present ) are restricted to at least the mesothorax , and typically also the metathorax , though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments . In the Apocritan Hymenoptera , the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax , where it forms a structure known as the propodeum . Accordingly , in these insects , the functional thorax is composed of four segments , and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the `` thorax '' of other insects . Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts , the most significant of which are the dorsal portion ( the notum ) , the lateral portion ( the pleuron ; one on each side ) , and the ventral portion ( the sternum ) . In some insects , each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them ( called sclerites ) , though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees . Additional images ( edit ) Volume rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Thorax . Anterior view . Thorax . Anterior view . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Pectus carinatum Pectus excavatum Thoracic cavity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ θώραξ , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ `` thorax '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Thorax at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Shahani , Rohit , MD. ( 2005 ) . Penetrating Chest Trauma . eMedicine . Retrieved 2005 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chest Diseases Retrieved on 2010 - 1 - 26 Jump up ^ Atelectasis Lung and Airway Disorders . Retrieved on 2010 - 1 - 26 Jump up ^ Pleurisy Lung Diseases . Retrieved on 2010 - 1 - 26 External links ( edit ) Look up thorax in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chests ( human torso ) . Sam Gon III . `` A guide to the Orders of Trilobites '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2005 . <Th_colspan="2"> Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché <Td_colspan="2"> General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs <Th_colspan="2"> Muscles of the thorax and back Back splenius capitis cervicis erector spinae iliocostalis longissimus spinalis transversospinales semispinalis thoracis semispinalis cervicis semispinalis capitis multifidus rotatores interspinales intertransversarii Vertebral column trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major minor levator scapulae Fascia thoracolumbar fascia Thorax <Td_colspan="2"> Intercostal muscle external internal innermost subcostalis transversus thoracis levatores costarum serratus posterior inferior superior thoracic diaphragm Thoracic cavity pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior sternalis Fascia pectoral fascia clavipectoral fascia <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of the lymphatic system Head and neck Head Back Occipital Mastoid / retroauricular Parotid Superficial Deep preauricular infra - auricular intraglandular Front Facial buccinator nasolabial Mandibular Submandibular Submental Cervical Superficial anterior lateral Deep Deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid Deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo - omohyoid Other Anterior cervical Lateral cervical Supraclavicular Virchow 's Vessels Jugular trunk Arm and axilla Nodes Axillary Brachial Pectoral Subscapular Central Apical Arm Supratrochlear Deltopectoral Vessels Subclavian lymph trunk Chest Nodes Parasternal Intercostal Superior diaphragmatic Trachea and bronchi superior inferior bronchopulmonary paratracheal intrapulmonary Vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Abdomen Nodes Paraaortic Retroaortic Lateral aortic Preaortic ( Celiac gastric hepatic splenic Superior mesenteric mesenteric ileocolic mesocolic Inferior mesenteric pararectal ) Other Iliac Common external internal Sacral Retroperitoneal lymph nodes Vessels Lumbar lymph trunk Intestinal trunk Cisterna chyli Leg Inguinal deep Cloquet 's node superficial Popliteal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorax&oldid=805307416 '' Categories : Thorax ( human anatomy ) Animal anatomy Trilobite anatomy Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ नेपाली Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 14 : 05 . 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1. Anatomy of the thorax 2. Organs in the thorax 3. Chest pain and its causes 4. Injuries and conditions affecting the thorax 5. Other animals with a thorax

song at the end of bill and ted's excellent adventure

Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : music from the Motion Picture - wikipedia Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : music from the Motion Picture Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released July 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 09 ) Genre Rock Length 52 : 04 Label Interscope Producer Tom Whalley <Th_colspan="2"> Bill & Ted Soundtrack chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1991 ) Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2007 ) Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2007 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture <Td_colspan="2"> `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' Released : 1991 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture is the licensed soundtrack to the 1991 Orion Pictures film ' ' Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey ' ' . It was released by Interscope Records on July 9 , 1991 on CD and cassette formats . In Japan it was released on August 25 , 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Soundtrack information 2 Track listing 2.1 Not included in the soundtrack 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Soundtrack information ( edit ) Unlike the soundtrack to the film 's predecessor , Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure , this soundtrack features music from artists well - known at the time of the film 's release . Many of these songs , such as Faith No More 's `` The Perfect Crime '' and Megadeth 's `` Go To Hell '' , help paint the darker tone of the film . Many of the contributing artists have a cameo of some form in the film . `` Shout it Out '' was recorded while Slaughter was on the road during their Stick It Live tour . The Winger track `` Battle Stations '' was written by front man Kip Winger after reading the script for the film and recorded shortly after the band returned from their first European tour . Neverland 's song `` Drinking Again '' was not used in the film , but was a substitute for another Neverland song `` For the Love ( of Music ) '' . However the intro from `` Drinking Again '' was used for a television promo for the film . Both songs were released one month prior on Neverland 's self - titled debut album . The version of `` God Gave Rock ' n Roll to You II '' is not that which plays at the film 's end as it lacks the intro by Steve Vai and the sound of girls chanting the chorus as the song fades to end . The intro solo was released by Steve Vai in his compilation album The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 , along with all of the other small pieces performed by him during the movie . Pieced together versions featuring Steve Vai 's intro have been made by fans . `` Dream of a New Day '' was previously released on Richie Kotzen 's 1990 album Fever Dream . `` Tommy the Cat '' was previously released on Primus ' album Sailing the Seas of Cheese . In this version , the title character Tommy was voiced by singer songwriter Tom Waits . Notably , the track `` The Reaper Rap '' , a reprise of Steve Vai 's `` The Reaper '' , features not only sound bytes of dialog heard in the film , but also dialog from the film 's deleted scenes now believed to be lost . Portions of `` The Reaper Rap '' are absent in the film during its play and feature sounds that not included in the version that appear with this release . Track listing ( edit ) # Title Performer ( s ) Notes `` Shout it Out '' Slaughter Plays while the Evil Bill and Ted continue to wreck their human counterparts ' apartment . Right before getting another message from DeNomolos . `` Battle Stations '' Winger Plays as Bill and Ted head for the Battle of the Bands competition , and Station constructs the good robot version of Bill and Ted . Also in the extended version seen exclusively on TBS where Bill gives Death a pep talk . Unreleased . `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' Kiss First closing theme . `` Drinking Again '' Neverland Not used in the film . Was instead used in a few trailers for the film . 5 `` Dream of a New Day '' Richie Kotzen Plays as Bill and Ted pull into the `` Builders Emporium '' parking lot . 6 `` The Reaper '' Steve Vai Plays as Bill and Ted leave the coliseum where the Battle of the Bands will take place , and at Joanna and Elizabeth 's birthday party . 7 `` The Perfect Crime '' Faith No More Plays while the two Bill and Teds head to Vasquez Rocks park in the van . 8 `` Go to Hell '' Megadeth Plays as Evil Bill and Ted carry their human counterparts up Vasquez Rocks and kill them . 9 `` Tommy the Cat '' Primus Played by the actual band who are contestants for the Battle of the Bands in the film . 10 `` Junior 's Gone Wild '' King 's X Plays on the stereo of the red Porsche 911 that Evil Bill and Ted steal , at the moment Evil Ted identifies it on top of Vasquez Rocks . 11 `` Showdown '' Love on Ice Plays when the recently revived Bill and Ted leave Vasquez Rocks park for the `` Builders Emporium '' . Followed by Evil Bill and Ted drive to Missy Mom 's house . 12 `` The Reaper Rap '' Steve Vai Second closing theme . Not included in the soundtrack ( edit ) # Title Performer ( s ) Notes `` Air Guitar Hell '' Steve Vai A montage of guitar riffs used as the air guitar sounds throughout the film . `` Introducing the Wyld Stallyns '' Steve Vai Acts as Wyld Stallyns ' crude audition for the Battle of the Bands . `` Girls Mature Faster Than Guys '' Steve Vai Plays briefly after Bill and Ted 's meeting with Ms. Wardrobe . `` For the Love ( of Music ) '' Neverland Played when ghost Bill and Ted return to their apartment to find it in disarray , and as their robotic duplicates attempting to rape their fiancés . 5 `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' Poison Bill , Ted , and Death recite the chorus for their answer to the question `` What is the meaning of life '' . 6 `` The Battle '' Steve Vai Plays during the climatic showdown between the two Bill and Teds at the Battle of the Bands . 7 `` Meet the Reaper '' Steve Vai Plays with Death 's short intro rap at the Battle of the Bands . Features William Sadler vocals . 8 `` Final Guitar Solo '' Steve Vai Acts as the now experienced Bill and Ted 's performance at the Battle of the Bands , and the lead in to Kiss ' `` God Gave Rock N ' Roll to You II '' . Reception ( edit ) Janiss Garza of Entertainment Weekly gave the music a B+ , citing that the music comes pretty close to being totally excellent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r84196 Jump up ^ `` Original Soundtrack '' ( in Japanese ) . Plala . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey CD and cassette booklet September 21 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Metal Sludge Rewind with Kip Winger '' . Metal Sludge . December 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neverland '' . MusicBrainz . Retrieved November 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dream of a New Day ( CD Liner ) . Richie Kotzen . Shrapnel Records . October 26 , 1990 . SH - 1046 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Garza , Janiss ( September 13 , 1991 ) . `` Music Capsule Review : Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey ( 1991 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Information at billandted.org Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture at MusicBrainz ( list of releases ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Bill & Ted Films Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey Television Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( animated series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( live action series ) Music Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Go to Hell '' `` Tommy the Cat '' The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 Computer games Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Game Boy Adventure : A Bogus Journey ! Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Atari Lynx ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure Related topics Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Bogus_Journey:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture&oldid=821316023 '' Categories : Film soundtracks Bill & Ted ( franchise ) 1991 soundtracks Rock soundtracks Interscope Records soundtracks Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters MusicBrainz release group same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz release group links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 18 : 25 . About Wikipedia

1. Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey: Music from the Motion Picture 2. Soundtrack album by Various Artists 3. Released July 9, 1991 4. Genre: Rock 5. Label: Interscope

when is a court bound by an earlier decision

Precedent - wikipedia Precedent Not to be confused with Precedence . In common law legal systems , a precedent , or authority , is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common - law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules , so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes , and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained . The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis . Black 's Law Dictionary defines `` precedent '' as a `` rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases '' . Common - law precedent is a third kind of law , on equal footing with statutory law ( statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies ) , and delegated legislation , in U.K. parlance , or regulatory law , in U.S. parlance ( regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies ) . Case law , in common - law jurisdictions , is the set of decisions of adjudicatory tribunals or other rulings that can be cited as precedent . In most countries , including most European countries , the term is applied to any set of rulings on law , which is guided by previous rulings , for example , previous decisions of a government agency . Essential to the development of case law is the publication and indexing of decisions for use by lawyers , courts , and the general public , in the form of law reports . While all decisions are precedent ( though at varying levels of authority as discussed throughout this article ) , some become `` leading cases '' or `` landmark decisions '' that are cited especially often . Contents 1 Principle 1.1 Case law in common - law systems 2 Categories and classifications of precedent , and effect of classification 2.1 Verticality 2.2 Horizontality 2.3 Federalism and parallel state and federal courts 2.4 Binding precedent 2.4. 1 Binding precedent in English law 2.4. 2 `` Super stare decisis '' 2.5 Persuasive precedent 2.5. 1 Lower courts 2.5. 2 Higher courts in other circuits 2.5. 3 Horizontal courts 2.5. 4 Statements made in obiter dicta 2.5. 5 Dissenting opinions 2.5. 6 Treatises , restatements , law review articles 2.5. 7 Persuasive effect of decisions from other jurisdictions 2.6 Nonprecedential decisions : unpublished decisions , non-publication and depublication , noncitation rules 2.7 Res judicata , claim preclusion , collateral estoppel , issue preclusion , law of the case 2.7. 1 Res judicata , claim preclusion 2.7. 2 Collateral estoppel , issue preclusion 2.7. 3 law of the case 2.8 Splits , tensions 2.8. 1 Jurisdictional splits : disagreements among different geographical regions or levels of federalism 2.8. 2 Splits among different areas of law 2.8. 3 Conflicts 2.9 Case of first impression 3 Contrasting role of case law in common law , civil law , and mixed systems 3.1 Civil law systems 3.2 Mixed or bijuridical systems 3.3 Role of academics in civil law jurisdictions 4 Critical analysis 4.1 Court formulations 4.2 Academic study 5 Application 5.1 Development 5.2 United States legal system 5.3 English legal system 5.3. 1 The Supreme Court 's ability to override its own precedent 5.3. 2 Distinguishing precedent on legal ( rather than fact ) grounds 6 Rules of statutory interpretation 6.1 Statutory interpretation in the U.K. 6.2 Statutory Interpretation in the United States 7 Practical application 7.1 Judicial resistance 7.2 Structural considerations 7.3 Originalism 7.4 Advantages and disadvantages 7.5 Criticism of precedent 7.6 Agreement with precedent 8 See also 9 Notes Principle ( edit ) Stare decisis ( / ˈsteɪri dɪˈsaɪsɪs , ˈstɑːreɪ / ) is a legal principle by which judges are obligated to respect the precedent established by prior decisions . The words originate from the phrasing of the principle in the Latin maxim Stare decisis et non quieta movere : `` to stand by decisions and not disturb the undisturbed '' . In a legal context , this means that courts should abide by precedent and not disturb settled matters . The principle can be divided into two components : A decision made by a superior court , or by the same court in an earlier decision , is binding precedent that the court itself and all its inferior courts must follow . A court may overturn its own precedent , but should do so only if a strong reason exists to do so , and even in that case , should be guided by principles from superior , lateral , and inferior courts . The second principle , regarding persuasive precedent , reflects the broad precedent guidance a court may draw upon in reaching all of its decisions . Case law in common - law systems ( edit ) In the common - law tradition , courts decide the law applicable to a case by interpreting statutes and applying precedent , which record how and why prior cases have been decided . Unlike most civil - law systems , common - law systems follow the doctrine of stare decisis , by which most courts are bound by their own previous decisions in similar cases , and all lower courts should make decisions consistent with previous decisions of higher courts . For example in England , the High Court and the Court of Appeal are each bound by their own previous decisions , but the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is able to deviate from its earlier decisions , although in practice it rarely does so . Generally speaking , higher courts do not have direct oversight over day - to - day proceedings in lower courts , in that they can not reach out on their own initiative ( sua sponte ) at any time to reverse or overrule judgments of the lower courts . Normally , the burden rests with litigants to appeal rulings ( including those in clear violation of established case law ) to the higher courts . If a judge acts against precedent and the case is not appealed , the decision will stand . A lower court may not rule against a binding precedent , even if the lower court feels that the precedent is unjust ; the lower court may only express the hope that a higher court or the legislature will reform the rule in question . If the court believes that developments or trends in legal reasoning render the precedent unhelpful , and wishes to evade it and help the law evolve , the court may either hold that the precedent is inconsistent with subsequent authority , or that the precedent should be `` distinguished : by some material difference between the facts of the cases . If that judgment goes to appeal , the appellate court will have the opportunity to review both the precedent and the case under appeal , perhaps overruling the previous case law by setting a new precedent of higher authority . This may happen several times as the case works its way through successive appeals . Lord Denning , first of the High Court of Justice , later of the Court of Appeal , provided a famous example of this evolutionary process in his development of the concept of estoppel starting in the High Trees case : Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd ( 1947 ) K.B. 130 . Judges may refer to various types of persuasive authority to reach a decision in a case . Widely cited nonbinding sources include legal encyclopedias such as Corpus Juris Secundum and Halsbury 's Laws of England , or the published work of the Law Commission or the American Law Institute . Some bodies are given statutory powers to issue guidance with persuasive authority or similar statutory effect , such as the Highway Code . In federal or multijurisdictional law systems , conflicts may exist between the various lower appellate courts . Sometimes these differences may not be resolved and distinguishing how the law is applied in one district , province , division or appellate department may be necessary . Usually , only an appeal accepted by the court of last resort will resolve such differences , and for many reasons , such appeals are often not granted . Any court may seek to distinguish its present case from that of a binding precedent , to reach a different conclusion . The validity of such a distinction may or may not be accepted on appeal . An appellate court may also propound an entirely new and different analysis from that of junior courts , and may or may not be bound by its own previous decisions , or in any case may distinguish the decisions based on significant differences in the facts applicable to each case . Or , a court may view the matter before it as one of `` first impression '' , not governed by any controlling precedent . Where several members of a court are present , one or more judgments may be given ; only the ratio decidendi of the majority can constitute a binding precedent , but all may be cited as persuasive , or their reasoning may be adopted in argument . Quite apart from the rules of precedent , the weight actually given to any reported judgment may depend on the reputation of both the court and the judges . Categories and classifications of precedent , and effect of classification ( edit ) Verticality ( edit ) Generally , a common law court system has trial courts , intermediate appellate courts and a supreme court . The inferior courts conduct almost all trial proceedings . The inferior courts are bound to obey precedent established by the appellate court for their jurisdiction , and all supreme court precedent . The Supreme Court of California 's explanation of this principle is that ( u ) nder the doctrine of stare decisis , all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction . Otherwise , the doctrine of stare decisis makes no sense . The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California . Decisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state , and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a trial or appellate court . Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction . It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court . An Intermediate state appellate court is generally bound to follow the decisions of the highest court of that state . The application of the doctrine of stare decisis from a superior court to an inferior court is sometimes called vertical stare decisis . Horizontality ( edit ) The idea that a judge is bound by ( or at least should respect ) decisions of earlier judges of similar or coordinate level is called horizontal stare decisis . In the United States federal court system , the intermediate appellate courts are divided into thirteen `` circuits , '' each covering some range of territory ranging in size from the District of Columbia alone up to seven states . Each panel of judges on the court of appeals for a circuit is bound to obey the prior appellate decisions of the same circuit . Precedent of a United States court of appeals may be overruled only by the court en banc , that is , a session of all the active appellate judges of the circuit , or by the United States Supreme Court , not simply by a different three - judge panel . When a court binds itself , this application of the doctrine of precedent is sometimes called horizontal stare decisis . The state of New York has a similar appellate structure as it is divided into four appellate departments supervised by the final New York Court of Appeals . Decisions of one appellate department are not binding upon another , and in some cases the departments differ considerably on interpretations of law . Federalism and parallel state and federal courts ( edit ) In federal systems the division between federal and state law may result in complex interactions . In the United States , state courts are not considered inferior to federal courts but rather constitute a parallel court system . When a federal court rules on an issue of state law , the federal court must follow the precedent of the state courts , under the Erie doctrine . If an issue of state law arises during a case in federal court , and there is no decision on point from the highest court of the state , the federal court must either attempt to predict how the state courts would resolve the issue by looking at decisions from state appellate courts , or , if allowed by the constitution of the relevant state , submit the question to the state 's courts . On the other hand , when a state court rules on an issue of federal law , the state court is bound only by rulings of the Supreme Court , but not by decisions of federal district or circuit courts of appeals However some states have adopted a practice of considering themselves bound by rulings of the court of appeals embracing their states , as a matter of comity rather than constitutional obligation . In practice , however , judges in one system will almost always choose to follow relevant case law in the other system to prevent divergent results and to minimize forum shopping . Binding precedent ( edit ) Precedent that must be applied or followed is known as binding precedent ( alternately metaphorically precedent , mandatory or binding authority , etc . ) . Under the doctrine of stare decisis , a lower court must honor findings of law made by a higher court that is within the appeals path of cases the court hears . In state and federal courts in the United States of America , jurisdiction is often divided geographically among local trial courts , several of which fall under the territory of a regional appeals court . All appellate courts fall under a highest court ( sometimes but not always called a `` supreme court '' ) . By definition , decisions of lower courts are not binding on courts higher in the system , nor are appeals court decisions binding on local courts that fall under a different appeals court . Further , courts must follow their own proclamations of law made earlier on other cases , and honor rulings made by other courts in disputes among the parties before them pertaining to the same pattern of facts or events , unless they have a strong reason to change these rulings ( see Law of the case re : a court 's previous holding being binding precedent for that court ) . In law , a binding precedent ( also known as a mandatory precedent or binding authority ) is a precedent which must be followed by all lower courts under common law legal systems . In English law it is usually created by the decision of a higher court , such as the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , which took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords in 2009 . In Civil law and pluralist systems precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts . Binding precedent relies on the legal principle of stare decisis . Stare decisis means to stand by things decided . It ensures certainty and consistency in the application of law . Existing binding precedent from past cases are applied in principle to new situations by analogy . One law professor has described mandatory precedent as follows : Given a determination as to the governing jurisdiction , a court is `` bound '' to follow a precedent of that jurisdiction only if it is directly in point . In the strongest sense , `` directly in point '' means that : ( 1 ) the question resolved in the precedent case is the same as the question to be resolved in the pending case , ( 2 ) resolution of that question was necessary to the disposition of the precedent case ; ( 3 ) the significant facts of the precedent case are also presented in the pending case , and ( 4 ) no additional facts appear in the pending case that might be treated as significant . In extraordinary circumstances a higher court may overturn or overrule mandatory precedent , but will often attempt to distinguish the precedent before overturning it , thereby limiting the scope of the precedent . Under the U.S. legal system , courts are set up in a hierarchy . At the top of the federal or national system is the Supreme Court , and underneath are lower federal courts . The state court systems have hierarchy structures similar to that of the federal system . The U.S. Supreme Court has final authority on questions about the meaning of federal law , including the U.S. Constitution . For example , when the Supreme Court says that the First Amendment applies in a specific way to suits for slander , then every court is bound by that precedent in its interpretation of the First Amendment as it applies to suits for slander . If a lower court judge disagrees with a higher court precedent on what the First Amendment should mean , the lower court judge must rule according to the binding precedent . Until the higher court changes the ruling ( or the law itself is changed ) , the binding precedent is authoritative on the meaning of the law . Lower courts are bound by the precedent set by higher courts within their region . Thus , a federal district court that falls within the geographic boundaries of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ( the mid-level appeals court that hears appeals from district court decisions from Delaware , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and the Virgin Islands ) is bound by rulings of the Third Circuit Court , but not by rulings in the Ninth Circuit ( Alaska , Arizona , California , Guam , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Northern Mariana Islands , Oregon , and Washington ) , since the Circuit Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction defined by geography . The Circuit Courts of Appeals can interpret the law how they want , so long as there is no binding Supreme Court precedent . One of the common reasons the Supreme Court grants certiorari ( that is , they agree to hear a case ) is if there is a conflict among the circuit courts as to the meaning of a federal law . There are three elements needed for a precedent to work . Firstly , the hierarchy of the courts needs to be accepted , and an efficient system of law reporting . ' A balance must be struck between the need on one side for the legal certainty resulting from the binding effect of previous decisions , and on the other side the avoidance of undue restriction on the proper development of the law ( 1966 Practice Statement ( Judicial Precedent ) by Lord Gardiner L.C. ) ' . Binding precedent in English law ( edit ) Judges are bound by the law of binding precedent in England and Wales and other common law jurisdictions . This is a distinctive feature of the English legal system . In Scotland and many countries throughout the world , particularly in mainland Europe , civil law means that judges take case law into account in a similar way , but are not obliged to do so and are required to consider the precedent in terms of principle . Their fellow judges ' decisions may be persuasive but are not binding . Under the English legal system , judges are not necessarily entitled to make their own decisions about the development or interpretations of the law . They may be bound by a decision reached in a previous case . Two facts are crucial to determining whether a precedent is binding : The position in the court hierarchy of the court which decided the precedent , relative to the position in the court trying the current case . Whether the facts of the current case come within the scope of the principle of law in previous decisions . In a conflict of laws situation , jus cogens erga omnes norms and principles of the common law such as in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , to a varying degree in different jurisdictions , are deemed overriding which means they are used to `` read down '' legislation , that is giving them a particular purposive interpretation , for example applying European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence of courts ( case law ) . `` Super stare decisis '' ( edit ) `` Super stare decisis '' is a term used for important precedent that is resistant or immune from being overturned , without regard to whether correctly decided in the first place . It may be viewed as one extreme in a range of precedential power , or alternatively , to express a belief , or a critique of that belief , that some decisions should not be overturned . In 1976 , Richard Posner and William Landes coined the term `` super-precedent '' in an article they wrote about testing theories of precedent by counting citations . Posner and Landes used this term to describe the influential effect of a cited decision . The term `` super-precedent '' later became associated with different issue : the difficulty of overturning a decision . In 1992 , Rutgers professor Earl Maltz criticized the Supreme Court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey for endorsing the idea that if one side can take control of the Court on an issue of major national importance ( as in Roe v. Wade ) , that side can protect its position from being reversed `` by a kind of super-stare decisis '' . The controversial idea that some decisions are virtually immune from being overturned , regardless of whether they were decided correctly in the first place , is the idea to which the term `` super-stare decisis '' now usually refers . The concept of super-stare decisis ( or `` super-precedent '' ) was mentioned during the interrogations of Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito before the Senate Judiciary Committee . Prior to the commencement of the Roberts hearings , the chair of that committee , Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania , wrote an op / ed in The New York Times referring to Roe as a `` super-precedent '' . He revisited this concept during the hearings , but neither Roberts nor Alito endorsed the term or the concept . Persuasive precedent ( edit ) Persuasive precedent ( also persuasive authority ) is precedent or other legal writing that is not binding precedent but that is useful or relevant and that may guide the judge in making the decision in a current case . Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts , by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions , cases made in other parallel systems ( for example , military courts , administrative courts , indigenous / tribal courts , state courts versus federal courts in the United States ) , statements made in dicta , treatises or academic law reviews , and in some exceptional circumstances , cases of other nations , treaties , world judicial bodies , etc . In a `` case of first impression '' , courts often rely on persuasive precedent from courts in other jurisdictions that have previously dealt with similar issues . Persuasive precedent may become binding through its adoption by a higher court . In civil law and pluralist systems , as under Scots law , precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts . Lower courts ( edit ) A lower court 's opinion may be considered as persuasive authority if the judge believes they have applied the correct legal principle and reasoning . Higher courts in other circuits ( edit ) A court may consider the ruling of a higher court that is not binding . For example , a district court in the United States First Circuit could consider a ruling made by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit as persuasive authority . Horizontal courts ( edit ) Courts may consider rulings made in other courts that are of equivalent authority in the legal system . For example , an appellate court for one district could consider a ruling issued by an appeals court in another district . Statements made in obiter dicta ( edit ) Courts may consider obiter dicta in opinions of higher courts . Dicta of a higher court , though not binding , will often be persuasive to lower courts . The phrase obiter dicta is usually translated as `` other things said '' , but due to the high number of judges and individual concurring opinions , it is often hard to distinguish from the ratio decidendi ( reason for the decision ) . For these reasons , the obiter dicta may often be taken into consideration by a court . A litigant may also consider obiter dicta if a court has previously signaled that a particular legal argument is weak and may even warrant sanctions if repeated . Dissenting opinions ( edit ) A case decided by a multijudge panel could result in a split decision . While only the majority opinion is considered precedential , an outvoted judge can still publish a dissenting opinion . Common patterns for dissenting opinions include : an explanation of how the outcome of the case might be different on slightly different facts , in an attempt to limit the holding of the majority planting seeds for a future overruling of the majority opinion A judge in a subsequent case , particularly in a different jurisdiction , could find the dissenting judge 's reasoning persuasive . In the jurisdiction of the original decision , however , a judge should only overturn the holding of a court lower or equivalent in the hierarchy . A district court , for example , could not rely on a Supreme Court dissent as a basis to depart from the reasoning of the majority opinion . However , lower courts occasionally cite dissents , either for a limiting principle on the majority , or for propositions that are not stated in the majority opinion and not inconsistent with that majority , or to explain a disagreement with the majority and to urge reform ( while following the majority in the outcome ) . Treatises , restatements , law Review articles ( edit ) Courts may consider the writings of eminent legal scholars in treatises , restatements of the law , and law reviews . The extent to which judges find these types of writings persuasive will vary widely with elements such as the reputation of the author and the relevance of the argument . Persuasive effect of decisions from other jurisdictions ( edit ) The courts of England and Wales are free to consider decisions of other jurisdictions , and give them whatever persuasive weight the English court sees fit , even though these other decisions are not binding precedent . Jurisdictions that are closer to modern English common law are more likely to be given persuasive weight ( for example Commonwealth states such as Canada , Australia , or New Zealand ) . Persuasive weight might be given to other common law courts , such as from the United States , most often where the American courts have been particularly innovative , e.g. in product liability and certain areas of contract law . In the United States , in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , the concept of a U.S. court considering foreign law or precedent has been considered controversial by some parties . The Supreme Court splits on this issue . This critique is recent , as in the early history of the United States , citation of English authority was ubiquitous . One of the first acts of many of the new state legislatures was to adopt the body of English common law into the law of the state . See here . Citation to English cases was common through the 19th and well into the 20th centuries . Even in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , it is relatively uncontroversial for American state courts to rely on English decisions for matters of pure common ( i.e. judge - made ) law . Within the federal legal systems of several common - law countries , and most especially the United States , it is relatively common for the distinct lower - level judicial systems ( e.g. state courts in the United States and Australia , provincial courts in Canada ) to regard the decisions of other jurisdictions within the same country as persuasive precedent . Particularly in the United States , the adoption of a legal doctrine by a large number of other state judiciaries is regarded as highly persuasive evidence that such doctrine is preferred . A good example is the adoption in Tennessee of comparative negligence ( replacing contributory negligence as a complete bar to recovery ) by the 1992 Tennessee Supreme Court decision McIntyre v. Balentine ( by this point all US jurisdictions save Tennessee , five other states , and the District of Columbia had adopted comparative negligence schemes ) . Moreover , in American law , the Erie doctrine requires federal courts sitting in diversity actions to apply state substantive law , but in a manner consistent with how the court believes the state 's highest court would rule in that case . Since such decisions are not binding on state courts , but are often very well - reasoned and useful , state courts cite federal interpretations of state law fairly often as persuasive precedent , although it is also fairly common for a state high court to reject a federal court 's interpretation of its jurisprudence . Non-precedential decisions : unpublished decisions , non-publication and depublication , noncitation rules ( edit ) Main article : Non-publication of legal opinions in the United States Nonpublication of opinions , or unpublished opinions , are those decisions of courts that are not available for citation as precedent because the judges making the opinion deem the cases as having less precedential value . Selective publication is the legal process which a judge or justices of a court decide whether a decision is to be or not published in a reporter . `` Unpublished '' federal appellate decisions are published in the Federal Appendix . Depublication is the power of a court to make a previously published order or opinion unpublished . Litigation that is settled out of court generates no written decision , thus has no precedential effect . As one practical effect , the U.S. Department of Justice settles many cases against the federal government simply to avoid creating adverse precedent . Res judicata , claim preclusion , collateral estoppel , issue preclusion , law of the case ( edit ) Several rules may cause a decision to apply as narrow `` precedent '' to preclude future legal positions of the specific parties to a case , even if a decision is non-precedential with respect to all other parties . Res judicata , claim preclusion ( edit ) Main article : res judicata Once a case is decided , the same plaintiff can not sue the same defendant again on any claim arising out of the same facts . The law requires plaintiffs to put all issues on the table in a single case , not split the case . For example , in a case of an auto accident , the plaintiff can not sue first for property damage , and then personal injury in a separate case . This is called res judicata or claim preclusion ( `` ' Res judicata ' '' is the traditional name going back centuries ; the name shifted to `` claim preclusion '' in the United States over the late 20th century ) . Claim preclusion applies regardless of the plaintiff wins or loses the earlier case , even if the later case raises a different legal theory , even the second claim is unknown at the time of the first case . Exceptions are extremely limited , for example if the two claims for relief must necessarily be brought in different courts ( for example , one claim might be exclusively federal , and the other exclusively state ) . Collateral estoppel , issue preclusion ( edit ) Main article : Collateral estoppel Once a case is finally decided , any issues decided in the previous case may be binding against the party who lost the issue in later cases , even in cases involving other parties . For example , if a first case decides that a party was negligent , then other plaintiffs may rely on that earlier determination in later cases , and need not reprove the issue of negligence . For another example , if a patent is shown to be invalid in a case against one accused infringer , that same patent is invalid against all other accused infringers -- invalidity need not be reproven . Again , limits and exceptions on this principle exist . The principle is called collateral estoppel or issue preclusion . Law of the case ( edit ) Main article : law of the case Within a single case , once there 's been a first appeal , both the lower court and the appellate court itself will not further review the same issue , and will not re-review an issue that could have been appealed in the first appeal . Exceptions are limited to three `` exceptional circumstances : '' ( 1 ) when substantially different evidence is raised at a subsequent trial , ( 2 ) when the law changes after the first appeal , for example by a decision of a higher court , or ( 3 ) when a decision is clearly erroneous and would result in a manifest injustice . This principle is called `` law of the case '' . Splits , tensions ( edit ) On many questions , reasonable people may differ . When two of those people are judges , the tension among two lines of precedent may be resolved as follows . Jurisdictional splits : disagreements among different geographical regions or levels of federalism ( edit ) If the two courts are in separate , parallel jurisdictions , there is no conflict , and two lines of precedent may persist . Courts in one jurisdiction are influenced by decisions in others , and notably better rules may be adopted over time . Splits among different areas of law ( edit ) Courts try to formulate the common law as a `` seamless web '' so that principles in one area of the law apply to other areas . However , this principle does not apply uniformly . Thus , a word may have different definitions in different areas of the law , or different rules may apply so that a question has different answers in different legal contexts . Judges try to minimize these conflicts , but they arise from time to time , and under principles of ' stare decisis ' , may persist for some time . Conflicts ( edit ) Case of first impression ( edit ) A case of first impression ( known as primae impressionis in Latin ) is a legal case in which there is no binding authority on the matter presented . This case is also not regulated by statutory law . Such a case can set forth a completely original issue of law for decision by the courts . A first impression case may be a first impression in only a particular jurisdiction . In that situation , courts will look to holdings of other jurisdictions for persuasive authority . In the latter meaning , the case in question can not be decided through referring to and / or relying on precedent . Since the legal issue under consideration has never been decided by an appeals court and , therefore , there is no precedent for the court to follow , the court uses analogies from prior rulings by appeals courts , refers to commentaries and articles by legal scholars , and applies its own logic . In cases of first impression , the trial judge will often ask both sides ' attorneys for legal briefs . In some situations , a case of first impression may exist in a jurisdiction until a reported appellate court decision is rendered . Contrasting role of case law in common law , civil law , and mixed systems ( edit ) The different roles of case law in civil law and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions . Common law courts generally explain in detail the legal rationale behind their decisions , with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments , and often an exegesis of the wider legal principles . These are called ratio decidendi and constitute a precedent binding on other courts ; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called obiter dicta , which have persuasive authority but are not technically binding . By contrast , decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short , referring only to statutes . The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions apply legislative positivism -- a form of extreme legal positivism -- which holds that legislation is the only valid source of law because it has been voted on democratically ; thus , it is not the judiciary 's role to create law , but rather to interpret and apply statute , and therefore their decisions must reflect that . Civil law systems ( edit ) Stare decisis is not usually a doctrine used in civil law systems , because it violates the legislative positivist principle that only the legislature may make law . Instead , the civil law system relies on the doctrine of jurisprudence constante , according to which if a court has adjudicated a consistent line of cases that arrive at the same holdings using sound reasoning , then the previous decisions are highly persuasive but not controlling on issues of law . This doctrine is similar to stare decisis insofar as it dictates that a court 's decision must condone a cohesive and predictable result . In theory , lower courts are generally not bound by the precedents of higher courts . In practice , the need for predictability means that lower courts generally defer to the precedent of higher courts . As a result , the precedent of courts of last resort , such as the French Cassation Court and the Council of State , is recognized as being de facto binding on lower courts . The doctrine of jurisprudence constante also influences how court decisions are structured . In general , court decisions of common law jurisdictions give a sufficient ratio decidendi as to guide future courts . The ratio is used to justify a court decision on the basis of previous case law as well as to make it easier to use the decision as a precedent for future cases . By contrast , court decisions in some civil law jurisdictions ( most prominently France ) tend to be extremely brief , mentioning only the relevant legislation and codal provisions and not going into the ratio decidendi in any great detail . This is the result of the legislative positivist view that the court is only interpreting the legislature 's intent and therefore detailed exposition is unnecessary . Because of this , ratio decidendi is carried out by legal academics ( doctrinal writers ) who provide the explanations that in common law jurisdictions would be provided by the judges themselves . In other civil law jurisdictions , such as the German - speaking countries , ratio decidendi tend to be much more developed than in France , and courts will frequently cite previous cases and doctrinal writers . However , some courts ( such as German courts ) have less emphasis on the particular facts of the case than common law courts , but have more emphasis on the discussion of various doctrinal arguments and on finding what the correct interpretation of the law is . The mixed systems of the Nordic countries are sometimes considered a branch of the civil law , but they are sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition . In Sweden , for instance , case law arguably plays a more important role than in some of the continental civil law systems . The two highest courts , the Supreme Court ( Högsta domstolen ) and the Supreme Administrative Court ( Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ) , have the right to set precedent which has persuasive authority on all future application of the law . Appellate courts , be they judicial ( hovrätter ) or administrative ( kammarrätter ) , may also issue decisions that act as guides for the application of the law , but these decisions are persuasive , not controlling , and may therefore be overturned by higher courts . Mixed or bijuridical systems ( edit ) Some mixed systems , such as Scots law in Scotland , South - African law , and the law of Quebec and Louisiana , do not fit into the civil vs. common law dichotomy because they mix portions of both . Such systems may have been heavily influenced by the common law tradition ; however , their private law is firmly rooted in the civil law tradition . Because of their position between the two main systems of law , these types of legal systems are sometimes referred to as `` mixed '' systems of law . Louisiana courts , for instance , operate under both stare decisis and jurisprudence constante . In South Africa , the precedent of higher courts is absolutely or fully binding on lower courts , whereas the precedent of lower courts only has persuasive authority on higher courts ; horizontally , precedent is prima facie or presumptively binding between courts . Role of academics in civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) Law professors in common law traditions play a much smaller role in developing case law than professors in civil law traditions . Because court decisions in civil law traditions are brief and not amenable to establishing precedent , much of the exposition of the law in civil law traditions is done by academics rather than by judges ; this is called doctrine and may be published in treatises or in journals such as Recueil Dalloz in France . Historically , common law courts relied little on legal scholarship ; thus , at the turn of the twentieth century , it was very rare to see an academic writer quoted in a legal decision ( except perhaps for the academic writings of prominent judges such as Coke and Blackstone ) . Today academic writers are often cited in legal argument and decisions as persuasive authority ; often , they are cited when judges are attempting to implement reasoning that other courts have not yet adopted , or when the judge believes the academic 's restatement of the law is more compelling than can be found in precedent . Thus common law systems are adopting one of the approaches long common in civil law jurisdictions . Critical Analysis ( edit ) Court formulations ( edit ) Justice Louis Brandeis , in a heavily footnoted dissent to Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. , 285 U.S. 393 , 405 -- 411 ( 1932 ) , explained ( citations and quotations omitted ) : Stare decisis is not ... a universal , inexorable command . `` The rule of stare decisis , though one tending to consistency and uniformity of decision , is not inflexible . Whether it shall be followed or departed from is a question entirely within the discretion of the court , which is again called upon to consider a question once decided . '' Stare decisis is usually the wise policy , because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern , provided correction can be had by legislation . But in cases involving the Federal Constitution , where correction through legislative action is practically impossible , this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions . The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning , recognizing that the process of trial and error , so fruitful in the physical sciences , is appropriate also in the judicial function ... In cases involving the Federal Constitution the position of this Court is unlike that of the highest court of England , where the policy of stare decisis was formulated and is strictly applied to all classes of cases . Parliament is free to correct any judicial error ; and the remedy may be promptly invoked . The reasons why this Court should refuse to follow an earlier constitutional decision which it deems erroneous are particularly strong where the question presented is one of applying , as distinguished from what may accurately be called interpreting , the Constitution . In the cases which now come before us there is seldom any dispute as to the interpretation of any provision . The controversy is usually over the application to existing conditions of some well - recognized constitutional limitation . This is strikingly true of cases under the due process clause when the question is whether a statute is unreasonable , arbitrary or capricious ; of cases under the equal protection clause when the question is whether there is any reasonable basis for the classification made by a statute ; and of cases under the commerce clause when the question is whether an admitted burden laid by a statute upon interstate commerce is so substantial as to be deemed direct ... The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has stated : A judicial precedent attaches a specific legal consequence to a detailed set of facts in an adjudged case or judicial decision , which is then considered as furnishing the rule for the determination of a subsequent case involving identical or similar material facts and arising in the same court or a lower court in the judicial hierarchy . The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has stated : Stare decisis is the policy of the court to stand by precedent ; the term is but an abbreviation of stare decisis et non quieta movere -- `` to stand by and adhere to decisions and not disturb what is settled '' . Consider the word `` decisis '' . The word means , literally and legally , the decision . Under the doctrine of stare decisis a case is important only for what it decides -- for the `` what '' , not for the `` why '' , and not for the `` how '' . Insofar as precedent is concerned , stare decisis is important only for the decision , for the detailed legal consequence following a detailed set of facts . Justice McHugh of the High Court of Australia in relation to precedents remarked in Perre v Apand : ( T ) hat is the way of the common law , the judges preferring to go ' from case to case , like the ancient Mediterranean mariners , hugging the coast from point to point , and avoiding the dangers of the open sea of system or science . Academic study ( edit ) Precedent viewed against passing time can serve to establish trends , thus indicating the next logical step in evolving interpretations of the law . For instance , if immigration has become more and more restricted under the law , then the next legal decision on that subject may serve to restrict it further still . The existence of submerged precedent ( reasoned opinions not made available through conventional legal research sources ) has been identified as a potentially distorting force in the evolution of law . Scholars have recently attempted to apply network theory to precedent in order to establish which precedent is most important or authoritative , and how the court 's interpretations and priorities have changed over time . Application ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Early English common law did not have or require the stare decisis doctrine for a range of legal and technological reasons : During the formative period of the common law , the royal courts constituted only one among many fora in which in the English could settle their disputes . The royal courts operated alongside and in competition with ecclesiastic , manorial , urban , mercantile , and local courts . Royal courts were not organised into a hierarchy , instead different royal courts ( exchequer , common pleas , king 's bench , and chancery ) were in competition with each other . Substantial law on almost all matters was neither legislated nor codified , eliminating the need for courts to interpret legislation . Common law 's main distinctive features and focus were not substantial law , which was customary law , but procedural . The practice of citing previous cases was not to find binding legal rules but as evidence of custom . Customary law was not a rational and consistent body of rules and does not require a system of binding precedent . Before the printing press , the state of the written records of cases rendered the stare decisis doctrine utterly impracticable . These features changed over time , opening the door to the doctrine of stare decisis : By the end of the eighteenth century , the common law courts had absorbed most of the business of their nonroyal competitors , although there was still internal competition among the different common law courts themselves . During the nineteenth century , legal reform movements in both England and the United States brought this to an end as well by merging the various common law courts into a unified system of courts with a formal hierarchical structure . This and the advent of reliable private case reporters made adherence to the doctrine of stare decisis practical and the practice soon evolved of holding judges to be bound by the decisions of courts of superior or equal status in their jurisdiction . United States legal system ( edit ) Stare decisis applies to the holding of a case , rather than to obiter dicta ( `` things said by the way '' ) . As the United States Supreme Court has put it : `` dicta may be followed if sufficiently persuasive but are not binding . '' In the United States Supreme Court , the principle of stare decisis is most flexible in constitutional cases : Stare decisis is usually the wise policy , because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right ... But in cases involving the Federal Constitution , where correction through legislative action is practically impossible , this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions ... This is strikingly true of cases under the due process clause . -- Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. , 285 U.S. 393 , 406 -- 407 , 410 ( 1932 ) ( Brandeis , J. , dissenting ) . For example , in the years 1946 -- 1992 , the U.S. Supreme Court reversed itself in about 130 cases . The U.S. Supreme Court has further explained as follows : ( W ) hen convinced of former error , this Court has never felt constrained to follow precedent . In constitutional questions , where correction depends upon amendment , and not upon legislative action , this Court throughout its history has freely exercised its power to reexamine the basis of its constitutional decisions . -- Smith v. Allwright , 321 U.S. 649 , 665 ( 1944 ) . The United States Supreme Court has stated that where a court gives multiple reasons for a given result , each alternative reason that is `` explicitly '' labeled by the court as an `` independent '' ground for the decision is not treated as `` simply a dictum '' . English legal system ( edit ) The doctrine of binding precedent or stare decisis is basic to the English legal system . Special features of the English legal system include the following : The Supreme Court 's ability to override its own precedent ( edit ) The British House of Lords , as the court of last appeal outside Scotland before it was replaced by the UK Supreme Court , was not strictly bound to always follow its own decisions until the case London Street Tramways v London County Council ( 1898 ) AC 375 . After this case , once the Lords had given a ruling on a point of law , the matter was closed unless and until Parliament made a change by statute . This is the most strict form of the doctrine of stare decisis ( one not applied , previously , in common law jurisdictions , where there was somewhat greater flexibility for a court of last resort to review its own precedent ) . This situation changed , however , after the issuance of the Practice Statement of 1966 . It enabled the House of Lords to adapt English law to meet changing social conditions . In R v G & R 2003 , the House of Lords overruled its decision in Caldwell 1981 , which had allowed the Lords to establish mens rea ( `` guilty mind '' ) by measuring a defendant 's conduct against that of a `` reasonable person , '' regardless of the defendant 's actual state of mind . However , the Practice Statement has been seldom applied by the House of Lords , usually only as a last resort . As of 2005 , the House of Lords has rejected its past decisions no more than 20 times . They are reluctant to use it because they fear to introduce uncertainty into the law . In particular , the Practice Statement stated that the Lords would be especially reluctant to overrule themselves in criminal cases because of the importance of certainty of that law . The first case involving criminal law to be overruled with the Practice Statement was Anderton v Ryan ( 1985 ) , which was overruled by R v Shivpuri ( 1986 ) , two decades after the Practice Statement . Remarkably , the precedent overruled had been made only a year before , but it had been criticised by several academic lawyers . As a result , Lord Bridge stated he was `` undeterred by the consideration that the decision in Anderton v Ryan was so recent . The Practice Statement is an effective abandonment of our pretension to infallibility . If a serious error embodied in a decision of this House has distorted the law , the sooner it is corrected the better . '' Still , the House of Lords has remained reluctant to overrule itself in some cases ; in R v Kansal ( 2002 ) , the majority of House members adopted the opinion that R v Lambert had been wrongly decided and agreed to depart from their earlier decision . Distinguishing precedent on legal ( rather than fact ) grounds ( edit ) A precedent does not bind a court if it finds there was a lack of care in the original `` Per Incuriam '' . For example , if a statutory provision or precedent had not been brought to the previous court 's attention before its decision , the precedent would not be binding . Rules of statutory interpretation ( edit ) Main article : Statutory interpretation One of the most important roles of precedent is to resolve ambiguities in other legal texts , such as constitutions , statutes , and regulations . The process involves , first and foremost , consultation of the plain language of the text , as enlightened by the legislative history of enactment , subsequent precedent , and experience with various interpretations of similar texts . Statutory interpretation in the UK ( edit ) A judge 's normal aids include access to all previous cases in which a precedent has been set , and a good English dictionary . Judges and barristers in the U.K use three primary rules for interpreting the law . Under the literal rule , the judge should do what the actual legislation states rather than trying to do what the judge thinks that it means . The judge should use the plain everyday ordinary meaning of the words , even if this produces an unjust or undesirable outcome . A good example of problems with this method is R v Maginnis ( 1987 ) , in which several judges in separate opinions found several different dictionary meanings of the word supply . Another example is Fisher v Bell , where it was held that a shopkeeper who placed an illegal item in a shop window with a price tag did not make an offer to sell it , because of the specific meaning of `` offer for sale '' in contract law . As a result of this case , Parliament amended the statute concerned to end this discrepancy . The golden rule is used when use of the literal rule would obviously create an absurd result . There are two ways in which the golden rule can be applied : a narrow method , and a broad method . Under the narrow method , when there are apparently two contradictory meanings to the wording of a legislative provision , or the wording is ambiguous , the least absurd is to be preferred . Under the broad method , the court modifies the literal meaning in such a way as to avoid the absurd result . An example of the latter approach is Adler v George ( 1964 ) . Under the Official Secrets Act 1920 it was an offence to obstruct HM Forces `` in the vicinity of '' a prohibited place . Adler argued that he was not in the vicinity of such a place but was actually in it . The court chose not to read the statutory wording in a literal sense to avoid what would otherwise be an absurd result , and Adler was convicted . The mischief rule is the most flexible of the interpretation methods . Stemming from Heydon 's Case ( 1584 ) , it allows the court to enforce what the statute is intended to remedy rather than what the words actually say . For example , in Corkery v Carpenter ( 1950 ) , a man was found guilty of being drunk in charge of a carriage , although in fact he only had a bicycle . Statutory interpretation in the United States ( edit ) In the United States , the courts have stated consistently that the text of the statute is read as it is written , using the ordinary meaning of the words of the statute . `` ( I ) n interpreting a statute a court should always turn to one cardinal canon before all others ... ( C ) ourts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there . '' Connecticut Nat'l Bank v. Germain , 112 S. Ct. 1146 , 1149 ( 1992 ) . Indeed , `` ( w ) hen the words of a statute are unambiguous , then , this first canon is also the last : ' judicial inquiry is complete . ' '' `` A fundamental rule of statutory construction requires that every part of a statute be presumed to have some effect , and not be treated as meaningless unless absolutely necessary . '' Raven Coal Corp. v. Absher , 153 Va . 332 , 149 S.E. 541 ( 1929 ) . `` In assessing statutory language , unless words have acquired a peculiar meaning , by virtue of statutory definition or judicial construction , they are to be construed in accordance with their common usage . '' Muller v. BP Exploration ( Alaska ) Inc. , 923 P. 2d 783 , 787 -- 88 ( Alaska 1996 ) . However , most legal texts have some lingering ambiguity -- inevitably , situations arise in which the words chosen by the legislature do not address the precise facts in issue , or there is some tension among two or more statutes . In such cases , a court must analyze the various available sources , and reach a resolution of the ambiguity . The `` Canons of statutory construction '' are discussed in a separate article . Once the ambiguity is resolved , that resolution has binding effect as described in the rest of this article . Practical application ( edit ) Although inferior courts are bound in theory by superior court precedent , in practice a judge may believe that justice requires an outcome at some variance with precedent , and may distinguish the facts of the individual case on reasoning that does not appear in the binding precedent . On appeal , the appellate court may either adopt the new reasoning , or reverse on the basis of precedent . On the other hand , if the losing party does not appeal ( typically because of the cost of the appeal ) , the lower court decision may remain in effect , at least as to the individual parties . Judicial resistance ( edit ) Occasionally , a lower court judge explicitly states personal disagreement with the judgment he or she has rendered , but that he or she is required to do so by binding precedent . Note that inferior courts can not evade binding precedent of superior courts , but a court can depart from its own prior decisions . Structural considerations ( edit ) In the United States , stare decisis can interact in counterintuitive ways with the federal and state court systems . On an issue of federal law , a state court is not bound by an interpretation of federal law at the district or circuit level , but is bound by an interpretation by the United States Supreme Court . On an interpretation of state law , whether common law or statutory law , the federal courts are bound by the interpretation of a state court of last resort , and are required normally to defer to the precedent of intermediate state courts as well . Courts may choose to obey precedent of international jurisdictions , but this is not an application of the doctrine of stare decisis , because foreign decisions are not binding . Rather , a foreign decision that is obeyed on the basis of the soundness of its reasoning will be called persuasive authority -- indicating that its effect is limited to the persuasiveness of the reasons it provides . Originalism ( edit ) Originalism is an approach to interpretation of a legal text in which controlling weight is given to the intent of the original authors ( at least the intent as inferred by a modern judge ) . In contrast , a non-originalist looks at other cues to meaning , including the current meaning of the words , the pattern and trend of other judicial decisions , changing context and improved scientific understanding , observation of practical outcomes and `` what works , '' contemporary standards of justice , and stare decisis . Both are directed at interpreting the text , not changing it -- interpretation is the process of resolving ambiguity and choosing from among possible meanings , not changing the text . The two approaches look at different sets of underlying facts that may or may not point in the same direction -- stare decisis gives most weight to the newest understanding of a legal text , while originalism gives most weight to the oldest . While they do n't necessarily reach different results in every case , the two approaches are in direct tension . Originalists such as Justice Antonin Scalia argue that `` Stare decisis is not usually a doctrine used in civil law systems , because it violates the principle that only the legislature may make law . '' Justice Scalia argues that America is a civil law nation , not a common law nation . By principle , originalists are generally unwilling to defer to precedent when precedent seems to come into conflict with the originalist 's own interpretation of the Constitutional text or inferences of original intent ( even in situations where there is no original source statement of that original intent ) . However , there is still room within an originalist paradigm for stare decisis ; whenever the plain meaning of the text has alternative constructions , past precedent is generally considered a valid guide , with the qualifier being that it can not change what the text actually says . Originalists vary in the degree to which they defer to precedent . In his confirmation hearings , Justice Clarence Thomas answered a question from Senator Strom Thurmond , qualifying his willingness to change precedent in this way : I think overruling a case or reconsidering a case is a very serious matter . Certainly , you would have to be of the view that a case is incorrectly decided , but I think even that is not adequate . There are some cases that you may not agree with that should not be overruled . Stare decisis provides continuity to our system , it provides predictability , and in our process of case - by - case decision - making , I think it is a very important and critical concept . A judge that wants to reconsider a case and certainly one who wants to overrule a case has the burden of demonstrating that not only is the case incorrect , but that it would be appropriate , in view of stare decisis , to make that additional step of overruling that case . -- Possibly he has changed his mind , or there are a very large body of cases which merit `` the additional step '' of ignoring the doctrine ; according to Scalia , `` Clarence Thomas does n't believe in stare decisis , period . If a constitutional line of authority is wrong , he would say , let 's get it right . '' Professor Caleb Nelson , a former clerk for Justice Thomas and law professor at the University of Virginia , has elaborated on the role of stare decisis in originalist jurisprudence : American courts of last resort recognize a rebuttable presumption against overruling their own past decisions . In earlier eras , people often suggested that this presumption did not apply if the past decision , in the view of the court 's current members , was demonstrably erroneous . But when the Supreme Court makes similar noises today , it is roundly criticized . At least within the academy , conventional wisdom now maintains that a purported demonstration of error is not enough to justify overruling a past decision ... ( T ) he conventional wisdom is wrong to suggest that any coherent doctrine of stare decisis must include a presumption against overruling precedent that the current court deems demonstrably erroneous . The doctrine of stare decisis would indeed be no doctrine at all if courts were free to overrule a past decision simply because they would have reached a different decision as an original matter . But when a court says that a past decision is demonstrably erroneous , it is saying not only that it would have reached a different decision as an original matter , but also that the prior court went beyond the range of indeterminacy created by the relevant source of law ... Americans from the Founding on believed that court decisions could help `` liquidate '' or settle the meaning of ambiguous provisions of written law . Later courts generally were supposed to abide by such `` liquidations . '' ... To the extent that the underlying legal provision was determinate , however , courts were not thought to be similarly bound by precedent that misinterpreted it ... Of the Court 's current members , Justices Scalia and Thomas seem to have the most faith in the determinacy of the legal texts that come before the Court . It should come as no surprise that they also seem the most willing to overrule the Court 's past decisions ... Prominent journalists and other commentators suggest that there is some contradiction between these Justices ' mantra of `` judicial restraint '' and any systematic re-examination of precedent . But if one believes in the determinacy of the underlying legal texts , one need not define `` judicial restraint '' solely in terms of fidelity to precedent ; one can also speak of fidelity to the texts themselves . -- Advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) There are disadvantages and advantages of binding precedent , as noted by scholars and jurists . Criticism of precedent ( edit ) In a 1997 book , attorney Michael Trotter blamed over-reliance by American lawyers on binding and persuasive authority , rather than the merits of the case at hand , as a major factor behind the escalation of legal costs during the 20th century . He argued that courts should ban the citation of persuasive precedent from outside their jurisdiction , with two exceptions : ( 1 ) cases where the foreign jurisdiction 's law is the subject of the case , or ( 2 ) instances where a litigant intends to ask the highest court of the jurisdiction to overturn binding precedent , and therefore needs to cite persuasive precedent to demonstrate a trend in other jurisdictions . The disadvantages of stare decisis include its rigidity , the complexity of learning law , the differences between some cases may be very small and appear illogical , and the slow growth or incremental changes to the law that are in need of major overhaul . An argument often used against the system is that it is undemocratic as it allows judges , which may or may not be elected , to make law . Regarding constitutional interpretations , there is concern that over-reliance on the doctrine of stare decisis can be subversive . An erroneous precedent may at first be only slightly inconsistent with the Constitution , and then this error in interpretation can be propagated and increased by further precedent until a result is obtained that is greatly different from the original understanding of the Constitution . Stare decisis is not mandated by the Constitution , and if it causes unconstitutional results then the historical evidence of original understanding can be re-examined . In this opinion , predictable fidelity to the Constitution is more important than fidelity to unconstitutional precedent . See also the living tree doctrine . Agreement with precedent ( edit ) A counter-argument ( in favor of the advantages of stare decisis ) is that if the legislature wishes to alter the case law ( other than constitutional interpretations ) by statute , the legislature is empowered to do so . Critics sometimes accuse particular judges of applying the doctrine selectively , invoking it to support precedent that the judge supported anyway , but ignoring it in order to change precedent with which the judge disagreed . There is much discussion about the virtue of using stare decisis . Supporters of the system , such as minimalists , argue that obeying precedent makes decisions `` predictable '' . For example , a business person can be reasonably assured of predicting a decision where the facts of his or her case are sufficiently similar to a case decided previously . This parallels the arguments against retroactive ( ex post facto ) laws banned by the U.S. Constitution . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Precedent Look up precedent in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Library resources about Precedent Resources in your library Case citation Case of first impression Commanding precedent Custom ( law ) Distinguish First impression Law of Citations ( Roman concept ) Legal opinion Memorandum opinion Persuasive precedent Precedent book Question of fact Qiyas Ratio decidendi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pattinson , Shaun D ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Human Rights Act and the doctrine of precedent '' . Legal Studies . 35 ( 1 ) : 142 -- 164 . doi : 10.1111 / lest. 12049 . ISSN 1748 - 121X . Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 1059 ( 5th ed. 1979 ) . ^ Jump up to : Adeleye , Gabriel et al. World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions : a Resource for Readers and Writers , page 371 ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kmiec , Keenan . The Origin and Current Meanings of `` Judicial Activism '' , California Law Review ( 2004 ) : Some instances of disregarding precedent are almost universally considered inappropriate . For example , in a rare showing of unity in a Supreme Court opinion discussing judicial activism , Justice Stevens wrote that a circuit court `` engaged in an indefensible brand of judicial activism '' when it `` refused to follow '' a `` controlling precedent '' of the Supreme Court . The rule that lower courts should abide by controlling precedent , sometimes called `` vertical precedent , '' can safely be called settled law . It appears to be equally well accepted that the act of disregarding vertical precedent qualifies as one kind of judicial activism . `` Horizontal precedent , '' the doctrine requiring a court `` to follow its own prior decisions in similar cases , '' is a more complicated and debatable matter ... ( A ) cademics argue that it is sometimes proper to disregard horizontal precedent . Professor Gary Lawson , for example , has argued that stare decisis itself may be unconstitutional if it requires the Court to adhere to an erroneous reading of the Constitution . `` If the Constitution says X and a prior judicial decision says Y , a court has not merely the power , but the obligation , to prefer the Constitution . '' In the same vein , Professors Ahkil Amar and Vikram Amar have stated , `` Our general view is that the Rehnquist Court 's articulated theory of stare decisis tends to improperly elevate judicial doctrine over the Constitution itself . '' It does so , they argue , `` by requiring excessive deference to past decisions that themselves may have been misinterpretations of the law of the land . For Lawson , Akhil Amar , and Vikram Amar , dismissing erroneous horizontal precedent would not be judicial activism ; instead , it would be appropriate constitutional decisionmaking . -- Walton Myers Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Coale & Dyrek , `` First Impressions '' , Appellate Advocate ( Winter 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court , 57 Cal . 2d 450 ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mandatory v. Persuasive '' . Faculty.law.lsu.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ People v. Leonard , 40 Cal . 4th 1370 , 1416 ( 2007 ) ( Ninth Circuit decisions do not bind Supreme Court of California ) . Jump up ^ `` 51 Texas Law Review 1972 - 1973 Binding Effect of Federal Declaratory Judgments on State Courts Comment '' . Heinonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ United States federal courts Jump up ^ Wrabley , Colin E. `` Applying Federal Court of Appeals ' Precedent : Contrasting Approaches to Applying Court of Appeals ' Federal Law Holdings and Erie State Law Predictions , 3 Seton Hall Circuit Rev. 1 ( 2006 ) '' ( PDf ) . m.reedsmith.com . Jump up ^ Marjorie D. Rombauer , Legal Problem Solving : Analysis , Research and Writing , pp. 22 - 23 ( West Publishing Co. , 3d ed. 1978 ) . ( Rombauer was a professor of law at the University of Washington . ) Jump up ^ Sinclair , Michael . `` Precedent , Super-Precedent '' Archived 2007 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , George Mason Law Review ( 14 Geo . Mason L. Rev. 363 ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Landes , William & Posner , Richard . `` Legal Precedent : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis '' , 19 Journal of Law and Economics 249 , 251 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Hayward , Allison . The Per Curiam Opinion of Steel : Buckley v. Valeo as Superprecedent ? , Cato Supreme Court Review 195 , 202 , ( 2005 - 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Maltz , Earl . `` Abortion , Precedent , and the Constitution : A Comment on Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey '' , 68 Notre Dame L. Rev. 11 ( 1992 ) , quoted by Rosen , Jeffrey.So , Do You Believe in ' Superprecedent ' ? , New York Times ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Benac , Nancy ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Roberts Repeatedly Dodges Roe v. Wade '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Coale & Couture , Loud Rules , 34 Pepperdine L. Rev. 3 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` first impression '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Jump up ^ Allegheny General Hospital v. NLRB , 608 F. 2d 965 , 969 - 970 ( 3rd Cir. 1979 ) ( footnote omitted ) , as quoted in United States Internal Revenue Serv . v. Osborne ( In re Osborne ) , 76 F. 3d 306 , 96 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,185 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) . Jump up ^ United States Internal Revenue Serv . v. Osborne ( In re Osborne ) , 76 F. 3d 306 , 96 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,185 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Y . McCuskey , Clarity and Clarification : Grable Federal Questions in the Eyes of Their Beholders , 91 NEB . L. REV. 387 , 427 - 430 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ James H. Fowler and Sangick Jeon , `` The Authority of Supreme Court Precedent , '' Social Networks ( 2007 ) , doi : 10.1016 / j. socnet. 2007.05. 001 Jump up ^ Hasnas , John . HAYEK , THE COMMON LAW , AND FLUID DRIVE ( PDF ) . 1 . NYU Journal of Law & Liberty . pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Central Green Co. v. United States , 531 U.S. 425 ( 2001 ) , quoting Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 , 627 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , Supreme Court Decisions Overruled by Subsequent Decision Archived 2012 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ See O'Gilvie v. United States , 519 U.S. 79 , 84 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Jacqueline ( 2005 ) . The English Legal System ( 4th ed . ) , p. 25 . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 89991 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Golden Rule '' . Lawade.com . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Part E - The rules of statutory interpretation - The golden rule '' . Labspace . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , State Oil Co. v. Khan , 93 F. 3d 1358 ( 7th Cir. 1996 ) , in which Judge Richard Posner followed the applicable Supreme Court precedent , while harshly criticizing it , which led the Supreme Court to overrule that precedent in State Oil Co. v. Khan , 522 U.S. 3 ( 1997 ) ; see also the concurring opinion of Chief Judge Walker in National Abortion Federation v. Gonzalez , 437 F. 3d 278 ( 2d Cir. 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hilton vs. Carolina Pub . Rys . Comm'n. , 502 U.S. 197 , 202 , 112 S. Ct. 560 , 565 ( 1991 ) ( `` we will not depart from the doctrine of stare decisis without some compelling justification '' ) . Jump up ^ A Matter of Interpretation . Jump up ^ Thomas , Clarence ( 1991 ) . ( U.S. ) Senate Confirmation Hearings . qtd . by Jan Crawford Greenburg on PBS ( June 2003 ) Accessed 8 January 2007 UTC . Jump up ^ Ringel , Jonathan ( 2004 ) . `` Fulton County Daily Report - The Bombshell in the Clarence Thomas Biography '' . www.dailyreportonline.com . Jump up ^ Nelson , Caleb ( 2001 ) . `` Stare Decisis and Demonstrably Erroneous Precedent '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Law Review , 84 Va L. Rev. 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Michael H. Trotter , Profit and the Practice of Law : What 's Happened to the Legal Profession ( Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 1997 ) , 161 - 163 . Jump up ^ https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ma/14_01/mcclellan.pdf Jump up ^ Berland , David ( 2011 ) . Note , `` Stopping the Pendulum : Why Stare Decisis Should Constrain the Court from Further Modification of the Search Incident to Arrest Exception '' . University of Illinois Law Review ( 2011 U. Ill . L. Rev. 695 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Law Core subjects Administrative law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Deed Equity Evidence International law Law of obligations Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public law Restitution Statutory law Tort Other subjects Agricultural law Aviation law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Competition law Conflict of laws Construction law Consumer protection Corporate law Cyberlaw Election law Energy law Entertainment law Environmental law Family law Financial law Financial regulation Health law Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights International slavery laws Labour Law of war Legal archaeology Legal fiction Maritime law Media law Military law Probate Estate Will and testament Product liability Public international law Space law Sports law Tax law Transport law Trust law Women in law Sources of law Charter Constitution Custom Divine right Human rights Natural and legal rights Case law Precedent Law making Ballot measure Codification Decree Edict Executive order Proclamation Legislation Delegated legislation Regulation Rulemaking Promulgation Repeal Treaty Statutory law Statute Act of Parliament Act of Congress ( US ) Legal systems Civil law Common law Chinese law Legal pluralism Religious law Canon law Hindu law Jain Law Jewish law Sharia Roman law Socialist law Statutory law Xeer Yassa Legal theory Critical legal studies Comparative law Feminist Law and economics Legal formalism History Natural law International legal theory Principle of legality Rule of law Sociology Jurisprudence Adjudication Administration of justice Criminal justice Court - martial Dispute resolution Fiqh Lawsuit / Litigation Legal opinion Legal remedy Judge Justice of the peace Magistrate Judgment Judicial review Jurisdiction Jury Justice Practice of law Attorney Barrister Counsel Lawyer Legal representation Prosecutor Solicitor Question of fact Question of law Trial Trial advocacy Trier of fact Verdict Legal institutions Bureaucracy The bar The bench Civil society Court Election commission Executive Judiciary Law enforcement Legal education Law school Legislature Military Police Political party Tribunal <Td_colspan="2"> Index Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precedent&oldid=855955536 '' Categories : Case law Latin legal terminology Legal citation Legal doctrines and principles Legal reasoning Persuasion techniques Sources of law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 23 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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1. Precedent in common law legal systems 2. Stare decisis and the binding effect of precedent 3. Categories and classifications of precedent 4. Vertical and horizontal stare decisis 5. Binding and persuasive precedent in English law

where does the baseball term pickle come from

Rundown - wikipedia Rundown Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the situation in baseball . For other uses , see Rundown ( disambiguation ) . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A typical rundown situation in baseball showing a baserunner for the Texas Rangers as he attempts to evade the Chicago Cubs defense . A rundown , informally known as a pickle or the hotbox , is a situation in the game of baseball that occurs when the baserunner is stranded between two bases and is in jeopardy of being tagged out . When the base runner attempts to advance to the next base , he is cut off by the defensive player who has a live ball and attempts to return to his previous base before being tagged out . As he is doing this , the defenseman throws the ball past the base runner to the previous base , forcing him to reverse directions again . This is repeated until the runner is put out or reaches a base safely . A rundown can be escaped if a fielder makes an error , the runner gets around the fielder with the ball without running out of the baseline , a fielder throws the ball elsewhere ( e.g. , toward home plate if another runner is trying to score ) , or the runner manages to get by the fielder without the ball while there is no other fielder to cover the runner 's destination base . The word rundown in sports broadcasting has overtaken the word pickle throughout the years . Pickle is more so used to describe the children 's yard game where two fielders must tag the runner before the runner reaches a base or objective , which , although a fundamental part of baseball , is a game in and of itself . The use of the term `` pickle '' originated with the phrase `` in a pickle '' , which means to be in a pickling ( difficult or troubling ) situation . <Th_colspan="2"> Baseball concepts <Td_colspan="2"> Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly Single Slap bunt Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Passed ball Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) <Td_colspan="2"> Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rundown&oldid=710810748 '' Categories : Baseball plays Baseball rules Baseball terminology Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2016 , at 04 : 52 . About Wikipedia

1. Rundown situation in baseball 2. Pickle or hotbox in baseball 3. Escaping a rundown in baseball 4. Use of the term "pickle" in baseball 5. Baseball concepts and terminology

why is it 26.2 miles for a marathon

Marathon - wikipedia Marathon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Marathon ( disambiguation ) . Competitors during the 2007 Berlin Marathon Competitors during the 2014 Orlen Warsaw Marathon The marathon is a long - distance running race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres ( 26.219 miles , or 26 miles 385 yards ) , usually run as a road race . The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides , a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens , who reported the victory . The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896 , though the distance did not become standardized until 1921 . More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year , with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Modern Olympics marathon 1.3 Marathon mania 1.4 Inclusion of women 2 Distance 2.1 1908 Olympics 2.2 IAAF and world records 3 Marathon races 3.1 Wheelchair division 4 Statistics 4.1 World records and world 's best 4.2 All - time lists 4.2. 1 Notes 4.2. 2 Notes 4.3 Oldest marathoner 4.4 Youngest marathoner 4.5 Participation 4.6 Multiple marathons 5 Olympic medalists 5.1 Men 5.2 Women 6 World Championships medalists 6.1 Men 6.2 Women 7 Running 7.1 Training 7.2 Glycogen and `` the wall '' 7.3 After a marathon 8 Health risks 8.1 Cardiac health 8.2 Hydration 8.3 Body temperature 9 Charity involvement 10 Mars rover marathon 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 Bibliography 14 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Luc - Olivier Merson 's painting depicting the runner announcing the victory at the Battle of Marathon to the people of Athens The name Marathon comes from the legend of Philippides or Pheidippides , the Greek messenger . The legend states that he was sent from the battlefield of Marathon to Athens to announce that the Persians had been defeated in the Battle of Marathon ( in which he had just fought ) , which took place in August or September , 490 BC . It is said that he ran the entire distance without stopping and burst into the assembly , exclaiming νενικήκαμεν ( nenikēkamen , `` we have won ! '' ) , before collapsing and dying . The account of the run from Marathon to Athens first appears in Plutarch 's On the Glory of Athens in the 1st century AD , which quotes from Heraclides Ponticus 's lost work , giving the runner 's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles . Lucian of Samosata ( 2nd century AD ) also gives the story , but names the runner Philippides ( not Pheidippides ) . There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend . The Greek historian Herodotus , the main source for the Greco - Persian Wars , mentions Philippides as the messenger who ran from Athens to Sparta asking for help , and then ran back , a distance of over 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) each way . In some Herodotus manuscripts , the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides . Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens , and relates that the main part of the Athenian army , having fought and won the grueling battle , and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended Athens , marched quickly back from the battle to Athens , arriving the same day . In 1879 , Robert Browning wrote the poem Pheidippides . Browning 's poem , his composite story , became part of late 19th century popular culture and was accepted as a historic legend . Mount Pentelicus stands between Marathon and Athens , which means that , if Philippides actually made his famous run after the battle , he had to run around the mountain , either to the north or to the south . The latter and more obvious route matches almost exactly the modern Marathon - Athens highway , which follows the lay of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and along the coast , then takes a gentle but protracted climb westwards towards the eastern approach to Athens , between the foothills of Mounts Hymettus and Penteli , and then gently downhill to Athens proper . This route , as it existed when the Olympics were revived in 1896 , was approximately 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) long , and this was the approximate distance originally used for marathon races . However , there have been suggestions that Philippides might have followed another route : a westward climb along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the pass of Dionysos , and then a straight southward downhill path to Athens . This route is considerably shorter , some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) , but includes a very steep initial climb of more than 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) . Modern Olympics Marathon ( edit ) Main article : Marathons at the Olympics When the modern Olympics began in 1896 , the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event , recalling the glory of ancient Greece . The idea of a marathon race came from Michel Bréal , who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens . This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin , the founder of the modern Olympics , as well as by the Greeks . The Greeks staged a selection race for the Olympic marathon on 22 March 1896 ( Gregorian ) that was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes ( with the future winner of the introductory Olympic Games marathon , Spyridon `` Spyros '' Louis , coming in fifth at a second race two weeks later ) . The winner of the first Olympic marathon , on 10 April 1896 ( a male - only race ) , was Spyridon Louis , a Greek water - carrier , in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds . The marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics was run on the traditional route from Marathon to Athens , ending at Panathinaiko Stadium , the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics . That men 's marathon was won by Italian Stefano Baldini in 2 hours 10 minutes and 55 seconds , a record time for this route until the non-Olympics Athens Classic Marathon of 2014 , when Felix Kandie lowered the course record to 2 hours 10 minutes and 37 seconds . Burton Holmes ' photograph entitled `` 1896 : Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens '' . The women 's marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics ( Los Angeles , USA ) and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds . It has become a tradition for the men 's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar , on the final day of the Olympics . For many years the race finished inside the Olympic stadium ; however , at the 2012 London Olympics , the start and finish were on The Mall , and at the 2016 Rio games , the start and finish were in the Sambódromo , the parade area that serves as a spectator mall for Carnival . Often , the men 's marathon medals are awarded during the closing ceremony ( including the 2004 games , 2012 games and 2016 games ) . The Olympic men 's record is 2 : 06 : 32 , set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya ( average speed about 20.01 kilometres per hour or 12.43 miles per hour ) . The Olympic women 's record is 2 : 23 : 07 , set at the 2012 Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia . The men 's London 2012 Summer Olympic marathon winner was Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda ( 2 : 08 : 01 ) . Per capita , the Kalenjin ethnic group of Rift Valley Province in Kenya has produced a highly disproportionate share of marathon and track - and - field winners . Marathon mania ( edit ) Johnny Hayes ' victory at the 1908 Summer Olympics contributed to the early growth of long - distance running and marathoning in the United States . Later that year , races around the holiday season including the Empire City Marathon held on New Year 's Day 1909 in Yonkers , New York , marked the early running craze referred to as `` marathon mania '' . Following the 1908 Olympics , the first five amateur marathons in New York City were held on days that held special meanings : Thanksgiving Day , the day after Christmas , New Year 's Day , Washington 's Birthday , and Lincoln 's Birthday . Frank Shorter 's victory in the marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics would spur national enthusiasm for the sport more intense than that which followed Hayes ' win 64 years earlier . In 2014 , an estimated 550,600 runners completed a marathon within the United States . This can be compared to 143,000 in 1980 . Today marathons are held all around the world on a nearly weekly basis . Inclusion of women ( edit ) For a long time after the Olympic marathon started , there were no long - distance races , such as the marathon , for women . Although a few women such as Stamata Revithi had run the marathon distance , they were not included in any official results . Marie - Louise Ledru has been credited as the first woman to complete a marathon , in 1918 . Violet Piercy has been credited as the first woman to be officially timed in a marathon , in 1926 . Arlene Pieper became the first woman to officially finish a marathon in the United States when she completed the Pikes Peak Marathon in Manitou Springs , Colorado , in 1959 . Kathrine Switzer was the first woman to run the Boston Marathon `` officially '' ( with a number ) . However , Switzer 's entry , which was accepted through an `` oversight '' in the screening process , was in `` flagrant violation of the rules '' , and she was treated as an interloper once the error was discovered . Bobbi Gibb had completed the Boston race unofficially the previous year ( 1966 ) , and was later recognized by the race organizers as the women 's winner for that year , as well as 1967 and 1968 . In 2015 Afghanistan held its first marathon ; among those who ran the entire marathon was one woman , Zainab , age 25 , who thus became the first Afghan woman to run in a marathon within her own country . Distance ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> Olympic marathon distances Year Distance ( km ) Distance ( miles ) 1896 40 24.85 1900 40.26 25.02 1904 40 24.85 1906 41.86 26.01 1908 42.195 26.22 1912 40.2 24.98 1920 42.75 26.56 1924 onward 42.195 26.22 The length of an Olympic marathon was not precisely fixed at first , but the marathon races in the first few Olympic Games were about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) , roughly the distance from Marathon to Athens by the longer , flatter route . The exact length depended on the route established for each venue . 1908 Olympics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics -- Men 's marathon The International Olympic Committee agreed in 1907 that the distance for the 1908 London Olympic marathon would be about 25 miles or 40 kilometres . The organisers decided on a course of 26 miles from the start at Windsor Castle to the royal entrance to the White City Stadium , followed by a lap ( 586 yards 2 feet ; 536 m ) of the track , finishing in front of the Royal Box . The course was later altered to use a different entrance to the stadium , followed by a partial lap of 385 yards to the same finish . The modern 42.195 km standard distance for the marathon was set by the International Amateur Athletic Federation ( IAAF ) in May 1921 directly from the length used at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London . IAAF and World records ( edit ) Samuel Wanjiru raises his hand in acknowledgment of the crowd as he runs to a gold medal in the 2008 Olympic marathon An official IAAF marathon course is 42.195 km ( 42 m tolerance only in excess ) . Course officials add a short course prevention factor of up to one metre per kilometre to their measurements to reduce the risk of a measuring error producing a length below the minimum distance . For events governed by IAAF rules , it is mandatory that the route be marked so that all competitors can see the distance covered in kilometres . The rules make no mention of the use of miles . The IAAF will only recognise world records that are established at events that are run under IAAF rules . For major events , it is customary to publish competitors ' timings at the midway mark and also at 5 km splits ; marathon runners can be credited with world records for lesser distances recognised by the IAAF ( such as 20 km , 30 km and so on ) if such records are established while the runner is running a marathon , and completes the marathon course . Marathon races ( edit ) See also : List of marathon races 2007 Barcelona Marathon Annually , more than 800 marathons are organized worldwide . Some of these belong to the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races ( AIMS ) which has grown since its foundation in 1982 to embrace over 300 member events in 83 countries and territories . The marathons of Berlin , Boston , Chicago , London , New York City and Tokyo form the biennial World Marathon Majors series , awarding $500,000 annually to the best overall male and female performers in the series . In 2006 , the editors of Runner 's World selected a `` World 's Top 10 Marathons '' , in which the Amsterdam , Honolulu , Paris , Rotterdam , and Stockholm marathons were featured along with the five original World Marathon Majors events ( excluding Tokyo ) . Other notable large marathons include United States Marine Corps Marathon , Los Angeles , and Rome . The Boston Marathon is the world 's oldest annual marathon , inspired by the success of the 1896 Olympic marathon and held every year since 1897 to celebrate Patriots Day , a holiday marking the beginning of the American Revolution , thereby purposely linking Athenian and American struggle for democracy . The oldest annual marathon in Europe is the Košice Peace Marathon , held since 1924 in Košice , Slovakia . The historic Polytechnic Marathon was discontinued in 1996 . The Athens Classic Marathon traces the route of the 1896 Olympic course , starting in Marathon on the eastern coast of Attica , site of the Battle of Marathon of 490 B.C.E. , and ending at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens . The Midnight Sun Marathon is held in Tromsø , Norway at 70 degrees north . Using unofficial and temporary courses , measured by GPS , races of marathon distance are now held at the North Pole , in Antarctica and over desert terrain . Other unusual marathons include the Great Wall Marathon on The Great Wall of China , the Big Five Marathon among the safari wildlife of South Africa , the Great Tibetan Marathon -- a marathon in an atmosphere of Tibetan Buddhism at an altitude of 3,500 metres ( 11,500 ft ) , and the Polar Circle Marathon on the permanent ice cap of Greenland . The Intercontinental Istanbul Eurasia Marathon is the only marathon where participants run over two continents ( Europe and Asia ) during the course of a single event . In the Detroit Free Press Marathon , participants cross the US / Canada border twice . The Niagara Falls International Marathon includes one international border crossing , via the Peace Bridge from Buffalo , New York , United States to Fort Erie , Ontario , Canada . Wheelchair division ( edit ) A pack of Wheelchair Division participants in the 2009 Boston Marathon Many marathons feature a wheelchair division . Typically , those in the wheelchair racing division start their races earlier than their running counterparts . The first wheelchair marathon was in 1974 in Toledo , Ohio , won by Bob Hall in 2 : 54 . Hall competed in the 1975 Boston Marathon and finished in 2 : 58 , inaugurating the introduction of wheelchair divisions into the Boston Marathon . From 1977 the race was declared the US National Wheelchair championship . The Boston Marathon awards $10,000 to the winning push - rim athlete . Ernst van Dyk has won the Boston Marathon wheelchair division ten times and holds the world record at 1 : 18 : 27 , set in Boston in 2004 . Jean Driscoll won eight times ( seven consecutively ) and holds the women 's world record at 1 : 34 : 22 . The New York City Marathon banned wheelchair entrants in 1977 , citing safety concerns , but then voluntarily allowed Bob Hall to compete after the state Division of Human Rights ordered the marathon to show cause . The Division ruled in 1979 that the New York City Marathon and New York Road Runners club had to allow wheelchair athletes to compete , and confirmed this at appeal in 1980 , but the State Supreme Court ruled in 1981 that a ban on wheelchair racers was not discriminatory as the marathon was historically a foot race . However , by 1986 14 wheelchair athletes were competing , and an official wheelchair division was added to the marathon in 2000 . Some of the quickest people to complete a wheel - chair marathon include Thomas Geierpichler ( Austria ) who won gold in men 's T52 - class marathon ( no lower limb function ) in 1 hr 49 min 7 sec in Beijing China , on September 17 , 2008 ; and , Heinz Frei ( Switzerland ) who won the men 's T54 marathon ( for racers with spinal cord injuries ) in a time of 1 hr 20 min and 14 sec in Oita , Japan , October 31 , 1999 . Statistics ( edit ) See also : Marathon world record progression and Marathon year rankings World records and World 's best ( edit ) World records were not officially recognized by the IAAF until 1 January 2004 ; previously , the best times for the marathon were referred to as the ' world best ' . Courses must conform to IAAF standards for a record to be recognized . However , marathon routes still vary greatly in elevation , course , and surface , making exact comparisons impossible . Typically , the fastest times are set over relatively flat courses near sea level , during good weather conditions and with the assistance of pacesetters . The current world record time for men over the distance is 2 hours 2 minutes and 57 seconds , set in the Berlin Marathon by Dennis Kimetto of Kenya on 28 September 2014 , an improvement of 26 seconds over the previous record also set in the Berlin Marathon by Wilson Kipsang , also of Kenya on 29 September 2013 . The world record for women was set by Paula Radcliffe of Great Britain in the London Marathon on 13 April 2003 , in 2 hours 15 minutes and 25 seconds . All - time lists ( edit ) Correct as of October 2017 . Men Rank Time Athlete Country Date Place Ref 2 : 02 : 57 Dennis Kipruto Kimetto Kenya 28 September 2014 Berlin 2 : 03 : 03 Kenenisa Bekele Ethiopia 25 September 2016 Berlin 2 : 03 : 05 Eliud Kipchoge Kenya 24 April 2016 London 2 : 03 : 13 Emmanuel Mutai Kenya 28 September 2014 Berlin Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich Kenya 25 September 2016 Berlin 6 2 : 03 : 38 Patrick Makau Musyoki Kenya 25 September 2011 Berlin 7 2 : 03 : 46 Guye Adola Ethiopia 24 September 2017 Berlin 8 2 : 03 : 51 Stanley Biwott Kenya 24 April 2016 London 9 2 : 03 : 59 Haile Gebrselassie Ethiopia 28 September 2008 Berlin 10 2 : 04 : 11 Tamirat Tola Ethiopia 20 January 2017 Dubai 11 2 : 04 : 15 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 9 September 2012 Berlin 12 2 : 04 : 23 Ayele Abshero Ethiopia 27 January 2012 Dubai 13 2 : 04 : 24 Tesfaye Abera Ethiopia 22 January 2016 Dubai 14 2 : 04 : 27 Duncan Kibet Kirong Kenya 5 April 2009 Rotterdam James Kipsang Kwambai Kenya 5 April 2009 Rotterdam 16 2 : 04 : 28 Sammy Kirop Kitwara Kenya 12 October 2014 Chicago 17 2 : 04 : 32 Tsegaye Mekonnen Ethiopia 24 January 2014 Dubai Dickson Kiptolo Chumba Kenya 12 October 2014 Chicago 19 2 : 04 : 33 Lemi Berhanu Ethiopia 22 January 2016 Dubai 20 2 : 04 : 38 Tsegay Kebede Ethiopia 7 October 2012 Chicago 21 2 : 04 : 45 Lelisa Desisa Benti Ethiopia 25 January 2013 Dubai 22 2 : 04 : 48 Yemane Adhane Ethiopia 15 April 2012 Rotterdam Berhanu Shiferaw Ethiopia 25 January 2013 Dubai 24 2 : 04 : 49 Tadesse Tola Ethiopia 25 January 2013 Dubai 25 2 : 04 : 50 Dino Sefer Ethiopia 27 January 2012 Dubai Getu Feleke Ethiopia 15 April 2012 Rotterdam Notes ( edit ) Eliud Kipchoge ( Kenya ) ran a time of 2 : 00 : 25 at the Nike Breaking2 in Monza on 6 May 2017 that was run with the use of fuel and hydration on demand , and in - out pacemakers . Therefore this attempt will not be eligible for official ratification . Geoffrey Mutai ( Kenya ) ran a time of 2 : 03 : 02 at the Boston Marathon on 18 April 2011 that was run on an assisted course ( in the case of Boston , a point - to - point , net downhill course in excess of the standards ) and is therefore ineligible for record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28 Moses Mosop ( Kenya ) ran a time of 2 : 03 : 06 at the Boston Marathon on 18 April 2011 that was run on an assisted course and is therefore ineligible for record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28 Below is a list of all other times equal or superior to 2 : 04 : 11 : Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich also ran 2 : 03 : 23 ( 2013 ) , 2 : 03 : 42 ( 2011 ) , 2 : 03.58 ( 2017 ) . Dennis Kimetto also ran 2 : 03 : 45 ( 2013 ) . Emmanuel Mutai also ran 2 : 03 : 52 ( 2013 ) . Eliud Kipchoge also ran 2 : 03 : 32 ( 2017 ) , 2 : 04 : 00 ( 2015 ) , 2 : 04 : 05 ( 2013 ) , 2 : 04 : 11 ( 2014 ) . Women Rank Time Athlete Country Date Location Ref 2 : 15 : 25 Paula Radcliffe United Kingdom 13 April 2003 London 2 : 17 : 01 Mary Jepkosgei Keitany Kenya 23 April 2017 London 2 : 17 : 56 Tirunesh Dibaba Ethiopia 23 April 2017 London 2 : 18 : 47 Catherine Ndereba Kenya 7 October 2001 Chicago 5 2 : 18 : 58 Tiki Gelana Ethiopia 15 April 2012 Rotterdam 6 2 : 19 : 12 Mizuki Noguchi Japan 25 September 2005 Berlin 7 2 : 19 : 19 Irina Mikitenko Germany 28 September 2008 Berlin 8 2 : 19 : 25 Gladys Cherono Kenya 27 September 2015 Berlin 9 2 : 19 : 31 Aselefech Mergia Ethiopia 27 January 2012 Dubai 10 2 : 19 : 34 Lucy Kabuu Kenya 27 January 2012 Dubai 11 2 : 19 : 36 Deena Kastor United States 23 April 2006 London 12 2 : 19 : 39 Sun Yingjie China 19 October 2003 Beijing 13 2 : 19 : 41 Yoko Shibui Japan 26 September 2003 Berlin Tirfi Tsegaye Beyene Ethiopia 22 January 2016 Dubai 15 2 : 19 : 44 Florence Kiplagat Kenya 25 September 2011 Berlin 16 2 : 19 : 46 Naoko Takahashi Japan 30 September 2001 Berlin 17 2 : 19 : 47 Sarah Chepchirchir Kenya 26 February 2017 Tokyo 18 2 : 19 : 50 Edna Kiplagat Kenya 22 April 2012 London 19 2 : 19 : 51 Zhou Chunxiu China 12 March 2006 Seoul 20 2 : 19 : 52 Mare Dibaba Ethiopia 27 January 2012 Dubai 21 2 : 19 : 57 Rita Sitienei Jeptoo Kenya 13 October 2013 Chicago 22 2 : 20 : 14 Priscah Jeptoo Kenya 22 April 2012 London 23 2 : 20 : 22 Brigid Kosgei Kenya 8 October 2017 Chicago 24 2 : 20 : 27 Feyse Tadese Ethiopia 28 September 2014 Berlin 25 2 : 20 : 30 Bezunesh Bekele Ethiopia 27 January 2012 Dubai Aberu Kebede Ethiopia 30 September 2012 Berlin Notes ( edit ) Liliya Shobukhova ( Russia ) ran a time of 2 : 18 : 20 at the Chicago Marathon on 9 October 2011 that was annulled due to doping offense . Rita Sitienei Jeptoo ( Kenya ) ran a time of 2 : 18 : 57 at the Boston Marathon on 21 April 2014 that was run on an assisted course and is therefore ineligible for record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28 . Bizunesh Deba ( Ethiopia ) ran a time of 2 : 19 : 59 at the Boston Marathon on 21 April 2014 that was run on an assisted course and is therefore ineligible for record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28 . Wei Yanan ( China ) ran a time of 2 : 20 : 23 at the Beijing Marathon on 20 October 2002 that was annulled due to doping offense . Below is a list of all other times equal or superior to 2 : 20 : 00 : Paula Radcliffe also ran 2 : 17 : 18 , 2 : 17 : 42 , 2 : 18 : 56 ( 2002 ) . Tirunesh Dibaba also ran 2 : 18 : 30 ( 2017 ) . Mary Jepkosgei Keitany also ran 2 : 18 : 37 ( 2012 ) , 2 : 19 : 19 ( 2011 ) . Catherine Ndereba also ran 2 : 19 : 26 ( 2002 ) , 2 : 19 : 55 ( 2003 ) . Mare Dibaba also ran 2 : 19 : 52 ( 2015 ) . Rita Sitienei Jeptoo also ran 2 : 19 : 57 ( 2013 ) . Oldest marathoner ( edit ) Fauja Singh , then 100 , finished the Toronto Waterfront Marathon , becoming the first centenarian ever to officially complete that distance . Singh , a British citizen , finished the race on 16 October 2011 with a time of 8 : 11 : 05.9 , making him the oldest marathoner . Because Singh could not produce a birth certificate from rural 1911 Colonial India , the place of his birth , his age could not be verified and his record was not accepted by the official governing body World Masters Athletics . Gladys Burrill , a 92 - year - old Prospect , Oregon woman and part - time resident of Hawaii , previously held the Guinness World Records title of oldest person to complete a marathon with her 9 hours 53 minutes performance at the 2010 Honolulu Marathon . The records of the Association of Road Racing Statisticians , at that time , however , suggested that Singh was overall the oldest marathoner , completing the 2004 London Marathon at the age of 93 years and 17 days , and that Burrill was the oldest female marathoner , completing the 2010 Honolulu Marathon at the age of 92 years and 19 days . Singh 's age was also reported to be 93 by other sources . In 2015 , 92 - yr - old Harriette Thompson of Charlotte , North Carolina , completed the Rock ' n ' Roll San Diego Marathon in 7 hours 24 minutes 36 seconds , thus becoming the oldest woman to complete a marathon . While Gladys Burrill was 92 years and 19 days old when she completed her record - setting marathon , Harriette Thompson was 92 years and 65 days old when she completed hers . Youngest marathoner ( edit ) Budhia Singh , a boy from Odisha , India , completed his first marathon at age three . He trained under the coach Biranchi Das , who saw potential in him . In May 2006 , Budhia was temporarily banned from running by the ministers of child welfare , as his life could be at risk . His coach was also arrested for exploiting and cruelty to a child . Budhia is now at a state - run sports academy . Participation ( edit ) In 2016 , Running USA estimated that there were approximately 507,600 marathon finishers in the United States , while other sources reported greater than 550,000 finishers . The chart below from Running USA provides the estimated U.S. Marathon Finisher totals going back to 1976 . Year Estimated U.S. Marathon Finisher Total 1976 25,000 1980 143,000 224,000 1995 293,000 2000 353,000 386,000 2005 395,000 2006 410,000 2007 412,000 2008 425,000 2009 467,000 507,000 2011 518,000 2012 487,000 ( NYC Marathon cancelled ) 2013 541,000 2014 550,600 ( Record High ) 2015 509,000 2016 507,600 Marathon running has become an obsession in China , with 22 marathon races in 2011 increasing to 400 in 2017 . In 2015 , 75 Chinese runners participated in the Boston Marathon and this increased to 278 in 2017 . Multiple marathons ( edit ) As marathon running has become more popular , some athletes have undertaken challenges involving running a series of marathons . The 100 Marathon Club is intended to provide a focal point for all runners , particularly from the United Kingdom or Ireland , who have completed 100 or more races of marathon distance or longer . At least 10 of these events must be United Kingdom or Ireland Road Marathons . Club chairman Roger Biggs has run more than 700 marathons or ultras . Brian Mills completed his 800th marathon on 17 September 2011 . Steve Edwards , a member of the 100 Marathon Club , set the world record for running 500 marathons in the fastest average finish time of 3 hours 15 minutes , at the same time becoming the first man to run 500 marathons with an official time below 3 hours 30 minutes , on 11 November 2012 at Milton Keynes , England . The records took 24 years to achieve . Edwards was 49 at the time . Over 350 individuals have completed a marathon in each state of the United States plus Washington , D.C. and some have done it as many as eight times . Beverly Paquin , a 22 - year - old nurse from Iowa , was the youngest woman to run a marathon in all 50 states in 2010 . A few weeks later , still in 2010 , Morgan Cummings ( also 22 ) became the youngest woman to complete a marathon in all 50 states and DC . In 2004 , Chuck Bryant of Miami , Florida , who lost his right leg below the knee , became the first amputee to finish this circuit . Bryant has completed a total of 59 marathons on his prosthesis . Twenty - seven people have run a marathon on each of the seven continents , and 31 people have run a marathon in each of the Canadian provinces . In 1980 , in what was termed the Marathon of Hope , Terry Fox , who had lost a leg to cancer and so ran with one artificial leg , attained 5,373 kilometres ( 3,339 mi ) of his proposed cross-Canada cancer fundraising run , maintaining an average of over 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) , close to the planned marathon distance , for each of 143 consecutive days . Kevin Counihan ( right ) , of the Achilles Track Club , with his guide , running the 2011 Boston Marathon . He completed his 150th marathon at Boston in April 2014 . On 25 September 2011 , Patrick Finney of Grapevine , Texas became the first person with multiple sclerosis to finish a marathon in each state of the United States . In 2004 , `` the disease had left him unable to walk . But unwilling to endure a life of infirmity , Finney managed to regain his ability to balance on two feet , to walk -- and eventually to run -- through extensive rehabilitation therapy and new medications . '' In 2003 British adventurer Sir Ranulph Fiennes completed seven marathons on seven continents in seven days . He completed this feat despite suffering from a heart attack and undergoing a double heart bypass operation just four months before . This feat has since been eclipsed by Irish ultramarathon runner Richard Donovan who in 2009 completed seven marathons on seven continents in under 132 hours ( five and a half days ) . Starting 1 February 2012 he improved on this by completing the 7 on 7 in under 120 hours or in less than five days . On 30 November 2013 , 69 - year - old Larry Macon set a Guinness World Record for Most Marathons Run in a Year by Man by running 238 marathons . Larry Macon celebrated his 1,000 th career marathon at the Cowtown Marathon in Ft . Worth on 24 February 2013 . Other goals are to attempt to run marathons on a series of consecutive weekends ( Richard Worley on 159 weekends ) , or to run the most marathons during a particular year or the most in a lifetime . A pioneer in running multiple marathons was Sy Mah of Toledo , Ohio , who ran 524 before he died in 1988 . As of 30 June 2007 , Horst Preisler of Germany had successfully completed 1214 marathons plus 347 ultramarathons , a total of 1561 events at marathon distance or longer . Sigrid Eichner , Christian Hottas and Hans - Joachim Meyer have also all completed over 1000 marathons each . Norm Frank of the United States is credited with 945 marathons . Christian Hottas is meanwhile the first runner who ever completed 2000 marathons . He ran his 2000th at TUI Marathon Hannover on 5 May 2013 together with a group of more than 80 friends from 11 countries , including 8 officers from the 100 Marathons Clubs U.K. , North - America , Germany , Denmark , Austria and Italy . Hottas completed his 2500th marathon on 4 December 2016 . In 2010 , Stefaan Engels , a Belgian , set out to run the marathon distance every day of the year . Because of a foot injury he had to resort to a handbike near the end of January 2010 . However , on 5 February he was fully recovered and decided to reset the counter back to zero . By 30 March he broke the existing record of Akinori Kusuda , from Japan , who completed 52 marathons in a row in 2009 . On 5 February 2011 , Engels had run 365 marathon distances in as many days . Ricardo Abad Martínez , from Spain , later ran 150 marathons in 150 consecutive days in 2009 , and subsequently 500 marathons in a row , from October 2010 to February 2012 . Some runners compete to run the same marathons for the most consecutive years . For example , Johnny Kelley completed 61 Boston Marathons . Currently , the longest consecutive streak of Boston Marathon finishes -- 45 in a row -- is held by Bennett Beach , of Bethesda , Maryland . Olympic medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1896 Athens details Spiridon Louis ( GRE ) Charilaos Vasilakos ( GRE ) Gyula Kellner ( HUN ) 1900 Paris details Michel Théato ( FRA ) Émile Champion ( FRA ) Ernst Fast ( SWE ) 1904 St. Louis details Thomas Hicks ( USA ) Albert Corey ( USA ) Arthur Newton ( USA ) 1908 London details Johnny Hayes ( USA ) Charles Hefferon ( RSA ) Joseph Forshaw ( USA ) 1912 Stockholm details Ken McArthur ( RSA ) Christian Gitsham ( RSA ) Gaston Strobino ( USA ) 1920 Antwerp details Hannes Kolehmainen ( FIN ) Jüri Lossmann ( EST ) Valerio Arri ( ITA ) 1924 Paris details Albin Stenroos ( FIN ) Romeo Bertini ( ITA ) Clarence DeMar ( USA ) 1928 Amsterdam details Boughera El Ouafi ( FRA ) Manuel Plaza ( CHI ) Martti Marttelin ( FIN ) 1932 Los Angeles details Juan Carlos Zabala ( ARG ) Sam Ferris ( GBR ) Armas Toivonen ( FIN ) 1936 Berlin details Sohn Kee - chung ( JPN ) Ernest Harper ( GBR ) Nan Shoryu ( JPN ) 1948 London details Delfo Cabrera ( ARG ) Tom Richards ( GBR ) Étienne Gailly ( BEL ) 1952 Helsinki details Emil Zátopek ( TCH ) Reinaldo Gorno ( ARG ) Gustaf Jansson ( SWE ) 1956 Melbourne details Alain Mimoun ( FRA ) Franjo Mihalić ( YUG ) Veikko Karvonen ( FIN ) 1960 Rome details Abebe Bikila ( ETH ) Rhadi Ben Abdesselam ( MAR ) Barry Magee ( NZL ) 1964 Tokyo details Abebe Bikila ( ETH ) Basil Heatley ( GBR ) Kokichi Tsuburaya ( JPN ) 1968 Mexico City details Mamo Wolde ( ETH ) Kenji Kimihara ( JPN ) Mike Ryan ( NZL ) 1972 Munich details Frank Shorter ( USA ) Karel Lismont ( BEL ) Mamo Wolde ( ETH ) 1976 Montreal details Waldemar Cierpinski ( GDR ) Frank Shorter ( USA ) Karel Lismont ( BEL ) 1980 Moscow details Waldemar Cierpinski ( GDR ) Gerard Nijboer ( NED ) Satymkul Dzhumanazarov ( URS ) 1984 Los Angeles details Carlos Lopes ( POR ) John Treacy ( IRL ) Charlie Spedding ( GBR ) 1988 Seoul details Gelindo Bordin ( ITA ) Douglas Wakiihuri ( KEN ) Ahmed Salah ( DJI ) 1992 Barcelona details Hwang Young - cho ( KOR ) Koichi Morishita ( JPN ) Stephan Freigang ( GER ) 1996 Atlanta details Josia Thugwane ( RSA ) Lee Bong - ju ( KOR ) Erick Wainaina ( KEN ) 2000 Sydney details Gezahegne Abera ( ETH ) Erick Wainaina ( KEN ) Tesfaye Tola ( ETH ) 2004 Athens details Stefano Baldini ( ITA ) Mebrahtom Keflezighi ( USA ) Vanderlei de Lima ( BRA ) 2008 Beijing details Samuel Wanjiru ( KEN ) Jaouad Gharib ( MAR ) Tsegay Kebede ( ETH ) 2012 London details Stephen Kiprotich ( UGA ) Abel Kirui ( KEN ) Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich ( KEN ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Eliud Kipchoge ( KEN ) Feyisa Lelisa ( ETH ) Galen Rupp ( USA ) Women ( edit ) Games <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1984 Los Angeles details Joan Benoit ( USA ) Grete Waitz ( NOR ) Rosa Mota ( POR ) 1988 Seoul details Rosa Mota ( POR ) Lisa Martin ( AUS ) Katrin Dörre ( GDR ) 1992 Barcelona details Valentina Yegorova ( EUN ) Yuko Arimori ( JPN ) Lorraine Moller ( NZL ) 1996 Atlanta details Fatuma Roba ( ETH ) Valentina Yegorova ( RUS ) Yuko Arimori ( JPN ) 2000 Sydney details Naoko Takahashi ( JPN ) Lidia Șimon ( ROU ) Joyce Chepchumba ( KEN ) 2004 Athens details Mizuki Noguchi ( JPN ) Catherine Ndereba ( KEN ) Deena Kastor ( USA ) 2008 Beijing details Constantina Tomescu ( ROU ) Catherine Ndereba ( KEN ) Zhou Chunxiu ( CHN ) 2012 London details Tiki Gelana ( ETH ) Priscah Jeptoo ( KEN ) Tatyana Petrova Arkhipova ( RUS ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Jemima Sumgong ( KEN ) Eunice Kirwa ( BRN ) Mare Dibaba ( ETH ) World Championships medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Championships <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Robert de Castella ( AUS ) Kebede Balcha ( ETH ) Waldemar Cierpinski ( GDR ) 1987 Rome details Douglas Wakiihuri ( KEN ) Hussein Ahmed Salah ( DJI ) Gelindo Bordin ( ITA ) 1991 Tokyo details Hiromi Taniguchi ( JPN ) Hussein Ahmed Salah ( DJI ) Steve Spence ( USA ) 1993 Stuttgart details Mark Plaatjes ( USA ) Luketz Swartbooi ( NAM ) Bert van Vlaanderen ( NED ) 1995 Gothenburg details Martín Fiz ( ESP ) Dionicio Cerón ( MEX ) Luíz Antônio dos Santos ( BRA ) 1997 Athens details Abel Antón ( ESP ) Martín Fiz ( ESP ) Steve Moneghetti ( AUS ) 1999 Seville details Abel Antón ( ESP ) Vincenzo Modica ( ITA ) Nobuyuki Sato ( JPN ) 2001 Edmonton details Gezahegne Abera ( ETH ) Simon Biwott ( KEN ) Stefano Baldini ( ITA ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Jaouad Gharib ( MAR ) Julio Rey ( ESP ) Stefano Baldini ( ITA ) 2005 Helsinki details Jaouad Gharib ( MAR ) Christopher Isengwe ( TAN ) Tsuyoshi Ogata ( JPN ) 2007 Osaka details Luke Kibet ( KEN ) Mubarak Hassan Shami ( QAT ) Viktor Röthlin ( SUI ) 2009 Berlin details Abel Kirui ( KEN ) Emmanuel Mutai ( KEN ) Tsegaye Kebede ( ETH ) 2011 Daegu details Abel Kirui ( KEN ) Vincent Kipruto ( KEN ) Feyisa Lilesa ( ETH ) 2013 Moscow details Stephen Kiprotich ( UGA ) Lelisa Desisa ( ETH ) Tadese Tola ( ETH ) 2015 Beijing details Ghirmay Ghebreslassie ( ERI ) Yemane Tsegay ( ETH ) Solomon Mutai ( UGA ) 2017 London details Geoffrey Kirui ( KEN ) Tamirat Tola ( ETH ) Alphonce Simbu ( TAN ) Women ( edit ) Championships <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Grete Waitz ( NOR ) Marianne Dickerson ( USA ) Raisa Smekhnova ( URS ) 1987 Rome details Rosa Mota ( POR ) Zoya Ivanova ( URS ) Jocelyne Villeton ( FRA ) 1991 Tokyo details Wanda Panfil ( POL ) Sachiko Yamashita ( JPN ) Katrin Dörre ( GER ) 1993 Stuttgart details Junko Asari ( JPN ) Manuela Machado ( POR ) Tomoe Abe ( JPN ) 1995 Gothenburg details Manuela Machado ( POR ) Anuța Cătună ( ROU ) Ornella Ferrara ( ITA ) 1997 Athens details Hiromi Suzuki ( JPN ) Manuela Machado ( POR ) Lidia Slăvuțeanu ( ROU ) 1999 Seville details Jong Song - ok ( PRK ) Ari Ichihashi ( JPN ) Lidia Șimon ( ROU ) 2001 Edmonton details Lidia Șimon ( ROU ) Reiko Tosa ( JPN ) Svetlana Zakharova ( RUS ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Catherine Ndereba ( KEN ) Mizuki Noguchi ( JPN ) Masako Chiba ( JPN ) 2005 Helsinki details Paula Radcliffe ( GBR ) Catherine Ndereba ( KEN ) Constantina Diţă - Tomescu ( ROU ) 2007 Osaka details Catherine Ndereba ( KEN ) Zhou Chunxiu ( CHN ) Reiko Tosa ( JPN ) 2009 Berlin details Bai Xue ( CHN ) Yoshimi Ozaki ( JPN ) Aselefech Mergia ( ETH ) 2011 Daegu details Edna Kiplagat ( KEN ) Priscah Jeptoo ( KEN ) Sharon Cherop ( KEN ) 2013 Moscow details Edna Kiplagat ( KEN ) Valeria Straneo ( ITA ) Kayoko Fukushi ( JPN ) 2015 Beijing details Mare Dibaba ( ETH ) Helah Kiprop ( KEN ) Eunice Kirwa ( BHR ) 2017 London details Rose Chelimo ( BHR ) Edna Kiplagat ( KEN ) Amy Cragg ( USA ) Running ( edit ) Start of the 2009 Stockholm Marathon Most participants do not run a marathon to win . More important for most runners is their personal finish time and their placement within their specific gender and age group , though some runners just want to finish . Strategies for completing a marathon include running the whole distance and a run -- walk strategy . In 2005 , the average marathon time in the U.S. was 4 hours 32 minutes 8 seconds for men , 5 hours 6 minutes 8 seconds for women . In 2015 , the men 's and women 's median marathon times were 4 hours 20 minutes 13 seconds and 4 hours 45 minutes 30 seconds respectively . A goal many runners aim for is to break certain time barriers . For example , recreational first - timers often try to run the marathon under four hours ; more competitive runners may attempt to finish under three hours . Other benchmarks are the qualifying times for major marathons . The Boston Marathon , the oldest marathon in the United States , requires a qualifying time for all non-professional runners . The New York City Marathon also requires a qualifying time for guaranteed entry , at a significantly faster pace than Boston 's . Typically , there is a maximum allowed time of about six hours after which the marathon route is closed , although some larger marathons keep the course open considerably longer ( eight hours or more ) . Many marathons around the world have such time limits by which all runners must have crossed the finish line . Anyone slower than the limit will be picked up by a sweeper bus . In many cases the marathon organizers are required to reopen the roads to the public so that traffic can return to normal . With the growth in popularity of marathoning , many marathons across the United States and the world have been filling to capacity faster than ever before . When the Boston Marathon opened up registration for its 2011 running , the field capacity was filled within eight hours . Training ( edit ) MoonWalk is a nocturnal charity marathon to raise money for breast cancer research . The long run is an important element in marathon training . Recreational runners commonly try to reach a maximum of about 32 km ( 20 mi ) in their longest weekly run and a total of about 64 km ( 40 mi ) a week when training for the marathon , but wide variability exists in practice and in recommendations . More experienced marathoners may run a longer distance during the week . Greater weekly training mileages can offer greater results in terms of distance and endurance , but also carry a greater risk of training injury . Most male elite marathon runners will have weekly mileages of over 160 km ( 100 mi ) . It is recommended that those new to running should get a checkup from their doctor , as there are certain warning signs and risk factors that should be evaluated before undertaking any new workout program , especially marathon training . Many training programs last a minimum of five or six months , with a gradual increase in the distance run and finally , for recovery , a period of tapering in the weeks preceding the race . For beginners wishing to merely finish a marathon , a minimum of four months of running four days a week is recommended . Many trainers recommend a weekly increase in mileage of no more than 10 % . It is also often advised to maintain a consistent running program for six weeks or so before beginning a marathon training program , to allow the body to adapt to the new stresses . The marathon training program itself would suppose variation between hard and easy training , with a periodization of the general plan . Training programs can be found at the websites of Runner 's World , Hal Higdon , Jeff Galloway , and the Boston Athletic Association , and in numerous other published sources , including the websites of specific marathons . The last long training run might be undertaken up to two weeks prior to the event . Many marathon runners also `` carbo - load '' ( increase carbohydrate intake while holding total caloric intake constant ) during the week before the marathon to allow their bodies to store more glycogen . Glycogen and `` the wall '' ( edit ) Main article : Hitting the wall A competitor collapses just prior to the finish line of the 2006 Melbourne Marathon Carbohydrates that a person eats are converted by the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage . Glycogen burns rapidly to provide quick energy . Runners can store about 8 MJ or 2,000 kcal worth of glycogen in their bodies , enough for about 30 km / 18 -- 20 miles of running . Many runners report that running becomes noticeably more difficult at that point . When glycogen runs low , the body must then obtain energy by burning stored fat , which does not burn as readily . When this happens , the runner will experience dramatic fatigue and is said to `` hit the wall '' . The aim of training for the marathon , according to many coaches , is to maximize the limited glycogen available so that the fatigue of the `` wall '' is not as dramatic . This is accomplished in part by utilizing a higher percentage of energy from burned fat even during the early phase of the race , thus conserving glycogen . Carbohydrate - based `` energy gels '' are used by runners to avoid or reduce the effect of `` hitting the wall '' , as they provide easy to digest energy during the run . Energy gels usually contain varying amounts of sodium and potassium and some also contain caffeine . They need to be consumed with a certain amount of water . Recommendations for how often to take an energy gel during the race range widely . A runner getting encouragement at Mile 25 of the Boston Marathon Alternatives to gels include various forms of concentrated sugars , and foods high in simple carbohydrates that can be digested easily . Many runners experiment with consuming energy supplements during training runs to determine what works best for them . Consumption of food while running sometimes makes the runner sick . Runners are advised not to ingest a new food or medicine just prior to or during a race . It is also important to refrain from taking any of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class of pain relievers ( NSAIDs , e.g. , aspirin , ibuprofen , naproxen ) , as these drugs may change the way the kidneys regulate their blood flow and may lead to serious kidney problems , especially in cases involving moderate to severe dehydration . NSAIDS block the COX - 2 enzyme pathway to prevent the production of prostaglandins . These prostaglandins may act as inflammation factors throughout the body , but they also play a crucial role in maintenance of water retention . In less than 5 % of the whole population that take NSAIDS , individuals may be more negatively sensitive to renal prostaglandin synthesis inhibition . After a Marathon ( edit ) Marathon participation may result in various medical , musculoskeletal , and dermatological complaints . Delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon . Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to alleviate pain secondary to DOMS . Dermatological issues frequently include `` jogger 's nipple '' , `` jogger 's toe '' , and blisters . The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time . Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction . After long training runs and the marathon itself , consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended . In addition , soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery . Health risks ( edit ) See also : List of marathon fatalities Marathon running has various health risks . Training and the races themselves put runners under stress . While rare , even death is a possibility during a race . Common health risks include injury such as blisters , tendonitis , fatigue , knee or ankle sprain , dehydration ( electrolyte imbalance ) , and other conditions . Many are categorised as overuse injuries . Cardiac health ( edit ) Officers patrolling a marathon course in Ukraine In 2016 , a systematic medical review found that the risk of sudden cardiac death during or immediately after a marathon was between 0.6 and 1.9 deaths per 100,000 participants , varying across the specific studies and the methods used , and not controlling for age or gender . Since the risk is small , cardiac screening programs for marathons are uncommon . However , this review was not an attempt to assess the overall cardiac health impact of marathon running . A 2006 study of non-elite Boston Marathon participants tested runners for certain proteins that indicate heart damage or dysfunction ( see Troponin ) and gave them echocardiogram scans , before and after the marathon . The study revealed that , in that sample of 60 people , runners who had done less than 56 km ( 35 mi ) of weekly training before the race were most likely to show some heart damage or dysfunction , while runners who had done more than 72 km ( 45 mi ) of weekly training showed few or no heart problems . According to a Canadian study presented in 2010 , running a marathon can temporarily result in decreased function of more than half the muscle segments in the heart 's main pumping chamber , but neighboring segments are generally able to compensate . Full recovery is reached within one to three months . The fitter the runner , the less the effect . According to one of the researchers : `` Regular exercise reduces cardiovascular risk by a factor of two or three in the long run , but while we 're doing vigorous exercise such as marathon running , our cardiac risk increases by seven . '' Hydration ( edit ) A volunteer hands out fluids at a marathon water stop Overconsumption is the most significant concern associated with water consumption during marathons . Drinking excessive amounts of fluid during a race can lead to dilution of sodium in the blood , a condition called exercise - associated hyponatremia , which may result in vomiting , seizures , coma and even death . Dr. Lewis G. Maharam , medical director for the New York City Marathon , stated in 2005 : `` There are no reported cases of dehydration causing death in the history of world running , but there are plenty of cases of people dying of hyponatremia . '' For example , Dr. Cynthia Lucero died at the age of 28 while participating in the 2002 Boston Marathon . It was Lucero 's second marathon . At mile 22 , Lucero complained of feeling `` dehydrated and rubber - legged . '' She soon wobbled and collapsed to the ground , and was unconscious by the time the paramedics reached her . Lucero was admitted to Brigham and Women 's Hospital and died two days later . Lucero 's cause of death was determined to be hyponatremic encephalopathy , a condition that causes swelling of the brain due to an imbalance of sodium in the blood known as exercise - associated hyponatremia ( EAH ) . While EAH is sometimes referred to as `` water intoxication , '' Lucero drank large amounts of Gatorade during the race , demonstrating that runners who consume sodium - containing sports drinks in excess of thirst can still develop EAH . Because hyponatremia is caused by excessive water retention , and not just loss of sodium , consumption of sports drinks or salty foods may not prevent hyponatremia . Women are more prone to hyponatremia than men . A study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that 13 % of runners completing the 2002 Boston Marathon had hyponatremia . Fluid intake should be adjusted individually as factors such as body weight , sex , climate , pace , fitness ( VO max ) , and sweat rate are just a few variables that change fluid requirements between people and races . The International Marathon Medical Directors Association ( IMMDA ) advises that runners drink a sports drink that includes carbohydrates and electrolytes instead of plain water and that runners should `` drink to thirst '' instead of feeling compelled to drink at every fluid station . Heat exposure leads to diminished thirst drive and thirst may not be a sufficient incentive to drink in many situations . The IMMDA and HSL Harpur Hill give recommendations to drink fluid in small volumes frequently at an approximate rate falling between 100 -- 250 ml ( 3.4 -- 8.5 US fl oz ) every 15 minutes . A patient suffering hyponatremia can be given a small volume of a concentrated salt solution intravenously to raise sodium concentrations in the blood . Some runners weigh themselves before running and write the results on their bibs . If anything goes wrong , first aid workers can use the weight information to tell if the patient had consumed too much water . Body temperature ( edit ) Exertional heat stroke is an emergency condition in which thermoregulation fails and the body temperature rises dangerously above 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) . It becomes a greater risk in warm and humid weather , even for young and fit individuals . Treatment requires rapid physical cooling of the body . Charity involvement ( edit ) Some charities seek to associate with various races . Some marathon organizers set aside a portion their limited entry slots for charity organizations to sell to members in exchange for donations . Runners are given the option to sign up to run particular races , especially when marathon entries are no longer available to the general public . In some cases , charities organize their own marathon as a fund - raiser ( gaining funds via entry fees or through sponsorships ) . Mars rover Marathon ( edit ) Opportunity 's traverse in 2015 as it approached the Marathon Valley , and the traveled distance of a traditional marathon ( about 42 kilometers ( 26 mi ) ) In 2015 the Mars rover Opportunity attained the distance of a marathon from its starting location on Mars , and the valley where it achieved this distance was called Marathon Valley , which was then explored . See also ( edit ) Athletics portal List of marathon races List of marathoners List of marathoners who are non-running specialists List of marathon national champions ( men ) Pacemaker ( running ) National records in the marathon Ekiden ( marathon relays ) Marathon at the Paralympics Marathon world record progression Half marathon Man versus Horse Marathon Mountain marathon Multiday race Ironman Triathlon Ski marathon 100 Marathon Club Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ In modern Greek the sports event is called Marathonios Dromos ( Μαραθώνιος Δρόμος ) or simply Marathonios . References ^ Jump up to : `` IAAF Competition Rules for Road Races '' . International Association of Athletics Federations . International Association of Athletics Federations. 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marathons in history with > 30,000 finishers '' . AIMS : World Running . Association of International Marathons and Distance Races. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retreats -- Athens '' . Jeffgalloway.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Astronomers Unravel Marathon Mystery '' . Sky & Telescope . 19 July 2004 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Olympics FAQ 10 '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Moralia 347C Jump up ^ A slip of the tongue in Salutation , Chapter 3 Jump up ^ `` Prologue : The Legend '' . Marathonguide.com . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Holland , Tom ( 2007 ) Persian Fire , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group , ISBN 0307386988 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Ian ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` The Great Marathon Myth '' . Cool Running New Zealand . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories Herodotus makes no mention of a runner following the battle runner , and such a runner is mentioned only in much later sources , Nowadays the story of the `` Marathon runner '' is generally rejected as a fiction , possibly arising from confusion with the runner sent to Sparta before the battle . ( Penguin Books : New York , 1977 ) p. 425 . Jump up ^ Burfoot , Amby ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Truth about Pheidippides and the Early Years of Marathon History '' . Runner 's World . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Benyo ; Joe Henderson ( 2002 ) . Running Encyclopedia . Human Kinetics . p. 250 . ISBN 9780736037341 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ This date is specified as March 10 in some sources as Greece used the Julian calendar at the time . Jump up ^ Anthony Bijkerk ; David C. Young ( Winter 1999 ) . `` That Memorable First Marathon '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . ISOH : 27 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 ... Results summary : page 27 , annotation 3 . Jump up ^ Bill Mallon ; Ture Widlund ( 1997 ) . 1896 Olympic Games : Results for All Competitors in All Events , with Commentary . McFarland . p. 69 . ISBN 9781476609508 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1896 , Marathon Runners , Burton Holmes '' . Getty Images . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Burton Holmes ( 1905 ) . The Burton Holmes Lectures : The Olympian games in Athens . Grecian journeys . The wonders of Thessaly . New York : McClure , Phillips & Co. p. 69 . ISBN 9781276985949 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . ( Digital compilation from original title : The Burton Holmes Lectures ( Volume 3 ) : With Illustrations from Photographs by the Author , Year : 1901 , ISBN 9781151940469 , on 6 November 2008 , University of Michigan ) Jump up ^ `` Olympic Champion Joan Benoit Samuelson To Be Guest of Honor at Manchester Marathon -- Registration Closed '' . Cool Running . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon Race '' . Marathon Run Museum . Archived from the original on 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping out the London Olympic Marathon course '' . The AZ Blog . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Visualizing the Rio Olympic Marathon Course '' . Runner 's World . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Wanjiru and Gharib break OR in Men 's Marathon . En.beijing2008.cn ( 24 August 2008 ) . Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Marathon -- Olympic Athletics '' . Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Track and Field Athletics '' . The World 1910 Almanac and Encyclopedia . New York : Press Publishing Company . 1909 . pp. 384 -- 385 . ^ Jump up to : Whorton , James C. ( 1992 ) . `` '' Athlete 's Heart `` : The Medical Debate over Athleticism , 1870 -- 1920 '' . In Berryman , Jack W. ; Park , Robert J. Sport and Exercise Science : Essays in the History of Sports Medicine . University of Illinois Press . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06242 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Roger ( January -- February 2009 ) . `` Footsteps : ' Tis the ( Racing ) Season ; 100 Years of Holiday Running '' . Running Times Magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Pamela ( 1999 ) . `` New York City Marathon Culture '' . The American Marathon . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . pp. 27 -- 48 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0573 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Running USA Annual Marathon Report '' . 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Jump up ^ First woman to run marathon in US Jump up ^ Arlene Pieper -- First Lady Marathoner Jump up ^ `` Boston , 1967 : When marathons were just for men '' . BBC News . 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Kathrine Switzer became the first woman to officially run the race 45 years ago , despite stewards trying to physically force the 20 - year - old off the road . Jump up ^ Semple , Jock ; with John J. Kelley and Tom Murphy ( 1981 ) . Just Call Me Jock : The Story of Jock Semple , Boston 's Mr. Marathon , pages 7 , 114 -- 118 , Waterford Publishing Co. , ISBN 978 - 0942052015 Jump up ^ Boston Marathon History . baa.org Jump up ^ Boston Marathon History : Past Women 's Open Champions . baa.org Jump up ^ `` Feminist Daily News 10 / 29 / 2015 : Afghan Woman Runs in Country 's First Marathon '' . Feminist.org. 2015 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bryant , J. ( 2007 ) 100 Years and Still Running , Marathon News Jump up ^ Wilcock , Bob ( March 2008 ) . `` The 1908 Olympic Marathon '' . Journal of Olympic History . 16 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` History of the Athens Marathon '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon : How it works '' , IAAF website Jump up ^ `` The Marathon journey to reach 42.195 km '' . european-athletics.org. 25 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , David E. ; Roger W.H. Gynn ( May 2000 ) . The Olympic Marathon . Human Kinetics Publishers . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88011 - 969 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF Competition Rules 2008 '' ( PDF ) . IAAF . p. 195 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ IAAF Competition Rules 2012 -- 2013 -- Rule 240 . None . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF Competition Rules 2010 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . IAAF . pp. 230 -- 235 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Day , Sharlene M. ; Thompson , Paul D. ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Cardiac risks associated with marathon running '' . Sports Health . 2 ( 4 ) : 301 -- 306 . PMC 3445091 . doi : 10.1177 / 1941738110373066 . Jump up ^ AIMS -- About AIMS . Aimsworldrunning.org ( 30 March 2007 ) . Retrieved on 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ The World 's Top 10 Marathons . runnersworld.com . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Boston Marathon : A Perfect Way to Celebrate Patriot 's Day '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ guest . `` In Pheidippides ' Footsteps : 30th Annual Athens Classic Marathon GreekReporter.com '' . Greece.greekreporter.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press Marathon . Freepmarathon.com . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports medicine , training , and rehabilitation . 3 . 1991 . p. 95 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Dwyne R. ; Bignall , John E. ( 1987 ) . `` Creating the competent self : The case of the wheelchair runner '' . In Joseph A. Kotarba ; Andrea Fontana . The Existential Self in Society . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 45141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davis , Alison ( 1996 ) . `` The History of Wheelchair Racing at the Boston Marathon '' . Against the Wind . University of Illinois Board of Trustees . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Alison ( 1996 ) . `` Interview with Bob Hall '' . Against the Wind . University of Illinois Board of Trustees . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 18 April 2011 ) . `` Boston Marathon : five historic moments '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dicker , Ron ( 5 November 2000 ) . `` New York City Marathon ; New Equipment Stirs Division Within Wheelchair Ranks '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Vega , Michael ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Ernst Van Dyk wins record 9th wheelchair title '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Rory A. ; Boninger , Michael L. ; Rice , Ian ; Sean D. Shimada ; Rosemarie Cooper ( 1996 ) . `` Elite athletes with impairments '' . In Walter R. Frontera ; David M. Slovik ; David Michael Dawson . Exercise in rehabilitation medicine . Human Kinetics . p. 333 . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 5541 - X . Jump up ^ `` Wheelchair entrants axed from marathon '' . Calgary Herald . 17 October 1977 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Association Press ( 22 October 1977 ) . `` Marathon entry on wheels '' . Lakeland Ledger . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelchair athletes win marathon appeal '' . Tri City Herald . 26 October 1980 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ United Press International ( 11 April 1981 ) . `` Marathon Wins Wheelchair Ban '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Forward In Reverse '' . New York Times . 11 November 1986 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2013 ) . Guinness World Records Limited . Jane Boatfield . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 908843 - 15 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Runner 's World What Will It Take to Run A 2 - Hour Marathon '' . rw.runnersworld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` KIMETTO BREAKS MARATHON WORLD RECORD IN BERLIN WITH 2 : 02 : 57 '' . IAAF . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WILSON KIPSANG SETS WORLD RECORD OF 2 : 03 : 23 IN BERLIN MARATHON '' . IAAF. 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paula Radcliffe keeps her marathon world record in IAAF about - turn '' . The Guardian . London . 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Men 's marathon records . iaaf.org . Retrieved on 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Women 's marathon records . iaaf.org . Retrieved on 26 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cathal Dennehy ( 25 September 2016 ) . `` Bekele gets back to his brilliant best at Berlin Marathon '' . IAAF . 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Jump up ^ `` World Single Age Records - Marathon '' . Association of Road Racing Statisticians. 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben . ( 19 April 2004 ) Everything you wanted to know about the marathon but were too exhausted to ask . Telegraph . Retrieved on 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ London Marathon : 25 reasons to celebrate the London Marathon -- More Sports , Sport . The Independent ( 16 April 2005 ) . Retrieved on 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Harriette Thompson , 92 , becomes oldest woman to complete a marathon Sport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ 3 year - old marathon runner Retrieved 4 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` 2016 Running USA Annual Marathon Report Running USA '' . www.runningusa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon Statistics - FindMyMarathon.com '' . www.findmymarathon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Jessica ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) . `` As running booms in China , marathoners look to Boston '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Marathon Club '' . 100 Marathon Club . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Trevallion , Lucy ( 13 November 2012 ) . `` New multi marathon world record '' . Runner 's World UK . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ 50&DC Marathon Group U.S.A. Archived 27 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Mile posts : And now the rest of the story with Beverly Paquin Des Moines Register Staff Blogs Archived 12 July 2012 at Archive.is . Blogs.desmoinesregister.com ( 20 October 2010 ) . Retrieved on 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Alumna Runs Marathons in 50 States and D.C. , Sets Record ! `` Slice of MIT by the Alumni Association . Alum.mit.edu ( 16 November 2010 ) . Retrieved on 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Accolades '' . 50anddcmarathongroupusa.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Archives : television and radio spots on Terry Fox '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Richter , Marice ( 26 September 2011 ) . `` Multiple sclerosis patient finishes 50th marathon '' . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fiennes relishes marathon feat '' . BBC News . 3 November 2003 . Jump up ^ I am not a madman . Interview with Guardian , 5 October 2007 Jump up ^ Irish Independent retrieved 120812 . Independent.ie ( 6 February 2009 ) . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Interviewed on CNN . Edition.cnn.com ( 28 February 2012 ) . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Welcome to the World Marathon Challenge 2012 . Worldmarathonchallenge.com . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Leanne ( 24 February 2013 ) . `` Cowtown notes : San Antonio runner logs his 1,000 th marathon '' . star-telegram.com . Jump up ^ Orton , Kathy ( 27 October 2004 ) . `` Texan 's Weekend Job Provides Great Benefits '' . The Washington Post . pp. D4 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Blaikie , David ( 14 September 1998 ) . `` The Sy Mah Trophy honours a running legend '' . Ultramarathon World . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Jump up ^ Gesamtstatistik zum 30.06. 2008 . 100mc.de ( 30 June 2008 ) . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ 100 Marathon Club site ( in German ) Archived 1 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... 100mc.de . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ 50 States & D.C. Marathon Group site Archived 27 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 ... Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Michael ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Christian Hottas lief seinen 2.500 sten Marathon '' . Runner 's World Deutschland ( in German ) . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dou , Eva ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Belgian sets world record for marathon running '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Belgian Stefaan Engels completes record 365th marathon '' . BBC . 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seres sobrehumanos '' . Corredor de fondo . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Challenge accomplished : 500 marathons in 500 days '' . 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( 8 October 2004 ) John A. Kelley , Marathoner , Dies at 97 . The New York Times . Retrieved on 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Runner With Longest Boston Streak Retires Jump up ^ The IOC attributes Théato 's medal to France , despite later sources finding that his nationality was Luxembourgish . Jump up ^ Corey is described in the 1904 Games report as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , but the IOC attributes his medal to the United States . ^ Jump up to : Both Sohn Kee - chung ( Son Kitei ) and Nam Sung - yong ( Nan Shoryu ) were from Korea . The IOC attributes both medals to Japan due to Korea being a Japanese colony at the time . All Korean Olympians during the Japanese colonial rule could only participate in the games as a representative of Japan and had to compete with Japanese names instead of their original Korean names . However , some sources still refer to Son Kitei as the first Korean to win an Olympic marathon today . ^ Jump up to : `` Training programs '' . Hal Higdon . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Total USA Marathon Finishers '' . Marathonguide.com . Retrieved 24 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Running USA Annual Marathon Report '' . Running USA . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Running a sub 3 hour marathon allaboutrunning.net '' . allaboutrunning.net . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Athletic Association '' . Bostonmarathon.org . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ The ING New York City Marathon Jump up ^ Online , sprinters win race : Marathon fills its field in a record 8 hours . Boston.com ( 19 October 2010 ) . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Greg The Marathon Long Run . mcmillanrunning.com ^ Jump up to : Daniels , J. ( 2005 ) . Daniels ' Running Formula , 2nd Ed . Human Kinetics Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 5492 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon Training Tips '' . Rush University Medical Center . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitsett et al. ( 1998 ) The Non-Runner's Marathon Trainer . Master 's Press . Jump up ^ Finishing A Marathon Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Calendarofmarathons.com . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Burfoot , A. Ed ( 1999 ) . Runner 's World Complete Book of Running : Everything You Need to Know to Run for Fun , Fitness and Competition . Rodale Books . ISBN 1 - 57954 - 186 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marius Bakken . `` Training For A Marathon '' . Marius Bakken 's Marathon Training Schedule . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon Training at Runner 's World '' . Runnersworld.com. 15 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Athletic Association '' . Bostonmarathon.org . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitting the wall for marathon runners '' . Half-marathon-running.com . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Michael ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` Lesser - known Dangers Associated with Running a Marathon '' . E-articles.info . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Brater , D. Craig ( 17 January 2000 ) . `` Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on renal function : focus on cyclooxygenase − 2 -- selective inhibition '' . The American Journal of Medicine . 107 ( 6 ) : 65 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 9343 ( 99 ) 00369 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jaworski CA ( June 2005 ) . `` Medical concerns of marathons '' . Current Sports Medicine Reports . 4 ( 3 ) : 137 -- 43 . PMID 15907265 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. csmr. 0000306196.51994. 5f . ^ Jump up to : Pete Pfitzinger -- Lab Reports -- Recovering From a Marathon , Part One . Pfitzinger.com . Retrieved on 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Mailler EA , Adams BB ( August 2004 ) . `` The wear and tear of 26.2 : dermatological injuries reported on marathon day '' . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 38 ( 4 ) : 498 -- 501 . PMC 1724877 . PMID 15273194 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 2004.011874 . Jump up ^ Stouffer Drenth , Tere ( 2003 ) . Marathon Training for Dummies . United States : Wiley Publishing Inc . ISBN 0 - 7645 - 2510 - 7 . Jump up ^ Keener , Candace. ( 27 February 2008 ) HowStuffWorks `` The Health Risks of the Marathon '' . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved on 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Waite O , Smith A , Madge L , Spring H , Noret N ( January 2016 ) . `` Sudden cardiac death in marathons : a systematic review '' . The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 44 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 84 . PMID 26765272 . doi : 10.1080 / 00913847.2016. 1135036 . Jump up ^ Neilan TG et al. ( 28 November 2006 ) . `` Myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction related to training levels among non-elite participants in the Boston Marathon '' . Circulation. 114 ( 22 ) : 2325 -- 2533 . PMID 17101848 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 106.647461 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Pappas , Stephanie ( 25 October 2010 ) . `` Temporary Heart Damage May Explain Marathon Deaths '' . Live Science . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaudreault V et al. ( October 2013 ) . `` Transient Myocardial Tissue and Function Changes During a Marathon in Less Fit Marathon Runners '' . Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 29 ( 10 ) : 1269 -- 1276 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cjca. 2013.04. 022 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Merck Manual : Hyponatremia . Merckmanuals.com . Retrieved on 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( 20 October 2005 ) : Marathoners Warned About Too Much Water , NYTimes . Jump up ^ `` Fluid Cited in Marathoner 's Death '' . Associated Press . 13 August 2002 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Noakes , MD , DSc , Tim ( May 1 , 2012 ) . Waterlogged . Human Kinetics . p. 4 . ISBN 145042497X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ROAD RACING ; Boston Marathon Runner Dies '' . The New York Times . April 19 , 2002 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctors : Marathoner Died From Too Much Water '' . WCVB News . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Nearman , Steve ( October 23 , 2003 ) . `` Too much of a good thing '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Almond CS , Shin AY , Fortescue EB , et al. ( April 2005 ) . `` Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 352 ( 15 ) : 1550 -- 6 . PMID 15829535 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa043901 . Jump up ^ Engler , Natalie ( 2003 ) . `` Marathon Dilemma : How Much Water is Too Much ? '' . AMAASportsMed.org . American Running Association . Reuters Health . Archived from the original on 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Almond CS , Shin AY , Fortescue EB , et al. ( April 2005 ) . `` Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 352 ( 15 ) : 1550 -- 6 . PMID 15829535 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa043901 . ^ Jump up to : Writing committee : Lewis G. Maharam , MD. FACSM ( chair ) , Tamara Hew DPM , Arthur Siegel MD , Marv Adner , MD , Bruce Adams , MD and Pedro Pujol , MD , FACSM ( 6 May 2006 ) . `` IMMDA 's REVISED FLUID RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RUNNERS & WALKERS '' . Association of International Marathons and Distance Races . Archived from the original on 27 April 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bethea , Damian ; Powell , Shuma ( July 2005 ) . `` Dehydration Review , Report Number HSL / 2005 / 29 '' ( PDF ) . Health & Safety Laboratory Harpur Hill , Buxton , Derbyshire . Jump up ^ `` American College of Sports Medicine position stand : Exertional heat illness during training and competition '' . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise . 39 ( 3 ) : 556 -- 572 . March 2007 . PMID 17473783 . doi : 10.1249 / MSS. 0b013e31802fa199 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hans - Joachim Gehrke , `` From Athenian identity to European ethnicity : The cultural biography of the myth of Marathon , '' in Ton Derks , Nico Roymans ( ed . ) , Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity : The Role of Power and Tradition ( Amsterdam , Amsterdam University Press , 2009 ) ( Amsterdam Archaeological Studies , 13 ) , 85 -- 100 . Hans W. Giessen : Mythos Marathon . Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart . ( = Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations - und Kulturwissenschaft . Band 17 ) . Verlag Empirische Pädagogik , Landau 2010 Tom Derderian , Boston Marathon : History of the World 's Premier Running Event , Human Kinetics , 1994 , 1996 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marathons . IAAF list of marathon records in XML <Th_colspan="2"> Athletics events <Td_colspan="2"> Track and field Road running Racewalking Racerunning Cross country running Multi-day race Ultramarathon Wheelchair racing Backward running Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m 500 m 600 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 15,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km <Td_colspan="2"> Current Olympic events shown in italics <Th_colspan="2"> Racing <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Running <Td_colspan="2"> Track running Sprinting Middle - distance running Long - distance track event Relay race Hurdling Steeplechase Road running Half marathon Marathon Ultramarathon Ekiden Off - road running Adventure running Cross country running Fell running Trail running Other Tower running Racewalking <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Orienteering <Td_colspan="2"> Foot orienteering Mountain bike orienteering Ski orienteering Trail orienteering Radio orienteering Canoe orienteering Rogaining Mountain marathon Car orienteering <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Bicycle racing <Td_colspan="2"> Road bicycle racing Cyclo - cross Mountain bike racing Track cycling BMX racing Cycle speedway Keirin <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Animal racing <Td_colspan="2"> Camel racing Greyhound racing Horse racing Pigeon racing Sled dog racing <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Swimming <Td_colspan="2"> Open water swimming Marathon swimming Paralympic swimming <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Motorsport <Td_colspan="2"> Auto racing Formula racing Sports car racing Touring car racing Stock car racing Rallying Drag racing Off - road racing Motorboat racing Drag boat racing Hydroplane racing Jet sprint boat racing Offshore powerboat racing F1 powerboat River marathon racing Other Kart racing Air racing Radio - controlled car racing Slot car racing <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Multi-sport racing <Td_colspan="2"> Duathlon Triathlon <Td_colspan="2"> List of forms of racing GND : 4037441 - 5 NDL : 00567483 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marathon&oldid=807413406 '' Categories : Marathon running Events in athletics ( track and field ) Road running competitions Athletic culture based on Greek antiquity Greek inventions Long - distance running Running Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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1. Marathon history 2. Olympic marathon 3. Women in marathons 4. Marathon distances 5. Wheelchair division in marathons

when was the shofar blown in the bible

Shofar - wikipedia Shofar Jump to : navigation , search For the academic journal , see Shofar ( journal ) . For the Shofar Organization , see Amnon Yitzhak . Shofar Shofar Blowing the shofar A shofar ( pron . / ʃoʊˈfɑːr / , from Hebrew : שׁוֹפָר ‎ ( help info ) , pronounced ( ʃoˈfaʁ ) ) is an ancient musical horn made of ram 's horn , used for Jewish religious purposes . Like the modern bugle , the shofar lacks pitch - altering devices . All pitch control is done by varying the player 's embouchure . The shofar is blown in synagogue services on Rosh Hashanah and at the very end of Yom Kippur , and is also blown every weekday morning in the month of Elul running up to Rosh Hashanah . Shofars come in a variety of sizes and shapes , depending on the choice of animal and level of finish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bible and rabbinic literature 1.1 Post-Biblical times 1.2 Mitzvah 1.3 Qualifications 2 Shape and material 2.1 Choice of animal 2.2 Construction 3 Sounds 3.1 Foundations in Talmud and Torah 3.2 Modern practice 4 Use in modern times 4.1 Religion 4.2 National liberation 4.3 Non-religious musical usage 4.4 Celebration and protest 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Bible and rabbinic literature ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shofar ( by Alphonse Lévy ( fr ) Caption says : `` To a good year '' The shofar is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible , the Talmud and rabbinic literature . The blast of a shofar emanating from the thick cloud on Mount Sinai made the Israelites tremble in awe ( Exodus 19 : 16 ) . The shofar was used to announce holidays and the Jubilee year . The first day of the seventh month ( Tishrei ) is termed `` a memorial of blowing '' , or `` a day of blowing '' , the shofar . They were used for signifying the start of a war . Later , it was also employed in processions , as musical accompaniment and eventually it was inserted into the temple orchestra by David . Note that the ' trumpets ' described in Numbers 10 are a different instrument , described by the Hebrew word ' trumpet ' ( Hebrew : חצוצרה ‎ ‎ ; ḥaṣoṣrah ) , not the word for shofar ( Hebrew : שופר ‎ ‎ ) . The Torah describes the first day of the seventh month ( 1st of Tishrei = Rosh HaShanah ) as a zikron teruˁah ( Hebrew : זכרון תרועה ‎ ‎ ; memorial of blowing ; Lev. 23 : 24 ) and as a yom teruˁah ( Hebrew : יום תרועה ‎ ‎ ; day of blowing ; Num. 29 ) . This was interpreted by the Jewish sages as referring to the sounding of the shofar . In the Temple in Jerusalem , the shofar was sometimes used together with the trumpet . On New Year 's Day the principal ceremony was conducted with the shofar , which instrument was placed in the center with a trumpet on either side ; it was the horn of a wild goat and straight in shape , being ornamented with gold at the mouthpiece . On fast days the principal ceremony was conducted with the trumpets in the center and with a shofar on either side . On those occasions the shofarot were rams ' horns curved in shape and ornamented with silver at the mouthpieces . On Yom Kippur of the jubilee year the ceremony was performed with the shofar as on New Year 's Day . On Rosh Hashanah and other full holidays ( Day of Atonement , Ingathering of the harvest ( Sukkot ) , Passover and the Feast of Weeks -- Pentecost ) a single priest perfected two sacrifices in honor of the full holiday . ( Note that festivals such as Hanukah and Purim , are not considered full holidays requiring an extra sacrifice . ) On Rosh Hashanah , something special occurred during the special sacrifice . Arguably two Shofar sounders played the long notes and one trumpet player played the short note . Accordingly , Rosh Hashanah is called Yom Teruah ( the day of the blast ) . Otherwise , the trumpets had `` top billing '' . Rosh Hashanah 27a , supports this claim : `` Said Raba or it may have been R. Joshua B. Levi : What is the scriptural warrant for this ? -- Because it is written , ' With trumpets and the sound of the Shofar shout ye before the King in the Temple , we require trumpets and the sound of the Shofar ; elsewhere not . ' '' Indeed , on Yom Kippur , the Shofar was sounded to announce the Jubilee Year ( every 50 years , Jews were granted forgiveness , debts were forgiven , indentured Israelites were granted freedom , and the fields `` shall become owned by the priests '' . Shofar first indicated in Yovel ( Jubilee Year -- Lev. 25 : 8 -- 13 ) . Indeed , in Rosh Hashanah 33b , the sages ask why the Shofar sounded in Jubilee year . Further support is found in Rosh Hashanah 29a , indicating the sounding of both Shofars and trumpets . On Jubilee Year , however , only the Shofar blasts . The Rabbi 's created the practice of the Shofar 's sounding every Yom Kippur rather than just on the Jubilee Year ( once in 50 years ) . Otherwise , for all other special days , the Shofar is sounded shorter and two special silver Trumpets announced the sacrifice . When the trumpets sound the signal , all the people who were within the sacrifice prostrate themselves , stretching out flat , face down and on the ground . The shofar was blown in the times of Joshua 5 to help him capture Jericho . As they surrounded the walls , the shofar was blown and the Jews were able to capture the city . The shofar was commonly taken out to war so the troops would know when a battle would begin . The person who would blow the shofar would call out to the troops from atop a hill . All of the troops were able to hear the call of the shofar from their position because of its distinct sound . Post-biblical times ( edit ) Old Jerusalem Yochanan ben Zakkai synagogue -- A flask of oil and a shofar for the anointing of the eagerly - awaited Mashiach . At the inception of the Diaspora , during the short - lived ban on playing musical instruments , the shofar was enhanced in its use , as a sign of mourning for the destruction of the temple . The declaration of the ban 's source was in fact set to music itself as the lamentation ' Al Naharoth Bavel ' within a few centuries of the ban . ( It is noted that a full orchestra played in the temple , the ban was so that this would not be taken for granted , hence the wording of the ban ' if I forget thee O Jerusalem , over my chiefest joy etc . ' . ) The shofar continues to announce the Jewish Year , and the sighting of the new moon , to introduce Shabbat , to carry out the commandment to sound it on Rosh Hashanah , and to mark the end of the day of fasting on Yom Kippur , once the services have been completed in the evening . Secular uses have been discarded ( see a notable exception in a section further down ) . The shofar is primarily associated with Rosh Hashanah ; indeed , Rosh Hashanah is called `` Yom Teruah '' ( or `` Yom T'ruah '' ) ( the day of the shofar blast ) . In the Mishnah ( book of early rabbinic laws derived from the Torah ) , a discussion centers on the primacy of the shofar in the time before the destruction of the second temple ( 70 AD ) . Indeed , the shofar was the center of the ceremony , with two silver trumpets playing a lesser role . On other solemn holidays , fasts , and new moon celebrations , two silver trumpets were featured , with one shofar playing a lesser role . The shofar is also associated with the jubilee year in which , every fifty years , Jewish law provided for the release of all slaves , land , and debts . The sound of the shofar on Rosh Hashanah announced the jubilee year , and the sound of the shofar on Yom Kippur proclaimed the actual release of financial encumbrances . The halakha ( Jewish law ) rules that the shofar may not be sounded on Shabbat , due to the potential that the Ba'al Tekiah ( shofar sounder ) may inadvertently carry it , which is in a class of forbidden Shabbat work . The historical explanation is that , in ancient Israel , the shofar was sounded on Shabbat in the temple located in Jerusalem . After the temple 's destruction , the sounding of the shofar on Shabbat was restricted to the place where the great Sanhedrin ( Jewish legislature and court from 400 BCE to 100 C.E. ) was located . However , when the Sanhedrin ceased to exist , the sounding of the shofar on Shabbat was discontinued . The shofar says , `` Awake , sleepers from your sleep , and slumberers arise from your slumber ! '' Mishneh Torah , Laws of Repentance 3 : 4 . Mitzvah ( edit ) Jewish `` Slichot '' prayer service with shofar during the Days of Repentance preceding Yom Kippur at the Western Wall in Jerusalem 's Old City , 2008 . The Sages indicated that the mitzvah was to hear the sounds of the shofar . They went so far as to consider a shofar blown into a pit or cave and to decide whether a person who hears the original sound or the echo has fulfilled the mitzvah . Mishnah ( Rosh Hashanah 27b ) . The Shulchan Aruch sums up that if the hearer hears the reverberation , the mitzvah is not valid . However , if the listener perceives the direct sounds , he fulfils the mitzvah . Thus , most modern halakhic authorities hold that hearing a shofar on the radio or the Internet would not be valid to satisfy the mitzvah because `` electronically reproduced sounds do not suffice for mitzvot that require hearing a specific natural sound ... However , one should consult a competent rabbi if an unusually pressing situation arises , as some authorities believe that performing mitzvot through electronically reproduced sound is preferable to not performing them at all . '' According to Jewish law women and minors are exempt from the commandment of hearing the shofar blown ( as is the case with any positive , time - bound commandment ) , but they are encouraged to attend the ceremony . If the Baal Tekiyah ( shofar sounder ) blows with the intention that all who hear will perform the mitzvah , then anyone listening -- even someone passing by -- who intends to hear the Shofar can perform the mitzvah because the community blower blows for everybody . If the listener stands still , it is presumed he intends to hear . If one hears the blast but with no intention of fulfilling the mitzvah , then the mitzvah has not been fulfilled . Qualifications ( edit ) Yemenite Jew blowing the shofar , late 1930 's The expert who blows ( or `` blasts '' or `` sounds '' ) the shofar is termed the Tokea ( lit . `` Blaster '' ) or Ba'al Tekiah ( lit . `` Master of the Blast '' ) . Being a Ba'al Tekiah ( shofar sounder ) is an honor . Every male Jew is eligible for this sacred office , providing he is acceptable to the congregation . `` The one who blows the shofar on Rosh Hashanah ... should likewise be learned in the Torah and shall be God - fearing ; the best man available . '' If a potential choice will cause dissension , he should withdraw his candidacy , even if the improper person will be chosen . The Shulchan Aruch discusses who is fit to blow the shofar on behalf of a congregation : Anyone not obligated to fulfill the mitzvah of sounding the shofar can not fulfill the commandment for ( cover ) another whose duty it is to perform the mitzvah . Although a woman ( who is exempt from this mitzvah because it is time bound ) may not blow the shofar for men ( whose duty it is to perform the mitzvah ) , a female Ba'alat Tekiah may intone the shofar for herself and other women . Similarly , she may say a blessing over the mitzvah even though it is not mandatory ( the requisite blessing contains the words `` asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu '' , `` who sanctified us with His commandments ( mitzvot ) and commanded us to ... '' , but women are not commanded in this mitzvah ) . Only a freeman ( not even a slave who will become free in the next month ) can be a Ba'al Tekiah . The Ba'al Tekiah shall abstain from anything that may cause ritual contamination for three days prior to Rosh Hashanah . Shape and material ( edit ) Choice of animal ( edit ) According to the Talmud , a shofar may be made from the horn of any animal from the Bovidae family except that of a cow although a ram is preferable . Bovidae horns are made of a layer of keratin ( the same material as human toenails and fingernails ) around a core of bone , with a layer of cartilage in between , which can be removed to leave the hollow keratin horn . An antler , on the other hand , is made of solid bone , so an antler can not be used as a shofar because it can not be hollowed out . There is no requirement for ritual slaughter ( shechita ) , and theoretically , the horn can come from a non-kosher animal because under most , but not all , interpretations of Jewish law the shofar is not required to be muttar be-fikha ( literally : permissible in your mouth ) ; the mitzvah is hearing the shofar , not eating the animal it came from . The shofar falls into the category of tashmishei mitzvah , objects used to perform a mitzvah that do not themselves have inherent holiness . Moreover , because horn is always inedible , it is considered afra be-alma ( mere dust ) and not an unkosher substance . The Elef Hamagen ( 586 : 5 ) delineates the order of preference : 1 ) curved ram ; 2 ) curved other sheep ; 3 ) curved other animal ; 4 ) straight -- ram or otherwise ; 5 ) non-kosher animal ; 6 ) cow . The first four categories are used with a bracha ( blessing ) , the fifth without a bracha , and the last , not at all . A Dall Sheep with horns . Greater Kudu , Namibia . Construction ( edit ) In practice two species are generally used : the Ashkenazi and Sefardi shofar is made from the horn of a domestic ram , while a Yemeni shofar is made from the horn of a kudu . A Moroccan Shofar is a flat Shofar with no curves besides the main curve . A crack or hole in the shofar affecting the sound renders it unfit for ceremonial use . A shofar may not be painted in colors , but it may be carved with artistic designs ( Shulkhan Arukh , Orach Chayim , 586 , 17 ) . Shofars ( especially the Sephardi shofars ) are sometimes plated with silver across part of their length for display purposes , although this invalidates them for use in religious practices . The horn is flattened and shaped by the application of heat , which softens it . A hole is made from the tip of the horn to the natural hollow inside . It is played much like a European brass instrument , with the player blowing through the hole , causing the air column inside to vibrate . Sephardi shofars usually have a carved mouthpiece resembling that of a European trumpet or French horn , but smaller . Ashkenazi shofars do not . Because the hollow of the shofar is irregular in shape , the harmonics obtained when playing the instrument can vary : rather than a pure perfect fifth , intervals as narrow as a fourth , or as wide as a sixth may be produced . A small shofar made from a ram 's horn . A shofar made from the horn of a Greater kudu . A small shofar made from a ram 's horn . Sounds ( edit ) Foundations in Talmud and Torah ( edit ) The Tekiah ( תקיעה ) and teruah ( תרועה ) sounds mentioned in the Tanakh were respectively bass and treble . The tekiah ( or `` t'kiah '' or `` t'qiah '' ) was a plain deep sound ending abruptly ; the teruah ( or `` t'ruah '' ) , a trill between two tekiahs . These two sounds , constituting a single unit of shofar sounding , were rendered three times during a service added specially for Rosh HaShanah : first in honor of God 's Kingship ( malchiyot or malchuyot ) ) ; next to recall the Binding of Isaac , in order to cause the congregation to be remembered before God ( zichronot ) ; and a third time to comply with the precept regarding the shofar ( shofrot ) . The word teruah ( a broken sound ) appears three times in the Bible in the context of the shofar , from which the Talmud derives the rule that three such sounds must be made . In addition , other verses connect the word tekiah ( an unbroken sound ) to teruah twice , thus leading the Talmud to rule that each teruah must be preceded and followed by a tekiah , leading to a total of nine blasts ( tekiah - teruah - tekiah three times ) . Over time doubts arose as to the correct sound of the teruah . The Talmud is uncertain whether it means a moaning / groaning or a staccato beat sound . A system of three sounds was therefore devised to account for all the possibilities : Shevarim ( or `` sh'varim '' ) ( שברים ) is composed of three connected short sounds . Teruah is a series of nine very short notes divided into three disconnected or broken sequences of three notes each . The nine notes of the teruah is equal the three notes of the shevarim in duration . Tekiah is slightly longer than the length of either the shevarim or the teruah . The doubt as to the nature of the Biblical teruah , whether it was simply a broken moan ( shevarim ) , a staccato ( teruah ) or both ( shevarim - teruah ) , necessitates three near - repetitions to make sure of securing the correct sound . The sequence of the shofar blowing is thus : Tekiah , shevarim - teruah , tekiah Tekiah , shevarim , tekiah Tekiah , teruah , and then a final blast of tekiah gedolah , which means `` big tekiah '' , held as long as possible . This series is also known by its acronyms : TaShRaT , TaShaT , TaRaT , respectively . When blowing the shevarim - teruah , the tekiah is lengthened to be slightly longer than the duration of the shevarim and the teruah together . Some opinions require trebling the series , based on the mention of teruah three times in connection with the seventh month ( Lev . xxiii , xxv ; Num . xxix ) , and also on the above - mentioned division of the service into malchiyot , zichronot , and shofarot . To fulfill all of the opinions and criteria above , a total of thirty blasts are sounded , the minimum number required today : Tashrat three times , yielding twelve blasts Tashat three times , yielding nine Tarat three times , yielding nine Alternatively , although fewer opinions are satisfied , some communities sound a single series of Tashrat - Tashat - Tarat without trebling . This may also fulfill the required total of thirty blasts , if tekiah is counted as one note , shevarim three , and teruah nine . Regardless , all halachic authorities teach that one should follow one 's community 's custom . Modern practice ( edit ) Shofar sound for Rosh Hashana , Ashkenaz version ; The National Library of Israel . It is customary to hear 100 or 101 sounds in the synagogue , although the minimum requirement is to hear 30 sounds . The shofar is sounded just before , during and after the Musaf prayer on Rosh Hashanah . For the sounding just before Musaf , after the Torah reading , relevant verses from the Bible are recited , followed by two blessings : one on the Biblical commandment of `` hearing the sound of the shofar '' and the blessing of Shehecheyanu . After that , thirty shofar blasts are sounded . In the Musaf prayer itself , the shofar is sounded three times during the silent prayer , and then again three times during the leader 's repetition . For each of these soundings , ten appropriate selections from the Bible are recited , followed by a benediction , followed finally by a series of ten shofar blasts . After leader 's repetition of the Musaf prayer is completed , a final series of ten ( or eleven , depending on the community 's custom ) shofar blasts are sounded , yielding a total of 100 or 101 blasts . ( Some communities do not blow the shofar during the silent Musaf prayer , instead blowing the 30 blasts after the leader 's repetition . ) After the service is over , it is customary to blow another series of thirty blasts `` to confuse the Adversary '' . According to the Sephardic tradition , a full 101 blasts are sounded , corresponding to the 100 cries of the mother of Sisera , the captain of Jabin 's army who did not return home after being killed by Yael ( Judges 5 : 28 ) . One cry is added to symbolize the legitimate love of a mother mourning her son . Use in modern times ( edit ) Religion ( edit ) The shofar is used mainly on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur . It is blown in synagogues to mark the end of the fast at Yom Kippur , and blown at four particular occasions in the prayers on Rosh Hashanah . Because of its inherent ties to the Days of Repentance and the inspiration that comes along with hearing its piercing blasts , the shofar is also blown after morning services for the entire month of Elul , the last month of the Jewish civil year and the sixth of the Jewish ecclesiastical year . It is not blown on the last day of month , however , to mark the difference between the voluntary blasts of the month and the mandatory blasts of the holiday . Shofar blasts are also used during penitential rituals such as Yom Kippur Katan and optional prayer services called during times of communal distress . The exact modes of sounding can vary from location to location . In an effort to improve the skills of shofar blowers , an International Day of Shofar Study is observed on Rosh Chodesh Elul , the start of the month preceding Rosh Hashanah . A Jewish Haredi man blowing a Shofar , 2012 . Hasidic Jew , blowing the kudu shofar in Uman , Ukraine , 2010 . Jewish Israeli man blows the Shofar at the Western Wall , Jerusalem National liberation ( edit ) During the Ottoman and the British rule of Jerusalem , Jews were not allowed to sound the shofar at the Western Wall . After the Six Day War , Rabbi Shlomo Goren famously approached the Wall and sounded the shofar . This fact inspired Naomi Shemer to add an additional line to her song Jerusalem of Gold , saying : `` a shofar calls out from the Temple Mount in the Old City . '' Non-religious musical Usage ( edit ) Shlomo Bar , Entertainment ; Shofar blown in Israeli Pop music , 2009 . In pop music , the shofar is used by the Israeli Oriental metal band Salem in their adaptation of `` Al Taster '' psalm . The late trumpeter Lester Bowie played a shofar with the Art Ensemble of Chicago . In the film version of the musical Godspell , the first act opens with cast member David Haskell blowing the shofar . In his performances , Israeli composer and singer Shlomo Gronich uses the shofar to produce a very wide range of notes . Since 1988 Rome - based American composer Alvin Curran 's project Shofar features the shofar as a virtuoso solo instrument and in combination with sets of natural and electronic sounds . Madonna used a shofar played by Yitzhak Sinwani on the Confessions Tour and the album Confessions on a Dance Floor for the song `` Isaac '' , based on Im Nin'alu . In 2003 , The Howard Stern Show featured a contest called `` Blow The Shofar '' , which asked callers to correctly identify popular songs played on the shofar . The shofar is sometimes used in Western classical music . Edward Elgar 's oratorio The Apostles includes the sound of a shofar blowing , although other instruments , such as the flugelhorn , are usually used instead . The shofar has been used in a number of films , both as a sound effect and as part of musical underscores . Elmer Bernstein incorporated the shofar into several cues for his score for Cecil B. DeMille 's The Ten Commandments ; one of the shofar calls recorded by Bernstein was later reused by the sound editors for Return of the Jedi for the Ewoks ' horn calls . Jerry Goldsmith 's scores to the films Alien and Planet of the Apes also incorporate the shofar in their orchestration . Celebration and protest ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Shofar has been sounded as a sign of victory and celebration on May 8 , 1945 . Jewish elders were photographed blowing multiple shofars after hearing that the Nazis surrendered . The Shofar has played a major role in the pro-Israel movement and often played in the salute to Israel parade as well as other pro-Israel demonstrations . See also ( edit ) Binding of Isaac Dung - Dkar Erkencho Rosh Hashanah Shankha Shofar blowing Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jewish prayer - book '' . Cambridge Digital Library . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Psalm 81 : 3 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Leviticus 25 : 9 Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 24 Jump up ^ Numbers 29 : 1 Jump up ^ Joshua 6 : 4 ; Judges 3 : 27 ; 7 : 16 , 20 ; 1 Samuel . 8 : 3 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 6 : 15 ; 1 Chronicles 15 : 28 Jump up ^ Psalm 98 : 6 ; compare Psalm 47 : 5 Jump up ^ Psalm 150 : 3 Jump up ^ Sidney B. Hoenig , `` Origins of the Rosh Hashanah Liturgy '' , The Jewish Quarterly Review , New Series , Vol. 57 , The Seventy - Fifth Anniversary Volume of the Jewish Quarterly Review ( 1967 ) , pp. 312 -- 331 . Published by University of Pennsylvania Press . Origins of the Rosh Hashanah Liturgy . Accessed 31 December 2009 Jump up ^ It has been said that when the mashiach comes , the Sephardic community will be ready to anoint him and blow the shofar to announce his arrival . Legend has it there is a tunnel from under the Yohanan Ben Zakkai synagogue that leads directly to the Temple Mount . Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 128 : 2 Jump up ^ Arakhin 11a -- b ; Shabbos 35 Jump up ^ Shabbos 35 Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 133 : 26 Jump up ^ Judith Kaplan Eisenstein , Heritage of Music , New York : UAHC , 1972 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Rosh Hashanah 29b Jump up ^ Kieval , The High Holy Days , p. 114 Jump up ^ `` Anticipation and Consummation : a Perspective on the Shofar '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 587 : 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ `` Fulfilling Mitzvot Through Electronic Hearing Devices '' , Chaim Jachter and Ezra Frazer , Gray Matter volume 2 pp. 237 -- 244 . ISBN 1 - 933143 - 10 - X Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 590 : 9 Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh 3 : 72 Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch , Orach Chaim 589 : 1 -- 6 Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh 3 : 73 Jump up ^ Rosh Hashanah , 26a Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 586 : 1 Jump up ^ Navon , Mois ( 2001 ) . `` The Ḥillazon and the Principle of `` Muttar be-Fikha '' '' ( PDF ) . The Torah u-Madda Journal . 10 / 2001 : 142 -- 162 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . see pages 147 - 148 ff . Jump up ^ Megillah 26b Jump up ^ Avot 67b Jump up ^ Elef Hamagen , Rabbi Shemarya Hakreti , edited by Aharon Erand , Jerusalem : Mekitzei Nirdamim , 2003 ^ Jump up to : Rosh Hashanah 34a Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 590 : 13 Jump up ^ Mishnah Berurah 590 : 14 Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 129 : 13 Jump up ^ `` Shofar - Call to Action '' . Chabad . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 129 : 17 , et seq . Jump up ^ Kitov , Eliyahu . `` One Hundred Sounds '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. Finkle , Shofar : History , Technique and Jewish Law , ( Saarbrücken , Germany : Hadassah Word Press , 2015 ) Jump up ^ International Day of Shofar Study Jump up ^ Jerusalem of Gold accessed 9 December 2008 Jump up ^ The Abraham Fund Initiatives : Press Clips - Crossing the Middle Eastern Tightrope References ( edit ) Arthur L. Finkle , Easy Guide to Shofar Sounding , Los Angeles : Torah Aura , 2003 Hearing Shofar : The Still Small Voice of the Ram 's Horn by Michael T. Chusid , a three volume compendium of shofar information . Further reading ( edit ) Arthur l . Finkle , Shofar Sounders Reference Manual at the Wayback Machine ( archived 26 October 2009 ) , LA : Torah Aura , 1993 Montagu , Jeremy . 2016 . The Shofar : Its History and Usage . Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . External links ( edit ) Media related to Shofars at Wikimedia Commons Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Shofar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Shulkhan Arukh limited English translation includes Rosh Hashanah chapters 585 -- 590 regarding the shofar . Shofar sounds several videos with shofar sounds and explanations <Th_colspan="2"> High Holidays Rosh Hashanah Erev Rosh Hashanah Rosh Hashanah greetings Rosh Hashanah seder Shofar Shofar blowing Tashlikh Yom Kippur Atonement Break fast Confession Jonah Kapparot Kittel Kol Nidre Ne'ila Repentance Selichot Ten Martyrs Unetanneh Tokef Ten Days of Repentance Avinu Malkeinu Fast of Gedalia Shabbat Shuvah <Th_colspan="3"> Jewish life Birth and infancy Hebrew birthday Shalom Zachar Brit milah Zeved habat Hebrew name Pidyon haben Coming of age Upsherin Wimpel Bar and Bat Mitzvah Yeshiva Kollel Daily life Ritual washing Prayers and blessings Prayer services Grace after Meals Honorifics Marriage Marriageable age Role of women Tzniut Yichus Matchmaking Engagement Jewish wedding Ketubah Chuppah Sheva Brachot Niddah Mikvah Divorce Religious practice 613 commandments Customs Torah study Weekly Torah reading Daf Yomi Shiur Siyum Chavrusa Chavurah Chiddush Holidays Tzedakah Religious items Sefer Torah Siddur Machzor Tzitzit Tallit Tefillin Mezuzah Kippah Menorah Shofar Four species Death Chevra Kadisha Shiva Kaddish Tehillim Yahrzeit Yahrzeit candle Yizkor Honorifics <Th_colspan="2"> Musical instruments Strings Acoustic guitar Balalaika Banjo Bass guitar ( electric bass ) Bass amplifier Cavaquinho Classical guitar Electric guitar Guitar amplifier Guitar Harp Hurdy gurdy Guitarrón Guitarra de golpe Lute Mandolin Musical bow Rajão Slack - key guitar Steel guitar String section ( Classical strings ) Violin Viola Cello Double bass Theorbo Timple Ukulele Vihuela Viol Washtub bass Zither Brass Trumpet Trombone Cornet Saxhorn Flugelhorn Tenor horn Baritone horn Euphonium Tuba French horn Sousaphone Mellophone Alphorn Buccina Bugle Contrabass bugle Carnyx Cornett Cornu Dord ( instrument ) German horn Horn Nabal Nyele Ophicleide Post horn Serpent Shofar Sringa Tibetan horn Vienna horn Wagner tuba Wazza Woodwind Piccolo Flute Oboe English horn Bassoon Clarinet Saxophone Recorder Bagpipes Musette de cour Nose flute Sring Tárogató Keyboard Accordion Calliope Carillon Celesta Clavichord Harpsichord Organ Hammond organ Pipe organ Pump organ Pedal keyboard Piano Digital piano Electric piano Electronic piano Synthesizer Percussion Bell Bell tree Cajon Cymbals Djembe Drum Bass drum Snare drum Tenor drum Drum kit Gong Hammered dulcimer Marimba Tambourine Timpani Triangle Vibraphone Xylophone Friction Cristal baschet Glass harmonica Friction drum Lion 's roar Musical saw Nail violin Verrophone Rhythm section Acoustic guitar Bass guitar Double bass Drum kit Drum machine Electric guitar Guitar amplifier Electric piano Hammond organ Leslie speaker Piano Synthesizer Miscellaneous Digereedoo Turntables used as instrument Harmonica Studio as an instrument Melodica <Th_colspan="3"> Natural horns and trumpets <Td_colspan="2"> Alphorn Birch trumpet Bucium Bugle Carnyx Conch Hakgediya Horagai Nagak Cowhorn Swedish Didgeridoo modern Dord Embouchure & hand - stopping Erke Karnal Lituus Lur Brudevælte Lurs Midwinter horn Nyele Olifant Post horn Ramsinga Roman tuba Salpinx Shofar Rosh Hashanah Sringa Tibetan horn Tochacatl Trembita Tube trumpet Vuvuzela Waqra phuku Wazza Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shofar&oldid=803451920 '' Categories : Elul Ancient Hebrew musical instruments Natural horns and trumpets Hebrew words and phrases High Holy Days Jewish ritual objects Rosh Hashanah Israeli musical instruments Animal products Jewish symbols Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles containing predictions or speculation Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Türkmençe Українська ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 16 : 42 . 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1. Shofar - an ancient musical horn used for Jewish religious purposes 2. Rosh Hashanah - the Jewish New Year when the shofar is blown in synagogue services 3. Yom Kippur - the Day of Atonement when the shofar is blown at the very end of the day 4. Biblical references - the shofar is mentioned frequently in the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature 5.

who designed the typeface that became the standard for british newspapers

Times New Roman - wikipedia Times New Roman Times New Roman <Td_colspan="2"> Category Serif Classification Mixed Transitional Old - style Designer ( s ) Stanley Morison Victor Lardent Commissioned by The Times Foundry Monotype Date released 1932 License Proprietary Design based on Plantin Times New Roman is a serif typeface designed for legibility in body text . It was commissioned by the British newspaper The Times in 1931 and conceived by Stanley Morison , the artistic advisor to the British branch of the printing equipment company Monotype , in collaboration with Victor Lardent , a lettering artist in the Times ' advertising department . Although no longer used by The Times , Times New Roman is still very common in book and general printing . It has become one of the most popular and influential typefaces in history and a standard typeface on most desktop computers . Times New Roman 's creation took place through the influence of Stanley Morison of Monotype . Morison was an artistic director at Monotype , historian of printing and informal adviser to The Times . Asked to advise on a redesign , he recommended that they change their text typeface from a spindly and somewhat dated nineteenth - century face to a more robust , solid design , returning to traditions of printing from the eighteenth century and before . This matched a common trend in printing tastes of the period . The new face was drawn by Victor Lardent , an artist from the advertising department of The Times , with Morison consulting , before refinement by the Monotype drawing office . Morison proposed an older Monotype typeface named Plantin as a basis for the design , and Times New Roman mostly matches Plantin 's dimensions . The main change was that the contrast between strokes was enhanced to give a crisper image . As a typeface designed for newspaper printing , Times New Roman has a high x-height , short descenders to allow tight linespacing and a relatively condensed appearance . The new design made its debut in The Times on 3 October 1932 . After one year , the design was released for commercial sale . Although Morison may not have literally drawn the design , his influence on its concept was sufficient that he felt that he could take credit for it as `` my one effort at designing a font '' . In Times New Roman 's name , Roman is a reference to the regular style of a conventional serif font , or what is called its roman , the first part of the Times New Roman family to be designed . ( The style is called Antiqua in some countries . ) Roman type has some roots in Italian ( and other European ) printing of the late 15th and early 16th centuries , but Times New Roman 's design has no connection to Rome or to the Romans . The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years , but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused it to switch typeface five times from 1972 to 2007 . However , all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman typeface . Once released for commercial sale , Times New Roman became extremely successful , becoming Monotype 's best - selling typeface of all time in metal type . Contents 1 Design 1.1 Development 2 Metal type versions 2.1 Titling 2.2 Times Hever Titling 2.3 Times Wide ( 1938 , series 427 ) 2.4 Series 727 and 827 2.5 Claritas 2.6 Times 4 - line Mathematics Series 569 3 Usage 4 Linotype releases 5 Modern releases 5.1 As Times New Roman 5.2 Times New Roman World 5.3 Linotype variants 6 Other typefaces used by The Times 7 Uses 8 William Starling Burgess 9 Designs inspired by Times New Roman 10 Free alternatives 10.1 Metric - incompatible alternatives 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Design ( edit ) Twenty - two lines in Times New Roman compared to its predecessor `` modern '' serif font . Times appears larger on the page , with tighter linespacing and more solid in appearance . A digitisation of Times New Roman below the three typefaces originally considered as a basis for the Times project : Perpetua , Baskerville and Plantin . Times is most based on Plantin , but with the letters made taller and its appearance `` modernised '' by adding eighteenth - and nineteenth - century influences , in particular enhancing the stroke contrast . Compared to Baskerville and Perpetua , the x-height is higher and the letters narrower . A Ludlow Typograph specimen of Times New Roman Type Specimen from the metal type period . The design was altered in smaller sizes to increase readability , particularly obvious in the widened spacing of the six and eight point samples at centre right of the diagram . Times New Roman has a robust colour on the page and influences of European early modern and Baroque printing . The design is slightly condensed , with short ascenders and descenders and a high x-height ( tall lower - case letters ) , all effects that save space and increase clarity . The ultimate origin of the ' Roman ' ( regular ) style of Plantin and Times New Roman was a metal type created in the late sixteenth century by the French artisan Robert Granjon and preserved in the collection of the Plantin - Moretus Museum of Antwerp . This style is sometimes categorised as part of the old - style of serif fonts . Morison admired this style for its solid structure and clarity . However , due to features such as its ' a ' and ' e ' , with larger counters and apertures than in Granjon 's design , its ball terminal detailing and an increased level of contrast between thick and thin strokes , it has also been compared to fonts from the late eighteenth century , the so - called ' transitional ' genre , in particular the Baskerville typeface of the 1750s . Historian and sometime Monotype executive Allan Haley commented that compared to Plantin `` serifs had been sharpened ... contrast was increased and character curves were refined , '' while Lawson described Times 's higher - contrast crispness as having `` a sparkle ( Plantin ) never achieved . '' ( The ' a ' of Plantin was already not directly sourced from Granjon 's work : the sheet from the Plantin - Moretus Museum used as a specimen for Monotype to use in designing Plantin had an ' a ' from the wrong font . ) Other changes from Plantin include a straight - sided ' M ' and ' W ' with three upper terminals not Plantin 's four , both choices that move away from the old - style model . Times compared with its influences in italic . The italic was made simpler than Plantin 's , losing flourishes on the ' w ' and ' v ' , and the entrance stroke to the letter ( also seen on Baskerville ) on letters like ' u ' and ' n ' . Morison described the companion italic as also being influenced by the typefaces created by the Didot family in the late 18th and early 19th centuries : a `` rationalistic italic that owed nothing to the tradition of the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries . It has , indeed , more in common with the eighteenth century . '' Morison had several years earlier attracted attention for promoting the radical idea that italics in book printing were too disruptive to the flow of text , and should be phased out . He rapidly came to concede that the idea was misguided , and later wryly commented to historian Harry Carter that Times ' italic `` owes more to Didot than dogma . '' Morison wrote in a personal letter of Times New Roman 's mixed heritage that it `` has the merit of not looking as if it had been designed by somebody in particular . '' Times New Roman compared to its bold . The bold weight has a different style , more `` nineteenth - century '' in appearance , with flat serifs on the tops of letters , an effect also seen in the vertical axis of the ' o ' . Rather than creating a companion boldface with letterforms similar to the roman style , Times New Roman 's bold has a different character , with a more condensed and more upright effect caused by making the horizontal parts of curves consistently the thinnest lines of each letter , and making the top serifs of letters like ' d ' purely horizontal . This effect is not found in sixteenth - century typefaces ( which did not have bold versions ) ; it is most associated with Didone type of the early nineteenth century and with the more recent ' Ionic ' styles of type influenced by it that were offered by Linotype ( discussed below ) , which were very dominant in contemporary newspaper printing . Some commentators have found Times ' bold unsatisfactory and too condensed , such as Walter Tracy and Stephen Coles . Development ( edit ) The development of Times New Roman was relatively involved due to the lack of a specific pre-existing model -- or perhaps a surfeit of possible choices . Morison wrote in a memo that he hoped for a design that would have relatively sharp serifs , matching the general design of the Times ' previous font , but on a darker and more traditional basic structure . Bulked - up versions of Monotype 's pre-existing but rather dainty Baskerville and Perpetua typefaces were considered for a basis , and the Ionic designs from Linotype , such as Excelsior , that were popular in newspaper printing at the time , were also examined . ( Perpetua , which Monotype had recently commissioned from sculptor Eric Gill at Morison 's urging , is considered a ' transitional ' design in aesthetic , although it does not revive any specific model . ) Walter Tracy , who knew Lardent , suggested in the 1980s that `` Morison did not begin with a clear vision of the ultimate type , but felt his way along . '' Morison 's biographer Nicolas Barker has written that Morison 's memos of the time wavered over a variety of options before it was ultimately concluded that Plantin formed the best basis for a condensed font that could nonetheless be made to fill out the full size of the letter space as far as possible . ( Morison ultimately conceded that Perpetua , which had been his pet project , was ' too basically circular ' to be practical to condense in an attractive way . ) Walter Tracy and James Moran , who discussed the design 's creation with Lardent in the 1960s , found that Lardent himself had little memory of exactly what material Morison gave him as a specimen to use to design the typeface , but he told Moran that he remembered working on the design from archive photographs of vintage type , which Tracy suggests might have been the same specimen of type from the Plantin - Moretus Museum that Plantin had been based on , or a specimen of Plantin itself . The sharpened serifs somewhat recall Perpetua , although Morison 's stated reason for them was to provide continuity with the previous Didone design and the crispness associated with the Times ' printing ; he also later cited reproduction after stereotyping as a reason for the choice . Morison 's several accounts of his reasoning in designing the concept of Times New Roman were somewhat contradictory and many historians of printing have suggested that they were mostly composed to rationalise his aesthetic preferences ; Monotype 's newspaper printing consultant Allen Hutt , went so far as to describe his unsigned 1936 article on the topic after his death as `` rather odd ... it can only be regarded as a piece of Morisonian mystification '' . During the project , Monotype and The Times examined research on legibility of type and carried out legibility tests on proof sheets . The design was refined extensively during the process of development by the Monotype drawing office team , and further changes were made after manufacturing began ( the latter a difficult practice , since new punches and matrices had to be machined after each design change ) , and so obvious differences exist between Lardent 's original drawings and the final release . Rhatigan has said that Lardent 's originals show `` the spirit of the final type , but not the details . '' Morison continued to develop a close connection with the Times that would last throughout his life . Morison edited the History of the Times from 1935 to 1952 , and in the post-war period , at a time when Monotype effectively stopped developing new typefaces due to pressures of austerity , took a post as editor of the Times Literary Supplement which he held from 1945 to 1948 . Metal type versions ( edit ) A large number of variants of Times were cut . Walter Tracy in Letters of Credit , Allen Hutt and others have discussed these extensively in their works on the family . Titling ( edit ) Monotype also created some caps - only ' titling ' designs to match Times New Roman itself , which was intended for body text . While these are not sold by Monotype in digital format , Linotype 's Times Eighteen in the same style ( see below ) remains available and could be used as a substitute . Times Hever titling ( edit ) Times Hever Titling from a Monotype specimen . An elegant titling caps design , quite different to Times New Roman with a Caslon - style A ( with a serif at top left of the letter , suggesting a stroke written with a quill ) and old - style C and W ; Tracy suggests Monotype 's previous Poliphilus design as an influence . Named after Hever Castle , the home of the Times ' owner Lord Astor . Designed early on , it was used by the Times for section headings . It has not been digitised . Times wide ( 1938 , Series 427 ) ( edit ) A variant intended for book printing , avoiding the slight condensation of the original Times New Roman . Although it was popular in the metal type period for book printing , it was apparently never digitised . Series 727 and 827 ( edit ) Monotype also produced Series 727 , in which the heavier strokes of upper - case letters were made slightly thinner . This was done to produce a lighter effect in which capital letters do not stand out so much , and was particularly intended for German use , since in the German language capitals are far more common since they appear at the start of each noun . Series 827 modified some letters ( notably the R ) to correspond to their appearance in other typefaces popular in French printing . This production of what are now called stylistic alternates to suit national tastes was common at the time , and many alternates were also offered for Gill Sans for use in Europe . Claritas ( edit ) A modified 43⁄4 point size of Times Roman was produced by Monotype for use in printing matter requiring a very small size of type . Listed as Times Newspaper Smalls , available as either Series 333 or 335 , it was also referred to by the name Claritas . Times 4 - line mathematics Series 569 ( edit ) This is a variant designed for printing mathematical formulae , using the 4 ‐ line system for mathematics developed by Monotype in 1957 . This modified version of Times Roman was designed for use as part of Monotype 's 4 - line Mathematics system . The major changes to the Times Roman typeface itself were a reduction in the slope of italic characters to 12 degrees from 16 degrees , so as to reduce the need for kerning , and a change in the form of italic v and w so that italic v could be more easily distinguished from a Greek nu . The 4 - line system involved casting characters for 10 - point Times Roman on 6 - point bodies . The top of the character would overhang the slug , forming a kern which was less fragile than the normal kerns of foundry type , as it was on a slab of cast metal . This technique had been in previous use on Monotype machines , usually involving double - height matrices , to allow the automatic setting of `` advertising figures '' ( numbers that occupy two or more lines , usually to clearly indicate a price in an advertisement set in small type ) . This meant that the same matrix could be used for both superscript and subscript numbers . More importantly , it allowed a variable or other item to have both a superscript and a subscript at the same time , one above the other , without inordinate difficulty . Previously , while the Monotype system , due to its flexibility , was widely used for setting mathematical formulas , the typeface Modern Series 7 was usually used for this purpose . Because of the popularity of Times Roman at the time , Monotype chose to design a variant of Times Roman suited to mathematical composition , and recut many additional characters needed for mathematics , including special symbols as well as Greek and Fraktur alphabets , to accompany the system instead of designing it around the typeface that was being used , for which characters were already available . Matrices for some 700 characters were available as part of Times Roman Series 569 when it was released in 1958 , with new characters constantly being added for over a decade afterwards ( thus , in 1971 , 8,000 characters were included , and new ones were being added at a rate of about 5 per week ) . Usage ( edit ) A 1943 brochure used by Crowell - Collier , one of the first major American users of Times New Roman , to promote the changeover . Times New Roman 's popularity rapidly expanded beyond its original niche , becoming popular in book printing and general publishing . Monotype took advantage of this popularity by commissioning a widened version , Series 427 , for book publishing , although many books ultimately used the original version . An early use of Times New Roman outside its origin was by Daniel Berkeley Updike , an influential historian of printing with whom Morison carried an extensive correspondence . Impressed by the design , he used it to set his book Some Aspects of Printing , Old and New . It then was chosen by the Crowell - Collier magazines Woman 's Home Companion and then its sister publications such as Collier 's . A brochure was published to mark the change along with a letter from Morison hoping that the redesign would be a success . Walter Tracy , who worked on a redesign , however noted that the design 's compression and fine detail extending to the edge of the matrices was actually problematic in the aggressive conditions of most newspaper printing , in which the Times was unusual for its particularly high standard of printing suiting its luxury market . Users found that in the hot metal period it was common for the molten metal to rapidly eat through the matrices , and so it did not become popular among other newspapers : `` Times Roman achieved its popularity chiefly in general printing , not in newspaper work . '' He described it as particularly used in `` book work , especially non-fiction '' such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica . Linotype releases ( edit ) Some differences between Linotype 's Times Roman and Monotype 's Times New Roman typefaces . Despite Monotype 's key role in creating Times New Roman , its rival Linotype rapidly began to offer the design ; The Times used Linotype equipment for much of its production . Linotype referred to the design as Times or Times Roman . Monotype and Linotype have since merged , but slight differences have split the lineage of Times into two subtly different designs . Although Times New Roman and Times are very similar , various differences developed between the versions marketed by Linotype and Monotype when the master fonts were transferred from metal to photo and digital media . For example , Linotype has slanted serifs on the capital S , while Monotype 's are vertical , and Linotype has an extra serif on the number 5 . Most of these differences are invisible in body text at normal reading distances , or 10pts at 300 dpi . Subtle competition grew between the two foundries , as the proportions and details as well as the width metrics for their version of Times grew apart . Vivid differences between the two versions do occur in the lowercase z in the italic weight ( Times Linotype has a curl also followed in the STIX revival , Times New Roman is straight ) and in the percent sign in all weights . ( Linotype and STIX have a stroke connecting up the left - hand zero with a slash , Times New Roman does not . ) Linotype licensed its version to Xerox and then Adobe and Apple , guaranteeing its importance in digital printing by making it one of the core fonts of the PostScript page description language . Microsoft 's version of Times New Roman is licensed from Monotype , hence the original name . For compatibility , Monotype had to subtly redraw their design to match the widths from the Adobe / Linotype version . It has been reported to have lighter capitals that were originally developed for printing German ( where all nouns begin with a capital letter ) . Versions of Times New Roman from Monotype exist which vary from the Linotype metrics ( i.e. not the same as the version for Microsoft ) . Linotype applied for registration of the trademark name Times Roman and received registration status in 1945 . In the 1980s , there was an attempt by a group of entrepreneurs to seek from Rupert Murdoch , who owned The Times , the right to use the Times Roman name ; separately , a legal action was also initiated to clarify the right of Monotype to use the name in the US despite Linotype 's registration . As a result of legal action , Linotype and its licensees continued to use the name Times Roman , while Monotype and its licensees used the name Times New Roman . Modern releases ( edit ) As Times New Roman ( edit ) Monotype sells a wider range of styles and optical sizes for Times New Roman than are offered with Windows , in order to meet the needs of newspapers and books which print at a range of text sizes . Its current release includes Regular , Medium , Semi Bold and Bold weights with matching italics , Extra Bold , Condensed ( in regular , italic and bold ) , Seven ( for smaller text , in regular , italic , bold and bold italic ) and Small Text ( for very small text , in regular , italic and bold ) . As of 2017 , the version of Times New Roman included with Windows 10 , version 6.96 , includes small capitals , text figures , and italic swash capitals . The Microsoft / Monotype digitisation of Times New Roman omits automatic ligature insertion ( although as of v. 6.96 it is selectable ) , which the version of Times installed with macOS has . ( This can result in unsightly character collisions if the characters ' fi ' are needed . ) Times New Roman world ( edit ) This is a version based on fonts released with Windows Vista . It includes fonts in WGL character sets , Hebrew and Arabic characters . Similar to Helvetica World , Arabic in italic fonts are in roman positions . Linotype variants ( edit ) Like Monotype , Linotype released additional versions of Times for different text sizes . These include : Times Ten is a version specially designed for smaller text ( 12 point and below ) . It features wider characters and stronger hairlines . Times Eighteen , a headline version for point sizes of 18 and larger . The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer . The current version has no italics , but does have a lower case ( whereas some Times titling fonts were capitals only ) . Times Europa Office , a 2006 adaptation of the Times newspaper 's 1972 design Times Europa ( see below ) . This is a complete family of designs intended for use on poor - quality paper . The updating , created by Akira Kobayashi , contains tabular numbers , mathematical signs , and currency symbols . Each character has the same advance width in all the fonts in the family so that changing from regular to bold or italic does not affect word wrap . Other typefaces used by the Times ( edit ) The Times ' previous typeface from an article describing the Balfour Declaration in 1917 . From 1908 to 1932 , The Times used a Didone serif font cut by Monotype , the same as or similar to Monotype Modern . The Times newspaper has commissioned various successors to Times New Roman : Times Europa was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times , as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family , designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper . The typeface features more open counter spaces and a more strongly contrasting , calligraphic italic . It has been released commercially by Adobe , among others , recently in an updating by Linotype . Times Roman replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982 . Times Millennium was made in 1991 , drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel , composing manager of News International . Times Classic first appeared in 2001 . Designed as an economical face by the British type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson , it took advantage of the new PC - based publishing system at the newspaper , while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor Times Millennium . The new typeface included 120 letters per font . Initially the family comprised ten fonts , but a condensed version was added in 2004 . Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006 , as the successor of Times Classic . Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes , it uses 45 - degree angled bracket serifs . It was designed by Research Studios , led by designer Neville Brody with input from Ben Preston , deputy editor of The Times . ( Other designs have been released called Times Modern ; see below . ) During the Times New Roman period The Times also sometimes used Perpetua Titling , also from Monotype , and one of Morison 's favourite type designs from his work at Monotype . Uses ( edit ) Times Modern Swash , an exaggerated and unauthorised display adaptation of Times from the phototypesetting period . Times New Roman has been used for a wide range of newspapers around the world . In addition : Microsoft has distributed Times New Roman with every copy of Microsoft Windows since version 3.1 , and the typeface is used as the default in many applications for MS Windows , especially word processors and Web browsers . ( Calibri became the default font for Microsoft Word beginning with Microsoft Office 2007 ) . Linotype 's Times Roman is the default Apple Mac OS X font for the serif / roman generic font family and has long been installed by default in Mac OS X . Monotype 's Times New Roman is also installed by default in recent versions of Mac OS X ( 10.5 + ) . The United States Department of State announced that , as of 1 February 2004 , all US diplomatic documents would use 14 pitch ( sic ) Times New Roman instead of the previous 12 point ( equivalent to 10 pitch ) Courier New . Researchers in 2008 found that satirical readings of text printed in Times New Roman were perceived as more funny and angry than those printed in Arial . William Starling Burgess ( edit ) In 1994 the printing historian Mike Parker published claims that the design of Times New Roman 's roman or regular style was based on a 1904 design of William Starling Burgess . This theory remains controversial . Parker and his friend Gerald Giampa , a Canadian printer , claimed that in 1904 Burgess created a type design for company documents at his shipyard in Marblehead , Massachusetts , and hired Lanston Monotype to issue it . However , Burgess abandoned the idea and Monotype shelved the sketches , ultimately reusing them as a basis for Times New Roman . Giampa claimed that he stumbled upon original material in 1987 , after he had purchased Lanston Monotype . Giampa claimed that some of the papers that had been his evidence had been lost in a flood at his house , while Parker claimed that an additional source was material in a section of the Smithsonian now closed due to asbestos contamination . Giampa asked Parker to complete the type from the limited number of surviving letters , which was issued in June 2009 by Font Bureau under the name of ' Starling ' . Reception to the claims was sceptical with dismissal from Morison 's biographer Nicolas Barker and Luc Devroye among others ; Barker suggested that the material had been fabricated in order to aid Giampa in embarrassing Monotype 's British branch , while Devroye suggested that the claim had begun as a prank . Monotype executive Dan Rhatigan described the theory as implausible in 2011 : `` I 'll admit that I tend to side with the more fully documented ( both in general , and in agreement with what little I can find within Monotype to support it ) notion that Times New Roman was based on Plantin ... I wo n't rule out the possibility that Starling Burgess drew up the concept first , but Occam 's razor makes me doubt it . '' The Times Online web site credits the design to `` Stanley Morrison , Victor Lardent and perhaps Starling Burgess '' . Designs inspired by Times New Roman ( edit ) Pelham Infant Because of its popularity , the typeface has been influential in the subsequent development of a number of serif typefaces both before and after the start of the digital - font era . Times Modern was a condensed and bold display variant published by , among others , Elsner + Flake . It was withdrawn from sale due to trademark disputes with the Times newspaper , which owns its own unrelated design named ' Times Modern ' ( see above ) . CG Times is a variant of Times family made by Compugraphic Corporation foundry . Pelham is a version of Times Roman by DTP Types of Britain , which also cut an infant version with single - story versions of the letters a and g . Press Roman , a version of Times New Roman typed on a premium IBM typewriter . In the mid-1960s , a derivative of Times New Roman known as ' Press Roman ' was used as a font for the IBM Composer . This was an ultra-premium electric ' golfball ' typewriter system , intended to be used for producing high - quality office documents or copy to be photographically enlarged for small - scale printing projects . Unlike most typewriters , the Composer produced proportional type , rather than monospaced letters . Ultimately the system proved a niche product , as it competed with increasingly cheap phototypesetting , and then in the 1980s was largely displaced by word processors and general - purpose computers . Free alternatives ( edit ) Comparison between Times New Roman and Liberation Serif , showing its much squarer design Times Roman and Times New Roman are proprietary fonts . There are some free software metric - compatible fonts used as free Times Roman and Times New Roman alternatives or used for font substitution : URW++ produced a version of Times New Roman called Nimbus Roman in 1982 . Nimbus Roman No9 L , URW 's PostScript variant , was released under the GNU General Public License in 1996 , and available in major free and open source operating systems . This was later adapted as FreeSerif , TeX Gyre Termes and TeX Gyre Termes Math . Like Times New Roman , many additional styles of Nimbus Roman exist that are only sold commercially , including condensed and extra-bold styles . URW also developed Nimbus Roman No. 4 , which is metrically compatible with the slightly different CG Times . Times compared to the STIX Two project , an open - source typeface for mathematics based on it . STIX Two has a higher x-height and a reduction in fine detail . The STIX Fonts project is a four - style set of open - source fonts . They were created for scientific publishing by the Scientific and Technical Information Exchange consortium of publishers , but are also very suitable for general use , including Greek and Cyrillic support . The original version is installed by default on Mac OS X , and adapted as XITS . In 2016 , a completely redesigned version was released by Ross Mills and John Hudson of Tiro Typeworks . Unlike the previous version , it is an original design loosely inspired by a smaller 10 point size of Times New Roman , with a higher x-height than Monotype 's Times digitisation . Liberation Serif is metrically equivalent to Times New Roman . It was developed by Ascender Corp. and published by Red Hat in 2007 under the GPL license with some exceptions . It is used in some GNU / Linux distributions as a default font replacement for Times New Roman . Widths aside , it does not particularly resemble Times New Roman , being much squarer in shape with less fine detail and blunt ends rather than ball terminals . Google 's Tinos in the Croscore fonts package is a derivation and expansion of Liberation Serif , also designed by Steve Matteson . Bitstream Cyberbit is a roman - only font released by Bitstream for non-commercial use , with European alphabets based on Times New Roman . It has an expanded character range intended to cover a large proportion of Unicode for scholarly use . Bitstream no longer offers the font , but it remains downloadable from the University of Frankfurt . Metric - incompatible alternatives ( edit ) Linux Libertine is a proportional serif typeface inspired by 19th century book type and is intended as a replacement for the Times font family . The typeface has six styles . Times Newer Roman is a variant of Times New Roman with slightly wider characters and spacing . By taking up more space , it allows college students to make shorter essays with a given page count using a font that looks like Times New Roman . See also ( edit ) Arial Core fonts for the Web Helvetica Liberation fonts Linux Libertine List of typefaces MathTime Pica ( typography ) Unicode fonts Verdana Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Times 's previous font was a Didone or Modern design ; James Mosley reports that it is the face Monotype sold as Series 7 or `` Modern Extended '' , based on typefaces by Miller and Richard . Fonts of its kind were standard in nineteenth - and early - twentieth century newspaper printing . Now little - known , the success of its replacement has led to it sometimes being called Times Old Roman in reference to its successor and a famous cover of Monotype 's trade journal Monotype Recorder which presented it under this name . Computer Modern is somewhat similar . Jump up ^ `` The Changing Newspaper '' articles in the Monotype Recorder are unsigned , but Allen Hutt , who also co-authored the issue , attributed them to Morison . Jump up ^ Exactly what direction Morison gave Lardent is uncertain : Morison said that he had given Lardent basic drawings which Lardent worked up ; Lardent that Morison had only given him basic directions and some photographs as a model ; see below . Jump up ^ Spelling modernised . Morison wrote `` fount '' , the usual spelling in British English at the time . Jump up ^ `` Modern '' in typography is a generic term referring to designs in the modern or Didone style of the nineteenth century . Jump up ^ Times New Roman was called `` Times Old Style '' in an early stage of its development . Jump up ^ Morison continued : `` -- Mr. Goudy for instance . '' This refers to Frederic Goudy , one of the leading American type designers of the period . Morison considered his very organic tastes in letter design somewhat florid and self - indulgent . Jump up ^ It will be noted in the roman style that the high serifs of the ' v ' do not sit well with the lower shape of the ' i ' . In his commentary on Times , Walter Tracy commented that the designers should have tested the font using words like ' divide ' and ' jump ' to avoid this . Jump up ^ Dreyfus shows proofs of the experimental recut of Perpetua with shortened descenders to allow tighter linespacing . Morison later commented that `` it stared at the reader '' , presumably meaning it was too wide and circular . Jump up ^ Lardent 's original drawings are according to Rhatigan lost , but were photographed . Tracy provides a reproduction . Jump up ^ Monotype 's article on the creation of the new type provides a side - by - side comparison of text in both typefaces . Jump up ^ Briem has written that a complicated three - way lawsuit followed in which Patel unsuccessfully claimed to have co-designed Times Millennium himself . Jump up ^ The system returned to public attention in 2004 , during the Killian documents controversy , when some documents apparently from the 1970s and presenting the future U.S. president George W. Bush 's somewhat chequered military service in an unfavourable light were presented by the American news network CBS . The documents were typeset in a form of Times New Roman . As the documents looked unlike most typewritten documents , having proportional spacing rather than the monospacing of almost all typewritten documents , some defenders of the documents suggested that they might have been typed using this method . It is now accepted that they were forged on a modern computer , according to digital font expert Thomas Phinney in the Linotype version of Times New Roman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loxley , Simon ( 2006 ) . Type : the secret history of letters . I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 028 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hutt , Allen ( 1970 ) . `` Times Roman : a re-assessment '' . Journal of Typographic Research . 4 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 270 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dreyfus , John ( 1973 ) . `` The Evolution of Times New Roman '' . The Penrose Annual . 66 : 165 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Farey , Dave ( 2014 ) . `` A Life and Times , Part 1 '' . Ultrabold ( 16 ) : 16 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Farey , Dave ( 2014 ) . `` A Life and Times , Part 2 '' . Ultrabold ( 15 ) : 3 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Rhatigan , Dan . `` Time and Times again '' . Monotype . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Carter , H.G. ( 2004 ) . ' Morison , Stanley Arthur ( 1889 -- 1967 ) ' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ,. rev . David McKitterick . Oxford University Press , . Jump up ^ Mosley , James . `` Comments on Typophile thread '' . Typophile . Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rhatigan , Dan . `` It was never called Times Old Roman '' . Ultrasparky . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Frere - Jones , Tobias . `` Decompiled & Remixed History : The Making of Exchange '' . Frere - Jones Type . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Stanley . `` Changing the Times '' . Eye . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Stanley . `` Monotype Recorder : The Changing Newspaper '' ( PDF ) . Monotype Recorder. 35 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` TYPOlis : Times New Roman '' . Typolis.de . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , C.F.O. `` The Times : A Revolution in Newspaper Printing '' . Graphis . pp. 362 -- 375 . Jump up ^ Morison , Stanley ( 1973 ) . A tally of types ( New ed. with additions by several hands ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 106 . ISBN 9780521097864 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Stanley ; Updike , Daniel Berkeley . Stanley Morison & D.B. Updike : Selected Correspondence . pp. 184 -- 6 . Jump up ^ William E. Ryan ; Theodore E. Conover ( 2004 ) . Graphic Communications Today . Cengage Learning . pp. 72 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 7668 - 2075 - 0 . Jump up ^ Badaracco , Claire ( 1991 ) . `` Innovative Industrial Design and Modern Public Culture : The Monotype Corporation , 1922 -- 1932 '' ( PDF ) . Business & Economic History . Business History Conference . 20 ( second series ) : 226 -- 233 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Whittington Press ( @ whittingtonpres ) ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` Sales chart of Monotype die cases '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gaultney , Victor . `` Balancing typeface legibility and economy Practical techniques for the type designer '' . University of Reading ( MA thesis ) . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ; Baines , Phil ( 2005 ) . Type & typography ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Laurence King . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 437 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , Meredith . `` Where Did Times New Roman Come From ? '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hendrik D.L. Vervliet ( 2008 ) . The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance : Selected Papers on Sixteenth - century Typefaces . BRILL . pp. 226 -- 7 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 16982 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morison , Stanley ( 7 June 1973 ) . A Tally of Types . CUP Archive . pp. 22 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09786 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mosley , James . `` Comments on Typophile thread '' . Typophile . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . The consensus appears to be that not only the wrong - fount a in the cases at Antwerp but also the italic that Monotype adapted for their Plantin ( which can be seen on that first page of the 1905 specimen ) may be the work of Johann Michael Schmidt ( died 1750 ) , also known as J.M. Smit or Smid . Jump up ^ Haley , Allan ( 1992 ) . `` Stanley Morison '' . Typographic milestones . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 99 -- 107 . ISBN 9780471288947 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Morison , Stanley ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Leipzig as a Centre of Type - Founding '' . In McKitterick , David . Selected essays on the history of letterforms in manuscript and print ( Paperback reissue , digitally printed version ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 149 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 18316 - 1 . Jump up ^ Busic - Snyder , Kate Clair , Cynthia ( 2005 ) . A typographic workbook a primer to history , techniques , and artistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 171 . ISBN 9781118399880 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Landa , Robin . Graphic Design Solutions . Cengage . ISBN 9781285657615 . Jump up ^ Horne , Yannis Haralambous ; translated by P. Scott ( 2007 ) . Fonts & Encodings ( 1st ed . ) . Sebastopol , Calif. : O'Reilly Media . p. 417 . ISBN 9780596102425 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Allan Haley ( 15 September 1992 ) . Typographic Milestones . John Wiley & Sons . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 28894 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Alexander ( 1990 ) . Anatomy of a Typeface . New York : David R. Godine . pp. 270 -- 294 . ISBN 9780879233334 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosley , James ( 2003 ) . `` Reviving the Classics : Matthew Carter and the Interpretation of Historical Models '' . In Mosley , James ; Re , Margaret ; Drucker , Johanna ; Carter , Matthew . Typographically Speaking : The Art of Matthew Carter . Princeton Architectural Press . pp. 31 -- 34 . ISBN 9781568984278 . Plantin was a recreation of one of the old types held at the Plantin - Moretus Museum in Antwerp , of which a specimen , printed in 1905 , had been acquired by Pierpont on a visit . The type from which the specimen was printed was not only centuries old and worn almost beyond use , but it was contaminated with wrong - font letters ( notably the letter ' a ' ) and the italic did not even belong to the roman . The revival , derived by Monotype from an indirect and confused original , is ( nonetheless ) as sound a piece of type - making as was ever created in the 20th century ... behind the foggy image of the roman type lies the ... ' Gros Cicero ' Roman of Robert Granjon , acquired by the Plantin printing office after the death of its founder . Jump up ^ Tracy , Walter ( January 2003 ) . Letters of Credit : A View of Type Design . D.R. Godine . pp. 56 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56792 - 240 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , James . `` Comments on Typophile thread '' . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . One of the distinctive things about French calligraphy of ( the 1680s ) is that the lead - in stroke of letters like i , m , n and so on have flat , rather ' roman ' , serifs , making them look a bit like a ' sloped roman ' ... Fournier used it fifty years later in his ' new style ' italics , and later so did Firmin Didot . And that French flat serif also turns up in ... the italic to Times New Roman . Jump up ^ Barr , John ( 1971 ) . Stanley Morison : A Portrait . British Museum . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Wardle , Tiffany ( 2000 ) . The story of Perpetua ( PDF ) . University of Reading . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Mosley , James . `` Eric Gill 's Perpetua Type '' . Fine Print . Jump up ^ Morison , Stanley ( 7 June 1973 ) . A Tally of Types . CUP Archive . pp. 124 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09786 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simon Loxley ( 12 June 2006 ) . Type : The Secret History of Letters . I.B. Tauris . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 028 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alas , Joel . `` The history of the Times New Roman typeface '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Walter Tracy ( January 2003 ) . Letters of Credit : A View of Type Design . D.R. Godine . pp. 80 -- 82 , 183 -- 5 , 194 -- 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56792 - 240 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hare , Steve . `` By printers , for printers '' . Eye Magazine . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ( Shown are ) overlays from the article ' The Evolution of Times New Roman ' by John Dreyfus . He writes : ' These drawings demonstrate how severely the bowl of `` p '' has been reduced in the bold version , because mainstrokes have been thickened without drawing the bold version any wider . ' Jump up ^ Middendorp , Jan ( 2004 ) . Dutch type . Rotterdam : 010 Publishers . p. 94 . ISBN 9789064504600 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miklavčič , Mitja ( 2006 ) . `` Three chapters in the development of Clarendon / Ionic typefaces '' ( PDF ) . MA Thesis ( University of Reading ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Coles , Stephen . `` Times Bold Modified '' . Flickr . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . ( Writing on cold type rereleases of Times New Roman by Berthold ) : To me , the sources for both Monotype and Linotype digital versions ... really suffer from the condensed bold ... in fact , many Bold letters are actually narrower , resulting in counters reduced to mere slits in some cases . Times 421 ( an alternative release in the 1970s by Berthold ) is not compromised in this way and the result is much more clear and confident . Yes , it takes up more space ; but this style needs to -- especially for text . ( It ) also maintains the angled stress of the regular ( 327 ) , while Times New Roman Bold is forced into an unrelated vertical stress ... I do n't know if this design originated at Monotype or if it 's a Berthold invention . It is n't a match , but it does seem similar to the variant used by Stanley Morison in his essay on Times for A Tally of Types ( 1953 ) , which he describes as `` a wide version , more suited for longer lines . '' Jaspert , Berry and Johnson show that in Encyclopaedia of Typefaces as `` Times Wide '' ( Series 427 ) . Another possible link to this Berthold design is mentioned by Tracy in Letters of Credit : `` This disparity in style between the roman and bold was evidently something the German Linotype company thought should be eliminated . In the version of Times Roman they issued in 1935 , first called Neue Romanisch but then named Toscana , the bold lowercase was redesigned in the ' old style ' mode . The idea of harmonising the bold with the roman was logical ; the actual execution , especially the character spacing , was not well done . The type soon disappeared . '' Jump up ^ Coles , Stephen ; Shinn , Nick ; Phinney , Thomas . `` Why does the digital Times New Roman seem to consist of two different typefaces ? ( discussion ) '' . Quora . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Nicolas ( 1972 ) . Stanley Morison . pp. 271 -- 302 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cees de Jong ; Alston W. Purvis ; Friedrich Friedl ( 2005 ) . Creative Type : A Sourcebook of Classic and Contemporary Letterforms . Inmerc . p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6611 - 250 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times : New roman and related founts '' . Times / Monotype . Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Linotype Times Eighteen '' . MyFonts . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Savoie & Hudson . `` Comments on Typophile thread '' . Typophile . Archived from the original on 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Typographic Problems of the Illustrated Book '' ( PDF ) . Monotype Recorder. 37 ( 2 ) : 31 . 1938 . Some types look larger , size for size , than others , because they have unusually short descenders and ascenders . This allows more room for the ' x ' or the middle part of the lower - case ( but ) a ' large x ' is bound to waste space horizontally ... the imperceptible condensation of Monotype Times New Roman puts it in a class by itself as a news face . In the wider book measure , however , condensation is no asset . Jump up ^ `` Modifications and extensions of a single series '' ( PDF ) . Monotype Recorder. 40 ( 3 ) : 14 . 1956 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhatigan , Daniel . `` The Monotype 4 - Line System for Setting Mathematics '' . Type Culture . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Rhatigan , Daniel . `` Three typefaces for mathematics '' ( PDF ) . University of Reading ( MA thesis ) . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ T.W. Chaundy , P.R. Barett , Charles Batey , The Printing of Mathematics , Oxford University Press ( 1954 , 1957 ) ^ Jump up to : Heller , Steven . `` Happiness is Times New Roman '' . Print magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis Blackwell ( 2004 ) . 20th - century Type . Laurence King Publishing . pp. 76 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 351 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Alexander S. `` D.B. Updike Set Standard of Great Craftsmanship '' . The Alexander S. Lawson Archive . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Alexander S. `` Stanley Morison : Significant Historian ( obituary ) '' . The Alexander S. Lawson Archive . Archived from the original on 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander S. Lawson ( January 1990 ) . Anatomy of a Typeface . David R. Godine Publisher . pp. 270 -- 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87923 - 333 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Crowell - Collier adopts a Type Developed by London Times '' . Inland Printer and American Lithographer. 111 . Jump up ^ `` TypeTalk : Times Roman vs Times New Roman '' . 14 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TypeTalk : Times Roman vs Times New Roman '' . CreativePro.com . ^ Jump up to : Charles Bigelow ( 1994 ) . `` Times ( New ) Roman and its part in the Development of Scalable Font Technology '' . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Paul . `` Some history about Arial '' . Paul Shaw Letter Design . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Mark . `` Monotype 's Other Arials '' . Mark Simonson Studio . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monotype Library : Times New Roman '' . Monotype . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Times New Roman , v. 6.96 ( Font digitisation ) . Monotype . Jump up ^ `` Times New Roman OS '' . Linotype . Monotype . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Linotype Times Ten '' . MyFonts . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Times Ten '' . MyFonts . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Europa Office Font Family '' . Linotype.com . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Times Europa '' . MyFonts . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` After 221 years , the world 's leading newspaper shows off a fresh face '' . Thetimes.co.uk. 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Briem , Gunnlaugur . `` BriemTimes : '' . Gunnlaugur SE Briem . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Typography of News Bigger , faster , better '' . Fontshop.com . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neville Brody 's Research Studios Creates New Font and Design Changes for The Times as Compact Format Continues to Attract Loyal Readership '' . LONDON : Prnewswire.co.uk. 2006 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Times New Roman - Microsoft Typography '' . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X 10.5 : Fonts list '' . 15 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 5 FAH - 1 H - 620 Preparing Diplomatic Notes '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Handbook . U.S. Department of State . 1 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 FAH - 1 Change Transmittal CH - 10 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Handbook . U.S. Department of State . 19 January 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Juni S ; Gross JS ( February 2008 ) . `` Emotional and persuasive perception of fonts '' . Perceptual and motor skills . 106 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 42 . doi : 10.2466 / pms. 106.1. 35 - 42 . PMID 18459353 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( 1994 ) . `` W. Starling Burgess , Type Designer ? '' . Printing History . 31 / 32 : 52 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Alas , Joel ( 1 August 2009 ) . `` The history of the Times New Roman typeface '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Katherine Eastland . The History Page : Exactly your type , TheDaily.com , 15 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : Loxley , SImon . `` Stanley Morison and Times New Roman '' . Ultrabold . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Nicolas ( 2003 ) . `` Starling Burgess : No Type Designer '' . Form and Meaning in the History of the Book : selected essays . London : British Library . pp. 371 -- 390 . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4777 - 1 . Jump up ^ Devroye , Luc . `` William Starling Burgess '' . Type Design Information . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : infrequently asked questions '' . Times Online . 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Coles , Stephen . `` Times Modern '' . Fonts in Use . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Swiss Foundation Type and Typography ; edited by Heidrun Osterer and Philipp ( 2009 ) . Adrian Frutiger typefaces : the complete works ( English ed . ) . Basel : Birkhäuser . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 3764385811 . Jump up ^ McEldowney , Dennis ( 1 October 2013 ) . A Press Achieved : the Emergence of Auckland University Press , 1927 - 1972 . Auckland University Press . pp. 102 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86940 - 671 - 4 . Jump up ^ Phinney , Thomas ( 3 August 2006 ) . `` Bush Guard memos used Times Roman , not Times New Roman '' . The Typekit Blog . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ; Kurtz , Howard ( 14 September 2004 ) . `` Expert Cited by CBS Says He Did n't Authenticate Papers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` GNU FreeFont - Why do we need free outline UCS fonts ? '' . 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finally ! Good - quality free ( GPL ) basic - 35 PostScript Type 1 fonts '' ( TXT ) . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ghostscript - fonts - std - 4.0. tar. gz - GhostScript 4.0 standard fonts - AFPL license '' . 28 June 1996 . Archived from the original ( TAR. GZ ) on 24 April 2011 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GNU FreeFont - Design notes '' . 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TeX Gyre Termes -- GUST Web Presence '' . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` README - TeX - Gyre - Termes - Math. txt -- GUST Web Presence '' . Retrieved 6 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STIX Project '' . Scientific and Technical Information Exchange . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet '' . Twitter . Tiro Typeworks . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . The original STIX fonts were based on a Times New Roman clone . The new # STIX2 faces are redesigned , inspired by 10pt metal Times fonts . Jump up ^ Twardoch , Adam . `` New `` STIX Two '' opensource fonts by Tiro : stixfonts.org `` . Facebook . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . The new design is fantastic -- it can be described as `` the better Times New Roman '' . It 's somewhat similar to Times , but with a touch of Fleischmann . Its lower contrast , enlarged x-height and less inclined italic all contribute to superb ( ! ) readability , in both web and print . STIX Text is a neutral , non-invasive text face for continuous reading . Jump up ^ `` Overview - liberation - fonts - Pagure '' . Red Hat pagure . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mandriva Linux 2008 Release Tour '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . integrated into Mandriva Linux 2008 Jump up ^ `` Titus Unicode '' . Department of Empirical Linguistics . University of Frankfurt . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` pub / communicator / extras / fonts / windows '' . Netscape . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Titus Unicode '' . University of Frankfurt . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Times Newer Roman '' . This is the Times Newer Roman home page with a download link Jump up ^ `` Times Newer Roman is a sneaky font designed to make your essays look longer '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ `` Times Newer Roman : cheat your teachers with this slightly wider font clone '' . Boing Boing . Macmillan , Neil . An A -- Z of Type Designers . Yale University Press : 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11151 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Times New Roman . Type trading card : Times New Roman / Albertus ( Monotype ) Times New Roman ( Linotype purchase page ) Goodbye to the Courier font ? -- Tom Vanderbilt , Slate.com , 20 February 2004 . A conversation with Times Modern designer Luke Prowse Times Modern , by Dan Rhatigan Part 1 Times Modern , by Dan Rhatigan Part 2 Times New Roman family ( different sizes , in hot metal type ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Times and The Sunday Times Editors of The Times John Walter ( 1785 -- 1803 ) John Walter , 2nd ( 1803 -- 1812 ) John Stoddart ( 1812 -- 1816 ) Thomas Barnes ( 1817 -- 1841 ) John Delane ( 1841 -- 1877 ) Thomas Chenery ( 1877 -- 1884 ) George Earle Buckle ( 1884 -- 1912 ) Geoffrey Dawson ( 1912 -- 1919 ) George Sydney Freeman ( 1919 ) Wickham Steed ( 1919 -- 1922 ) Geoffrey Dawson ( 1923 -- 1941 ) Robert McGowan Barrington - Ward ( 1941 -- 1948 ) William Francis Casey ( 1948 -- 1952 ) William Haley ( 1952 -- 1966 ) William Rees - Mogg ( 1967 -- 1981 ) Harold Evans ( 1981 -- 82 ) Charles Douglas -- Home ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Charles Wilson ( 1985 -- 1990 ) Simon Jenkins ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Peter Stothard ( 1992 -- 2002 ) Robert Thomson ( 2002 -- 2007 ) James Harding ( 2007 -- 2012 ) John Witherow ( since 2013 ) Editors of The Sunday Times 1821 : Henry White 1822 : Daniel Whittle Harvey 1824 : Clarkson 1828 : Thomas Gaspey 1835 : Unknown 1850 : E.T. Smith 1858 : E.W. Scale 1867 : Edmund Scale 1874 : Joseph Hatton 1881 : Neville Bruce 1887 : Phil Robinson 1890 : Arthur William à Beckett 1893 : Rachel Beer 1901 : Leonard Rees 1932 : William W. Hadley 1950 : Harry Hodson 1961 : Denis Hamilton 1967 : Harold Evans 1981 : Frank Giles 1983 : Andrew Neil 1995 : John Witherow 2013 : Martin Ivens Works originally published in The Times `` The Darkling Thrush '' Harcourt interpolation The Mysterious Affair at Styles `` Ode of Remembrance '' The Secret Adversary Related publications Eureka The Sunday Times Times Atlas of the World TES ( magazine ) Times Higher Education The Times Literary Supplement The Times Science Review Times Top 100 Graduate Employers Other News UK Reynolds v Times Newspapers Ltd Walter v Lane Times New Roman Times Spelling Bee Wapping dispute <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Microsoft Windows typefaces Latin , Greek , Cyrillic Arial , Arial Rounded Arial Unicode MS Bahnschrift Bauhaus 93 Broadway Book Antiqua Calibri Calisto MT Cambria Candara Century Gothic Comic Sans MS Consolas Constantia Cooper Black Copperplate Gothic Corbel Courier New Franklin Gothic Medium Freestyle Script Gabriola Georgia Goudy Stout Harlow Solid Italic Impact Lucida Lucida Sans Unicode Microsoft Sans Serif News Gothic MT OCR A Extended Palatino Linotype Segoe Tahoma Times New Roman Trebuchet MS Verdana Westminster Wide Latin Hebrew Aharoni Arial Courier New Lucida Sans Unicode Microsoft Sans Serif Segoe UI Mono Tahoma Times New Roman Arabic Arial Courier New Microsoft Sans Serif Segoe UI Tahoma Times New Roman Thai Microsoft Sans Serif Segoe UI Mono Tahoma Chinese Simplified Microsoft YaHei SimHei SimSun Traditional Microsoft JhengHei MingLiU Korean Batang Dotum Gulim Gungsuh Malgun Gothic Japanese Meiryo MS Gothic MS Mincho Indic scripts Gautami Kartika Nirmala UI Vrinda Other Cambria Math Ebrima Euphemia Gadugi Marlett Nyala Sylfaen Symbol Webdings Wingdings <Td_colspan="2"> List of typefaces included with Microsoft Windows <Th_colspan="2"> Monotype typefaces 1900s Modern Old Style ( 1900 ) French Round Face ( 1906 ) Scotch Roman ( 1907 and 1920 ) Goudy Light ( 1908 ) 1910s Veronese ( 1911 ) and Italian Old Style ( 1919 ) Forum Title ( 1911 ) Imprint ( 1912 ) Plantin ( 1913 ) Caslon Old Face ( 1915 ) 1920s Garamont ( 1921 ) Bodoni ( 1921 ) Garamond ( 1922 ) Baskerville ( 1923 ) Poliphilus and Blado ( 1923 ) Italian Old Style ( Goudy , 1924 / 7 ) Fournier ( 1925 ) Goudy Heavy ( 1925 ) Engravers Horley Old Style Grotesque 215 ( 1926 ) Barbou ( 1926 , private use ) Colonna ( 1927 ) Bernard MT Gallia Othello ( 1928 ) Lutetia Perpetua ( 1928 ) Pastonchi ( 1928 ) Gill Sans ( 1928 onwards ) Centaur with Arrighi ( 1929 ) Bembo ( 1929 ) Deepdene ( 1929 ) Goudy Sans ( 1929 ) Solus ( c. 1929 ) 1930s Lutetia ( 1930 ) Ashley Crawford ( 1930 ) Braggadocio ( 1930 ) Bell ( 1931 ) Leysbourne Placard Kino Script Falstaff Inflex Littleworth Times New Roman ( 1932 ) Zarotto / Mardersteig ( 1932 ) Monoline Script Walbaum ( 1933 ) Jocunda ( 1933 ) Rockwell ( 1934 ) Colmcille Runic Menhart Felix Titling ( 1934 ) Tempest Titling Van Dijck ( 1935 ) Fontana ( for Collins ) ( 1935 ) Grock ( 1935 ) Gwendolin ( for the Greynog Press ) ( 1935 ) Emerson ( 1936 ) Gill Kayo Romulus ( 1936 ) Albertus ( 1935 - 9 ) Bulmer ( for R & R Clark ) ( 1937 ) Joanna ( for J.M. 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frankly charlotte i don't give a damn

Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn - wikipedia Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' is a line from the 1939 film Gone with the Wind starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh . The line is spoken by Rhett Butler ( Gable ) , as his last words to Scarlett O'Hara ( Leigh ) , in response to her tearful question : `` Where shall I go ? What shall I do ? '' Scarlett clings to the hope that she can win him back . This line is also partially spoken by Rhett Butler in Margaret Mitchell 's novel Gone with the Wind , published in 1936 , from which the movie is derived . The line demonstrates that Rhett has finally given up on Scarlett and their tumultuous relationship . After more than a decade of fruitlessly seeking her love , he no longer cares what happens to her . This quotation was voted the number one movie line of all time by the American Film Institute in 2005 . Production Code conflict ( edit ) Prior to the film 's release , censors objected to the use of the word `` damn '' in the film , a word that had been prohibited by the 1930 Motion Picture Production Code , beginning in July 1934 . However , before 1930 the word `` damn '' had been relatively common in films . In the silent era , John Gilbert even shouted `` Goddamn you ! '' to the enemy during battle in The Big Parade ( 1925 ) . The Production Code was ratified on March 31 , 1930 , and was effective for motion pictures whose filming began afterward . Thus , talkies that used `` damn '' include Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) , Flight ( 1929 ) , Gold Diggers of Broadway ( 1929 ) , Hell 's Angels ( 1930 ) , The Big Trail ( 1930 ) , The Dawn Patrol ( 1930 ) , The Green Goddess ( 1930 ) and Dracula ( 1931 ) . Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined producer David O. Selznick $5,000 for using the word `` damn '' , in fact the MPPDA board passed an amendment to the Production Code a month and a half before the film 's release , on November 1 , 1939 , that allowed use of the words `` hell '' or `` damn '' when their use `` shall be essential and required for portrayal , in proper historical context , of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work , provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste '' . With that amendment , the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett 's closing line . It is actually the second use of `` damn '' in the film . The term `` damn Yankees '' is heard in the parlor scene at Twelve Oaks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 MOVIE QUOTES '' . American Film Institute . 21 June 2005 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Jon ( 2000 ) . Hollywood V. Hard Core : How the Struggle Over Censorship Saved the Modern Film Industry . New York University Press . p. 305 . ISBN 0814751423 . Jump up ^ POCOWATCHIT , ROD ( 8 Nov 2014 ) . `` ' Gone With the Wind ' made history in more ways than one '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Press release by AFI <Th_colspan="2"> Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell Characters Scarlett O'Hara Rhett Butler Ashley Wilkes Melanie Hamilton India Wilkes Adaptations Gone with the Wind ( film ) Scarlett ( musical ) Autant en emporte le vent Gone with the Wind ( musical ) Related works The Making of a Legend : Gone with the Wind Scarlett ( novel ) Scarlett ( miniseries ) The Wind Done Gone Rhett Butler 's People The Scarlett O'Hara War `` Went with the Wind ! '' Related `` Frankly , my dear , I do n't give a damn '' Tara plantation Twelve Oaks Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankly,_my_dear,_I_don%27t_give_a_damn&oldid=795802716 '' Categories : English phrases Gone with the Wind Quotations from film and television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" 2. Gone with the Wind 3. Rhett Butler and Scarlett O'Hara 4. American Film Institute's top movie quotes 5. Motion Picture Production Code

what kind of dog is on the caesars dog food commercial

West Highland white Terrier - wikipedia West Highland white Terrier West Highland White Terrier <Td_colspan="2"> Other names Poltalloch Terrier Roseneath Terrier White Roseneath Terrier Common nicknames Westie ( or Westy ) Origin Scotland <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="4"> hide Traits Weight <Td_colspan="3"> 6.8 -- 9.1 kg ( 15 -- 20 lb ) Height <Td_colspan="3"> 25 -- 28 cm ( 9.8 -- 11.0 in ) Coat <Td_colspan="3"> Double Color <Td_colspan="3"> White Litter size <Td_colspan="3"> Three to five Life span <Td_colspan="3"> 12 to 17 years <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="4"> hide Classification / standards FCI Group 3 , Section 2 Small Terriers # 085 standard AKC Terrier standard ANKC Group 2 ( terriers ) standard CKC Group 4 -- terriers standard KC ( UK ) Terrier standard NZKC Terrier standard UKC Terriers standard <Td_colspan="2"> Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The West Highland White Terrier , commonly known as the Westie , is a breed of dog from Scotland with a distinctive white harsh coat with a somewhat soft white undercoat . It is a medium - sized terrier , although with longer legs than other Scottish breeds of terrier . It has a white double coat of fur which fills out the dog 's face , giving it a rounded appearance . The breed is intelligent , quick to learn , and can be good with children , but does not always tolerate rough handling . The Westie is an active and intelligent breed , and is social with a high prey drive , as they were once used to hunt rodents . The modern breed is descended from a number of breeding programs of white terriers in Scotland before the 20th century . Cousin to the Cairn Terrier , the Westie was bred to hunt small rodents at places such as farms . Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch , is credited with the creation of the modern breed from his Poltalloch Terrier , but did not want to be known as such . Other related breeds included George Campbell , 8th Duke of Argyll 's Roseneath Terrier and Dr Americ Edwin Flaxman 's Pittenweem Terriers . This breed of small white Scottish terriers was given its modern name for the first time in 1908 , with recognition by major kennel clubs occurring around the same time . The breed remains very popular in the UK , with multiple wins at Cruft 's . It is in the top third of all breeds in the US since the 1960s . It has been featured in television and film , including in Hamish Macbeth , and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and Scotch whisky Black & White . Several breed - specific and nonspecific health issues appear in the breed , including a condition in young dogs nicknamed `` westie jaw '' which causes an overgrowth of bone in the jaw of the dog . It can also be prone to skin disorders , with a breed - specific condition called hyperplastic dermatosis occurring . They are very energetic and need plenty of exercise . Contents 1 Appearance 2 Temperament 3 Health 4 History 5 In popular culture 5.1 In public life 5.2 In branding 5.3 In film 5.4 In television 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links Appearance ( edit ) Westies have dense , thick undercoat and a rough outer coat Commonly , Westies have bright , deep - set , almond - shaped eyes that are dark in colour . Their ears are pointed and erect . Members of the breed typically weigh between 15 and 20 pounds ( 6.8 and 9.1 kg ) , and the average height is between 10 -- 11 inches ( 25 -- 28 cm ) at the withers . The body should be shorter than the height of the dog at the shoulder . They also have a deep chest , muscular limbs , a black nose , and a short , closely fitted jaw with `` scissors '' bite ( lower canines locked in front of upper canines , upper incisors locked over lower incisors ) . The Westie 's paws are slightly turned out to give it better grip than flat - footed breeds when it climbs on rocky surfaces . In young puppies , the nose and footpads have pink markings , which slowly turn black as they age . Westies also have short and sturdy tails . Some sources suggest that due to their history as rodent catchers , their tails were bred to be thick so that a Westie trapped in a hole could be easily pulled out by the tail . They have a soft , dense , thick undercoat and a rough outer coat , which can grow to about 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) long . The fur fills out the face to give a rounded appearance . As puppies develop into adults , their coarse outer coat is normally removed by either `` hand - stripping '' , especially for dog - showing , or otherwise clipping . Temperament ( edit ) A Westie The temperament of the West Highland White Terrier can vary greatly , with some being friendly towards children , whilst others prefer solitude . It will not tolerate rough handling such as a child pulling on its ears , and can be both food - and toy - possessive . It is normally independent , assured , and self - confident , and can make a good watchdog . It is a loyal breed that bonds with its owner , but is often always on the move , requiring good exercise ( 15 -- 30 min ) . The Westie is highly social and is the most friendly and jolly of all the Scottish breeds of terriers . It is a hardy breed , and can be stubborn , leading to issues with training . A Westie may need to have its training refreshed on occasion during its lifetime . Having a typical terrier prey drive , it tends to be highly interested in toys , especially chasing balls . It does retain the instincts of an earth - dog , including inquisitive and investigative traits , as well as natural instincts to both bark and dig holes . It is ranked 47th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs . Health ( edit ) Two Westie puppies The American breed club puts the lifespan of the Westie at 12 to 16 years . A club survey puts the average lifespan at 11.4 years . Veterinary clinic data from the UK show a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years . The French Kennel Club database gives 8 to 16 years , with a median of 13 years . The typical litter size is between three and five puppies . The breed is predisposed to conditions found in many breeds , such as abdominal hernias . Westie puppies may be affected by craniomandibular osteopathy , a disease also known as `` lion jaw '' , and is sometimes also referred to as `` westie jaw '' . The disease is an autosomal recessive condition , so a puppy can only be affected by it if both its parents are carriers of the faulty gene . The condition appears across many breeds , including several different types of terriers , as well as other unrelated breeds such as the Great Dane . It typically appears in dogs under a year old , and can cause problems for the dog to chew or swallow food . Radiographic testing can be conducted to diagnose the condition , in which the bones around the jaw thicken ; additionally , the blood may show increased calcium levels and enzyme levels . The condition often stops progressing by the time the dog is a year old , and in some cases can recede . It is normally treated with anti-inflammatory medications , and the feeding of soft foods . In some cases , tube feeding may be necessary . However , if the animal still can not eat and is in uncontrolled pain , then euthanasia may be the only medical option remaining . The breed is prone to skin disorders . About a quarter of Westies surveyed are affected by atopic dermatitis , a heritable chronic allergic skin condition . A higher proportion of males are affected compared to females . An uncommon but severe breed - specific skin condition , hyperplastic dermatosis , may affect West Highland White Terriers , both juveniles and adults dogs . Affected dogs can suffer from red hyperpigmentation , lichenification , and hair loss . In the initial stages , this condition can be misdiagnosed as allergies or less serious forms of dermatitis . An inherited genetic problem that exists in the breed is globoid cell leukodystrophy . It is not breed - specific , and can appear in Cairn Terriers and other breeds including Beagles and Pomeranians . It is a neurological disease where the dog lacks an enzyme called galactosylceramidase . The symptoms are noticeable as the puppy develops , and can be identified by the age of 30 weeks . Affected dogs have tremors , muscle weakness , and trouble walking . Symptoms slowly increase until limb paralysis begins to occur . Due to it being a hereditary condition , owners should avoid breeding affected animals to eliminate it from the breed . Another genetic condition that affects the breed is `` white dog shaker syndrome '' . As this condition is most commonly found in Westies and Maltese , the condition was originally thought to be connected to the genes for white coats , but the same condition has since been found in other nonwhite breeds including the Yorkshire Terrier and the Dachshund . The condition typically develops over one to three days , resulting in tremors of the head and limbs , ataxia , and hypermetria . Affected males and females can be affected for different lengths of time , with symptoms in females lasting between four and six weeks , while males can be affected the rest of their lives . Other less common conditions which appear in the breed include hydroxyglutaric aciduria , which is where elevated levels of Alpha - Hydroxyglutaric acid are in the dog 's urine , blood plasma , and spinal fluid . It can cause seizures , muscle stiffness , and ataxia , but is more commonly found in Staffordshire Bull Terriers . A degeneration of the hip joint , known as Legg -- Calvé -- Perthes syndrome , also occurs in the breed . However , the chances of this condition occurring are much higher in some other breeds , such as the Australian Shepherd and the Miniature Pincher . The breed is also one of the least likely to be affected by a luxating patella , where the knee cap slips out of place . History ( edit ) Three Pittenweem Terriers , photographed in 1899 Scottish white terriers were recorded as early as during the reign of James VI of Scotland , who reigned between 1567 and 1625 . The king ordered that a dozen terriers be procured from Argyll to be presented to the Kingdom of France as a gift . Sandy - and brindle - coloured dogs were seen as hardier than those of other colours , and white dogs were seen as being weak . At various times during the breed 's existence , it has been considered a white offshoot of both the Scottish Terrier and the Cairn Terrier breeds . Reports of a ship from the Spanish Armada being wrecked on the island of Skye in 1588 indicated the ship carried white Spanish dogs , whose descendants were kept distinct from other breeds by Clan Donald , including the families of the Chiefs . Other families on Skye preserved both white and sandy - coloured dogs . One such family was the Clan MacLeod , and it was reported by their descendants that at least two Chiefs kept white terriers , including `` The Wicked Man '' Norman MacLeod , and his grandson Norman , who became Chief after his death . George Campbell , 8th Duke of Argyll , chief of Clan Campbell , bred a breed of white Scottish terriers known as the `` Roseneath Terrier '' . Another breed of white Scottish terriers also appeared at this point , with Dr. Americ Edwin Flaxman from Fife developing his line of `` Pittenweem Terriers '' out of a female Scottish Terrier which produced white offspring . The dog seemed to produce these white puppies regardless of the sire to which she was bred , and after drowning over 20 of these offspring , he came upon the theory that it was an ancient trait of the Scottish Terrier that was trying to reappear . He rededicated his breeding program to produce white Scottish Terriers with the aim of restoring it to the same stature as the dark - coloured breed . Flaxman is credited with classes being added to dog shows for white Scottish Terriers towards the end of the 19th century . A West Highland White Terrier , photographed in 1915 The person most closely associated with developing the modern breed of West Highland White Terrier is Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch . Malcolm owned terriers used to work game ; the story told is that a reddish - brown terrier was mistaken for a fox and shot . Following this , Malcolm decided to develop a white terrier breed , which became known as the `` Poltalloch Terrier '' . The first generation of Poltallochs had sandy - coloured coats , and had already developed prick ears , which is a trait seen later in the modern breed . It is unknown if the Poltalloch Terriers and Pittenweem Terriers were interbred . In 1903 , Malcolm declared that he did not want to be known as the creator of the breed and insisted that his breed of white terriers be renamed . The term `` West Highland White Terrier '' first appears in Otters and Otter Hunting by L.C.R. Cameron , published in 1908 . The first breed club was set up in 1904 ; Niall Campbell , 10th Duke of Argyll , was the society 's first president . A second club was subsequently set up , with the Countess of Aberdeen as chairman . Edward Malcolm succeeded the Countess as the club 's second chairman . Kennel Club recognition followed in 1907 , and the breed appeared at Crufts for the first time in the same year . The Westie was imported into the United States in 1907 -- 1908 , when Robert Goelet imported Ch . Kiltie and Ch . Rumpus Glenmohr . Initially , it was also known at the time as the Roseneath Terrier , and the Roseneath Terrier Club was recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1908 . The club was renamed during the following year to the West Highland White Terrier Club of America . The breed spent the period that immediately followed as being `` in vogue '' , becoming popular almost immediately upon its arrival in the US . Canadian Kennel Club recognition followed in 1909 . Until 1924 in the UK , Westie pedigrees were allowed to have Cairn and Scottish Terriers in them . By the time of Malcolm 's death in 1930 , a stable type had appeared with prick ears , a white coat , and a short back . A Westie in a modern show - cut In major conformation shows , the breed has been equally successful on both sides of the Atlantic . The first member of the breed to win a show championship was Ch . Morvan in 1905 , owned by Colin Young . The dog was registered at the time as a Scottish Terrier , and won the title at the Scottish Kennel Club show at the age of seven months . Because the breed was not yet recognised independently , the championship title was not retained when the dog was reregistered as a West Highland White Terrier . The first win at a major show came at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1942 when Constance Winant 's Ch . Wolvey Pattern of Edgerstoune won the title of Best in Show . The same title was taken by Barbara Worcester 's Ch . Elfinbrook Simon in 1962 . It took a further 14 years before the breed took its first Best in Show title at Crufts , the UK 's major dog show . Ch . Dianthus Buttons , owned by Kath Newstead and Dorothy Taylor , took the title for the breed in 1976 . A Westie also won Crufts in 1990 with the Best in Show title going to Derek Tattersall 's Ch . Olac Moon Pilot. , and in 2016. ( Burneze Geordie Girl ) The popularity of the breed during the early 20th century was such that dogs were being exchanged for hundreds of guineas . As of 2010 , the Westie is the third-most popular breed of terrier in the UK , with 5,361 puppies registered with the Kennel Club . However , this is a decrease in numbers since 2001 , when it was the most popular terrier breed , with 11,019 new dogs registered . The breed 's position in the United States is more stable with it remaining in the top third of all breeds since around 1960 . It was ranked 30th-most popular in 2001 , based on registrations with the American Kennel Club , which has varied around the 30s in the decade since , with it ranked 34th in 2010 . In popular culture ( edit ) West Highland White Terrier in the garden In public life ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah , founder of Pakistan , owned a Westie . John Green , novelist , co-founder of the VlogBrothers , is known to own a Westie , called Willie ( or Fireball Wilson Roberts ) . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , has a Westie named Brontë . In branding ( edit ) Black & White whisky have used both Scottish Terriers and Westies in their advertisements . The breed is used as the mascot of the `` Cesar '' brand of dog food . The Australian dog food manufacturer Mars Incorporated uses the West Highland White Terrier breed as the `` face '' of their `` My Dog '' brand . The Westie can be seen on `` My Dog '' packaging , their website and television and print advertisements . In film ( edit ) The film The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby , released in the UK in February 2006 , cast a West Highland White Terrier as Bobby . The appearance of a Westie caused protests from the Skye Terrier breed club , which complained about the filmmaker 's use of an incorrect dog breed for the part . In the film Lethal Weapon 3 , Carrie Murtaugh , played by Ebonie Smith , carried a Westie early in the movie when Martin Riggs ( played by Mel Gibson ) brings his laundry to the Murtaugh home . The 2018 film Game Night prominently features a West Highland Terrier . In television ( edit ) The titular character in the BBC Scotland -- produced television series Hamish Macbeth owned a Westie named `` Wee Jock '' . This dog later dies and is replaced by another Westie named Jock . In the Brazilian television animated series As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa ( The Adventures of Gui & Estopa ) , the main character Gui is the Terrier breed . In the TV show Jeeves and Wooster , Bertie 's Aunt Agatha owns a Westie named MacIntosh . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Palika , Liz ( 2007 ) . The Howell Book of Dogs . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 00921 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kern , Kerry V ( 1988 ) . The New Terrier Handbook . New York , NY : Barron 's . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 3951 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bruette ( 1921 ) : p. 191 Jump up ^ `` The West Highland White Terrier : A Spunky Scot '' . My Pet Reference. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Highland White Terrier Breed Profile '' . Your Dog . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is a Westie right for you ? '' . San Francisco Bay West Highland White Terrier Club . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rice ( 2002 ) : p. 6 Jump up ^ Coren , Stanley ( 2006 ) . The Intelligence of Dogs . London , UK : Pocket Books . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Westie FAQs '' . West Highland White Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report '' ( PDF ) . 20 February 2007 . West Highland White Terrier Club of America . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , D.G. ; Church , D.B. ; McGreevy , P.D. ; Thomson , P.C. ; Brodbelt , D.C. ( 2013 ) . `` Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England '' . The Veterinary Journal . 198 : 638 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2013.09. 020 . PMID 24206631 . Jump up ^ Leroy , G.G. ; Phocas , F. ; Hedan , B. ; Verrier , E. ; Rognon , X . ( 2015 ) . `` Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds '' . The Veterinary Journal . 203 : 74 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2014.11. 008 . PMID 25475165 . mean = 11.89 ± 3.92 median = 12.93 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 115 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Grayson , J. Kevin . `` 2007 West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Westie Foundation of America and the Health Committee of the WHWTCA . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gross , Thelma Lee ( 2005 ) . Skin diseases of the dog and cat . Ames , IO : Blackwell Science . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06452 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 105 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 155 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 108 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 125 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 126 Jump up ^ Ackerman ( 2011 ) : p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Smith ( 1921 ) : p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Rice ( 2002 ) : p. 5 Jump up ^ Dalziel , Hugh ( 1879 ) . British dogs ; their varieties , history , characteristics , breeding , management and exhibition . London , UK : The Bazaar Office . p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : Horter , Ria ( April 2009 ) . `` Col. Edward Donald Malcolm , 16th Laird of Poltalloch , and the West Highland White Terrier '' ( PDF ) . Dogs in Canada . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles Henry ( 1902 ) . Dog shows and doggy people . London , UK : Hutchinson . pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Ludovick Charles Richard Duncombe - Jewell ( 1908 ) . Otters and otter - hunting . New York , NY : C. Scribner 's Sons . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hochwell , A.F. ( 1925 ) . Dogs as home companions ; a book for all dog lovers . Cincinnati , OH : Sportsman 's Digest . pp. 26 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` She Asked For It '' . Time . 23 February 1942 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fads : The Poodle Dethroned '' . Time . 23 February 1962 . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dogworld : Digital Crufts Edition ( 2010 ) : p. 84 Jump up ^ Dogworld : Digital Crufts Edition ( 2010 ) : p. 88 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1921 ) : p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Comparative Tables of Registrations for the Years 2001 -- 2010 Inclusive '' ( PDF ) . The Kennel Club . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AKC Dog Registration Statistics '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Oxford University Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 614 - 21694 - X . ( Jinnah ) had two dogs , one formidable black Doberman , the other a white West Highland Terrier . Jump up ^ Barrows , Sydney Biddle ; Kennedy , Dan S ( 2009 ) . Uncensored sales strategies . Irvine , CA : Entrepreneur Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59918 - 193 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Official Website '' . Cesar.ca . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MY DOG ® Premium Dog Food '' . Mars Incorporated . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ MyDog Dog Food 2010 Ad on YouTube Jump up ^ Cramb , Auslan ( 7 November 2002 ) . `` Casting row dogs the remake of Greyfriar 's Bobby '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bignell , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . Popular television drama : critical perspectives . Manchester , UK ; New York : Manchester University Press . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6933 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Mande a foto do seu `` Iguinho '' '' ( in Portuguese ) . iG São Paulo - Redação. 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ackerman , Lowell J ( 2011 ) . Genetic Connection : A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs ( 2nd ed . ) . Lakewood , CO : American Animal Hospital Association Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58326 - 157 - 6 . Bruette , William A ( 1921 ) . The Complete Dog Book . Cincinnati , OH : Stewart Kidd Co . `` Digital Crufts Edition '' . Dogworld . The Dog World Ltd. 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 Oct 2011 . Rice , Dan ( 2002 ) . West Highland White Terriers . Hauppauge , NY : Barron 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1899 - 9 . Smith , Arthur Croxton ( 1910 ) . The Power of the Dog . London , UK : Hodder and Stoughton . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Highland White Terrier . West Highland White Terrier at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Terriers Working breeds Long legged Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Brazilian Terrier Enkarterriko Billanuko Fox Terrier ( Smooth ) Gos Rater Valencià Irish Terrier Jagdterrier Kaikadi Kerry Blue Terrier Lakeland Terrier Majorca Ratter Manchester Terrier Old English Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Ratonero Murciano de Huerta Soft - coated Wheaten Terrier Welsh Terrier Wire Fox Terrier Short legged Australian Terrier Cairn Terrier Cesky Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Glen of Imaal Terrier Jack Russell Terrier Japanese Terrier Miniature Fox Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Rat Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Teddy Roosevelt Terrier Tenterfield Terrier West Highland White Terrier Bull type breeds American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Boston Terrier Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Irish Bull Terrier Staffordshire Bull Terrier Toy breeds Australian Silky Terrier English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Russkiy Toy Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Miscellaneous American Hairless Terrier Russian Black Terrier <Th_colspan="2"> Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Black and Tan Terrier Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Highland_White_Terrier&oldid=851140820 '' Categories : Terriers Dog breeds originating in Scotland Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 10 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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1. West Highland White Terrier 2. Origin and history of the breed 3. Appearance and characteristics 4. Temperament and behavior 5. Health issues and care requirements

who won last year's men's ncaa tournament

2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 Final Four logo Season 2016 -- 17 Teams 68 Finals site University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona Champions North Carolina Tar Heels ( 6th title , 11th title game , 20th Final Four ) Runner - up Gonzaga Bulldogs ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) Semifinalists Oregon Ducks ( 2nd Final Four ) South Carolina Gamecocks ( 1st Final Four ) Winning coach Roy Williams ( 3rd title ) MOP Joel Berry II ( North Carolina ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2016 2018 '' The 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2016 -- 17 season . The 79th edition of the tournament began on March 14 , 2017 , and concluded with the championship game on April 3 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . The championship game was the first to be contested in a Western state since 1995 when Seattle was the host of the Final Four for that year . In the Final Four , North Carolina beat Oregon ( making their first Final Four appearance since 1939 ) while Gonzaga defeated South Carolina ( both making their first ever Final Four appearance ) . North Carolina then defeated Gonzaga 71 -- 65 to win the national championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedures 2 2017 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Bracket 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 East Regional -- New York City , New York 4.2. 1 East Regional Final 4.2. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- San Jose , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 Midwest Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri 4.4. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.4. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 4.5 South Regional -- Memphis , Tennessee 4.5. 1 South Regional Final 4.5. 2 South Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona 5.1. 1 Final four 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Studio hosts 7.1. 2 Studio analysts 7.1. 3 Commentary teams 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Tournament procedures ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2017 tournament , with all 32 conference tournament winners receiving an automatic bid . The Ivy League , which previously granted its automatic tournament bid to its regular season champion , hosted a postseason tournament to determine a conference champion for the first time . In previous years , had the Ivy League had two schools tied for first in the standings , a one - game playoff ( or series as was the case in the 2002 season ) determined the automatic bid . On March 10 , 2016 , the Ivy League 's council of presidents approved a four - team tournament where the top four teams in the regular season would play on March 11 and 12 at Philadelphia 's Palestra . The remaining 36 teams received `` at - large '' bids which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . On January 24 , 2016 , the NCAA announced that the Selection Committee would , for the first time , unveil in - season rankings of the top four teams in each division on February 11 , 2017 . Eight teams -- the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams -- played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . The committee 's selections resulted in two historic milestones . The Northwestern Wildcats of the Big Ten Conference made their first - ever NCAA Tournament in school history , officially becoming the last `` power conference '' school to make the tournament . ( This fact is ironic considering that Northwestern hosted the first - ever NCAA Tournament in 1939 ) . The Wildcats ' First Round opponent , the Vanderbilt Commodores of the Southeastern Conference , also made history : with a record of 19 - 15 , they set the mark for the most ever losses for an at - large team in tournament history . Four conference champions also made their first NCAA appearances : North Dakota ( Big Sky Conference ) , UC Davis ( Big West Conference ) , Jacksonville State ( Ohio Valley Conference ) , and first - year Division I school Northern Kentucky ( Horizon League ) . 2017 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Buffalo Milwaukee Orlando Salt Lake City Greenville Indianapolis Tulsa Sacramento 2017 First Four ( orange ) and First and Second rounds ( green ) Note : Greensboro , North Carolina was originally awarded First and Second round games , but the games were relocated to Greenville , South Carolina due to NCAA objections over HB2 . Kansas City San Jose Memphis New York City Glendale 2017 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2017 tournament First Four March 14 and 15 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 16 and 18 Amway Center , Orlando , Florida ( Hosts : University of Central Florida and Stetson University ) Bradley Center , Milwaukee ( Host : Marquette University ) KeyBank Center , Buffalo , New York ( Host : Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference , Niagara University and Canisius College ) Vivint Smart Home Arena , Salt Lake City ( Host : University of Utah ) March 17 and 19 Bankers Life Fieldhouse , Indianapolis ( Hosts : Horizon League and IUPUI ) BOK Center , Tulsa , Oklahoma ( Host : University of Tulsa ) Bon Secours Wellness Arena , Greenville , South Carolina , ( Hosts : Southern Conference and Furman University ) Golden 1 Center , Sacramento , California ( Host : California State University , Sacramento ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 23 and 25 Midwest Regional , Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) West Regional , SAP Center , San Jose , California ( Host : Pac - 12 Conference ) March 24 and 26 East Regional , Madison Square Garden , New York City ( Hosts : St. John 's University and Big East Conference ) South Regional , FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee ( Host : University of Memphis ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) April 1 and 3 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona ( Host : Arizona State University ) The city of Glendale , a Phoenix suburb , became the 30th host city , and the University of Phoenix Stadium became the 39th host venue , to host a Final Four . For the second straight year , no regional games were held in domed stadiums , a move dictated in 2013 by the NCAA to limit use of the stadiums for the regional rounds . The tournament featured two new arenas in previously visited markets . For the first time the tournament was held at the Bankers Life Fieldhouse , the home of the Indiana Pacers . This marks the first time since 1982 that a venue other than the RCA Dome or Lucas Oil Stadium hosted games within the city of Indianapolis . It also became the fifth venue within the city to host games , temporarily tying Indianapolis with Houston for the most different venues used within a city ; Houston will add a sixth venue when the Toyota Center hosts games in the 2020 tournament . The tournament also returned to Sacramento , moving to the brand new Golden 1 Center , home of the Sacramento Kings , replacing Sleep Train Arena as the city 's primary indoor sports venue . The 2017 tournament marked the last time that the Bradley Center will be used for tournament games , as it is being replaced by the Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center in late 2018 . The WESC is scheduled to host the tournament in 2022 . The tournament also saw a shift in location of first round games from Greensboro , North Carolina to Greenville , South Carolina . Greensboro originally was awarded First and Second Round games , but the games were relocated due to NCAA objections over North Carolina 's passage of HB2 . This was also the first time a South Carolina venue hosted the tournament in 15 years , after the state removed the Confederate battle flag from the South Carolina State House grounds in July 2015 and the NCAA implemented a policy of not hosting championship games in the state in response to the display in 2002 . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Eight teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2017 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements , self - imposed postseason bans , or reclassification from a lower division . Hawaii had previously been banned from entering the tournament as a penalty for infractions , but the NCAA later reversed its ban . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Appearance Last bid America East Vermont 6th 2012 American SMU 12th 2015 Atlantic 10 Rhode Island 9th 1999 ACC Duke 41st 2016 Atlantic Sun Florida Gulf Coast 3rd 2016 Big 12 Iowa State 19th 2016 Big East Villanova 37th 2016 Big Sky North Dakota 1st Never Big South Winthrop 10th Big Ten Michigan 27th 2016 Big West UC Davis 1st Never CAA UNC Wilmington 6th 2016 C - USA Middle Tennessee 9th 2016 Horizon Northern Kentucky 1st Never Ivy League Princeton 25th 2011 MAAC Iona 12th 2016 MAC Kent State 6th 2008 MEAC North Carolina Central 2nd 2014 Missouri Valley Wichita State 14th 2016 Mountain West Nevada 7th 2007 NEC Mount St. Mary 's 5th 2014 Ohio Valley Jacksonville State 1st Never Pac - 12 Arizona 34th 2016 Patriot Bucknell 7th 2013 SEC Kentucky 57th 2016 Southern East Tennessee State 10th Southland New Orleans 5th SWAC Texas Southern 7th 2015 Summit League South Dakota State 4th 2016 Sun Belt Troy 2nd 2003 WCC Gonzaga 20th 2016 WAC New Mexico State 23rd 2015 Notes Jump up ^ First year of eligibility for NCAA - sponsored Division I postseason play Jump up ^ Inaugural conference tournament Tournament seeds ( edit ) East Regional -- Madison Square Garden , New York City Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 31 -- 3 Auto Duke ACC 27 -- 8 Auto 7 Baylor Big 12 25 -- 7 At - Large 12 Florida SEC 24 -- 8 At - Large 14 5 Virginia ACC 22 -- 10 At - Large 17 6 SMU American 30 -- 4 Auto 21 7 South Carolina SEC 22 -- 10 At - Large 26 8 Wisconsin Big Ten 25 -- 9 At - Large 29 9 Virginia Tech ACC 22 -- 10 At - Large 36 10 Marquette Big East 19 -- 12 At - Large 39 11 * Providence Big East 20 -- 12 At - Large 42 USC Pac - 12 24 -- 9 At - Large 45 12 UNC Wilmington CAA 29 -- 5 Auto 49 13 East Tennessee State Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 55 15 Troy Sun Belt 22 -- 14 Auto 60 16 * Mount St. Mary 's NEC 19 -- 15 Auto 68 New Orleans Southland 20 -- 11 Auto 67 West Regional -- SAP Center , San Jose , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Gonzaga WCC 32 -- 1 Auto Arizona Pac - 12 30 -- 4 Auto 6 Florida State ACC 25 -- 8 At - Large 10 West Virginia Big 12 26 -- 8 At - Large 15 5 Notre Dame ACC 25 -- 9 At - Large 19 6 Maryland Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - Large 23 7 Saint Mary 's WCC 28 -- 4 At - Large 25 8 Northwestern Big Ten 23 -- 11 At - Large 32 9 Vanderbilt SEC 19 -- 15 At - Large 33 10 VCU Atlantic 10 26 -- 8 At - Large 40 11 Xavier Big East 21 -- 13 At - Large 41 12 Princeton Ivy League 23 -- 6 Auto 50 13 Bucknell Patriot 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Florida Gulf Coast Atlantic Sun 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 North Dakota Big Sky 22 -- 9 Auto 62 16 South Dakota State Summit League 18 -- 16 Auto 64 Midwest Regional -- Sprint Center , Kansas City , Missouri Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 28 -- 4 At - Large Louisville ACC 24 -- 8 At - Large 8 Oregon Pac - 12 29 -- 5 At - Large 9 Purdue Big Ten 25 -- 7 At - Large 16 5 Iowa State Big 12 23 -- 10 Auto 20 6 Creighton Big East 25 -- 9 At - Large 24 7 Michigan Big Ten 24 -- 11 Auto 27 8 Miami ( FL ) ACC 21 -- 11 At - Large 30 9 Michigan State Big Ten 19 -- 14 At - Large 35 10 Oklahoma State Big 12 20 -- 12 At - Large 37 11 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 24 -- 9 Auto 44 12 Nevada Mountain West 28 -- 6 Auto 47 13 Vermont America East 29 -- 5 Auto 53 14 Iona MAAC 22 -- 12 Auto 58 15 Jacksonville State Ohio Valley 20 -- 14 Auto 61 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 25 -- 8 Auto 66 UC Davis Big West 22 -- 12 Auto 65 South Regional -- FedExForum , Memphis , Tennessee Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank North Carolina ACC 27 -- 7 At - Large Kentucky SEC 29 -- 5 Auto 5 UCLA Pac - 12 29 -- 4 At - Large 11 Butler Big East 23 -- 8 At - Large 13 5 Minnesota Big Ten 24 -- 9 At - Large 18 6 Cincinnati American 29 -- 5 At - Large 22 7 Dayton Atlantic 10 24 -- 7 At - Large 28 8 Arkansas SEC 25 -- 9 At - Large 31 9 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - Large 34 10 Wichita State Missouri Valley 30 -- 4 Auto 38 11 * Kansas State Big 12 20 -- 13 At - Large 46 Wake Forest ACC 19 -- 13 At - Large 43 12 Middle Tennessee Conference USA 30 -- 4 Auto 48 13 Winthrop Big South 26 -- 6 Auto 54 14 Kent State MAC 22 -- 13 Auto 57 15 Northern Kentucky Horizon 24 -- 10 Auto 59 16 Texas Southern SWAC 23 -- 11 Auto 63 * See First Four Bracket ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> March 14 -- East Region <Td_colspan="5"> 16 Mount St. Mary 's 67 16 New Orleans 66 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> March 14 -- South Region <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Kansas State 95 11 Wake Forest 88 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> March 15 -- Midwest Region <Td_colspan="5"> 16 North Carolina Central 63 16 UC Davis 67 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> March 15 -- East Region <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Providence 71 11 USC 75 <Td_colspan="5"> East Regional -- New York City , New York ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Villanova 76 16 Mount St. Mary 's 56 Villanova 62 <Td_colspan="4"> Buffalo -- Thu / Sat 8 Wisconsin 65 8 Wisconsin 84 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Virginia Tech 74 8 Wisconsin 83 <Td_colspan="9"> Florida 84 * 5 Virginia 76 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 UNC Wilmington 71 5 Virginia 39 <Td_colspan="4"> Orlando -- Thu / Sat Florida 65 Florida 80 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 East Tennessee State 65 Florida 70 <Td_colspan="14"> 7 South Carolina 77 6 SMU 65 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 USC 66 11 USC 78 <Td_colspan="4"> Tulsa -- Fri / Sun Baylor 82 Baylor 91 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 New Mexico State 73 Baylor 50 <Td_colspan="9"> 7 South Carolina 70 7 South Carolina 93 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Marquette 73 7 South Carolina 88 <Td_colspan="4"> Greenville -- Fri / Sun Duke 81 Duke 87 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 Troy 65 <Td_colspan="5"> East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS Sunday , March 26 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score <Td_colspan="3"> # 7 South Carolina Gamecocks 77 , # 4 Florida Gators 70 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by half : 33 -- 40 , 44 -- 30 Pts : S. Thornwell -- 26 Rebs : C. Silva -- 9 Asts : D. Notice -- 3 Pts : J. Leon -- 18 Rebs : K. Hayes -- 8 Asts : K. Hill -- 5 Madison Square Garden -- New York City Attendance : 20,047 Referees : Ron Groover , Jeffrey Anderson , Mike Eades East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Sindarius Thornwell ( Sr , South Carolina ) -- East Regional most outstanding player P.J. Dozier ( So , South Carolina ) KeVaughn Allen ( So , Florida ) Chris Chiozza ( Jr , Florida ) Nigel Hayes ( Sr , Wisconsin ) West Regional -- San Jose , California ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 16 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 18 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Gonzaga 66 16 South Dakota State 46 Gonzaga 79 <Td_colspan="4"> Salt Lake City -- Thu / Sat 8 Northwestern 73 8 Northwestern 68 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Vanderbilt 66 Gonzaga 61 <Td_colspan="9"> West Virginia 58 5 Notre Dame 60 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Princeton 58 5 Notre Dame 71 <Td_colspan="4"> Buffalo -- Thu / Sat West Virginia 83 West Virginia 86 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 Bucknell 80 Gonzaga 83 <Td_colspan="14"> 11 Xavier 59 6 Maryland 65 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Xavier 76 11 Xavier 91 <Td_colspan="4"> Orlando -- Thu / Sat Florida State 66 Florida State 86 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 Florida Gulf Coast 80 11 Xavier 73 <Td_colspan="9"> Arizona 71 7 Saint Mary 's 85 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 VCU 77 7 Saint Mary 's 60 <Td_colspan="4"> Salt Lake City -- Thu / Sat Arizona 69 Arizona 100 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 North Dakota 82 <Td_colspan="5"> West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS Saturday , March 25 3 : 09 pm PDT Box score <Td_colspan="3"> # 11 Xavier Musketeers 59 , # 1 Gonzaga Bulldogs 83 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by half : 39 -- 49 , 20 -- 34 Pts : J.P. Macura -- 18 Rebs : K. Gates , T. Bluiett -- 7 Asts : J.P. Macura , Q. Goodin -- 2 Pts : N. Williams - Goss -- 23 Rebs : N. Williams - Goss -- 8 Asts : N. Williams - Goss -- 4 SAP Center -- San Jose , California Attendance : 17,011 Referees : James Breeding , Kipp Kissinger , Michael Stephens West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Johnathan Williams ( Jr , Gonzaga ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Trevon Bluiett ( Jr , Xavier ) J.P. Macura ( Jr , Xavier ) Jordan Mathews ( Sr , Gonzaga ) Nigel Williams - Goss ( Jr , Gonzaga ) Midwest Regional -- Kansas City , Missouri ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Kansas 100 16 UC Davis 62 Kansas 90 <Td_colspan="4"> Tulsa -- Fri / Sun 9 Michigan State 70 8 Miami ( FL ) 58 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Michigan State 78 Kansas 98 <Td_colspan="9"> Purdue 66 5 Iowa State 84 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Nevada 73 5 Iowa State 76 <Td_colspan="4"> Milwaukee -- Thu / Sat Purdue 80 Purdue 80 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 Vermont 70 Kansas 60 <Td_colspan="14"> Oregon 74 6 Creighton 72 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Rhode Island 84 11 Rhode Island 72 <Td_colspan="4"> Sacramento -- Fri / Sun Oregon 75 Oregon 93 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 Iona 77 Oregon 69 <Td_colspan="9"> 7 Michigan 68 7 Michigan 92 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Oklahoma State 91 7 Michigan 73 <Td_colspan="4"> Indianapolis -- Fri / Sun Louisville 69 Louisville 78 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 Jacksonville State 63 <Td_colspan="5"> Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) TBS Saturday , March 25 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score <Td_colspan="3"> # 3 Oregon Ducks 74 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 60 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by half : 44 -- 33 , 30 -- 27 Pts : T. Dorsey -- 27 Rebs : J. Bell -- 13 Asts : J. Bell , D. Brooks -- 4 Pts : F. Mason III -- 21 Rebs : J. Jackson -- 12 Asts : J. Jackson -- 5 Sprint Center -- Kansas City , Missouri Attendance : 18,643 Referees : Randy McCall , Terry Oglesby , Ted Valentine Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jordan Bell ( Jr. , Oregon ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Frank Mason III ( Sr , Kansas ) Dillon Brooks ( Jr , Oregon ) Tyler Dorsey ( So. , Oregon ) Josh Jackson ( Fr , Kansas ) South Regional -- Memphis , Tennessee ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Round of 64 March 16 -- 17 <Td_colspan="3"> Second Round Round of 32 March 18 -- 19 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 24 <Td_colspan="3"> Regional Final Elite 8 March 26 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> North Carolina 103 16 Texas Southern 64 North Carolina 72 <Td_colspan="4"> Greenville -- Fri / Sun 8 Arkansas 65 8 Arkansas 77 <Td_colspan="5"> 9 Seton Hall 71 North Carolina 92 <Td_colspan="9"> Butler 80 5 Minnesota 72 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 12 Middle Tennessee 81 12 Middle Tennessee 65 <Td_colspan="4"> Milwaukee -- Thu / Sat Butler 74 Butler 76 <Td_colspan="5"> 13 Winthrop 64 North Carolina 75 <Td_colspan="14"> Kentucky 73 6 Cincinnati 75 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 11 Kansas State 61 6 Cincinnati 67 <Td_colspan="4"> Sacramento -- Fri / Sun UCLA 79 UCLA 97 <Td_colspan="5"> 14 Kent State 80 UCLA 75 <Td_colspan="9"> Kentucky 86 7 Dayton 58 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> 10 Wichita State 64 10 Wichita State 62 <Td_colspan="4"> Indianapolis -- Fri / Sun Kentucky 65 Kentucky 79 <Td_colspan="5"> 15 Northern Kentucky 70 <Td_colspan="5"> South Regional Final ( edit ) CBS Sunday , March 26 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score <Td_colspan="3"> # 2 Kentucky Wildcats 73 , # 1 North Carolina Tar Heels 75 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by half : 33 -- 38 , 40 -- 37 Pts : E. Adebayo , D. Fox -- 13 Rebs : E. Adebayo -- 7 Asts : I. Briscoe -- 8 Pts : J. Jackson -- 19 Rebs : K. Meeks -- 17 Asts : J. Jackson -- 4 FedExForum -- Memphis , Tennessee Attendance : 16,412 Referees : John Higgins , Keith Kimble , Mike Reed South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Luke Maye ( So. , North Carolina ) -- South Regional most outstanding player De'Aaron Fox ( Fr , Kentucky ) Isaac Humphries ( So. , Kentucky ) Joel Berry II ( Jr , North Carolina ) Justin Jackson ( Jr , North Carolina ) Final Four ( edit ) University of Phoenix Stadium , the site of the 2017 Final Four During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Gonzaga 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( North Carolina 's South Region ) . University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> National Semifinals April 1 <Td_colspan="3"> National Championship Game April 3 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> E7 South Carolina 73 W1 Gonzaga 77 W1 Gonzaga 65 <Td_colspan="4"> S1 North Carolina 71 MW3 Oregon 76 <Td_colspan="5"> S1 North Carolina 77 <Td_colspan="5"> Final four ( edit ) CBS Saturday , April 1 3 : 09 pm MST Box score <Td_colspan="3"> # 7 South Carolina Gamecocks 73 , # 1 Gonzaga Bulldogs 77 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by half : 36 -- 45 , 37 -- 32 Pts : P. Dozier -- 17 Rebs : C. Silva -- 13 Asts : D. Notice -- 3 Pts : N. Williams - Goss -- 23 Rebs : Z . Collins -- 13 Asts : N. Williams - Goss -- 6 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona Attendance : 77,612 Referees : John Higgins , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson CBS Saturday , April 1 5 : 49 pm MST Box score <Td_colspan="3"> # 3 Oregon Ducks 76 , # 1 North Carolina Tar Heels 77 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by half : 36 -- 39 , 40 -- 38 Pts : T. Dorsey -- 21 Rebs : J. Bell -- 16 Asts : D. Ennis -- 3 Pts : K. Meeks -- 25 Rebs : K. Meeks -- 14 Asts : T. Pinson -- 5 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona Attendance : 77,612 Referees : Ron Groover , Tony Padilla , Ted Valentine National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game CBS Monday , April 3 6 : 20 pm MST Box score <Td_colspan="3"> # 1 Gonzaga Bulldogs 65 , # 1 North Carolina Tar Heels 71 <Td_colspan="3"> Scoring by half : 35 -- 32 , 30 -- 39 Pts : N. Williams - Goss -- 15 Rebs : N. Williams - Goss -- 9 Asts : N. Williams - Goss -- 6 Pts : J. Berry II -- 22 Rebs : K. Meeks -- 10 Asts : J. Berry II -- 6 University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona Attendance : 76,168 Referees : Verne Harris , Michael Stephens , Mike Eades Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Joel Berry II ( Jr , North Carolina ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Nigel Williams - Goss ( Jr , Gonzaga ) Justin Jackson ( Jr , North Carolina ) Kennedy Meeks ( Sr , North Carolina ) Zach Collins ( Fr , Gonzaga ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC ACC 9 11 -- 8 . 579 8 6 WCC 6 -- 2 . 750 - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 10 -- 4 . 714 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 5 11 -- 5 . 688 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big 12 6 9 -- 6 . 600 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big East 7 6 -- 7 . 462 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big Ten 7 8 -- 7 . 533 7 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 1 -- 3 . 250 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 1 -- 2 . 333 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big West 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- NEC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the Big 12 , Big West , NEC , and Pac - 12 conferences and losses in the First Four for the ACC and Big East conferences . The MEAC and Southland each had one representative , both eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The America East , Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big South , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , MAC , Mountain West , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Summit , Sun Belt , SWAC , and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports held joint U.S. television broadcast rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand . As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , CBS held rights to the Final Four and championship game . As CBS did not want its audience to be diffused across multiple outlets , there were no localized `` Team Stream '' telecasts of the Final Four or championship games on Turner channels as in previous years . Following criticism of the two - hour format of the 2016 edition , the Selection Sunday broadcast was shortened to 90 minutes . CBS Sports executive Harold Bryant promised that the unveiling of the bracket would be conducted in an `` efficient '' manner , and leave more time to discuss and preview the tournament . First Four -- TruTV First and Second rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- CBS National Championship -- CBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Adam Zucker ( Glendale ) -- Final Four Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and Glendale ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round and Regional Semi-Finals Clark Kellogg ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Jimmy Patsos ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Bruce Pearl ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Kenny Smith ( New York City and Glendale ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Steve Smith ( Glendale ) -- Final Four Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City and Atlanta ) -- First Four , Second Round Buzz Williams ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Jay Wright ( Glendale ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Indianapolis , Indiana ; South Regional at Memphis , Tennessee ; Final Four and National Championship at Glendale , Arizona Brian Anderson / Chris Webber or Clark Kellogg / Lewis Johnson -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Greenville , South Carolina ; West Regional at San Jose , California Kellogg called the First Four ( Tuesday ) with Webber doing the First , Second and Regionals . Verne Lundquist / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First and Second Rounds at Buffalo , New York ; East Regional at New York City , New York Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Tulsa , Oklahoma ; Midwest Regional at Kansas City , Missouri Ian Eagle / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Orlando , Florida Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Sacramento , California Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Salt Lake City , Utah Carter Blackburn / Mike Gminski / Debbie Antonelli / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Milwaukee , Wisconsin Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . For the first time in the history of the tournament , broadcasts of the Final Four and championship game were available in Spanish . First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Donny Marshall -- Buffalo , New York Brandon Gaudin and Kelly Tripucka -- Milwaukee , Wisconsin Tom McCarthy and Will Perdue -- Orlando , Florida Kevin Kugler and Dan Dickau -- Salt Lake City , Utah John Sadak and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Greenville , South Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and Jim Jackson -- Indianapolis , Indiana Craig Way and P.J. Carlesimo -- Tulsa , Oklahoma Jason Benetti and Mike Montgomery -- Sacramento , California Regionals ( edit ) Ian Eagle and Donny Marshall -- East Regional at New York City , New York Tom McCarthy and Will Purdue -- Midwest Regional at Kansas City , Missouri Gary Cohen and P.J. Carlesimo -- South Regional at Memphis , Tennessee Kevin Kugler and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at San Jose , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- Glendale , Arizona Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) 2017 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 National Invitation Tournament 2017 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2017 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NAIA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NAIA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 NAIA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2017 College Basketball Invitational 2017 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament College basketball portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These 8 teams are ineligible for the following reasons : Academic Progress Rate Alcorn State Savannah State Self - imposed bans Northern Colorado Cal State Northridge Reclassification Abilene Christian Grand Canyon Incarnate Word UMass Lowell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` UNC holds off Oregon , to face Gonzaga in final '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Final Four 2017 : Gonzaga holds on to beat South Carolina , advances to title game '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schonbrun , Zach ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) . `` North Carolina Stops Gonzaga , Turning Heartbreak Into Joy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League Adds Men 's , Women 's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . March 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Midseason March Madness sneak preview should bring positive buzz '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness bracket : How the 68 teams are selected for the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy . `` 3 - point shot : UConn gets APR on track '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I student - athletes still making gains in APR '' . NCAA . April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Northern Colorado imposed penalties on itself over NCAA violations '' . Denver Post . The Associated Press . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSUN admits violations in men 's basketball program , self - imposes postseason ban '' . Los Angeles Times . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Multidivision and Reclassifying for 2015 -- 16 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Hawaii head men 's basketball coach violated NCAA ethical conduct rules '' . NCAA . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii men 's basketball eligible for postseason after Committee on Infractions reconsideration '' . NCAA . March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness 2017 : Conference tournament scores , schedule , NCAA tournament automatic qualifiers '' . NCAA . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Astleford ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` South Carolina , Florida dominate All - East Region team '' . SECCountry.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , Jacob ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Johnathan Williams was the Best in the West '' . The Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shane Keyser ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` KU 's Frank Mason and Josh Jackson make NCAA All - Midwest Regional team '' . Kansas City Star . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Tipton ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fox on UK 's foul trouble : ' I 'm not blaming the officials , man ' '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joel Berry named Final Four Most Outstanding Player '' . theScore.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports , Turner Sports announce programming schedule for 2014 , 2015 '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports and Turner Sports Announce 2016 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Commentator Team '' . NCAA . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` March Madness : Jim Nantz , Grant Hill , Casey Stern and Debbie Antonelli highlight March Madness Commentator Teams '' . NCAA . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media Circus : Breaking down CBS and Turner 's March Madness broadcast package '' . Sports Illustrated . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS cuts bloated Selection Sunday show to 90 minutes from two hours '' . Sporting News . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Westwood One and the NCAA make history with first Spanish language audio call of NCAA Men 's Final Four '' . NCAA . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I championships <Td_colspan="2"> Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling <Td_colspan="2"> † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=842614452 '' Categories : 2016 -- 17 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in Arizona 2017 in sports in Arizona Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 15 : 20 . 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1. 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament 2. North Carolina Tar Heels 3. Gonzaga Bulldogs 4. Final Four 5. University of Phoenix Stadium

when does serena find out that charlie is ivy

Ivy Dickens - wikipedia Ivy Dickens <Th_colspan="2"> Ivy Dickens <Td_colspan="2"> Gossip Girl character <Td_colspan="2"> Kaylee DeFer as Ivy Dickens First appearance `` The Kids Stay in the Picture '' ( episode 4.18 ) Last appearance `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' ( episode 6.10 ) Portrayed by Kaylee DeFer <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Ivy Dickens Aliases former : Charlotte `` Charlie '' Rhodes Occupation Actress Beneficiary and socialite Con artist ( former ) Waitress ( former ) Family as Charlie Rhodes : Carol Rhodes ( mother ) Lillian `` Lily '' Humphrey ( maternal aunt ) Rufus Humphrey ( maternal uncle ) Serena van der Woodsen ( cousin ) Eric van der Woodsen ( cousin ) Scott Rosson ( cousin ) Richard `` Rick '' Rhodes ( maternal grandfather ) Celia `` CeCe '' Rhodes ( maternal grandmother ; deceased ) Ivy Dickens ( former alias : Charlotte `` Charlie '' Rhodes ) is a fictional character who exclusively appears in the Gossip Girl television adaptation , portrayed by Kaylee DeFer . She first appears in `` The Kids Stay in the Picture , '' initially appearing as Serena 's estranged cousin , Charlie Rhodes , whom Serena takes under her wing and introduces to the Upper East Side . The fourth season finale `` The Wrong Goodbye , '' reveals her true identity as Ivy Dickens , a struggling actress and con artist hired by Carol Rhodes to pose as her daughter in order to gain access to the real Charlie Rhodes ' trust fund . DeFer was promoted to series regular for the fifth season in light of cast members Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr 's departure . She is the newest addition to the female cast of Gossip Girl villains , joining the likes of Georgina Sparks and Juliet Sharp . Contents 1 Television series 1.1 Casting and characterization 1.2 Season 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 2 Reception 3 References Television series ( edit ) Casting and characterization ( edit ) Introduced in the fourth season , DeFer was set to join the cast as Carol 's daughter and Serena and Eric 's cousin , Charlie Rhodes . DeFer 's contract with the show also included the possibility of her becoming a series regular for the fifth season . She first auditioned for the role of Raina Thorpe . However , that role went to Tika Sumpter . DeFer was called back for the role of Charlie Rhodes , with the show 's writers stating that they were writing something new for her character . DeFer had also previously worked with Gossip Girl executive producers , Stephanie Savage and Joe Lazarov as well as Penn Badgley in The Mountain . Executive producer Joshua Safran later commented on her introduction and the perception that the character brought to the show . `` We always like it when we have new people who are witnessing this world for the first time ... For Charlie , it 's like trial by fire . From reading Gossip Girl for the first time or going to your first event , all that stuff we get to do over again in a new way . '' Charlie 's integration also made her a voice for the audience and critics of Gossip Girl . TV Fanatic warmly welcomed her character , stating that she `` good - naturedly mocked the show and its often convoluted plot lines . '' DeFer would later reveal details behind her character 's involvement in the fourth season finale , `` As far as I know I 'm just in the next five episodes until the season finale , and then I have no idea . But I really hope we get the opportunity to finish what Charlie started as I think it 's going to be a story - line that people will really want to follow . '' DeFer also states that Charlie is more relatable in comparison to other characters that have appeared in the show . `` She is such a real person , not being from that life and what not ... '' Season 4 ( edit ) The character is first introduced in the second half of season four as Charlotte `` Charlie '' Rhodes , the estranged cousin of Serena and Eric van der Woodsen . Under the guise of Charlie Rhodes , she experiences the world of the Upper East Side , becoming particularly close with Dan Humphrey , though Dan puts a stop to the budding relationship because of his history with Serena . However , upon learning that Vanessa Abrams had intentionally sabotaged a meeting Charlie had organized , Dan allows himself to become closer to Charlie while severing his ties with Vanessa . The two then begin an awkward relationship which concludes in the season 's penultimate episode when Charlie , dressed like Serena , demands that Dan call her by Serena 's name . It is later revealed that Charlie suffers from bi-polar disorder and she has stopped taking her medication . She leaves the Upper East Side and meets up with her mother , Carol . In the season 's final moments , `` Charlie Rhodes '' is revealed to be Ivy Dickens , an aspiring actress that Carol hired to gain access to her daughter 's trust fund . In her final scene she puts a napkin with Georgina 's number in her bag which hints that the two will team up in the fifth season . With regard to her involvement in the finale , DeFer discussed her character 's involvement . `` Charlie has a great deal to do with the season finale ... but what I am allowed to say is that Charlie does mix it up with every character . '' Season 5 ( edit ) In between the fourth and fifth seasons , after returning to Miami , Ivy moved to Los Angeles with her boyfriend , Max , in order to become an actress . Ivy later runs into Serena at a restaurant that she and her boyfriend both work at and Serena , under the impression that Ivy is Charlie , offers to have Ivy move in with her . Ivy declines , looking for several ways to get out of the situation , but Serena convinces her to move back to New York with her . After she and Serena return to New York , Charlie overhears that Carol is returning to New York and that Lily refuses to deceive her and she tells Serena that she is leaving . Serena , however , has seen this coming and asks her to return her tickets to a fashion show . When Charlie arrives , she discovers that Serena actually had her take her place as a model . After a conversation with Blair , she decides to stay . Her excitement does not last as she runs into Carol with Lily and Rufus , who had no idea that she had returned . After a confrontation with Carol , Ivy states that the family that Carol hates has been kinder to her than her own and that everything in New York ' sparkles ' and she refuses to give that up and that the van der Woodsens would have a problem should it ever come out that Carol had hired her to impersonate Charlie in order to gain access to her trust fund . After this conversation , Carol tells Ivy that she is on her own and that Carol will not help Ivy any more should her real identity ever be discovered before returning to Miami . Ivy later panics when she learns that she has left her cell phone at the fashion show , as she believes her true identity will be discovered . She is unaware , however , that her phone , along with several others , had been stolen by Nate Archibald and his shrewd boss Diana . After a conversation with Nate about the phone , she offers to help him find the owner in attempt to retrieve it . After she has accomplished this , however , Diana has discovered the connection between Ivy and Charlie and agrees to keep silent as long as Ivy works for her . Under Diana 's control , Ivy is forced to procure gossip for Diana 's use . She later finds the files that Bart Bass kept on Serena , Lily , Eric and himself , while Nate convinces her to leave them , she does not and in turn hands them over to Diana . Ivy later competes to become a bridesmaid for Blair in order to get the scoop on her wedding for Diana , where her final task is to secure a kiss from Nate . They later attend the launch party of Diana 's revamped ' Spectator ' where they use each other to reach their own ends ; Ivy to win Blair 's bridesmaid spot and Nate to make Diana jealous , unknown to the other . Diana later confronts Ivy and threatens to reveal her secret , while Ivy is adamant that she had no idea that she was the one Nate wanted to make jealous . Diana later reveals to Nate and Ivy that they had been deceiving each other , leaving them angry at one another . Although Ivy has developed feelings for Nate , Diana has threatened her to stay away from him . This changes , however , when she finds out that Ivy 's ex-boyfriend , Max , is in town looking for her and sets up an elaborate plot that very nearly causes her secret to be revealed . Max finds Gossip Girl 's website , along with a picture of Ivy under ' Charlie Rhodes ' . He tracks Ivy down at the Van der Woodsen loft and Ivy is backed into a corner where she tells Lily and Max that her mother made her change her name to Ivy in order to avoid being used for her money . While discussing this later , Ivy offers Max money to leave town and start his restaurant in Portland , Oregon . When he finds out that Ivy is actually impersonating Charlie Rhodes , he blackmails Ivy into giving him more money than she had originally offered before deciding to stay in town . When Carol and CeCe return to town however , Carol tries to help Ivy out of her trouble with Max by getting CeCe to unlock the rest of Charlie 's trust fund , which she does . After Ivy convinces Serena to drop her date with Max on Carol 's advice , Max shows up to the party and attempts to out Charlie as Ivy to the rest of the Rhodes / Van der Woodsen family . It is Carol , however , that convinces the family that Max is lying , later telling Ivy that if the family found out what has happened to the real Charlie Rhodes , Ivy would n't be the only one out . Carol tells Ivy that she may now leave New York and start a new life with the wealth she now possesses . Ivy , however , tells her that she does n't care about the wealth and luxury of being a part of the family , and that Carol can have the trust fund , since all she really wants is a family to call her own . Max continues to threaten Ivy , taking her story to Nate , who has already been warned by the Van der Woodsens . When this fails , Max takes his story to Nate 's cousin Trip who is a congressman , on the eve of Charlie 's debut into the Upper East Side society . When Max shows up at her party , Ivy sends a blast to Gossip Girl about Blair and Chuck being there as well , sending the paparazzi into the party as well . When Blair and Chuck get into a life - threatening car accident after being tailed by the paparazzi , Ivy confesses to Rufus that she is a fraud , but before he can respond , Lily arrives with news that Blair is awake and responding , but Chuck is not . Overwhelmed with guilt , Ivy calls Carol and asks her to help her leave the Upper East Side for good . A few weeks later , concerned by Charlie 's long absence , Lily hires a private investigator to find her , but the private investigator instead finds the real Charlie Rhodes , who is attending school at Juilliard . When Lily and the `` real Charlie '' meet , they do not recognize each other and nor do they seem to be aware of each other 's existence . Ivy returns briefly , looking for Lily . She finds Rufus instead , but is told where Lily can be found . Georgina discovers that Ivy is back and blackmails her into attending Nate 's party . While at Nate 's party , Ivy runs into the real Charlie Rhodes , who goes by the alias ' Lola ' and it is revealed that they took the same acting class where they grew up in Florida . Ivy attempts to leave again , but is spotted by Nate , still not knowing the truth about either of them . Nate makes a comment to Charlie about Ivy leading Charlie to get suspicious . When Ivy can finally leave , it is revealed that she has been visiting CeCe the whole time she was away . CeCe 's condition worsens and Ivy is forced to take her to the hospital , where she has a run in with the Van der Woodsens and Carol . When Charlie arrives , Ivy and Carol finally tell the truth about Carol 's scheme and Ivy 's role in it . Ivy is turned away by the Van der Woodsens . Following this , Ivy turns to Georgina and the two later crash CeCe 's wake , during which , through the reading of CeCe 's will , Ivy is left everything under her legal name instead of her alias Charlie Rhodes , revealing that CeCe knew about the fact that Ivy is n't her real granddaughter . After this revelation , Ivy kicks Lily and Rufus out of the apartment as it had been paid for by CeCe and was now hers . Ivy throws a party to commemorate the Celia Rhodes Foundation and to gain acceptance in the Upper East Side . She believes she has found an ally in William van der Woodsen after he agrees to persuade people to attend the party in exchange for money , however , it is later revealed he is working with Lily to gather evidence against Ivy to take her to court and contest CeCe 's will . After a courtroom hearing , Ivy loses all of her inheritance after Lily bribes CeCe 's nurse to testify against Ivy so she can re-claim Ivy 's share of the inheritance . Rufus takes pity on Ivy being without a home and family , and pays for her stay at a hotel . Lily finds this out later on and they fight , and Rufus returns to Brooklyn . Ivy later visits Lily and tries to seek her acceptance , confessing that she really wanted to be part of her family . Lily rejects her but offers her a cheque of 1 million dollars , asking her to leave and never return . Ivy leaves the apartment and tears up the cheque , revealing her confession was genuine . Later , Lily has Carol Rhodes arrested and charged with fraud in order to acquire her share of CeCe 's estate for herself . After William van der Woodsen takes pity on Charlie ' Lola ' Rhodes , he gives her Carol 's share of CeCe 's wealth so she can live on . In the final episode of the season , Lola signs over her entire half of Cece 's estate to Ivy and asks her to do one favor in return : Take Lily down in revenge for Carol 's imprisonment and her manipulation of events . Ivy accepts , more than happy to help after her rejection . Season 6 ( edit ) Ivy looks in on Rufus after Lily annuls their marriage and the two soon become lovers . However , Ivy is actually sleeping with Lily 's ex-husband William and using Bart in a plot to take down Lily . When Rufus sees the two kissing ( although not seeing William 's face ) , he breaks up with Ivy . Ivy helps Blair in her plans to try and take down Chuck 's father and when the man dies , she believes it 's finally time she and William come out in public as a couple . However , when she meets William , he is with Lily and claims to have never met Ivy before . Ivy tries to tell Lily of their relationship but Lily does n't believe her . After Lily leaves , William informs Ivy he was using her all along to break up Lily and Rufus so he could finally have Lily to himself . He coldly informs Ivy nobody wants her around and she should just take her money and leave . In the final scene ( set five years later ) Ivy has written a book about her experiences that 's being made into a movie . Reception ( edit ) The critical reception of the character had been positive until the start of Season 5 . During the series fourth season , Charlie became the subject of praise with her successful integration into the Upper East Side . TV Fanatic praised and welcomed her presence on the show . In the episode The Princesses and the Frog , Steve Marsi praised her choice of confronting Vanessa alone , calling her `` a natural '' at schemes and that `` even an outsider can thoroughly outshine an outcast . '' TV Guide praised the ousting of Vanessa by Charlie , stating that `` it did n't take her long to cross over to `` the other side '' `` . Beginning in the fifth season , however , her character began to receive less than favorable reviews . NY Mag and The Baltimore Sun referred to the Charlie / Ivy plot as `` ridiculous '' . The Wall Street Journal suggested that the storyline was repetitive , baring too much of a resemblance to the Juliet and Vanessa plot in the previous season . Sharon Tharp of Ology wrote that the Charlie / Ivy plot was predictable and earned `` too much screentime '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gossip Girl - Season 5 - Kaylee DeFer '' . CWTelevision . YouTube . 2011 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Exclusive : Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr Not Returning For Season 5 '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Glee , House , Gossip Girl , HIMYM , Modern Family and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` We Shine the Spotlight on the Newest GOSSIP GIRL Kaylee DeFer '' . the TV addict. 2011 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' scoop : Meet Serena 's cousin , Charlie '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Gossip Girl Review : You and I Are Not Friends '' . Tv Fanatic . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Gossip Girl Review : Royal Wedding Dreams , Awful Schemes '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ostlie , Ashley ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Gossip Girl Episode Recap : `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Jessica ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Gossip Girl Recap : I 'd Hoped Denial Would Last Longer As a Coping Mechanism '' . NY Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lefavor , Laura ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' recap : Beauty and the Feast '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fallik , Dawn ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Season 5 , Episode 2 , ' Beauty and The Feast ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tharp , Sharon ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Recap : `` The Jewel Of Denial '' `` . Ology . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tharp , Sharon ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Recap : `` Beauty And The Feast '' `` . Ology . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . <Th_colspan="2"> Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Dickens&oldid=840002471 '' Categories : Gossip Girl characters Fictional characters from New York City Fictional socialites Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional con artists Fictional impostors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 03 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Ivy Dickens - Gossip Girl character 2. Kaylee DeFer - actress who portrayed Ivy Dickens 3. Charlie Rhodes - Ivy's former alias 4. Con artist - Ivy's former occupation 5. Upper East Side - setting of Gossip Girl

when does the charmed ones find out about chris

Charmed ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Charmed ( season 6 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Charmed ( season 6 ) <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover art Starring Alyssa Milano Rose McGowan Holly Marie Combs Brian Krause Drew Fuller Dorian Gregory No. of episodes 23 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The WB Original release September 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 16 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Charmed episodes The sixth season of Charmed , an American supernatural drama television series , began airing on September 28 , 2003 on The WB . Airing on Sundays at 8 : 00 pm , the season consisted of 23 episodes and concluded its airing on May 16 , 2004 . Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete sixth season in a six - disc box set on October 17 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 1.4 Special Musical Guest 2 Episode list 3 Reception 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alyssa Milano as Phoebe Halliwell Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews Holly Marie Combs as Piper Halliwell Brian Krause as Leo Wyatt Drew Fuller as Chris Halliwell Dorian Gregory as Darryl Morris Recurring ( edit ) Jennifer Rhodes as Penny Halliwell James Read as Victor Bennett Rebecca Balding as Elise Rothman Sandra Prosper as Sheila Morris Eric Dane as Jason Dean Balthazar Getty as Richard Montana Christopher Neiman as Sigmund Betsy Randle as Mrs. Winterbourne Gildart Jackson as Gideon Billy Drago as Barbas Jenya Lano as Inspector Sheridan Guest ( edit ) Melissa George as Freyja Ivana Miličević as Mist Evan Marriott as Oscar Jenny McCarthy as Mitzy Stillman Rachelle Lefevre as Olivia Callaway Michael Muhney as Seth Mako as Potion Sorcerer Gina Ravera as Mary Kathryn Joosten as Old Magician 's Wife Keith Szarabajka as Zahn Marisol Nichols as Bianca Jake Busey as Nigel Patrick Cassidy as Allen Halliwell Eduardo Verástegui as Mr. Right Sarah Rafferty as Carol Scott Adsit as Transformed Male Nymph Ian Abercrombie as Aramis Ken Page as Adair Gabriel Olds as Vincent Right / Vincent Wrong Elaine Hendrix as Clea David Ramsey as Upper - Level Demon Special Musical Guest ( edit ) Smash Mouth Steadman Ziggy Marley Andy Stochansky Episode list ( edit ) See also : List of Charmed episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 112 113 `` Valhalley of the Dolls '' James L. Conway Brad Kern September 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 28 ) 4301112 4301113 6.3 <Td_colspan="8"> Even though Leo is gone , Piper is in a surprisingly good ' chipper ' mood , leading Paige to suspect that Leo altered Piper 's memory . However , Paige 's spell to restore Piper 's memory clashes with Leo 's and causes total amnesia . When calling upon Leo for help , Phoebe and Paige discover that he is being held captive on the Island of Valhalla , a mythical place ruled by warrior - maidens known as Valkyries . Phoebe also discovers she is an empath , where she can feel people 's emotions , much to the worry of Chris . The Charmed Ones disguise themselves as Valkyries and infiltrate Valhalla to try to rescue Leo . In order for them to get close to him , they must convince the Valkyries that they are one of them . While Phoebe and Paige go to Darryl to borrow his soul , Chris killed a Valkyrie by crushing her heart through his telekinetic power , to possess a Valkyrie 's necklace . The sight of Leo causes Piper 's pain to come flooding back , prompting her to stay behind on the island to forget the pain while everyone else escapes . Three fallen warriors follow Paige and Phoebe across dimensions to San Francisco and wreak havoc on the city . Phoebe has to control her new power in order to convince Piper that she belongs with her sisters , not the Valkyries . Meanwhile , Paige takes a job as a dog walker and is amazed when one of her dogs is transformed back into a man . Leo later uncovered evidence that Chris had killed two Valkyries but opted not to use it because Chris had finally earned the Charmed Ones ' trust . 114 `` Forget Me ... Not '' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers October 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 05 ) 4301114 5.8 <Td_colspan="8"> When Wyatt inadvertently brings a dragon to life , the Cleaners , a neutral group dedicated to protecting magic from being exposed , take him away and erase all signs and memories of his existence . Aware that they are forgetting something important but not sure of what it is , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige cast a spell to return their memory . The sisters then set out to expose magic , to strike up a deal with the Cleaners . 115 `` The Power of Three Blondes '' John Behring Daniel Cerone October 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 12 ) 4301115 5.4 <Td_colspan="8"> When three evil sisters magically steal the Charmed Ones ' identities and powers , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige must convince Chris that they are the real Charmed Ones in order to get their lives back . Meanwhile , Piper realizes that Wyatt needs time with Leo , who continues on his quest to find out who put him on the Island of Valhalla . 116 5 `` Love 's a Witch '' Stuart Gillard Jeannine Renshaw October 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 19 ) 4301116 5.4 <Td_colspan="8"> When Paige 's latest temp job puts her in the middle of an ongoing feud between two magical families , the Montanas and the Callaways , she falls for Richard Montana and urges both families to consider a truce . Paige , Phoebe , and Piper hold a séance with both families and everyone is stunned to learn that Richard 's first love , Olivia Callaway , is the one who has been escalating the feud to avenge her death . Paige becomes possessed by Olivia 's spirit , and Phoebe and Piper must banish Olivia in order to save Paige and the two families . However , Paige 's abduction of Richard while possessed and the near death of his mother , cause the families to end the feud , having decided they want no more death . Olivia 's dad and Richard 's mom lead Phoebe and Piper to Olivia 's grave where Paige tries to attack , but is prevented by Piper . Phoebe and Piper go to vanquish her but are stopped by Paige who felt Olivia 's intense pain while possessed by her and Paige and Richard are able to convince her to move on peacefully . Meanwhile , Leo is suspicious when Chris travels to The Underworld in search of a potion and trails him in secret . The potion turns out to be an empath blocking potion , and Piper and Paige are able to use it to block Phoebe 's new power on them , however , when they are gone , Chris secretly uses it on himself too . 117 6 `` My Three Witches '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Scott Lipsey & Whip Lipsey October 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) 4301117 5.5 <Td_colspan="8"> Worried that the Charmed Ones are drifting apart by putting their personal lives before their `` Charmed '' duties , Chris tries to teach them a lesson by enlisting the help of the demon Gith , who creates an alternate reality for the sisters by tapping into their secret desires . Piper 's secret desire is to live a normal life , Phoebe feels her boyfriend 's , Jason Dean , desire , for her to be a famous celebrity and have her own television show , and Paige 's is to not have to hide her magic . Chris tries to kill Gith , but is prevented by when he is shot with a Darklighter arrow . Wyatt ends up becoming seriously ill and when Piper tries to get him to the hospital , she ends up in a car crash while Paige gets attacked by multiple demons and insane fans try to kill Phoebe . Chris manages to put Phoebe into Paige 's world and together they manage to channel themselves into Piper 's . Gith , desperate , transports himself to Piper 's world , but Phoebe fights him off . Gith is vanquished when Piper 's SVU explodes and he is consumed in the explosion . His vanquish frees the sisters and Wyatt and they discover a near - death Chris . Piper quickly calls for Leo who heals Wyatt of his illness and Chris of his wound and they return home where the sisters have learned their lesson . 118 7 `` Soul Survivor '' Mel Damski Curtis Kheel November 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 4301118 5.2 <Td_colspan="8"> In an attempt to save her boss ' soul , Paige goes behind her sisters backs and makes a deal with a demon . Meanwhile , Piper learns that Wyatt has been sabotaging her dates . Phoebe gets a new writing partner , and Chris and Leo accidentally travel back in time . 119 8 `` Sword and the City '' Derek Johansen David Simkins November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) 4301119 5.2 <Td_colspan="8"> The Lady of the Lake appears before the Charmed Ones , pleading for their help in protecting Excalibur , the legendary Sword in the Stone . A dozen magical beings arrive at the manor to try their hand at pulling the sword from the stone , but it is Piper who pulls Excalibur out , causing a whirlwind that coalesces into a mysterious figure called Mordaunt . Piper is unaware that she is meant to pass it on to Wyatt , heir of Excalibur and the next King Arthur . Richard realizes that Mordaunt can not be trusted , but before he can intervene , Mordaunt tricks Piper into relinquishing the sword and its power to him . 120 9 `` Little Monsters '' James L. Conway Julie Hess November 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 16 ) 4301120 5.3 <Td_colspan="8"> After vanquishing a Manticore demon , Piper , Phoebe , and Paige become foster parents to its orphaned half - breed infant , whose human father Derek ( Seth Peterson ) holds Piper hostage until his son is returned . Upon Chris ' plea to vanquish the child , the sisters come to believe that , by raising the child with love , they can change its destiny . Meanwhile , Phoebe surprises her boyfriend Jason when she responds to feelings he has not expressed yet , and Paige gives Darryl a superpower . 121 10 `` Chris - Crossed '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Cameron Litvack November 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 23 ) 4301121 6.0 <Td_colspan="8"> A mysterious woman from the future named Bianca arrives to take Chris ' powers and bring him back with her forcefully . Piper feels that being witches is stopping her sisters from having the life they want , and advises them to move out and follow their hearts . Bianca is revealed to actually be Chris ' fiancée who only came back as `` he '' would have sent someone else if she had not come . Bianca is revealed to have helped Chris come back in time in the first place and apparently met him after the unnamed evil that rules their future sent her to kill him . Chris also reveals some truth about himself after Piper tries to freeze him and Bianca and fails : he is not a true Whitelighter , he is half - Whitelighter , half - witch like Paige and Wyatt . Bianca strips his powers and brings him back to his terrible future where the evil who rules confronts Chris and Bianca alone ; an evil Wyatt . Future Wyatt tries to convince Chris to join him , offering to spare his life if he does . Chris refuses and Wyatt tries to kill him , but he is saved by Bianca who switches back to his side to protect him . Using a spell the sisters left in the attic in the present , Chris reclaims his powers and defeats Wyatt temporarily , but Bianca is mortally wounded and dies . Chris manages to open a time portal and escapes as Wyatt recovers , taking the spell with him so that Wyatt can not send another assassin back in time . In the present , the sisters forgive him and he remains their Whitelighter , but he swears that if he ca n't prevent Baby Wyatt from becoming evil , then he will stop him permanently . 122 11 `` Witchstock '' James A. Contner Daniel Cerone January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 4301122 5.3 <Td_colspan="8"> After trying on a pair of her Grams ' go - go boots , Paige finds herself transported back in time to an era of free love and free magic . She discovers Grams , a peace - loving hippie , who is on a crusade to rid the world of evil through the magical power of love , preparing for a `` magical be-in '' at the manor . Meanwhile in present time a magic - sucking slime attacks the manor . 123 12 `` Prince Charmed '' David Jackson Henry Alonso Myers January 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) 4301123 3.9 <Td_colspan="8"> After vanquishing a demon from Wyatt 's room , Piper has an epiphany and decides to swear off men so that she can devote the rest of her life to raising and protecting Wyatt . Unable to handle Piper 's revelation , Paige and Phoebe decide to remind Piper of the importance of love by conjuring up a `` Mr. Right '' as Piper 's birthday present . The Order , a demonic brotherhood , manage to kidnap Wyatt after Chris ' meddling with `` Prince Charmed 's '' attractiveness backfires , turning a birthday dinner party into a food fight . The sisters vanquish the Order and with Chris ' help restore Wyatt to normal . Doing so apparently earns Wyatt 's trust for Chris and Leo confirms later that he still trusts Chris , but Chris needs to earn back the sisters ' trust . 124 13 `` Used Karma '' John T. Kretchmer Jeannine Renshaw January 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) 4301124 4.2 <Td_colspan="8"> Piper , Phoebe , and Paige inadvertently expose themselves as witches in front of Jason , causing him to leave Phoebe . Richard casts a spell to free himself of his family 's negative karma , but accidentally channels the spirit of Mata Hari , a double agent for Germany and France during WWI , into Phoebe . Phoebe decides to get revenge on Jason by arranging for a demonic firing squad to kill him . Meanwhile , Piper and Paige try to vanquish a group of Swarm Demons , the last on Chris ' list of the most significant threats to Wyatt . 125 14 `` The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell '' Jon Paré Cameron Litvack February 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 08 ) 4301125 4.8 <Td_colspan="8"> The three sisters are railing at the complications and deleterious impact magic has on their lives when a portal opens in the middle of their stairway landing . An Elder named Gideon , Leo 's old mentor at Magic School , calls upon Piper , Phoebe , and Paige to find out who cast the spell of darkness upon the school and conjured up the Headless Horseman , who has been beheading the teachers . While Piper and Paige tackle a group of surly teenagers , Piper becomes the horseman 's next victim and become a functioning head on a table . Meanwhile , Phoebe is sent on a vision quest by a student Enola , who is a young shaman , and gets a glimpse into the demon free future , where she discovers she will have a child and she sees an older Wyatt and a brunette boy . Piper refers to the brunette as Wyatt 's little brother . The little boy asks her for help and the vision ends and she sees Chris asking the same question which gives her a revelation . Questioning whether such a future is even possible , she is told she must be herself and accept her bad with the good about who she is and then it can happen -- the advice the three sisters give the youth terrorizing the teaching staff . It is revealed that Zachary , a desperately unhappy telepath , is behind the attacks by using his power to tap into others powers . The sisters vanquish the Headless Horseman and convince Zachary to stop . Later at P3 , Phoebe confronts Chris about who he really is and asks is he is really Wyatt 's brother and thus Piper and Leo 's son . For once Chris does n't lie and confirms this , but only if he can get Piper and Leo back together in time . 126 15 `` I Dream of Phoebe '' John T. Kretchmer Curtis Kheel February 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) 4301126 4.1 <Td_colspan="8"> Phoebe frees a genie , Jinny ( Saba Homayoon ) , from a bottle , only to find that Jinny is a demon that has tricked her into becoming a genie herself . Anxious to get Leo and Piper back together so he can be conceived , Chris uses Phoebe to make his wish come true , but she takes his instructions too literally . When Chris reveals to Paige that he made the wish to make Piper and Leo sleep together , she calls him a pervert , and he reveals to her that Piper and Leo are his parents and that Piper needs to get pregnant within a few weeks or he will perish . Feeling that he is losing Paige , Richard opportunistically covets the genie 's magic and steals the bottle so he can wish Paige back into his life . Paige and Richard reconciled to permanent separation , but Richard must drink a power - stripping potion for his own good . 127 16 `` The Courtship of Wyatt 's Father '' Joel J. Feigenbaum Brad Kern February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) 4301127 5.0 <Td_colspan="8"> A Darklighter named Damien sends both Leo and Piper into a trap on the ghostly plane where they are without powers and wounds Leo with his Darklighter crossbow , leaving Phoebe and Paige to fear that they are dead . Meanwhile , Chris is obsessing over the fact that he is out of time , for he must be conceived by Piper and Leo sometime in the next day before he disappears forever having never been conceived . An Angel of Death comes for Chris even as he begins fading but he manages to resist and make a communication bridge between Phoebe and Piper ... The two consult with Gideon who is convinced Leo is doomed , provides a way to access the dimension to rescue Piper thinking Leo will be dead . At the end he convinces Leo to act as an Elder and sunder himself from his family , and Gideon is revealed to have plotted the cross dimensional attack to rid himself of Leo , and to have ill intentions towards Wyatt , his real target . By being trapped on the ghostly plane causes Piper and Leo to temporarily rekindle their relationship and sleep together , conceiving Chris . Piper learns at the end of the episode that Chris is her son and that she is pregnant from Phoebe and Paige who realize what happened as Chris returns to existence . 128 17 `` Hyde School Reunion '' Jonathan West David Simkins March 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 14 ) 4301128 4.8 <Td_colspan="8"> While preparing for her high school reunion , Phoebe 's wild teenage personality takes over her body when she inadvertently casts a spell on herself reading a rhyme she had inscribed in her high school year book . At the reunion , aggravated by an old rival , the teenage Phoebe persona takes over , reconnects with her former gang and finds herself following a suggestion to use her magic to visit another old gang member Rick , who is in jail awaiting trial . Rick , takes advantage of their visit to break out of jail , and uses Phoebe 's magic to aid his plans of fleeing justice . Meanwhile , Scabber demons requiring the Power of Three to vanquish are closing in on Chris . Earlier that evening , Piper being increasingly concerned that Chris is staying distant , had asked her father Victor to talk to him . Chris explains that Piper dies when he turns fourteen , and he has been distancing himself from his mother because he believes that to bond with her only to return to a future where she is dead would be too painful . Victor convinces Chris that he needs to spend as much time with Piper as possible so he has more fond memories of her when he goes back . All the while Phoebe is under the dual pressures of knowing one high school friend is seriously , perhaps even grievously wounded , and Rick has hidden one of their female classmates where no - one can ever find her . Both parties arrive back at the manor where Paige casts the appearance changing spell to make him look like Chris . The Scabber Demons spit their acid at what looks like Chris and Rick is melted , but not before he gives up the information on where to find the others . 129 18 `` Spin City '' Mel Damski Andy Reaser & Doug E. Jones April 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 18 ) 456006 3.8 <Td_colspan="8"> Piper is kidnapped and cocooned by the Spider Demon , a creature that emerges every hundred years to feed off a powerful magical being . During the attack , Chris is infected with the demon 's venom , causing him to mutate into a spider demon himself . In need of desperate help , Paige calls Leo . Phoebe then reveals to Leo that Chris is his son . While trying to save him , Chris attacks Leo and starts repeatedly punching Leo , yelling that Leo does not know him . Later , Leo finds Chris on the Golden Gate bridge and begs him to tell him why he hates him so much . Chris replies that Leo was never there for him , but he was there for Piper , Wyatt , and half the world . Leo tells him that maybe he did not come back just to save Wyatt , but to save their relationship as well . 130 19 `` Crimes and Witch Demeanors '' John T. Kretchmer Henry Alonso Myers April 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 25 ) 4301130 3.4 <Td_colspan="8"> When Phoebe and Paige are caught on tape using their powers by SFPD Inspector Sheridan , the Cleaners , beings who prevent the exposure of magic , cover up the situation by implicating their friend , Detective Darryl Morris , as a murderer and in a huge time jump , end up sending him to death row to cover up the exposure of magic . The Halliwells fight to have the outcome reversed , initially summoning the Cleaners by deliberate acts that would expose magic if left unfixed . Their confrontation proves inconclusive , and they learn that their only recourse is to have a hearing in front of the mysterious Tribunal , which is a council that oversees all magic and made up of demons and Elders with Barbas ( Billy Drago ) empaneled as the prosecutor . He turns the proceedings around on their head and puts the sisters on trial for recklessly abusing their powers. Meanwhile , Inspector Sheridan , nudged magically by Barbas , takes aim at the sisters with her partner Inspector Miles and begins looking into the trail of disappearances and odd happenings over the last half decade starting with the collection of unsolved homicides SFPD Internal Affairs had harassed Andy Trudeau about . Meanwhile , Leo and Chris work together to help free the sisters and Darryl , but the outcome leaves Phoebe stripped of her active powers as penance for occasional lapses in the past where she used magic to benefit herself . 131 20 `` A Wrong Day 's Journey into Right '' Derek Johansen Cameron Litvack May 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 02 ) 4301131 4.1 <Td_colspan="8"> With Piper away at Magic School and Phoebe without her powers , an overworked Paige re-conjures `` Mr. Right '' for stress relief , but unknowingly releases his evil twin , a demon called Vincent who immediately hatches a plot to separate the sisters while sending assassins after witches . Appealing to Paige 's dark side , Mr. Wrong / Vincent uses his pheromones to trick her into realizing that the only way to achieve her secret desire is to be free and use her magic without fear of consequence , eventually killing her sisters . Chris accidentally gets arrested for stealing a car to chase Vincent and Darryl will not cover . To prevent Paige from executing his plan , Phoebe goes undercover as one of Mr. Wrong 's Demonatrix assassins . Paige and Phoebe try to keep Piper out of the situation , but that backfires when Paige , under Vincent 's control , kidnaps her so that the Demonatrix assassins can kill her . Phoebe regains confidence in herself when she makes Mr. Right real to test a potion that will make Vincent real so he can be vanquished and infiltrates the Demonatrixes . As the Demonatrixes are about to kill a confused Piper , Phoebe saves her and together they vanquish them . They go after Vincent who is confident they can not harm him as they do not have the potion to make him real , but Phoebe takes the chance that making Mr. Right real will turn him real too . She proves to be right and Vincent is easily vanquished which breaks his hold over Paige . Later , Leo erases the memory of the car dealership manager to save Chris from having to go to jail . 132 21 `` Witch Wars '' David Jackson Krista Vernoff May 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 09 ) 4301132 2.7 <Td_colspan="8"> Aware that Piper , Phoebe and Paige are on the verge of discovering that he is after Wyatt , Gideon conspires with two demons to make the girls part of Witch Wars , a new demonic reality television show where demon contestants compete to hunt down the Charmed Ones , with the winning demon acquiring the witches ' powers . Gideon makes the girls believe that the game masters , Corr and Clea , are the ones after Wyatt in order to protect himself and his own agenda . In the end they find out , but the two demons grow extremely powerful due to them absorbing the powers of vanquished demon contestants . Phoebe comes up with a plan to vanquish them without the Power of Three as they do not want to risk Piper . Leo vanquishes Clea with a power - sucking athame and Phoebe takes Clea 's powers for herself . Using her new powers , Phoebe shimmers to the attic and vanquishes Corr with an energy ball . She then shimmers to a demonic bar where demons have been watching Witch Wars and vanquishes many with energy balls to make a point while the rest flee before she returns home . Paige stabs her with the athame to remove the demonic powers . Later , the group celebrates the victory and believe the threat to Wyatt over . Meanwhile , Gideon 's assistant has second thoughts about their plan and goes to tell the sisters the truth , but is murdered by Gideon before he can . 133 134 22 23 `` It 's a Bad , Bad , Bad , Bad World '' Jon Paré Jeannine Renshaw Curtis Kheel May 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 16 ) 4301133 4301134 4.7 <Td_colspan="8"> Under the guise of sending Chris back to the future , Gideon creates a portal that puts Chris and Leo in a mirrored world where evil prevails . Phoebe and Paige travel to the parallel universe to rescue Chris and Leo , only to find themselves in a battle with their evil counterparts . Unable to vanquish one another , both sets of sisters realize that Wyatt is unprotected and in danger from Gideon . Upon returning to their own world , Phoebe and Paige realize that their world is now too good , and every little infraction is a capital offense . The shift between universes causes Piper 's memory to be erased , and Gideon tricks Piper into casting a spell on Phoebe and Paige so that they too , forget Gideon 's evil intentions . With the Charmed sisters under the spell , and Piper having a complicated delivery , only Leo and Chris are left to stop Gideon from completing his plan . When Chris is left alone with Wyatt in the attic , Gideon attacks just as Chris goes to orb Wyatt out after suspecting something was not right . Gideon summons an athame and disappears . Chris rushes to grab Wyatt , but Gideon reappears and he stabs Chris in the stomach . While Chris lies there wounded , Gideon takes Wyatt to the Underworld . Chris calls out to Leo . When Leo arrives he tries to heal him , but Chris tells him that it will not work because it was Gideon 's magic and only he can stop it . He tells Leo to find Gideon and save Wyatt . Unfortunately , Chris dies , sending Leo into a rage . He discovers the inter-dimensional mirror , meets with his analog self and realizes to return balance , a great evil needs to be done in the Charmed One 's universe , and when he goes to save Wyatt he kills Gideon while his other self looks on through the mirror which at the end they both destroy , so the universes can not be linked again in the future . Wyatt is safe , and though future Chris is dead , baby Chris is born healthy . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of Charmed articles in the run - up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale . The sixth was a complete season review of season six , in which Gavin comments that the season is his `` least favourite '' . Critical of the season as a whole , Gavin did note the importance of the inclusion of Chris , who called him an `` exceptional addition to the cast '' , and he `` helped make a sucky season a lot better '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuller is only credited for the episodes he appears in . Jump up ^ Gregory is only credited for the episodes he appears in . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday September 28 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday October 5 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday October 12 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday October 19 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday October 26 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday November 2 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday November 9 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday November 16 , 2003 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` CBS , UPN show growth , other b'casters stumble '' . Variety.com. 2003 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday January 11 , 2004 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday January 18 , 2004 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday January 25 , 2004 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday February 8 , 2004 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Tv Ratings : Sunday February 15 , 2004 '' . TvTango . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2004 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2004 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2004 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2004 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2004 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2004 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Weekly Program Rankings Archived July 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... ABC . May 18 , 2004 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hetherington , Gavin ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` Charmed -- 10th Anniversary Special -- Season 6 Review : `` A Son From the Future '' `` . SpoilerTV . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) List of Charmed episodes on IMDb List of Charmed season 6 episodes at TV.com Charmed at epguides.com <Th_colspan="2"> hide Charmed <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Comics and novels and short stories Season 9 10 Characters Prue Halliwell Piper Halliwell Phoebe Halliwell Paige Matthews Darryl Morris Leo Wyatt Cole Turner Billie Jenkins Coop Henry Mitchell Kyra Barbas Christy Jenkins Episodes `` Something Wicca This Way Comes '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Charmed Again '' `` Forever Charmed '' Other media Board games Merchandise Video game Music `` How Soon Is Now ? '' The Soundtrack The Book of Shadows Related topics Power of Three Book of Shadows Magical beings Charmed ( 2018 TV series ) <Td_colspan="2"> Category : Charmed ( TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charmed_(season_6)&oldid=841184213 '' Categories : Charmed ( TV series ) episodes Charmed ( TV series ) Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes 2003 American television seasons 2004 American television seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 14 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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when did the us invaded the philippines in ww2

Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 1945 ) - wikipedia Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941 -- 1942 , see Philippines Campaign ( 1941 -- 1942 ) . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Philippines Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Pacific Theatre of World War II <Td_colspan="2"> General Douglas MacArthur , President Osmeña , and staff land at Palo , Leyte on October 20 , 1944 . <Td_colspan="2"> Date October 20 , 1944 -- September 2 , 1945 Location Philippines Result Allied victory Territorial changes Second Philippine Republic deposed Liberation of the Philippines from Japan Restoration of the Commonwealth Later , the establishment of the Third Philippine Republic ( 1946 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Australia ( air and naval support ) Mexico ( air support ) Non-government militias Hukbalahap Japan Second Philippine Republic <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Douglas MacArthur Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey , Jr . Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney Basilio J. Valdez Ramon Magsaysay Luis Taruc Tomoyuki Yamashita José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Shigenori Kuroda Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi † <Th_colspan="2"> Units involved Sixth Army I Corps 6th Infantry Division 43rd Infantry Division XIV Corps 37th Infantry Division 40th Infantry Division X Corps 1st Cavalry Division 24th Infantry Division XXIV Corps 7th Infantry Division 96th Infantry Division Sixth Army Reserves 11th Airborne Division 25th Infantry Division 158th Infantry Regiment 13th Armored Group 6th Ranger Battalion Eighth Army XI Corps 23rd Infantry Division 31st Infantry Division 41st Infantry Division 93rd Infantry Division 503rd Infantry Regiment Philippine Military Commonwealth Army Constabulary ( from 1944 ) Army Air Corps ( from 1945 ) Resistance and Irregular Forces Recognized Guerrilla Unit Hukbalahap Fifth Air Force 201st Fighter Squadron Naval elements : Third Fleet Seventh Fleet Task Force 74 Fourteenth Area Army units include : 1st Infantry Division 10th Infantry Division 19th Infantry Division 23rd Infantry Division 26th Infantry Division 103rd Infantry Division 105th Infantry Division 2nd Tank Division 1st Special Forces Division 68th Infantry Brigade 55th Mixed Brigade 58th Mixed Brigade 35th Army 16th Infantry Division 30th Infantry Division 100th Infantry Division 102nd Infantry Division 54th Mixed Brigade 41st Army 9th Artillery HQ 8th Infantry Division 39th Mixed Brigade 65th Infantry Brigade Fourth Air Army 6th Air Division 7th Air Division Second Philippine Republic Makapili Constabulary ( until 1944 ) Naval elements : Combined Fleet 2nd Fleet 3rd Fleet 5th Fleet 1st Naval Air Fleet 2nd Naval Air Fleet <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 1,250,000 260,715 ( 1945 ) 529,802 approx . 36,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses American Manpower : Army : 16,043 dead and missing , 55,531 wounded Navy : 7,270 + dead and wounded Tens of thousands hospitalized due to disease Total : 79,104 + dead and wounded Material : 33 + ships sunk 95 + ships damaged 485 + aircraft Filipino Unknown , but high Japanese Manpower : 419,912 dead , missing or holding out . ( 80 % from starvation or disease ) Material : 93 + ships sunk 1,300 aircraft <Th_colspan="2"> Pacific War <Td_colspan="2"> Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War <Th_colspan="2"> Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Major battles in bold Luzon Mindoro Lingayen Gulf Bessang Pass Baguio Kirang Pass Bacsil Ridge Cabanatuan Bataan Manila Corregidor Los Baños Palawan Visayas Leyte Panay Simara Negros Cebu City Mindanao Bukidnon Cotabato and Maguindanao Davao Naval operations Convoy Hi - 71 Shin'yō Maru incident Formosa Leyte Gulf Ormoc Bay Convoy Hi - 81 South China Sea raid Action of 24 July 1945 The Philippines campaign , the Battle of the Philippines or the Liberation of the Philippines ( Filipino : Kampanya ng Pilipinas , Labanan sa Pilipinas & Liberasyon sa Pilipinas ) , ( Operation Musketeer I , II , and III ) ( Filipino : Operasyon Mosketero I , II , at III ) , was the American and Filipino campaign to defeat and expel the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the Philippines during World War II . The Japanese Army overran all of the Philippines during the first half of 1942 . The liberation of the Philippines commenced with amphibious landings on the eastern Philippine island of Leyte on October 20 , 1944 . United States and Philippine Commonwealth military forces were progressing in liberating territory and islands when the Japanese forces in the Philippines were ordered to surrender by Tokyo on August 15 , 1945 , after the dropping of the atomic bombs on mainland Japan and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 2 Leyte 3 Mindoro 4 Luzon 5 Finishing up the campaign 6 Casualties 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Planning ( edit ) By mid-1944 , American forces were only 300 nautical miles ( 560 km ) southeast of Mindanao , the largest island in the southern Philippines -- and able to bomb Japanese positions there using long - range bombers . American forces under Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz had advanced across the Central Pacific Ocean , capturing the Gilbert Islands , some of the Marshall Islands , and most of the Marianas Islands , bypassing many Japanese Army garrisons and leaving them behind , with no source of supplies and militarily impotent . Aircraft carrier - based warplanes were already conducting air strikes and fighter sweeps against the Japanese in the Philippines , especially their military airfields . U.S. Army and Australian Army troops under the American General Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater of Operations , had either overrun , or else isolated and bypassed , all of the Japanese Army on New Guinea and the Admiralty Islands . Before the invasion of the Philippines , MacArthur 's northernmost conquest had been at Morotai in the Dutch East Indies on September 15 -- 16 , 1944 . This was MacArthur 's one base that was within bomber range of the southern Philippines . U.S. Navy , Marine Corps , and Army as well as Australian and New Zealand forces under the command of Admiral Nimitz and Admiral William F. Halsey , Jr. had isolated the large Japanese South Pacific base at Rabaul , New Britain , by capturing a ring of islands around Rabaul , and then building air bases on them from which to bomb and blockade the Japanese forces at Rabaul into military impotence . With victories in the Marianas campaign ( on Saipan , on Guam , and on Tinian , during June and July 1944 ) , American forces were getting close to Japan itself . From the Marianas , the very long - range B - 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well - supplied air bases -- ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers . ( The earlier B - 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma -- one that proved to be woefully inadequate . All B - 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944 . ) Although Japan was obviously losing the war , the Japanese Government , and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy , showed no sign of capitulation , collapse or surrender . There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898 , with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935 , and promised their independence in mid-1946 . Furthermore , an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition , such as interceptions by Japanese Army fighter planes . Upon Admiral Halsey 's recommendation , the Combined Chiefs of Staff , meeting in Canada , approved a decision to not only move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines , but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte , Philippines . The new date set for the landing on Leyte , October 20 , 1944 , was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao . The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion . After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942 , all of its islands fell to the Japanese . The Japanese occupation was harsh , accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor . From mid-1942 through mid-1944 , MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops , so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas -- amounting to about half of the archipelago . While remaining loyal to the United States , many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already - promised independence . The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines . MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed , each of them attached to a different U.S. Army Corps , but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet , which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines , rather than simply being part of a U.S. Army Corps . No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur -- who might have wanted it that way . As a result , the Australian Army played virtually no part in the Philippines . However , units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy , such as the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia , were involved . During the American re-conquest of the Philippines , the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces , carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops , and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions . Leyte ( edit ) The four engagements comprising the Battle of Leyte Gulf Main article : Battle of Leyte On October 20 , 1944 , the U.S. Sixth Army , supported by naval and air bombardment , landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte , one of the islands of the Visayas island group , northeast of Mindanao . The Japanese miscalculated the relative strength of the naval and air forces , and they attempted to destroy the landing . This brought about the massive sequence of battles called the Battle of Leyte Gulf , fought on October 23 through October 26 . This decisive victory by the U.S. Navy , its Fast Carrier Task Force , its surface fleet , and its submarines effectively destroyed the remainder of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) , which had already lost all of its effective aircraft carrier forces . The IJN had four of its carriers sunk ( ships with depleted air squadrons -- which were used only as decoys ) , numerous battleships and heavy cruisers , and a large number of light cruisers and destroyers . The IJN was never able to fight a major battle after this . Japanese leaflet designed to discourage the landing American troops . The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east , as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island . While the Sixth Army was continually reinforced , the U.S. Fifth Air Force was able to devastate the Japanese attempts at air attacks , and also provide much support to the Army 's ground troops . The Filipino guerrillas also performed valuable service in maintaining public order and in keeping the roads and highways free of congestion . After the American beachheads were established , the Leyte guerrilla groups were attached directly to the Sixth Army corps and divisions to assist in scouting , intelligence , and combat operations . With the initial U.S. Sixth Army landings on the beaches at Tacloban and Dulag , Colonel Ruperto Kangleon 's units went into action . They dynamited key bridges to block Japanese displacement toward the target area ; they harassed enemy patrols ; and they sabotaged supply and ammunition depots . Information on enemy troop movements and dispositions sent from guerrilla outposts to Kangleon 's Headquarters was dispatched immediately to Sixth Army . During many torrential rains and over difficult terrain , the advance continued across Leyte and onto the major island of Samar , just north of Leyte . On December 7 , 1944 , the U.S. Army units made another amphibious landing at Ormoc Bay and , after a major land and air battle , the landing force cut off all Japanese ability to reinforce and resupply their troops on Leyte . Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months , the U.S. Army was always in control . Mindoro ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Mindoro The U.S. 6th Army 's second major target to attack was Mindoro . This large island is directly south of Luzon and Manila Bay , and MacArthur 's main goal in taking it was to be able to construct airfields on it for fighter planes that could dominate the sky over the most - important island of Luzon , with its major seaport and capital city of Manila . The Seventh Fleet 's large invasion convoy from Leyte to Mindoro came under strong attack by kamikazes , but they could not delay the American invasion of Mindoro . Mindoro was only lightly occupied by the Japanese Army , and much of it was held by Filipino guerrillas , so Mindoro was quickly overrun . U.S. Army engineers set about rapidly constructing a major air base at San Fabian . Besides being close to Luzon , Mindoro has another advantage : good flying weather nearly all the time , because this is a part of the Philippines that is relatively dry -- quite unlike Leyte which receives torrential rains most of the year , not only giving it poor flying weather , but making it very muddy and difficult to construct airfields . San Fabian was also the location of another breakthrough : the first appearance during the War in the Pacific of USAAF squadrons flying the fast , long - range P - 51B Mustang fighters -- far superior to anything that the Imperial Japanese Army or Navy had . Mindoro was a major victory for the 6th Army and the USAAF , and it also provided the major base for the next move of MacArthur 's 6th Army : the invasion of Luzon , especially at Lingayen Gulf on its western coast . Luzon ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Luzon Troops of the 185th Inf. , 40th Div. , take cover behind advancing tanks while moving up on Japanese positions on Panay Island On December 15 , 1944 , landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro , a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations , in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon . On January 9 , 1945 , on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf on the western coast of Luzon , General Krueger 's Sixth Army landed his first units . Almost 175,000 men followed across the twenty - mile ( 32 km ) beachhead within a few days . With heavy air support , Army units pushed inland , taking Clark Field , 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Manila , in the last week of January . Two more major landings followed , one to cut off the Bataan Peninsula , and another , that included a parachute drop , south of Manila . Pincers closed on the city and , on February 3 , 1945 , elements of the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division pushed into the northern outskirts of Manila and the 8th Cavalry Regiment ( organized as infantry ) passed through the northern suburbs and into the city itself . As the advance on Manila continued from the north and the south , the Bataan Peninsula was rapidly secured . On February 16 , paratroopers and amphibious units simultaneously assaulted the islet of Corregidor . It was necessary to take this stronghold because troops there can block the entrance of Manila Bay . The Americans needed to establish a major harbor base at Manila Bay to support the expected invasion of Japan , planned to begin on November 1 , 1945 . Resistance on Corregidor ended on February 27 , and then all resistance by the Japanese Empire ceased on August 15 , 1945 , obviating the need for an invasion of the Japanese Home Islands . Despite initial optimism , fighting in Manila was harsh . It took until March 3 to clear the city of all Japanese troops , and the Japanese Marines , who fought on stubbornly and refused to either surrender or to evacuate as the Japanese Army had done . Fort Drum , a fortified island in Manila Bay near Corregidor , held out until April 13 , when a team of Army troops went ashore and pumped 3,000 gallons of diesel fuel into the fort , then set off incendiary charges . No Japanese soldiers in Fort Drum survived the blast and fire . In all , ten U.S. divisions and five independent regiments battled on Luzon , making it the largest American campaign of the Pacific war , involving more troops than the United States had used in North Africa , Italy , or southern France . Finishing up the campaign ( edit ) Japanese Troops surrender to the 40th Infantry Division Palawan Island , between Borneo and Mindoro , the fifth largest and western-most island of the Philippines , was invaded on February 28 , with landings of the Eighth United States Army at Puerto Princesa . The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan , but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April , with the Japanese using their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountains and jungles , dispersed as small units . Throughout the Philippines , U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts , the last of whom , Hiroo Onoda , did not surrender until 1974 , in the mountains of Lubang Island in Mindoro . The U.S. Eighth Army then moved on to its first landing on Mindanao ( April 17 ) , the last of the major islands of the Philippines to be taken . Mindanao was followed by invasion and occupation of Panay , Cebu , Negros and several islands in the Sulu Archipelago . These islands provided bases for the U.S. Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces to attack targets throughout the Philippines and the South China Sea . Following additional landings on Mindanao , U.S. Eighth Army troops continued their steady advance against stubborn resistance . By the end of June , the enemy pockets were compressed into isolated pockets on Mindanao and Luzon where fighting continued until the Japanese surrender on August 15 , 1945 . However , some units of the Japanese Army were out of radio contact with Tokyo , and it was difficult to convince some of them that Japan had surrendered . As at many Pacific Islands , major Japanese officials , including members of the Imperial Family , visited in person to convince the soldiers that they must surrender by order of the Emperor . Casualties ( edit ) U.S. Army and Army Air Forces Location Killed Wounded Total Leyte 3,602 11,991 15,584 Luzon 10,640 36,550 47,190 Central and Southern Philippines 2,070 6,990 9,060 Total 16,303 55,531 71,834 Other Allies Australia Commonwealth of the Philippines Japanese Location Killed Captured Total Leyte 80,557 828 81,456 Luzon 205,535 9,050 214,585 Central and Southern Philippines 50,260 2,695 52,955 Total 336,352 12,573 348,925 Other Allies Second Philippine Republic See also ( edit ) Dalton Pass Escuadrón 201 Philippine Liberation Medal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luzon : 10,640 dead and 36,550 wounded , Leyte : 3,593 dead / missing and 11,991 wounded , Other : 2,070 dead and 6,990 wounded Jump up ^ 3,800 casualties at Leyte Gulf , 2,680 naval casualties in the month after December 13 , 1944 , and 790 lost in a typhoon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World War II : Mexican Air Force Helped Liberate the Philippines '' . History.net . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 1982 Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chapter 11 : Operations of the Eighth Army in the Central and Southern Philippines , pp. 358 Retrieved March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hunt , Ray C. ; Bernard Norling ( 2000 ) . Behind Japanese Lines : An American Guerrilla in the Philippines . University Press of Kentucky . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 0986 - 2 . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein Ugelvik Larsen , Fascism Outside Europe , Columbia University Press , 2001 , p. 785 ^ Jump up to : `` Luzon '' Retrieved October 26 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Cannon , Leyte : Return to the Philippines , pp. 368 -- 369 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Triumph in the Philippines , pp. 692 -- 693 ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer ( 2012 ) . Almanac of American Military History , Vol. 1 . ABC - CLIO . p. 1668 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59 - 884530 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Triumph in the Philippines '' pp. 48 & 66 Retrieved October 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Luzon '' 93,400 non-combat casualties on Luzon alone . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Triumph in the Philippines '' pp. 48 -- 66 Retrieved October 26 , 2015 Jump up ^ According to the National World War II Museum , Filipino military deaths during the war numbered 57,000 . A significant portion must have fallen in the 1944 -- 45 campaign . Jump up ^ Final report , progress of demobilization of the Japanese Armed Forces , Part III : Overseas Areas and IV : Air Forces enclosure # 44 Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . With 109,890 Japanese military personnel repatriated immediately after the war , that leaves around 419,912 Japanese dead , missing , or still holding out . Jump up ^ American Historical Association : Lessons from Iwo Jima Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Day , 1992 , Reluctant Nation : Australia and the Allied Defeat of Japan , 1942 -- 1945 . ( New York , Oxford University Press ) , p. 230 Jump up ^ `` LIEUTENANT RAMSEY 'S WAR '' by EDWIN PRICE RAMSEY and STEPHEN J. RIVELE. Published by Knightsbride publishing Co , Los Angeles , California Jump up ^ `` Edward Price Ramsey : Lieutenant Colonel ( Retired ) , 26th Cavalry Regiment ( Philippine Scouts ) '' . militarymuseum.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allied guerillas '' . Jump up ^ Macarthur , Douglas ( 1966 ) . `` Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines : The Philippine Resistance Movement '' . Reports of General MacArthur : The Campaigns of Macarthur in the Pacific . Volume I. Washington , D.C. : Center for Military History , US Army . pp. 316 -- 318 . OCLC 254218615 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter IX : The Mindoro and Luzon Operations '' . Reports of General MacArthur : The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific : Volume I. Library of Congress : Department of the Army . pp. 242 -- 294 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter IX : The Mindoro and Luzon Operations '' . Reports of General MacArthur : The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific : Volume I. Library of Congress : Department of the Army . p. 247 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chambers , John Whiteclay ; Fred Anderson ( 1999 ) . The Oxford companion to American military history . New York City : Oxford University Press US . p. 547 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , Douglas ( 1994 ) . Reports of General MacArthur . United States Army . p. 445 . LCCN 66 - 60005 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . The radio also stated that members of the Imperial family were being sent to Japan 's numerous theaters of operations as personal representatives of the Emperor to expedite and insure full compliance with the Imperial order to cease hostilities . Jump up ^ Cannon , Leyte : Return to the Philippines , pp. 351 -- 352 Jump up ^ Smith , Triumph in the Philippines , p. 694 Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippines Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) . Breuer , William B. ( 1986 ) . Retaking The Philippines : America 's Return to Corregidor & Bataan , 1944 -- 1945 . St Martin 's Press . ASIN B000IN7D3Q . Leary , William M. ( 2004 ) . We Shall Return ! : MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan , 1942 -- 1945 . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9105 - X . `` Chapter IX : The Mindoro and Luzon Operations '' . Reports of General MacArthur : The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific : Volume I. Library of Congress : Department of the Army . pp. 242 -- 294 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Mellnik , Stephen Michael ( 1981 ) . Philippine War Diary , 1939 -- 1945 . Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 0 - 442 - 21258 - 5 . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1958 ) . Leyte : June 1944 -- Jan 1945 , vol. 12 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 58317 - 0 . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2001 ) . The Liberation of the Philippines : Luzon , Mindanao , the Visayas 1944 -- 1945 , vol. 13 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( Reissue ed . ) . Castle Books . ISBN 0 - 7858 - 1314 - 4 . Norling , Bernard ( 2005 ) . The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9134 - 3 . Smith , Robert Ross ( 2005 ) . Triumph in the Philippines : The War in the Pacific . University Press of the Pacific . ISBN 1 - 4102 - 2495 - 3 . <Th_colspan="2"> World War II <Td_colspan="2"> Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 <Td_colspan="2"> Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union <Td_colspan="2"> Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines_Campaign_(1944 -- 1945 ) &oldid = 820024573 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1944 Conflicts in 1945 1944 in the Philippines 1945 in the Philippines South West Pacific theatre of World War II Military history of the Philippines during World War II Philippine Army Campaigns of World War II Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia references cleanup from May 2011 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Русский Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 17 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Philippines campaign (1944-1945) 2. Allied victory in the Philippines 3. Liberation of the Philippines from Japan 4. Battle of Leyte 5. Battle of Luzon

who has the most subscribers on youtube 2018 in india

List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels - wikipedia List of Most - Subscribed YouTube Channels Swedish Let 's Player and vlogger PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 63 million subscribers as of June 2018 . American singer and songwriter Taylor Swift is the most subscribed female user on YouTube , with over 30 million subscribers as of June 2018 . This article lists the fifty most - subscribed channels on the video platform YouTube . The ability to `` subscribe '' to a user 's channel was added to YouTube by late October 2005 , and the `` most subscribed '' list on YouTube began as a chart by May 2006 , at which time Smosh was number one with fewer than three thousand subscribers . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most subscribed user has been PewDiePie , whose channel has over 63 million subscribers as of June 2018 Contents ( hide ) 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country and territory 2 Historical most subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top Channels ( edit ) All - Time ( edit ) The following table lists the fifty most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) and channels whose content has been transferred ( such as JustinBieberVEVO and RihannaVEVO ) are excluded . As of June 2018 , 35 of these channels primarily produce content in English . Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Primary language ( s ) Subscribers ( millions ) Content category 1 . PewDiePie N / A English 63 Comedy 2 . T - Series T - Series Hindi 49 Music 3 . Justin Bieber N / A English 39 Entertainment 4 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Portuguese 34 Music 5 . HolaSoyGerman . Machinima Spanish 33 Entertainment 6 . Ed Sheeran WMG English 31 Music 7 . Dude Perfect Whistle Sports Sports 8 . Taylor Swift N / A 30 Music 9 . Katy Perry 29 10 . whinderssonnunes Portuguese Comedy 11 . elrubiusOMG TalentWeb Spanish 12 . Rihanna N / A English Entertainment 13 . EminemMusic UniversalMC 28 Music 14 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV Spanish Games 15 . WWE WWE English 27 Sports 16 . One Direction N / A Music 17 . YouTube Spotlight Google News 18 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman Spanish 26 Games 19 . TheEllenShow Time Warner English Entertainment 20 . SET India Sony Pictures Hindi 25 Shows 21 . Ariana Grande ` N / A English 24 Music 22 . 5 - Minute Crafts Channel Frederator 23 How - to 23 . Smosh Defy Media Comedy 24 . VanossGaming JETPAK Games 25 . VEGETTA777 TalentWeb Spanish 22 26 . Felipe Neto Disney Digital Network Portuguese Entertainment 27 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin ' Records English 21 28 . Shakira N / A Spanish and English People 29 . Bruno Mars WMG English Music 30 . Yuya N / A Spanish How - to 31 . nigahiga English Entertainment 32 . Markiplier Disney Digital Network 20 Games 33 . Trap Nation The District Music 34 . Luis Fonsi Oficial N / A Spanish Entertainment 35 . jacksepticeye Disney Digital Network English 19 Games 36 . DanTDM StyleHaul 37 . Selena Gomez N / A Films 38 . KSI StyleHaul 18 Entertainment 39 . Get Movies N / A Russian Shows 40 . Zee Music Company Zee Music Company Hindi Music 41 . JennaMarbles N / A English Comedy 42 . ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs ChuChu TV Studios 17 Education 43 . Maroon 5 N / A Music 44 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo Entertainment 45 . Skrillex WMG Music 46 . Logan Paul Vlogs Studio71 Entertainment 47 . David Guetta WMG Music 48 . rezendeevil Disney Digital Network Portuguese Games 49 . Adele N / A English Music 50 . FBE FullScreen Entertainment <Th_colspan="7"> As of June 19 , 2018 By country and territory ( edit ) The following table lists the most subscribed YouTube channel in each country and territory from which at least one channel with at least five million subscribers originates , according to social media statistics complier DBase . Country or territory Channel Subscribers ( millions ) Argentina DrossRotzank 13 Australia Sia ( musician ) 12 Austria Red Bull 7 Brazil Canal KondZilla 34 Canada VanossGaming 23 Chile HolaSoyGerman . 33 Colombia toycantando 7 El Salvador Fernanfloo 28 France David Guetta 17 Germany freekickerz 6 India T - Series 48 Iraq الرماس ميوزك 6 Ireland jacksepticeye 19 Mexico Yuya 21 Netherlands Trap City 10 Norway Alan Walker 14 Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 10 Portugal SirKazzio 5 Puerto Rico Ozuna 16 Russia Get Movies 18 Saudi Arabia Rotana 7 South Korea SMTOWN 14 Spain elrubiusOMG 29 Sweden PewDiePie 63 Thailand GMM GRAMMY OFFICIAL 12 Turkey netd müzik 10 Ukraine SlivkiShow United Arab Emirates Noor Stars 7 United Kingdom Ed Sheeran 31 United States Dude Perfect Uruguay dosogas 5 Venezuela LA DIVAZA 6 <Th_colspan="3"> As of June 15 , 2018 Historical Most Subscribed Channels ( edit ) The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 22 , 2013 1640 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg SWE Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga nigahiga Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley GBR Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 <Th_colspan="6"> As of December 22 , 2013 Timeline ( edit ) Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- June 2018 ) Reactions ( edit ) In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog published an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also ( edit ) Internet portal Lists portal List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ These are not to be mistaken for the channels Justin Bieber and Rihanna , both of which are included . Jump up ^ Clarke , Donald . `` The Superstar You 've Never Heard Of -- At Least , Not from Us '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Subscribed YouTube Channels ( Sorted by Subscriber Count ) '' . Social Blade . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Most Subscribed Members - May 17 , 2006 , youtube.com ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . YouTube . Def Jam . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HolaSoyGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Whistle Sports . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift '' . YouTube . Big Machine Records . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry '' . YouTube . Capitol Records . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna '' . YouTube . Roc Nation . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EminemMusic '' . YouTube . Aftermath Records . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE '' . YouTube . WWE . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction '' . YouTube . Columbia Records . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Warner Bros. Television . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande ` '' . YouTube . Republic Records . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Minute Crafts '' . YouTube . Channel Frederator Network . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smosh '' . YouTube . Defy Media . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spinnin ' Records '' . YouTube . Warner Music Group . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira '' . YouTube . Sony Music Latin . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Atlantic Records . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuya '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` nigahiga '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trap Nation '' . YouTube . The Nations . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi Oficial '' . YouTube . Universal Music Latin . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` jacksepticeye '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez '' . YouTube . Interscope Records . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KSI '' . YouTube . StyleHaul . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zee Music Company '' . YouTube . Essel Group . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs '' . YouTube . KidsCamp . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon 5 '' . YouTube . Interscope Records . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com '' . YouTube . WatchMojo . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul Vlogs '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` rezendeevil '' . YouTube . Disney Digital Network . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adele '' . YouTube . XL Recordings . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FBE '' . YouTube . Fullscreen Media . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austria 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chile 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Salvador 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norway 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 YouTubers Channels in Portugal , Portuguese Republic - Socialblade YouTube Stats YouTube Statistics '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirate 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela 's All Time Most Subscribed YouTube Channels '' . DBase. tube . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dryden , Liam ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` A Complete Timeline Of Every `` Most Subscribed '' YouTuber In History `` . We The Unicorns . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes. comdeadurl = no . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The first YouTube channel to hit one million subscribers '' . Variety . April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . <Th_colspan="3"> hide YouTube <Td_colspan="3"> History Censorship Copyright issues Social impact Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Channels Personalities Most - subscribed channels Spotlight Original channels YouTube Premium ( List of original programs ) YouTube TV Culture and videos <Td_colspan="2"> Elsagate Play Buttons YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Vevo Lists Most - viewed videos Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos Multi-channel networks Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Playlist Live VidCon Related articles API Viacom conflict Viral video YouTube Kids YouTube Music YouTube headquarters shooting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels&oldid=846612790 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 20 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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1. Most subscribed YouTube channels 2. PewDiePie 3. Taylor Swift 4. T-Series 5. Historical most subscribed channels

who was the french philosopher and writer who criticized injustices in religion and politics

Voltaire - wikipedia Voltaire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Voltaire ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Voltaire <Td_colspan="2"> Portrait by Nicolas de Largillière , c. 1724 François - Marie Arouet ( 1694 - 11 - 21 ) 21 November 1694 Paris , France 30 May 1778 ( 1778 - 05 - 30 ) ( aged 83 ) Paris , France Resting place Panthéon , Paris , France Pen name Voltaire Occupation Writer , philosopher Language French Nationality French Alma mater Collège Louis - le - Grand Partner Émilie du Châtelet ( 1733 -- 1749 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Philosophy career <Td_colspan="2"> Era Age of Enlightenment Region French philosophy Western philosophy School Lumières Philosophes Main interests Political philosophy <Td_colspan="2"> Influences ( show ) Francis Bacon , Pierre Bayle , Jacques - Bénigne Bossuet , John Locke , Isaac Newton <Td_colspan="2"> Influenced ( show ) Jeremy Bentham , Lord Byron , Catherine the Great , Denis Diderot , Frederick the Great , William Godwin , Christopher Hitchens , Victor Hugo , Karl Marx , Napoleon , Thomas Paine , Jean - Jacques Rousseau , Percy Bysshe Shelley , David Strauss , Mary Wollstonecraft <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> François - Marie Arouet ( French : ( fʁɑ̃. swa ma. ʁi aʁ. wɛ ) ; 21 November 1694 -- 30 May 1778 ) , known by his nom de plume Voltaire ( / voʊlˈtɛər / ; French : ( vɔl. tɛːʁ ) ) , was a French Enlightenment writer , historian and philosopher famous for his wit , his attacks on the established Catholic Church and Christianity as a whole and his advocacy of freedom of religion , freedom of speech and separation of church and state . Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer , producing works in almost every literary form , including plays , poems , novels , essays and historical and scientific works . He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets . He was an outspoken advocate of civil liberties , despite the risk this placed him in under the strict censorship laws of the time . As a satirical polemicist , he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance , religious dogma and the French institutions of his day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Adopts the name Voltaire 1.2 La Henriade and Mariamne 1.3 Great Britain 1.4 Château de Cirey 1.5 Prussia 1.6 Geneva and Ferney 1.7 Death and burial 2 Writings 2.1 History 2.2 Poetry 2.3 Prose 2.4 Letters 3 Religious views 3.1 Christianity 3.2 Judaism 3.3 Islam 3.3. 1 Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations 3.3. 2 Drama Mahomet 3.4 Hinduism 4 Views on race and slavery 5 Appreciation and influence 6 Voltaire and Rousseau 7 Legacy 8 Chronology 9 Works 9.1 Philosophical works 9.2 Plays 9.3 Historical 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 In French 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Biography ( edit ) François - Marie Arouet was born in Paris , the youngest of the five children of François Arouet ( 19 August 1649 -- 1 January 1722 ) , a lawyer who was a minor treasury official , and his wife , Marie Marguerite Daumard ( c. 1660 -- 13 July 1701 ) , whose family was on the lowest rank of the French nobility . Some speculation surrounds Voltaire 's date of birth , because he claimed he was born on 20 February 1694 as the illegitimate son of a nobleman , Guérin de Rochebrune or Roquebrune . Two of his older brothers -- Armand - François and Robert -- died in infancy , and his surviving brother Armand and sister Marguerite - Catherine were nine and seven years older , respectively . Nicknamed `` Zozo '' by his family , Voltaire was baptized on 22 November 1694 , with François de Castagnère , abbé de Châteauneuf ( fr ) , and Marie Daumard , the wife of his mother 's cousin , standing as godparents . He was educated by the Jesuits at the Collège Louis - le - Grand ( 1704 -- 1711 ) , where he was taught Latin , theology , and rhetoric ; later in life he became fluent in Italian , Spanish , and English . By the time he left school , Voltaire had decided he wanted to be a writer , against the wishes of his father , who wanted him to become a lawyer . Voltaire , pretending to work in Paris as an assistant to a notary , spent much of his time writing poetry . When his father found out , he sent Voltaire to study law , this time in Caen , Normandy . But the young man continued to write , producing essays and historical studies . Voltaire 's wit made him popular among some of the aristocratic families with whom he mixed . In 1713 , his father obtained a job for him as a secretary to the new French ambassador in the Netherlands , the marquis de Châteauneuf ( fr ) , the brother of Voltaire 's godfather . At The Hague , Voltaire fell in love with a French Protestant refugee named Catherine Olympe Dunoyer ( known as ' Pimpette ' ) . Their affair , considered scandalous , was discovered by de Châteauneuf and Voltaire was forced to return to France by the end of the year . Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille from 16 May 1717 to 15 April 1718 in a windowless cell with ten - foot thick walls . Most of Voltaire 's early life revolved around Paris . From early on , Voltaire had trouble with the authorities for critiques of the government . As a result , he was twice sentenced to prison and once to temporary exile to England . One satirical verse , in which Voltaire accused the Régent of incest with his daughter , resulted in an eleven - month imprisonment in the Bastille . The Comédie - Française had agreed in January 1717 to stage his debut play , Œdipe , and it opened in mid-November 1718 , seven months after his release . Its immediate critical and financial success established his reputation . Both the Régent and King George I of Great Britain presented Voltaire with medals as a mark of their appreciation . He mainly argued for religious tolerance and freedom of thought . He campaigned to eradicate priestly and aristo - monarchical authority , and supported a constitutional monarchy that protects people 's rights . Adopts the name Voltaire ( edit ) The author adopted the name Voltaire in 1718 , following his incarceration at the Bastille . Its origin is unclear . It is an anagram of AROVET LI , the Latinized spelling of his surname , Arouet , and the initial letters of le jeune ( `` the young '' ) . According to a family tradition among the descendants of his sister , he was known as le petit volontaire ( `` determined little thing '' ) as a child , and he resurrected a variant of the name in his adult life . The name also reverses the syllables of Airvault , his family 's home town in the Poitou region . Richard Holmes supports the anagrammatic derivation of the name , but adds that a writer such as Voltaire would have intended it to also convey connotations of speed and daring . These come from associations with words such as voltige ( acrobatics on a trapeze or horse ) , volte - face ( a spinning about to face one 's enemies ) , and volatile ( originally , any winged creature ) . `` Arouet '' was not a noble name fit for his growing reputation , especially given that name 's resonance with à rouer ( `` to be beaten up '' ) and roué ( a débauché ) . In a letter to Jean - Baptiste Rousseau in March 1719 , Voltaire concludes by asking that , if Rousseau wishes to send him a return letter , he do so by addressing it to Monsieur de Voltaire . A postscript explains : `` J'ai été si malheureux sous le nom d'Arouet que j'en ai pris un autre surtout pour n'être plus confondu avec le poète Roi '' , ( I was so unhappy under the name of Arouet that I have taken another , primarily so as to cease to be confused with the poet Roi . ) This probably refers to Adenes le Roi , and the ' oi ' diphthong was then pronounced like modern ' ouai ' , so the similarity to ' Arouet ' is clear , and thus , it could well have been part of his rationale . Voltaire is known also to have used at least 178 separate pen names during his lifetime . La Henriade and Mariamne ( edit ) Voltaire 's next play , Artémire ( de ) , set in ancient Macedonia , opened on 15 February 1720 . It was a flop and only fragments of the text survive . He instead turned to an epic poem about Henri IV of France that he had begun in early 1717 . Denied a licence to publish , in August 1722 Voltaire headed north to find a publisher outside France . On the journey , he was accompanied by his mistress , Marie - Marguerite de Rupelmonde , a young widow . At Brussels , Voltaire and Rousseau met up for a few days , before Voltaire and his mistress continued northwards . A publisher was eventually secured in The Hague . In the Netherlands , Voltaire was struck and impressed by the openness and tolerance of Dutch society . On his return to France , he secured a second publisher in Rouen , who agreed to publish La Henriade clandestinely . After Voltaire 's recovery from a month - long smallpox infection in November 1723 , the first copies were smuggled into Paris and distributed . While the poem was an instant success , Voltaire 's new play , Mariamne , was a failure when it first opened in March 1724 . Heavily reworked , it opened at the Comédie - Française in April 1725 to a much - improved reception . It was among the entertainments provided at the wedding of Louis XV and Marie Leszczyńska in September 1725 . Great Britain ( edit ) In early 1726 , a young French nobleman , the chevalier de Rohan - Chabot , taunted Voltaire about his change of name , and Voltaire retorted that his name would be honoured while de Rohan would dishonour his . Infuriated , de Rohan arranged for Voltaire to be beaten up by thugs a few days later . Seeking compensation , redress , or revenge , Voltaire challenged de Rohan to a duel , but the aristocratic de Rohan family arranged for Voltaire to be arrested and imprisoned in the Bastille on 17 April 1726 without a trial or an opportunity to defend himself . Fearing an indefinite prison sentence , Voltaire suggested that he be exiled to England as an alternative punishment , which the French authorities accepted . On 2 May , he was escorted from the Bastille to Calais , where he was to embark for Britain . Elémens de la philosophie de Neuton , 1738 In England , Voltaire lived largely in Wandsworth , with acquaintances including Everard Fawkener . From December 1727 to June 1728 he lodged at Maiden Lane , Covent Garden , now commemorated by a plaque , to be nearer to his British publisher . Voltaire circulated throughout English high society , meeting Alexander Pope , John Gay , Jonathan Swift , Lady Mary Wortley Montagu , Sarah , Duchess of Marlborough , and many other members of the nobility and royalty . Voltaire 's exile in Great Britain greatly influenced his thinking . He was intrigued by Britain 's constitutional monarchy in contrast to French absolutism , and by the country 's greater support of the freedoms of speech and religion . He was influenced by the writers of the age , and developed an interest in earlier English literature , especially the works of Shakespeare , still relatively unknown in continental Europe . Despite pointing out his deviations from neoclassical standards , Voltaire saw Shakespeare as an example that French writers might emulate , since French drama , despite being more polished , lacked on - stage action . Later , however , as Shakespeare 's influence began growing in France , Voltaire tried to set a contrary example with his own plays , decrying what he considered Shakespeare 's barbarities . Voltaire may have been present at the funeral of Isaac Newton , and met Newton 's niece , Catherine Conduitt . In 1727 , he published two essays in English , Upon the Civil Wars of France , Extracted from Curious Manuscripts and Upon Epic Poetry of the European Nations , from Homer Down to Milton . After two and a half years in exile , Voltaire returned to France , and after a few months living in Dieppe , the authorities permitted him to return to Paris . At a dinner , French mathematician Charles Marie de La Condamine proposed buying up the lottery that was organized by the French government to pay off its debts , and Voltaire joined the consortium , earning perhaps a million livres . He invested the money cleverly and on this basis managed to convince the Court of Finances that he was of good conduct and so was able to take control of a capital inheritance from his father that had hitherto been tied up in trust . He was now indisputably rich . Further success followed , in 1732 , with his play Zaïre , which when published in 1733 carried a dedication to Fawkener that praised English liberty and commerce . At this time he published his views on British attitudes toward government , literature , religion and science in a collection of essays in letter form entitled Letters Concerning the English Nation ( London , 1733 ) . In 1734 , they were published in French as Lettres philosophiques in Rouen . Because the publisher released the book without the approval of the royal censor and Voltaire regarded the British constitutional monarchy as more developed and more respectful of human rights ( particularly religious tolerance ) than its French counterpart , the French publication of Letters caused a huge scandal ; the book was publicly burnt and banned , and Voltaire was forced again to flee Paris . Château de Cirey ( edit ) In the frontispiece to Voltaire 's book on Newton 's philosophy , Émilie du Châtelet appears as Voltaire 's muse , reflecting Newton 's heavenly insights down to Voltaire . In 1733 , Voltaire met Émilie du Châtelet , a married mother of three who was 12 years his junior and with whom he was to have an affair for 16 years . To avoid arrest after the publication of Letters , Voltaire took refuge at her husband 's château at Cirey - sur - Blaise , on the borders of Champagne and Lorraine . Voltaire paid for the building 's renovation , and Émilie 's husband , the Marquis du Châtelet , sometimes stayed at the château with his wife and her lover . The relationship had a significant intellectual element . Voltaire and the Marquise collected over 21,000 books , an enormous number for the time . Together , they studied these books and performed experiments in the natural sciences at Cirey , which included an attempt to determine the nature of fire . Having learned from his previous brushes with the authorities , Voltaire began his habit of keeping out of personal harm 's way and denying any awkward responsibility . He continued to write plays , such as Mérope ( or La Mérope française ) and began his long research into science and history . Again , a main source of inspiration for Voltaire were the years of his British exile , during which he had been strongly influenced by the works of Sir Isaac Newton . Voltaire strongly believed in Newton 's theories ; he performed experiments in optics at Cirey , and was one of the sources for the famous story of Newton and the apple falling from the tree , which he had learned from Newton 's niece in London and first mentioned in his Letters . Pastel by Maurice Quentin de La Tour , 1735 In the fall of 1735 , Voltaire was visited by Francesco Algarotti , who was preparing a book about Newton in Italian . Partly inspired by the visit , the Marquise translated Newton 's Latin Principia into French in full , and it remained the definitive French translation into the 21st century . Both she and Voltaire were also curious about the philosophies of Gottfried Leibniz , a contemporary and rival of Newton . While Voltaire remained a firm Newtonian , the Marquise adopted certain aspects of Leibniz 's arguments against Newton . Voltaire 's own book Eléments de la philosophie de Newton ( Elements of Newton 's Philosophy ) made Newton accessible and understandable to a far greater public , and the Marquise wrote a celebratory review in the Journal des savants . Voltaire 's work was instrumental in bringing about general acceptance of Newton 's optical and gravitational theories in France . Voltaire and the Marquise also studied history , particularly those persons who had contributed to civilization . Voltaire 's second essay in English had been `` Essay upon the Civil Wars in France '' . It was followed by La Henriade , an epic poem on the French King Henri IV , glorifying his attempt to end the Catholic - Protestant massacres with the Edict of Nantes , and by a historical novel on King Charles XII of Sweden . These , along with his Letters on the English mark the beginning of Voltaire 's open criticism of intolerance and established religions . Voltaire and the Marquise also explored philosophy , particularly metaphysics , the branch of philosophy that deals with being and with what lies beyond the material realm , such as whether or not there is a God and whether people have souls . Voltaire and the Marquise analysed the Bible and concluded that much of its content was dubious . Voltaire 's critical views on religion are reflected in his belief in separation of church and state and religious freedom , ideas that he had formed after his stay in England . In August 1736 , Frederick the Great , then Crown Prince of Prussia and a great admirer of Voltaire , initiated a correspondence with him . That December , Voltaire moved to Holland for two months and became acquainted with the scientists Herman Boerhaave and ' s Gravesande . From mid-1739 to mid-1740 Voltaire lived largely in Brussels , at first with the Marquise , who was unsuccessfully attempting to pursue a 60 - year - old family legal case regarding the ownership of two estates in Limburg . In July 1740 , he traveled to the Hague on behalf of Frederick in an attempt to dissuade a dubious publisher , van Duren , from printing without permission Frederick 's Anti-Machiavel . In September Voltaire and Frederick ( now King ) met for the first time in Moyland Castle near Cleves and in November Voltaire was Frederick 's guest in Berlin for two weeks ; in September 1742 they met in Aix - la - Chapelle . Voltaire was sent to Frederick 's court in 1743 by the French government as an envoy and spy to gauge Frederick 's military intentions in the War of the Austrian Succession . Though deeply committed to the Marquise , Voltaire by 1744 found life at the château confining . On a visit to Paris that year , he found a new love -- his niece . At first , his attraction to Marie Louise Mignot was clearly sexual , as evidenced by his letters to her ( only discovered in 1957 ) . Much later , they lived together , perhaps platonically , and remained together until Voltaire 's death . Meanwhile , the Marquise also took a lover , the Marquis de Saint - Lambert . Prussia ( edit ) Die Tafelrunde by Adolph von Menzel : guests of Frederick the Great at Sanssouci , including members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and Voltaire ( third from left ) After the death of the Marquise in childbirth in September 1749 , Voltaire briefly returned to Paris and in mid-1750 moved to Prussia to the court of Frederick the Great . The Prussian king ( with the permission of Louis XV ) made him a chamberlain in his household , appointed him to the Order of Merit , and gave him a salary of 20,000 French livres a year . He had rooms at Sanssouci and Charlottenburg Palace . Though life went well at first -- in 1751 he completed Micromégas , a piece of science fiction involving ambassadors from another planet witnessing the follies of humankind -- his relationship with Frederick the Great began to deteriorate after he was accused of theft and forgery by a Jewish financier , Abraham Hirschel , who had invested in Saxon government bonds , on behalf of Voltaire , at a time when Frederick was involved in sensitive diplomatic negotiations with Saxony . He encountered other difficulties : an argument with Maupertuis , the president of the Berlin Academy of Science and a former rival for Émilie 's affections , provoked Voltaire 's Diatribe du docteur Akakia ( `` Diatribe of Doctor Akakia '' ) , which satirized some of Maupertuis 's theories and his abuse of power in his persecutions of a mutual acquaintance , Johann Samuel König . This greatly angered Frederick , who ordered all copies of the document burned . On 1 January 1752 , Voltaire offered to resign as chamberlain and return his insignia of the Order of Merit ; at first , Frederick refused until eventually permitting Voltaire to leave in March . On a slow journey back to France , Voltaire stayed at Leipzig and Gotha for a month each , and Kassel for two weeks , arriving at Frankfurt on 31 May . The following morning , he was detained at the inn where he was staying by Frederick 's agents , who held him in the city for over three weeks while they , Voltaire and Frederick argued by letter over the return of a satirical book of poetry Frederick had lent to Voltaire . Marie Louise joined him on 9 June . She and her uncle only left Frankfurt in July after she had defended herself from the unwanted advances of one of Frederick 's agents and Voltaire 's luggage had been ransacked and valuable items taken . Voltaire 's attempts to vilify Frederick for his agents ' actions at Frankfurt were largely unsuccessful . Voltaire responded by composing Mémoires pour Servir à la Vie de M. de Voltaire , a work published after his death that paints a largely negative picture of his time spent with Frederick . However , the correspondence between them continued , and though they never met in person again , after the Seven Years ' War they largely reconciled . Geneva and Ferney ( edit ) Voltaire 's château at Ferney , France Voltaire 's slow progress toward Paris continued through Mainz , Mannheim , Strasbourg , and Colmar , but in January 1754 Louis XV banned him from Paris , so instead he turned for Geneva , near which he bought a large estate ( Les Délices ) in early 1755 . Though he was received openly at first , the law in Geneva , which banned theatrical performances , and the publication of The Maid of Orleans against his will soured his relationship with Calvinist Genevans . In late 1758 , he bought an even larger estate at Ferney , on the French side of the Franco - Swiss border . Early in 1759 , Voltaire completed and published Candide , ou l'Optimisme ( Candide , or Optimism ) . This satire on Leibniz 's philosophy of optimistic determinism remains the work for which Voltaire is perhaps best known . He would stay in Ferney for most of the remaining 20 years of his life , frequently entertaining distinguished guests , such as James Boswell , Adam Smith , Giacomo Casanova , and Edward Gibbon . In 1764 , he published one of his best - known philosophical works , the Dictionnaire philosophique , a series of articles mainly on Christian history and dogmas , a few of which were originally written in Berlin . From 1762 , he began to champion unjustly persecuted people , the case of Huguenot merchant Jean Calas being the most celebrated . Calas had been tortured to death in 1763 , supposedly because he had murdered his eldest son for wanting to convert to Catholicism . His possessions were confiscated and his two daughters were taken from his widow and were forced into Catholic convents . Voltaire , seeing this as a clear case of religious persecution , managed to overturn the conviction in 1765 . Voltaire was initiated into Freemasonry the month before his death . On 4 April 1778 Voltaire accompanied his close friend Benjamin Franklin into La Loge des Neuf Sœurs or Les Neuf Sœurs in Paris , France and became an Entered Apprentice Freemason . `` Benjamin Franklin ... urged Voltaire to become a freemason ; and Voltaire agreed , perhaps only to please Franklin . '' Death and burial ( edit ) In February 1778 , Voltaire returned for the first time in over 25 years to Paris , among other reasons to see the opening of his latest tragedy , Irene . The five - day journey was too much for the 83 - year - old , and he believed he was about to die on 28 February , writing `` I die adoring God , loving my friends , not hating my enemies , and detesting superstition . '' However , he recovered , and in March saw a performance of Irene , where he was treated by the audience as a returning hero . House in Paris where Voltaire died He soon became ill again and died on 30 May 1778 . The accounts of his deathbed have been numerous and varying , and it has not been possible to establish the details of what precisely occurred . His enemies related that he repented and accepted the last rites given by a Catholic priest , or that he died under great torment , while his adherents told how he was defiant to his last breath . According to one story of his last words , his response to a priest at his deathbed urging him to renounce Satan was `` Now is not the time for making new enemies . '' However , this appears to have originated from a joke first published in a Massachusetts newspaper in 1856 , and was only attributed to Voltaire in the 1970s . Because of his well - known criticism of the Church , which he had refused to retract before his death , Voltaire was denied a Christian burial in Paris , but friends and relations managed to bury his body secretly at the Abbey of Scellières in Champagne , where Marie Louise 's brother was abbé . His heart and brain were embalmed separately . Voltaire 's tomb in the Paris Panthéon On 11 July 1791 , he was enshrined in the Panthéon , after the National Assembly of France , which regarded him as a forerunner of the French Revolution , had his remains brought back to Paris . It is estimated that a million people attended the procession , which stretched throughout Paris . There was an elaborate ceremony , complete with an orchestra , and the music included a piece that André Grétry had composed especially for the event , which included a part for the `` tuba curva '' ( an instrument that originated in Roman times as the cornu but had recently been revived under a new name ) . Writings ( edit ) History ( edit ) Voltaire had an enormous influence on the development of historiography through his demonstration of fresh new ways to look at the past . Guillaume de Syon argues : Voltaire recast historiography in both factual and analytical terms . Not only did he reject traditional biographies and accounts that claim the work of supernatural forces , but he went so far as to suggest that earlier historiography was rife with falsified evidence and required new investigations at the source . Such an outlook was not unique in that the scientific spirit that 18th - century intellectuals perceived themselves as invested with . A rationalistic approach was key to rewriting history . Voltaire 's best - known histories are History of Charles XII ( 1731 ) , The Age of Louis XIV ( 1751 ) , and his Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations ( 1756 ) . He broke from the tradition of narrating diplomatic and military events , and emphasized customs , social history and achievements in the arts and sciences . The Essay on Customs traced the progress of world civilization in a universal context , thereby rejecting both nationalism and the traditional Christian frame of reference . Influenced by Bossuet 's Discourse on the Universal History ( 1682 ) , he was the first scholar to make a serious attempt to write the history of the world , eliminating theological frameworks , and emphasizing economics , culture and political history . He treated Europe as a whole , rather than a collection of nations . He was the first to emphasize the debt of medieval culture to Middle Eastern civilization , but otherwise was weak on the Middle Ages . Although he repeatedly warned against political bias on the part of the historian , he did not miss many opportunities to expose the intolerance and frauds of the church over the ages . Voltaire advised scholars that anything contradicting the normal course of nature was not to be believed . Although he found evil in the historical record , he fervently believed reason and educating the illiterate masses would lead to progress . Voltaire explains his view of historiography in his article on `` History '' in Diderot 's Encyclopédie : `` One demands of modern historians more details , better ascertained facts , precise dates , more attention to customs , laws , mores , commerce , finance , agriculture , population . '' Voltaire 's histories imposed the values of the Enlightenment on the past , but at the same time he helped free historiography from antiquarianism , Eurocentrism , religious intolerance and a concentration on great men , diplomacy , and warfare . Yale professor Peter Gay says Voltaire wrote `` very good history '' , citing his `` scrupulous concern for truths '' , `` careful sifting of evidence '' , `` intelligent selection of what is important '' , `` keen sense of drama '' , and `` grasp of the fact that a whole civilization is a unit of study '' . Poetry ( edit ) From an early age , Voltaire displayed a talent for writing verse and his first published work was poetry . He wrote two book - long epic poems , including the first ever written in French , the Henriade , and later , The Maid of Orleans , besides many other smaller pieces . The Henriade was written in imitation of Virgil , using the alexandrine couplet reformed and rendered monotonous for modern readers but it was a huge success in the 18th and early 19th century , with sixty - five editions and translations into several languages . The epic poem transformed French King Henry IV into a national hero for his attempts at instituting tolerance with his Edict of Nantes . La Pucelle , on the other hand , is a burlesque on the legend of Joan of Arc . Voltaire 's minor poems are generally considered superior to either of these two works . Prose ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frontispiece and first page of an early English translation by T. Smollett et al. of Voltaire 's Candide , 1762 Many of Voltaire 's prose works and romances , usually composed as pamphlets , were written as polemics . Candide attacks the passivity inspired by Leibniz 's philosophy of optimism through the character Pangloss 's frequent refrain that circumstances are the `` best of all possible worlds '' . L'Homme aux quarante ecus ( The Man of Forty Pieces of Silver ) , addresses social and political ways of the time ; Zadig and others , the received forms of moral and metaphysical orthodoxy ; and some were written to deride the Bible . In these works , Voltaire 's ironic style , free of exaggeration , is apparent , particularly the restraint and simplicity of the verbal treatment . Candide in particular is the best example of his style . Voltaire also has -- in common with Jonathan Swift -- the distinction of paving the way for science fiction 's philosophical irony , particularly in his Micromégas and the vignette Plato 's Dream ( 1756 ) . Voltaire at Frederick the Great 's Sanssouci , by Pierre Charles Baquoy In general , his criticism and miscellaneous writing show a similar style to Voltaire 's other works . Almost all of his more substantive works , whether in verse or prose , are preceded by prefaces of one sort or another , which are models of his caustic yet conversational tone . In a vast variety of nondescript pamphlets and writings , he displays his skills at journalism . In pure literary criticism his principal work is the Commentaire sur Corneille , although he wrote many more similar works -- sometimes ( as in his Life and Notices of Molière ) independently and sometimes as part of his Siècles . Voltaire 's works , especially his private letters , frequently contain the word `` l'infâme '' and the expression `` écrasez l'infâme '' , or `` crush the infamous '' . The phrase refers to abuses of the people by royalty and the clergy that Voltaire saw around him , and the superstition and intolerance that the clergy bred within the people . He had felt these effects in his own exiles , the burnings of his books and those of many others , and in the hideous sufferings of Jean Calas and François - Jean de la Barre . He stated in one of his most famous quotes that `` Superstition sets the whole world in flames ; philosophy quenches them . '' The most oft - cited Voltaire quotation is apocryphal . He is incorrectly credited with writing , `` I disapprove of what you say , but I will defend to the death your right to say it . '' These were not his words , but rather those of Evelyn Beatrice Hall , written under the pseudonym S.G. Tallentyre in her 1906 biographical book The Friends of Voltaire . Hall intended to summarize in her own words Voltaire 's attitude towards Claude Adrien Helvétius and his controversial book De l'esprit , but her first - person expression was mistaken for an actual quotation from Voltaire . Her interpretation does capture the spirit of Voltaire 's attitude towards Helvetius ; it had been said Hall 's summary was inspired by a quotation found in a 1770 Voltaire letter to an Abbot le Riche , in which he was reported to have said , `` I detest what you write , but I would give my life to make it possible for you to continue to write . '' Nevertheless , scholars believe there must have again been misinterpretation , as the letter does not seem to contain any such quote . Voltaire 's first major philosophical work in his battle against `` l'infâme '' was the Traité sur la tolérance ( Treatise on Tolerance ) , exposing the Calas affair , along with the tolerance exercised by other faiths and in other eras ( for example , by the Jews , the Romans , the Greeks and the Chinese ) . Then , in his Dictionnaire philosophique , containing such articles as `` Abraham '' , `` Genesis '' , `` Church Council '' , he wrote about what he perceived as the human origins of dogmas and beliefs , as well as inhuman behavior of religious and political institutions in shedding blood over the quarrels of competing sects . Amongst other targets , Voltaire criticized France 's colonial policy in North America , dismissing the vast territory of New France as `` a few acres of snow '' ( `` quelques arpents de neige '' ) . Letters ( edit ) Voltaire also engaged in an enormous amount of private correspondence during his life , totalling over 20,000 letters . Theodore Besterman 's collected edition of these letters , completed only in 1964 , fills 102 volumes . One historian called the letters `` a feast not only of wit and eloquence but of warm friendship , humane feeling , and incisive thought . '' In Voltaire 's correspondence with Catherine the Great he derided democracy . He wrote , `` Almost nothing great has ever been done in the world except by the genius and firmness of a single man combating the prejudices of the multitude . '' Religious views ( edit ) Part of a series on Criticism of religion By religion ( show ) Baha'i Faith Buddhism Christianity Christian fundamentalism Catholic Catholicism Protestantism Latter Day Saint movement Mormonism Jehovah 's Witnesses Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Seventh - day Adventist Unification Church Westboro Baptist Church Hinduism Islam Islamism Twelver Shi'ism Wahhabism Jainism Judaism Conservative Judaism New religious movement Scientology Sikhism Yazdânism Zoroastrianism By religious figure ( show ) Aisha Charles Taze Russell Ellen White Jesus Moses Muhammad Saul By text ( show ) Bible Quran Hadiths Mormon sacred texts Book of Mormon Talmud Religious violence ( show ) Buddhism Christianity Mormonism Judaism Islam Persecution By Christians Sectarian violence Segregation Terrorism Christian Hindu Islamic Sikh Jewish War In Islam In Judaism Related topics ( show ) Abuse Apostasy In Islam In Christianity Criticism of atheism Criticism of monotheism Sexuality Slavery Voltaire at 70 ; engraving from 1843 edition of his Philosophical Dictionary Like other key Enlightenment thinkers , Voltaire was a deist , expressing the idea : `` What is faith ? Is it to believe that which is evident ? No . It is perfectly evident to my mind that there exists a necessary , eternal , supreme , and intelligent being . This is no matter of faith , but of reason . '' Voltaire held mixed views of the Abrahamic religions but had a favourable view of Hinduism . In a 1763 essay , Voltaire supported the toleration of other religions and ethnicities : `` It does not require great art , or magnificently trained eloquence , to prove that Christians should tolerate each other . I , however , am going further : I say that we should regard all men as our brothers . What ? The Turk my brother ? The Chinaman my brother ? The Jew ? The Siam ? Yes , without doubt ; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God ? '' In one of his many denunciations of priests of every religious sect , Voltaire describes them as those who `` rise from an incestuous bed , manufacture a hundred versions of God , then eat and drink God , then piss and shit God . '' Christianity ( edit ) In a letter to Frederick II , King of Prussia , dated 5 January 1767 , he wrote about Christianity : La nôtre ( religion ) est sans contredit la plus ridicule , la plus absurde , et la plus sanguinaire qui ait jamais infecté le monde . `` Our ( religion ) is assuredly the most ridiculous , the most absurd and the most bloody religion which has ever infected this world . Your Majesty will do the human race an eternal service by extirpating this infamous superstition , I do not say among the rabble , who are not worthy of being enlightened and who are apt for every yoke ; I say among honest people , among men who think , among those who wish to think. ... My one regret in dying is that I can not aid you in this noble enterprise , the finest and most respectable which the human mind can point out . '' In La bible enfin expliquée , he expressed the following attitude to lay reading of the Bible : It is characteristic of fanatics who read the holy scriptures to tell themselves : God killed , so I must kill ; Abraham lied , Jacob deceived , Rachel stole : so I must steal , deceive , lie . But , wretch , you are neither Rachel , nor Jacob , nor Abraham , nor God ; you are just a mad fool , and the popes who forbade the reading of the Bible were extremely wise . Voltaire 's opinion of the Christian Bible was mixed . Although influenced by Socinian works such as the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum , Voltaire 's skeptical attitude to the Bible separated him from Unitarian theologians like Fausto Sozzini or even Biblical - political writers like John Locke . His statements on religion also brought down on him the fury of the Jesuits and in particular Claude - Adrien Nonnotte . This did not hinder his religious practice , though it did win for him a bad reputation in certain religious circles . The deeply Christian Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote to his father the year of Voltaire 's death , saying , `` The arch - scoundrel Voltaire has finally kicked the bucket ... '' . Voltaire was later deemed to influence Edward Gibbon in claiming that Christianity was a contributor to the fall of the Roman Empire in his book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire : As Christianity advances , disasters befall the ( Roman ) empire -- arts , science , literature , decay -- barbarism and all its revolting concomitants are made to seem the consequences of its decisive triumph -- and the unwary reader is conducted , with matchless dexterity , to the desired conclusion -- the abominable Manicheism of Candide , and , in fact , of all the productions of Voltaire 's historic school -- viz. , `` that instead of being a merciful , ameliorating , and benignant visitation , the religion of Christians would rather seem to be a scourge sent on man by the author of all evil . '' However , Voltaire also acknowledged the self - sacrifice of Christians . He wrote : `` Perhaps there is nothing greater on earth than the sacrifice of youth and beauty , often of high birth , made by the gentle sex in order to work in hospitals for the relief of human misery , the sight of which is so revolting to our delicacy . Peoples separated from the Roman religion have imitated but imperfectly so generous a charity . '' Yet `` His hatred of religion increased with the passage of years . The attack , launched at first against clericalism and theocracy , ended in a furious assault upon Holy Scripture , the dogmas of the Church , and even upon the person of Jesus Christ Himself , who was depicted now as a degenerate '' . The reasoning of which may be summed up in his well - known quote , `` Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities '' . Judaism ( edit ) According to Orthodox rabbi Joseph Telushkin , the most significant Enlightenment hostility against Judaism was found in Voltaire ; thirty of the 118 articles in his Dictionnaire philosophique dealt with Jews and described them in consistently negative ways . For example in Voltaire 's A Philosophical Dictionary , he wrote of Jews : `` In short , we find in them only an ignorant and barbarous people , who have long united the most sordid avarice with the most detestable superstition and the most invincible hatred for every people by whom they are tolerated and enriched . '' On the other hand , Peter Gay , a contemporary authority on the Enlightenment , also points to Voltaire 's remarks ( for instance , that the Jews were more tolerant than the Christians ) in the Traité sur la tolérance and surmises that `` Voltaire struck at the Jews to strike at Christianity '' . Whatever anti-semitism Voltaire may have felt , Gay suggests , derived from negative personal experience . Bertram Schwarzbach 's far more detailed studies of Voltaire 's dealings with Jewish people throughout his life concluded that he was anti-biblical , not anti-semitic . His remarks on the Jews and their `` superstitions '' were essentially no different from his remarks on Christians . Telushkin states that Voltaire did not limit his attack to aspects of Judaism that Christianity used as a foundation , repeatedly making it clear that he despised Jews . Arthur Hertzberg claims that Gay 's second suggestion is also untenable , as Voltaire himself denied its validity when he remarked that he had `` forgotten about much larger bankruptcies through Christians '' . Some authors link Voltaire 's anti-Judaism to his polygenism . According to Joxe Azurmendi this anti-Judaism has a relative importance in Voltaire 's philosophy of history . However , Voltaire 's anti-Judaism influences later authors like Ernest Renan . According to the historian Will Durant , Voltaire had initially condemned the persecution of Jews on several occasions including in his work Henriade . As stated by Durant , Voltaire had praised the simplicity , sobriety , regularity , and industry of Jews . However , subsequently , Voltaire had become strongly anti-Semitic after some regrettable personal financial transactions and quarrels with Jewish financiers . In his Essai sur les moeurs Voltaire had denounced the ancient Hebrews using strong language ; a Catholic priest had protested against this censure . The anti-Semitic passages in Voltaire 's Dictionnaire philosophique were criticized by Issac Pinto in 1762 . Subsequently , Voltaire agreed with the criticism of his anti-Semitic views and stated that he had been `` wrong to attribute to a whole nation the vices of some individuals '' ; he also promised to revise the objectionable passages for forthcoming editions of the Dictionnaire philosophique , but failed to do so . Islam ( edit ) Voltaire 's views about Islam remained negative as he considered the Qur'an to be ignorant of the laws of physics . In a 1740 letter to Frederick II of Prussia , Voltaire ascribes to Muhammad a brutality that `` is assuredly nothing any man can excuse '' and suggests that his following stemmed from superstition and lack of enlightenment . Voltaire continued in his letter , `` But that a camel - merchant should stir up insurrection in his village ; that in league with some miserable followers he persuades them that he talks with the angel Gabriel ; that he boasts of having been carried to heaven , where he received in part this unintelligible book , each page of which makes common sense shudder ; that , to pay homage to this book , he delivers his country to iron and flame ; that he cuts the throats of fathers and kidnaps daughters ; that he gives to the defeated the choice of his religion or death : this is assuredly nothing any man can excuse , at least if he was not born a Turk , or if superstition has not extinguished all natural light in him . '' -- Referring to Muhammad , in a letter to Frederick II of Prussia ( December 1740 ) , published in Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire , Vol. 7 ( 1869 ) , edited by Georges Avenel , p. 105 In 1748 , after having read Henri de Boulainvilliers and George Sale , he wrote again about Mohammed and Islam in an article , `` De l'Alcoran et de Mahomet '' ( On the Quran and on Mohammed ) . In the article , Voltaire maintained that Mohammed was a `` sublime charlatan '' Drawing also on complementary information in the `` Oriental Library '' of Herbelot , Voltaire , according to René Pomeau , had a judgement of the Qur'an where he found the book in spite of `` the contradictions , the absurdities , the anachronisms '' , `` rhapsody , without connection , without order , and without art '' . Thus he `` henceforward conceded '' that `` if his book was bad for our times and for us , it was very good for his contemporaries , and his religion even more so . It must be admitted that he removed almost all of Asia from idolatry '' and that `` it was difficult for such a simple and wise religion , taught by a man who was constantly victorious , could hardly fail to subjugate a portion of the earth . '' He considered that `` its civil laws are good ; its dogma is admirable which it has in common with ours '' but that `` his means are shocking ; deception and murder '' . Essay on the Manners and spirit of Nations ( edit ) Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations ( French : Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations ) is a work of Voltaire , published for the first time in its entirety in 1756 . In this work , Voltaire deals with the history of Europe before Charlemagne to the dawn of the age of Louis XIV , also evoking that of the colonies and the East . As a historian he devoted several chapters to Islam , Voltaire highlighted the Arabian , Turkish courts , and conducts . Here he called Mohammed a `` poet '' , and furthermore he was not an illiterate . As a `` legislator '' who `` changed the face of part of Europe , one half of Asia '' , In the chapter VI , Voltaire finds similarities between Arabs and ancient Hebrews , that they both kept running to battle in the name of god , and sharing the passion for booty and spoils . Voltaire continues that , `` It is to be believed that Mohammed , like all enthusiasts , violently struck by his ideas , first presented them in good faith , strengthened them with fantasy , fooled himself in fooling others , and supported through necessary deceptions a doctrine which he considered good . '' He thus compares `` the genius of the Arab people '' with `` the genius of the ancient Romans '' . Drama Mahomet ( edit ) Main article : Mahomet ( play ) The tragedy Fanaticism , or Mahomet the Prophet ( French : Le fanatisme , ou Mahomet le Prophete ) was written in 1736 by Voltaire . The play is a study of religious fanaticism and self - serving manipulation . The character Muhammad orders the murder of his critics . Voltaire described the play as `` written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect '' . Voltaire described Muhammad as an `` impostor '' , a `` false prophet '' , a `` fanatic '' and a `` hypocrite '' . Defending the play , Voltaire said that he `` tried to show in it into what horrible excesses fanaticism , led by an impostor , can plunge weak minds '' . When Voltaire wrote in 1742 to César de Missy , he described Mohammed as a `` deceitful character . '' In his play , Mohammed was `` whatever trickery can invent that is most atrocious and whatever fanaticism can accomplish that is most horrifying . Mahomet here is nothing other than Tartuffe with armies at his command . '' After later having judged that he had made Mohammed in his play `` somewhat nastier than he really was '' , Voltaire claims that Muhammad stole the idea of an angel weighing both men and women from Zoroastrians , who are often referred to as `` Magi '' . Voltaire continues about Islam , saying : `` Nothing is more terrible than a people who , having nothing to lose , fight in the united spirit of rapine and of religion . '' In a 1745 letter recommending the play to Pope Benedict XIV , Voltaire described Muhammad as `` the founder of a false and barbarous sect '' and `` a false prophet . '' Voltaire wrote : `` Your holiness will pardon the liberty taken by one of the lowest of the faithful , though a zealous admirer of virtue , of submitting to the head of the true religion this performance , written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect . To whom could I with more propriety inscribe a satire on the cruelty and errors of a false prophet , than to the vicar and representative of a God of truth and mercy ? '' . His view was modified slightly for Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations , although they remained negative . In 1751 , Voltaire performed his play Mohamet once again , with great success . Hinduism ( edit ) Commenting on the sacred texts of the Hindus , the Vedas , Voltaire observed : The Veda was the most precious gift for which the West had ever been indebted to the East . He regarded Hindus as `` ( a ) peaceful and innocent people , equally incapable of hurting others or of defending themselves '' . Voltaire was himself a supporter of animal rights and was a vegetarian . He used the antiquity of Hinduism to land what he saw as a devastating blow to the Bible 's claims and acknowledged that the Hindus ' treatment of animals showed a shaming alternative to the immorality of European imperialists . Views on race and slavery ( edit ) Voltaire rejected the biblical Adam and Eve story and was a polygenist who speculated that each race had entirely separate origins . According to William Cohen , like most other polygenists , Voltaire believed that because of their different origins blacks did not entirely share the natural humanity of whites . According to David Allen Harvey , Voltaire often invoked racial differences as a means to attack religious orthodoxy , and the Biblical account of creation . His most famous remark on slavery is found in Candide , where the hero is horrified to learn `` at what price we eat sugar in Europe '' after coming across a slave in French Guinea who has been mutilated for escaping , who opines that , if all human beings have common origins as the Bible taught , it makes them cousins , concluding that `` no one could treat their relatives more horribly '' . Elsewhere , he wrote caustically about `` whites and Christians ( who ) proceed to purchase negroes cheaply , in order to sell them dear in America '' . Voltaire has been accused of supporting the slave trade as per a letter attributed to him , although it has been suggested that this letter is a forgery `` since no satisfying source attests to the letter 's existence . '' In his Philosophical Dictionary , Voltaire endorses Montesquieu 's criticism of the slave trade : Montesquieu was almost always in error with the learned , because he was not learned , but he was almost always right against the fanatics and the promoters of slavery . Appreciation and influence ( edit ) According to Victor Hugo : `` To name Voltaire is to characterize the entire eighteenth century . '' Goethe regarded Voltaire to be the greatest literary figure in modern times , and possibly of all times . According to Diderot , Voltaire 's influence on posterity would extend far into the future . Napoleon commented that till he was sixteen he `` would have fought for Rousseau against the friends of Voltaire , today it is the opposite ... The more I read Voltaire the more I love him . He is a man always reasonable , never a charlatan , never a fanatic . '' Frederick the Great commented on his good fortune for having lived in the age of Voltaire , and corresponded with him throughout his reign until Voltaire 's death . Catherine the Great had been reading Voltaire for sixteen years prior to becoming Empress of Russia in 1762 . In October 1763 , she began a correspondence with the philosopher that continued till his death . The content of these letters has been described as being akin to a student writing to a teacher . Upon Voltaire 's death , the Empress purchased his library , which was then transported and placed in The Hermitage . In England , Voltaire 's views influenced Godwin , Paine , Mary Wollstonecraft , Bentham , Byron and Shelley . Macaulay made note of the fear that Voltaire 's very name incited in tyrants and fanatics . In his native Paris , Voltaire was viewed as the defender of Jean Calas and Pierre Sirven . Although he failed in securing the annulment of la Barre 's execution for `` blasphemies '' against Christianity , despite a protracted campaign , the criminal code that sanctioned the execution was revised during Voltaire 's lifetime . In 1764 , Voltaire successfully intervened and secured the release of Claude Chamont for the crime of attending Protestant services . When Comte de Lally was executed for treason in 1766 , Voltaire wrote a 300 - page document absolving de Lally . Subsequently , in 1778 , the judgment against de Lally was expunged just before Voltaire 's death . The Genevan Protestant minister Pomaret once said to Voltaire , `` You seem to attack Christianity , and yet you do the work of a Christian . '' Frederick the Great noted the significance of a philosopher capable of influencing judges to change their unjust decisions , commenting that this alone is sufficient to ensure the prominence of Voltaire as a humanitarian . Most architects of modern America were adherents of Voltaire 's views . According to Will Durant : Italy had a Renaissance , and Germany had a Reformation , but France had Voltaire ; he was for his country both Renaissance and Reformation , and half the Revolution . He was first and best in his time in his conception and writing of history , in the grace of his poetry , in the charm and wit of his prose , in the range of his thought and his influence . His spirit moved like a flame over the continent and the century , and stirs a million souls in every generation . Voltaire and Rousseau ( edit ) Voltaire 's junior contemporary Jean Jacques Rousseau commented on how Voltaire 's book Letters on the English played a great role in his intellectual development . Having written some literary works and also some music , in December 1745 Rousseau wrote a letter introducing himself to Voltaire , who was by then the most prominent literary figure in France , to which Voltaire replied with a polite response . Subsequently , when Rousseau sent Voltaire a copy of his book Discourse on Inequality , Voltaire replied , noting his disagreement with the views expressed in the book : No one has ever employed so much intellect to persuade men to be beasts . In reading your work one is seized with a desire to walk on four paws ( marcher à quatre pattes ) . However , as it is more than sixty years since I lost that habit , I feel , unfortunately , that it is impossible for me to resume it . Subsequently , commenting on Rousseau 's romantic novel Julie , or the New Heloise , Voltaire stated : No more about Jean - Jacques ' romance if you please . I have read it , to my sorrow , and it would be to his if I had time to say what I think of this silly book . Voltaire speculated that the first half of Julie had been written in a brothel and the second half in a lunatic asylum . In his Lettres sur La Nouvelle Heloise , written under a pseudonym , Voltaire offered criticism highlighting grammatical mistakes in the book : Paris recognized Voltaire 's hand and judged the patriarch to be bitten by jealousy . In reviewing Rousseau 's book Emile after its publication , Voltaire dismissed it as `` a hodgepodge of a silly wet nurse in four volumes , with forty pages against Christianity , among the boldest ever known . '' However , he expressed admiration for the section in this book titled Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar , calling it `` fifty good pages ... it is regrettable that they should have been written by ... such a knave . '' He went on to predict that Emile would be forgotten after a month . In 1764 , Rousseau published Lettres de la montagne , containing nine letters on religion and politics . In the fifth letter he wondered why Voltaire had not been able to imbue the Genevan councilors , who frequently met him , `` with that spirit of tolerance which he preaches without cease , and of which he sometimes has need '' . The letter continued with an imaginary speech delivered by Voltaire , imitating his literary style , in which he accepts authorship for the book Sermon of the Fifty -- a book whose authorship Voltaire had repeatedly denied because it contained many heresies . In 1772 , when a priest sent Rousseau a pamphlet denouncing Voltaire , Rousseau responded with a defense of Voltaire : He has said and done so many good things that we should draw the curtain over his irregularities . In 1778 , when Voltaire was given unprecedented honors at the Théâtre - Français , an acquaintance of Rousseau ridiculed the event . This was met by a sharp retort from Rousseau : How dare you mock the honors rendered to Voltaire in the temple of which he is the god , and by the priests who for fifty years have been living off his masterpieces ? On 2 July 1778 , Rousseau died one month after Voltaire 's death . In October 1794 , Rousseau 's remains were moved to the Panthéon , where they were placed near the remains of Voltaire . Louis XVI , while incarcerated in the Temple , had remarked that Rousseau and Voltaire had `` destroyed France '' , by which he meant his dynasty . Legacy ( edit ) Voltaire , by Jean - Antoine Houdon , 1778 ( National Gallery of Art ) Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective , the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt , the commoners as ignorant and superstitious , and the Church as a static and oppressive force useful only on occasion as a counterbalance to the rapacity of kings , although all too often , even more rapacious itself . Voltaire distrusted democracy , which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the masses . Voltaire long thought only an enlightened monarch could bring about change , given the social structures of the time and the extremely high rates of illiteracy , and that it was in the king 's rational interest to improve the education and welfare of his subjects . But his disappointments and disillusions with Frederick the Great changed his philosophy somewhat , and soon gave birth to one of his most enduring works , his novella Candide , ou l'Optimisme ( Candide , or Optimism , 1759 ) , which ends with a new conclusion : `` It is up to us to cultivate our garden . '' His most polemical and ferocious attacks on intolerance and religious persecutions indeed began to appear a few years later . Candide was also burned and Voltaire jokingly claimed the actual author was a certain ' Demad ' in a letter , where he reaffirmed the main polemical stances of the text . He is remembered and honoured in France as a courageous polemicist who indefatigably fought for civil rights ( as the right to a fair trial and freedom of religion ) and who denounced the hypocrisies and injustices of the Ancien Régime . The Ancien Régime involved an unfair balance of power and taxes between the three Estates : clergy and nobles on one side , the commoners and middle class , who were burdened with most of the taxes , on the other . He particularly had admiration for the ethics and government as exemplified by the Chinese philosopher Confucius . Voltaire is also known for many memorable aphorisms , such as `` Si Dieu n'existait pas , il faudrait l'inventer '' ( `` If God did not exist , it would be necessary to invent him '' ) , contained in a verse epistle from 1768 , addressed to the anonymous author of a controversial work on The Three Impostors . But far from being the cynical remark it is often taken for , it was meant as a retort to atheistic opponents such as d'Holbach , Grimm , and others . He has had his detractors among his later colleagues . The Scottish Victorian writer Thomas Carlyle argued that `` Voltaire read history , not with the eye of devout seer or even critic , but through a pair of mere anti-catholic spectacles . '' The town of Ferney , where Voltaire lived out the last 20 years of his life , was officially named Ferney - Voltaire in honour of its most famous resident in 1878 . His château is a museum . Voltaire 's library is preserved intact in the National Library of Russia at Saint Petersburg , Russia . In the Zurich of 1916 , the theatre and performance group who would become the early avant - garde movement Dada named their theater The Cabaret Voltaire . A late - 20th - century industrial music group then named themselves after the theater . Astronomers have bestowed his name to the Voltaire crater on Deimos and the asteroid 5676 Voltaire . Voltaire was also known to have been an advocate for coffee , as he was reported to have drunk it 50 -- 72 times per day . It has been suggested that high amounts of caffeine acted as a mental stimulant to his creativity . His great - grand - niece was the mother of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin , a Catholic philosopher and Jesuit priest . His book Candide was listed as one of The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written , by Martin Seymour - Smith . In the 1950s , the bibliographer and translator Theodore Besterman started to collect , transcribe and publish all of Voltaire 's writings . He founded the Voltaire Institute and Museum in Geneva where he began publishing collected volumes of Voltaire 's correspondence . On his death in 1976 , he left his collection to the University of Oxford , where the Voltaire Foundation became established as a department . The Foundation has continued to publish the Complete Works of Voltaire , a complete chronological series which is expected to reach completion in 2018 , reaching around 200 volumes , fifty years after the series began . It also publishes the series Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment , begun by Bestermann as Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century , which has reached more than 500 volumes . Chronology ( edit ) Timeline of François Marie Arouet ( `` Voltaire '' ) ( 1694 -- 1778 ) ( hide ) Works ( edit ) Philosophical works ( edit ) Letters concerning the English nation ( London , 1733 ) ( French version entitled Lettres philosophiques sur les Anglais , Rouen , 1734 ) , revised as Letters on the English ( circa 1778 ) Le Mondain ( 1736 ) Sept Discours en Vers sur l'Homme ( 1738 ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton ( 1745 ) Zadig ( 1747 ) Micromégas ( 1752 ) Candide ( 1759 ) Traité sur la tolérance ( 1763 ) Ce qui plaît aux dames ( 1764 ) Dictionnaire philosophique ( 1764 ) Questions sur les Miracles ( 1765 ) Idées républicaines ( 1765 ) L'Ingénu ( 1767 ) La Princesse de Babylone ( 1768 ) Des singularités de la nature ( 1768 ) Plays ( edit ) Voltaire wrote between fifty and sixty plays , including a few unfinished ones . Among them are these : Œdipe ( 1718 ) Mariamne ( 1724 ) Éryphile ( 1732 ) Zaïre ( 1732 ) Mahomet ( 1741 ) Mérope ( 1743 ) La princesse de Navarre ( 1745 ) Nanine ( 1749 ) L'Orphelin de la Chine ( 1755 ) Socrate ( published 1759 ) La Femme Qui a Raison ( 1759 ) Irène ( 1778 ) Historical ( edit ) History of Charles XII , King of Sweden ( 1731 ) The Age of Louis XIV ( 1751 ) The Age of Louis XV ( 1746 -- 1752 ) Annals of the Empire -- Charlemagne , AD 742 -- Henry VII 1313 , Vol . I ( 1754 ) Annals of the Empire -- Louis of Bavaria , 1315 to Ferdinand II 1631 Vol. II ( 1754 ) Essay on Universal History , the Manners , and Spirit of Nations ( 1756 ) History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great ( Vol . I 1759 ; Vol. II 1763 ) See also ( edit ) Poetry portal Biography portal Boulevard Voltaire Classical liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Mononymous persons Voltaire Foundation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Contrary to the idea that Voltaire wrote the Letters in English , they were written in French and then translated into English by John Lockman . Jump up ^ Diderot , in a letter to E.M. Falconet , dated 15 February 1766 : Pile assumptions on assumptions ; accumulate wars on wars ; make interminable disturbances succeed to interminable disturbances ; let the universe be inundated by a general spirit of confusion ; and it would take a hundred thousand years for the works and the name of Voltaire to be lost . Jump up ^ Macaulay , in his essay on Frederick the Great : In truth , of all the intellectual weapons that have been wielded by man , the most terrible was the mockery of Voltaire . Bigots and tyrants , who had never been moved by the wailings and cursing of millions , turned pale at his name . Jump up ^ `` From that haven of neighborly peace their spirits rose to renew their war for the soul of the Revolution , of France , and of Western man , '' writes Will Durant . Jump up ^ In a celebrated letter , dated 2 April 1764 , Voltaire had predicted the future occurrence of the French Revolution which he characterized as `` a splendid outburst . '' Commenting on this , Will Durant wrote : Yet ... he never for a moment supposed that in this `` splendid outburst '' all France would accept enthusiastically the philosophy of this queer Jean - Jacques Rousseau who , from Geneva and Paris , was thrilling the world with sentimental romances and revolutionary pamphlets . The complex soul of France seemed to have divided itself into these two men , so different and yet so French . Nietzsche speaks of `` la gaya scienza , the light feet , wit , fire , grace , strong logic , arrogant intellectuality , the dance of the stars '' -- surely he was thinking of Voltaire . Now beside Voltaire put Rousseau : all heat and fantasy , a man with noble and jejune visions , the idol of la bourgeois gentile - femme , announcing like Pascal that the heart has its reason which the head can never understand . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voltaire '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Biography Online Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 9 -- 14 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 9 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 10 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 12 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Voltaire '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 32 -- 33 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 36 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 43 , 45 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Martin ( 2000 ) . `` Toleration and the Enlightenment Movement '' in Grell / Porter , Toleration in Enlightenment Europe , p. 64 , footnote 91 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Shank , J.B. ( 2009 ) . `` Voltaire '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Marvin Perry et al ( 2015 ) , Western Civilization : Ideas , Politics , and Society , Volume II , ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 09142 - 9 , p. 427 Jump up ^ Christopher Thacker ( 1971 ) . Voltaire . Profiles in literature series . Taylor & Francis . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 7020 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 17 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 24 Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2000 ) . Sidetracks : Explorations of a Romantic Biographer . HarperCollins . pp. 345 -- 66 . and `` Voltaire 's Grin '' in New York Review of Books , 30 November 1995 , pp. 49 -- 55 Jump up ^ -- `` Voltaire to Jean Baptiste Rousseau , c. 1 March 1719 '' . Electronic Enlightenment . Ed . Robert McNamee et al. Vers . 2.1 . University of Oxford . 2010 . Web . 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ -- `` The appendixes offer even more : a listing of Voltaire 's and Daniel Defoe 's numerous pseudonyms ( 178 and 198 , respectively ) ... '' Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 54 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 55 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 57 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 59 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 61 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 64 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 65 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 66 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 66 -- 67 ^ Jump up to : `` The Life of Voltaire '' . Thegreatdebate.org.uk . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Voltaire in England '' Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 67 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 76 , 80 , 83 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 82 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 78 -- 82 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 77 Jump up ^ Dobre and Nyden suggest that there is no clear evidence that Voltaire was present ; see Mihnea Dobre , Tammy Nyden ( 2013 ) . Cartesian Empiricism . Springer . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 7690 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 85 Jump up ^ Shank , J.B. ( 2008 ) . The Newton Wars . U of Chicago Press . p. 260 . ISBN 9780226749471 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Ian ( 2010 ) . Voltaire : A Life . Profile Books , London . p. 76 . ISBN 9781846682261 . Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 87 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 92 -- 93 , 95 ^ Jump up to : Pearson , p. 97 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 99 Jump up ^ Shank , J.B. ( 2008 ) . The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment . University of Chicago Press . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 74945 - 7 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Stacy . `` ' Voltaire In Love ' : An Ardent , Intellectual Affair '' . npr books . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 117 -- 21 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 122 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 155 , 157 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 128 , 138 -- 39 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 138 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 137 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 153 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ Bryant , Walter W. ( 1907 ) . A History of Astronomy . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 129 -- 30 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 143 -- 44 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 151 -- 52 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 162 -- 64 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 166 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 167 -- 70 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 173 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 175 -- 77 Jump up ^ Ian Davidson ( 1979 ) . Voltaire in Exile . Grove Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4236 - 8 . Jump up ^ Will and Ariel Durant ( 2011 ) . The Age of Voltaire . Simon & Schuster . p. 392 . ISBN 9781451647662 . Jump up ^ Ian Davidson ( 1979 ) . Voltaire in Exile . Grove Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4236 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 214 -- 17 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 218 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 219 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 217 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 220 -- 21 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 221 -- 22 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 225 -- 229 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 229 -- 230 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 232 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mitford , Nancy ( 1970 ) Frederick the Great pp. 184 -- 85 , 269 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 236 -- 37 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 238 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 244 -- 45 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 247 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 263 -- 64 Jump up ^ The Scottish diarist Boswell recorded their conversations in 1764 , which are published in Boswell and the Grand Tour . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 284 -- 90 Jump up ^ Jasper Ridley ( 2011 ) . The Freemasons : A History of the World 's Most Powerful Secret Society . Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61145 - 010 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` I did not know that : Mason Facts '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Voltaire on British Columbia Grand Lodge Site '' . Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 364 -- 65 , 371 -- 72 Jump up ^ Peter Gay , The Enlightenment -- An Interpretation , Volume 2 : The Science of Freedom , Wildwood House , London , 1973 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Bulston , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Teach What You Believe . Paulist Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4481 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/08/13/no-enemies/ Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 386 -- 87 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 388 -- 89 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 388 , 391 Jump up ^ Pearson , pp. 411 -- 16 Jump up ^ Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 5th ed , 1954 ; `` Cornu '' article Jump up ^ Guillaume de Syon , `` Voltaire , '' in Kelly Boyd . ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 1270 -- 72 . ISBN 9781884964336 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sakmann , Paul ( 1971 ) . `` The Problems of Historical Method and of Philosophy of History in Voltaire '' . History and Theory . 11 ( 4 ) : 24 -- 59 . JSTOR 2504245 . Jump up ^ Gay , Peter ( 1988 ) Voltaire 's Politics Jump up ^ Gay , Peter ( 1957 ) . `` Carl Becker 's Heavenly City '' . Political Science Quarterly . 72 : 182 -- 99 . JSTOR 2145772 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph , A Treatise on Toleration and Other Essays ( Amherst : Prometheus Books 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 87975 - 881 - 3 pg . viii . Jump up ^ Palmer , R.R. ; Colton , Joel ( 1950 ) . A History of the Modern World . McGraw - Hill , Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 040826 - 2 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parrinder . The Routledge Dictionary of Religious and Spiritual Quotations . Routledge . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Boller , Jr. , Paul F. ; George , John ( 1989 ) . They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes , Misquotes , and Misleading Attributions . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505541 - 1 . Jump up ^ Charles Wirz , archivist at the Voltaire Institute and Museum in Geneva , recalled in 1994 , that Hall ' wrongly ' placed this quotation between speech marks in two of her works about Voltaire , recognising expressly the quotation in question was not one , in a letter of 9 May 1939 , which was published in 1943 in volume LVIII under the title `` Voltaire never said it '' ( pp. 534 -- 35 ) of the review Modern language notes , Johns Hopkins Press , 1943 , Baltimore . An extract from the letter : ' The phrase `` I disapprove of what you say , but I will defend to the death your right to say it '' which you have found in my book Voltaire in His Letters is my own expression and should not have been put in inverted commas . Please accept my apologies for having , quite unintentionally , misled you into thinking I was quoting a sentence used by Voltaire ( or anyone else but myself ) . ' The words `` my own '' were underlined personally by Hall in her letter . To believe certain commentators -- Norbert Guterman , A Book of French Quotations , 1963 -- Hall was referencing back to a Voltaire letter of 6 February 1770 to an abbot le Riche where Voltaire supposedly said , `` Reverend , I hate what you write , but I will give my life so that you can continue to write . '' The problem is that , if you consult the letter itself , the sentence there does not appear , nor even the idea : `` AM LE RICHE A AMIENS. 6 February . You left , Sir , des Welches for des Welches . You will find everywhere barbarians obstinate . The number of wise will always be small . It is true ... it has increased ; but it is nothing in comparison with the stupid ones ; and , by misfortune , one says that God is always for the big battalions . It is necessary that the decent people stick together and stay under cover . There are no means that their small troop could tackle the party of the fanatics in open country . I was very sick , I was near death every winter ; this is the reason , Sir , why I have answered you so late . I am not less touched by it than your memory . Continue to me your friendship ; it comforts me my evils and stupidities of the human genre . Receive my assurances , etc . '' Voltaire , however , did not hesitate to wish censure against slander and personal libels . Here is what he writes in his `` Atheism '' article in the Dictionnaire philosophique : `` Aristophanes ( this man that the commentators admire because he was Greek , not thinking that Socrates was Greek also ) , Aristophanes was the first who accustomed the Athenians to consider Socrates an atheist. ... The tanners , the shoemakers and the dressmakers of Athens applauded a joke in which one represented Socrates raised in the air in a basket , announcing there was God , and praising himself to have stolen a coat by teaching philosophy . A whole people , whose bad government authorized such infamous licences , deserved well what it got , to become the slave of the Romans , and today of the Turks . '' Jump up ^ Brumfitt , J.H. ( 1965 ) . `` The Present State of Voltaire Studies '' . Forum for Modern Language Studies . Court of the University of St Andrews . I ( 3 ) : 230 . doi : 10.1093 / fmls / I. 3.230 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Will and Ariel Durant , Rousseau and Revolution ( 1967 ) , p. 138 Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. ( 2011 ) . Catherine the Great : Portrait of a Woman . New York : Random House . p. 335 Jump up ^ `` Voltaire '' . Deism.com. 25 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Voltaire . W. Dugdale , A Philosophical Dictionary ver 2 , 1843 , p. 473 sec 1 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Voltaire ( 1763 ) A Treatise on Toleration ^ Jump up to : Ruthven , Malise . `` Voltaire 's Fanaticism , or Mahomet the Prophet : A New Translation ; Preface : Voltaire and Islam '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire , Volume 7 . 1869 . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Chris ( 2009 ) . Modern Satanism : Anatomy of a Radical Subculture . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Coakley , Sarah ( 2012 ) . Faith , Rationality and the Passions . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Cronk , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire . Cambridge University Press . p. 199 . Jump up ^ R.E. Florida Voltaire and the Socinians 1974 `` Voltaire from his very first writings on the subject of religion showed a libertine scorn of scripture , which he never lost . This set him apart from Socinianism even though he admired the simplicity of Socinian theology as well as their ... '' . Jump up ^ The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , Retirement Series : Volume 7 : 28 November 1813 to 30 September 1814 : Volume 7 : 28 November 1813 to 30 September 1814 . Princeton University Press . p. 27 . edited by J. Jefferson Looney Jump up ^ Les chrétiens n'avaient regardé jusqu'à présent le fameux Mahomet que comme un heureux brigand , un imposteur habile , un législateur presque toujours extravagant . Quelques Savants de ce siècle , sur la foi des rapsodies arabesques , ont entrepris de le venger de l'injustice que lui font nos écrivains . Ils nous le donnent comme un génie sublime , et comme un homme des plus admirables , par la grandeur de ses entreprises , de ses vue , de ses succès , Claude - Adrien Nonnotte Jump up ^ Les erreurs de Voltaire , Jacquenod père et Rusand , 1770 , Vol I , p. 70 . Jump up ^ M. de Voltaire nous assure qu'il ( Mahomet ) avait une éloquence vive et forte , des yeux perçants , une physionomie heureuse , l'intrépidité d'Alexandre , la libéralité et la sobriété dont Alexandre aurait eu besoin pour être un grand homme en tout ... Il nous représente Mahomet comme un homme qui a eu la gloire de tirer presque toute l'Asie des ténèbres de l'idolâtrie . Il extrait quelques paroles de divers endroits de l'Alcoran , dont il admire le Sublime . Il trouve que sa loi est extrêmement sage , que ses lois civiles sont bonnes et que son dogme est admirable en ce qu'il se conforme avec le nôtre . Enfin pour prémunir les lecteurs contre tout ce que les Chrétiens ont dit méchamment de Mahomet , il avertit que ce ne sont guère que des sottises débitées par des moines ignorants et insensés. , Nonnotte , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Keffe , Simon P. ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Mozart . Cambridge Companions to Music . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00192 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dublin review : a quarterly and critical journal . Burns , Oates and Washbourne. 1840 . pp. 208 -- . JItKAAAAcAAJ . p. 208 image at Google Books Jump up ^ Thomas E. Woods , How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization ( Regnery Publishing 2005 ) pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Daniel - Rops , Henri ( 1964 ) . History of the Church of Christ . Dutton . p. 47 . His ( Voltaire 's ) hatred of religion increased with the passage of years . The attack , launched at first against clericalism and theocracy , ended in a furious assault upon Holy Scripture , the dogmas of the Church , and even upon the person of Jesus Christ Himself , who was depicted now as a degenerate ^ Jump up to : Prager , D ; Telushkin , J. Why the Jews ? : The Reason for Antisemitism . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1983 . pp. 128 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Poliakov , L. The History of Anti-Semitism : From Voltaire to Wagner . Routledge & Kegan Paul , Ltd. , 1975 ( translated ) . pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , François - Marie . Essai sur les Moeurs . See also : Voltaire , François - Marie . Dictionnaire Philosophique . Jump up ^ Voltaire. 1843 . A Philosophical Dictionary page 94 Jump up ^ Gay , P . The Party of Humanity : Essays in the French Enlightenment . Alfred Knopf , 1964 . pp. 103 -- 05 . Jump up ^ ( Schwarzbach , Bertram ) , `` Voltaire et les juifs : bilan et plaidoyer '' , Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century ( SVEC ) 358 , Oxford Jump up ^ Hertzberg , A . The French Enlightenment and the Jews . Columbia University , 1968 . p. 284 . Jump up ^ Azurmendi , Joxe ( 2014 ) . Historia , arraza , nazioa . Donostia : Elkar . pp. 177 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9027 - 297 - 8 Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 629 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 630 . Jump up ^ Gunny , Ahmad ( 1996 ) . Images of Islam in 18th Century Writings . However , Islam still remains a false religion in Voltaire 's eyes -- he claims that the Quran betrays ignorance of the most elementary laws of physics . Jump up ^ `` Oeuvres completes de Voltaire : Voltaire : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Archive.org. 10 March 2001 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomeau . Voltaire en son temps . Jump up ^ Written and published in 1748 in Volume IV of the Œuvres de Voltaire , following his Tragedy of Mahomet . Jump up ^ Fareed Ali Haddawy , Hussain ( 1962 ) . English Arabesque : The Oriental Mode in Eighteenth - century English Literature . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Ormsby , F.E. ( 1899 ) . Planets and People , Volume 5 , Issue 1 . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias ; Morley , John ( 1901 ) . The Works of Voltaire : A philosophical dictionary . p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Pomeau , René ( 1995 ) La religion de Voltaire . A.G Nizet . ISBN 2707803316 . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias ; Morley , John ( 1901 ) . The Works of Voltaire : A philosophical dictionary . pp. 102 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Pomeau , René ( 1995 ) La religion de Voltaire . A.G Nizet . ISBN 2707803316 . pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Essais sur les Mœurs , 1756 , Chap . VI . -- De l'Arabie et de Mahomet . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Essais sur les Mœurs , 1756 , Chap . VII . -- De l'Alcoran , et de la loi musulmane . Examen si la religion musulmane était nouvelle , et si elle a été persécutante . ^ Jump up to : The history of Charles xii . king of Sweden ( tr. and abridged by A. Henderson from the work by F.M.A. de Voltaire ) . 1734 . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Shah Kazemi , Reza . The Spirit of Tolerance in Islam . pp. 5 -- 6 . Voltaire also ' pointed out that no Christian state allowed the presence of a mosque ; but that the Ottoman state was filled with Churches . ' Jump up ^ Avez - vous oublié que ce poète était astronome , et qu'il réforma le calendrier des Arabes ? , Lettre civile et honnête à l'auteur malhonnête de la `` Critique de l'histoire universelle de M. de Voltaire '' ( 1760 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 24 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Voltaire ( 1824 ) . A Philosophical Dictionary , Volume 1 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Ce fut certainement un très grand homme , et qui forma de grands hommes . Il fallait qu'il fût martyr ou conquérant , il n'y avait pas de milieu . Il vainquit toujours , et toutes ses victoires furent remportées par le petit nombre sur le grand . Conquérant , législateur , monarque et pontife , il joua le plus grand rôle qu'on puisse jouer sur la terre aux yeux du commun des hommes ; mais les sages lui préféreront toujours Confutzée , précisément parce qu'il ne fut rien de tout cela , et qu'il se contenta d'enseigner la morale la plus pure à une nation plus ancienne , plus nombreuse , et plus policée que la nation arabe. , Remarques pour servir de supplément à l'Essai sur les Mœurs ( 1763 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 24 , chap. 9 - De Mahomet , p. 590 . Jump up ^ J'ai dit qu'on reconnut Mahomet pour un grand homme ; rien n'est plus impie , dites - vous . Je vous répondrai que ce n'est pas ma faute si ce petit homme a changé la face d'une partie du monde , s'il a gagné des batailles contre des armées dix fois plus nombreuses que les siennes , s'il a fait trembler l'Empire romain , s'il a donné les premiers coups à ce colosse que ses successeurs ont écrasé , et s'il a été législateur de l'Asie , de l'Afrique , et d'une partie de l'Europe. , `` Lettre civile et honnête à l'auteur malhonnête de la Critique de l'histoire universelle . Voltaire ( 1760 ) , in Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 24 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Gunny , Ahmad ( 1996 ) . Images of Islam in 18th Century Writings . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Allen Harvey , David . The French Enlightenment and Its Others : The Mandarin , the Savage , and the Invention of the Human Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Essai sur les Mœurs et l'Esprit des Nations '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire . Moland , 1875 , Vol. 11 , chap . VII - De l'Alcoran , et de la loi musulmane , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Il est évident que le génie du peuple arabe , mis en mouvement par Mahomet , fit tout de lui - même pendant près de trois siècles , et ressembla en cela au génie des anciens Romains. , `` Essais sur les Mœurs '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 11 , chap . VI - De l'Arabie et de Mahomet , p. 237 . et écrit que `` dans nos siècles de barbarie et d'ignorance , qui suivirent la décadence et le déchirement de l'Empire romain , nous reçûmes presque tout des Arabes : astronomie , chimie , médecine Préface de l'Essai sur l'Histoire universelle '' ( 1754 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 24 , p. 49 . Si ces Ismaélites ressemblaient aux Juifs par l'enthousiasme et la soif du pillage , ils étaient prodigieusement supérieurs par le courage , par la grandeur d'âme , par la magnanimité. , `` Essai sur les Mœurs et l'Esprit des Nations '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 11 , chap . VI - De l'Arabie et de Mahomet , p. 231 . et que `` dès le second siècle de Mahomet , il fallut que les chrétiens d'Occident s'instruisissent chez les musulmans '' Essais sur les Mœurs '' ( 1756 ) , dans Œuvres complètes de Voltaire , Voltaire , éd . Moland , 1875 , t . 11 , chap . VI - De l'Arabie et de Mahomet , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Mahomet the Prophet or Fanaticism : A Tragedy in Five Acts , trans . Robert L. Myers , ( New York : Frederick Ungar , 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Voltaire Letter to Benedict XIV written in Paris on 17 August 1745 : `` Your holiness will pardon the liberty taken by one of the lowest of the faithful , though a zealous admirer of virtue , of submitting to the head of the true religion this performance , written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect . To whom could I with more propriety inscribe a satire on the cruelty and errors of a false prophet , than to the vicar and representative of a God of truth and mercy ? Your holiness will therefore give me leave to lay at your feet both the piece and the author of it , and humbly to request your protection of the one , and your benediction upon the other ; in hopes of which , with the profoundest reverence , I kiss your sacred feet . '' Jump up ^ Voltaire , Le Fanatisme ou Mahomet le prophète ( 1741 ) , Œuvres complètes . Garnier , 1875 , Vol. 4 , p135 . Jump up ^ Mahomet le fanatique , le cruel , le fourbe , et , à la honte des hommes , le grand , qui de garçon marchand devient prophète , législateur et monarque , ( Mohammed the fanatic , the cruel , the deceiver , and to men 's shame , the great , who from a grocer 's boy became a prophet , a legislator and a monarch ) . Recueil des Lettres de Voltaire ( 1739 -- 1741 ) , Voltaire , Sanson et Compagnie , 1792 , Lettre à M. De Cideville , conseiller honoraire du parlement ( 5 mai 1740 ) , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Voltaire in His Letters : Being a Selection from His Correspondence . p. 74 . translated and edited by Evelyn Beatrice Hall Jump up ^ Gunny , Ahmad ( 1996 ) . Images of Islam in 18th Century Writings . He expanded on this idea in his letter to César de Missy ( Ist September 1742 ) where he described Mahomet as a deceitful character . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Lettres inédites de Voltaire , Didier , 1856 , Vol 1 , Letter to César De Missy , 1 September 1743 , p. 450 . Jump up ^ `` The Atheist 's Bible '' , p. 198 , by Georges Minois , 2012 Jump up ^ Je sais que Mahomet n'a pas tramé précisément l'espèce de trahison qui fait le sujet de cette tragédie ... Je n'ai pas prétendu mettre seulement une action vraie sur la scène , mais des mœurs vraies , faire penser les hommes comme ils pensent dans les circonstances où ils se trouvent , et représenter enfin ce que la fourberie peut inventer de plus atroce , et ce que le Fanatisme peut exécuter de plus horrible . Mahomet n'est ici autre chose que Tartuffe les armes à la main . Je me croirai bien récompensé de mon travail , si quelqu'une de ces âmes faibles , toujours prêtes à recevoir les impressions d'une fureur étrangère qui n'est pas au fond de leur cœur , peut s'affermir contre ces funestes séductions par la lecture de cet ouvrage. , Voltaire , Letter to Frederick II , King of Prussia , 20 January 1742 . Jump up ^ Il n'appartenait assurément qu'aux musulmans de se plaindre ; car j'ai fait Mahomet un peu plus méchant qu'il n'était , Lettre à Mme Denis , 29 October 1751 , Lettres choisies de Voltaire , Libraires associés , 1792 , Vol. 2 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Smollett , Tobias ; Morley , John ( 1905 ) . The Works of Voltaire : A philosophical dictionary . p. 105 . Jump up ^ The Works of Voltaire : The dramatic works of Voltaire . St. Hubert Guild. 1901 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Letter to Benedict XIV written in Paris on 17 August 1745 : Your holiness will pardon the liberty taken by one of the lowest of the faithful , though a zealous admirer of virtue , of submitting to the head of the true religion this performance , written in opposition to the founder of a false and barbarous sect . To whom could I with more propriety inscribe a satire on the cruelty and errors of a false prophet , than to the vicar and representative of a God of truth and mercy ? Your holiness will therefore give me leave to lay at your feet both the piece and the author of it , and humbly to request your protection of the one , and your benediction upon the other ; in hopes of which , with the profoundest reverence , I kiss your sacred feet . Jump up ^ Berman , Nina ( 2011 ) . German Literature on the Middle East : Discourses and Practices , 1000 -- 1989 . University of Michigan Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ The Concept of Human Dignity in the French and American Enlightenments : Religion , Virtue , Liberty . 2006 . p. 280 . Voltaire goes on to accuse other religions such as Islam for their own intolerance ( 359 ) . Voltaire , then , seems to consider Christianity as one of many intolerant and absurd religions . Jump up ^ Elmarsafy , Ziad . `` The Enlightenment Qur'an : The Politics of Translation and the Construction of Islam '' . JSTOR 23044965 . Jump up ^ Mathilde Hilger , Stephanie ( 2009 ) . Strategies of Response and the Dynamics of European Literary Culture , 1790 -- 1805 . Rodopi . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` Lectures on the science of language , delivered at the Royal institution of Great Britain in 1861 ( and 1863 ) '' , by Max Muller , p. 148 , original from = Oxford University Jump up ^ The Modern Review , Volume 32 , p. 183 , by Ramananda Chatterjee , originally from = University of Michigan '' Jump up ^ Pensées végétariennes , Voltaire , éditions Mille et une nuits . Jump up ^ Guardian ( UK ) newspaper , review of Bloodless Revolution , published by Harper - Collins Jump up ^ Sala - Molins , Louis ( 2006 ) Dark side of the light : slavery and the French Enlightenment . Univ Of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 4389 - X . p. 102 Jump up ^ de Viguerie , Jean ( July 1993 ) . `` Les ' Lumieres ' et les peuples '' . Revue Historique. 290 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 89 . Jump up ^ William B. Cohen ( 2003 ) . The French encounter with Africans : White response to Blacks , 1530 -- 1880 . Indiana University Press . p. 86 . Jump up ^ David Allen Harvey ( 2012 ) . The French Enlightenment and its Others : The Mandarin , the Savage , and the Invention of the Human Sciences . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 135 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Davis , David Brion , The problem of slavery in Western culture ( New York : Oxford University Press 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 505639 - 6 p. 392 Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney , For the Glory of God : How Monotheism Led to Reformations , Science , Witch - Hunts , and the End of Slavery ( 2003 ) , p. 359 Jump up ^ Miller , Christopher L. , The French Atlantic triangle : literature and culture of the slave trade ( 2008 ) pp. x , 7 , 73 , 77 Jump up ^ Catherine A. Reinhardt ( 2006 ) . Claims to Memory : Beyond Slavery and Emancipation in the French Caribbean . Berghahn Books . p. 43 . ISBN 9781845450793 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1933 ) . The Story of Philosophy 2nd ed . Simon&Schuster . p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 881 . ^ Jump up to : Theodore Besterman ( 1969 ) . Voltaire . Harcourt , Brace & World , Inc. p. 11 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 880 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , 6th ed. 2012 '' . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 879 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Wheeler and G.W. Foote ( 1894 ) . Voltaire : A sketch of his life and works . Robert Forder . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . pp. 734 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 736 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 753 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1965 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 9 : The Age of Voltaire . Simon&Schuster . p. 370 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . pp. 190 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 197 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 877 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 886 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . pp. 879 , 886 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon&Schuster . p. 887 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1967 ) . The Story of Civilization Volume 10 : Rousseau and Revolution . Simon & Schuster . p. 887 . Jump up ^ Will Durant ( 1933 ) . The Story of Philosophy 2nd ed . Simon&Schuster . p. 261 . ^ Jump up to : Will Durant ( 1933 ) . The Story of Philosophy 2nd ed . Simon&Schuster . p. 187 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy '' . The Philosophical Dictionary . Knopf. 1924 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Letter on the subject of Candide , to the Journal encyclopédique July 15 , 1759 '' . University of Chicago . Archived from the original on 13 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Wu - Chi ( 1953 ) . `` The Original Orphan of China '' . Comparative Literature. 5 ( 3 ) : 206 -- 07 . JSTOR 1768912 . Jump up ^ Gay , Peter Voltaire 's Politics : The Poet as Realist ( New Haven : Yale University 1988 ) , p. 265 : `` If the heavens , despoiled of his august stamp could ever cease to manifest him , if God did n't exist , it would be necessary to invent him . Let the wise proclaim him , and kings fear him . '' Jump up ^ `` Beacon Lights of History '' , p. 207 , by Jon Lord , publisher = Cosimo , Inc , 2009 . -- German Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche , however , called Carlyle a muddlehead who had not even understood the Enlightenment values he thought he was promoting . See -- Nietzsche and Legal Theory : Half - Written Laws , by Peter Goodrich , Mariana Valverde , published by Routledge , p. 5 Jump up ^ Pearson , p. 430 Jump up ^ Schmadel , Lutz D. ; International Astronomical Union ( 2003 ) . Dictionary of minor planet names . Springer . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 00238 - 3 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Koerner , Brendan ( June 2005 ) . `` Brain Brew '' . The Washington Monthly . pp. 46 -- 49 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Siôn ( 2001 ) . The Teilhard Lexicon : Understanding the language , terminology , and vision of the writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902210 - 37 - 7 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kurian , George Thomas ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 591 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6987 - 5 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Giles ( 2004 ) . Besterman , Theodore Deodatus Nathaniel ( 1904 -- 1976 ) . Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Mason , Haydn . `` A history of the Voltaire Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Voltaire Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Julia , Aurélie ( October 2011 ) . `` Voltaire à Oxford , The Voltaire Foundation '' . Revue des Deux Mondes ( in French ) . English translation at `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Michael ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Voltaire the Survivor '' . The International Herald Tribune . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dates of the first performance , unless otherwise noted . Garreau , Joseph E. ( 1984 ) . `` Voltaire '' , vol. 5 , pp. 113 -- 17 , in McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama , Stanley Hochman , editor in chief . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 079169 - 5 . Jump up ^ This is an adaptation of the famous Chinese play The Orphan of Zhao , based on historical events in the Spring and Autumn period . Further reading ( edit ) App , Urs . The Birth of Orientalism . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ( hardcover , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4261 - 4 ) ; contains a 60 - page chapter ( pp. 15 -- 76 ) on Voltaire as a pioneer of Indomania and his use of fake Indian texts in anti-Christian propaganda . Besterman , Theodore , Voltaire , ( 1969 ) . Brumfitt , J.H. Voltaire : Historian ( 1958 ) online edition . Davidson , Ian , Voltaire . A Life , London , Profile Books , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60598 - 287 - 8 . Durant , Will , The Story of Civilization . Vol . IX : The Age of Voltaire . New York : Simon and Schuster , 1965 . Gay , Peter , Voltaire 's Politics , The Poet as Realist , Yale University , 1988 . Hadidi , Djavâd , Voltaire et l'Islam , Publications Orientalistes de France , 1974 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84161 - 510 - 0 . Knapp , Bettina L. Voltaire Revisited ( 2000 ) . Mason , Haydn , Voltaire , A Biography ( 1981 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2611 - 5 . McElroy , Wendy ( 2008 ) . `` Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ) '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . p. 523 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n319 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Muller , Jerry Z. , 2002 . The Mind and the Market : Capitalism in Western Thought . Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 38572 - 166 - 0 . Pearson , Roger , 2005 . Voltaire Almighty : a life in pursuit of freedom . Bloomsbury . p. 447 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 630 - 4 . Quinones , Ricardo J. Erasmus and Voltaire : Why They Still Matter ( University of Toronto Press ; 2010 ) 240 pages ; Draws parallels between the two thinkers as voices of moderation with relevance today . Schwarzbach , Bertram Eugene , Voltaire 's Old Testament Criticism , Librairie Droz , Geneva , 1971 . Torrey , Norman L. , The Spirit of Voltaire , Columbia University Press , 1938 . Vernon , Thomas S. ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter V : Voltaire '' . Great Infidels . M & M Pr . ISBN 0 - 943099 - 05 - 6 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2001 . Wade , Ira O. ( 1967 ) . Studies on Voltaire . New York : Russell & Russell . Wright , Charles Henry Conrad , A History of French Literature , Oxford University Press , 1912 . `` The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire '' , ed by Nicholas Cronk , 2009 . In French ( edit ) Korolev , S. Voltaire et la reliure des livres / / Revue Voltaire . Paris , 2013 . # 13 . pp. 233 -- 40 . René Pomeau , La Religion de Voltaire , Librairie Nizet , Paris , 1974 . Valérie Crugten - André , La vie de Voltaire ( 1 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Morley , J. , The Works of Voltaire , A Contemporary Version , ( 21 vol 1901 ) , online edition External links ( edit ) Find more aboutVoltaireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Voltaire , François Marie Arouet de . Château de Cirey -- Residence of Voltaire , visitvoltaire.com Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil Marquise du Châtelet , School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland Hewett , Caspar J.M. ( August 2006 ) . `` The Great Debate : Life of Voltaire '' . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . The Société Voltaire An analysis of Voltaire 's texts ( in the `` textes '' topic ) ( in French ) Complete French ebooks of Voltaire ( in French ) Biography and quotes of Voltaire Institut et Musée Voltaire , Geneva , Switzerland ( in French ) Works by Voltaire edited at athena.unige.ch Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy on Voltaire Monsieur de Voltaire Correspondence in French VisitVoltaire.com site with images Complete listing of current published editions of Voltaire 's works Voltaire 's Candide and Leibniz Voltaire 's works : works : text , concordances and frequency list Voltaire 's writings from Philosophical Dictionary . Selected and Translated by H.I. Woolf , 1924 Worldly and Personal Influences on Voltaire 's Writing Voltaire at the Eighteenth - Century Poetry Archive ( ECPA ) Works by Voltaire at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Voltaire at Internet Archive Works by Voltaire at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Voltaire at ManyBooks Voltaire 's works and chronology About Voltaire in `` Lucidcafé '' Online Library of Liberty -- The Works of Voltaire ( 1901 ) . Some volumes , including mostly the unabridged Dictionnaire philosophique , translated by William F. Fleming ( in French ) Voltaire , his work in audio version <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Voltaire Prose works Letters on the English Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Zadig History of Charles XII The Age of Louis XIV Micromégas Annals of the Empire Plato 's Dream Doctor Akakia Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations Candide Treatise on Tolerance Dictionnaire philosophique Commentaires sur Corneille Idées républicaines Questions sur les Miracles L'Ingénu The Historical Praise of Reason Précis du siècle de Louis XV Des singularités de la nature The Man of Forty Crowns The White Bull Poetry Henriade Le Mondain Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne Épître à l'Auteur du Livre des Trois Imposteurs The Maid of Orleans Drama Oedipus Hérode et Mariamne Zaïre La Prude Socrates Mahomet La princesse de Navarre Nanine L'Orphelin de la Chine Other Samson ( opera ) Related Les Délices Institut et Musée Voltaire Voltaire Foundation Complete Works of Voltaire Ferney - Voltaire The Friends of Voltaire ( 1906 book ) Voltaire ( 1933 film ) Passionate Minds ( 2006 novel ) <Th_colspan="2"> Articles related to Voltaire <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Académie française seat 33 <Td_colspan="2"> Vincent Voiture ( 1634 ) François Eudes de Mézeray ( 1648 ) Jean Barbier d'Aucour ( 1683 ) François de Clermont - Tonnerre ( 1694 ) Nicolas de Malézieu ( 1701 ) Jean Bouhier ( 1727 ) François - Marie Arouet dit Voltaire ( 1746 ) Jean - François Ducis ( 1778 ) Raymond Desèze ( 1816 ) Amable Guillaume Prosper Brugière , baron de Barante ( 1828 ) Auguste Joseph Alphonse Gratry ( 1867 ) René Taillandier ( 1873 ) Maxime Du Camp ( 1880 ) Paul Bourget ( 1894 ) Edmond Jaloux ( 1936 ) Jean - Louis Vaudoyer ( 1950 ) Marcel Brion ( 1964 ) Michel Mohrt ( 1985 ) Dominique Bona ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Age of Enlightenment <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Topics <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté , égalité , fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> France Jean le Rond d'Alembert Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet Denis Diderot Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Georges - Louis Leclerc Montesquieu François Quesnay Jean - Jacques Rousseau Marquis de Sade Voltaire Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Friedrich Schiller Thomas Wizenmann Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland Robert Boyle Edmund Burke Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri The Netherlands Spinoza Hugo Grotius Balthasar Bekker Bernard Nieuwentyt Frederik van Leenhof Christiaan Huygens Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Jan Swammerdam Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Russia Catherine II Spain Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro United Kingdom ( Scotland ) Francis Bacon Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton Thomas Reid Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine <Th_colspan="2"> French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Influential thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cultural impact <Td_colspan="2"> La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution <Th_colspan="2"> Voltaire 's Candide Adaptations Candide , Part II ( 1760 novel ) Candide ( 1956 operetta ) Modern Interpretations Candy ( 1958 novel ) Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle ( 1960 film ) Candy ( 1968 film ) Mondo candido ( 1975 film ) The Optimists ( 2006 film ) Related Cunégonde Pope Urban X A few acres of snow Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne <Th_colspan="2"> Historical race concepts By color Black Bronze Brown Red White Yellow Anthropological Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Sub-types Alpine Arabid Armenoid Atlantid Borreby Brunn Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamitic Dravidian Irano - Afghan Japhetic Malay Mediterranean Neo-Mongoloid Neo-Danubian Nordic Northcaucasian Ladogan Lappish Pamirid Proto - Mongoloid Semitic Turanid Multiracial Miscegenation Ethnogenesis List of racially mixed groups Writers Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges - Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer John Fiske Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F.K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z . Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Rudolf Virchow Voltaire Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann Writings An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates ( 1744 ) The Outline of History of Mankind ( 1785 ) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question ( 1849 ) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races ( 1855 ) The Races of Europe ( Ripley , 1899 ) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century ( 1899 ) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples ( 1907 ) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics ( 1911 ) Castes in India : Their Mechanism , Genesis and Development ( 1916 ) The Passing of the Great Race ( 1916 ) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World - Supremacy ( 1920 ) The Myth of the Twentieth Century ( 1930 ) Annihilation of Caste ( 1936 ) The Races of Europe ( Coon , 1939 ) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus ( 1943 ) The Race Question ( 1950 ) Theories Eugenics Great chain of being Monogenism Polygenism Pre-Adamite Related History of anthropometry Racial categorization in India in Latin America in Brazil in Colombia in Singapore in the United States Scientific racism Nazism and race Racial hygiene Olive skin Whiteness in the United States Whitening Branqueamento / Blanqueamiento Passing Racial stereotypes Martial race Master race Color names Colorism Négritude <Th_colspan="2"> Social and political philosophy Pre-modern philosophers Aquinas Aristotle Averroes Augustine Chanakya Cicero Confucius Al - Ghazali Han Fei Laozi Marsilius Mencius Mozi Muhammad Plato Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Thucydides Modern philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Emerson Engels Fourier Franklin Grotius Hegel Hobbes Hume Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Locke Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Marx Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Smith Spencer Spinoza Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire 20th -- 21th - century Philosophers Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Judith Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Foucault Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kirk Kropotkin Lenin Luxemburg Mao Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Negri Niebuhr Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Simonović Skinner Sombart Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more ... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Task Force VIAF : 36925746 LCCN : n80126267 ISNI : 0000 0001 2128 0652 GND : 118627813 SELIBR : 100209 SUDOC : 027190099 BNF : cb11928669t ( data ) BIBSYS : 90672881 ULAN : 500354532 HDS : 16207 MusicBrainz : 571170e9 - bb0c - 4d12 - a9ad - 9c926fb784a8 NLA : 35153427 NDL : 00459873 NKC : jn19981002352 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 000105 RLS : 000017191 BNE : XX960938 CiNii : DA00244832 RKD : 256309 SNAC : w6xs5t6n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltaire&oldid=837050953 '' Categories : Voltaire French philosophers French writers 1694 births 1778 deaths Early Modern philosophers Enlightenment philosophers Exophonic writers French deists French dramatists and playwrights French essayists French fantasy writers French historians French memoirists French poets French satirists French science fiction writers Philosophers of sexuality Pseudonymous writers Les Neuf Sœurs Members of the Académie française Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Fellows of the Royal Society Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Recipients of the Pour le Mérite ( civil class ) Contributors to the Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 72 ) French male dramatists and playwrights French male poets French male writers Anti-nationalists Age of Enlightenment Critics of religions Deist philosophers French Freemasons French anti -- death penalty activists Free speech activists French monarchists Lycée Louis - le - Grand alumni Philosophes People of the Ancien Régime People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans People imprisoned by lettre de cachet Burials at the Panthéon , Paris Writers from Paris 17th - century French people 18th - century French dramatists and playwrights 18th - century French novelists 18th - century French writers 18th century in Geneva 18th - century philosophers Correspondents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from March 2018 Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Articles containing French - language text Articles with French - language external links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Latin - language text AC with 20 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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1. Voltaire's life and career 2. Enlightenment philosophy and ideas 3. Criticism of the Catholic Church and Christianity 4. Advocacy for freedom of religion and speech 5. Influence and legacy of Voltaire

when does black butler book of atlantic come out

Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic - wikipedia Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic <Td_colspan="2"> Key visual <Td_colspan="2"> Japanese 劇場 版 「 黒 執事 Book of the Atlantic 」 Hepburn Gekijō - ban Kuroshitsuji : Book of the Atlantic <Td_colspan="2"> Directed by Noriyuki Abe Screenplay by Hiroyuki Yoshino Based on Black Butler by Yana Toboso Starring Daisuke Ono Maaya Sakamoto Yukari Tamura Junichi Suwabe Jun Fukuyama Kenn Noriaki Sugiyama Takuma Terashima Hiroki Tōchi Yūki Kaji Emiri Katō Music by Yasunori Mitsuda Cinematography Yukihiro Masumoto Edited by Masahiro Goto Production company A-1 Pictures Distributed by Aniplex Release date June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) Running time 100 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office $248,286 ( US & Canada ) Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic ( Japanese : 劇場 版 「 黒 執事 Book of the Atlantic 」 , Hepburn : Gekijō - ban Kuroshitsuji : Book of the Atlantic ) is a 2017 Japanese animated film based on the Black Butler manga series written and illustrated by Yana Toboso . The film was produced by A-1 Pictures , directed by Noriyuki Abe and written by Hiroyuki Yoshino , featuring character designs by Minako Shiba and music by Yasunori Mitsuda . It premiered in Japan on January 21 , 2017 . On April 1 , 2017 , Funimation announced that they have licensed the animated film and would screen it in a limited theatrical release in North America later in the year . The film was released in select theaters in the United States on June 12 in a subtitled - only format , and on June 14 in a dubbed format . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Voice cast ( edit ) Character Japanese voice actor English voice actor Sebastian Michaelis Daisuke Ono J. Michael Tatum Ciel Phantomhive Maaya Sakamoto Brina Palencia Elizabeth Midford Yukari Tamura Cherami Leigh Undertaker Junichi Suwabe John Swasey Grell Sutcliff Jun Fukuyama Daniel Fredrick Ronald Knox Kenn Joel McDonald William T. Spears Noriaki Sugiyama Barry Yandell Snake Takuma Terashima Spike Spencer Baldroy Hiroki Tōchi Ian Sinclair Finnian Yūki Kaji Jason Liebrecht Mey - Rin Emiri Katō Monica Rial Charles Grey Ryōhei Kimura Clifford Chapin Charles Phipps Tomoaki Maeno Brandon Potter Aleister Chamber ( Viscount of Druitt ) Tatsuhisa Suzuki Todd Haberkorn Edward Midford Seiichirō Yamashita Justin Briner Rian Stoker Kaito Ishikawa Dave Trosko Francis Midford Atsuko Tanaka Elizabeth Maxwell Alexis Leon Midford Jouji Nakata Jeremy Schwartz Lau Kōji Yusa Jerry Jewell Madam Red Romi Park Lydia Mackay Production ( edit ) An animated film adaptation of the manga was announced on the official anime 's Twitter account on October 10 , 2015 , with the cast from the anime television returning to reprise their roles in the film . It was later revealed in February 2016 that the film would be an adaptation of the manga 's Gōka Kyakusen story arc ( volumes 11 - 14 ) , titled Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic , with the main staff from the Black Butler : Book of Circus anime television series also returning . The film was released in Japanese theaters on January 21 , 2017 . Sid performed the film 's theme song , titled `` Glass Eye '' ( 硝子 の 瞳 , `` Garasu no Hitomi '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 劇場 版 黒 執事 Book of the Atlantic ( 2017 ) . allcinema ( in Japanese ) . Stingray . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic Film for Screenings in Theaters This Year '' . Anime News Network . 2017 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic Anime Film 's Video Reveals June Screening in U.S. '' . Anime News Network . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Butler Manga Gets New Anime Film in Early 2017 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . `` Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic Film 's 2nd Promo , Additional Cast Unveiled '' . Anime News Network . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . `` Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic Film Casts Seiichirō Yamashita , Kaito Ishikawa '' . Anime News Network . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . `` Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic Film Casts Atsuko Tanaka , Jouji Nakata '' . Anime News Network . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Butler Manga Gets Anime Film With Returning Cast '' . Anime News Network . October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` '' Black Butler '' Anime Theatrical Film Announced `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` '' Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic '' Anime Movie Announced `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic Film 's Teaser Video Reveals January Premiere '' . Anime News Network . August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Noriyuki Abe <Td_colspan="2"> Yu Yu Hakusho : The Movie ( 1993 ) Ninku : Tomb of Knives ( 1994 ) Bleach : Memories of Nobody ( 2006 ) Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion ( 2007 ) Bleach : Fade to Black ( 2008 ) Bleach : Hell Verse ( 2010 ) Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by A-1 Pictures Television series Zenmai Zamurai ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Robby & Kerobby ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Big Windup ! ( 2007 ) Persona : Trinity Soul ( 2008 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode ( 2008 ) Black Butler ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Kannagi : Crazy Shrine Maidens ( 2008 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode 2 ( 2009 ) Valkyria Chronicles ( 2009 ) Fairy Tail ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Sound of the Sky ( 2010 ) Ōkiku Furikabutte ~ Natsu no Taikai - hen ~ ( 2010 ) Working ! ! ( 2010 ) Night Raid 1931 ( 2010 ) Black Butler II ( 2010 ) Occult Academy ( 2010 ) Togainu no Chi ( 2010 ) Fractale ( 2011 ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2011 ) Blue Exorcist ( 2011 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love 1000 % ( 2011 ) The Idolmaster ( 2011 ) Working ' ! ! ( 2011 ) Space Brothers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Tsuritama ( 2012 ) Sword Art Online ( 2012 ) From the New World ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chōsoku Henkei Gyrozetter ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Oreshura ( 2013 ) Vividred Operation ( 2013 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love 2000 % ( 2013 ) Ore no Imōto ga Konna ni Kawaii Wake ga Nai. ( 2013 ) Servant × Service ( 2013 ) Silver Spoon ( 2013 ) Magi : The Kingdom of Magic ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Galilei Donna ( 2013 ) Silver Spoon II ( 2014 ) World Conquest Zvezda Plot ( 2014 ) Nanana 's Buried Treasure ( 2014 ) Aldnoah. Zero ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Sword Art Online II ( 2014 ) Persona 4 : The Golden Animation ( 2014 ) Black Butler : Book of Circus ( 2014 ) Magic Kaito 1412 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Your Lie in April ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls ( 2015 ) Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid ( 2015 ) Gunslinger Stratos : The Animation ( 2015 ) Ultimate Otaku Teacher ( 2015 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love Revolutions ( 2015 ) Gate ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Working ! ! ! ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls : 2nd Season ( 2015 ) The Asterisk War ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Subete ga F ni Naru ( 2015 ) Erased ( 2016 ) Fairy Tail Zero ( 2016 ) Grimgar of Fantasy and Ash ( 2016 ) Ace Attorney ( 2016 ) B - Project : Kodō * Ambitious ( 2016 ) Qualidea Code ( 2016 ) The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War ( 2016 ) WWW. Working ! ! ( 2016 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love Legend Star ( 2016 ) Occultic ; Nine ( 2016 ) Blue Exorcist : Kyoto Saga ( 2017 ) Interviews with Monster Girls ( 2017 ) Granblue Fantasy The Animation ( 2017 ) Eromanga Sensei ( 2017 ) Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Flat ( 2017 ) Fate / Apocrypha ( 2017 ) Blend S ( 2017 ) Record of Grancrest War ( 2018 ) The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of the Commandments ( 2018 ) Slow Start ( 2018 ) Otaku ni Koi wa Muzukashii ( 2018 ) Darling in the Franxx ( TBA ) Feature films Welcome to the Space Show ( 2010 ) Fairy Tail the Movie : Phoenix Priestess ( 2012 ) Blue Exorcist : The Movie ( 2012 ) Saint Young Men ( 2013 ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2013 ) The Idolmaster Movie : Beyond the Brilliant Future ! ( 2014 ) Persona 3 The Movie : # 2 Midsummer Knight 's Dream ( 2014 ) Space Brothers # 0 ( 2014 ) Persona 3 The Movie : # 3 Falling Down ( 2015 ) The Anthem of the Heart ( 2015 ) Garakowa : Restore the World ( 2016 ) Persona 3 The Movie : # 4 Winter of Rebirth ( 2016 ) Doukyuusei ( 2016 ) Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic ( 2017 ) Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale ( 2017 ) Fairy Tail : Dragon Cry ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs Kannagi : Crazy Shrine Maidens ( 2009 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode - Cipher ( 2009 ) Night Raid 1931 ( 2010 ) Sound of the Sky ( 2010 ) Fairy Tail ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Valkyria Chronicles III ( 2011 ) The Idolmaster Shiny Festa ( 2012 ) Saint Young Men ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Ore no Imōto ga Konna ni Kawaii Wake ga Nai. ( 2013 ) Sword Art Online : Extra Edition ( 2013 ) Black Butler : Book of Murder ( 2014 ) Moments ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls ( 2016 ) Brotherhood : Final Fantasy XV ( 2016 ) Shelter ( 2016 ) Granblue Fantasy : Zankutinzeru Arc ( 2017 ) Video games Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 ( 2008 ) Valkyria Chronicles II ( 2010 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Spirit of Justice ( 2016 ) Radiant Historia : Perfect Chronology ( 2017 ) Layton 's Mystery Journey ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Butler:_Book_of_the_Atlantic&oldid=800909774 '' Categories : 2017 films Japanese - language films A-1 Pictures Aniplex Dark fantasy anime and manga Funimation Japanese films Animated films based on manga Supernatural anime and manga 2017 anime films Films directed by Noriyuki Abe Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 13 : 25 . 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1. Black Butler: Book of the Atlantic - Japanese animated film 2. Based on the Black Butler manga series by Yana Toboso 3. Directed by Noriyuki Abe and written by Hiroyuki Yoshino 4. Released in Japan on January 21, 2017 5. Licensed by Funimation for limited theatrical release in North America

the modern global political system came into existence in

Political History of the World - wikipedia Political History of the World Jump to : navigation , search `` History of government '' redirects here . For the academic field , see political history . Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( hide ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directory Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Civil society Public interest Foreign policy Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties The political history of the world is the history of the various political entities created by the human race throughout their existence and the way these states define their borders . Throughout history , political entities have expanded from basic systems of self - governance and monarchy to the complex democratic and totalitarian systems that exist today . In parallel , political systems have expanded from vaguely defined frontier - type boundaries , to the national definite boundaries existing today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient history 2 Middle ages 3 Early modern era 4 Modern era 5 References Ancient History ( edit ) In ancient history , civilizations did not have definite boundaries as states have today , and their borders could be more accurately described as frontiers . Early dynastic Sumer , and early dynastic Egypt were the first civilizations to define their borders . Moreover , for the past 200,000 years and up to the twentieth century , many people have lived in non-state societies . These range from relatively egalitarian bands and tribes to complex and highly stratified chiefdoms . The first states of sorts were those of early dynastic Sumer and early dynastic Egypt , which arose from the Uruk period and Predynastic Egypt respectively at approximately 3000BCE . Early dynastic Egypt was based around the Nile River in the north - east of Africa , the kingdom 's boundaries being based around the Nile and stretching to areas where oases existed . Early dynastic Sumer was located in southern Mesopotamia with its borders extending from the Persian Gulf to parts of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers . By 2500 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization , located in modern - day India , Pakistan and Afghanistan had formed . The civilization 's boundaries extended 600 km inland from the Arabian Sea . 336 BCE saw the rise of Alexander the Great , who forged an empire from various vassal states stretching from modern Greece to the Indian subcontinent , bringing Mediterranean nations into contact with those of central and southern Asia , much as the Persian Empire had before him . The boundaries of this empire extended hundreds of kilometers . The Roman Empire ( 27 BCE - 476 CE ) was the first western civilization known to accurately define their borders , although these borders could be more accurately described as frontiers ; instead of the Empire defining its borders with precision , the borders were allowed to trail off and were , in many cases , part of territory indirectly ruled by others . Roman and Greek ideals of nationhood can be seen to have strongly influenced Western views on the subject , with the basis of many governmental systems being on authority or ideas borrowed from Rome or the Greek city - states . Notably , the European states of the Dark Ages and Middle Ages gained their authority from the Roman Catholic religion , and modern democracies are based in part on the example of Ancient Athens . Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Middle Ages The Tang dynasty in 700 CE When China entered the Sui Dynasty , the government changed and expanded in its borders as the many separate bureaucracies unified under one banner . This evolved into the Tang Dynasty when Li Yuan took control of China in 626 . By now , the Chinese borders had expanded from eastern China , up north into the Tang Empire . The Tang Empire fell apart in 907 and split into ten regional kingdoms and five dynasties with vague borders . Fifty - three years after the separation of the Tang Empire , China entered the Song Dynasty under the rule of Chao K'uang , although the borders of this country expanded , they were never as large as those of the Tang dynasty and were constantly being redefined due to attacks from the neighboring Tartar ( Mongol ) people known as the Khitan tribes . After the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 , the Quran and the teachings of Islam inspired the genesis of a new civilization . In less than a century , the Islamic Caliphate rapidly extended its reach from the Atlantic Ocean and Andalusia in the west to Central Asia in the east . The subsequent Muslim empires of the Umayyads , Abbasids , Fatimids , Ghaznavids , Seljuqs , Safavids , Mughals , and Ottomans were among the most influential and distinguished powers in the world during Middle Ages . The period between the 8th and 13th century saw a flourishing of trade , as well as several advances in science , engineering , medecine and mathematics . In Western Europe , briefly mostly united into a single state under Charlemagne around 800CE , a few countries , including England , Scotland , Iceland and Norway , had already effectively become nation states by 1,000 CE , with a kingdom ( Commonwealth in Iceland 's case ) largely co-terminus with a people mostly sharing a language and culture . The Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne around 800 CE , with modern borders in orange . Over most of the continent , the peoples were emerging around ethnic , linguistic and geographical groups , but this was not reflected in political entities . In particular , France , Italy and Germany , though recognised by other nations as countries where the French , Italians and Germans lived , did not exist as states largely matching the countries for centuries , and struggles to form them , and define their borders , as states were a major cause of wars in Europe until the 20th century . In the course of this process , some countries , such as Poland under the Partitions and France in the High Middle Ages , almost ceased to exist as states for periods . The Low Countries , in the Middle Ages as distinct a country as France , became permanently divided , today into Belgium and the Netherlands . Spain was formed as a nation state by the dynastic union of small Christian kingdoms , augmented by the final campaigns of the Reconquista against Al - Andaluz , the vanished country of Islamic Iberia . In 1299 CE , the Aztec empire arose in lower Mexico , this empire lasted over 300 years and at their prime , held over 5,000 square kilometers of land . The Aztec Empire in 1519 CE 200 years after the Aztec and Toltec empires began , northern and central Asia saw the rise of the Mongol empire . By the late 13th century , the Empire extended across Europe and America , briefly creating a state capable of ruling and administrating immensely diverse cultures . In 1299 , the Ottomans entered the scene . These Turkish nomads took control of Asia Minor along with much of central Europe over a period of 370 years , providing what may be considered a long - lasting Islamic counterweight to Christendom . Exploiting opportunities left open by the Mongolian advance and recession as well as the spread of Islam , Russia took control of their homeland around 1613 , after many years being dominated by the Tartars ( Mongols ) . After gaining independence , the Russian princes began to expand their borders under the leadership of many tsars . Notably , Catherine the Great seized the vast western part of Ukraine from the Poles , expanding Russia 's size massively . Throughout the following centuries , Russia expanded rapidly , coming close to its modern size . Early modern era ( edit ) Main article : Early modern era In the 15th and 16th centuries three major Muslim empires formed : the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East , the Balkans and Northern Africa ; the Safavid Empire in Greater Iran ; and the Mughul Empire in South Asia . These imperial powers were made possible by the discovery and exploitation of gunpowder and more efficient administration . By the end of the 19th century , all three had declined , and by the early 20th century , with the Ottomans ' defeat in World War I , the last Muslim empire collapsed . Silesia 's position in Europe ( in red ) In 1700 , Charles II of Spain died , naming Phillip of Anjou , Louis XIV 's grandson , his heir . Charles ' decision was not well met by the British , who believed that Louis would use the opportunity to ally France and Spain and attempt to take over Europe . Britain formed the Grand Alliance with Holland , Austria and a majority of the German states and declared war against Spain in 1702 . The War of the Spanish Succession lasted 11 years , and ended when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1714 . Less than 50 years later , in 1740 , war broke out again , sparked by the invasion of Silesia , part of Austria , by King Frederick II of Prussia . Britain , the Netherlands and Hungary supported Maria Theresa . Over the next eight years , these and other states participated in the War of the Austrian Succession , until a treaty was signed , allowing Prussia to keep Silesia . The Seven Years ' War began when Theresa dissolved her alliance with Britain and allied with France and Russia . In 1763 , Britain won the war , claiming Canada and land east of the Mississippi . Prussia also kept Silesia . Van Diemen 's Land in 1852 Interest in the geography of the Southern Hemisphere began to increase in the 18th century . In 1642 , Dutch navigator Abel Tasman was commissioned to explore the Southern Hemisphere ; during his voyages , Tasman discovered the island of Van Diemen 's Land , which was later named Tasmania , the Australian coast , and New Zealand in 1644 . Captain James Cook was commissioned in 1768 to observe a solar eclipse in Tahiti and sailed into Stingray Harbor on Australia 's east coast in 1770 , claiming the land for the British Crown . Settlements in Australia began in 1788 when Britain began to utilize the country for the deportation of convicts , with the first free settles arriving in 1793 . Likewise New Zealand became a home for hunters seeking whales and seals in the 1790s with later non-commercial settlements by the Scottish in the 1820s and 30s . In Northern America , revolution was beginning when in 1770 , British troops opened fire on a mob pelting them with stones , an event later known as the Boston Massacre . British authorities were unable to determine if this event was a local one , or signs of something bigger until , in 1775 , Rebel forces confirmed their intentions by attacking British troops on Bunker Hill . Shortly after , Massachusetts Second Continental Congress representative John Adams and his cousin Samuel Adams were part of a group calling for an American Declaration of Independence . The Congress ended without committing to a Declaration , but prepared for conflict by naming George Washington as the Continental Army Commander . War broke out and lasted until 1783 , when Britain signed the Treaty of Paris and recognized America 's independence . In 1788 , the states ratified the United States Constitution , going from a confederation to a union and in 1789 , elected George Washington as the first President of the United States . The National Assembly By the late 1780s , France was falling into debt , with higher taxes introduced and famines ensuring . As a measure of last resort , King Louis XVI called together the Estates - General in 1788 and reluctantly agreed to turn the Third Estate ( which made up all of the non-noble and non-clergy French ) into a National Assembly . This assembly grew very popular in the public eye and on July 14 , 1789 , following evidence that the King planned to disband the Assembly , an angry mob stormed the Bastille , taking gunpowder and lead shot . Stories of the success of this raid spread all over the country and sparked multiple uprisings in which the lower - classes robbed granaries and manor houses . In August of the same year , members of the National Assembly wrote the revolutionary document Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which proclaimed freedom of speech , press and religion . By 1792 , other European states were attempting to quell the revolution . In the same year Austrian and German armies attempted to march on Paris , but the French repelled them . Building on fears of European invasion , a radical group known as the Jacobins abolished the monarchy and executed King Louis for treason in 1793 . In response to this radical uprising , Britain , Spain and the Netherlands join in the fight with the Jacobins until the Reign of Terror was brought to an end in 1794 with the execution of a Jacobin leader , Maximilien Robespierre . A new constitution was adopted in 1795 with some calm returning , although the country was still at war . In 1799 , a group of politicians led by Napoleon Bonaparte unseated leaders of the Directory . Modern era ( edit ) Main article : Modern era References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Glyn ( 2003 ) ( 1968 ) . The First Civilizations : The Archaeology of their Origins . New York : Phoenix Press . xiii . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 500 - 1 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Glyn ( 2003 ) ( 1968 ) . The First Civilizations : The Archaeology of their Origins . New York : Phoenix Press . pp. 9 -- 11 . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 500 - 1 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Patrica S ; Stephen G Hyslop ; Douglas Brinkley ; Esther Ferington ; Lee Hassig ; Dale - Marie Herring ( 2003 ) . Toni Eugene , ed . Almanac of World History . National Geographic Society . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 5092 - 3 . Jump up ^ de Blois , Lukas ; Robartus van der Spek ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the Ancient World . New York , US : Routledge . p. 131 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` A World Defined By Boundaries '' . Intertext . Syracuse University . 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , David H ; Jouni Häkli ( 2002 ) . `` The ' Civilisational ' Roots of European National Boundaries '' . Boundaries and Place : European Borderlands in Geographical Context . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9883 - 1 . Jump up ^ Benn , Charles D. ( 2004 ) . China 's Golden Age : Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty . Oxford University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517665 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Patrica S ; Stephen G Hyslop ; Douglas Brinkley ; Esther Ferington ; Lee Hassig ; Dale - Marie Herring ( 2003 ) . Toni Eugene , ed . Almanac of World History . National Geographic Society . pp. 118 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 5092 - 3 . Jump up ^ Benn , Charles D. ( 2004 ) . China 's Golden Age : Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty . Oxford University Press . pp. ix . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517665 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Albert ( 1970 ) . Historical and Commercial Atlas of China . Ch'eng - wen Publishing House . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hucker , Charles O. ( 1995 ) . China 's Imperial Past : An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture . Stanford University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2353 - 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , Patrica S ; Stephen G Hyslop ; Douglas Brinkley ; Esther Ferington ; Lee Hassig ; Dale - Marie Herring ( 2003 ) . Toni Eugene , ed . Almanac of World History . National Geographic Society . pp. 134 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 5092 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tsouras , Peter ( 2005 ) . Montezuma : Warlord of the Aztecs . Brassey 's . pp. xv . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 822 - 6 . Jump up ^ Berdan , Frances F. ; Richard E. Blanton ; Elizabeth H. Boone ; Mary G. Hodge ; Michael E. Smith ; Emily Umberger ( 1996 ) . Aztec Imperial Strategies . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 211 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barlow , R.H. ( 1949 ) . Extent of the Empire of the Culhua Mexica . Berkeley and Los Angeles Univ. of California . Jump up ^ Køppen , Adolph Ludvig ; Karl Spruner von Merz ( 1854 ) . The World in the Middle Ages : An Historical Geography , with Accounts of the Origin and Development , the Institutions and Literature , the Manners and Customs of Three Nations in Europe , Western Asia , and Northern Africa , from the Close of the Fourth to the Middle of the Fifteenth Century . D. Appleton and company . p. 210 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Samuel ( 1854 ) . History of the Ottoman Empire : Including a Survey of the Greek Empire and the Crusades . R. Griffin . p. 456 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Gladys Scott ( 2008 ) . Catherine the Great and the Expansion of Russia . Read Books . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2895 - 0 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Frey , Marsha ; Linda Frey ( 1995 ) . The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27884 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Richard Ernes ; Trevor Nevitt Dupuy ( 1970 ) . The Encyclopedia of Military History : From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper & Row . p. 630 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rosner , Lisa ; John Theibault ( 2000 ) . A Short History of Europe , 1600 - 1815 : Search for a Reasonable World ( illustrated ed . ) . M.E. Sharpe . p. 292 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0328 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Marston , Daniel ( 2001 ) . The Seven Years ' War ( illustrated ed . ) . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 191 - 5 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Patrica S ; Stephen G Hyslop ; Douglas Brinkley ; Esther Ferington ; Lee Hassig ; Dale - Marie Herring ( 2003 ) . Toni Eugene , ed . Almanac of World History . National Geographic Society . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 5092 - 3 . Jump up ^ Porter , Malcolm ; Keith Lye ( 2007 ) . Australia and the Pacific ( illustrated and revised 2007 ed . ) . Cherrytree Books . p. 20 . ISBN 1 - 84234 - 460 - 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Arthur ( 2004 ) . The Life of Captain James Cook . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 84 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 6947 - 5 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ King , Jonathan ( 1984 ) . The First Settlement : The Convict Village that Founded Australia 1788 - 90 . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 38080 - 0 . Jump up ^ Currer - Briggs , Noel ( 1982 ) . Worldwide Family History ( illustrated ed . ) . Routledge . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 0934 - 8 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Patrica S ; Stephen G Hyslop ; Douglas Brinkley ; Esther Ferington ; Lee Hassig ; Dale - Marie Herring ( 2003 ) . Toni Eugene , ed . Almanac of World History . National Geographic Society . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 5092 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Bruce ; John Harold Plumb ; Richard M. Ketchum ( 2001 ) . illustrated , ed . The American Revolution . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 12739 - 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , Patrica S ; Stephen G Hyslop ; Douglas Brinkley ; Esther Ferington ; Lee Hassig ; Dale - Marie Herring ( 2003 ) . Toni Eugene , ed . Almanac of World History . National Geographic Society . pp. 218 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 5092 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Bruce ; John Harold Plumb ; Richard M. Ketchum ( 2001 ) . illustrated , ed . The American Revolution . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 96 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 12739 - 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jedson , Lee ( 2006 ) . The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Recognized American Independence ( illustrated ed . ) . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0441 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Sol ; Lars Johnson ( 2001 ) . The Story of the Constitution ( 2nd illustrated ed . ) . Christian Liberty Press . p. 84 . ISBN 1 - 930367 - 56 - 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , Patrica S ; Stephen G Hyslop ; Douglas Brinkley ; Esther Ferington ; Lee Hassig ; Dale - Marie Herring ( 2003 ) . Toni Eugene , ed . Almanac of World History . National Geographic Society . pp. 222 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 5092 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : S. Viault , Birdsall ( 1990 ) . `` The French Revolution '' . Schaum 's Outline of Modern European History ( revised ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 180 -- 91 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 067453 - 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_the_world&oldid=795710535 '' Categories : Political history World history Territorial evolution Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català हिन्दी Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 00 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Political entities throughout history 2. Expansion of political systems and borders 3. Ancient civilizations and their boundaries 4. Middle Ages and the changing borders of empires 5. Modern era and the decline of empires

where did off with their heads come from

Off with Their Heads - wikipedia Off with Their Heads Jump to : navigation , search Off with Their Heads may refer to : Off with Their Heads ( album ) , an album by the Kaiser Chiefs Off with Their Heads ( band ) , a punk rock band Off with Their Heads ( song ) , a song by Devlin `` Off with their heads ! '' , quote by the Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) Decapitation See also ( edit ) Off with His Head Heads Will Roll ( song ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Off with Their Heads . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Off_with_Their_Heads&oldid=714253506 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2016 , at 16 : 28 . About Wikipedia

1. Off with Their Heads (album) by the Kaiser Chiefs 2. Off with Their Heads (band), a punk rock band 3. Off with Their Heads (song) by Devlin 4. Quote "Off with their heads!" by the Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) 5. Decapitation

where was the movie fundamentals of caring filmed

The Fundamentals of Caring - wikipedia The Fundamentals of Caring <Th_colspan="2"> The Fundamentals of Caring <Td_colspan="2"> Official poster Directed by Rob Burnett Produced by Rob Burnett Donna Gigliotti James Spies Written by Rob Burnett Based on The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving by Jonathan Evison Starring Paul Rudd Craig Roberts Selena Gomez Music by Ryan Miller Cinematography Giles Nuttgens Edited by Christopher Passig Production company Worldwide Pants Levantine Films Distributed by Netflix Release date January 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) ( Sundance Film Festival ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) ( Worldwide ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English The Fundamentals of Caring is a 2016 American comedy - drama film written and directed by Rob Burnett , based on the 2012 novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving by Jonathan Evison and stars Paul Rudd , Craig Roberts , and Selena Gomez . The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 29 , 2016 and was released by Netflix on June 24 , 2016 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Ben is a retired writer . Needing a new job , he takes a six - week course to become a caregiver . He gets a job from an English woman named Elsa , a registered caregiver and an office manager at a bank , whose 18 - year - old son Trevor suffers from Duchenne muscular dystrophy . Trevor is a sardonic , anxious boy fascinated by American roadside attractions , and Ben suggests that they see several . Trevor initially refuses , and Elsa worries Ben is becoming too close to him . Trevor 's father left when he was diagnosed , only sending him letters throughout the years . Ben is hounded by a court tracker hired by his wife and avoids his visits . Eventually , Elsa agrees with Ben 's road trip plan , and he and Trevor embark on a journey to the world 's deepest pit . On the way there , Trevor says he wants to see his father , who owns a car dealership in Salt Lake City . Stopping at a gas station , the two meet a girl Trevor 's age named Dot , who Trevor develops a crush on . When they encounter her again at a diner later on , they see her attempting to hitchhike , and Ben gives her a ride . Dot informs them on the way that she is heading to Denver to restart her life , and that her mother has died . As the three bond , especially she and Trevor , Ben notices a car that has been following them . At a motel , Ben speculates it is someone sent by his wife . Further down the highway , the three find a pregnant woman named Peaches , whose car has broken down . She is heading to live with her mother before the baby comes , as the father is currently on his second U.S. military tour . They give her a ride . When they stop for the night , Trevor asks Dot on a date , and the two go to the diner across the street . Ben and Peaches watch through from the motel through the diner window and can see it is going well . The next day , the four arrive at Trevor 's father 's car dealership . Trevor 's father stays distant and explains he never wrote him letters ; it was his mother the whole time . Outraged , Trevor berates Ben and tells him he wishes to go home , but Dot insists they continue to the world 's deepest pit . The group eventually arrive , in awe of the abyss . Trevor , Dot , and Peaches head to the bottom , but Ben notices the car that has been following them . He walks over and finds it is Dot 's father , who wishes to make sure she is safe . Ben receives a call from Dot , who tells him to quickly come down . When he sees a crowd gathered at the bottom of the pit , he worries and finds Peaches has gone into labor . Despite being tormented by the memory of his son 's death , he helps deliver the baby . Peaches thanks him as she and her newborn son are taken to the hospital . In the parking lot , Dot sees her father , walks up to him , and the two reconcile . When she comes back , she says she wishes to go the rest of the journey with her father . The three say their goodbyes , and Dot kisses Trevor before she leaves , promising they 'll text . With the assistance of the ambulance staff , Trevor fulfills a wish of peeing standing over the pit railing . Ben and Trevor make it home safely , and having finally coped with the loss of his son , Ben meets his estranged wife and gives her the divorce papers . He continues writing , his next novel being about Trevor . He narrates his writing the last few lines , informing the audience that he eventually quit as Trevor 's caregiver , but the two remained friends . On Trevor 's 21st birthday , Ben went into his room to find Trevor lying dead on the floor and his new caregiver crying on the floor next to him , only to find out Trevor was faking . The caregiver quit the next day . Cast ( edit ) Paul Rudd as Ben Craig Roberts as Trevor Selena Gomez as Dot Jennifer Ehle as Elsa Megan Ferguson as Peaches Frederick Weller as Bob Bobby Cannavale as Cash Julia Denton as Janet Production ( edit ) On October 11 , 2012 , Worldwide Pants ' Rob Burnett and Jon Beckerman acquired the film rights to Jonathan Evison 's novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving . Burnett would adapt and direct the film . On January 7 , 2015 , Paul Rudd was added to the cast to play the male lead , which Donna Gigliotti and James Spies would produce . On January 13 , Selena Gomez also joined the film . On December 7 , it was announced that the original title , The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving , had been changed to The Fundamentals of Caring . It was later revealed Bobby Cannavale and Frederick Weller had been cast in the film . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on January 22 , 2015 , in Atlanta , Georgia . In early February filming took place in Cartersville , Georgia . Filming concluded on February 26 , 2015 , after 26 days of filming . Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival as the Closing Night Film . In January 2016 , prior to the film 's premiere at the festival Netflix acquired global distribution rights to the film . It was released on Netflix on June 24 , 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 78 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . On Metacritic the film has a score of 55 out of 100 , based on 10 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets June premiere date for The Fundamentals of Caring '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Osterndorf , Chris ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' The Fundamentals of Caring ' runs on Rudd '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Worldwide Pants Nabs Big - Screen Rights to Jonathan Evison 's Novel ' The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Rudd to Star in Inspirational Indie Movie ' The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Joins Paul Rudd In ' The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Paul Rudd , Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez in The Fundamentals of Caring '' . Final Reel . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' The Fundamentals of Caring ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Fundamentals Of Caring ' Trailer : Paul Rudd , Craig Roberts & Selena Gomez Hit The Road '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez arrives in Atlanta to begin filming ' The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving ' '' . onlocationvacations.com . January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 1 / 26 / 15 : Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic , Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More '' . ssninsider.com . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez & Paul Rudd continue filming ' The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving ' in Cartersville , Georgia '' . onlocationvacations.com . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SUNDANCE INSTITUTE COMPLETES FEATURE FILM LINEUP FOR 2016 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL '' . Sundance . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Continues to Conquer Pre-Sundance With ' Fundamentals of Caring ' Deal '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EW '' . Jump up ^ `` The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Fundamentals of Caring Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Fundamentals of Caring on Netflix The Fundamentals of Caring on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fundamentals_of_Caring&oldid=856897317 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films Films based on American novels Films shot in Atlanta Netflix original films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Fundamentals of Caring - a 2016 American comedy-drama film 2. Based on the novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving by Jonathan Evison 3. Starring Paul Rudd, Craig Roberts, and Selena Gomez 4. Ben, a retired writer, becomes a caregiver for Trevor, an 18-year-old with muscular dystrophy 5. Ben and Trevor go on a road trip to see the world's deepest pit, encountering various characters along the way

in which episode of grey's anatomy does derek die

Death and All His Friends ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Death and All His Friends ( Grey 's Anatomy ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Death and All His Friends '' <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Original air date May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) Running time 86 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Michael O'Neill as Gary Clarke Mandy Moore as Mary Portman Nora Zehetner as Reed Adamson Robert Baker as Charles Percy Sarah Drew as April Kepner Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Sanctuary '' Next → `` With You I 'm Born Again '' <Td_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Death and All His Friends '' is the season finale of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 126th episode overall . It was written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 20 , 2010 . The episode was the second part of the two - hour season six finale , the first being Sanctuary , and took place at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . The original episode broadcast in the United States had an audience of 16.13 million viewers and opened up to universal acclaim . The episode centers a shooting spree at the hospital by a former patient 's husband Gary Clark ( Michael O'Neill ) . The episode marked the last appearances for Nora Zehetner and Robert Baker as Dr. Reed Adamson and Dr. Charles Percy respectively as both the characters were killed in the shooting . In the episode Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) try to save the life of Chief Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) who was shot by Gary Clark in front of Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) as she waits outside the OR with April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) tries to save Charles along with her patient Mary Portman ( Mandy Moore ) , while Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) tries to get into the hospital . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) are stuck on a floor with all the younger patients of the hospital , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) try to save the life of Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who was shot as well and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) try to get their patient to safety . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Broadcast 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis : a shooter is in the hospital , and there is a lockdown . Meanwhile , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) discovers that she is pregnant , and Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) must choose between Teddy and Cristina ( Sandra Oh ) . The shooter kills Reed Adamson and wounds Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) . Lexie ( Chyler Leigh ) and Mark ( Eric Dane ) find the latter and try to save him . Soon , it is revealed that the shooter , Gary Clark ( whose wife was a patient at the hospital and later died ) , is looking for Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . At the end , he shoots Derek , which is witnessed by Meredith , Cristina , and April . With the crisis unfolding , each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations . Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek , who is seriously injured . Meanwhile , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) and her patient Mary drag resident Charles Percy , who has been shot , through the hallway but when they get to the elevators , they are off . Bailey freaks out for a moment , then gathers herself and sits with Charles . When he asks if he was dying , she said yes . She tells him she and Mary are going to stay with him and that he is n't alone , with Charles dying soon thereafter . The shooter walks into the OR where Cristina and Jackson are trying to save Derek . Hunt shows up and Meredith tells him what was going on . He looks through the window and says she is doing fine but he 'd go in to see what he could do to help . When Hunt goes inside , the audience is shown that Mr. Clark is in the room with a gun to Cristina 's head , shouting at her to stop fixing Derek . Cristina and Avery refuse to stop working . Mr. Clark tells Hunt that he 'd shoot him first and then Cristina but he really only wanted to kill Derek . He believes this is retribution for his wife 's death , which he believes is on Derek 's hands . Meredith then comes into the room and tells Mr. Clark to shoot her . She explains that she is Lexie 's sister , she is the closest thing Webber has to a daughter , and she is Derek 's wife . He turns the gun toward Meredith , but Cristina says Meredith is pregnant . Hunt makes a move toward Mr. Clark and is shot , knocking him unconscious . Cristina and Avery then raise their hands and Avery tells Mr. Clark that Derek will die and he can watch it happen on the monitor . Derek flatlines and Meredith cries almost hysterically . Mr. Clark walks out . Clark later comes across Lexie , who is bringing supplies to help Alex , and when he attempts to shoot her , the recently arrived SWAT team wounds Clark . This gives time for Lexie to escape . Soon after , Webber walks through the halls of the hospital and finds several bodies . In a room , he finds Mr. Clark , who tells him he 'd bought the gun at a superstore and bought extra ammo because it was on sale . Mr. Clark tells Webber he has one bullet left . He reveals that he planned on shooting Webber , then himself . Eventually , after Webber convinces Clark that his wife would n't want the shooting and would rather be reunited with him , Clark commits suicide as the SWAT team is directly out the door . Meanwhile , in the operating room , Derek 's heartbeat returns to normal , and everyone is relieved . Outside the hospital , Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she does n't want to have a baby if it means she ca n't be with Arizona . Arizona agrees to have a baby because she says that she does n't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother . Mark and Lexie show up at the other hospital . Alex is out of surgery . Lexie goes to Alex . Mark watches Lexie take Alex 's hand . Meredith takes another look at her positive pregnancy test , and throws it out . Production ( edit ) Mandy Moore guest starred in the episode as a patient of Miranda Bailey . The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn . In an interview Rhimes told that the writing of the two - part season six finale , caused her struggle . She elaborated on this : `` It hurt to write this finale . It literally hurt me . Because in order to write these episodes , I had to walk in the shoes of ( the shooter ) . I had to think like a shooter . A person who would shoot Reed and Alex and Charles . A person who would shoot Derek . By the time I finished writing part one , I was sick . And depressed . Because my McDreamy was lying on my beloved catwalk dying . Mer is screaming and he is dying . And , before you have me shot up with Thorazine and placed in a strait jacket , yes , I DO I know it 's only a TV show , I 'm not insane , but dude ... it felt too real . It felt WAY too real . '' TV Guide reported that Mandy Moore will check into Grey 's Anatomy 's two - hour season finale , adding , `` She 'll play a patient named Mary as part of an explosive -- and , of course , top secret -- cliffhanger. Bailey -- who 's having one hell of a season as a newly single gal -- will be her doctor , but beyond that , details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps . '' The news was later confirmed by Entertainment Weekly which further reported , `` Bailey -- who 's having one hell of a season as a newly single gal -- will be her doctor , but beyond that , details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps . She comes as part of a grand tradition of recognizable names as patients , usually quick , juicy roles like Sara Gilbert 's euthanized patient two weeks ago and Demi Lovato 's upcoming stretch as a schizophrenic . Moore did that other hospital show , Scrubs '' It was also reported as veteran actor Michael O'Neill would reprise his role as the grief - stricken widower Gary Clark . O'Neill later in an interview said , `` That role changed my career . It was probably the hardest job I 've ever done , hardest work I 've ever done . I had a tremendous resistance to it , and I almost turned the role down . I was so afraid of that being sensationalized , and I did n't want that in the world . I had n't worked with Shonda Rhimes , and so I did n't know . I certainly knew she was a brilliant writer , but I did n't know what the intent was . We had a conversation about it . I said , ' You know what ? Can I think about this and call you back tomorrow ? ' I called her back , and I said , ' Shonda , I just have to say it frightens me . It really frightens me . ' She said , ' Michael , it frightens me too . ' I thought , OK , we 're at least starting at the same place . Her writing was so good ... We saw the wound . We got to see the wound that drove him mad , and I think that was terribly important . It was important to show the fracture that brought this man to that desperate action . '' Reception ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Death And All His Friends was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 20 , 2010 . The episode was the second half of the two - hour season six finale , the other half being Sanctuary It had an audience in The United States of 16.13 million viewers ( 5.9 / 17 Nielsen rating in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot . Reviews ( edit ) Sandra Oh ( left ) and Ellen Pompeo ( right ) garnered enormous praise for their performances as Cristina Yang and Meredith Grey The episode opened up to universal acclaim with the television critics lauding the writing and performance of the entire cast as well . The performances of guest stars Mandy Moore and Michael O'Neill along with Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Chandra Wilson , Kevin McKidd , James Pickens , Jr. and Sarah Drew garnered most praise . Marsi from TVFanatic highly praised the episode and gave it five stars , and expressed that it may have been the best episode of the series , adding , `` The writing and acting were absolutely stellar , and may lead to many Emmy nominations , but even more impressively , despite a killing spree , it remained distinctly Grey 's . Some of the back - and - forths between the characters were truly memorable , and some of the developments so heartbreaking that we do n't even know where to begin now . Seriously , the Season 6 finale left us laying awake afterward thinking about everything , a feeling we have n't had from Grey 's in years and rarely achieved by any program . '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV also noted that the finale was the best episode , adding , `` ( It was ) two of the best hours of television all year . It was certainly the best Grey 's Anatomy has ever been , which is saying a lot since I 'd written the show off for the past few years . No show does a big traumatic event like Grey 's , and the shooter gave the show license for heightened drama with five major characters being shot over the two hours . It was emotional , expertly paced and had me in tears for most of the finale . '' PopSugar called it `` most intense episodes of Grey 's I have ever seen '' adding , `` What a whopper of an episode ! Can we talk about how gripping the scene is where Bailey and Percy are hiding from Mr. Clark . Then he turns around and gets Karev right in the chest . Seriously , I have n't been so shocked by a one - two shooting spree since Michael shot Ana Lucia and Libby in rapid succession on Lost . Another review from BuddyTV called the finale `` Game changing ! '' stating , `` The finale that changes everything ! You do n't want to miss it ! To her credit GA creator and writer - of - this - episode Shonda Rhimes pretty much delivered on her promise . I found myself with my heart in my mouth for the entire evening before finally being able to exhale as the credits rolled . '' The review lauded Ellen Pompeo and Sandra Oh adding , `` The Twisted Sisters really were the showcase of the entire finale . Meredith , side - lined for much of the season , took center stage '' even calling Oh 's Cristina Yang a `` rockstar '' . Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` You 're still pondering how Grey 's can still be so damn good sometimes , '' further hugely praising the episode , `` They did a bang - up job , it felt real in every way , thanks to some stellar performances and writing . And yet it maintained its Grey'sness thanks to some quieter moments , and plenty of witty exchanges to boot . '' Regarding the Bailey - Mary - Charles sequence the site wrote , `` the action felt so real '' , but added , `` But the most intense action was culminating in the OR with Cristina , April and Meredith had a nice moment sitting on the ground together , April sniffling and Meredith stonefaced . Kevin McKidd did some stellar acting as he interacted with them . '' Talking about Meredith 's miscarriage the site added , `` She saved Owen , though she did it while having a miscarriage -- again , leave it to Grey 's to make this the least dramatic , most underplayed storyline of the night . ( Brilliantly so . ) '' Spoiler Junkie wrote highly of the episode Meredith Grey in particular saying , `` In the most heart - wrenching moment of the entire two - hour season finale , Meredith bursts into the room , asking Clark to kill her . Eye for an eye , she says . She 's Lexie 's sister . She 's like a daughter to Dr. Weber . She 's the Chief 's wife . '' and noted that , `` This was an amazing season finale , one of the best in the six seasons of Grey 's Anatomy . The second hour of the Grey 's Anatomy Season 6 season finale , Death and All His Friends , is even more intense than the first . '' HitFix also lauded the episode and wrote , `` In every sense , these two episodes where Shonda Rhimes , directors Stephen Cragg and Rob Corn , and the entire cast and crew of the show `` Going For It '' . There was no opportunity for suspense , or tears , or anger , or horror , or some good old - fashioned monologuing left unexplored . Huge stakes , huge emotions , great performances from everybody Chandra Wilson and Sandra Oh were particularly great , as was Michael O'Neill as shooter Gary Clark . This was about as good as I 've ever seen `` Grey 's . '' Episodes like these are what I point to when anyone asks me why I 'm still watching The site also lauded Ellen Pompeo 's character stating , `` Meredith would suffer a miscarriage in the middle of patching up Owen Hunt 's bullet wound - and be so hard - core , just as her best friend was next door in risking death to save Meredith 's man , that she would just keep working even as blood dripped down her legs . A moment like that works only if everyone involved is 100 % committed to the insanity of it , and here everyone was . They all went for it and came up with a riveting two hours of TV . At the completion of the eleventh season Wired named the episode in its must watch list adding , `` The show reaches its dramatic apex in a multi-episode arc about a deadly spree shooter who visits the hospital with a vendetta . The repercussions of this incident will echo through most of Season 7 , and well into the future . '' The site also called Pompeo 's ' Shoot Me . I 'm Your Eye for an Eye . ' the best scene from the entire series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pompeo , Ellen ; Oh , Sandra ; Chambers , Justin ; Wilson , Chandra ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) , Death and All His Friends , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mandy Moore to guest star on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' finale '' . EW.com. 2010 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Role Recall : Michael O'Neill Talks Saving Presidents on ' 24 ' and ' West Wing , ' His Unforgettable ' Grey 's ' Arc , and Messing With Halle Berry 's Mind on ' Extant ' '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : The Best Episode Yet ? '' . TV Fanatic. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Season 6 Finale Was the Best ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Ever '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Entertainment . `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown : Season Finale , `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' `` . POPSUGAR Entertainment . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : The Game - Changing Finale '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' finale : Remember where it all began ... '' EW.com. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Recap : `` Sanctuary / Death and All His Friends '' `` . Spoiler Junkie. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/grey-s-anatomy-sanctuary-death-and-all-his-friends-first-person-shooter#Vx6rCTypJsVBmyri.99 '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura . `` WIRED Binge - Watching Guide : Grey 's Anatomy '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . External links ( edit ) `` Death and All His Friends '' on IMDb `` Death and All His Friends '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> hide Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_and_All_His_Friends_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=845974047 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2010 American television episodes Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 12 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Grey's Anatomy season 6 finale 2. Shooting spree at Seattle Grace Hospital 3. Characters killed in the shooting 4. Intense and emotional episode 5. Praise for the writing and performances

artists who sang make you feel my love

Make You Feel My Love - wikipedia Make You Feel My Love Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Make You Feel My Love '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bob Dylan <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Time Out of Mind Released September 30 , 1997 Recorded January 1997 Genre Blues rock Length 3 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Daniel Lanois `` Make You Feel My Love '' is a song written by Bob Dylan that appeared on his 1997 album Time Out of Mind . It was first released commercially by Billy Joel , under the title `` To Make You Feel My Love '' , before Dylan 's version appeared later that same year . It has since been covered by numerous performers and has proved to be a commercial success for recording artists such as Adele , Garth Brooks , Bryan Ferry , Kelly Clarkson and Ane Brun . Two covers of the song ( one by Garth Brooks and one by Trisha Yearwood ) were featured on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats . Dylan eventually released the song as a single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Billy Joel version 2.1 Chart positions 3 Garth Brooks version 3.1 Charts 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 4 Adele version 4.1 Arrangement 4.2 Music video 4.3 Other television appearances 4.4 List of recordings 4.5 Charts and certifications 4.5. 1 Weekly charts 4.5. 2 Year - end charts 4.5. 3 Certifications 5 Other versions 6 References 7 External links Personnel ( edit ) Bob Dylan -- guitar , harmonica , piano , vocals Additional musicians Bucky Baxter -- acoustic guitar Tony Garnier -- bass guitar , bass , upright bass Daniel Lanois -- guitar , mando - guitar , Firebird , Martin 0018 , Gretsch gold top , rhythm guitar , lead guitar Augie Meyers -- Vox organ combo , Hammond B3 organ , accordion Duke Robillard -- guitar Billy Joel version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Billy Joel <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Greatest Hits , Volume III B - side `` Intro / Summer , Highland Falls '' Released 1997 Format CD single Recorded 1996 -- 97 Genre Rock Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Billy Joel Danny Kortchmar <Th_colspan="2"> Billy Joel singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) In 1997 , Billy Joel covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' for his compilation album Greatest Hits Volume III . It was released as the first single from the album and reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Joel 's single pre-dated Dylan 's release of the song by one month . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 90 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 50 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 9 US Billboard Hot Singles Sales 53 Garth Brooks version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Garth Brooks <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Hope Floats : Music from the Motion Picture Released May 18 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 54 Label Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Garth Brooks <Th_colspan="2"> Garth Brooks singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) Garth Brooks covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' in 1998 . It appeared on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats , along with a cover version by Trisha Yearwood as the first and last tracks . It was included first as the bonus track on Fresh Horses for Garth 's first Limited Series box set and then included on all later pressings of that album . Brooks ' version resulted in a nomination at 41st Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and a nomination for Bob Dylan for Best Country Song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 22 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 63 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 32 Preceded by `` I Can Still Feel You '' by Collin Raye Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single August 1 , 1998 Succeeded by `` There 's Your Trouble '' by Dixie Chicks Adele version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Make You Feel My Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Adele <Th_colspan="2"> from the album 19 and Songs for the Philippines Released October 27 , 2008 Format CD 7 '' digital download Recorded October 2007 Genre Soul pop Length 3 : 32 Label XL Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Jim Abbiss <Th_colspan="2"> Adele singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) In 2008 , British singer Adele recorded `` Make You Feel My Love '' for her debut studio album 19 ( 2008 ) . It was released as the album 's fourth and final single on October 27 , 2008 , both on CD and vinyl , originally peaking at number 26 . The largest sales of her recording , however , came during 2010 -- 11 when it peaked at number 4 . After the song was performed on the seventh series of The X Factor , it re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 24 . The song then surged to number four after a second performance . Following a third X Factor performance and heavy use in the Comic Relief 2010 television , it spent three more non-consecutive weeks in the top 10 . In early 2011 the song returned to the top 40 again , at number 34 , after it appeared in the 2011 series of Britain 's Got Talent . Adele 's version features in the soundtrack of the 2010 romantic comedy film When in Rome . Her cover version was also featured in the compilation album for the benefit of those affected by Supertyphoon Haiyan in the Philippines entitled Songs for the Philippines . In October 2013 the song was used in the third week of Strictly Come Dancing as part of the `` Love Week '' theme . In January 2013 , Heart Radio listed Adele 's recording as the UK 's number one song of all time in its Hall of Fame Top 500 . At a concert at London 's O2 Arena on March 22 , 2016 , the day of the Brussels bombings , Adele dedicated a performance of the song to the victims of the attacks . Arrangement ( edit ) According to Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy , the version expresses Adele 's affection for the song , `` with just piano as backing , her dreamy , passionate vocals are allowed to shine '' . According to The Guardian 's Dave Simpson , with her `` hushed delivery '' , Adele makes the song `` her own '' . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video features Adele singing the song in her apartment . Other television appearances ( edit ) In other television appearances in the UK and US , the song was used in Waterloo Road , One Tree Hill , Ghost Whisperer , Parenthood , The Bold and the Beautiful , General Hospital , Bones , Hollyoaks , EastEnders , Glee , Nashville and the pilot of Against the Wall . In addition , Adele 's video of the song , directed by Mat Kirby , was released on music channels in late September 2008 and continues to be featured on her website . List of recordings ( edit ) Digital download ( version 1 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 Digital download ( version 2 ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( video ) -- 3 : 32 CD single `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 `` Painting Pictures '' -- 3 : 33 19 version `` Make You Feel My Love '' -- 3 : 32 19 Deluxe version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live at Hotel Cafe ) -- 3 : 52 Chimes of Freedom live version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( recorded live at WXPN ) -- 4 : 04 Live at the Royal Albert Hall live version `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( Live ) -- 3 : 48 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 15 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 European Hot 100 Singles 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Position Dutch Singles Chart 7 Chart ( 2010 ) Position UK Singles Chart 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) `` Make You Feel My Love '' has also been recorded by Joan Osborne , Josh Kelley whose version appeared on A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack , Trisha Yearwood , Neil Diamond , Danny Bowes , Shawn Colvin , Luka Bloom , Timothy B. Schmit , Ronan Keating , Winifred Horan ( from Solas ) , Emily Loizeau , Bryan Ferry , Elkie Brooks ( from her 2010 album Powerless ) , Mary Black , Ruarri Joseph , Phil Keaggy , Paul Evans , Taylor Hicks , Jon Peter Lewis , Kris Allen , Maria Muldaur , Louise Setara , actor Jeremy Irons , Kelly Clarkson , Ed Sheeran , Rebecca Ferguson , Aaron Tveit , Sarah Maclaine , Sleeping At Last , Straight No Chaser and Ane Brun . The song was also covered by Lea Michele on the third episode of Glee 's fifth season , `` The Quarterback '' , in honor to Cory Monteith . The song was covered by Maisy Stella in the ninth episode of the fifth season of Nashville as her character Daphne Conrad , who is singing to her mother Rayna Jaymes ( Connie Britton ) who had been in a car accident following the previous episode . The Adele version was used in the movie When In Rome ( 2010 film ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trager , Oliver ( 2004 ) . Keys to the Rain . Billboard Books . pp. 406 -- 407 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7974 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel : Singles & EPs '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Billy Joel -- To Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 7945 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . September 21 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3660 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 17 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Garth Brooks . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Garth Brooks . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1998 '' . RPM . December 14 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1998 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Beatles , Eminem , U2 Set for Philippines Benefit Album '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Beatles , Eminem , U2 Set for Philippines Benefit Album '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele wins Heart 's best song of all time '' . Radio Today . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adele fans pay tribute to victims of Brussels attacks at London concert '' . BBC Radio 1 Newsbeat . BBC . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` Adele : ' Make You Feel My Love ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Adele -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Make You Feel My Love '' . Adele website . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Results -- European Hot 100 Singles 2010 - 10 - 16 '' . Billboard.biz . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Adele search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2010 - 10 - 09 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2010 - 10 - 09 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2010 - 10 - 09 '' UK Indie Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts ... Single 2009 '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . UkChartsPlus . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2015 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Make You Feel My Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Enter Make You Feel My Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Adele -- Make You Feel My Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Duffy , John . `` Joan Osborne : Righteous Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists : A Cinderella Story '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hope Floats '' Music from the Motion Picture `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond : Home Before Dark '' . Jump up ^ `` Danny & Lucy Bowes '' . Jump up ^ `` Danny and Ben : Danny and Ben CD '' . Jump up ^ Cater , Evan . `` Luka Bloom : Keeper of the Flame '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy B. Schmit : Feed the Fire '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon . `` Ronan Keating : Songs for My Mother '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schacht , John . `` Emily Loizeau : L'Autre Bout du Monde '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Mary Black : Full Tide '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Dave . `` Paul Evans : Roses Are Red , My Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Peter Lewis : Break The Silence '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kris Allen : Season 8 Favorite Performances '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Maria Muldaur : Heart of Mine '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Louise Setara : Still Waters '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Various Artists : Unexpected Dreams '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at Bob Dylan.com <Th_colspan="2"> Bob Dylan ( discography ) Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . 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1. "Make You Feel My Love" - Bob Dylan's song and its various covers 2. Adele's version of "Make You Feel My Love" 3. Billy Joel's cover of "Make You Feel My Love" 4. Garth Brooks' rendition of "Make You Feel My Love" 5. Other artists who have covered "Make You Feel My Love"

what year is the polar express set in

The Polar Express ( film ) - Wikipedia The Polar Express ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Polar Express <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Zemeckis Produced by Steve Starkey Robert Zemeckis Gary Goetzman William Teitler Screenplay by Robert Zemeckis William Broyles , Jr . Based on The Polar Express by Chris Van Allsburg Starring Tom Hanks Daryl Sabara Nona Gaye Jimmy Bennett Eddie Deezen Michael Jeter Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Don Burgess Robert Presley Edited by R. Orlando Duenas Jeremiah O'Driscoll Production company Castle Rock Entertainment Shangri - La Entertainment ImageMovers Playtone Golden Mean Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 21 ) ( Chicago International Film Festival ) November 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $165 million Box office $310.6 million The Polar Express is a 2004 American 3D computer - animated Christmas musical fantasy film based on the 1985 children 's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg , who also served as one of the executive producers on the film . Written , produced , and directed by Robert Zemeckis , the film features human characters animated using live action motion capture animation . The film stars Daryl Sabara , Nona Gaye , Jimmy Bennett , and Eddie Deezen , with Tom Hanks in six distinct roles . The film also included a performance by Tinashe at age 9 , who later gained exposure as a pop singer in the 2010s , as the CGI - model for the female protagonist . Castle Rock Entertainment produced the film in association with Shangri - La Entertainment , ImageMovers , Playtone , and Golden Mean for Warner Bros. Pictures , as Castle Rock 's first animated production . The visual effects and performance capture were done at Sony Pictures Imageworks . The film was made with a budget of $165 million , a record - breaking sum for an animated feature at the time . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX 3D theaters on November 10 , 2004 . It grossed $310.6 million worldwide , and was later listed in the 2006 Guinness World Book of Records as the first all - digital capture film . The film also marks Michael Jeter 's last acting role before his death , and the film was thus dedicated to his memory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Polar Express Locomotive 4 IMAX 3D version 5 Home media release 6 Soundtrack 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Box office 7.3 Awards and honors 8 The `` Polar Express Experience '' 9 Video game 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) On the night of Christmas Eve , a Grand Rapids , Michigan boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus . As he struggles to sleep , he is roused by the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home , and dons his robe to investigate , tearing the robe 's pocket as he retrieves it . Outside , the train 's conductor ( Tom Hanks ) introduces the train as the Polar Express , bound for the North Pole . The boy initially declines to board , but jumps aboard the train as it pulls away . In a passenger car , he befriends a spirited and amicable girl , and a condescending know - it - all . The train stops to pick up an impoverished child , Billy , who also declines to board ; Billy changes his mind , and the boy applies the emergency brake to allow him to catch up to the train , much to the conductor 's chagrin . As Billy sits alone in the train 's rear dining car , hot chocolate is served in the passenger car , and the girl saves her hot chocolate for Billy . As she and the conductor cross to the dining car , the boy notices she left her ticket behind unpunched , but loses hold of the ticket between the cars when he attempts to return it . The ticket reenters the passenger car , but not before the conductor notices its absence and escorts the girl back to the rear car . The know - it - all claims that the conductor will jettison the girl from the back of the train ; the boy recovers the ticket and dashes to the dining car in search of the conductor , climbing onto the roof from the rear platform . He meets a hobo camping on the roof , who offers him coffee and discusses the existence of Santa Claus and belief in ghosts . The hobo skis with the boy along the tops of the cars towards the train 's coal tender , where the hobo disappears . Here , the boy discovers that the girl has been made to supervise the locomotive while engineers Steamer and Smokey replace the train 's headlight . The train is forced to stop while the conductor disperses a herd of caribou , whereupon the engineers return to the cabin and the boy , girl and conductor remain on the catwalk on the front of the locomotive . The throttle 's split pin sheers off , causing the train to accelerate uncontrollably down a 179 - degree grade and onto a frozen lake , where the engineers repair the throttle with a hairpin and drift the train to realign it with the tracks . The boy returns the girl 's ticket , and as the three return to the passenger car , the boy is accosted by an Ebenezer Scrooge marionette ( controlled by the hobo ) , taunting him and calling him a doubter . The train finally arrives at the North Pole , where the conductor announces that one of the passengers will be chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas , from Santa himself . The girl discovers Billy still alone in the rear car , and she and the boy persuade him to come along ; however , the boy accidentally unhitches the car , sending it back along the line to a railway turntable in Santa 's workshop . The children sneak through an elf command center and a gift sorting office before accidentally being dumped into Santa 's sack , where they discover that the know - it - all stowed away along with them , hoping to open his Christmas presents early . The elves rescue them as Santa arrives , and the boy grows frustrated , unable to see Santa through the crowd . A jingle bell flies loose from the galloping reindeers ' reins ; the boy initially can not hear it ring , until he finds it within himself to believe . He returns the bell to Santa as he passes , and Santa selects the boy to receive the first gift of Christmas . The boy asks to keep the jingle bell , and places it in his robe pocket . Four of the elves use a handcar to trundle the wayward passenger car back to the train as the children all board the Polar Express to return home , but the then boy discovers that the pocket was torn and that the bell had fallen out . He returns home and awakens Christmas morning to find a present containing the bell . He holds it to his ear and shakes it ; his parents , not believing in Santa , lament how the bell is `` broken '' . Cast ( edit ) This film marks the final performance of actor Michael Jeter ; Jeter died the year before the film 's release . Tom Hanks as the Hero Boy ( motion - capture only ) , the Hero Boy 's father , the Conductor , the Hobo , Santa Claus , and the Narrator Daryl Sabara as the Hero Boy ( voice ) Josh Hutcherson as the Hero Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Leslie Zemeckis as Sister Sarah ( motion - capture only ) and the Hero Boy 's mother Isabella Peregrina as Sister Sarah ( voice ) Ashly Holloway as Sister Sarah ( additional motion - capture ) Eddie Deezen as Know - It - All Jimmy ' Jax ' Pinchak as Know - It - All ( additional motion - capture ) Nona Gaye as the Hero Girl Chantel Valdivieso as the Hero Girl ( additional motion - capture ) Meagan Moore as the Hero Girl ( singing voice ) Tinashe as the Hero Girl ( motion - capture modeling ) Peter Scolari as Billy the Lonely Boy ( motion - capture only ) Hayden McFarland as Billy the Lonely Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Jimmy Bennett as Billy the Lonely Boy ( voice ) Matthew Hall as Billy the Lonely Boy ( singing voice ) Dylan Cash as Boy on Train ( voice ) Brendan King and Andy Pellick as the Pastry Chefs Josh Eli , Rolandas Hendricks , Jon Scott , Sean Scott , Mark Mendonca , Mark Goodman , Gregory Gast , and Gordon Hart as the Waiters Andre Sogliuzzo as Smokey and Steamer ( voice ) Michael Jeter as Smokey and Steamer ( motion - capture only ) Chris Coppola as Gus the Toothless Boy and an Elf Connor Matheus as the Toothless Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Julene Renee as the Red Head Girl and an Elf Phil Fondacaro , Debbie Lee Carrington , Mark Povinelli , and Ed Gale as Elves Charles Fleischer as the Elf General Steven Tyler as the Elf Lieutenant and the Elf Singer Dante Pastula as the Little Boy Eric Newton , Aidan O'Shea , Aaron Hendry , Kevin C. Carr , Bee Jay Joyer , Jena Carpenter , Karine Mauffrey , Beth Carpenter , Bill Forchion , Devin Henderson , and Sagiv Ben - Binyamin as Acrobatic Elves Evan Sabara as a Young Boy ( additional motion - capture ) Production ( edit ) Architecture ( edit ) Administration building of the Pullman Palace Car Company The buildings at the North Pole refer to a number of buildings related to American railroading history . The buildings in the square at the city 's center are loosely based on the Pullman Factory in Chicago 's Pullman neighborhood . Polar Express locomotive ( edit ) Pere Marquette locomotive 1225 , the basis for the Polar Express . The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2 - 8 - 4 Berkshire type steam locomotive , with a cowcatcher , modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225 , which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing , Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University , where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child . In July 2002 , Warner Bros. approached the engine 's owner , the Steam Railroading Institute , to study the engine . The engine in the film is modeled from the PM # 1225 's drawings and the sounds from recordings made of the 1225 operating under steam . The whistle , however , was taken from Sierra Railway # 3 . IMAX 3D version ( edit ) In addition to standard theatrical 35mm format , a 3 - D version for IMAX was also released , generated from the same 3 - D digital models used for the standard version . Home Media release ( edit ) The film was released on DVD as separated widescreen and full - screen versions in single and two - disc special editions ( with bonus features ) and on VHS on November 22 , 2005 , one year after the film came out . It was released on Blu - ray with bonus features and presented in the original widescreen aspect ratio on October 30 , 2007 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Polar Express ( soundtrack ) Performer ( s ) Title Length Tom Hanks `` The Polar Express '' 3 : 25 Matthew Hall & Meagan Moore `` When Christmas Comes to Town '' 4 : 07 Steven Tyler `` Rockin ' on the Top of the World '' 2 : 35 Josh Groban `` Believe '' 4 : 18 Tom Hanks `` Hot Chocolate '' 2 : 33 Alan Silvestri `` Spirit of the Season '' 2 : 34 Frank Sinatra `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' 2 : 35 Alan Silvestri `` Seeing Is Believing '' 3 : 47 Bing Crosby `` White Christmas '' 3 : 05 The Andrews Sisters `` Winter Wonderland '' 2 : 43 Perry Como &The Fontane Sisters `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' 2 : 40 Kate Smith `` Silver Bells '' 2 : 39 Bing Crosby & The Andrews Sisters `` Here Comes Santa Claus ( Right Down Santa Claus Lane ) '' 3 : 04 Alan Silvestri `` Suite from the Polar Express '' 6 : 02 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 202 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Though the movie is visually stunning overall , the animation for the human characters is n't lifelike enough , and the story is padded . '' Despite the polarized reception from critics , The Polar Express has been popular among audiences . The Independent reported in 2011 that the film `` is now seen by many as a classic '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars , saying , `` There 's a deeper , shivery tone , instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie . '' And `` It has a haunting , magical quality ... '' Acknowledging comments by other reviewers , Ebert said , `` It 's a little creepy . Not creepy in an unpleasant way , but in that sneaky , teasing way that lets you know eerie things could happen . '' Richard Roeper gave a glowing review to the film as well , saying that it `` remains true to the book , right down to the bittersweet final image . '' James Berardinelli gave it a 3.5 / 4 , stating that it is `` a delightful tale guaranteed to enthrall viewers of all ages '' , and ranked it as the 10th best film of 2004 . The character design and animation were criticized for dipping into the uncanny valley . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1 out of 4 stars , and called it `` a failed and lifeless experiment in which everything goes wrong '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said , `` I could probably have tolerated the incessant jitteriness of The Polar Express if the look of it did n't give me the creeps . '' Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star stated , `` If I were a child , I 'd have nightmares . Come to think of it , I did anyway . '' Paul Clinton from CNN called it `` at best disconcerting , and at worst , a wee bit horrifying '' . Box Office ( edit ) The film opened at # 2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters , for a per - theater average of $6,390 and a per - screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend . It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch . The weekend total also included $2,100,000 from 59 IMAX theaters , for an IMAX theater average of $35,593 , and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday . In its second weekend , it grossed another $15,668,101 , averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12 - day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927 , averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19 - day cumulative to $81,479,861 . The film has made $186,493,472 domestically ( including IMAX re-releases ) , and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $310,634 , 05 . The film had its network TV premiere on ABC , December 1 , 2006 . The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers , winning its timeslot and ranking 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week , according to TVTango.com . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing ( Randy Thom and Dennis Leonard ) Best Sound Mixing ( Randy Thom , Tom Johnson , Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan ) Best Original Song for `` Believe . '' The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of `` Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture . '' In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated The Polar Express for its Top 10 Animated Films list . The `` Polar Express Experience '' ( edit ) In November 2007 , SeaWorld Orlando debuted the Polar Express Experience , a Motion Simulator ride based on the film . The attraction is a temporary replacement for the Wild Arctic attraction . The building housing the attraction was also temporarily re-themed to a railroad station and ride vehicles painted to resemble Polar Express passenger cars . The plot for the ride revolves around a trip to the North Pole on Christmas Eve . Guests feel the motion of the locomotive as well as the swinging of the train on ice and feeling of ice crumbling beneath them . The attraction was available until January 1 , 2008 , and is now open annually during the Christmas season . The 4D film , distributed by SimEx - Iwerks , has been shown at other amusement parks around the world including Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden , Dollywood ( during the annual Smoky Mountain Christmas event ) , Vancouver Aquarium ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , and Warner Bros. Movie World ( during the White Christmas events in 2010 and 2011 ) . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Polar Express ( video game ) A video game based on the film was released on November 26 , 2004 for GameCube , Game Boy Advance , PlayStation 2 and Windows , developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ . The plot of the game is more different than the film version . Within this time , the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game , attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop the children for reaching the North Pole . See also ( edit ) List of 3D films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Polar Express '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Polar Express '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ( 19 October 2001 ) . `` Can Polar Express Make the Grade ? '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Review : ' The Polar Express ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ridin ' the reels '' . The Chicago Tribune . October 7 , 2007 . p. 2 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press , November 4 , 2004 `` Meet Chris Van Allsburg '' Jump up ^ `` Steam Railroading Institute History '' . Steam Railroading Institute . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . July 2002 : Warner Brothers arranges to use 1225 's image in `` The Polar Express , '' ... Jump up ^ Mills , Rcik ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Iconic steam engine offering rides from Mt . Pleasant '' . The Morning Sun . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . The 1225 's blueprints were used as the prototype for the locomotive image , and its sounds were used to bring the Polar Express to life . Jump up ^ B. , Brian ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` The Polar Express In IMAX 3D Returns to Theaters This Holiday Season '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ amazon.com , `` The Polar Express ( VHS ) '' . Accessed December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Polar Express '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Polar Express ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 175m flop so bad it could end the 3D boom '' . The Independent . 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Roger Ebert Reviews . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Polar Express , The ( United States , 2004 ) '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Page - Kirby , Kristen ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) . `` ' The D Train ' is n't actually about trains . But these 5 movies are '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2004 - 11 - 18 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` The Polar Express '' . Salon . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herman , Barbara ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) . `` The 10 Scariest Movies and Why They Creep Us Out '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Review : ' Polar Express ' a creepy ride '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Database : 2004 ( 77th ) '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 'S 10 Top 10 - Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Polar Express Experience at SeaWorld Orlando Begins This Friday , November 12th ... '' Visit Tampa Bay . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Polar Express 4 - D Experience '' . November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , David ( May 4 , 2004 ) . `` Pre-E3 2004 : THQ Announces Lineup '' . IGN . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Games & Media - Polar Express '' . PlayStation . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casamassina , Matt ( November 8 , 2004 ) . `` The Polar Express ( GCN , PS2 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerstmann , Jeff ( May 12 , 2004 ) . `` The Polar Express E3 2004 Preshow First Look '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Polar Express Official website The Polar Express on IMDb The Polar Express at the TCM Movie Database The Polar Express at Rotten Tomatoes The Polar Express at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Robert Zemeckis <Td_colspan="2"> I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) Used Cars ( 1980 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Back to the Future Part II ( 1989 ) Back to the Future Part III ( 1990 ) Two - Fisted Tales ( 1992 ) Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Contact ( 1997 ) What Lies Beneath ( 2000 ) Cast Away ( 2000 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Beowulf ( 2007 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Flight ( 2012 ) The Walk ( 2015 ) Doc Brown Saves the World ( 2015 ) Allied ( 2016 ) The Women of Marwen ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Chris Van Allsburg Picture books The Garden of Abdul Gasazi ( 1979 ) Jumanji ( 1981 ) The Wreck of the Zephyr ( 1983 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1984 ) The Enchanted World : Ghosts ( 1984 ) The Polar Express ( 1985 ) The Enchanted World : Dwarfs ( 1985 ) The Stranger ( 1986 ) The Z Was Zapped ( 1987 ) Two Bad Ants ( 1988 ) The Wretched Stone ( 1991 ) The Widow 's Broom ( 1992 ) The Sweetest Fig ( 1993 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1994 ) Bad Day at Riverbend ( 1995 ) Zathura ( 2002 ) Probuditi ! ( 2006 ) Queen of the Falls ( 2011 ) Books illustrated A City in Winter ( 1996 ) Film credits Jumanji ( 1995 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) VIAF : 202976160 GND : 4809720 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Polar_Express_(film)&oldid=833366436 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2004 computer - animated films 2000s 3D films 2000s American animated films 2000s adventure films Animated films about trains 2000s fantasy films 2000s musical films American films American 3D films American children 's animated fantasy films American Christmas films American musical fantasy films Animated films based on children 's books Animated musical films Computer - animated films Animated Christmas films Fictional trains IMAX films Performance capture in film Santa Claus in film Castle Rock Entertainment films ImageMovers films Playtone films Shangri - La Entertainment films Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in the Arctic Screenplays by Robert Zemeckis Warner Bros. animated films Warner Bros. films Culture of Grand Rapids , Michigan Films set in Michigan Films set in Canada Films set in the 1950s Films set on trains Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with unsourced quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 03 : 35 . 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what is the difference between sin and sinh

Hyperbolic function - wikipedia Hyperbolic function Jump to : navigation , search `` Sech '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sech ( disambiguation ) . `` Hyperbolic curve '' redirects here . For the geometric curve , see Hyperbola . In mathematics , hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric , or circular , functions . The basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine `` sinh '' ( / sɪntʃ , ʃaɪn / ) , and the hyperbolic cosine `` cosh '' ( / kɒʃ / ) , from which are derived the hyperbolic tangent `` tanh '' ( / tæntʃ , θæn / ) , hyperbolic cosecant `` csch '' or `` cosech '' ( / ˈkoʊʃɛk / or / ˈkoʊsɛtʃ / ) , hyperbolic secant `` sech '' ( / ʃɛk , sɛtʃ / ) , and hyperbolic cotangent `` coth '' ( / koʊθ , kɒθ / ) , corresponding to the derived trigonometric functions . The inverse hyperbolic functions are the area hyperbolic sine `` arsinh '' ( also denoted `` sinh '' , `` asinh '' or sometimes `` arcsinh '' ) and so on . A ray through the unit hyperbola x 2 − y 2 = 1 ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) - y ^ ( 2 ) = 1 ) in the point ( cosh ⁡ a , sinh ⁡ a ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ cosh a , \ sinh a ) , ) where a ( \ displaystyle a ) is twice the area between the ray , the hyperbola , and the x ( \ displaystyle x ) - axis . For points on the hyperbola below the x ( \ displaystyle x ) - axis , the area is considered negative ( see animated version with comparison with the trigonometric ( circular ) functions ) . Just as the points ( cos t , sin t ) form a circle with a unit radius , the points ( cosh t , sinh t ) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola . The hyperbolic functions take a real argument called a hyperbolic angle . The size of a hyperbolic angle is twice the area of its hyperbolic sector . The hyperbolic functions may be defined in terms of the legs of a right triangle covering this sector . Hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of many linear differential equations ( for example , the equation defining a catenary ) , of some cubic equations , in calculations of angles and distances in hyperbolic geometry , and of Laplace 's equation in Cartesian coordinates . Laplace 's equations are important in many areas of physics , including electromagnetic theory , heat transfer , fluid dynamics , and special relativity . In complex analysis , the hyperbolic functions arise as the imaginary parts of sine and cosine . When considered defined by a complex variable , the hyperbolic functions are rational functions of exponentials , and are hence holomorphic . Hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 1760s independently by Vincenzo Riccati and Johann Heinrich Lambert . Riccati used Sc. and Cc . ( ( co ) sinus circulare ) to refer to circular functions and Sh. and Ch . ( ( co ) sinus hyperbolico ) to refer to hyperbolic functions . Lambert adopted the names but altered the abbreviations to what they are today . The abbreviations sh and ch are still used in some other languages , like French and Russian . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Characterizing properties 2.1 Hyperbolic cosine 2.2 Hyperbolic tangent 3 Useful relations 3.1 Sums of arguments 3.2 Subtraction formulas 3.3 Half argument formulas 4 Inverse functions as logarithms 5 Derivatives 6 Second derivatives 7 Standard integrals 8 Taylor series expressions 9 Comparison with circular functions 10 Identities 11 Relationship to the exponential function 12 Hyperbolic functions for complex numbers 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Definitions ( edit ) sinh , cosh and tanh csch , sech and coth ( a ) cosh ( x ) is the average of e and e ( b ) sinh ( x ) is half the difference of e and e There are various equivalent ways for defining the hyperbolic functions . They may be defined in terms of the exponential function : Hyperbolic sine : sinh ⁡ x = e x − e − x 2 = e 2 x − 1 2 e x = 1 − e − 2 x 2 e − x . ( \ displaystyle \ sinh x = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x ) - e ^ ( - x ) ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( 2x ) - 1 ) ( 2e ^ ( x ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ( 2e ^ ( - x ) ) ) . ) Hyperbolic cosine : cosh ⁡ x = e x + e − x 2 = e 2 x + 1 2 e x = 1 + e − 2 x 2 e − x . ( \ displaystyle \ cosh x = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x ) + e ^ ( - x ) ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( 2x ) + 1 ) ( 2e ^ ( x ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 + e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ( 2e ^ ( - x ) ) ) . ) Hyperbolic tangent : tanh ⁡ x = sinh ⁡ x cosh ⁡ x = e x − e − x e x + e − x = ( \ displaystyle \ tanh x = ( \ frac ( \ sinh x ) ( \ cosh x ) ) = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x ) - e ^ ( - x ) ) ( e ^ ( x ) + e ^ ( - x ) ) ) = ) = e 2 x − 1 e 2 x + 1 = 1 − e − 2 x 1 + e − 2 x . ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( 2x ) - 1 ) ( e ^ ( 2x ) + 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ( 1 + e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ) . ) Hyperbolic cotangent : coth ⁡ x = cosh ⁡ x sinh ⁡ x = e x + e − x e x − e − x = ( \ displaystyle \ coth x = ( \ frac ( \ cosh x ) ( \ sinh x ) ) = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x ) + e ^ ( - x ) ) ( e ^ ( x ) - e ^ ( - x ) ) ) = ) = e 2 x + 1 e 2 x − 1 = 1 + e − 2 x 1 − e − 2 x , x ≠ 0 . ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( 2x ) + 1 ) ( e ^ ( 2x ) - 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 + e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ( 1 - e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ) , \ qquad x \ neq 0 . ) Hyperbolic secant : sech ⁡ x = 1 cosh ⁡ x = 2 e x + e − x = ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( sech ) x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ cosh x ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( e ^ ( x ) + e ^ ( - x ) ) ) = ) = 2 e x e 2 x + 1 = 2 e − x 1 + e − 2 x . ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( 2e ^ ( x ) ) ( e ^ ( 2x ) + 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2e ^ ( - x ) ) ( 1 + e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ) . ) Hyperbolic cosecant : csch ⁡ x = 1 sinh ⁡ x = 2 e x − e − x = ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( csch ) x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sinh x ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( e ^ ( x ) - e ^ ( - x ) ) ) = ) = 2 e x e 2 x − 1 = 2 e − x 1 − e − 2 x , x ≠ 0 . ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( 2e ^ ( x ) ) ( e ^ ( 2x ) - 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2e ^ ( - x ) ) ( 1 - e ^ ( - 2x ) ) ) , \ qquad x \ neq 0 . ) The hyperbolic functions may be defined as solutions of differential equations : The hyperbolic sine and cosine are the unique solution ( s , c ) of the system c ′ ( x ) = s ( x ) s ′ ( x ) = c ( x ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) c ' ( x ) & = s ( x ) \ \ s ' ( x ) & = c ( x ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) such that s ( 0 ) = 0 and c ( 0 ) = 1 . They are also the unique solution of the equation f '' ( x ) = f ( x ) , ( \ displaystyle f ' ' ( x ) = f ( x ) , ) such that f ( 0 ) = 1 , f ′ ( 0 ) = 0 , ( \ displaystyle f ( 0 ) = 1 , f ' ( 0 ) = 0 , ) for the hyperbolic cosine , and f ( 0 ) = 0 , f ′ ( 0 ) = 1 , ( \ displaystyle f ( 0 ) = 0 , f ' ( 0 ) = 1 , ) for the hyperbolic sine . Hyperbolic functions may also be deduced from trigonometric functions with complex arguments : Hyperbolic sine : sinh ⁡ x = − i sin ⁡ ( i x ) ( \ displaystyle \ sinh x = - i \ sin ( ix ) ) Hyperbolic cosine : cosh ⁡ x = cos ⁡ ( i x ) ( \ displaystyle \ cosh x = \ cos ( ix ) ) Hyperbolic tangent : tanh ⁡ x = − i tan ⁡ ( i x ) ( \ displaystyle \ tanh x = - i \ tan ( ix ) ) Hyperbolic cotangent : coth ⁡ x = i cot ⁡ ( i x ) ( \ displaystyle \ coth x = i \ cot ( ix ) ) Hyperbolic secant : sech ⁡ x = sec ⁡ ( i x ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( sech ) x = \ sec ( ix ) ) Hyperbolic cosecant : csch ⁡ x = i csc ⁡ ( i x ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( csch ) x = i \ csc ( ix ) ) where i is the imaginary unit with the property that i 2 = − 1 . ( \ displaystyle i ^ ( 2 ) = - 1 . ) The complex forms in the definitions above derive from Euler 's formula . Characterizing properties ( edit ) Hyperbolic cosine ( edit ) It can be shown that the area under the curve of cosh ( x ) over a finite interval is always equal to the arc length corresponding to that interval : area = ∫ a b cosh ⁡ ( x ) d x = ∫ a b 1 + ( d d x cosh ⁡ ( x ) ) 2 d x = arc length ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( area ) ) = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( \ cosh ( ( x ) ) ) \ dx = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 + \ left ( ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ cosh ( ( x ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ dx = ( \ text ( arc length ) ) ) Hyperbolic tangent ( edit ) The hyperbolic tangent is the solution to the differential equation f ′ = 1 − f 2 ( \ displaystyle f ' = 1 - f ^ ( 2 ) ) with f ( 0 ) = 0 and the nonlinear boundary value problem : 1 2 f '' = f 3 − f ; f ( 0 ) = f ′ ( ∞ ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) f ' ' = f ^ ( 3 ) - f ; \ quad f ( 0 ) = f ' ( \ infty ) = 0 ) Useful relations ( edit ) Odd and even functions : sinh ⁡ ( − x ) = − sinh ⁡ x cosh ⁡ ( − x ) = cosh ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sinh ( - x ) & = - \ sinh x \ \ \ cosh ( - x ) & = \ cosh x \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Hence : tanh ⁡ ( − x ) = − tanh ⁡ x coth ⁡ ( − x ) = − coth ⁡ x sech ⁡ ( − x ) = sech ⁡ x csch ⁡ ( − x ) = − csch ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ tanh ( - x ) & = - \ tanh x \ \ \ coth ( - x ) & = - \ coth x \ \ \ operatorname ( sech ) ( - x ) & = \ operatorname ( sech ) x \ \ \ operatorname ( csch ) ( - x ) & = - \ operatorname ( csch ) x \ end ( aligned ) ) ) It can be seen that cosh x and sech x are even functions ; the others are odd functions . arsech ⁡ x = arcosh ⁡ 1 x arcsch ⁡ x = arsinh ⁡ 1 x arcoth ⁡ x = artanh ⁡ 1 x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( arsech ) x& = \ operatorname ( arcosh ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ \ \ operatorname ( arcsch ) x& = \ operatorname ( arsinh ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ \ \ operatorname ( arcoth ) x& = \ operatorname ( artanh ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy : cosh ⁡ x + sinh ⁡ x = e x cosh ⁡ x − sinh ⁡ x = e − x cosh 2 ⁡ x − sinh 2 ⁡ x = 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ cosh x+ \ sinh x& = e ^ ( x ) \ \ \ cosh x - \ sinh x& = e ^ ( - x ) \ \ \ cosh ^ ( 2 ) x - \ sinh ^ ( 2 ) x& = 1 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) the last which is similar to the Pythagorean trigonometric identity . One also has sech 2 ⁡ x = 1 − tanh 2 ⁡ x csch 2 ⁡ x = coth 2 ⁡ x − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( sech ) ^ ( 2 ) x& = 1 - \ tanh ^ ( 2 ) x \ \ \ operatorname ( csch ) ^ ( 2 ) x& = \ coth ^ ( 2 ) x-1 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) for the other functions . Sums of arguments ( edit ) sinh ⁡ ( x + y ) = sinh ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( y ) + cosh ⁡ ( x ) sinh ⁡ ( y ) cosh ⁡ ( x + y ) = cosh ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( y ) + sinh ⁡ ( x ) sinh ⁡ ( y ) tanh ⁡ ( x + y ) = tanh ⁡ x + tanh ⁡ y 1 + tanh ⁡ x tanh ⁡ y ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sinh ( x + y ) & = \ sinh ( x ) \ cosh ( y ) + \ cosh ( x ) \ sinh ( y ) \ \ \ cosh ( x + y ) & = \ cosh ( x ) \ cosh ( y ) + \ sinh ( x ) \ sinh ( y ) \ \ \ tanh ( x + y ) & = ( \ frac ( \ tanh x+ \ tanh y ) ( 1 + \ tanh x \ tanh y ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) particularly cosh ⁡ ( 2 x ) = sinh 2 ⁡ x + cosh 2 ⁡ x = 2 sinh 2 ⁡ x + 1 = 2 cosh 2 ⁡ x − 1 sinh ⁡ ( 2 x ) = 2 sinh ⁡ x cosh ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ cosh ( 2x ) & = \ sinh ^ ( 2 ) ( x ) + \ cosh ^ ( 2 ) ( x ) = 2 \ sinh ^ ( 2 ) x + 1 = 2 \ cosh ^ ( 2 ) x-1 \ \ \ sinh ( 2x ) & = 2 \ sinh x \ cosh x \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Also : sinh ⁡ x + sinh ⁡ y = 2 sinh ⁡ x + y 2 cosh ⁡ x − y 2 cosh ⁡ x + cosh ⁡ y = 2 cosh ⁡ x + y 2 cosh ⁡ x − y 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sinh x+ \ sinh y& = 2 \ sinh ( \ frac ( x + y ) ( 2 ) ) \ cosh ( \ frac ( x-y ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ cosh x+ \ cosh y& = 2 \ cosh ( \ frac ( x + y ) ( 2 ) ) \ cosh ( \ frac ( x-y ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Subtraction formulas ( edit ) sinh ⁡ ( x − y ) = sinh ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( y ) − cosh ⁡ ( x ) sinh ⁡ ( y ) cosh ⁡ ( x − y ) = cosh ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( y ) − sinh ⁡ ( x ) sinh ⁡ ( y ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sinh ( x-y ) & = \ sinh ( x ) \ cosh ( y ) - \ cosh ( x ) \ sinh ( y ) \ \ \ cosh ( x-y ) & = \ cosh ( x ) \ cosh ( y ) - \ sinh ( x ) \ sinh ( y ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Also : sinh ⁡ x − sinh ⁡ y = 2 cosh ⁡ x + y 2 sinh ⁡ x − y 2 cosh ⁡ x − cosh ⁡ y = 2 sinh ⁡ x + y 2 sinh ⁡ x − y 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sinh x - \ sinh y& = 2 \ cosh ( \ frac ( x + y ) ( 2 ) ) \ sinh ( \ frac ( x-y ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ cosh x - \ cosh y& = 2 \ sinh ( \ frac ( x + y ) ( 2 ) ) \ sinh ( \ frac ( x-y ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Source . Half argument formulas ( edit ) sinh ⁡ ( x 2 ) = sinh ⁡ ( x ) 2 ( cosh ⁡ ( x ) + 1 ) = sgn ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( x ) − 1 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sinh \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( \ sinh ( x ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ( \ cosh ( x ) + 1 ) ) ) ) = \ operatorname ( sgn ) ( x ) \ , ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ cosh ( x ) - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) where sgn is the sign function . cosh ⁡ ( x 2 ) = cosh ⁡ ( x ) + 1 2 ( \ displaystyle \ cosh \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ cosh ( x ) + 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) tanh ⁡ ( x 2 ) = sinh ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( x ) + 1 = sgn ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( x ) − 1 cosh ⁡ ( x ) + 1 = e x − 1 e x + 1 ( \ displaystyle \ tanh \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( \ sinh ( x ) ) ( \ cosh ( x ) + 1 ) ) = \ operatorname ( sgn ) ( x ) \ , ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ cosh ( x ) - 1 ) ( \ cosh ( x ) + 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x ) - 1 ) ( e ^ ( x ) + 1 ) ) ) If x ≠ 0 , then tanh ⁡ ( x 2 ) = cosh ⁡ ( x ) − 1 sinh ⁡ ( x ) = coth ⁡ ( x ) − csch ⁡ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ tanh \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( \ cosh ( x ) - 1 ) ( \ sinh ( x ) ) ) = \ coth ( x ) - \ operatorname ( csch ) ( x ) ) Inverse functions as logarithms ( edit ) Main article : Inverse hyperbolic function arsinh ⁡ ( x ) = ln ⁡ ( x + x 2 + 1 ) arcosh ⁡ ( x ) = ln ⁡ ( x + x 2 − 1 ) x ⩾ 1 artanh ⁡ ( x ) = 1 2 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x 1 − x ) x < 1 arcoth ⁡ ( x ) = 1 2 ln ⁡ ( x + 1 x − 1 ) x > 1 arsech ⁡ ( x ) = ln ⁡ ( 1 x + 1 x 2 − 1 ) = ln ⁡ ( 1 + 1 − x 2 x ) 0 < x ⩽ 1 arcsch ⁡ ( x ) = ln ⁡ ( 1 x + 1 x 2 + 1 ) x ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( arsinh ) ( x ) & = \ ln \ left ( x+ ( \ sqrt ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) \ right ) \ \ \ operatorname ( arcosh ) ( x ) & = \ ln \ left ( x+ ( \ sqrt ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 1 ) ) \ right ) &&x \ geqslant 1 \ \ \ operatorname ( artanh ) ( x ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 + x ) ( 1 - x ) ) \ right ) && x < 1 \ \ \ operatorname ( arcoth ) ( x ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( x + 1 ) ( x-1 ) ) \ right ) && x > 1 \ \ \ operatorname ( arsech ) ( x ) & = \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) + ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - 1 ) ) \ right ) = \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( x ) ) \ right ) &&0 < x \ leqslant 1 \ \ \ operatorname ( arcsch ) ( x ) & = \ ln \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) + ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + 1 ) ) \ right ) &&x \ neq 0 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Derivatives ( edit ) d d x sinh ⁡ x = cosh ⁡ x d d x cosh ⁡ x = sinh ⁡ x d d x tanh ⁡ x = 1 − tanh 2 ⁡ x = sech 2 ⁡ x = 1 cosh 2 ⁡ x d d x coth ⁡ x = 1 − coth 2 ⁡ x = − csch 2 ⁡ x = − 1 sinh 2 ⁡ x x ≠ 0 d d x sech ⁡ x = − tanh ⁡ x sech ⁡ x d d x csch x = − coth ⁡ x csch x x ≠ 0 d d x arsinh x = 1 x 2 + 1 d d x arcosh x = 1 x 2 − 1 1 < x d d x artanh x = 1 1 − x 2 x < 1 d d x arcoth x = 1 1 − x 2 1 < x d d x arsech x = − 1 x 1 − x 2 0 < x < 1 d d x arcsch x = − 1 x 1 + x 2 x ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ sinh x& = \ cosh x \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ cosh x& = \ sinh x \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ tanh x& = 1 - \ tanh ^ ( 2 ) x = \ operatorname ( sech ) ^ ( 2 ) x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ cosh ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ coth x& = 1 - \ coth ^ ( 2 ) x = - \ operatorname ( csch ) ^ ( 2 ) x = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sinh ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) &&x \ neq 0 \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ operatorname ( sech ) x& = - \ tanh x \ operatorname ( sech ) x \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ \ operatorname ( csch ) \ , x& = - \ coth x \ \ operatorname ( csch ) \ , x&&x \ neq 0 \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ , \ operatorname ( arsinh ) \ , x& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) ) \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ , \ operatorname ( arcosh ) \ , x& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 1 ) ) ) &&1 < x \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ , \ operatorname ( artanh ) \ , x& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) && x < 1 \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ , \ operatorname ( arcoth ) \ , x& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) &&1 < x \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ , \ operatorname ( arsech ) \ , x& = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) &&0 < x < 1 \ \ ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ , \ operatorname ( arcsch ) \ , x& = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ( \ sqrt ( 1 + x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) &&x \ neq 0 \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Second derivatives ( edit ) Sinh and cosh are both equal to their second derivative , that is : d 2 d x 2 sinh ⁡ x = sinh ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sinh x = \ sinh x \ , ) d 2 d x 2 cosh ⁡ x = cosh ⁡ x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ cosh x = \ cosh x \ , . ) All functions with this property are linear combinations of sinh and cosh , in particular the exponential functions e x ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( x ) ) and e − x ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - x ) ) , and the zero function f ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = 0 ) . Standard integrals ( edit ) For a full list , see list of integrals of hyperbolic functions . ∫ sinh ⁡ ( a x ) d x = a − 1 cosh ⁡ ( a x ) + C ∫ cosh ⁡ ( a x ) d x = a − 1 sinh ⁡ ( a x ) + C ∫ tanh ⁡ ( a x ) d x = a − 1 ln ⁡ ( cosh ⁡ ( a x ) ) + C ∫ coth ⁡ ( a x ) d x = a − 1 ln ⁡ ( sinh ⁡ ( a x ) ) + C ∫ sech ⁡ ( a x ) d x = a − 1 arctan ⁡ ( sinh ⁡ ( a x ) ) + C ∫ csch ⁡ ( a x ) d x = a − 1 ln ⁡ ( tanh ⁡ ( a x 2 ) ) + C = a − 1 ln ⁡ csch ⁡ ( a x ) − coth ⁡ ( a x ) + C ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ int \ sinh ( ax ) \ , dx& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ cosh ( ax ) + C \ \ \ int \ cosh ( ax ) \ , dx& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ sinh ( ax ) + C \ \ \ int \ tanh ( ax ) \ , dx& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ ln ( \ cosh ( ax ) ) + C \ \ \ int \ coth ( ax ) \ , dx& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ ln ( \ sinh ( ax ) ) + C \ \ \ int \ operatorname ( sech ) ( ax ) \ , dx& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ arctan ( \ sinh ( ax ) ) + C \ \ \ int \ operatorname ( csch ) ( ax ) \ , dx& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ ln \ left ( \ tanh \ left ( ( \ frac ( ax ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ right ) + C = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ ln \ left \ operatorname ( csch ) ( ax ) - \ coth ( ax ) \ right + C \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The following integrals can be proved using hyperbolic substitution : ∫ 1 a 2 + u 2 d u = arsinh ⁡ ( u a ) + C ∫ 1 u 2 − a 2 d u = arcosh ⁡ ( u a ) + C ∫ 1 a 2 − u 2 d u = a − 1 artanh ⁡ ( u a ) + C u 2 < a 2 ∫ 1 a 2 − u 2 d u = a − 1 arcoth ⁡ ( u a ) + C u 2 > a 2 ∫ 1 u a 2 − u 2 d u = − a − 1 arsech ⁡ ( u a ) + C ∫ 1 u a 2 + u 2 d u = − a − 1 arcsch ⁡ u a + C ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ int ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + u ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ , du ) & = \ operatorname ( arsinh ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( u ) ( a ) ) \ right ) + C \ \ \ int ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( u ^ ( 2 ) - a ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ , du ) & = \ operatorname ( arcosh ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( u ) ( a ) ) \ right ) + C \ \ \ int ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) - u ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , du& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ operatorname ( artanh ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( u ) ( a ) ) \ right ) + C&&u ^ ( 2 ) < a ^ ( 2 ) \ \ \ int ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) - u ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , du& = a ^ ( - 1 ) \ operatorname ( arcoth ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( u ) ( a ) ) \ right ) + C&&u ^ ( 2 ) > a ^ ( 2 ) \ \ \ int ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( u ( \ sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) - u ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) \ , du ) & = - a ^ ( - 1 ) \ operatorname ( arsech ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( u ) ( a ) ) \ right ) + C \ \ \ int ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( u ( \ sqrt ( a ^ ( 2 ) + u ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) \ , du ) & = - a ^ ( - 1 ) \ operatorname ( arcsch ) \ left ( \ frac ( u ) ( a ) ) \ right + C \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where C is the constant of integration . Taylor series expressions ( edit ) It is possible to express the above functions as Taylor series : sinh ⁡ x = x + x 3 3 ! + x 5 5 ! + x 7 7 ! + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ x 2 n + 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ( \ displaystyle \ sinh x = x+ ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 5 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 7 ) ) ( 7 ! ) ) + \ cdots = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ( ( 2n + 1 ) ! ) ) ) The function sinh x has a Taylor series expression with only odd exponents for x . Thus it is an odd function , that is , − sinh x = sinh ( − x ) , and sinh 0 = 0 . cosh ⁡ x = 1 + x 2 2 ! + x 4 4 ! + x 6 6 ! + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ x 2 n ( 2 n ) ! ( \ displaystyle \ cosh x = 1 + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 6 ) ) ( 6 ! ) ) + \ cdots = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2n ) ) ( ( 2n ) ! ) ) ) The function cosh x has a Taylor series expression with only even exponents for x . Thus it is an even function , that is , symmetric with respect to the y - axis . The sum of the sinh and cosh series is the infinite series expression of the exponential function . tanh ⁡ x = x − x 3 3 + 2 x 5 15 − 17 x 7 315 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 2 2 n ( 2 2 n − 1 ) B 2 n x 2 n − 1 ( 2 n ) ! , x < π 2 coth ⁡ x = x − 1 + x 3 − x 3 45 + 2 x 5 945 + ⋯ = x − 1 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ 2 2 n B 2 n x 2 n − 1 ( 2 n ) ! , 0 < x < π sech x = 1 − x 2 2 + 5 x 4 24 − 61 x 6 720 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ E 2 n x 2 n ( 2 n ) ! , x < π 2 csch x = x − 1 − x 6 + 7 x 3 360 − 31 x 5 15120 + ⋯ = x − 1 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ 2 ( 1 − 2 2 n − 1 ) B 2 n x 2 n − 1 ( 2 n ) ! , 0 < x < π ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ tanh x& = x - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 2x ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 15 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 17x ^ ( 7 ) ) ( 315 ) ) + \ cdots = \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 2n ) ( 2 ^ ( 2n ) - 1 ) B_ ( 2n ) x ^ ( 2n - 1 ) ) ( ( 2n ) ! ) ) , \ left x \ right < ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ coth x& = x ^ ( - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( x ) ( 3 ) ) - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 45 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 2x ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 945 ) ) + \ cdots = x ^ ( - 1 ) + \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( 2n ) B_ ( 2n ) x ^ ( 2n - 1 ) ) ( ( 2n ) ! ) ) , 0 < \ left x \ right < \ pi \ \ \ operatorname ( sech ) \ , x& = 1 - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 5x ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 24 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 61x ^ ( 6 ) ) ( 720 ) ) + \ cdots = \ sum _ ( n = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( E_ ( 2n ) x ^ ( 2n ) ) ( ( 2n ) ! ) ) , \ left x \ right < ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ operatorname ( csch ) \ , x& = x ^ ( - 1 ) - ( \ frac ( x ) ( 6 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 7x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 360 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 31x ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 15120 ) ) + \ cdots = x ^ ( - 1 ) + \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 2 ( 1 - 2 ^ ( 2n - 1 ) ) B_ ( 2n ) x ^ ( 2n - 1 ) ) ( ( 2n ) ! ) ) , 0 < \ left x \ right < \ pi \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where : B n ( \ displaystyle B_ ( n ) \ , ) is the nth Bernoulli number E n ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n ) \ , ) is the nth Euler number Comparison with circular functions ( edit ) Circle and hyperbola tangent at ( 1 , 1 ) display geometry of circular functions in terms of circular sector area u and hyperbolic functions depending on hyperbolic sector area u . The hyperbolic functions represent an expansion of trigonometry beyond the circular functions . Both types depend on an argument , either circular angle or hyperbolic angle . Since the area of a circular sector with radius r and angle u is r 2 u 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( r ^ ( 2 ) u ) ( 2 ) ) , ) it will be equal to u when r = square root of 2 . In the diagram such a circle is tangent to the hyperbola xy = 1 at ( 1 , 1 ) . The yellow sector depicts an area and angle magnitude . Similarly , the yellow and red sectors together depict an area and hyperbolic angle magnitude . The legs of the two right triangles with hypotenuse on the ray defining the angles are of length √ 2 times the circular and hyperbolic functions . The hyperbolic angle is an invariant measure with respect to the squeeze mapping , just as the circular angle is invariant under rotation . Identities ( edit ) The hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities , all of them similar in form to the trigonometric identities . In fact , Osborn 's rule states that one can convert any trigonometric identity into a hyperbolic identity by expanding it completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines , changing sine to sinh and cosine to cosh , and switching the sign of every term which contains a product of 2 , 6 , 10 , 14 , ... sinhs . This yields for example the addition theorems sinh ⁡ ( x + y ) = sinh ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( y ) + cosh ⁡ ( x ) sinh ⁡ ( y ) cosh ⁡ ( x + y ) = cosh ⁡ ( x ) cosh ⁡ ( y ) + sinh ⁡ ( x ) sinh ⁡ ( y ) tanh ⁡ ( x + y ) = tanh ⁡ ( x ) + tanh ⁡ ( y ) 1 + tanh ⁡ ( x ) tanh ⁡ ( y ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sinh ( x + y ) & = \ sinh ( x ) \ cosh ( y ) + \ cosh ( x ) \ sinh ( y ) \ \ \ cosh ( x + y ) & = \ cosh ( x ) \ cosh ( y ) + \ sinh ( x ) \ sinh ( y ) \ \ \ tanh ( x + y ) & = ( \ frac ( \ tanh ( x ) + \ tanh ( y ) ) ( 1 + \ tanh ( x ) \ tanh ( y ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) the `` double argument formulas '' sinh ⁡ ( 2 x ) = 2 sinh ⁡ x cosh ⁡ x cosh ⁡ ( 2 x ) = cosh 2 ⁡ x + sinh 2 ⁡ x = 2 cosh 2 ⁡ x − 1 = 2 sinh 2 ⁡ x + 1 tanh ⁡ ( 2 x ) = 2 tanh ⁡ x 1 + tanh 2 ⁡ x sinh ⁡ ( 2 x ) = 2 tanh ⁡ x 1 − tanh 2 ⁡ x cosh ⁡ ( 2 x ) = 1 + tanh 2 ⁡ x 1 − tanh 2 ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sinh ( 2x ) & = 2 \ sinh x \ cosh x \ \ \ cosh ( 2x ) & = \ cosh ^ ( 2 ) x+ \ sinh ^ ( 2 ) x = 2 \ cosh ^ ( 2 ) x-1 = 2 \ sinh ^ ( 2 ) x + 1 \ \ \ tanh ( 2x ) & = ( \ frac ( 2 \ tanh x ) ( 1 + \ tanh ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) \ \ \ sinh ( 2x ) & = ( \ frac ( 2 \ tanh x ) ( 1 - \ tanh ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) \ \ \ cosh ( 2x ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 + \ tanh ^ ( 2 ) x ) ( 1 - \ tanh ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) and the `` half - argument formulas '' sinh ⁡ x 2 = 1 2 ( cosh ⁡ x − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ sinh ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ cosh x-1 ) ) ) \ , ) Note : This is equivalent to its circular counterpart multiplied by − 1 . cosh ⁡ x 2 = 1 2 ( cosh ⁡ x + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ cosh ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ cosh x + 1 ) ) ) \ , ) Note : This corresponds to its circular counterpart . tanh ⁡ x 2 = cosh ⁡ x − 1 cosh ⁡ x + 1 = sinh ⁡ x cosh ⁡ x + 1 = cosh ⁡ x − 1 sinh ⁡ x = coth ⁡ x − csch ⁡ x . ( \ displaystyle \ tanh ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ cosh x-1 ) ( \ cosh x + 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sinh x ) ( \ cosh x + 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ cosh x-1 ) ( \ sinh x ) ) = \ coth x - \ operatorname ( csch ) x . ) coth ⁡ x 2 = coth ⁡ x + csch ⁡ x . ( \ displaystyle \ coth ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) = \ coth x+ \ operatorname ( csch ) x . ) The derivative of sinh x is cosh x and the derivative of cosh x is sinh x ; this is similar to trigonometric functions , albeit the sign is different ( i.e. , the derivative of cos x is − sin x ) . The Gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers . The graph of the function a cosh ( x / a ) is the catenary , the curve formed by a uniform flexible chain hanging freely between two fixed points under uniform gravity . Relationship to the exponential function ( edit ) From the definitions of the hyperbolic sine and cosine , we can derive the following identities : e x = cosh ⁡ x + sinh ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( x ) = \ cosh x+ \ sinh x ) and e − x = cosh ⁡ x − sinh ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - x ) = \ cosh x - \ sinh x ) These expressions are analogous to the expressions for sine and cosine , based on Euler 's formula , as sums of complex exponentials . Hyperbolic functions for complex numbers ( edit ) Since the exponential function can be defined for any complex argument , we can extend the definitions of the hyperbolic functions also to complex arguments . The functions sinh z and cosh z are then holomorphic . Relationships to ordinary trigonometric functions are given by Euler 's formula for complex numbers : e i x = cos ⁡ x + i sin ⁡ x e − i x = cos ⁡ x − i sin ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) e ^ ( ix ) & = \ cos x + i \ ; \ sin x \ \ e ^ ( - ix ) & = \ cos x-i \ ; \ sin x \ end ( aligned ) ) ) so : cosh ⁡ ( i x ) = 1 2 ( e i x + e − i x ) = cos ⁡ x sinh ⁡ ( i x ) = 1 2 ( e i x − e − i x ) = i sin ⁡ x cosh ⁡ ( x + i y ) = cosh ⁡ ( x ) cos ⁡ ( y ) + i sinh ⁡ ( x ) sin ⁡ ( y ) sinh ⁡ ( x + i y ) = sinh ⁡ ( x ) cos ⁡ ( y ) + i cosh ⁡ ( x ) sin ⁡ ( y ) tanh ⁡ ( i x ) = i tan ⁡ x cosh ⁡ x = cos ⁡ ( i x ) sinh ⁡ x = − i sin ⁡ ( i x ) tanh ⁡ x = − i tan ⁡ ( i x ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ cosh ( ix ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( ix ) + e ^ ( - ix ) \ right ) = \ cos x \ \ \ sinh ( ix ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( e ^ ( ix ) - e ^ ( - ix ) \ right ) = i \ sin x \ \ \ cosh ( x + iy ) & = \ cosh ( x ) \ cos ( y ) + i \ sinh ( x ) \ sin ( y ) \ \ \ sinh ( x + iy ) & = \ sinh ( x ) \ cos ( y ) + i \ cosh ( x ) \ sin ( y ) \ \ \ tanh ( ix ) & = i \ tan x \ \ \ cosh x& = \ cos ( ix ) \ \ \ sinh x& = - i \ sin ( ix ) \ \ \ tanh x& = - i \ tan ( ix ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Thus , hyperbolic functions are periodic with respect to the imaginary component , with period 2 π i ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi i ) ( π i ( \ displaystyle \ pi i ) for hyperbolic tangent and cotangent ) . Hyperbolic functions in the complex plane sinh ⁡ ( z ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( sinh ) ( z ) ) cosh ⁡ ( z ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cosh ) ( z ) ) tanh ⁡ ( z ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( tanh ) ( z ) ) coth ⁡ ( z ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( coth ) ( z ) ) sech ⁡ ( z ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( sech ) ( z ) ) csch ⁡ ( z ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( csch ) ( z ) ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyperbolic functions . e ( mathematical constant ) Equal incircles theorem , based on sinh Inverse hyperbolic functions List of integrals of hyperbolic functions Poinsot 's spirals Sigmoid function Trigonometric functions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) Collins Concise Dictionary , 4th edition , HarperCollins , Glasgow , ISBN 0 00 472257 4 , p. 1386 ^ Jump up to : Collins Concise Dictionary , p. 328 Jump up ^ Collins Concise Dictionary , p. 1520 Jump up ^ Collins Concise Dictionary , p. 1340 Jump up ^ Collins Concise Dictionary , p. 329 Jump up ^ tanh Jump up ^ Woodhouse , N.M.J. ( 2003 ) , Special Relativity , London : Springer , p. 71 , ISBN 1 - 85233 - 426 - 6 Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Milton ; Stegun , Irene A. , eds. ( 1972 ) , Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas , Graphs , and Mathematical Tables , New York : Dover Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 61272 - 0 Jump up ^ Some examples of using arcsinh found in Google Books . Jump up ^ Robert E. Bradley , Lawrence A. D'Antonio , Charles Edward Sandifer . Euler at 300 : an appreciation . Mathematical Association of America , 2007 . Page 100 . Jump up ^ Georg F. Becker . Hyperbolic functions . Read Books , 1931 . Page xlviii . Jump up ^ N.P. , Bali ( 2005 ) . Golden Integral Calculus . Firewall Media . p. 472 . ISBN 81 - 7008 - 169 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein . `` Hyperbolic Tangent '' . MathWorld . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Derivation of tanh solution to 1 / 2 f ′ ′ = f ^ 3 − f ... '' Math StackExchange . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George E. ( 1986 ) . The foundations of geometry and the non-euclidean plane ( 1. , corr . Springer ed . ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 416 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 90694 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` math.stackexchange.com/q/1565753/88985 '' . StackExchange ( mathematics ) . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mellen W. Haskell , `` On the introduction of the notion of hyperbolic functions '' , Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1 : 6 : 155 -- 9 , full text Jump up ^ Osborn , G. ( July 1902 ) . `` Mnemonic for hyperbolic formulae '' . The Mathematical Gazette. 2 ( 34 ) : 189 . JSTOR 3602492 . Jump up ^ Peterson , John Charles ( 2003 ) . Technical mathematics with calculus ( 3rd ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 1155 . ISBN 0 - 7668 - 6189 - 9 . , Chapter 26 , page 1155 External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Hyperbolic functions '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Hyperbolic functions on PlanetMath Hyperbolic functions entry at MathWorld GonioLab : Visualization of the unit circle , trigonometric and hyperbolic functions ( Java Web Start ) Web - based calculator of hyperbolic functions NDL : 00571407 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperbolic_function&oldid=815759100 '' Categories : Hyperbolic functions Exponentials Hyperbolic geometry Analytic functions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 23 : 15 . 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1. Hyperbolic functions 2. Trigonometric functions 3. Differential equations 4. Complex analysis 5. Exponential function

download song shape of u of ed sheeran

List of most streamed songs on Spotify - wikipedia List of most streamed songs on Spotify Jump to : navigation , search Having been streamed over 1.6 billion times , `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran ( pictured ) is the most streamed song on Spotify . This list of most - streamed songs on Spotify contains the top 100 songs with the most streams of all time , as derived from Spotify charts . As of January 2018 , eight songs have exceeded 1 billion streams , with Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' ranked in the top position . Prior to February 2014 , Spotify 's most streamed song was `` Radioactive '' by Imagine Dragons ; it was overtaken by Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up '' , which became the first song to hit 200 million streams on February 27 , 2014 . `` Wake Me Up '' held the streaming record for over a year before being surpassed on May 22 , 2015 by Sheeran 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' , which became the first song to hit 500 million streams on October 12 , 2015 . A month later , however , it was surpassed by Major Lazer and DJ Snake 's `` Lean On '' , featuring MØ , which held the streaming record for 11 months until Drake 's `` One Dance '' , featuring Wizkid and Kyla , overtook it on October 15 , 2016 . `` Shape of You '' surpassed `` One Dance '' on September 21 , 2017 . As of February 2018 , the artists with the most singles in the top 100 are Justin Bieber , with a total of 8 singles ( 3 solo and 5 featured ) , and Drake , The Chainsmokers and The Weeknd each with 5 singles . The fastest song to reach a billion streams on Spotify is `` Shape of You '' , doing so in 153 days . Ed Sheeran is also the only act to date to have two singles become the most streamed on the platform , with `` Thinking Out Loud '' and `` Shape of You ''.  Top songs ( Edit ) 100 most streamed songs ( Edit ) The following table lists the top 100 most streamed songs on Spotify , with streams rounded to millions , as well as the artist ( s ) , the album it is currently published to Spotify on , and the date it was originally published to Spotify . Rank Song name Artist ( s ) Album Streams ( Millions ) Publication date 1 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran ÷ 1,637 January 6 , 2017 2 . `` One Dance '' Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Views 1,417 April 5 , 2016 3 . `` Closer '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey Collage EP 1,226 July 29 , 2016 4 . `` Lean On '' Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ Peace Is the Mission 1,088 March 2 , 2015 5 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran × 1,044 June 21 , 2014 6 . `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber Purpose 1,032 October 23 , 2015 7 . `` Despacito ( Remix ) '' Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber Non-album single 1,018 April 17 , 2017 8 . `` Love Yourself '' Justin Bieber Purpose 1,014 November 9 . 2015 9 . `` Do n't Let Me Down '' The Chainsmokers featuring Daya Collage EP 986 February 5 , 2016 10 . `` I Took a Pill in Ibiza ( Seeb Remix ) '' Mike Posner At Night , Alone . 971 July 24 , 2015 11 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk Starboy 920 September 22 , 2016 12 . `` Let Me Love You '' DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber Encore 907 August 5 , 2016 13 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' Justin Bieber Purpose 898 August 28 , 2015 14 . `` Cold Water '' Major Lazer featuring Justin Bieber and MØ Non album single 882 July 21 , 2016 15 . `` Cheap Thrills '' Sia This Is Acting 849 December 17 , 2015 16 . `` Photograph '' Ed Sheeran × 842 June 21 , 2014 17 . `` Stressed Out '' Twenty One Pilots Blurryface 822 November 10 , 2015 18 . `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars Uptown Special 820 November 10 , 2014 19 . `` Cheerleader ( Felix Jaehn Remix ) '' OMI Me 4 U 819 December 2 , 2014 20 . `` 7 Years '' Lukas Graham Lukas Graham 810 September 18 , 2015 21 . `` rockstar '' Post Malone featuring 21 Savage Non-album single 807 September 15 , 2017 22 . `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee Non-album single 791 January 13 , 2017 23 . `` Stitches '' Shawn Mendes Handwritten 791 May 5 , 2015 24 . `` Faded '' Alan Walker Non-album single 787 December 3 , 2015 25 . `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna Non-album single 786 April 29 , 2016 26 . `` Hello '' Adele 25 784 October 23 , 2015 27 . `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' The Weeknd Beauty Behind the Madness 781 June 8 , 2015 28 . `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign 7 / 27 778 February 26 , 2016 29 . `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' James Arthur Back from the Edge 777 September 9 , 2016 30 . `` Take Me to Church '' Hozier Hozier 770 November 29 , 2013 31 . `` Something Just Like This '' The Chainsmokers and Coldplay Memories ... Do Not Open 764 February 22 , 2017 32 . `` Work '' Rihanna featuring Drake ANTI 764 January 27 , 2016 33 . `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Justin Timberlake TROLLS : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 761 May 6 , 2016 34 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes Illuminate 740 June 3 , 2016 35 . `` HUMBLE . '' Kendrick Lamar DAMN . 738 March 30 , 2017 36 . `` Stay with Me '' Sam Smith In the Lonely Hour 737 April 14 , 2014 37 . `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 734 March 10 , 2015 38 . `` Light It Up ( Remix ) '' Major Lazer featuring Nyla and Fuse ODG Peace Is the Mission ( Extended ) 724 November 5 , 2015 39 . `` Unforgettable '' French Montana featuring Swae Lee Jungle Rules 721 April 7 , 2017 40 . `` Heathens '' Twenty One Pilots Suicide Squad : The Album 711 June 16 , 2016 41 . `` Let Her Go '' Passenger All the Little Lights 703 July 24 , 2012 42 . `` Hotline Bling '' Drake Views 703 July 31 , 2015 43 . `` All of Me '' John Legend Love in the Future 701 August 12 , 2013 44 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' Jack Ü with Justin Bieber Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü 697 February 27 , 2015 45 . `` Havana '' Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug Camila 697 August 3 , 2017 46 . `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul and Anne - Marie Non-album single 695 October 21 , 2016 47 . `` Panda '' Desiigner New English 694 February 22 , 2016 48 . `` I 'm the One '' DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne Grateful 691 April 28 , 2017 49 . `` Radioactive '' Imagine Dragons Night Visions 684 September 4 , 2012 50 . `` Me , Myself & I '' G - Eazy and Bebe Rexha When It 's Dark Out 682 October 14 , 2015 51 . `` New Rules '' Dua Lipa Dua Lipa 682 June 2 , 2017 52 . `` XO TOUR Llif3 '' Lil Uzi Vert Luv Is Rage 2 679 February 26 , 2017 53 . `` Chandelier '' Sia 1000 Forms of Fear 679 March 17 , 2014 54 . `` The Hills '' The Weeknd Beauty Behind the Madness 676 May 27 , 2015 55 . `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 V 674 August 29 , 2014 56 . `` It Ai n't Me '' Kygo and Selena Gomez Stargazing 667 February 17 , 2017 57 . `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez Nine Track Mind 665 May 24 , 2016 58 . `` Lush Life '' Zara Larsson So Good 663 June 5 , 2015 59 . `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ZAYN and Taylor Swift Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 662 December 9 , 2016 60 . `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 24K Magic 658 November 18 , 2016 61 . `` Cake by the Ocean '' DNCE DNCE 655 September 18 , 2015 62 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' Ellie Goulding Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 651 January 7 , 2015 63 . `` Ride '' Twenty One Pilots Blurryface 648 April 12 , 2016 64 . `` In the Name of Love '' Martin Garrix and Bebe Rexha Non-album single 648 July 26 , 2016 65 . `` Perfect '' Ed Sheeran ÷ 643 March 3 , 2017 66 . `` Congratulations '' Post Malone featuring Quavo Stoney 643 January 31 , 2017 67 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic Native 638 June 14 , 2013 68 . `` Too Good '' Drake featuring Rihanna Views 636 July 26 , 2016 69 . `` i hate u , i love u '' gnash featuring Olivia O'Brien us 627 February 17 , 2016 70 . `` Attention '' Charlie Puth Non-album single 623 April 21 , 2017 71 . `` Ca n't Hold Us '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Ray Dalton The Heist 622 August 16 , 2011 72 . `` Side to Side '' Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj Dangerous Woman 620 May 20 , 2016 73 . `` Thunder '' Imagine Dragons Evolve 616 April 27 , 2017 74 . `` Fast Car '' Jonas Blue featuring Dakota Non-album single 611 December 4 , 2015 75 . `` Rather Be '' Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne New Eyes 607 January 17 , 2014 76 . `` Roses '' The Chainsmokers featuring Rozes Bouquet 607 June 16 , 2015 77 . `` Demons '' Imagine Dragons Night Visions 606 September 4 , 2012 78 . `` PILLOWTALK '' ZAYN Mind of Mine 606 January 29 , 2016 79 . `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin and Willy William Non-album single 601 June 30 , 2017 80 . `` Sugar '' Robin Schulz featuring Francesco Yates Sugar 600 July 17 , 2015 81 . `` I Feel It Coming '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk Starboy 596 November 25 , 2016 82 . `` Starving '' Hailee Steinfield and Grey featuring Zedd Haiz 592 July 19 , 2016 83 . `` Trap Queen '' Fetty Wap Fetty Wap 586 April 24 , 2014 84 . `` Stay '' Zedd and Alessia Cara Non-album single 577 February 23 , 2017 85 . `` Believer '' Imagine Dragons Evolve 575 February 1 , 2017 86 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii True 573 June 17 , 2013 87 . `` Me Rehúso '' Danny Ocean Non-album single 571 September 16 , 2016 88 . `` Paris '' The Chainsmokers Memories ... Do Not Open 569 January 13 , 2017 89 . `` Riptide '' Vance Joy Dream Your Life Away 569 May 21 , 2013 90 . `` Needed Me '' Rihanna ANTI 567 January 28 , 2016 91 . `` Firestone '' Kygo featuring Conrad Sewell Cloud Nine 567 December 1 , 2014 92 . `` Mask Off '' Future Future 565 February 17 , 2017 93 . `` 24K Magic '' Bruno Mars 24K Magic 564 October 7 , 2016 94 . `` Middle '' DJ Snake featuring Bipolar Sunshine Encore 560 October 16 , 2015 95 . `` Happy '' Pharrell Williams GIRL 560 November 21 , 2013 96 . `` Want to Want Me '' Jason Derulo Everything Is 4 556 March 9 , 2015 97 . `` Earned It '' The Weeknd Beauty Behind the Madness 554 January 13 , 2015 98 . `` Swalla '' Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj and Ty Dolla $ ign Non-album single 553 February 23 , 2017 99 . `` Fake Love '' Drake More Life 545 October 29 , 2016 100 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Calvin Harris and Disciples Non-album single 544 July 15 , 2015 <Th_colspan="6"> As of February 24 , 2018 Artists with the most songs in the Spotify Global 100 ( Edit ) This is a list of the Artists with the most songs in the Spotify Global 100 . It includes an artist 's solo and featured songs . For a comprehensive spreadsheet , please click here . Rank Artist Total Songs Solo Top 10 Feat . Top 10 Solo Top 100 Feat . Top 100 1Bil+ Songs Justin Bieber 8 5 Drake 5 The Chainsmokers 5 5 The Weeknd 5 5 5 Ed Sheeran Imagine Dragons Rihanna 8 DJ Snake Major Lazer Bruno Mars In the United States ( Edit ) The table below lists the top 10 most streamed songs on Spotify in the United States , as well as the artist ( s ) , the album it is currently published to Spotify on , and the date it was originally published to Spotify . Streams are rounded up to closest million . Rank Song name Artist ( s ) Album Streams ( millions ) Publication date Notes 1 . `` One Dance '' Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Views 428 April 5 , 2016 2 . `` Closer '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey Collage EP 377 July 29 , 2016 3 . `` HUMBLE . '' Kendrick Lamar DAMN . 368 March 30 , 2017 4 . `` XO TOUR Llif3 '' Lil Uzi Vert Luv Is Rage 2 347 March 24 , 2017 5 . `` Congratulations '' Post Malone featuring Quavo Stoney 315 November 4 , 2016 6 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran ÷ 299 January 6 , 2017 7 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk Starboy 297 September 22 , 2016 8 . `` Broccoli '' DRAM featuring Lil Yachty Big Baby D.R.A.M. 286 April 6 , 2016 9 . `` rockstar '' Post Malone featuring 21 Savage Beerbongs & Bentleys 281 September 15 , 2017 10 . `` No Role Modelz '' J. Cole 2014 Forest Hills Drive 267 August 4 , 2015 <Th_colspan="7"> As of February 8 , 2018 Historical most streamed Spotify songs ( Edit ) The following table lists the last 6 songs to become Spotify 's most streamed song , from 2013 to the present . Current Record Song name Publisher * Streams * * Publication date Date achieved Days held Ref ( s ) Notes `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 1.318. 000.000 January 6 , 2017 September 21 , 2017 161 `` One Dance '' Drake 882.000. 000 May 6 , 2016 October 15 , 2016 340 `` Lean On '' Major Lazer 526.000. 000 June 1 , 2015 November 11 , 2015 339 `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 355.000. 000 June 21 , 2014 May 22 , 2015 173 `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii 178.000. 000 July 30 , 2013 January 2014 480 + `` Radioactive '' Imagine Dragons -- January 1 , 2012 2013 -- <Th_colspan="8"> As of March 1 , 2018 * The artist or group whose Spotify page the song was published on . * * The approximate number of streams each song had when it became Spotify 's most streamed song . Longest running Global # 1 songs on Spotify ( Edit ) Post Malone has the longest - running global # 1 song on Spotify with 17 weeks in the top position . He beat Drake `` One Dance '' 14 week record , overtaken later by Ed Sheeran with Shape of You and Luis Fonsi with Despacito ( Justin Bieber remix ) Current Record Song Name Artist Weeks At # 1 Publication Date Date Achieved Ref ( s ) Notes `` rockstar '' Post Malone 17 September 21 , 2017 December 28 , 2017 `` One Dance '' Drake 14 April 14 , 2016 July 7 , 2016 ; Spotify Global # 1 Hits ( edit ) The following table lists the songs that reached the # 1 position on Spotify 's Global Most Played Chart ( Weekly ) . The table only records # 1 songs from late December , 2016 , as the data from before that currently does n't exist . `` God 's Plan '' by Drake is the current ( February 15 , 2018 ) # 1 song on the Spotify Global Top 200 . Song Name Artist Weeks At # 1 Date Achieved Ref ( s ) Notes `` God 's Plan '' Drake 5 January 25 , 2018 `` Havana '' Camila Cabello ( feat . Young Thug ) January 18 , 2018 `` rockstar '' Post Malone ( feat . 21 Savage ) 17 September 21 , 2017 `` Too Good At Goodbyes '' Sam Smith September 14 , 2017 `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Taylor Swift August 31 , 2017 `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin ( & Willy Williams ) August 3 , 2017 `` Despacito - Remix '' Luis Fonsi ( & Daddy Yankee feat . Justin Bieber ) 14 April 27 , 2017 `` HUMBLE . '' Kendrick Lamar April 20 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 14 January 12 , 2017 `` Starboy '' The Weeknd ( feat . Daft Punk ) 6 December 1 , 2016 <Th_colspan="6"> As of January 23 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours Notes ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` rockstar '' is the newest song in the top ten . Jump up ^ `` No Role Modelz '' is the oldest song in the top ten . Jump up ^ The exact date and number of streams that `` Wake Me Up '' had when it surpassed `` Radioactive '' is unknown . Best estimates were made based on its 3.8 million weekly streams and the 17 million stream difference between the two songs when it reached 200 million streams . Jump up ^ The exact date and number of streams that `` Radioactive '' had when it became Spotify 's most streamed song is unknown . References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran 's Shape of You is now Spotify 's most - streamed song of all time '' . Music Business Worldwide . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii and ' Wake Me Up ! ' become most - streamed song in Spotify history '' . Music Times . February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Book , Ryan ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' is Spotify 's Most - Played Song Ever '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thinking Out Loud by Ed Sheeran has just surpassed Wake Me Up by Avicii as the most played song ever on Spotify '' . Reddit . May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Natalie ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Thinking Out Loud ' Becomes First Song to Hit 500 Million Spotify Streams '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rishty , David ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake 's ' Lean On ' Becomes Spotify 's Most - Streamed Song of All Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stutz , Colin ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Drake 's ' One Dance ' is Spotify 's Most - Streamed Song Ever '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' : One Billion Spotify Plays '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shape of You '' . Spotify . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ÷ ( Deluxe ) '' . Spotify . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Dance '' . Spotify . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Views '' . Spotify . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Closer '' . Spotify . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Collage EP '' . Spotify . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lean On ( feat . MØ & DJ Snake ) '' . Spotify . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Is The Mission '' . Spotify . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thinking Out Loud '' . Spotify . June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` x ( Deluxe Edition ) '' . Spotify . June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry '' . Spotify . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Purpose ( Deluxe ) '' . Spotify . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Let Me Down '' . Spotify . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I Took A Pill In Ibiza - Seeb Remix '' . Spotify . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At Night , Alone '' . Spotify . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Starboy '' . Spotify . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me Love You '' . Spotify . August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encore '' . Spotify . August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Do You Mean ? '' . Spotify . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cold Water '' . Spotify . July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Thrills '' . Spotify . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Acting '' . Spotify . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Photograph '' . Spotify . June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stressed Out '' . Spotify. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blurryface '' . Spotify . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uptown Funk '' . Spotify . January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uptown Special '' . Spotify . January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleader - Felix Jaehn Remix Radio Edit '' . Spotify . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Me 4 U '' . Spotify . October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Years '' . Spotify. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Graham '' . Spotify. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' . Spotify . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stitches '' . Spotify. April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Handwritten '' . Spotify. April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faded '' . Spotify . December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is What You Came For '' . Spotify. April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hello '' . Spotify . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 25 '' . Spotify . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' . Spotify . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty Behind The Madness '' . Spotify . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Work from Home '' . Spotify . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 / 27 ( Deluxe ) '' . Spotify . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Say You Wo n't Let Go - From `` Back from the Edge '' `` . Spotify . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Back from the Edge '' . Spotify . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me to Church '' . Spotify . November 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hozier '' . Spotify . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memories ... Do Not Open '' . Spotify. April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Work '' . Spotify . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ANTI '' . Spotify . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAN 'T STOP THE FEELING ! ( Original Song from DreamWorks Animation 's `` TROLLS '' ) `` . Spotify . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TROLLS : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Spotify . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treat You Better '' . Spotify . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Illuminate '' . Spotify . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` HUMBLE '' . Spotify . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DAMN '' . Spotify . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stay with Me '' . Spotify . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In The Lonely Hour '' . Spotify . January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again ( feat . Charlie Puth ) '' . Spotify . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Spotify . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Light It Up ( feat . Nyla & Fuse ODG ( Remix ) ) '' . Spotify . November 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Is The Mission ( Extended ) '' . Spotify . November 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heathens '' . Spotify . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Squad : The Album '' . Spotify . August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Let Her Go '' . Spotify . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All the Little Lights '' . Spotify . August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hotline Bling '' . Spotify . July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All of Me '' . Spotify . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love In The Future '' . Spotify . August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are Ü Now ( with Justin Bieber ) '' . Spotify . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex and Diplo present Jack Ü '' . Spotify . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rockabye - From `` Rockabye '' `` . Spotify . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panda '' . Spotify . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New English '' . Spotify . June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioactive '' . Spotify . January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night Visions '' . Spotify . January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Me , Myself & I '' . Spotify . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When It 's Dark Out '' . Spotify . December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` XO TOUR Llif3 '' . Spotify . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luv Is Rage 2 '' . Spotify . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier '' . Spotify . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1000 Forms Of Fear '' . Spotify . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills '' . Spotify . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sugar '' . Spotify . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` V '' . Spotify . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congratulations '' . Spotify . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stoney ( Deluxe ) '' . Spotify . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Starboy album was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Evolve was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Wake Me Up '' . Spotify . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broccoli ( feat . Lil Yachty ) '' . Spotify. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Baby D.R.A.M. '' Spotify. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference rockstar was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Beerbongs & Bentleys was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference No Role Modelz was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 2014 Forest Hills Drive was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Post Malone 's `` rockstar '' Breaks Spotify 's Record For Longest Run At No. 1 `` . Genius . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Charts '' . spotifycharts.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_streamed_songs_on_Spotify&oldid=828292041 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Music - related lists Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from June 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Views About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 18 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Most streamed songs on Spotify 2. Shape of You by Ed Sheeran 3. Top 100 most streamed songs on Spotify 4. Artists with the most songs in the Spotify Global 100 5. Longest running global #1 songs on Spotify

who shows up to surprise esperanza and ramona at the end of the novel

Esperanza Rising - wikipedia Esperanza Rising Esperanza Rising <Td_colspan="2"> First edition Author Pam Muñoz Ryan Translator Regina Allentoff Illustrator Joe Cepeda Country Aguascalientes , Mexico Language English Genre Historical Fiction Published 2000 Scholastic Media type Print ( paperback ) + ( hardcover ) Pages 259 plus authors notes ISBN 0 - 439 - 12041 - 1 OCLC 43487323 LC Class PZ7. R9553 Es 2000 Esperanza Rising is a young adult historical fiction novel by Pam Muñoz Ryan Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background Information 3 Critical reception 4 References Plot summary ( edit ) Esperanza Ortega was a very wealthy girl who could get anything she would desire , alongside a loving mother and father . One day , her father , and some of his men were suddenly killed by bandits while they were out working on the family 's ranch in Aguascalientes , Mexico . Esperanza 's father had intended to leave everything to his wife , Ramona , and Esperanza . However , the family 's lawyer informs them that a loophole in the will means that the ranch , their greatest source of income , will go to Señor Ortega 's step brother , Luis Ortega , whom Esperanza calls Tío Luis . Luis just so happens to be a suspect in Señor Ortega 's murder . He plans to delve into politics and feels that Ramona , who is a beloved local socialite , would look good by his side . Luis offers to marry Ramona but she refuses , and in response he issues a warning that Ramona and Esperanza will be in danger if she does not comply . Their ranch later burns during fire caused by Tío Luis and he returns and re-offers his wedding proposal . Ramona disruptively wants to say no but she says yes because she wants to spare everyone 's life , under the condition that he rebuilds the mansion and sends her money and a wagon to visit her mother , Abuelita . Esperanza openly tells him she dislikes him , and he says the moment he becomes her stepfather , he will send her to a boarding school . Later on , Ramona tells Esperanza that she is not planning to marry him , and plans to escape to America . With the help of Abuelita , Alfonso , Miguel , and Hortensia ( all servants for Esperanza ) , they trick Tío Luis to give Ramona money and necessities , and escape with the help of their loyal servants to cross the border . They leave Abuelita with her sisters because of her injured ankle . Abuelita promises to return to them after she heals . Despite what happened , Esperanza and her family must migrate to the United States . Unfortunately , they move during the Great Depression . Now , Esperanza learns to face conflicts and rise above them . Ramona and Esperanza live in a poor Mexican labor camp in Arvin , California with their former servants and their family . Ramona adjusts to a poor life , but Esperanza 's attempts to hold on to her memories are laughed upon by the poor children , especially a migrant girl named Marta who was very rude to her . Many terrible things happen , but with help from Esperanza 's family , she learns to face her challenges . Ramona , along with their former servants , works in the fields , while Esperanza stays home with her servants ' cousins ( Isabel , a young girl , and Pepe and Lupe , both babies ) . When a dust storm occurs , Mama gets sick ( with Valley fever ) and must ultimately move to a hospital . Unable to afford the hospital bills , Esperanza gets a job cutting out potato eyes . Throughout the seasons , Esperanza takes on ever - changing jobs to get a bus ticket for Abuelita , pay for the hospital bills , and take care of the household . However , upon learning that Ramona is better , and Esperanza has saved enough for Abuelita , Esperanza finds that Miguel , her servants ' son and childhood friend , has stolen her money . Days later , Miguel sends a message saying he has a surprise for the family at a bus stop . Esperanza , Alfonso , and Hortensia go to the bus stop as told . They then learn that Miguel , rather than seeking a railroad job in northern California as he claimed , has used the money to go to Mexico and get Abuelita . The story ends exactly one year after the death of Esperanza 's father , with the three families gathering together to celebrate Esperanza 's fourteenth birthday . Esperanza 's life gets turned upside down , but she goes through and learns that changes can be good and sometimes surprises happen when ever they were down . Esperanza was once again with her beloved ones and was happy . Background information ( edit ) American shops from Oklahoma ( called Okies ) were often hostile toward Mexicans because they felt they were taking away their jobs . Mexican migrant laborers would work for much lower pay , so employers would much tension between the migrant workers on the fields . Some felt that their conditions were unlivable , and they deserved much better , so they began to protest and fight for what they believed . Still , others refused to join the protest in fear that they would be fired . In the 1920s and 1930s ( about the time story takes place ) California remained about 86 % white . Most of these people were those who owned the land , while the 36,800 workers , many of whom were Mexicans , did not . Critical reception ( edit ) Along with its Best Books citation , Publishers Weekly gave Esperanza Rising a starred review , citing its `` lyrical , fairy tale - like style '' . It praised the way `` Ryan poetically conveys Esperanza 's ties to the land by crafting her story to the rhythms of the seasons '' and the fact that `` Ryan fluidly juxtaposes world events ... with one family 's will to survive '' . Kirkus Reviews disliked the `` epic tone , characters that develop little and predictably , and ... romantic patina '' . However it also found that the `` style is engaging , her characters appealing '' , ultimately saying that the story `` bears telling to a wider audience '' . Children 's Literature praised Esperanza Rising and suggested that it `` would be a great choice for a multicultural collection '' . The book has been incorporated into school curriculum in literature , social studies , and Spanish . The University of Missouri has a detailed literature unit available online , including maps , photos and links to other resources . Berkeley High School used recordings of the book with its English as a Second Language students in an Earphone English group . They found that Esperanza Rising does n't just appeal to students who , like Esperanza , have emigrated from Mexico , but `` also to those who have moved here after losing their fathers to violence in the former Yugoslavia '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Children 's Review : Esperanza Rising '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kirkus Reviews : Esperanza Rising '' . Kirkus reviews . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes and Noble Review : Esperanza Rising '' . More About This Book : Editorial Reviews . Barnes and Noble . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boccuzzi - Reichert , Angela ( May 2005 ) . `` A Book Club for Teachers '' . School Library Journal . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` eThemes '' . Literature : `` Esperanza Rising '' by Pam Munoz Ryan . University of Missouri . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Francisca ( May 2002 ) . `` Earphone English '' . School Library Journal . Hispanics and Latino Americans portal Children 's literature portal 2000s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esperanza_Rising&oldid=845305994 '' Categories : 2000 American novels Novels by Pam Muñoz Ryan Hispanic and Latino American novels Great Depression novels Novels set in Mexico Novels set in California Aguascalientes Scholastic Corporation books 2000 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 22 : 23 . About Wikipedia

1. Esperanza Rising - a historical fiction novel by Pam Muñoz Ryan 2. Plot summary - the story of Esperanza Ortega and her journey during the Great Depression 3. Background information - the challenges faced by Mexican migrant laborers in California 4. Critical reception - positive reviews of the book's lyrical style and engaging characters 5. Incorporation into school curriculum - used in literature, social studies, and Spanish classes

where is hey arnold the jungle movie playing

Hey Arnold ! : the Jungle Movie - wikipedia Hey Arnold ! : the Jungle Movie Jump to : navigation , search For the 2002 Hey Arnold ! film , see Hey Arnold ! : The Movie . <Th_colspan="2"> Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Based on Hey Arnold ! by Craig Bartlett Written by Craig Bartlett Joe Purdy Laura Sreebny Justin Charlebois Directed by Raymie Muzquiz Stu Livingston ( co-director ) Starring Mason Vale Cotton Francesca Marie Smith Benjamin Flores , Jr . Anndi McAfee Dan Castellaneta Tress MacNeille Alfred Molina Theme music composer Jim Lang Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Craig Bartlett Producer ( s ) Lizbeth Velasco Raymie Muzquiz ( supervising producer ) Editor ( s ) Kent Beyda Running time 81 minutes Production company ( s ) Snee - Oosh , Inc . Nickelodeon Animation Studio <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Nickelodeon Nicktoons TeenNick Original release November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie is a 2017 American animated television film based on the Nickelodeon series Hey Arnold ! , which was created by Craig Bartlett and originally aired from 1996 to 2004 . It follows the 2002 film Hey Arnold ! : The Movie and the two - part Hey Arnold ! episode `` The Journal '' . The film serves as either the definitive series finale or as a potential revival of a new season . It answered questions left after the original run ended , including the whereabouts of Arnold 's missing parents . It originally aired in the United States on November 24 , 2017 on Nickelodeon , while also being simulcast on Nicktoons and TeenNick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Marketing 4 Release 4.1 Reception 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Critical reception 4.4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Arnold ( Mason Vale Cotton ) and his best friend Gerald ( Benjamin Flores Jr . ) plan to make a humanitarian video during the summer , after their fifth grade year , to win a trip to San Lorenzo , where Arnold 's parents were last seen . They try to record themselves making a home out of junk for one of their friends , eccentric Monkeyman ( Craig Bartlett ) , but that backfires ; Arnold leaves , heartbroken . Helga ( Francesca Marie Smith ) , who secretly has a longtime crush on Arnold , uses various footage she 's compiled over the years showing Arnold 's good deeds and everyone in town surprises Arnold with the video . Arnold 's teacher , Mr. Simmons ( Dan Butler ) , reveals to everyone that Arnold 's video won the competition and he , his classmates of P.S. 118 , and Helga 's older sister , Olga ( Nika Futterman ) , fly to San Lorenzo . While on the plane , Arnold 's pet pig Abner ( also Bartlett ) stows away in his backpack . When everyone arrives in San Lorenzo , they are greeted by Arnold 's parents ' old friend , Eduardo . On board of a ship , Eduardo privately warns Arnold of the dangers the jungle has to offer and gives him an amulet said to lead them to the residents of the lost city of San Lorenzo , the `` Green - Eyed People '' . Later that night , Helga tries to tell Arnold how she felt about him , but the group is attacked by `` pirates '' . After learning the secret that Arnold kept from them , Gerald and the group shun him . When the whole group enters a base camp , Eduardo reveals himself to be a mercenary named Lasombra ( Alfred Molina ) who disguised himself as Eduardo to trick Arnold and the others . He tells everyone that the contest to win the school field trip to San Lorenzo was a trick to lure Arnold there so he could try to find his parents and help the Green Eyes . He and his men imprison everyone , and plans on using Arnold to find the lost city and its treasures . Helga and Gerald manage to escape and free Arnold and use Arnold 's father 's old journal to find the city ; unknown to them Lasombra anticipated this and placed a tracking device on Arnold 's green eyed necklace . Arnold and the gang manage to evade the lost city 's traps , including Lasombra , sacrificing most of his men to the traps in the process . They manage to find the city populated by children . Meanwhile , Abner managed to make it back to Arnold 's grandparents , Grandpa Phil ( Dan Castellaneta ) and Grandma Gertie ( Tress MacNeille ) , who see this as a sign that Arnold is in trouble . The two meet with Helga 's parents Big Bob ( Maurice LaMarche ) , and Miriam ( Kath Soucie ) at the airport . The Patakis had received an SOS message from Helga 's intelligent best friend , Phoebe ( Anndi McAfee ) . The group flies a rental plane to San Lorenzo , where they soon help the other kids defeat Lasombra 's gang . In the city , Arnold and the others realize that the residents of the city worship Arnold . The group finds a statue said to contain a treasure that may lead to a cure for the city 's `` sleeping sickness '' that has contaminated most of the city 's population for 9 years . They are eventually cornered by Lasombra , who takes Arnold hostage and steals the statue . While Gerald and Helga catch up , Lasombra forces Arnold to open the statue and he uses the amulet to open it . He succeeds , and when Lasombra tries to take the treasure from within , the statue shoots him in the forehead with a poisoned dart causing Lasombra to fall off the cliff . Afterwards , a mysterious man arrives and reveals himself to be the real Eduardo ( Carlos Alazraqui ) who reveals that the pirate `` attacking '' them earlier was him trying to rescue the group from Lasombra . Lasombra climbs back up from the cliff and gets into a brief scuffle with Eduardo ( resulting with the treasure falling off the cliff ) before he succumbs to the poison dart and plummets to his death . The group makes it back to the city , and Arnold finally sees his parents Miles ( also Bartlett ) , and Stella ( Antoinette Stella ) , who are alive but have been contaminated with the sleep sickness . Without the treasure to release the cure to the infected population , Helga uses her locket containing a photo of Arnold as a replacement . The temple releases the cure and the infected are revived . Arnold and the city 's children reunite with their parents . Arnold thanks Helga for her loyalty and finally realizes the depths of her feelings for him . The two share a kiss before being interrupted by Gerald , Miles , and Stella . A few months later , Arnold wakes up in his bedroom and rushes downstairs to find things seemingly back to the way it was before the trip , only this time his parents are cooking breakfast . Arnold says goodbye to his parents as he heads off for his first day of sixth grade with Gerald , Phoebe , and Helga . Gerald and Phoebe are seen holding hands walking to school together implying that they 're a couple . It is also implied that Arnold and Helga are a couple despite Helga continuing to remain hostile in public towards Arnold . Arnold 's parents walk with him and his friends to school and Arnold tells his mom and dad that they 'll see him at 3 : 30 as the school doors close behind him . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Hey Arnold ! characters The voice cast for the film is made up of 20 actors from the original series , and 11 new cast members to replace former actors who retired , grew up , or died . Mason Vale Cotton -- Arnold Shortman Benjamin Flores Jr . -- Gerald Johanssen Francesca Marie Smith -- Helga Pataki Dan Castellaneta -- Grandpa Phil Tress MacNeille -- Grandma Gertie Anndi McAfee -- Phoebe Justin Shenkarow -- Harold Olivia Hack -- Rhonda Gavin Lewis -- Eugene Aiden Lewandowski -- Sid Jet Jurgensmeyer -- Stinky Laya Hayes -- Nadine Nicolas Cantu -- Curly Dan Butler -- Mr. Simmons Maurice LaMarche -- Big Bob Kath Soucie -- Miriam Nika Futterman -- Olga Craig Bartlett -- Miles , Brainy , Abner , Monkeyman Antoinette Stella -- Stella Carlos Alazraqui -- Eduardo Dom Irrera -- Ernie Wally Wingert -- Oskar , Mr. Hyunh Rick Corso -- Dino Spumoni Danny Cooksey -- Stoop Kid Danielle Judovits -- Big Patty Jim Belushi -- Coach Wittenberg Stephen Stanton -- Pigeon Man Lane Toran -- Che Jamil Walker Smith -- Paulo Hope Levy -- Girl Queen Alfred Molina -- Lasombra Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1998 , when Nickelodeon renewed Hey Arnold ! for a fourth season , they offered series creator Craig Bartlett a chance to develop two feature - length films based on the series . One as a TV movie or direct - to - video , called Arnold Saves the Neighborhood , and another slated for a theatrical release . Nickelodeon asked Bartlett to do `` the biggest idea he could think of '' for the theatrical film . After looking at the series , Bartlett decided to make the theatrical feature as a spiritual sequel / follow - up to the episode `` Parents Day '' , and have Arnold try to solve the question of what happened to Miles and Stella , his parents . This became known as Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie . In 2001 , executives at Nickelodeon and Paramount decided to give the made - for - TV movie Arnold Saves the Neighborhood a theatrical release instead in 2002 , under the title of Hey Arnold ! : The Movie to attract the attention of the public . Around this time , Nickelodeon also asked Craig to produce a special one - hour `` prequel '' episode called `` '' The Journal `` '' that would serve as a lead - in to the second movie . The episode was released as the series finale later on November 11 , 2002 . However , Hey Arnold ! : The Movie received a poor reception , and grossed $15.2 million worldwide , resulting in the cancellation of The Jungle Movie and leaving Hey Arnold ! with an unresolved cliffhanger ending . During subsequent years , Bartlett shared many details , characters and plot points of the movie ; however , he did not reveal any significant spoilers in the event that the movie might someday get made . Around 2009 , many fans started online petitions to convince Nickelodeon to greenlight The Jungle Movie . In 2011 , reruns of Hey Arnold ! in the TeenNick block increased public attention in the series and its cancelled movie . In October 2012 Craig Bartlett revealed that he was back at Nickelodeon having meetings with them . In December 2014 , it was revealed that Craig Bartlett and Nickelodeon 's executives were interested in making a Hey Arnold ! reboot . In September 2015 , Nickelodeon announced officially during an interview with Entertainment Weekly that they were considering rebooting many of their old properties , and that a Hey Arnold ! revival was one of them . On November 23 , 2015 , Nickelodeon reported that they were working on a Hey Arnold ! TV movie that would answer all the fans ' questions , including the whereabouts of Arnold 's parents , with Bartlett set to write and produce . On March 1 , 2016 , it was announced that the film would be released in 2017 . The next day , Bartlett confirmed officially that the TV movie would be The Jungle Movie and that it would be released as a two - hour TV movie . Writing ( edit ) According to Bartlett , the story of The Jungle Movie was originally written and produced between 1998 and 2001 by Steve Viksten , Jonathan Greenberg and himself . Storyboards were drafted by Raymie Muzquiz and test footage was produced . In the years following the film 's cancellation , Bartlett confirmed many plot points of the film , like the revelation of Arnold 's name during the opening sequence and that Arnold still had the map of the jungle of San Lorenzo that he found in `` The Journal '' . He also revealed that Lasombra was searching for La Corazón , a fabulous jewel and sacred relic of the Green - Eyed people , the tribe that Miles and Stella helped in the past . Helga 's and Arnold 's relationship would also take a next step , after Helga kissed Arnold in the climax of the Hey Arnold ! : The Movie . Craig Bartlett mentioned in an interview that The Jungle Movie was the first thing he pitched when he came back to Nickelodeon . In June 2016 , Bartlett confirmed that the TV movie was written to take place with the kids going into the fifth grade , one year after the ending of the original series . In July 2016 , Variety showed various artworks of the main characters . As revealed in a promo during the NickSplat premiere , the script for the film was originally twice as long . One particular gag that was cut was the parade sequence in San Lorenzo in which Olga appears on a parade float , and Helga appears on another dressed as a monkey . In the final version , there is only a very brief shot of the parade . Casting ( edit ) On June 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Francesca Marie Smith , Anndi McAfee , Justin Shenkarow , Olivia Hack , Nika Futterman , Dan Butler , Dan Castellaneta , Tress MacNeille , Antoinette Stella , Carlos Alazraqui , Dom Irrera , Maurice LaMarche , Kath Soucie , Danielle Judovits , Danny Cooksey , Jim Belushi and Hey Arnold ! creator Craig Bartlett were attached to reprise their roles as Helga , Phoebe , Harold , Rhonda , Olga , Mr. Simmons , Grandpa , Grandma , Stella , Eduardo , Ernie , Bob Pataki , Miriam , Big Patty , Stoop Kid , Coach Wittenberg and Miles ; while Lane Toran and Jamil Walker Smith , the original voices of Arnold and Gerald were attached to return , but as the voices of San Lorenzo tour guides , while being replaced by Mason Vale Cotton and Benjamin Flores , Jr. respectively ; and Alfred Molina was cast as Lasombra , the film 's main antagonist . The next day , it was reported that Gavin Lewis , Jet Jurgensmeyer , Aiden Lewandowski , and Laya Hayes were cast as Eugene , Stinky , Sid and Nadine . Marketing ( edit ) On July 10 , 2017 , Nickelodeon released an `` exclusive first look '' at the new character designs narrated by Bartlett . Eleven days later , on July 21 , to coincide with the Hey Arnold ! panel at San Diego Comic - Con , a short scene from the film was released , in which Arnold is presented with a special film about all the good he has done for his neighborhood . The film 's official trailer was released on October 6 , 2017 . An additional trailer was released on the NickSplat YouTube channel on November 7 , 2017 . During the month of November , NickSplat ( a programming block on TeenNick that regularly features the series ) aired Hey Arnold ! episodes every night from 12 : 00 to 1 : 00 AM ( ET / PT ) . From November 17 to 24 , NickSplat aired a marathon of every episode of the series , nightly from 12 : 00 to 6 : 00 AM ( ET / PT ) . A coloring book based on the television movie was designed by Jim Lang , the composer of Hey Arnold ! , and released by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform on December 12 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The original American broadcast premiere of Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie on Nickelodeon received 1.39 million viewers within the first hour and 1.15 million viewers within the second hour , averaging a total of 1.27 million viewers . As for the other two networks that simulcasted the film , it was watched by 234,000 viewers on Nicktoons , and 128,000 viewers on TeenNick . In total , it was watched by an average of 1.63 million viewers across all three networks . Critical reception ( edit ) The A.V. Club graded it with an `` A - '' complimenting the film for preserving the original series ' `` warm tone and careful pacing , its willingness to let its young characters absorb dramatic moments and contemplate within silences . '' IGN.com gave the film a score of 7.5 out of 10 , noting `` the little , unexpected homages to what made Hey , Arnold ! such a joy originally that mark the high points of The Jungle Movie . '' Den of Geek gave it a score of 3 out of 5 , giving a more decidedly mixed opinion of the film , praising the opening moments of the film but criticizing the scenes in San Lorenzo . Home media ( edit ) It was announced on December 14 , 2017 that the television film will be released on DVD on February 13 , 2018 by Paramount Home Entertainment . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hey Arnold ! movie could lead to a new season , if all goes well '' . Polygon. 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Reveals Title of the Hey Arnold ! TV Movie as Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie ; Original Voice Actors Return - Nick Press '' . Jump up ^ `` Wally Wingert on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Stanton '' . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dallas . `` NYCC2017 Panel Recap : Hey Arnold ! '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Trailer and New Art for Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie '' . Comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Hey Arnold 's Craig Bartlett '' . Apocalypstick . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Bartlett 's Return To Nickelodeon In 2012 '' . YouTube . 2017 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Bartlett Discusses Hey Arnold ! Returning To Nickelodeon '' . YouTube . 2015 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Hey Arnold ! is coming back , and possibly Rugrats too '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) . `` ' Hey Arnold ' Movie in Works , Nickelodeon Reviving Shows '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Rife , Katie ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Nickelodeon is making a Hey Arnold ! movie , might bring back other classic series Newswire The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) . `` 2016 TV Upfront : Nickelodeon To Revive ' Legends of the Hidden Temple ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) . `` ' Hey Arnold : The Jungle Movie ' Confirmed -- Coming To Nickelodeon 2017 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed Notes About `` The Jungle Movie '' Hey Arnold ! -- A Critical Analysis `` . Tendraheyarnold.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Hey Arnold ! creator Craig Bartlett chats with us about the show 's revival '' . Jump up ^ Caitlyn Hitt . `` ' Hey Arnold : The Jungle Movie ' Plot To Reveal The Truth About Arnold 's Parents '' . Ibtimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` First Images of ' Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie ' Unveiled '' . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Hey Arnold ! The Jungle Movie ' -- Original Cast Returns To Nickelodeon '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie Voice Cast Announced '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Exclusive : Hey Arnold ! movie gets a name , hefty slate of returning voice actors Newswire The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Hey Arnold movie : Nickeloden announces title , 19 original actors returning '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hey Arnold : The Jungle Movie Exclusive First Look Nick '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC ' Hey Arnold : The Jungle Movie ' Sneak Peek The Legend of Arnold Nick '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Snetiker ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Hey Arnold ! footage reveals fan - favorite character returns '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keely Flaherty ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) . `` The New `` Hey Arnold '' Movie Trailer Will Make You Feel Every Emotion On The Spectrum `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dave Trumbore ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) . `` New ' Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie ' Trailer Promises to Answer All Your Questions '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold and crew are back in nickelodeon 's hey arnold ! : the jungle movie premiering friday '' . Nickelodeon Press . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Arnold ! The Jungle Movie Coloring Book '' . Amazon.com. 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Even in the wilds of The Jungle Movie , Hey Arnold ! rarely loses sight of its heart '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` HEY , ARNOLD ! : THE JUNGLE MOVIE REVIEW '' . IGN.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Shamus ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie Review '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Arnold ! - ' The Jungle Movie ' TV Film is Already Scheduled for DVD in 2018 ! '' . David Lambert . 14 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Hey Arnold ! <Td_colspan="2"> Characters Episodes `` The Journal '' Films Hey Arnold ! : The Movie Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie Video games Nicktoons Racing Hey Arnold ! : The Movie Nicktoons : Freeze Frame Frenzy <Th_colspan="2"> Nickelodeon original movies <Td_colspan="2"> Shredderman Rules ( 2007 ) The Last Day of Summer ( 2007 ) Gym Teacher : The Movie ( 2008 ) Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh ( 2008 ) Spectacular ! ( 2009 ) Fred : The Movie ( 2010 ) The Boy Who Cried Werewolf ( 2010 ) Best Player ( 2011 ) A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! ( 2011 ) Big Time Movie ( 2012 ) Rags ( 2012 ) A Fairly Odd Christmas ( 2012 ) Nicky Deuce ( 2013 ) Swindle ( 2013 ) Jinxed ( 2013 ) Terry the Tomboy ( 2014 ) A Fairly Odd Summer ( 2014 ) Santa Hunters ( 2014 ) Splitting Adam ( 2015 ) One Crazy Cruise ( 2015 ) Liar , Liar , Vampire ( 2015 ) Lost in the West ( 2016 ) ( miniseries ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 2016 ) Albert ( 2016 ) Escape from Mr. Lemoncello 's Library ( 2017 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Jungle Movie ( 2017 ) Rocko 's Modern Life : Static Cling ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Arnold!:_The_Jungle_Movie&oldid=816241157 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 television films 2010s American animated films 2010s adventure films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American films Films set in a fictional South American country Hey Arnold ! Television sequel films Nickelodeon animated films Nickelodeon original films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Hey Arnold! : The Jungle Movie 2. Nickelodeon series 3. Craig Bartlett 4. Arnold's missing parents 5. Animated television film

where did the original habitants of japan come from

Japanese people - wikipedia Japanese people Jump to : navigation , search Japanese people 日本 人 <Td_colspan="2"> National flag of Japan <Th_colspan="2"> Total population <Td_colspan="2"> c. 129 million <Th_colspan="2"> Regions with significant populations <Td_colspan="2"> Japan 125 million <Th_colspan="2"> Significant Japanese diaspora in : Brazil 1,600,000 United States 1,304,286 China ( PRC ) 140,134 Philippines 120,000 Canada 109,740 Peru 103,949 Australia 89,133 ( 2015 ) Germany 70,000 ( 2016 ) United Kingdom 67,998 ( 2015 ) Thailand 67,424 ( 2015 ) Argentina 65,000 France 38,349 ( 2014 ) Singapore 36,963 ( 2015 ) South Korea 36,708 ( 2014 ) Mexico 28,100 Hong Kong 27,429 ( 2015 ) Malaysia 22,000 ( 2014 ) Taiwan 20,373 Micronesia 20,000 New Zealand 17,991 ( 2015 ) Indonesia 16,296 ( 2013 ) Bolivia 14,000 Vietnam 13,547 ( 2014 ) Italy 13,299 ( 2015 ) Switzerland 10,166 ( 2014 ) India 8,655 ( 2015 ) Spain 8,080 ( 2015 ) New Caledonia 8,000 Netherlands 7,550 ( 2015 ) Paraguay 7,000 Belgium 6,232 ( 2015 ) Marshall Islands 6,000 Palau 5,000 Macau 4,200 Uruguay 3,456 <Th_colspan="2"> Languages <Td_colspan="2"> Japanese , Portuguese , English <Th_colspan="2"> Religion <Td_colspan="2"> Predominantly Mahayana ( Buddhism in Japan ) and Shinto Minority Japanese new religions , Christianity , other religions <Td_colspan="2"> ^ note : The population of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown . Only the number of the permanent residents with Japanese nationality is shown . Japanese people ( Japanese : 日本 人 , Hepburn : Nihonjin ) are a nation and an ethnic group that is native to Japan . Japanese people make up 98.5 % of the total population of their country . Worldwide , approximately 129 million people are of Japanese descent ; of these , approximately 125 million are residents of Japan . People of Japanese ancestry who live outside Japan are referred to as the Nikkeijin ( 日系 人 ) , the Japanese diaspora . The term ethnic Japanese may also be used in some contexts to refer to particular ethnic groups , including the Yamato ( the dominant ethnic group , comprising over 120 million ) , Ainu , and Ryukyuan people . Contents ( hide ) 1 Language 2 Religion 3 Literature 4 Arts 5 Theories of origins 5.1 Origin of Jōmon and Yayoi 6 History 6.1 Paleolithic era 6.2 Jōmon people 6.3 Yayoi people 7 Genetics 7.1 Y - chromosome DNA 7.2 Mitochondrial DNA 7.3 Single - nucleotide polymorphism 8 Data tables 9 Colonialism 10 Citizenship 11 Diaspora 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Language ( edit ) Main article : Japanese language The Japanese language is a Japonic language that in the past was treated as a language isolate ; it is related to the Ryukyuan languages . The Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using Hiragana , Katakana , and Kanji . Domestic Japanese people use primarily Japanese for daily interaction . The adult literacy rate in Japan exceeds 99 % . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Japan A Shinto festival in Hyogo Prefecture Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature , combining elements of Buddhism and Shinto ( Shinbutsu - shūgō ) . Shinto , a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon , is Japan 's native religion . Shinto was one of the traditional grounds for the right to the throne of the Japanese imperial family , and was codified as the state religion in 1868 ( State Shinto ) , but was abolished by the American occupation in 1945 . Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the sixth century and evolved into many different sects . Today , the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran . Most Japanese people ( 84 % to 96 % ) profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism . Japanese people 's religion functions mostly as a foundation for mythology , traditions , and neighborhood activities , rather than as the single source of moral guidelines for one 's life . Christianity in Japan is among the nation 's minority religions . Just under 2 % , or about 2.5 million , of Japan 's population are Christians . Many Japanese practice Christianity in the diaspora in Brazil , which is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan . About 60 % of Japanese Brazilians are Roman Catholics , while 90 % of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholic , and about 37 % of Japanese Americans are Christians ( 33 % are Protestant and 4 % Catholic ) . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Japanese literature Bisque doll of Momotarō , a character from Japanese literature and folklore Certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society . These include the haiku , tanka , and I Novel , although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles . Historically , many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics . Some of the most famous of these include Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji ( 1021 ) , about Heian court culture ; Miyamoto Musashi 's The Book of Five Rings ( 1645 ) , concerning military strategy ; Matsuo Bashō 's Oku no Hosomichi ( 1691 ) , a travelogue ; and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki 's essay `` In Praise of Shadows '' ( 1933 ) , which contrasts Eastern and Western cultures . Following the opening of Japan to the West in 1854 , some works of this style were written in English by natives of Japan ; they include Bushido : The Soul of Japan by Nitobe Inazō ( 1900 ) , concerning samurai ethics , and The Book of Tea by Okakura Kakuzo ( 1906 ) , which deals with the philosophical implications of the Japanese tea ceremony . Western observers have often attempted to evaluate Japanese society as well , to varying degrees of success ; one of the most well - known and controversial works resulting from this is Ruth Benedict 's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword ( 1946 ) . Twentieth - century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works . Some of the most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki , Jun'ichirō Tanizaki , Osamu Dazai , Yasunari Kawabata , Fumiko Enchi , Yukio Mishima , and Ryōtarō Shiba . In contemporary Japan , popular authors such as Ryū Murakami , Haruki Murakami , and Banana Yoshimoto are highly regarded . Arts ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese art and Japanese architecture The print Red Fuji from Katsushika Hokusai 's series , Thirty - six Views of Mount Fuji Decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times . Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation . In the Yayoi period , artisans produced mirrors , spears , and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku . Later burial mounds , or kofun , preserve characteristic clay haniwa , as well as wall paintings . Beginning in the Nara period , painting , calligraphy , and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China . Among the architectural achievements of this period are the Hōryū - ji and the Yakushi - ji , two Buddhist temples in Nara Prefecture . After the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century , Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China . Extravagant art and clothing was commissioned by nobles to decorate their court , and although the aristocracy was quite limited in size and power , many of these pieces are still extant . After the Tōdai - ji was attacked and burned during the Genpei War , a special office of restoration was founded , and the Tōdai - ji became an important artistic center . The leading masters of the time were Unkei and Kaikei . Painting advanced in the Muromachi period in the form of ink and painting under the influence of Zen Buddhism as practiced by such masters as Sesshū Tōyō . Zen Buddhist tenets were also elaborated into the tea ceremony during the Sengoku period . During the Edo period , the polychrome painting screens of the Kanō school were made influential thanks to their powerful patrons ( including the Tokugawas ) . Popular artists created ukiyo - e , woodblock prints for sale to commoners in the flourishing cities . Pottery such as Imari ware was highly valued as far away as Europe . In theater , Noh is a traditional , spare dramatic form that developed in tandem with kyōgen farce . In stark contrast to the restrained refinement of noh , kabuki , an `` explosion of color '' , uses every possible stage trick for dramatic effect . Plays include sensational events such as suicides , and many such works were performed in both kabuki and bunraku puppet theaters . Since the Meiji Restoration , Japan has absorbed elements of Western culture and gave it a `` Japanese '' feel or modification into it . Its modern decorative , practical and performing arts works span a spectrum ranging from the traditions of Japan to purely Western modes . Products of popular culture , including J - pop , J - rock , manga and anime have found audiences and fans around the world . Theories of origins ( edit ) An Ainu man , circa 1930 Arai Hakuseki , who knew in the 18th century that there were stone tools in Japan , suggested that there was Shukushin in ancient Japan . After him , Philipp Franz von Siebold claimed that indigenous Japanese were Ainu people . Iha Fuyū suggested that Japanese and Ryukyuan people have the same ethnic origin , based on his 1906 research of the Ryukyuan languages . In the Taishō period , Torii Ryūzō claimed that Yamato people used Yayoi pottery and Ainu used Jōmon pottery . A Ryukyuan noro priestess , circa 1935 A common origin of Japanese has been proposed by a number of scholars since Arai Hakuseki first brought up the theory and Fujii Sadamoto , a pioneer of modern archeology in Japan , also treated the issue in 1781 . But after the end of World War II , Kotondo Hasebe and Hisashi Suzuki claimed that the origin of Japanese people was not the newcomers in the Yayoi period ( 300 BCE -- 300 CE ) but the people in the Jōmon period . However , Kazuro Hanihara announced a new racial admixture theory in 1984 . Hanihara also announced the theory `` dual structure model '' in English in 1991 . According to Hanihara , modern Japanese lineages began with Jōmon people , who moved into the Japanese archipelago during Paleolithic times from their homeland in southeast Asia . Hanihara believed that there was a second wave of immigrants , from northeast Asia to Japan from the Yayoi period . Following a population expansion in Neolithic times , these newcomers then found their way to the Japanese archipelago sometime during the Yayoi period . As a result , miscegenation was common in the island regions of Kyūshū , Shikoku , and Honshū , but did not prevail in the outlying islands of Okinawa and Hokkaidō , and the Ryukyuan and Ainu people continued to dominate there . Mark J. Hudson claimed that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE . On the other hand , research in October 2009 by the National Museum of Nature and Science et al. concluded that the Minatogawa Man , who was found in Okinawa and was regarded as evidence that Jōmon people came to Japan via the southern route , had a slender face unlike the Jōmon . Hiroto Takamiya of the Sapporo University suggested that the people of Kyushu immigrated to Okinawa between the 10th and 12th centuries CE . A 2011 study by Sean Lee and Toshikazu Hasegawa reported that a common origin of Japonic languages had originated around 2,182 years before present . A study conducted in 2017 by Ulsan University in Korea presented an evidence that the genetic origin of Koreans is closer to that of southeast Asians . This was additionally supported by Japanese research conducted in 1999 that supported the theory that the origin of the Yayoi people was in southern China near the Yangtze river . This study further supports the already accepted admixture theory between the Jomon and Yayoi populations . Origin of Jōmon and Yayoi ( edit ) Glacier cover in Japan at the height of the last glaciation about 20,000 years ago Currently , the most well - regarded theory is that present - day Japanese are descendants of both the indigenous Jōmon people and the immigrant Yayoi people . The origins of the Jōmon and Yayoi people have often been a subject of dispute , and a recent Japanese publisher has divided the potential routes of the people living on the Japanese archipelago as follows : Aboriginals that have been living in Japan for more than 10,000 years . ( Without geographic distinction , which means , the group of people living in islands from Hokkaido to Okinawa may all be considered to be Aboriginals in this case . ) Immigrants from the northern route ( 北方 ルート in Japanese ) including the people from the Korean Peninsula , Mainland China and Sakhalin Island . Immigrants from the southern route ( 南方 ルート in Japanese ) including the people from the Pacific Islands , Southeast Asia , and in some context , India . However , a clear consensus has not been reached . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Japan Paleolithic era ( edit ) Archaeological evidence indicates that Stone Age people lived in the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic period between 39,000 and 21,000 years ago . Japan was then connected to mainland Asia by at least one land bridge , and nomadic hunter - gatherers crossed to Japan from Southeast Asia , East Asia , Siberia , and possibly Kamchatka . Flint tools and bony implements of this era have been excavated in Japan . Jōmon people ( edit ) Shakōki - dogū ( 遮光 器 土偶 ) ( 1000 -- 400 BC ) , `` goggle - eyed type '' figurine . Tokyo National Museum . Some of the world 's oldest known pottery pieces were developed by the Jōmon people in the Upper Paleolithic period , 14th millennium BC . The name , `` Jōmon '' ( 縄文 Jōmon ) , which means `` cord - impressed pattern '' , comes from the characteristic markings found on the pottery . The Jōmon people were Mesolithic hunter - gatherers , though at least one middle to late Jōmon site ( Minami Mizote ( 南溝手 ) , ca . 1200 -- 1000 BC ) had a primitive rice - growing agriculture . They relied primarily on fish for protein . It is believed that the Jōmon had very likely migrated from South Asia or Southeast Asia and became the Ainu of today . Research suggests that the Ainu retain a certain degree of uniqueness in their genetic make - up , while having some affinities with other regional populations in Japan as well as the Nivkhs of the Russian Far East . Mark J. Hudson of Nishikyushu University posits that Japan was settled by a Proto - Mongoloid population in the Pleistocene who became the Jōmon , and that their features can be seen in the Ainu and Ryukyuan people . The Jomon share some physical characteristics , such as relatively abundant body hair , with Caucasians , but anthropological genetics shows them to derive from a separate genetic lineage from that of Europeans . Anthropologist Joseph Powell of the University of New Mexico said that the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people who are an East Asian population with `` closest biological affinity with south - east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples '' . Turner found remains of Jōmon people of Japan to belong to Sundadont pattern similar with the Southern Mongoloid living populations of Taiwanese aborigines , Filipinos , Indonesians , Thais , Borneans , Laotians , and Malaysians . Yayoi people ( edit ) Around 400 -- 300 BC , the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands , intermingling with the Jōmon . The Yayoi brought wet - rice farming and advanced bronze and iron technology to Japan . Although the islands were already abundant with resources for hunting and dry - rice farming , Yayoi farmers created more productive wet - rice paddy field systems . This allowed the communities to support larger populations and spread over time , in turn becoming the basis for more advanced institutions and heralding the new civilization of the succeeding Kofun period . The estimated population in the late Jōmon period was about one hundred thousand , compared to about three million by the Nara period . Taking the growth rates of hunting and agricultural societies into account , it is calculated that about one and half million immigrants moved to Japan in the period . Genetics ( edit ) Hideko Hosokawa 's family in traditional folk dress , kimono , in 1957 A Japanese family , showing a range of ages Two girls walking at the Shibuya Crossing Y - chromosome DNA ( edit ) It has been noted since as early as 1995 that the distribution of Y - chromosome DNA markers among Japanese males differs significantly from the males of neighboring populations : `` The Y Alu polymorphic ( YAP ) element is present in 42 % of the Japanese and absent in the Taiwanese , confirming the irregular distribution of this polymorphism in Asia . '' In 1999 , a study by Tatiana M. Karafet et al. aimed at identifying the nearest Old World relatives of indigenous American Y - DNA lineages included a sample of 118 Japanese , of whom 55 or 47 % were found to belong to DE-YAP ( xE - SRY4064 ) , 54 or 46 % were found to belong to K - M9 ( xTat , SRY9138 , P - DYS257 ) , 6 or 5.1 % were found to belong to C - RPS4Y , 2 or 1.7 % were found to belong to P - DYS257 , and 1 or 0.8 % were found to belong to BT - SRY10831. 1 ( xC - RPS4Y , DE-YAP , K - M9 ) . A comprehensive study of worldwide Y - DNA diversity ( Underhill et al. 2000 ) included a sample of 23 males from Japan , of whom eight ( 35 % ) belonged to haplogroup D - M174 ( including one D - M15 , one D - M55 ( xM116. 2 ) , five D - M125 , and one D - M151 ) , six ( 26 % ) belonged to O - M175 ( xM122 , M119 , M95 ) , five ( 22 % ) belonged to O - M122 ( including two O - M122 ( xM7 , M164 , M159 , M121 , M134 ) , two O - M134 ( xM117 / M133 ) , and one O - M117 / M133 ( xM162 ) ) , three ( 13 % ) belonged to C - M130 ( including one C - M130 ( xM38 , M48 / M77 / M86 , M93 , M8 / M105 / M131 ) , one C - M93 , and one C - M8 / M105 / M131 ) , and one ( 4.3 % ) belonged to N - M128 . Among 259 males from Japan ( 70 from Tokushima , 61 from Shizuoka , 53 from Kyūshū , 45 from Okinawa , 26 from Aomori , and 4 Ainus ) whose Y - DNA has been examined in a 2005 study by Michael F. Hammer , ninety ( 34.7 % ) belong to haplogroup D - M55 , eighty - two ( 31.7 % ) belong to haplogroup O - P31 ( including 22 % O - 47z , 7.7 % O - M176 ( x47z ) , and 1.9 % O - M95 ( xM111 ) ) , fifty - two ( 20.1 % ) belong to haplogroup O - M122 , fourteen ( 5.4 % ) belong to haplogroup C - M8 , ten ( 3.9 % ) belong to haplogroup NO - M214 ( xO - M175 ) ( including 2.3 % NO - M214 ( xO - M175 , N - LLY22g ) , 1.2 % haplogroup N - LLY22g ( xM128 , P43 , M178 ) , and 0.4 % haplogroup N - M178 ) , and eight ( 3.1 % ) belong to haplogroup C - M217 ( including 1.9 % haplogroup C - M217 ( xM86 ) and 1.2 % haplogroup C - M86 ) . The patrilines belonging to D - P37. 1 were found in all the Japanese samples , but were more frequently found in the Ainu ( 75.0 % ) and Okinawa ( 55.6 % ) samples and less frequently found in the Tokushima ( 25.7 % ) and Kyūshū samples ( 26.4 % ) . Haplogroups O - M175 and C - M8 were not found in the small Ainu sample of four individuals , and C - M217 was not found in the Okinawa sample of 45 individuals . Haplogroup N was detected in samples of Japanese from Aomori ( 2 / 26 N - LLY22g ( xM128 , P43 , M178 ) ) , Shizuoka ( 1 / 61 N - LLY22g ( xM128 , P43 , M178 ) ) , and Tokushima ( 1 / 70 N - M178 ) , but was not found in the Kyūshū , Okinawa , or Ainu samples . This study , and others , report that Y - chromosome patrilines crossed from the Asian mainland into the Japanese archipelago , and continue to make up a large proportion of the Japanese male lineage . If focusing haplogroup O - P31 in those researches , the patrilines derived from its subclade O - SRY465 are frequently found in both Japanese ( mean 32 % , with frequency in various samples ranging from 26 % to 36 % ) and Koreans ( mean 30 % , with frequency in various samples ranging from 19 % to 40 % ) . According to the research , these patrilines have undergone extensive genetic admixture with the Jōmon period populations previously established in Japan . A 2007 study by Nonaka et al. reported that among a total of 263 healthy unrelated Japanese male individuals born in 40 of the 47 prefectures of Japan , but especially Tokyo ( n = 51 ) , Chiba ( n = 45 ) , Kanagawa ( n = 14 ) , Saitama ( n = 13 ) , Shizuoka ( n = 12 ) , and Nagano ( n = 11 ) , the frequencies of the D2 , O2b , and O3 lineages were 38.8 % , 33.5 % , and 16.7 % , respectively , which constituted approximately 90 % of the Japanese population . Haplogroup diversity for the binary polymorphisms was calculated to be 86.3 % . Poznik et al. ( 2016 ) have reported that the males in the JPT ( Japanese in Tokyo , Japan ) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project are 20 / 56 = 36 % D2 - M179 , 18 / 56 = 32 % O2b - M176 , 10 / 56 = 18 % O3 - M122 , 4 / 56 = 7.1 % C1a1 - M8 , 2 / 56 = 3.6 % O2a - K18 , and 2 / 56 = 3.6 % C2 - M217 . In a project approved by the Ethics Committee of Tokai University School of Medicine , Ochiai et al. ( 2016 ) have reported finding D - M174 ( rs2032602 T > C ) in 24 / 59 ( 40.7 % ) , O - M268 ( rs13447443 A > G ) in 21 / 59 ( 35.6 % ) , C - M130 ( rs35284970 C > T ) in 8 / 59 ( 13.6 % ) , O - P198 ( rs17269816 T > C ) in 4 / 59 ( 6.8 % ) , N - M231 ( rs9341278 G > A ) in 1 / 59 ( 1.7 % ) , and O - P186 ( xM268 , P198 ) ( rs16981290 C > A , rs13447443 A , rs17269816 T ) in 1 / 59 ( 1.7 % ) of a sample obtained through buccal swabs from Japanese male volunteers ( n = 59 ) who had given informed consent to participate in the study . Mitochondrial DNA ( edit ) According to an analysis of the 1000 Genomes Project 's sample of Japanese collected in the Tokyo metropolitan area , the mtDNA haplogroups found among modern Japanese include D ( 42 / 118 = 35.6 % , including 39 / 118 = 33.1 % D4 and 3 / 118 = 2.5 % D5 ) , B ( 16 / 118 = 13.6 % , including 11 / 118 = 9.3 % B4 and 5 / 118 = 4.2 % B5 ) , M7 ( 12 / 118 = 10.2 % ) , G ( 12 / 118 = 10.2 % ) , N9 ( 10 / 118 = 8.5 % ) , F ( 9 / 118 = 7.6 % ) , A ( 8 / 118 = 6.8 % ) , Z ( 4 / 118 = 3.4 % ) , M9 ( 3 / 118 = 2.5 % ) , and M8 ( 2 / 118 = 1.7 % ) . Single - nucleotide polymorphism ( edit ) A 2011 SNP consortium study done by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society consisting of 1719 DNA samples determined that Koreans and Japanese clustered near to each other , confirming the findings of an earlier study that Koreans and Japanese are related . However , the Japanese were found to be genetically closer to South Asian populations as evident by a genetic position that is significantly closer towards South Asian populations on the principal component analysis ( PCA ) chart . Some Japanese individuals are also genetically closer to Southeast Asian and Melanesian populations when compared to other East Asians such as Koreans and Han Chinese , indicating possible genetic interactions between Japanese and these populations . A 2008 study about genome - wide SNPs of East Asians by Chao Tian et al. reported that Japanese , Koreans and Han Chinese are genetically distinguishable from southeast Asians , and that the Japanese are related to Koreans , who are more closely related to Han Chinese . However , the Japanese are relatively genetically distant from Han Chinese , compared to Koreans . Data tables ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Frequency of Diego factor in Mongoloids Total number tested <Th_colspan="2"> Dia+ No . % Korean by Lee , Present series 117 17 14.5 Chinese by Layrisse and Arends , ( 1956 ) 100 5 5.0 Japanese by Layrisse and Arends , ( 1956 ) 65 8 12.31 by Lewis et al. , ( 1956 ) 77 6 7.79 by Ueno and Murakata , ( 1957 ) 153 12 7.84 by Lewis et al. , ( 1958 ) 145 10 6.89 by Iseki et al. , ( 1958 ) 500 16 3.20 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> Source : Table 12 , Page 23 , Samuel Y. Lee ( 1965 ) <Th_colspan="10"> Masatoshi Nei 's standard genetic distances ( lower diagonal matrix ) and modified Luigi Luca Cavalli - Sforza 's distances ( above diagonal matrix ) for the four populations Hondo - Japanese Korean Ainu Ryukyuan Hondo - Japanese 0.00354 0.00747 0.00217 Korean 0.00404 0.01155 0.00707 Ainu 0.00808 0.01043 0.00642 Ryukyuan 0.00336 0.00899 0.00696 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Source : Table 1 , Page 438 , Keiichi Omoto & Naruya Saitou ( 1997 ) <Th_colspan="10"> ABO allele frequencies in Korean , Japanese and German populations . Population <Th_colspan="6"> ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.001 . Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.001 . Korean versus German , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ) . Fukumori et al. , 1996 . Nishimukai et al. , 1996 . <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="8"> Source : Table 2 , Page 333 , Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) <Th_colspan="10"> F coefficients for pairs of 10 district populations based on the Reynolds ' distances by using five HLA loci Tohoku Kanto Hokuriku Tokai Kinki Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa Hokkaido 0.00000 0.00008 0.00214 0.00157 0.00045 0.00026 0.00100 0.00037 0.00983 Tohoku 0.00000 0.00125 0.00064 0.00000 0.00000 0.00182 0.00086 0.01070 Kanto 0.00145 0.00000 0.00000 0.00067 0.00071 0.00017 0.01127 Hokuriku 0.00367 0.00122 0.00063 0.00570 0.00181 0.01715 Tokai 0.00057 0.00170 0.00077 0.00177 0.01164 Kinki 0.00000 0.00069 0.00043 0.01134 Chugoku 0.00158 0.00169 0.01158 Shikoku 0.00088 0.00544 Kyushu 0.01178 <Td_colspan="10"> Color Code <Td_colspan="9"> Significant difference at the P - value < 0.05 . <Td_colspan="9"> Significant difference at the P - value < 0.01 <Td_colspan="9"> Significant difference after the Bonferroni correction at the P - value < 0.05 / 45 . <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> Source : Table 2 , Page 3 , Hirofumi Nakaoka et al. ( 2013 ) Colonialism ( edit ) See also : Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Location of Imperial Japan During the Japanese colonial period of 1895 to 1945 , the phrase `` Japanese people '' was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago , but also to people from colonies who held Japanese citizenship , such as Taiwanese people and Korean people . The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period was `` inland people '' ( 内地 人 , naichijin ) . Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forced assimilation of colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity . After the end of World War II , many Nivkh people and Orok people from southern Sakhalin , who held Japanese citizenship in Karafuto Prefecture , were forced to repatriate to Hokkaidō by the Soviet Union as a part of Japanese people . On the other hand , many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation . Citizenship ( edit ) Article 10 of the Constitution of Japan defines the term Japanese based on the Japanese Nationality . The concept of the ethnic groups by the Japanese statistics is different from the ethnicity census of North American or some Western European statistics . For example , the United Kingdom Census asks ethnic or racial background which composites the population of the United Kingdom , regardless of their nationalities . The Japanese Statistics Bureau , however , does not have this question . Since the Japanese population census asks the people 's nationality rather than their ethnic background , naturalized Japanese citizens and Japanese nationals with multi-ethnic background are considered to be ethnically Japanese in the population census of Japan . Professor John Lie , from the University of California , Berkeley , in spite of the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous , believes it is more accurate to describe Japan as a multiethnic society . Even though such claims have long been rejected by other sectors of Japanese society such as former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō , who has once described Japan as being a nation of `` one race , one civilization , one language and one culture '' . Diaspora ( edit ) Main article : Japanese diaspora The Japantown Peace Plaza during the Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival The term nikkeijin ( 日系 人 ) is used to refer to Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and their descendants . Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines and Borneo , and in the 16th and 17th centuries , thousands of traders from Japan also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population . pp. 52 -- 3 But mass migration of Japanese people did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era , when Japanese people began to go to the Philippines , United States , Canada , Peru , Colombia , Brazil , and Argentina . There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period ; however , most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia . According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad , there are about 2.5 million nikkeijin living in their adopted countries . The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná . There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in the Philippines , East Malaysia , Peru , Buenos Aires , Córdoba and Misiones in Argentina , the U.S states of Hawaii , California , and Washington , and the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Toronto . Separately , the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . See also ( edit ) Japan portal Ethnic groups of Japan Foreign - born Japanese Japantown List of Japanese people Nihonjinron Demographics of Japan Ainu people Azumi people , an ancient group of peoples who inhabited parts of northern Kyushu Burakumin Dekasegi Ryukyuan people Yamato people , the dominant majority Emishi , a group of people who lived in the northeastern Tōhoku region of Japan Kuzu , an ancient people of Japan believed to have lived along the Yoshino River References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Factbook : Japan '' . CIA . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ MOFA 国 ・ 地域 . mofa.go.jp . 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Original sentence : 旧 石器 時代 または 縄文 時代 以来 、 現在 の 北海道 から 琉球 諸島 まで の 地域 に 住ん だ 集団 を 祖先 に 持つ. シベリア 、 樺太 、 朝鮮 半島 など を 経由 する 北方 ルート 、 南西 諸島 など を 経由 する 南方 ルート など 複数 の 渡来 経路 が 考え られる Jump up ^ Three major lineages of Asian Y chromosomes : impli ... ( Hum Genet. 2002 ) - PubMed - NCBI Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived March 16 , 2006 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived August 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NOVA Online Lost Tribes of Israel Where are the Ten Lost Tribes ? ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived June 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill in PNAS online ; Page 3 ( page No. 6233 ) , Table 1 . The known global sample of proboscidean kill / scavenge sites : Lake Nojiri Japan 33 - 39 ka ( ka : thousand years ) . Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric Times '' . Web Site Shinshu . Nagano Prefecture . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lake Nojiri Museum , Lake Nojiri Excavation and Research Team ( in Japanese ) ; many flint tools and bony implements were found with the same age of Naumann Elephant in Lake Nojiri . Jump up ^ Hudson , M.J. ( 1999 ) Ruins of Identity : Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands . Honolulu : University of Hawai ` i Press Jump up ^ Koppel , Tom ( 2005 ) Lost World : Rewriting Prehistory -- How New Science Is Tracing America 's Ice Age Mariners . New York : Atria Books . Madsen . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5357 - 3 Jump up ^ Powell , Joseph F. ; Rose , Jerome C. Chapter 2 Report on the Osteological Assessment of the Kennewick Man Skeleton ( CENWW. 97. Kennewick ) . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael F. Hammer and Satoshi Horai , `` Y Chromosomal DNA Variation and the Peopling of Japan . '' American Journal of Human Genetics 56 : 951 - 962 , 1995 . Received September 22 , 1994 ; accepted for publication January 19 , 1995 . Jump up ^ T.M. Karafet , S.L. Zegura , O. Posukh , et al. , `` Ancestral Asian Source ( s ) of New World Y - Chromosome Founder Haplotypes . '' American Journal of Human Genetics 64 : 817 -- 831 , 1999 . Received July 16 , 1998 ; accepted for publication January 13 , 1999 ; electronically published February 19 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Peter A. Underhill , Peidong Shen , Alice A. Lin , et al. , `` Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations . '' Nature Genetics , Volume 26 , November 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Hammer , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . `` Dual origins of the Japanese : common ground for hunter - gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes '' ( PDF ) . The Japan Society of Human Genetics and Springer - Verlag . Springer Science + Business Media via Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 51 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 58 . PMID 16328082 . doi : 10.1007 / s10038 - 005 - 0322 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Travis , John ( February 15 , 1997 ) . `` Jomon genes : using DNA , researchers probe the genetic origins of modern Japanese - Cover Story '' . Science News . BNET . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 238 / 744 = 32.0 % O2b - SRY465 in a pool of all Japanese samples of Xue et al. ( 2006 ) , Katoh et al. ( 2004 ) , Han - Jun Jin et al. ( 2009 ) , Nonaka et al. ( 2007 ) , and all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of Hammer et al. ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Han - Jun Jin ; Kyoung - Don Kwak ; Michael F. Hammer ; Yutaka Nakahori ; Toshikatsu Shinka ; Ju - Won Lee ; Feng Jin ; Xuming Jia ; Chris Tyler - Smith ; Wook Kim ( 2003 ) . `` Y - chromosomal DNA haplogroups and their implications for the dual origins of the Koreans '' . Human Genetics . 114 : 27 -- 35 . PMID 14505036 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 003 - 1019 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jin , Han - Jun ; Tyler - Smith , Chris ; Kim , Wook ( 2009 ) . `` The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y - Chromosomal Markers '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 1 ) : e4210 . PMC 2615218 . PMID 19148289 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0004210 . ^ Jump up to : Katoh , Toru ; Munkhbat , Batmunkh ; Tounai , Kenichi ; Mano , Shuhei ; Ando , Harue ; Oyungerel , Ganjuur ; Chae , Gue - Tae ; Han , Huun ; Jia , Guan - Jun ; Tokunaga , Katsushi ; Munkhtuvshin , Namid ; Tamiya , Gen ; Inoko , Hidetoshi ( 2004 ) . `` Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y - chromosomal analysis '' . Gene . 346 : 63 -- 70 . PMID 15716011 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gene. 2004.10. 023 . Jump up ^ 202 / 677 = 29.8 % O2b - SRY465 in a pool of all ethnic Korean samples of Hammer et al. ( 2006 ) , Xue et al. ( 2006 ) , Katoh et al. ( 2004 ) , Wook Kim et al. ( 2007 ) , and Han - Jun Jin et al. ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ; Yoo , Tag - Keun ; Kim , Sung - Joo ; Shin , Dong - Jik ; Tyler - Smith , Chris ; Jin , Han - Jun ; Kwak , Kyoung - Don ; Kim , Eun - Tak ; Bae , Yoon - Sun ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Lack of Association between Y - Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population '' . PLoS ONE . 2 ( 1 ) : e172 . PMC 1766463 . PMID 17245448 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0000172 . Jump up ^ Nonaka , I. ; Minaguchi , K. ; Takezaki , N. ( February 2 , 2007 ) . `` Y - chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y - STR Polymorphisms '' . Annals of Human Genetics . John Wiley & Sons . 71 ( Pt 4 ) : 480 -- 95 . PMID 17274803 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.2006. 00343. x . Jump up ^ The JPT sample is considered `` as generally representative of the majority population in Japan '' . See Matsuda , Ichiro . `` Japanese in Tokyo , Japan - Population Description '' . Camden , NJ : Coriell Institute for Medical Research . Jump up ^ Poznik , G. David ; Xue , Yali ; Mendez , Fernando L. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` '' , `` Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y - chromosome sequences '' . Nature Genetics . 48 : 593 -- 599 . PMC 4884158 . PMID 27111036 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 3559 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Ochiai , Eriko ; Minaguchi , Kiyoshi ; Nambiar , Phrabhakaran ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Evaluation of Y chromosomal SNP haplogrouping in the HID - Ion AmpliSeqTM Identity Panel '' . Legal Medicine . 22 : 58 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. legalmed. 2016.08. 001 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Zheng , H-X ; Yan , S ; Qin , Z-D ; Wang , Y ; Tan , J-Z ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time : Evidence of mtDNA Genomes '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 10 ) : e25835 . PMC 3188578 . PMID 21998705 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0025835 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Identification of Close Relatives in the HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Database '' . Plos One . 29 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tian , Chao ; Kosoy , Roman ; Lee , Annette ; Ransom , Michael ; Belmont , John W. ; Gregersen , Peter K. ; Seldin , Michael F. ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Analysis of East Asia Genetic Substructure Using Genome - Wide SNP Arrays '' . PLoS ONE . Public Library of Science . 3 ( 12 ) : e3862 . PMC 2587696 . PMID 19057645 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0003862 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Samuel Y. ( 1965 ) . Further Analysis of Korean Blood Types . In Yonsei Medical Journal . Volume 6 . Page 23 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 , from link . Jump up ^ Omoto , Keiichi & Saitou , Naruya. ( 1997 ) . Genetic Origins of the Japanese : A Partial Support for the Dual Structure Hypothesis . In American Journal of Physical Anthropology . Page 438 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 , from link . Jump up ^ Kang , Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) . Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population . In Japanese Journal of Human Genetics , 42 ( 2 ) , Page 333 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 Retrieved July 24 , 2017 , from link . Jump up ^ Nakaoka , Hirofumi et al. ( 2013 ) . Detection of Ancestry Informative HLA Alleles Confirms the Admixed Origins of Japanese Population . In PLOS ONE . 8 ( 4 ) . Page 3 . doi : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060793.t002 Retrieved June 26 , 2017 , from link to website and link to PDF document . Jump up ^ Eika Tai ( September 2004 ) . `` Korean Japanese '' . Critical Asian Studies . Routledge. 36 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 382 . doi : 10.1080 / 1467271042000241586 . Jump up ^ Lankov , Andrei ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Stateless in Sakhalin '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 日本 国 憲法 ) Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom population by ethnic group '' . United Kingdom Census 2001 . Office for National Statistics . 2001 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ John Lie Multiethnic Japan ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Aso says Japan is nation of ' one race ' '' . The Japan Times . October 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Philippines History , Culture , Civilization and Technology , Filipino Jump up ^ `` Interracial Intimacy in Japan '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Lankov , Andrei ( March 23 , 2006 ) . `` The Dawn of Modern Korea ( 360 ) : Settling Down '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ IBGE . Resistência e Integração : 100 anos de Imigração Japonesa no Brasil apud Made in Japan . IBGE Traça o Perfil dos Imigrantes ; 21 de junho de 2008 Accessed September 4 , 2008 . ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ Furia , Reiko ( 1993 ) . `` The Japanese Community Abroad : The Case of Prewar Davao in the Philippines '' . In Saya Shiraishi ; Takashi Shiraishi . The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia . Southeast Asia Program , Cornell University Publications . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87727 - 402 - 5 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Japan . 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who wrote the song never can say goodbye

Never Can Say Goodbye - wikipedia Never Can Say Goodbye Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Gloria Gaynor , see Never Can Say Goodbye ( Gloria Gaynor album ) . For the album by Joey DeFrancesco , see Never Can Say Goodbye : The Music of Michael Jackson . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Jackson 5 <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Maybe Tomorrow B - side `` She 's Good '' Released March 16 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 16 ) ( U.S. ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded June 1970 Hitsville West , Los Angeles , CA Genre Soul Length 2 : 58 Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Clifton Davis Producer ( s ) Hal Davis <Th_colspan="2"> Jackson 5 singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Mama 's Pearl '' ( 1970 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1971 ) `` Maybe Tomorrow '' ( 1971 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Mama 's Pearl '' ( 1970 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1971 ) `` Maybe Tomorrow '' ( 1971 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' is a song written by Clifton Davis and originally recorded by The Jackson 5 . The song was originally written and intended for the Supremes to record ; however Motown decided the song would be better for the Jackson 5 . Released as a single in 1971 , it was one of the group 's most successful songs . The song has been covered numerous times , most notably in 1974 by disco diva Gloria Gaynor and in 1987 by British pop group The Communards . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Jackson 5 1.1 Chart performance 1.1. 1 Weekly charts 1.1. 2 Year - end charts 2 Gloria Gaynor version 2.1 Chart performance 2.1. 1 Weekly charts 2.1. 2 Year - end charts 3 The Communards version 4 Isaac Hayes version 5 Other covers 6 Television and film performances 6.1 Glee 7 Samples and remixes 8 In popular culture 9 Personnel 9.1 The Jackson 5 9.2 Gloria Gaynor 10 References 11 External links The Jackson 5 ( edit ) The recording features 12 - year - old Michael Jackson singing a serious song about a love , with accompaniment from his brothers . Although such a record was unusual for a teenage group , `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' was a # 2 hit for three consecutive weeks on the Billboard Pop Singles chart , stuck behind Three Dog Night 's `` Joy to the World '' ( May 8 - May 22 , 1971 ) , and a # 1 hit on the Billboard Black Singles chart in the United States . In the United Kingdom , it reached # 33 on the UK Singles Chart . Notable televised performances of the song by the Jackson 5 ( and their newer incarnation , The Jacksons ) include : The Flip Wilson Show , November 4 , 1971 - this recording appears on the 2009 Jackson 5 CD I Want You Back ! Unreleased Masters One More Time ( Jackson 5 TV special ) , January 10 , 1974 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , April 4 , 1974 Cher , March 16 , 1975 The Jacksons , July 7 , 1976 Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever , May 16 , 1983 In addition , the song appeared on the animated TV show The Jackson 5ive in the episode `` A Rare Pearl '' , which aired on January 15 , 1972 . This version appears in the 1994 movie Crooklyn and on the second volume of its soundtrack album . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 Canada 14 UK 33 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Cash Box 11 US R&B / Soul ( Billboard ) 9 Gloria Gaynor version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Gloria Gaynor <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Never Can Say Goodbye B - side `` We Just Ca n't Make It '' Released October 27 , 1974 ( U.S. ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded Genre Disco soul Length 6 : 19 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) Clifton Davis Producer ( s ) Jay Ellis Meco Monardo Tony Bongiovi Harold Wheeler <Th_colspan="2"> Gloria Gaynor singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Honey Bee '' ( 1974 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1974 ) `` ' Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' ( 1975 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Honey Bee '' ( 1974 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1974 ) Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' ( 1975 ) A second major version , reimagined as a disco record by Gloria Gaynor in 1974 , was a number - nine hit on the U.S. Pop Singles chart and went to number thirty - four on the Soul Singles chart . The Gloria Gaynor version became one of the defining recordings of the disco era . Indeed , her version peaked at # 2 in the UK during January 1975 , and # 3 in Canada , surpassing the Jackson Five 's original recording in those nations . Gaynor 's cover , released on MGM records , was produced by the Disco Corporation of America , a production company newly formed by Meco Monardo and Tony Bongiovi to which Gaynor was signed . Also working on this production were Jay Ellis and Harold Wheeler . Gaynor 's cover has the distinction of occupying the number - one spot on the first Dance / Disco chart to appear in Billboard magazine . Never Can Say Goodbye was also the title of Gaynor 's debut album on which the single appeared . Gaynor has re-recorded the song on more than one occasion , in increasingly fast tempos , and subsequent remixes have hit the dance charts . Gaynor 's version of the song was heard on the TV series Charmed ( `` That ' 70s Episode '' ) , and is featured on the video game series Just Dance 2015 . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peak position Australia Canada UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 11 U.S. Billboard Dance / Disco U.S. Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 25 Canada 50 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 71 U.S. Cash Box 79 The Communards version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Communards <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Red B - side `` ' 77 , The Great Escape '' ( 7 `` ) `` Tomorrow '' ( Remix ) ( U.S. 12 `` ) Released 1987 ( International release ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 ) ( 12 '' single ) CD Maxi Single Recorded Genre Hi - NRG Length 4 : 30 ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) 4 : 53 ( Album Version ) 7 : 50 ( 12 '' single ) 7 : 50 and 5 : 35 ( CD Maxi single ) Label London ( UK ) / MCA Records ( U.S. ) / Metronome ( Germany ) Songwriter ( s ) Clifton Davis Producer ( s ) Stephen Hague Remix and additional production by Shep Pettibone <Th_colspan="2"> The Communards singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Tomorrow '' ( 1987 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1987 ) `` For a Friend '' ( 1988 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Tomorrow '' ( 1987 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1987 ) `` For a Friend '' ( 1988 ) In 1987 , British band The Communards had a hit with a Hi - NRG cover of the song , which was featured on their second album , Red . Their version reached number four in the UK Singles Chart , number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Dance / Disco chart in the U.S. The group had reached number one on those charts covering another 1970s classic , `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' , in 1986 . The Communards version was also featured in the episode `` Father 's Day '' , which was set in 1987 , in the first series of the revived Doctor Who . It also could be heard in the final episode of Whites , featuring a dance number by Stephen Wight and as the signature tune to the 2013 British comedy series Vicious . A music video was produced for this version of the song , directed by Andy Morahan . Isaac Hayes version ( edit ) Isaac Hayes first recorded the song for his 1971 album Black Moses . Released as a single , this version reached # 5 on the Billboard R&B chart , # 19 on the Easy Listening chart , and # 22 on the Hot 100 . Hayes re-recorded the tune for the soundtrack of the 2008 film Soul Men , in which he appears alongside Samuel L. Jackson and Bernie Mac . The film 's producers dedicated the 2008 version to both Mac and Hayes , who both died before the project was released . Other covers ( edit ) The song has been covered by many other artists , including Grant Green , Andy Williams , Junior Walker , The Supremes ( in 1971 ) , Smokey Robinson ( in 1973 ) , Cal Tjader , David T. Walker , The Sandpipers , Rahsaan Roland Kirk , Johnny `` Hammond '' Smith , Herbie Mann , Yazz , Sheena Easton , Gerald Albright , Sonny & Cher , Westlife , The Impact of Brass and Matchstik `` The Mj Tribute '' . Guitarist Zachary Breaux covered the song on his 1997 album , Uptown Groove , which was his final studio album released before his death , one month later after the album 's release . In 1998 , Gloria Estefan included `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' as part of her `` 70 's Moment Medley '' , recorded as a b - side for her single `` Do n't Let This Moment End '' . Other hits included in the medley were `` I Thought It Took a Little Time '' , `` If I Ca n't Have You '' , `` This Time Baby '' and `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Vanessa Williams covered the song for her 2005 studio album Everlasting Love . Her version features George Benson . In 2008 , pianist David Benoit recorded a version for his covers album Heroes and saxophonist Gerald Albright covered the song on the album Sax for Stax . In 2009 , keyboardist Bob Baldwin along with guitarist Chuck Loeb covered the song from Bob 's album Lookin ' Back . In 2010 , Singapore singer Olivia Ong recorded a cover on her album Olivia . Frank Ocean covered this song as a medley with `` Close To You '' during his Blonde Tour in Summer 2017 . Television and film performances ( edit ) Nicole Kidman sings a few lines of the song in the animated film Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell sang the song on the first episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien Jorge Núñez sang the song on the top 13 show on American Idol season 8 Glee ( edit ) Dianna Agron covered the song in 2012 during the eleventh episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , entitled `` Michael '' . The performance received mostly positive reviews . Jen Chaney of The Washington Post gave the song a `` B − '' , and said it `` worked much better than every track that preceded it '' because it adapted the song to the show `` instead of trying to out - Jackson Jackson '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Joseph Brannigan Lynch called it `` a nice summation of her character 's journey , but not vocally impressive enough to justify listening to outside of the episode '' and gave it a `` B '' . Crystal Bell of HuffPost TV described it as a `` blah performance '' , but Kate Stanhope of TV Guide said it was `` sweet and reflective '' . Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone wrote that it was `` a tune well - suited for Quinn 's sultry voice and the flipped meaning she gives the lyrics '' , and TVLine 's Michael Slezak had a similar take : he gave it an `` A '' and called it a `` remarkably lovely fit '' for her voice . Samples and remixes ( edit ) The Neptunes remixed `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' on the 2009 Michael Jackson remix album The Remix Suite . Astro rapped over the song on a 2011 episode of The X Factor USA . In 2012 , Wu - Tang Clan rapper Raekwon released his cover version of the song in which he raps over the instrumental . In popular culture ( edit ) While appearing on The Hollywood Squares Clifton Davis sang a bit of the song a capella and then was asked who wrote the song . His answer was `` I did '' to which the contestant agreed ( and was correct ) . Personnel ( edit ) Written by Clifton Davis `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' was originally copyrighted on June 10 , 1970 ( EU0000187089 ) and then was copyrighted again on December 21 , 1970 ( EP0000281027 ) . The Jackson 5 ( edit ) Lead vocals : Michael Jackson Background vocals : Jackie Jackson , Tito Jackson , Jermaine Jackson and Marlon Jackson Produced by Hal Davis Instrumentation by various Los Angeles studio musicians including David T. Walker Gloria Gaynor ( edit ) Lead vocals : Gloria Gaynor Produced by the Disco Corporation of America ( Meco Monardo , Tony Bongiovi , Jay Ellis producers ; Harold Wheeler arranger ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 287 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.com. 1971 - 12 - 25 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 226 . Jump up ^ `` Meco Monardo '' . DiscoMusic.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6133a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6133a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6133a Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1975 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 2 / 01 / 75 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1975 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2014 ) . Motown Encyclopedia . `` Never Can Say Goodbye -- The Jackson 5 ( Single ) '' : AC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 31144 - 154 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.hulu.com/watch/246531/whites-episode-6 Sorry , currently our video library can only be watched from within the United States Hulu is committed to making its content available worldwide . To do so , we must work through a number of legal and business issues , including obtaining international streaming rights . Know that we are working to make this happen and will continue to do so . Given the international background of the Hulu team , we have both a professional and personal interest in bringing Hulu to a global audience . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - the Communards - `` Never can say goodbye '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes cover of The Jackson 5 's ' Never Can Say Goodbye ' '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 1973 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Smokey - Smokey Robinson Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Heroes overview '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Heroes : David Benoit : Concord Music Group '' . Concord Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sax for Stax overview '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Albright - Sax for Stax '' . Smooth-jazz.de . Jump up ^ `` Lookin ' Back overview '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` CD Review of Bob Baldwin '' . Jazzreview.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' by the musical numbers : Maxing out on Michael Jackson '' . The Washington Post . Katharine Weymouth . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joseph Brannigan ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : An ' Off the Wall ' Tribute to MJ '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Tribute To Michael Jackson '' . HuffPost TV . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Glee 's Promising Road to Graduation Begins '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : A Tribute Worthy of a King '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Recap : A Thriller of a Night ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Neyland ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Q - Tip and The Neptunes Feature on Michael Jackson : The Remix Suite Prefix '' . Prefixmag.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( The Jackson 5 version ) May 1 , 1971 -- May 15 , 1971 Succeeded by `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Aretha Franklin Preceded by none Billboard Disco Action number - one single ( Gloria Gaynor version ) October 26 , 1974 -- November 16 , 1974 Succeeded by `` Express '' by B.T. Express <Th_colspan="2"> Isaac Hayes Studio albums Presenting Isaac Hayes ( 1968 ) Hot Buttered Soul ( 1969 ) The Isaac Hayes Movement ( 1970 ) ... To Be Continued ( 1970 ) Black Moses ( 1971 ) Joy ( 1973 ) Chocolate Chip ( 1975 ) Disco Connection ( 1975 ) Groove - A-Thon ( 1976 ) Juicy Fruit ( Disco Freak ) ( 1976 ) New Horizon ( 1977 ) For the Sake of Love ( 1978 ) Do n't Let Go ( 1979 ) And Once Again ( 1980 ) Lifetime Thing ( 1981 ) U-Turn ( 1986 ) Love Attack ( 1988 ) Raw & Refined ( 1995 ) Branded ( 1995 ) Soundtrack albums Shaft Three Tough Guys Truck Turner Chef Aid : The South Park Album Singles ( US / UK Top Thirty singles ) `` Walk On By '' `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Theme from Shaft '' `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums David Porter Al Bell Booker T. & the M.G. 's Stax Records List of songs written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter Chef ( South Park ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons <Td_colspan="2"> Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson Studio albums The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin ' Back to Indiana Lookin ' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T. : Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation The Jacksons The Jacksons Goin ' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street Live albums The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live ! Live at the Forum Compilations Greatest Hits Anthology Joyful Jukebox Music Boogie Soulsation ! Jackson 5 : The Ultimate Collection The Essential Jacksons The Very Best of The Jacksons I Want You Back ! Unreleased Masters Come and Get It : The Rare Pearls Concert tours First National Tour Second National Tour Destiny World Tour Triumph Tour Victory Tour Unity Tour Television The Jackson 5ive The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special Related articles Discography Songs Chronology Jackson family Steeltown Records <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons singles Singles on Steeltown Records `` Big Boy '' `` We Do n't Have to Be Over 21 ( To Fall in Love ) '' Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 `` I Want You Back '' ABC `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' / `` I Found That Girl '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` I 'll Bet You '' `` Do n't Know Why I Love You '' `` La La ( Means I Love You ) '' Third Album `` I 'll Be There '' `` Mama 's Pearl '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' Jackson 5 Christmas Album `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Give Love on Christmas Day '' Maybe Tomorrow `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Maybe Tomorrow '' `` 16 Candles '' Greatest Hits `` Sugar Daddy '' Lookin ' Through the Windows `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' `` Lookin ' Through the Windows '' `` Doctor My Eyes '' Skywriter `` Corner of the Sky '' `` Hallelujah Day '' `` Skywriter '' G.I.T. : Get It Together `` Get It Together '' `` Dancing Machine '' Dancing Machine `` Dancing Machine '' `` The Life of the Party '' `` I Am Love '' `` Whatever You Got , I Want '' Moving Violation `` Forever Came Today '' `` All I Do Is Think of You '' The Jacksons `` Enjoy Yourself '' `` Show You the Way to Go '' `` Dreamer '' Goin ' Places `` Goin ' Places '' `` Even Though You 're Gone '' `` Different Kind of Lady '' `` Music 's Taking Over '' `` Find Me a Girl '' Destiny `` Blame It on the Boogie '' `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' `` Destiny '' Triumph `` Lovely One '' `` This Place Hotel '' `` Can You Feel It '' `` Walk Right Now '' The Jacksons Live ! `` Things I Do for You '' ( Live ) Victory `` State of Shock '' `` Torture '' `` Body '' 2300 Jackson Street `` Nothin ' ( That Compares 2 U ) '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Art of Madness '' Notable collaborations and album tracks `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' `` Hum Along and Dance '' `` Time Out for the Burglar '' `` Feelin ' Alright '' `` That 's How Love Is '' `` This Is It '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Gloria Gaynor Studio albums Never Can Say Goodbye Experience Gloria Gaynor I 've Got You Glorious Gloria Gaynor 's Park Avenue Sound Love Tracks I Have a Right Stories I Kinda Like Me Gloria Gaynor I Am Gloria Gaynor The Power of Gloria Gaynor The Answer I Wish You Love Singles `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' `` Walk On By '' `` All I Need Is Your Sweet Lovin ' '' `` How High the Moon '' `` Substitute '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Stop in the Name of Love '' `` I Am What I Am '' `` Mighty High '' `` Oh , What a Life '' Related articles Discography <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Gloria Gaynor <Th_colspan="2"> The Communards <Td_colspan="2"> Richard Coles Jimmy Somerville Studio albums Communards Red Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` For a Friend '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Can_Say_Goodbye&oldid=825286461 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1971 singles 1974 singles 1987 singles The Jackson 5 songs Motown singles London Records singles MCA Records singles Metronome Records singles MGM Records singles Isaac Hayes songs Gloria Gaynor songs The Communards songs Andy Williams songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Song recordings produced by Tony Bongiovi Song recordings produced by Stephen Hague Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Disco songs Yazz songs Songs written by Clifton Davis Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 15 : 03 . 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1. "Never Can Say Goodbye" - song by The Jackson 5 2. Gloria Gaynor - disco diva who covered the song 3. The Communards - British band that had a hit with their cover of the song 4. Isaac Hayes - recorded a version of the song for his album Black Moses 5. Covers and remixes - various artists who have covered or remixed the song

have any teams played super bowl at home

Super Bowl curse - wikipedia Super Bowl curse Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Super Bowl curse or Super Bowl hangover is a phrase referring to one of three things that occur in the National Football League ( NFL ) : Super Bowl participants that follow up with lower - than - expected performance the following year ; teams that do not repeat as Super Bowl champions ; and host teams of the Super Bowl that have never advanced to the title game on their own home fields . The phrase has been used to explain both why losing teams may post below - average winning percentages in the following year and why Super Bowl champions seldom return to the title game the following year . The term has been used since at least 1992 , when The Washington Post commented that `` the Super Bowl Curse has thrown everything it 's got at the Washington Redskins . The Jinx that has bedeviled defending champs for 15 years has never been in better form '' . The phenomenon is attributed by football commentator and former NFL manager Charley Casserly to such elements as `` a shorter offseason , contract problems , ( and ) more demand for your players ' time '' . Casserly also notes that `` once the season starts , you become the biggest game on everybody 's schedule . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The losers ' curse 1.1 Losing teams mentioned in connection to the curse 1.1. 1 Exceptions 2 The non-repeat curse 3 The home field curse 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links The losers ' curse ( edit ) While the first five Super Bowl winners of the 2000s posted above average winning percentages the year following their Super Bowl appearance , the losers of the same games posted below average winning percentages in the follow -- up year . Losing teams mentioned in connection to the curse ( edit ) Super Bowl losing teams who went on to poor follow -- up performance include : Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII ) -- 1988 season : 12 -- 4 ; 1989 season : 8 -- 8 . Cincinnati started a long streak of losing with their 1991 season mark and it ended with them making the playoffs in the 2005 season . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XXIV ) -- 1989 season : 11 -- 5 ; 1990 season : 5 -- 11 . The Broncos would rebound to advance to the 1991 AFC Championship Game vs Buffalo . Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) -- 1993 season : 12 -- 4 ; 1994 season : 7 -- 9 . The Bills are 1 -- 4 in playoff games since the 1993 season , with their last playoff win coming in 1995 and playoff appearance in 1999 . Atlanta Falcons ( Super Bowl XXXIII ) -- 1998 season : 14 -- 2 ; 1999 season : 5 -- 11 . New York Giants ( Super Bowl XXXV ) -- 2000 season : 12 -- 4 ; 2001 season : 7 -- 9 . St. Louis Rams ( Super Bowl XXXVI ) -- 2001 season : 14 -- 2 ; 2002 season : 7 -- 9 . Oakland Raiders ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) -- 2002 season : 11 -- 5 ; 2003 season : 4 -- 12 The Raiders did not have a winning season from 2002 to 2015 ; their best record has been 8 -- 8 in both 2010 and 2011 and they had not had a record greater than 5 -- 11 every other season until their 7 -- 9 record in 2015 . The streak was broken in 2016 . Carolina Panthers ( Super Bowl XXXVIII ) -- 2003 season : 11 -- 5 ; 2004 season : 7 -- 9 . Philadelphia Eagles ( Super Bowl XXXIX ) -- 2004 season : 13 -- 3 ; 2005 season : 6 -- 10 . Chicago Bears ( Super Bowl XLI ) -- 2006 season : 13 -- 3 ; 2007 season : 7 -- 9 . Carolina Panthers ( Super Bowl 50 ) -- 2015 season : 15 - 1 ; 2016 season : 6 -- 10 . Exceptions ( edit ) There have been several exceptions since this curse supposedly began in 1977 : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI ) -- 1976 season : 11 -- 2 -- 1 . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XII ) -- 1977 season : 12 -- 2 . Dallas Cowboys ( Super Bowl XIII ) -- 1978 season : 12 -- 4 . Los Angeles Rams ( Super Bowl XIV ) -- 1979 season : 9 -- 7 . Philadelphia Eagles ( Super Bowl XV ) -- 1980 season : 12 -- 4 . Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XVI ) -- 1981 season : 12 -- 4 . Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XVII ) -- 1982 season : 7 -- 2 . Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XVIII ) -- 1983 season : 14 -- 2 . Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX ) -- 1984 season : 14 -- 2 . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XX ) -- 1985 season : 11 -- 5 . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XXI ) -- 1986 season : 11 -- 5 . Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXV ) -- 1990 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 1991 season , they went 13 -- 3 again , and made it to Super Bowl XXVI , where they lost to the Washington Redskins . In the 1992 season , the Bills slipped to 11 -- 5 , but after what came to be known as The Comeback , they won the AFC Championship , and went on to play in Super Bowl XXVII , where they lost to the Dallas Cowboys . The following season -- 1993 -- they improved their record to 12 -- 4 ; and after winning the AFC East division , qualified for their fourth straight Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXVIII , where for the second straight year , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys . San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX ) -- 1994 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1995 season , they went 9 -- 7 ; although they made it to the playoffs , they lost 35 -- 20 to the Indianapolis Colts . They would later go through eight consecutive losing seasons , including a 1 - 15 season in 2000 . They would return to the NFL playoffs in the 2004 season , in which they lost 17 -- 20 to the New York Jets . Ever since , they have struggled in the playoffs , going 4 - 6 , most of which divisional round games , in 13 seasons starting in 2004 . Pittsburgh Steelers ( Super Bowl XXX ) -- 1995 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1996 season , they went 10 -- 6 , and won the AFC Central division . However that was only thanks to a weak division & they ended up losing in a blowout against the New England Patriots 3 -- 28 in the divisional playoffs . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XXXI ) -- 1996 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1997 season , they went 10 -- 6 , and won the AFC East division . The Patriots ironically lost to the Steelers in the divisional playoffs 6 -- 7 Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowl XXXII ) - 1997 season : 13 - 3 . In the 1998 season , the Packers went 11 - 5 , but lost the division title to the 15 - 1 Vikings , forcing them to settle for the fifth seed in the playoffs . They lost in the wild card to Steve Young and the 49ers on a last - second touchdown to Terrell Owens in what has been dubbed as `` The Catch II , '' a reference to The Catch . Tennessee Titans ( Super Bowl XXXIV ) -- 1999 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2000 season , the Titans went 13 -- 3 again , clinching home -- field advantage . They lost in the divisional playoffs , however , to the Baltimore Ravens 10 -- 24 . ( Interestingly enough , the 2008 Tennessee Titans repeated this as they finished 13 - 3 , clinching home - field advantage , and losing to the Ravens in the divisional round . ) Seattle Seahawks ( Super Bowl XL ) -- 2005 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2006 season , they slipped to 9 -- 7 , but won the NFC West division . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Chicago Bears 24 -- 27 in overtime . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XLII ) -- 2007 season : 16 -- 0 . After having the first perfect season since the NFL went to a 16 -- game schedule in 1978 , the Patriots went 11 -- 5 in the 2008 season and missed the playoffs barely by losing tiebreakers with Miami in their division and Baltimore for the wild card . The `` Super Bowl curse '' took a different road , since their starting quarterback , Tom Brady , suffered a season -- ending injury in the opening game of the season . Arizona Cardinals ( Super Bowl XLIII ) -- 2008 season : 9 -- 7 . In the 2009 season they improved to 10 -- 6 and won the NFC West for the second consecutive season . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints 14 -- 45 . Indianapolis Colts ( Super Bowl XLIV ) -- 2009 season : 14 -- 2 . In the 2010 season they went 10 -- 6 and won the AFC South for the seventh time in eight years ; however it was the first time in 9 years that the Colts had finished a season with less than 12 wins . They lost in the wild card playoffs to the New York Jets 16 -- 17 . The following season , however , without Peyton Manning , they experienced a significant drop . They started the season 0 -- 13 , and finished 2 -- 14 , the first time out of the playoffs since 2001 . Pittsburgh Steelers ( Super Bowl XLV ) -- 2010 season : 12 -- 4 . In the 2011 season , they went 12 -- 4 again , but did not win the AFC North division , due to being swept by the Baltimore Ravens . They lost in the wild card round , in overtime , 23 -- 29 , to the Denver Broncos . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XLVI ) -- 2011 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2012 season , their record dropped to 12 -- 4 , but they still ended up with the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs . They made it to the AFC Championship Game against the Ravens , but this time they lost , 13 -- 28 . San Francisco 49ers ( Super Bowl XLVII ) -- 2012 season : 11 -- 4 -- 1 . In the 2013 season , they improved to 12 -- 4 , but did not win the NFC West division as the divisional rival Seattle Seahawks had a 13 -- 3 record . They made it to the NFC Championship Game , but lost to the Seahawks , 17 -- 23 . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) -- 2013 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2014 season , they dropped to 12 -- 4 , and were the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Indianapolis Colts , 13 -- 24 . Seattle Seahawks : ( Super Bowl XLIX ) -- 2014 season : 12 -- 4 . In the 2015 season , they dropped to 10 -- 6 and lost the NFC West title to the Cardinals , but they entered the 2016 playoffs as the NFC 's sixth seed . The Seahawks defeated the Vikings 10 -- 9 ( only due to a missed field goal ) , but lost 24 -- 31 to the Panthers in the Divisional Round . The non-repeat curse ( edit ) Since 1993 , few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl successes with a second Super Bowl appearance ( Denver Broncos , Dallas Cowboys and New England Patriots won ; Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks lost ) , or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season ( Dallas Cowboys , Seattle Seahawks ) . In the Super Bowl era two teams have lost the Super Bowl , then won it the following season . The first was the Dallas Cowboys , who lost Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts , but came back in 1971 and defeated the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . The Dolphins repeated the feat in 1972 when they rallied to go a perfect 17 - 0 , capping the season with a win over the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII . Considering the difficulty of winning even one Super Bowl in the 32 - team NFL , some would n't consider this to be a curse but rather a difficult feat . Indeed , only seven teams have won back - to - back Super Bowl championships , and only one of these seven teams have made more than two consecutive appearances in the Super Bowl , the Miami Dolphins who lost Super Bowl VI and then won Super Bowl VII ( as part of a 17 - 0 perfect season ) and defended their title in Super Bowl VIII . The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990 -- 93 . This is in contrast to other North American major professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NHL ) where repeat championships and even `` three - peats '' are not uncommon . Since 2005 , no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title , in fact between 2006 and 2013 every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failed to qualify for the playoffs . The 2014 Seattle Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round , becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season . As the two - time defending Super Bowl champions , the 1990 San Francisco 49ers were favored to become first NFL team to win three consecutive Super Bowls . Dating back to 1989 , the 49ers completed a fifteen - game unbeaten streak in the regular season ( 5 victories in the last 5 games of 1989 and 10 victories in the first ten games of 1990 ) , en route to compiling the league 's best regular season record ( 14 -- 2 ) while quarterback Joe Montana was named regular season MVP . Facing the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game , the 49ers defense was able to hold backup quarterback Jeff Hostetler and the Giants without a touchdown , but the tide of the game changed when Montana was sacked by Leonard Marshall while rolling out of the quarterback pocket ; a play which injured Montana and forced him to leave the game . With only a few minutes left , 49ers running back Roger Craig fumbled while the 49ers were attempting to score the game clinching touchdown , and the ball was recovered by the Giants ' Lawrence Taylor , setting up the drive to kick their fifth field goal of the game with seconds left to win the game 15 -- 13 . The words of Pat Summerall `` There will be no three - peat ! '' haunt 49ers fans to this day . The NFC Championship game also turned out to be Montana 's next - to - last appearance in a 49er uniform , as elbow injuries cost him the entire 1991 season , and despite his recovery he lost his starting position to Steve Young . The Seattle Seahawks were the most recent defending champions to return to the title game the following year , Super Bowl XLIX , where they faced the New England Patriots . The Seahawks built a ten - point lead to end the third quarter 24 - 14 , and until Super Bowl LI ( which also featured the Patriots ) , no team in Super Bowl history had ever overcome a fourth - quarter deficit of more than seven points . The Patriots , however , rallied with two touchdowns to take a 28 -- 24 lead with roughly two minutes left in the game . Seattle threatened to score in the final moments , driving the ball to New England 's 1 - yard line . With 26 seconds remaining in the game , they decided to pass the ball in a highly scrutinized play that resulted in Patriots rookie Malcolm Butler making a game - saving interception from Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson . However , the game was not decided at this point since New England was backed up against its own end zone , so if Patriots quarterback Tom Brady went too far back before kneeling his team would give up two points and have to kick the ball back to the Seahawks , who would simply need to get into field goal position for a chance to win . However , Seahawks defensive lineman Michael Bennett was drawn across line of scrimmage and flagged for encroachment which penalized Seattle five yards and moved the ball to the New England six - yard line , ending Seattle 's hope of a comeback . The home field curse ( edit ) The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl . From 1966 -- 2011 ( excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team ) , the Super Bowl host team had a record of 249 -- 364 -- 2 . In those 40 seasons , the host teams had 11 winning seasons , four split seasons , and 25 losing seasons . Mathematically , the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance ( assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season ( disregarding . 500 seasons ) ) is 7.69 percent . It should be noted , however , that in contrast to the other Big 4 North American major professional sports leagues ( Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League ) , whose championship round is co -- hosted by the two competing teams that season ( which gives a higher probability that both teams will have a winning season , to qualify for the playoffs ) , the Super Bowl host is selected several years before it is played , without regard to the teams that play it ( modern stadium amenities and weather are the two most prominent criteria ) . The only other major professional sports league in North America using this format is the Canadian Football League , where the Grey Cup host city is selected ahead of time . However , unlike the NFL , there have been multiple teams who have won the Grey Cup at home ) ( the CFL has only nine teams , making the odds of such an occurrence greater ) . So far no team has yet managed to reach the championship game in their home stadium , or even come close . Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home market : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium , rather than Candlestick Park , and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl , rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Besides those two , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowl II and III . MetLife Stadium , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , is the home stadium of two NFL teams : the New York Giants and the New York Jets . In a way , not having the home team play in the Super Bowl is actually beneficial to the host city as it would receive more out - of - town visitors than if the host team was playing in the Super Bowl . Combined with the increased costs of airfare and hotel during the event , the economy would see a bigger revenue boost as a larger portion of attendees would be local if the host team participated . The host team ( s ) of a Super Bowl do receive VIP section ( s ) in the stadium during the game ; for instance New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning was in the luxury suite of his team 's home MetLife Stadium during Super Bowl XLVIII , which saw the Denver Broncos quarterbacked by his brother Peyton Manning lose 43 -- 8 to the Seattle Seahawks . The Atlanta Falcons came off the 1998 season finishing 14 -- 2 season and being losing finalists in Super Bowl XXXIII . Next year , they were the host team of Super Bowl XXXIV but ending up with a 5 -- 11 record and missed the playoffs , in part due to an injury to running back Jamal Anderson who suffered a season -- ending knee injury in second game of the 1999 season . The Indianapolis Colts were in a rare situation at the end of the 2011 season , becoming the fourth host team of a Super Bowl to have the worst record in the NFL for their particular season . This also happened to the 1973 Houston Oilers ( Super Bowl VIII ) , the 1980 New Orleans Saints ( Super Bowl XV ) , and the 1983 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Super Bowl XVIII ) . The New Orleans Saints , whose home stadium ( the Mercedes - Benz Superdome ) hosted Super Bowl XLVII , were eliminated from post -- season contention in Week 16 and finished 7 -- 9 for the 2012 season . The team had a 13 -- 3 record in the 2009 season following by winning Super Bowl XLIV , a 11 -- 5 record in the 2010 season , and then a 13 -- 3 record in the 2011 season . Some media outlets such as Fox Sports and Sports Illustrated have claimed that the Home Field Curse was in effect in 2012 . However , the Saints were affected heavily by the bounty scandal , which resulted in Commissioner Roger Goodell imposing disciplinary action on the team which included the suspension of several coaches and players for the season , particularly head coach Sean Payton and former Saints defensive coordinator Gregg Williams who were banned for the entire year . The hosts curse had a wider effect on the Los Angeles Chargers when they played in San Diego . Every time San Diego has hosted the Super Bowl , an AFC West rival has represented the AFC : the Broncos in Super Bowl XXII and XXXII -- the Broncos winning the latter -- and the Raiders in XXXVII . Besides San Diego , the other instances where a divisional rival of the host has played in the Super Bowl were : Super Bowl III , which the New York Jets won in the Miami Dolphins ' Orange Bowl ; Super Bowl XXX , which the Dallas Cowboys won in the Arizona Cardinals ' Sun Devil Stadium ; the St. Louis Rams , who won Super Bowl XXXIV in the Atlanta Falcons ' Georgia Dome and lost Super Bowl XXXVI in the New Orleans Saints ' Louisiana Superdome ; and the Seattle Seahawks , who played in Super Bowl XLIX in the Arizona Cardinals ' University of Phoenix Stadium . Super Bowl XLVIII had the distinction of having two host teams : the New York Jets , and the New York Giants , as both play their home games at MetLife Stadium . Although it was conceivably possible to make NFL history as the first ever Super Bowl with two host teams playing against each other on the same turf , both teams were eliminated from postseason contention in week 15 of the 2013 regular season . That season the Giants got off to an 0 -- 6 start . Super Bowl 50 was held at Levi 's Stadium and during the 2015 offseason , the San Francisco 49ers parted ways with highly successful coach Jim Harbaugh as a result of going 8 -- 8 in the 2014 season and a power struggle with general manager Trent Baalke . Under Harbaugh from 2011 -- 14 , the team reached the NFC Championship Game three straight times and narrowly lost Super Bowl XLVII , a dramatic improvement as prior to his hiring the 49ers had not had a winning season nor playoff win since 2002 . CEO Jed York replaced Harbaugh by promoting defensive line coach Jim Tomsula , a highly criticized hiring motivated by York 's desire to have full control of the franchise rather than hiring the best possible candidate for the job . This move subsequently led to many assistant coaches refusing to serve on Tomsula 's coaching staff . Furthermore , the 49ers were also affected by the unexpected retirements of Patrick Willis , Chris Borland , and Anthony Davis , who were all in their prime of their careers , the free agent departures of Frank Gore and Mike Iupati , and the release of Aldon Smith after getting arrested again . With an unprecedented roster turnover , the 49ers would struggle to a 5 -- 11 season with Colin Kaepernick ending the season on injured reserve after being benched . The 49ers would ultimately be eliminated from the postseason in Week 14 of the 2015 regular season and Tomsula would be fired after just one season . The most recent team to qualify to play in the NFL playoffs in the same season it was scheduled to host the Super Bowl is the 2016 Houston Texans ; NRG Stadium , the Texans ' home stadium , hosted Super Bowl LI . The Texans defeated the Oakland Raiders 27 -- 14 in the Wild Card round , but lost 34 -- 16 to the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . The Texans are the third Super Bowl host ( and first since the 1998 Miami Dolphins ) to reach the divisional round . Further reading ( edit ) `` Credit Belichick for beating Super Bowl curse '' . The Sacramento Bee . October 25 , 2006 . pp. C3 . Freeman , Mike ( December 12 , 1991 ) . `` Fans cry : Off with Giants ' Head ( Coach ) ! '' . The Washington Post . Green Jr. , Ron ( November 5 , 2004 ) . `` Lost - the - Super-Bowl blues afflict Panthers , Raiders '' . The Charlotte Observer . pp. 2C . `` Less and more than rumored Miami and the Super Bowl curse '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . January 30 , 1999 . Penner , Mike ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` Curses are reality to fantasy leaguers '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. D. 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 21 , 1992 ) . `` A Curse but not yet a sin '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Jack ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Champions , for now -- Super Bowl curse could vex Colts , Bears '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Matt ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Seattle out to break Super Bowl curse '' . East Valley Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes : Oakland Raiders 35 Carolina Panthers 32 '' . Oakland Raiders . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Is the Super Bowl curse real ? Just ask Brady , Alexander and others '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Maske , Mark ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Seahawks hope to buck Super Bowl curse '' . 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1. Super Bowl curse 2. Super Bowl hangover 3. Lower-than-expected performance 4. Non-repeat curse 5. Home field curse

account of the augustan age in england 1759

Augustan literature - wikipedia Augustan literature For the period of Latin literature for which the English style is named , see Augustan literature ( ancient Rome ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Distrest Poet , William Hogarth 's portrait of a Grub Street poet starving to death and trying to write a new poem to get money . The `` hack '' ( hired ) writer was a response to the newly increased demand for reading matter in the Augustan period . Augustan literature ( sometimes referred to misleadingly as Georgian literature ) is a style of British literature produced during the reigns of Queen Anne , King George I , and George II in the first half of the 18th century and ending in the 1740s , with the deaths of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift , in 1744 and 1745 , respectively . It was a literary epoch that featured the rapid development of the novel , an explosion in satire , the mutation of drama from political satire into melodrama and an evolution toward poetry of personal exploration . In philosophy , it was an age increasingly dominated by empiricism , while in the writings of political economy , it marked the evolution of mercantilism as a formal philosophy , the development of capitalism and the triumph of trade . The chronological boundary points of the era are generally vague , largely since the label 's origin in contemporary 18th century criticism has made it a shorthand designation for a somewhat nebulous age of satire . Samuel Johnson , whose famous A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1755 is also `` to some extent '' associated with the Augustan period . The new Augustan period exhibited exceptionally bold political writings in all genres , with the satires of the age marked by an arch , ironic pose , full of nuance and a superficial air of dignified calm that hid sharp criticisms beneath . While the period is generally known for its adoption of highly regulated and stylised literary forms , some of the concerns of writers of this period , with the emotions , folk and a self - conscious model of authorship , foreshadowed the preoccupations of the later Romantic era . In general , philosophy , politics and literature underwent a turn away from older courtly concerns towards something closer to a modern sensibility . Contents 1 Historical context 1.1 Political and religious context 1.2 History and literature 2 Prose 2.1 Essays and journalism 2.2 Dictionaries and Lexicons 2.3 Philosophy and religious writing 2.3. 1 After 1750 2.4 The novel 2.4. 1 After 1740 : Sentimental novel 2.5 Satire 3 Poetry 3.1 Precursors of Romanticism 4 Drama 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 General history 7.2 Literary criticism 7.3 Anthologies Historical context ( edit ) Alexander Pope , who had been imitating Horace , wrote an Epistle to Augustus that was in fact addressed to George II of Great Britain and seemingly endorsed the notion of his age being like that of Augustus , when poetry became more mannered , political and satirical than in the era of Julius Caesar . Later , Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith ( in his History of Literature in 1764 ) used the term `` Augustan '' to refer to the literature of the 1720s and the 1730s . Outside poetry , however , the Augustan era is generally known by other names . Partially because of the rise of empiricism and partially because of the self - conscious naming of the age in terms of ancient Rome , two rather imprecise labels have been affixed to the age . One is that it is the age of neoclassicism ; the other is that it is the Age of Reason . While neoclassical criticism from France was imported to English letters , the English had abandoned their strictures in all but name by the 1720s . Critics disagree over the applicability of the concept of `` the Enlightenment '' to the literary history of this period . Donald Greene argued forcefully that the age should rather be known as `` The Age of Exuberance '' , and T.H. White made a case for `` The Age of Scandal '' . More recently , Roy Porter put forward the notion of a distinctively `` English Enlightenment '' to characterise the intellectual climate of the period . An auctioneer sells books from the estate of a condemned doctor , about 1700 , in Moorfields . The books contain pornography , medicine , and classics . The print satirises `` new men '' wanting to collect libraries without collecting learning . One of the most critical elements of the 18th century was the increasing availability of printed material , both for readers and authors . Books fell in price dramatically and used books were sold at Bartholomew Fair and other fairs . Additionally , a brisk trade in chapbooks and broadsheets carried London trends and information out to the farthest reaches of the kingdom . That was furthered with the establishment of periodicals , including The Gentleman 's Magazine and the London Magazine . People in York aware of the happenings of Parliament and the court , but people in London were also more aware than before of the happenings of York . Furthermore , before copyright , pirate editions were commonplace , especially in areas without frequent contact with London . Pirate editions thereby encouraged booksellers to increase their shipments to outlying centres like Dublin , which further increased awareness across the whole realm . That was compounded by the end of the Press Restriction Act in 1693 , which allowed for provincial printing presses to be established , creating a printing structure that was no longer under government control ( Clair 158 -- 176 ) . All types of literature were spread quickly in all directions . Newspapers began and even multiplied . Furthermore , the newspapers were immediately compromised , as the political factions created their own newspapers , planted stories and bribed journalists . Leading clerics had their sermon collections printed , which were top selling books . Since dissenting , Establishment and Independent divines were in print , the constant movement of these works helped defuse any region 's religious homogeneity and fostered emergent latitudinarianism . Periodicals were exceedingly popular , and the art of essay writing was at nearly its apex . Furthermore , the happenings of the Royal Society were published regularly , and they were digested and explained or celebrated in more popular presses . The latest books of scholarship had `` keys '' , `` indexes '' and `` digests '' made of them that could popularise , summarise and explain them to a wide audience . The cross-index , now commonplace , was a novelty in the 18th century , and several persons created indexes for older books of learning to allow anyone to find what an author had to say about a given topic at a moment 's notice . Books of etiquette , of correspondence and of moral instruction and hygiene multiplied . Economics began as a serious discipline but did so in the form of numerous `` projects '' for solving England , Ireland and Scotland 's ills . Sermon collections , dissertations on religious controversy , and prophecies , both new and old and explained , cropped up in endless variety . In short , readers in the 18th century were overwhelmed by competing voices . Truth and falsehood sat side by side on the shelves , and anyone could be a published author , just as anyone could quickly pretend to be a scholar by using indexes and digests ( Clair 45 , 158 -- 187 ) . The positive side of the explosion in information was that the 18th century was markedly more generally educated than the centuries before . Education was less confined to the upper classes than it had been in prior centuries so contributions to science , philosophy , economics , and literature came from all parts of the kingdom . It was the first time that literacy and a library were all that stood between a person and education . It was an age of `` enlightenment '' in the sense that the insistence and drive for reasonable explanations of nature and mankind was a rage . It was an `` age of reason '' in that it was an age that accepted clear , rational methods as superior to tradition . However , there was a dark side to such literacy as well , which authors of the 18th century felt at every turn , which was that nonsense and insanity were also getting more adherents than ever before . Charlatans and mountebanks were fooling more , just as sages were educating more , and alluring and lurid apocalypses vied with sober philosophy on the shelves . As with the Worldwide Web in the 21st century , the democratisation of publishing meant that older systems for determining value and uniformity of view were both in shambles . Thus , it was increasingly difficult to trust books in the 18th century , as books were increasingly easy to make and buy . Political and religious context ( edit ) A `` sulkily stupid '' Queen Anne The Restoration period ended with the exclusion crisis and the Glorious Revolution , where Parliament set up a new rule for succession to the British throne that would always prefer Protestantism over consanguinity . That had brought William III and Mary II to the throne instead of James II , and that was codified in the Act of Settlement 1701 . James had fled to France from where his son , James Francis Edward Stuart , launched an attempt to retake the throne in 1715 . Another attempt was launched by the latter 's son Charles Edward Stuart in 1745 . The attempted invasions are often referred to as `` the 15 '' and `` the 45 '' . When William died , Anne Stuart came to the throne . Anne was reportedly immoderately stupid : Thomas Babington Macaulay , 1st Baron Macaulay would say of Anne that `` when in good humour , ( she ) was meekly stupid and , when in bad humour , was sulkily stupid '' . Anne 's reign saw two wars and great triumphs by John Churchill , the Duke of Marlborough . Marlborough 's wife , Sarah Churchill , was Anne 's best friend , and many supposed that she secretly controlled the Queen in every respect . With a weak ruler and the belief that true power rested in the hands of the leading ministers , the two factions of politics stepped up their opposition to each other , and Whig and Tory were at each other 's throats . That weakness at the throne would lead quickly to the expansion of the powers of the party leader in Parliament and the establishment in all but name of the Prime Minister office in the form of Robert Walpole . When Anne died without surviving issue , George I , Elector of Hanover , came to the throne . George I spoke poor English , and his isolation from the English people was instrumental in keeping his power relatively irrelevant . His son , George II , on the other hand , spoke some English and some more French , and his rule was the first full Hanoverian rule in England . By then , the powers of Parliament had silently expanded , and his power was perhaps only equal to that of Parliament . London 's population exploded spectacularly . During the Restoration , it had grown from around 350,000 to 600,000 in 1700 ( Old Bailey ) ( Millwall history ) . By 1800 , it had reached 950,000 . Not all of the residents were prosperous , as the Enclosure Acts had destroyed lower - class farming in the countryside , and rural areas experienced painful poverty . Communities of the country poor were forced to migrate or suffer ( see Thompson , Whigs ) so young people from the country often moved to London with hopes of achieving success , which swelled the ranks of the urban poor and cheap labour for city employers . It also meant an increase in numbers of criminals , prostitutes and beggars . The fears of property crime , rape and starvation found in Augustan literature should be kept in the context of London 's growth and the depopulation of the countryside . William Hogarth 's Gin Lane is not entirely caricature , as in 1750 , over a fourth of all houses in St Giles were gin shops , all unlicensed . Partially because of the population pressures , property crime became a business both for the criminals and those who fed off of the criminals . Major crime lords like Jonathan Wild invented new schemes for stealing , and newspapers were eager to report crime . Biographies of the daring criminals became popular , which spawned fictional biographies of fictional criminals . Cautionary tales of country women abused by sophisticated rakes ( such as Anne Bond ) and libertines in the city were popular fare , and they prompted fictional accounts of exemplary women abused ( or narrowly escaping abuse ) . Increased population also meant that urban discontent was never particularly difficult to find for political opportunists , and London suffered a number of riots , most of them against supposed Roman Catholic provocateurs . When highly potent , inexpensive distilled spirits were introduced , matters worsened and authors and artists protested the innovation of gin ( see , e.g. William Hogarth 's Gin Lane ) . From 1710 , the government encouraged distilling as a source of revenue and trade goods , and there were no licenses required for the manufacturing or selling of gin . There were documented instances of women drowning their infants to sell the child 's clothes for gin , and the facilities created both the fodder for riots and the conditions against which riots would occur ( Loughrey and Treadwell , 14 ) . Dissenters ( Protestants not conforming to the Church of England ) recruited and preached to the poor of the city , and various offshoots of the Puritan and `` Independent '' ( Baptist ) movements increased their numbers substantially . One theme of the ministers was the danger of the Roman Catholic Church , which they frequently saw as the Whore of Babylon . While Anne tended to favor the High Church faction , particularly towards the close of her reign , the court of George I was more closely allied with Low Church and latitudinarian elements and was warmer to nonconformists . The convocation was effectively disbanded by George I , who was struggling with the House of Lords , and George II was pleased to keep it in abeyance . Additionally , both Georges were concerned with James Francis Edward Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart , who had considerable support in Scotland and Ireland , and many were suspected of being closet Jacobites . Walpole inflated fears of Stuart sympathisers from any group that did not support him . History and literature ( edit ) The literature of the 18th century , particularly the early 18th century , which is what `` Augustan '' most commonly indicates , is explicitly political in ways that few others are . Because the professional author was still not distinguishable from the hack - writer , those who wrote poetry , novels , and plays were frequently either politically active or politically funded . At the same time , an aesthetic of artistic detachment from the everyday world had yet to develop , and the aristocratic ideal of an author so noble as to be above political concerns was largely archaic and irrelevant . The period may be an `` Age of Scandal '' , as authors dealt specifically with the crimes and the vices of their world . Satire , in prose , drama and poetry , was the genre that attracted the most energetic and voluminous writing . The satires that were produced during the Augustan period were occasionally gentle and nonspecific , commentaries on the comically flawed human condition , but they were at least as frequently specific critiques of specific policies , actions and persons . Even the works studiously nontopical were , in fact , transparently political statements in the 18th century . Consequently , readers of 18th - century literature now need to understand the history of the period more than most readers of other literature do . The authors were writing for an informed audience and only secondarily for posterity . Even the authors , who criticised writing that lived for only a day ( like Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope , in The Dedication to Prince Posterity of A Tale of a Tub and Dunciad , among other pieces ) were criticising specific authors , who are unknown to those without historical knowledge of the period . Poetry of all forms was in constant dialogue , and each author was responding and commenting upon the others . Novels were written against other novels ( like the battles between Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding , who , along with Eliza Haywood , wrote a novel satirising Richardson 's Pamela , and between Laurence Sterne and Tobias Smollett ) . Plays were written to make fun of plays or to counter the success of plays ( like the reaction against and for Cato and , later , Fielding 's The Author 's Farce ) . Therefore , history and literature are linked in a way rarely seen at other times . On one hand , the metropolitan and political writing can seem like coterie or salon work , but on the other hand , it was the literature of people deeply committed to sorting out a new type of government , new technologies and newly - vexatious challenges to philosophical and religious certainty . Prose ( edit ) Main article : Augustan prose An engraved ticket for Francis Woods 's circulating library in London from some time after mid-century . The essay , satire , and dialogue ( in philosophy and religion ) thrived in the age , and the English novel was truly begun as a serious art form . Literacy in the early 18th century passed into the working classes , as well as the middle and upper classes ( Thompson , Class ) . Furthermore , literacy was not confined to men , though rates of female literacy are very difficult to establish . For those who were literate , circulating libraries in England began in the Augustan period . Libraries were open to all , but they were mainly associated with female patronage and novel reading . Essays and journalism ( edit ) English essayists were aware of Continental models , but they developed their form independently from that tradition , and periodical literature grew between 1692 and 1712 . Periodicals were inexpensive to produce , quick to read , and a viable way of influencing public opinion , and consequently there were many broadsheet periodicals headed by a single author and staffed by hirelings ( so - called `` Grub Street '' authors ) . One periodical outsold and dominated all others , however , and that was The Spectator , written by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele ( with occasional contributions from their friends ) . The Spectator developed a number of pseudonymous characters , including `` Mr. Spectator , '' Roger de Coverley , and `` Isaac Bickerstaff '' , and both Addison and Steele created fictions to surround their narrators . The dispassionate view of the world ( the pose of a spectator , rather than participant ) was essential for the development of the English essay , as it set out a ground wherein Addison and Steele could comment and meditate upon manners and events . Samuel Johnson 's command of words and his practical wisdom gained a following as he published more than 200 essays offering insights into the follies of human nature and moral perseverance . Rather than being philosophers like Montesquieu , the English essayist could be an honest observer and his reader 's peer . After the success of The Spectator , more political periodicals of comment appeared . However , the political factions and coalitions of politicians very quickly realized the power of this type of press , and they began funding newspapers to spread rumors . The Tory ministry of Robert Harley ( 1710 -- 1714 ) reportedly spent over 50,000 pounds sterling on creating and bribing the press ( Butt ) ; this figure is known because their successors publicized it , but they ( the Walpole government ) were suspected of spending even more . Politicians wrote papers , wrote into papers , and supported papers , and it was well known that some of the periodicals , like Mist 's Journal , were party mouthpieces . Dictionaries and lexicons ( edit ) The 18th century was a time of enlightenment progression occurring in all intellectual fields . However , the English language was deteriorating into a tangled mess . A group of London booksellers commissioned well - known essayist Samuel Johnson to compile a set of rules governing the English Language . After nine years and the help of six assistants the first edition of A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1755 . Johnson 's great knowledge of letters , words and literature brought uniqueness to his dictionary . Each word defined in detail , with descriptions of their various uses and numerous literary quotes as illustrations . This was the first dictionary of its kind , containing 40,000 words and nearly 114,000 quotes packed together with Johnson 's personal touch . A warm reception greeted Johnson 's Dictionary as it was the first dictionary that could be read with pleasure . The definitions full of wit and depth of thought supported by passages from beloved poets and philosophers , which a reader could be content spending an evening poring over its pages . Johnson 's choice of structure and format has certainly shaped future English dictionaries and lexicons and the role they play in language development . Philosophy and religious writing ( edit ) A woodcut of Daniel Defoe The Augustan period showed less literature of controversy than the Restoration . There were Puritan authors , however , and one of the names usually associated with the novel is perhaps the most prominent in Puritan writing : Daniel Defoe . After the coronation of Anne , dissenter hopes of reversing the Restoration were at an ebb , and dissenter literature moved from the offensive to the defensive , from revolutionary to conservative . Defoe 's infamous volley in the struggle between high and low church came in the form of The Shortest Way with the Dissenters ; Or , Proposals for the Establishment of the Church . The work is satirical , attacking all of the worries of Establishment figures over the challenges of dissenters . It is , in other words , defensive . Later still , the most majestic work of the era , and the one most quoted and read , was William Law 's A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life ( 1728 ) . The Meditations of Robert Boyle remained popular as well . Both Law and Boyle called for revivalism , and they set the stage for the later development of Methodism and George Whitefield 's sermon style . However , their works aimed at the individual , rather than the community . The age of revolutionary divines and militant evangelists in literature was over for a considerable time . Also in contrast to the Restoration , when philosophy in England was fully dominated by John Locke , the 18th century had a vigorous competition among followers of Locke . Bishop Berkeley extended Locke 's emphasis on perception to argue that perception entirely solves the Cartesian problem of subjective and objective knowledge by saying `` to be is to be perceived . '' Only , Berkeley argued , those things that are perceived by a consciousness are real . For Berkeley , the persistence of matter rests in the fact that God perceives those things that humans are not , that a living and continually aware , attentive , and involved God is the only rational explanation for the existence of objective matter . In essence , then , Berkeley 's skepticism leads to faith . David Hume , on the other hand , took empiricist skepticism to its extremes , and he was the most radically empiricist philosopher of the period . He attacked surmise and unexamined premises wherever he found them , and his skepticism pointed out metaphysics in areas that other empiricists had assumed were material . Hume doggedly refused to enter into questions of his personal faith in the divine , but his assault on the logic and assumptions of theodicy and cosmogeny was devastating , and he concentrated on the provable and empirical in a way that would lead to utilitarianism and naturalism later . In social and political philosophy , economics underlies much of the debate . Bernard de Mandeville 's The Fable of the Bees ( 1714 ) became a centre - point of controversy regarding trade , morality , and social ethics . Mandeville argued that wastefulness , lust , pride , and all the other `` private '' vices were good for the society at large , for each led the individual to employ others , to spend freely , and to free capital to flow through the economy . Mandeville 's work is full of paradox and is meant , at least partially , to problematize what he saw as the naive philosophy of human progress and inherent virtue . However , Mandeville 's arguments , initially an attack on graft of the War of the Spanish Succession , would be quoted often by economists who wished to strip morality away from questions of trade . After 1750 ( edit ) Adam Smith is remembered by lay persons as the father of capitalism , but his Theory of Moral Sentiments of 1759 also attempted to strike out a new ground for moral action . His emphasis on `` sentiment '' was in keeping with the era , as he emphasized the need for `` sympathy '' between individuals as the basis of fit action . These ideas , and the psychology of David Hartley , were influential on the sentimental novel and even the nascent Methodist movement . If sympathetic sentiment communicated morality , would it not be possible to induce morality by providing sympathetic circumstances ? Smith 's greatest work was An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 . What it held in common with de Mandeville , Hume , and Locke was that it began by analytically examining the history of material exchange , without reflection on morality . Instead of deducing from the ideal or moral to the real , it examined the real and tried to formulate inductive rules . The novel ( edit ) The ground for the novel had been laid by journalism , drama and satire . Long prose satires like Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) had a central character who goes through adventures and may ( or may not ) learn lessons . However , the most important single satirical source for the writing of novels came from Cervantes 's Don Quixote ( 1605 , 1615 ) . In general , one can see these three axes , drama , journalism , and satire , as blending in and giving rise to three different types of novel . Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) was the first major novel of the new century and was published in more editions than any other works besides Gulliver 's Travels ( Mullan 252 ) . Defoe worked as a journalist during and after its composition , and therefore he encountered the memoirs of Alexander Selkirk , who had been stranded in South America on an island for some years . Defoe took aspects of the actual life and , from that , generated a fictional life , satisfying an essentially journalistic market with his fiction ( Hunter 331 -- 338 ) . In the 1720s , Defoe interviewed famed criminals and produced accounts of their lives . In particular , he investigated Jack Sheppard and Jonathan Wild and wrote True Accounts of the former 's escapes ( and fate ) and the latter 's life . From his reportage on the prostitutes and criminals , Defoe may have become familiar with the real - life Mary Mollineaux , who may have been the model for Moll in Moll Flanders ( 1722 ) . In the same year , Defoe produced A Journal of the Plague Year ( 1722 ) , which summoned up the horrors and tribulations of 1665 for a journalistic market for memoirs , and an attempted tale of a working - class male rise in Colonel Jack ( 1722 ) . His last novel returned to the theme of fallen women in Roxana ( 1724 ) . Thematically , Defoe 's works are consistently Puritan . They all involve a fall , a degradation of the spirit , a conversion , and an ecstatic elevation . This religious structure necessarily involved a bildungsroman , for each character had to learn a lesson about him or herself and emerge the wiser . After 1740 : sentimental novel ( edit ) A plate from the 1742 deluxe edition of Richardson 's Pamela , or , Virtue Rewarded showing Mr. B intercepting Pamela 's first letter home to her mother The sentimental novel , or `` novel of sentiment '' , developed after 1740 , and among the most famous examples in English are Samuel Richardson 's Pamela , or Virtue Rewarded ( 1740 ) , Oliver Goldsmith 's Vicar of Wakefield ( 1766 ) , Laurence Sterne 's Tristram Shandy ( 1759 -- 67 ) , Sentimental Journey ( 1768 ) , Henry Brooke 's The Fool of Quality ( 1765 -- 70 ) , Henry Mackenzie 's The Man of Feeling ( 1771 ) and Maria Edgeworth 's Castle Rackrent ( 1800 ) . Continental examples are Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's novel Julie , or the New Heloise , his autobiography The Confessions ( 1764 -- 70 ) and Goethe 's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) . Although there were novels in the interim , Samuel Richardson 's Pamela , or , Virtue Rewarded ( 1740 ) is the next landmark development in the English novel . Richardson 's generic models were quite distinct from those of Defoe . Instead of working from the journalistic biography , Richardson had in mind the books of improvement that were popular at the time . Pamela Andrews enters the employ of a `` Mr. B . '' As a dutiful girl , she writes to her mother constantly , and as a Christian girl , she is always on guard for her `` virtue '' ( i.e. her virginity ) , for Mr. B lusts after her . The novel ends with her marriage to her employer and her rising to the position of lady . Pamela , like its author , presents a dissenter 's and a Whig 's view of the rise of the classes . The work drew a nearly instantaneous set of satires , of which Henry Fielding 's Shamela , or an Apology for the Life of Miss Shamela Andrews ( 1742 ) is the most memorable . Fielding continued to bait Richardson with Joseph Andrews ( 1742 ) , the tale of Shamela 's brother , Joseph , who goes through his life trying to protect his own virginity , thus reversing the sexual predation of Richardson and satirizing the idea of sleeping one 's way to rank . However , Joseph Andrews is not a parody of Richardson , for Fielding proposed his belief in `` good nature , '' which is a quality of inherent virtue that is independent of class and which can always prevail . Joseph 's friend Parson Adams , although not a fool , is a naïf and possessing good nature . His own basic good nature blinds him to the wickedness of the world , and the incidents on the road ( for most of the novel is a travel story ) allow Fielding to satirize conditions for the clergy , rural poverty ( and squires ) , and the viciousness of businessmen . In 1747 through 1748 , Samuel Richardson published Clarissa in serial form . Unlike Pamela , it is not a tale of virtue rewarded . Instead , it is a highly tragic and affecting account of a young girl whose parents try to force her into an uncongenial marriage , thus pushing her into the arms of a scheming rake named Lovelace . In the end , Clarissa dies by her own will . The novel is a masterpiece of psychological realism and emotional effect , and when Richardson was drawing to a close in the serial publication , even Henry Fielding wrote to him , begging him not to kill Clarissa . As with Pamela , Richardson emphasized the individual over the social and the personal over the class . Even as Fielding was reading and enjoying Clarissa , he was also writing a counter to its messages . His Tom Jones of 1749 offers up the other side of the argument from Clarissa . Tom Jones agrees substantially in the power of the individual to be more or less than his or her birth would indicate , but it again emphasizes the place of the individual in society and the social ramifications of individual choices . Fielding answers Richardson by featuring a similar plot device ( whether a girl can choose her own mate ) but showing how family and village can complicate and expedite matches and felicity . A portrait of Tobias Smollett Two other novelists should be mentioned , for they , like Fielding and Richardson , were in dialogue through their works . Laurence Sterne 's and Tobias Smollett 's works offered up oppositional views of the self in society and the method of the novel . The clergyman Laurence Sterne consciously set out to imitate Jonathan Swift with his Tristram Shandy ( 1759 -- 1767 ) . Tristram seeks to write his autobiography , but like Swift 's narrator in A Tale of a Tub , he worries that nothing in his life can be understood without understanding its context . For example , he tells the reader that at the very moment he was conceived , his mother was saying , `` Did you wind the clock ? '' To clarify how he knows this , he explains that his father took care of winding the clock and `` other family business '' on one day a month . To explain why the clock had to be wound then , he has to explain his father . In other words , the biography moves backward rather than forward in time , only to then jump forward years , hit another knot , and move backward again . It is a novel of exceptional energy , of multi-layered digressions , of multiple satires , and of frequent parodies . Journalist , translator , and historian Tobias Smollett , on the other hand , wrote more seemingly traditional novels . He concentrated on the picaresque novel , where a low - born character would go through a practically endless series of adventures . Sterne thought that Smollett 's novels always paid undue attention to the basest and most common elements of life , that they emphasized the dirt . Although this is a superficial complaint , it points to an important difference between the two as authors . Sterne came to the novel from a satirical background , while Smollett approached it from journalism . In the 19th century , novelists would have plots much nearer to Smollett 's than either Fielding 's or Sterne 's or Richardson 's , and his sprawling , linear development of action would prove most successful . In the midst of this development of the novel , other trends were also taking place . Women were writing novels and moving away from the old romance plots that had dominated before the Restoration . There were utopian novels , like Sarah Scott 's Millennium Hall ( 1762 ) , autobiographical women 's novels like Frances Burney 's works , female adaptations of older , male motifs , such as Charlotte Lennox 's The Female Quixote ( 1752 ) and many others . These novels do not generally follow a strict line of development or influence . Satire ( edit ) An illustration from Jonathan Swift 's A Tale of a Tub showing the three `` stages '' of human life : the pulpit , the theatre , and the gallows The Augustan era is considered a high point of British satiric writing , and its masterpieces were Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels and A Modest Proposal , Pope 's Dunciads , Horatian Imitations , and Moral Essays , Samuel Johnson 's The Vanity of Human Wishes and London , Henry Fielding 's Shamela and Jonathan Wild , and John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera . There were several thousand other satirical works written during the period , which have until recently been , by widespread consensus , ignored . The central group of `` Scriblerians '' -- Pope , Swift , Gay , and their colleague John Arbuthnot -- are considered to have had common satiric aims . Until recently , these writers formed a `` school '' of satire . After Swift and Pope died , the emergent `` Age of Sensibility '' discouraged the often cruel and abrasive tenor of the Augustans , and satire was rendered gentler and more diffuse . Many scholars of the era argue that a single name overshadows all others in 18th - century prose satire : Jonathan Swift . Swift wrote poetry as well as prose , and his satires range over all topics . Critically , Swift 's satire marked the development of prose parody away from simple satire or burlesque . A burlesque or lampoon in prose would imitate a despised author and quickly move to reductio ad absurdum by having the victim say things coarse or idiotic . On the other hand , other satires would argue against a habit , practice , or policy by making fun of its reach or composition or methods . What Swift did was to combine parody , with its imitation of form and style of another , and satire in prose . Swift 's works would pretend to speak in the voice of an opponent and imitate the style of the opponent and have the parodic work itself be the satire . Swift 's first major satire was A Tale of a Tub ( 1703 -- 1705 ) , which introduced an ancients / moderns division that would serve as a distinction between the old and new conception of value . The `` moderns '' sought trade , empirical science , the individual 's reason above the society 's , while the `` ancients '' believed in inherent and immanent value of birth , and the society over the individual 's determinations of the good . In Swift 's satire , the moderns come out looking insane and proud of their insanity , and dismissive of the value of history . In Swift 's most significant satire , Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) , autobiography , allegory , and philosophy mix together in the travels . Thematically , Gulliver 's Travels is a critique of human vanity , of pride . Book one , the journey to Liliput , begins with the world as it is . Book two shows that the idealized nation of Brobdingnag with a philosopher king is no home for a contemporary Englishman . Book four depicts the land of the Houyhnhnms , a society of horses ruled by pure reason , where humanity itself is portrayed as a group of `` yahoos '' covered in filth and dominated by base desires . It shows that , indeed , the very desire for reason may be undesirable , and humans must struggle to be neither Yahoos nor Houyhnhnms , for book three shows what happens when reason is unleashed without any consideration of morality or utility ( i.e. madness , ruin , and starvation ) . There were other satirists who worked in a less virulent way , who took a bemused pose and only made lighthearted fun . Tom Brown , Ned Ward , and Tom D'Urfey were all satirists in prose and poetry whose works appeared in the early part of the Augustan age . Tom Brown 's most famous work in this vein was Amusements Serious and Comical , Calculated for the Meridian of London ( 1700 ) . Ned Ward 's most memorable work was The London Spy ( 1704 -- 1706 ) . The London Spy , before The Spectator , took up the position of an observer and uncomprehendingly reporting back . Tom D'Urfey's Wit and Mirth : or Pills to Purge Melancholy ( 1719 ) was another satire that attempted to offer entertainment , rather than a specific bit of political action , in the form of coarse and catchy songs . Particularly after Swift 's success , parodic satire had an attraction for authors throughout the 18th century . A variety of factors created a rise in political writing and political satire , and Robert Walpole 's success and domination of House of Commons was a very effective proximal cause for polarized literature and thereby the rise of parodic satire . The parodic satire takes apart the cases and plans of policy without necessarily contrasting a normative or positive set of values . Therefore , it was an ideal method of attack for ironists and conservatives -- those who would not be able to enunciate a set of values to change toward but could condemn present changes as ill - considered . Satire was present in all genres during the Augustan period . Perhaps primarily , satire was a part of political and religious debate . Every significant politician and political act had satires to attack it . Few of these were parodic satires , but parodic satires , too , emerged in political and religious debate . So omnipresent and powerful was satire in the Augustan age that more than one literary history has referred to it as the `` Age of satire '' in literature . Poetry ( edit ) Main article : Augustan poetry In the Augustan era , poets wrote in direct counterpoint and direct expansion of one another , with each poet writing satire when in opposition . There was a great struggle over the nature and role of the pastoral in the early part of the century , reflecting two simultaneous movements : the invention of the subjective self as a worthy topic , with the emergence of a priority on individual psychology , against the insistence on all acts of art being performance and public gesture designed for the benefit of society at large . The development seemingly agreed upon by both sides was a gradual adaptation of all forms of poetry from their older uses . Odes would cease to be encomium , ballads cease to be narratives , elegies cease to be sincere memorials , satires no longer be specific entertainments , parodies no longer be performance pieces without sting , song no longer be pointed , and the lyric would become a celebration of the individual rather than a lover 's complaint . These developments can be seen as extensions of Protestantism , as Max Weber argued , for they represent a gradual increase in the implications of Martin Luther 's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers , or they can be seen as a growth of the power and assertiveness of the bourgeoisie and an echo of the displacement of the worker from the home in growing industrialization , as Marxists such as E.P. Thompson have argued . It can be argued that the development of the subjective individual against the social individual was a natural reaction to trade over other methods of economic production . Whatever the prime cause , a largely conservative set of voices argued for a social person and largely emergent voices argued for the individual person . Alexander Pope , the single poet who most influenced the Augustan Age . The entire Augustan age 's poetry was dominated by Alexander Pope . His lines were repeated often enough to lend quite a few clichés and proverbs to modern English usage . Pope had few poetic rivals , but he had many personal enemies and political , philosophical , or religious opponents , and Pope himself was quarrelsome in print . Pope and his enemies ( often called `` the Dunces '' because of Pope 's successful satirizing of them in The Dunciad ) fought over central matters of the proper subject matter for poetry and the proper pose of the poetic voice . There was a great struggle over the nature and role of the pastoral in the early part of the century . After Pope published his Pastorals of the four seasons in 1709 , an evaluation in the Guardian praised Ambrose Philips 's pastorals above Pope 's , and Pope replied with a mock praise of Philips 's Pastorals that heaped scorn on them . Pope quoted Philips 's worst lines , mocked his execution , and delighted in pointing out his empty lines . Pope later explained that any depictions of shepherds and their mistresses in the pastoral must not be updated shepherds , that they must be icons of the Golden Age : `` we are not to describe our shepherds as shepherds at this day really are , but as they may be conceived then to have been , when the best of men followed the employment '' ( Gordon ) . Philips 's Pastorals were not particularly awful poems , but they did reflect his desire to `` update '' the pastoral . In 1724 , Philips would update poetry again by writing a series of odes dedicated to `` all ages and characters , from Walpole , the steerer of the realm , to Miss Pulteney in the nursery . '' Henry Carey was one of the best at satirizing these poems , and his Namby Pamby became a hugely successful obliteration of Philips and Philips 's endeavor . What is notable about Philips against Pope , however , is the fact that both poets were adapting the pastoral and the ode , both altering it . Pope 's insistence upon a Golden Age pastoral no less than Philips 's desire to update it meant making a political statement . While it is easy to see in Ambrose Philips an effort at modernist triumph , it is no less the case that Pope 's artificially restricted pastoral was a statement of what the ideal should be . Portrait of John Gay from Samuel Johnson 's Lives of the English Poets , the 1779 edition . Gay 's gentle satire was a contrast with the harsher Pope and Swift . Pope 's friend John Gay also adapted the pastoral . Gay , working at Pope 's suggestion , wrote a parody of the updated pastoral in The Shepherd 's Week . He also imitated the Satires of Juvenal with his Trivia . In 1728 , his The Beggar 's Opera was an enormous success , running for an unheard - of eighty performances . All of these works have in common a gesture of compassion . In Trivia , Gay writes as if commiserating with those who live in London and are menaced by falling masonry and bedpan slops , and The Shepherd 's Week features great detail of the follies of everyday life and eccentric character . Even The Beggar 's Opera , which is a satire of Robert Walpole , portrays its characters with compassion : the villains have pathetic songs in their own right and are acting out of exigency rather than boundless evil . Throughout the Augustan era the `` updating '' of Classical poets was a commonplace . These were not translations , but rather they were imitations of Classical models , and the imitation allowed poets to veil their responsibility for the comments they made . Alexander Pope would manage to refer to the King himself in unflattering tones by `` imitating '' Horace in his Epistle to Augustus . Similarly , Samuel Johnson wrote a poem that falls into the Augustan period in his `` imitation of Juvenal '' entitled London . The imitation was inherently conservative , since it argued that all that was good was to be found in the old classical education , but these imitations were used for progressive purposes , as the poets who used them were often doing so to complain of the political situation . In satire , Pope achieved two of the greatest poetic satires of all time in the Augustan period . The Rape of the Lock ( 1712 and 1714 ) was a gentle mock - heroic . Pope applies Virgil 's heroic and epic structure to the story of a young woman ( Arabella Fermor ) having a lock of hair snipped by an amorous baron ( Lord Petre ) . The structure of the comparison forces Pope to invent mythological forces to overlook the struggle , and so he creates an epic battle , complete with a mythology of sylphs and metempsychosis , over a game of Ombre , leading to a fiendish appropriation of the lock of hair . Finally , a deux ex machina appears and the lock of hair experiences an apotheosis . To some degree , Pope was adapting Jonathan Swift 's habit , in A Tale of a Tub , of pretending that metaphors were literal truths , and he was inventing a mythos to go with the everyday . The poem was an enormous public success . One of the scabrous satirical prints directed against Pope after his Dunciad of 1727 A decade after the gentle , laughing satire of The Rape of the Lock , Pope wrote his masterpiece of invective and specific opprobrium in The Dunciad . The story is that of the goddess Dulness choosing a new Avatar . She settles upon one of Pope 's personal enemies , Lewis Theobald , and the poem describes the coronation and heroic games undertaken by all of the dunces of Great Britain in celebration of Theobald 's ascension . When Pope 's enemies responded to The Dunciad with attacks , Pope produced the Dunciad Variorum , with a `` learned '' commentary upon the original Dunciad . In 1743 , he added a fourth book and changed the hero from Lewis Theobald to Colley Cibber . In the fourth book of the new Dunciad , Pope expressed the view that , in the battle between light and dark ( enlightenment and the Dark Ages ) , Night and Dulness were fated to win , that all things of value were soon going to be subsumed under the curtain of unknowing . John Gay and Alexander Pope belong on one side of a line separating the celebrants of the individual and the celebrants of the social . Pope wrote The Rape of the Lock , he said , to settle a disagreement between two great families , to laugh them into peace . Even The Dunciad , which seems to be a serial killing of everyone on Pope 's enemies list , sets up these figures as expressions of dangerous and antisocial forces in letters . Theobald and Cibber are marked by vanity and pride , by having no care for morality . The hireling pens Pope attacks mercilessly in the heroic games section of the Dunciad are all embodiments of avarice and lies . Similarly , Gay writes of political society , of social dangers , and of follies that must be addressed to protect the greater whole . Gay 's individuals are microcosms of the society at large . On the other side of this line were people who agreed with the politics of Gay and Pope ( and Swift ) , but not in approach . They include , early in the Augustan Age , James Thomson and Edward Young . Precursors of Romanticism ( edit ) In the year 1726 two poems were published describing landscape from a personal point of view and taking their feeling and moral lessons from direct observation . One was John Dyer 's `` Grongar Hill '' , the other was James Thomson 's `` Winter '' , soon to be followed by all the seasons ( 1726 -- 30 ) . Both are unlike Pope 's notion of the Golden Age pastoral as exemplified in his `` Windsor Forest '' . Mythology is at a minimum and there is no celebration of Britain or the crown . Where the octosyllabic couplets of Dyer 's poem celebrate the natural beauty of a mountain view and are quietly meditative , the declamatory blank verse of Thomson 's winter meditation is melancholy and soon to establish that emotion as proper for poetic expression . One notable successor in that line was Edward Yonge 's Night Thoughts ( 1742 -- 1744 ) . It was , even more than `` Winter '' , a poem of deep solitude , melancholy and despair . In these poems , there are the stirrings of the lyric as the Romantics would see it : the celebration of the private individual 's idiosyncratic , yet paradigmatic , responses to the visions of the world . A portrait of Thomas Gray with the churchyard in the background These hints at the solitary poet were carried into a new realm with Thomas Gray , whose Elegy Written in a Country Church - Yard ( 1750 ) set off a new craze for poetry of melancholy reflection . It was written in the `` country , '' and not in or as opposed to London , and the poem sets up the solitary observer in a privileged position . It is only by being solitary that the poet can speak of a truth that is wholly individually realized . After Gray , a group often referred to as the Churchyard Poets began imitating his pose and almost as often his style . Alternative models were adopted by Oliver Goldsmith ( The Deserted Village ) , Thomas Warton , and even Thomas Percy ( The Hermit of Warkworth ) , who , also conservative by and large and Classicist ( Gray himself was a professor of Greek ) , took up the new poetry of solitude and loss . When the Romantics emerged at the end of the 18th century , they were not assuming a radically new invention of the subjective self themselves , but merely formalizing what had gone before . Similarly , the later 18th century saw a ballad revival , with Thomas Percy 's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry . The relics were not always very ancient , as many of the ballads dated from only the 17th century ( e.g. the Bagford Ballads or The Dragon of Wantley in the Percy Folio ) , and so what began as an antiquarian movement soon became a folk movement . When this folk - inspired impulse combined with the solitary and individualistic impulse of the Churchyard Poets , Romanticism was nearly inevitable . Drama ( edit ) Main article : Augustan drama The Augustan era is difficult to define chronologically in prose and poetry , but it is very easy to date its end in drama . The Augustan era 's drama ended definitively in 1737 , with the Licensing Act . Prior to 1737 , however , the English stage was changing rapidly from the Restoration comedy and Restoration drama , and their noble subjects , to the quickly developing melodrama ( Munns 97 -- 100 ) . George Lillo and Richard Steele wrote the trend - setting plays of the early Augustan period . Lillo 's plays consciously turned from heroes and kings and toward shopkeepers and apprentices . They emphasized drama on a household scale , rather than a national scale , and the hamartia and agon in his tragedies are the common flaws of yielding to temptation and the commission of Christian sin . The plots are resolved with Christian forgiveness and repentance . Steele 's The Conscious Lovers ( 1722 ) hinges upon his young hero avoiding fighting a duel . The plays set up a new set of values for the stage . Instead of amusing the audience or inspiring the audience , they sought to instruct the audience and to ennoble it . Also , the plays were popular precisely because they seemed to reflect the audience 's own lives and concerns ( Legouis 782 -- 787 , 879 -- 883 ) . Joseph Addison also wrote a play , entitled Cato , in 1713 , which concerned the Roman statesman Cato the Younger . The year of its première was important , with Queen Anne in serious illness at the time , and both the Tory ministry of the day and the Whig opposition ( already being led by Robert Walpole ) were concerned about the succession . Both groups were contacting the Old Pretender about bringing the Young Pretender over . Londoners sensed the anxiety , as Anne had no heirs , and all of the natural successors in the Stuart family were Roman Catholic or unavailable . Therefore , the figure of Cato was a transparent symbol of Roman integrity , and the Whigs saw in him a champion of Whig values , and the Tories saw in him an embodiment of Tory sentiments or , like the Tory Examiner , tried to claim that Cato was above political `` faction '' . Both sides cheered the play , but Addison was himself clearly a Whig ( Bloom and Bloom 266 , 269 ) . John Home 's play Douglas ( 1756 ) would have a similar fate to Cato in the next generation , after the Licensing Act . A print by William Hogarth entitled A Just View of the British Stage from 1724 depicting the managers of Drury Lane ( Robert Wilks , Colley Cibber and Barton Booth ) rehearsing a play consisting of nothing but special effects , and they used the scripts for Macbeth , Hamlet , Julius Caesar and The Way of the World for toilet paper . The battle of effects was a common subject of satire for the literary wits , including Pope in The Dunciad . As during the Restoration , economics drove the stage in the Augustan period . Under Charles II court patronage meant economic success and so the Restoration stage featured plays that would suit the monarch and / or court . The drama that celebrated kings and told the history of Britain 's monarchs was fit fare for the crown and courtiers . Charles II was a philanderer and so Restoration comedy featured a highly sexualized set of plays . However , after the reign of William and Mary , the court and the crown stopped taking a great interest in the playhouse . Theatres had to get their money from the audience of city dwellers , and plays that reflected city anxieties and celebrated the lives of citizens drew and were staged ( Munns 96 -- 99 ) . Thus , there were quite a few plays that were not literary that were staged more often than the literary plays . John Rich and Colley Cibber duelled over special theatrical effects . They put on plays that were actually just spectacles , and the text of the play was almost an afterthought . Dragons , whirlwinds , thunder , ocean waves and even actual elephants were on stage . Battles , explosions and horses were put on the boards . Rich specialized in pantomime and was famous as the character `` Lun '' in harlequin presentations . The plays put on in this manner are not generally preserved or studied , but their monopoly on the theatres infuriated established literary authors . Additionally , opera made its way to England during this period . Inasmuch as opera combined singing with acting , it was a mixed genre , which violated all the strictures of neoclassicism . Also , high melodies would cover the singers ' expressions of grief or joy , thus breaking `` decorum '' . To add insult to injury , the casts and celebrated stars were foreigners , and , as with Farinelli , castrati . The satirists saw in opera the non plus ultra of invidiousness . As Pope put it in Dunciad B : `` Joy to Chaos ! let Division reign : Chromatic tortures soon shall drive them ( the muses ) hence , Break all their nerves , and fritter all their sense : One Trill shall harmonize joy , grief , and rage , Wake the dull Church , and lull the ranting Stage ; To the same notes thy sons shall hum , or snore , And all thy yawning daughters cry , encore . '' ( IV 55 -- 60 ) Frontispiece to Fielding 's Tom Thumb , a play satirising plays ( and Robert Walpole ) John Gay parodied the opera with his satirical Beggar 's Opera ( 1728 ) and offered up a parody of Robert Walpole 's actions during the South Sea Bubble . Superficially , the play is about a man named Macheath who keeps being imprisoned by a thief named Peachum and who escapes prison over and over again because the daughter of the jailor , Lucy Lockitt , is in love with him . That is an obvious parallel with the case of Jonathan Wild ( Peachum ) and Jack Sheppard ( Macheath ) . However , it was also the tale of Robert Walpole ( Peachum ) and the South Sea directors ( Macheath ) . The play was a hit , and its songs were printed up and sold . However , when Gay wrote a sequel called Polly , Walpole had the play suppressed before performance ( Winn 112 -- 114 ) . Playwrights were therefore in straits . On the one hand , the playhouses were doing without plays by turning out hack - written pantomimes . On the other hand , when a satirical play appeared , the Whig ministry would suppress it . The antagonism was picked up by Henry Fielding , who was not afraid to fight Walpole . His Tom Thumb ( 1730 ) was a satire on all of the tragedies written before him , with quotations from all the worst plays patched together for absurdity , and the plot concerned the eponymous tiny man attempting to run things . It was , in other words , an attack on Robert Walpole and the way that he was referred to as `` the Great Man '' . Here , the Great Man is made obviously deficient by being a midget . Walpole responded , and Fielding 's revision of the play was in print only . It was written by `` Scribblerus Secundus '' . Its title page announced it was the Tragedy of Tragedies , which functioned as a clearly Swiftian parodic satire . Anti-Walpolean sentiment also showed in increasingly political plays . A particular play of unknown authorship entitled A Vision of the Golden Rump was cited when Parliament passed the Licensing Act of 1737 . The Licensing Act required all plays to go to a censor before staging , and only the plays passed by the censor were allowed to be performed . The first play to be banned by the new Act was Gustavus Vasa , by Henry Brooke . Samuel Johnson wrote a Swiftian parodic satire of the licensers entitled A Complete Vindication of the Licensers of the English Stage . The satire was , of course , not a vindication at all , but rather a reductio ad absurdum of the position for censorship . Had the licensers not exercised their authority in a partisan manner , the Act might not have chilled the stage so dramatically , but the public was well aware of the bannings and censorship and so any play that passed the licensers was regarded with suspicion by the public . Therefore , the playhouses had little choice but to present old plays and pantomime and other plays that had no conceivable political content . In other words , William Shakespeare 's reputation grew enormously , as his plays saw a quadrupling of performances , and sentimental comedy and melodrama were the only choices . Very late in the 18th century Oliver Goldsmith attempted to resist the tide of sentimental comedy with She Stoops to Conquer ( 1773 ) , and Richard Brinsley Sheridan would mount several satirical plays after Robert Walpole 's death . See also ( edit ) Augustan drama Augustan poetry Augustan prose Jonathan Wild The Mint Novel Restoration literature Restoration drama Restoration spectacular Romantic poetry References ( edit ) `` Proceedings of the Old Bailey '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2005 . Edward Yonge on bibliomania.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2005 . Bloom , Edward and Bloom , Lillian ( editors ) . `` Addison the Dramatist '' in Joseph Addison and Richard Steele : The Critical Heritage . Routledge , 1995 . Clair , Colin . A History of Printing in Britain . New York : Oxford University Press , 1966 . Davis , Caroline . `` Publishing in the Eighteenth Century : Popular Print Genres '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2005 . Defoe , Daniel . The Shortest Way with the Dissenters ; Or , Proposals for the Establishment of the Church . Retrieved June 20 , 2005 . de Mandeville , Bernard . Excerpts from The Fable of the Bees , 1705 . Retrieved June 21 , 2005 . D'Urfey , Tom . Wit and Mirth : or Pills to Purge Melancholy. 6 vol . London : Jacob Tonson , 1719 -- 1720 . `` The Contemplator 's Short Biography of Thomas D'Urfey ( 1653 -- 1723 ) '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2005 . Fielding , Henry . Tragedy of Tragedies , or Tom Thumb. 1731 . Fussell , Paul . Rhetorical World of Augustan Humanism . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1965 . Gay , John . The Beggar 's Opera . Bryan Loughrey and T.O. Treadwell , eds . London : Penguin Books , 1986 . Gordon , I.R.F. `` Pastorals 1709 '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2005 . Greene , Donald . The Age of Exuberance : Backgrounds to Eighteenth - Century Literature , 1660 -- 1785 . New York : McGraw Hill Companies , 1970 . Huber , Alexander , ed . The Thomas Gray Archive , Oxford University . Retrieved July 1 , 2005 . Hunter , J. Paul . `` The ' Occasion ' of Robinson Crusoe '' in Robinson Crusoe Ed . Michael Shinagel . New York : Norton , 1994 . Landry , Donna . `` Alexander Pope , Lady Mary Wortley Montagu , and the literature of social comment '' in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1650 -- 1740 Ed . Steven Zwicker . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Macaulay , Thomas Babington . History of England . 1848 . Law , William . A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life . 1728 . Retrieved June 20 , 2005 . Legouis , Emile . A History of English Literature , trans W.D. MacInnes and Emile Legouis . New York : Macmillan Company , 1957 . The Millwall History Files , an account of the Great Fire of London . Retrieved June 15 , 2005 . Miller , H.K. , G.S. Rousseau and Eric Rothstein , The Augustan Milieu : Essays Presented to Louis A. Landa ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1970 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 811697 - 7 Mullan , John . `` Swift , Defoe , and narrative forms '' in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1650 -- 1740 Ed . Steven Zwicker . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Munns , Jessica . `` Theatrical culture I : politics and theatre '' in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1650 -- 1740 Ed . Steven Zwicker . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Newman , Gerald and Brown , Leslie . Britain in the Hanoverian Age , 1714 -- 1837 . Taylor & Francis , 1997 . Pope , Alexander . The Poetic Works of Alexander Pope . John Butt , ed . New Haven : Yale UP . Porter , Roy ( 2000 ) . The Creation of the Modern World . New York : W.W. Norton . Shelley , Henry C. Inns and Taverns of Old London : Setting forth the historic and literary associations of those ancient hostelries , together with an account of the most notable coffee - houses , clubs and pleasure gardens of the British metropolis . Boston : L.C. Page and Company , 1909 . Sherbo , Arthur . Studies in the Eighteenth Century English Novel . Michigan State University Press , 1969 . Seidel , Michael . `` Satire , lampoon , libel , slander '' in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1650 -- 1740 Ed . Steven Zwicker . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Sterne , Laurence . Tristram Shandy . Retrieved July 1 , 2005 . Sutherland , Donald R . `` The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley and Digger Communism '' , from Essays in History . Retrieved June 20 , 2005 . Thompson , E.P. The Making of the English Working Class , 1963 . Thompson , E.P. Whigs and Hunters : The Origin of the Black Act . London : Allen Lane , 1975 . Thornton , Francis . Alexander Pope . New York : Pellegrini & Cudahy , 1952 . Ward , A.W. , A.R. Waller , W.P. Trent , J. Erskine , S.P. Sherman , and C. Van Doren . The Cambridge history of English and American literature : An encyclopedia in eighteen volumes . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1921 . Ibid . `` ' Hudibras ' and Hudibrastic Verse '' , on bartleby.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2005 . Watt , Ian . The Rise of the Novel : Studies in Defoe , Richardson and Fielding . Los Angeles : U California Press , 1957 . Weber , Max . The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , German original 1904 -- 05 , English ed. 1920 . Retrieved July 3 , 2005 . Weinbrot , Howard Augustus Caesar in ' Augustan ' England . White , T.H. The Age of Scandal . Penguin Books , 1964 . Winn , James `` Theatrical culture 2 : theatre and music '' in The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1650 -- 1740 Ed . Steven Zwicker . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ J.A. Cuddon , A Dictionary of Literary Terms , London : Penguin , 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Thornton 275 ) Jump up ^ Newman and Brown 32 Jump up ^ Porter Jump up ^ J.A. Cuddon , The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory , 4th edition ( London : Penguin Books , 1999 ) , p. 809 ; M.H. Abrams , A Glossary of Literary Terms , 7th edition ( Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace , 1999 ) , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Jack , Ian R.J. , Augustan Satire : Intention and Idiom in English Poetry , 1660 -- 1750 , Claredon Press , 1952 , 163 pages . Jump up ^ Damrosch , Leo . Jonathan Swift : His Life and His World . Yale University Press , 2013 . 573 pages . Further reading ( edit ) General history ( edit ) Rogers , Pat The Augustan Vision ( London : Methuen , 1974 ) ISBN 0416709702 ( pbk . ) An overview of the literary milieu , major authors , and literary forms . Literary criticism ( edit ) Battestin , Martin C. The Providence of Wit : Aspects of Form in Augustan Literature and the Arts ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1974 ) ISBN 0198120524 . Offers a reading of works by Pope , Gay , Fielding , Goldsmith , Swift , and Sterne . McKeon , Michael , The Origins of the English Novel ( London : Century Hutchinson , 1988 ) ISBN 0091729653 . A critical response to Watt 's ' triple - rise ' theory of the novel 's eighteenth century origins . Nokes , David Raillery and Rage : a Study of Eighteenth - Century Satire ( Brighton : Harvester , 1987 ) ISBN 9780710812315 . A detailed exploration of one of the period 's most important literary forms . Watt , Ian The Rise of the Novel : Studies of Defoe , Richardson , and Fielding ( London : Pimlico , 2000 ) ISBN 9780712664271 . A major scholarly work , examining the socio - economic conditions that gave rise to the Augustan novel form . Anthologies ( edit ) Price , Martin ( ed . ) The Oxford Anthology of English Literature : Restoration and Eighteenth Century ( London : Oxford University Press , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 501614 - 9 ( pbk . ) 4,500 pages of Restoration and Augustan literature . Major works like Pope 's An Essay on Criticism and Swift 's A Tale of a Tub are merely excerpted . Annotated with a bibliography . Greenblatt , Stephen ; Lipking , Lawrence and James Noggle ( eds . ) The Norton Anthology of English Literature , Volume C : The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century ( New York : W.W. Norton and Co. , 2006 ) ISBN 0393927199 ( pbk . ) Offers a more comprehensive selection than the Oxford Anthology , and likewise annotated with a bibliography . Preceded by Restoration literature Augustan literature 1700 -- 1789 Succeeded by Romanticism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustan_literature&oldid=842718378 '' Categories : Early Modern English literature Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from March 2012 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Pages using div col with small parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español 日本 語 Occitan Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 06 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Augustan literature 2. British literature 3. Satire 4. Poetry 5. Prose

how many movies are there of resident evil

Resident Evil ( film series ) - Wikipedia Resident Evil ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the animated film series , see Resident Evil ( animated film series ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Resident Evil <Td_colspan="2"> Produced by Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Written by Paul W.S. Anderson Based on Resident Evil by Capcom Starring Milla Jovovich Production company Constantin Film Davis Films Impact Pictures Capcom Co , Ltd . Distributed by Screen Gems Language English Budget $290 million Box office $1.233 billion Resident Evil is an action - horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom . German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers . In 2001 , Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W.S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil ( 2002 ) . Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) and Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) , and returned as the director for Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) , Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) and Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ( 2016 ) . The films follow Alice ( Milla Jovovich ) , a character created for the films , who battles the Umbrella Corporation , whose bioweapons have triggered a zombie apocalypse . Characters from the games also appear , including Jill Valentine , Carlos Olivera , Claire Redfield , Albert Wesker , Chris Redfield , Barry Burton , Leon S. Kennedy , Ada Wong and James Marcus . Despite negative reviews , the Resident Evil film series is the highest - grossing film series based on a video game , having grossed over $1.233 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Resident Evil ( 2002 ) 1.2 Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) 1.3 Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) 1.4 Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) 1.5 Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) 1.6 Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ( 2016 ) 1.7 Reboot 2 Cast and characters 3 Crew 4 Reception 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical and public response 5 Novelizations 6 Home media releases 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Films ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Resident Evil ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil ( film ) Actress Milla Jovovich portrays Alice in the film series . Countries in which the Resident Evil film series was filmed In January 1997 , Constantin Film acquired the rights to the Resident Evil franchise with Alan B. McElroy possibly writing the script . By 2001 , Columbia TriStar was in final negotiations to acquire North American distribution rights to Resident Evil and budgeted the movie at $40 million . George A. Romero was hired by Sony and Capcom to direct and write Resident Evil . His script was later rejected and he was ultimately dropped . Capcom producer Yoshiki Okamoto stated that `` Romero 's script was n't good , so Romero was fired '' . Paul W.S. Anderson was then hired by Sony to write a screenplay and in late 2000 , Anderson was announced as director and writer . Anderson stated the film would not include any tie - ins with the video game series as `` under - performing movie tie - ins are too common and Resident Evil , of all games , deserved a good celluloid representation '' . In 2001 , Milla Jovovich was cast as Alice , the protagonist of the film . In the film , the Umbrella Corporation operates a top - secret genetic research facility named The Hive . Located deep beneath Raccoon City , The Hive has been sealed by The Red Queen ( the AI that controls the Hive ) due to the release of the T - Virus into the facility . The Red Queen kills every living thing in the facility to ensure that the T - Virus does n't reach the surface , but the T - Virus reanimates them , transforming the humans into ravenous zombies and the animals into highly aggressive mutants . Alice ( Milla Jovovich ) was once a security operative working for the Corporation until her memory was wiped by the Red Queen 's nerve gas . As the team attempts to escape The Hive , an Umbrella test subject , a huge monster called the Licker , escapes and pursues the team . When they reach the train that leads them to the exit , the Licker attacks and scratches Matt before Alice can kill it . When they reach the surface , Matt is taken away by Umbrella workers and he eventually transforms into Nemesis . Alice awakens from a coma to a ravaged Raccoon City after a T - Virus outbreak . Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Apocalypse The sequel to the first film began production in 2003 after the success of the first film . Anderson returned as the writer but , due to his work on Alien vs. Predator , he did not direct the film . Alexander Witt took over the director 's role . In the film , the viral outbreak reaches the surface and in an effort to contain the infection , Major Timothy Cain seals all exits to and from Raccoon City . Among the people trapped in the city are Jill Valentine and her partner Peyton Wells . After Alice awakens from her coma , she rescues Jill and Peyton from a group of Licker monsters who escaped The Hive . They are then contacted by Dr. Charles Ashford , who claims to know of an evacuation point in the city in exchange for the rescue of his daughter Angela Ashford , who is trapped in Raccoon City . The group knows that Umbrella plans to incinerate Raccoon City to get rid of the T - Virus . On their way to rescue Angela , Nemesis attacks the team after it is commanded by Cain to kill all STARS members . After Angela 's rescue , they then make their way to the evacuation helicopter with Carlos Olivera , who has been dropped into Raccoon City and abandoned by Umbrella . After Alice 's confrontation with Cain and Nemesis , which leaves the latter two dead , the team flies away from Raccoon City as it is being `` sanitized '' by a nuclear bomb . The helicopter crashes in the Arklay Mountains . A wounded Alice is the only person found by an Umbrella search team . She is taken to the Detroit Umbrella research station . When Alice awakens , she escapes the facility and displays extraordinary powers . She is then driven away by Jill and Carlos , who are disguised as Umbrella employees . As they drive away , the Umbrella logo flashes in Alice 's eyes and Isaacs states `` Program ALICE Activated '' . Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Extinction In November 2005 , Screen Gems gained the rights for the third installment in the franchise , which was then subtitled Extinction . Anderson returned as a writer and filming took place in Mexico . Russell Mulcahy was the director . The film was released on September 21 , 2007 . In the film , the world has been consumed by the T - Virus and Umbrella Corporation develops clones of Alice in the hope of finding one who displays Alice 's powers . Elsewhere , Claire Redfield leads a convoy of survivors across the Nevada desert , including Raccoon City survivors Carlos Olivera and L.J. Wayne . Alice roams the country in search of survivors . After failing to find living people , she comes into contact with Redfield 's convoy after which , she rescues them from a mob of attacking crows using her special telekinetic powers . The convoy , along with Alice , heads to Las Vegas to gather supplies so that they can reach Alaska in an effort to get to a place called Arcadia , which is thought to be a safe haven . While there , they are ambushed by a group of Umbrella Corporation 's new super zombies created by Dr. Alexander Isaacs , which kill most of the convoy . L.J was bitten before but he hides his infection from the rest of the group , he then transforms and bites Olivera , amidst the ambush . Isaacs himself is bitten and in an effort to cure himself he injects himself with large doses of the anti-virus , which causes him to transform into a Tyrant , a towering creature with regenerative ability and psionic powers similar to Alice 's . Alice , Claire and Carlos then locate a helicopter in Umbrella base and plan to use it for extraction of the survivors to Alaska . Olivera makes his last stand by sacrificing himself and plowing his truck against a horde of zombies , giving the rest some time to load the survivors into the helicopter . Claire and the remaining survivors head towards Alaska , while Alice stays behind to confront Isaacs . While searching the facility for Isaacs , she discovers that she was cloned . After Alice defeats Isaacs , she contacts Umbrella and warns them that she is coming for them and that she will be bringing `` friends '' with her to fight them . Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Afterlife Before the third installment had been released , Constantin prepared to release a fourth entry . The film was set in Japan and filmed in 3D with the Fusion Camera System developed by James Cameron and Vince Pace for the 2009 film Avatar . The film was written and directed by Paul W.S. Anderson . Set after the events of Extinction , Alice and her clones attack the Umbrella Headquarters in Tokyo . Wesker escapes and destroys the facility , killing the clones . Wesker is confronted by Alice aboard his helicopter . He injects Alice with a serum that removes her super-human abilities . The helicopter crashes , and only Alice is seen emerging from the rubble . After six months of a failed aerial search for other survivors , Alice heads toward the supposed location of Arcadia . She lands on an airfield in Alaska , where she finds Claire in a different state . Claire has an Umbrella controlling device attached to her chest and her memory has been wiped . Claire and Alice fly to Los Angeles , where they stumble on a prison where they meet Luther West and Chris Redfield , Claire 's brother . The survivors explain that Arcadia is really a tanker off the coast that has been broadcasting a looped message and is picking up survivors . During an attempted escape , Alice , Claire and Chris are the only ones to emerge and they reach the tanker only to find it abandoned . Claire 's memory begins to return when she remembers Umbrella workers attacking her group of survivors and moving them to the tanker . They learn that the ship is an Umbrella research facility , which is conducting experiments on the survivors . The three then meet Wesker , who has been granted super-human abilities due to the T - Virus . After the fight , Alice transmits a message to survivors calling them to the tanker and hopes to create a new and true safe haven . As the film closes , a fleet of Umbrella Corporation gunships led by Valentine prepares to lead an assault on the survivors . Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Retribution Written and directed by Anderson , Retribution was planned to be filmed back to back with the sixth installment , but Anderson decided to focus on the fifth film . Filming took place in Toronto , Ontario from mid-October to December 23 , 2011 . Colin Salmon who played One and Michelle Rodriguez who played Rain Ocampo in the first film returned . Oded Fehr , who portrayed Carlos Olivera in the second and third film , also returned . Three characters from the video games made their debut in the film series , Johann Urb as Leon S. Kennedy , Kevin Durand as Barry Burton , and Li Bingbing as Ada Wong . It was released internationally on September 14 , 2012 . In the film , Alice awakens in an Umbrella base where she is interrogated by Valentine . During a power failure orchestrated by Ada Wong , Alice escapes from her cell and encounters her . Wong explains that Wesker plans to aid Alice 's escape and battle the base 's supercomputer Red Queen , in order to save what 's left of mankind . Wesker has organized a team of freelance operatives to infiltrate the base and help Alice and Ada escape , including Leon S. Kennedy , Barry Burton , and Luther West . Along the way , Alice finds a clone of a girl named Becky . They also face clone versions of Carlos Olivera , One , and Rain Ocampo , who are all under the direction of Valentine . After Alice meets up with the rescue team , Valentine 's soldiers catch up to them , resulting in a shootout that kills Burton , Olivera and One . Alice , West , Kennedy , and Becky reach the surface and are met by a submarine , from which Valentine , the clone Rain , and a captured Ada emerge . With new orders from the Red Queen to kill Alice , Valentine battles Alice while Rain fights Kennedy and West . Alice manages to remove the scarab device from Valentine , returning her back to normal . Alice joins Kennedy in defeating Rain . Alice , Ada , Becky , Leon , and Valentine travel to Wesker 's base . Wesker injects Alice with the T - virus , returning her former superhuman powers in order to enact his plan , then tells her that she is responsible for saving the remaining humans from extinction . Resident Evil : the Final Chapter ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Anderson wrote and directed the sixth and final film in the series , subtitled The Final Chapter , which was filmed in 2D and was post-converted to stereoscopic 3D . Milla Jovovich reprised her role as Alice , with only Shawn Roberts , Iain Glen and Ali Larter returning from previous entries as Albert Wesker , Dr. Isaacs and Claire Redfield , respectively . Continuing from the last film , Anderson expressed his desire for the final film to `` come full circle '' , bringing back characters , themes and the environment of the Hive from the first movie . Filming was set to begin in South Africa in August 2014 but was delayed to the summer of 2015 due to Jovovich 's pregnancy . Principal photography commenced on September 18 , 2015 in South Africa . Picking up immediately three weeks after the events in Resident Evil : Retribution , humanity is on its last legs after Alice is betrayed by Wesker in Washington D.C. Alice then encounters the Red Queen , who tells her that she must return to where the nightmare began -- Raccoon City , where the Umbrella Corporation has developed an airborne anti-virus which will kill every organism infected by the T - virus . In a race against time , Alice is captured by Dr. Isaacs , long thought to be dead , who reveals that the previous incarnation was a clone of his true self . Alice escapes and arrives first in Raccoon City , where she joins forces with Claire Redfield . After holding off Dr. Isaacs ' undead army , Alice , Claire and a team of survivors make their way towards the Hive . They again encounter the Red Queen , who tells them the origins of the T - virus : it was created by James Marcus , the founder of the Umbrella Corporation to save his daughter , Alicia , from an ailment that caused her to rapidly age . James was then betrayed by his business partner , Dr. Isaacs , and killed by Albert Wesker . Dr. Isaacs and the board of the Umbrella Corporation then intended to release the T - virus on purpose in order to cleanse the world , save the rich and powerful with cryogenics in The Hive , and later rebuild it as they desire . After confronting Wesker and Dr. Isaacs at the bottom of the Hive , Alice also learns her own true nature : she is a clone of the original and still - living Alicia Marcus , who was unable to live a normal life due to her condition . Dr. Isaacs clone brought the army of undead towards Alice and the real Dr. Isaacs . Dr. Isaacs clone could not believe that he was a clone hence stabbed the real Dr. Isaacs to death . Alice then releases the anti-virus , eliminating all infected by the T - virus . Alice survives , and gains the memories of Alicia Marcus as a reward in order to reclaim the childhood she never had . The series ends with Alice riding a motorcycle to places unknown while being chased by BOW 's ( Bio Organic Weapons ) , stating that her job is n't finished yet and that it will take several years for the anti-virus to circle the globe . The film was released on December 13 , 2016 in Tokyo and on January 27 , 2017 in North America . Reboot ( edit ) In May 2017 , Constantin chairman Martin Moszkowicz said that a reboot of the film series is in development . James Wan will produce the reboot with a script by Greg Russo . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Resident Evil film characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the major characters that were featured in the films , sorted according to the actors ' billing order , including all those adapted from the video games . A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film . A indicates the character was adapted from the video games . An indicates an original character that was later adapted by the video games . A indicates a role as a younger version of the character . A indicates an uncredited role . A indicates a cameo role . A indicates a voice - only role . An indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills . Character <Th_colspan="6"> Film Resident Evil Resident Evil : Apocalypse Resident Evil : Extinction Resident Evil : Afterlife Resident Evil : Retribution Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Alice / Alicia Marcus <Td_colspan="5"> Milla Jovovich Milla Jovovich Ever Gabo Anderson Rain Ocampo Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez <Td_colspan="2"> Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Matthew `` Matt '' Addison / Nemesis Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Spence Parks James Purefoy James Purefoy Photograph <Td_colspan="2"> James Purefoy Chad Kaplan Martin Crewes <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Martin Crewes James `` One '' Shade Colin Salmon Colin Salmon Colin Salmon Colin Salmon Dr. Lisa Addison Heike Makatsch Heike Makatsch <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Heike Makatsch J.D. Salinas Pasquale Aleardi Pasquale Aleardi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Pasquale Aleardi Olga Danilova Liz May Brice Liz May Brice <Td_colspan="2"> Liz May Brice Vance Drew Torsten Jerabek Torsten Jerabek Torsten Jerabek Torsten Jerabek Alfonso Warner Marc Logan - Black Marc Logan - Black Marc Logan - Black Marc Logan - Black Red Queen Michaela Dicker <Td_colspan="3"> Megan Charpentier Ave Merson - O'Brian Ever Gabo Anderson Michaela Dicker Narrator / William Birkin Jason Isaacs <Td_colspan="5"> Jill Valentine Sienna Guillory Sienna Guillory Sienna Guillory Carlos Olivera / Todd <Td_colspan="2"> Oded Fehr Oded Fehr Oded Fehr Major Tom Cain Thomas Kretschmann <Td_colspan="2"> Thomas Kretschmann Angela `` Angie '' Ashford Sophie Vavasseur Sophie Vavasseur Sophie Vavasseur Terri Morales Sandrine Holt <Td_colspan="2"> Sandrine Holt Sgt . Peyton Wells Razaaq Adoti <Td_colspan="2"> Razaaq Adoti Dr. Charles Ashford Jared Harris <Td_colspan="3"> Jared Harris Lloyd Jefferson `` L.J. '' Wade <Td_colspan="2"> Mike Epps Mike Epps Nicholai Ginovaef Zack Ward <Td_colspan="4"> Dr. Isaacs / Dr. Alexander Roland Isaacs / Tyrant Iain Glen Iain Glen Brian Steele ( Tyrant ) Gary Hecker ( Tyrant ) Iain Glen Iain Glen Claire Redfield <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ali Larter Ali Larter Ali Larter Betty <Td_colspan="2"> Ashanti <Td_colspan="3"> Mikey <Td_colspan="2"> Christopher Egan <Td_colspan="3"> K - Mart <Td_colspan="2"> Spencer Locke Spencer Locke Spencer Locke Slater <Td_colspan="2"> Matthew Marsden <Td_colspan="3"> Chase <Td_colspan="2"> Linden Ashby <Td_colspan="2"> Linden Ashby Albert Wesker <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jason O'Mara <Td_colspan="3"> Shawn Roberts Otto <Td_colspan="2"> Joe Hursley <Td_colspan="3"> White Queen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Madeline Carroll <Td_colspan="3"> Bennett Sinclair <Td_colspan="3"> Kim Coates Kim Coates Angel Ortiz <Td_colspan="3"> Sergio Peris - Mencheta <Td_colspan="2"> Luther West <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Boris Kodjoe Boris Kodjoe Chris Redfield <Td_colspan="3"> Wentworth Miller Wentworth Miller <Td_colspan="2"> Crystal Waters <Td_colspan="3"> Kacey Clarke <Td_colspan="2"> Kim Yong <Td_colspan="3"> Norman Yeung Norman Yeung Wendell <Td_colspan="3"> Fulvio Cecere <Td_colspan="2"> Axeman / The Axe Men <Td_colspan="3"> Ray Olubowale Ray Olubowale Kevin Shand Ray Olubowale J Pop Girl <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Mika Nakashima Mika Nakashima Barry Burton <Td_colspan="4"> Kevin Durand Kevin Durand Becky <Td_colspan="4"> Aryana Engineer Aryana Engineer Leon S. Kennedy <Td_colspan="4"> Johann Urb Johann Urb Ada Wong <Td_colspan="4"> Li Bingbing Sally Cahill Li Bingbing Abigail <Td_colspan="5"> Ruby Rose Doc <Td_colspan="5"> Eoin Macken Razor <Td_colspan="5"> Fraser James Cobalt <Td_colspan="5"> Rola Commander Chu <Td_colspan="5"> Lee Joon - gi Christian <Td_colspan="5"> William Levy Dr. James Marcus <Td_colspan="5"> Mark Simpson Crew ( edit ) Occupation <Th_colspan="6"> Film Resident Evil Resident Evil : Apocalypse Resident Evil : Extinction Resident Evil : Afterlife Resident Evil : Retribution Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Director Paul W.S. Anderson Alexander Witt Russell Mulcahy <Td_colspan="3"> Paul W.S. Anderson Producers Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Don Carmody Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Don Carmody Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Don Carmody Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Executive producer ( s ) Victor Hadida Daniel S. Kletzky Robert Kulzer Yoshiki Okamoto Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Victor Hadida Robert Kulzer Victor Hadida Martin Moszkowicz Kelly Van Horn <Td_colspan="3"> Victor Hadida Martin Moszkowicz Writer <Td_colspan="6"> Paul W.S. Anderson Composer ( s ) Marco Beltrami Marilyn Manson Jeff Danna Charlie Clouser <Td_colspan="2"> Tomandandy Paul Haslinger Director ( s ) of photography David Johnson Derek Rogers Christian Sebaldt David Johnson <Td_colspan="3"> Glen MacPherson Editor Alexander Berner Eddie Hamilton <Td_colspan="3"> Niven Howie Doobie White Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film <Th_colspan="2"> Release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> All time box office ranking Production budget Reference United States Other territories North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide Resident Evil March 15 , 2002 March 21 , 2002 $40,119,709 $62,865,153 $102,984,862 1,938 $35 million Resident Evil : Apocalypse September 10 , 2004 September 11 , 2004 $51,201,453 $78,141,316 $129,342,769 1,532 $45 million Resident Evil : Extinction September 21 , 2007 September 19 , 2007 $50,648,679 $97,763,386 $148,412,065 1,555 $45 million Resident Evil : Afterlife September 10 , 2010 September 9 , 2010 $60,128,566 $240,099,518 $300,228,084 1,262 393 $60 million Resident Evil : Retribution September 14 , 2012 September 12 , 2012 $42,345,531 $197,658,893 $240,004,424 1,841 530 $65 million Resident Evil : The Final Chapter January 27 , 2017 December 23 , 2016 $26,844,962 $285,412,558 $312,257,250 2,698 375 $40 million <Th_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="6"> Total $ 7008271288900000000 ♠ 271,288,900 $ 7008961940824000000 ♠ 961,940,824 $ 7009123322945400000 ♠ 1,233,229,454 <Th_colspan="2"> $290 million With the exception of the first entry and The Final Chapter , all films opened at number one at the North American box office . The series holds the record for the `` most live - action film adaptations of a video game '' in the 2012 Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition . It is also the highest - grossing film series to be based on a video game , grossing over 1 billion worldwide . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Resident Evil 34 % ( 124 reviews ) 33 ( 24 reviews ) Resident Evil : Apocalypse 21 % ( 125 reviews ) 35 ( 26 reviews ) Resident Evil : Extinction 22 % ( 94 reviews ) 41 ( 12 reviews ) B − Resident Evil : Afterlife 23 % ( 95 reviews ) 37 ( 14 reviews ) B − Resident Evil : Retribution 31 % ( 65 reviews ) 39 ( 17 reviews ) C+ Resident Evil : The Final Chapter 36 % ( 91 reviews ) 49 ( 19 reviews ) The first , third and sixth films received generally mixed reviews from critics , while the second , fourth and fifth films were received more negatively . The series was criticized for its unrestrained use of violence , cliffhanger endings and habit of abandoning established characters without explaining what happened to them . However , The Chicago Tribune declared the first film as `` one of the few video game movies to truly re-create the gaming experience '' and The Austin Chronicle calling it `` an absolute wreck . But what an ambitiously mind - blowing wreck it is , bursting with dazzlingly sordid cinematography '' . The Seattle Times marked the second film an improvement from the original , saying the film `` makes up for the wretched mess that was 2002 's `` Resident Evil '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter gave the third film a positive review stating `` Fast - paced and filled with brisk action sequences -- the film should reasonably satisfy the devotees . '' Michael Ordoña of The Los Angeles Times gave the fourth film a positive review , claiming that `` the action is easier to read than in most films of the genre , and therefore more enjoyable . Anderson makes particular use of sets and locations to wring out more bang for the stereoscopic buck . '' Novelizations ( edit ) The novelizations for the first three Resident Evil films were written by Keith R.A. DeCandido . The novelization for the fifth film was written by John Shirley , and the sixth by Tim Waggoner . The fourth film did not receive a novelization . The novel for the first film , titled Resident Evil : Genesis , was published over two years after that film 's release , while the Extinction novel was released in late July 2007 , two months before the film 's release . There was also a Japanese novelization of the first film , unrelated to DeCandido 's version , written by Osamu Makino . Makino also wrote two novels based on the game Resident Evil : The Umbrella Chronicles . Home media releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the all six films on DVD , Blu - ray , and digital download . The films were also released on DVD and Blu - ray box sets : Title Format Release date Films Reference Resident Evil / Resident Evil : Apocalypse -- Resurrected Edition DVD September 4 , 2007 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse Resident Evil : The High Definition Trilogy Blu - ray January 1 , 2008 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction Resident Evil Trilogy DVD December 9 , 2008 The Resident Evil Collection DVD , Blu - ray September 4 , 2012 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction , Resident Evil : Afterlife December 21 , 2012 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction , Resident Evil : Afterlife , Resident Evil : Retribution Resident Evil : The Complete Collection Blu - ray May 16 , 2017 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction , Resident Evil : Afterlife , Resident Evil : Retribution , Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Isaacs , who appeared in most of Anderson 's early films , was brought in for a day of filming , making a cameo appearance as a doctor near the end of the film , and he also provided the narration that opens it . In interviews , Anderson said Isaacs ' character would be expanded on the sequel , to which Isaacs responded he would be happy to return for . When Isaacs did n't return , Anderson created the character of Dr. Isaacs , played by Iain Glen , as a homage to the unnamed doctor that Jason Isaacs played originally . Jump up ^ According to Anderson , the Ashford family and particularly Dr. Charles Ashford is `` based on the game but with a slightly different role '' , indicating he based him on Resident Evil -- Code : Veronica 's Dr. Alexander Ashford . Jump up ^ Based on the `` Executioner Majini '' creature , from Resident Evil 5 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reeves , Ben ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Guinness World Records 2012 Gamer 's Edition Preview '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constantin buys ' Evil ' rights '' . Variety . 1997 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dunkley , Cathy ( 2001 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Col TriStar giving ' Evil ' the eye '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Film News '' . Computer and video games.com. 2001 - 01 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chernov , Matthew ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` The film that never was : why George Romero 's ' Resident Evil ' failed to launch '' . Variety . p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Dark Thoughts '' . House of horrors.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Anderson game to take ' Resident ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Director explains character and story line changes '' . News Spong. 2001 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich ready for action ! '' . Counting Down . 2001 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( 2002 - 10 - 10 ) . `` ' Resident ' redo slated '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 5 , 2005 ) . `` ' Evil ' knocking '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` A Date for Extinction '' . IGN Movies . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Digest : Constantine readies ' Evil ' sequels '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2005 - 04 - 16 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( 2009 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Avatar inspires new Resident Evil trilogy in 3D '' . The Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Paul W.S. Anderson is Definitely Directing ' Resident Evil 6 ' '' . First Showing. 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : V lessing , Etan ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Resident Evil 5 ' To Shoot In Toronto '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` May Take ' The Low Road ' , Peter Bogdanovich Joins ' Super 8 ' Star in ' The Healer ' , Colin Salmon Seeks ' Retribution ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Returning for Some ' Retribution ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez , Johann Urb Join Milla Jovovich In ' Resident Evil 6 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Mike Fleming . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phil Pirrello ( 2010 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page '' . Milla Jovovich . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page '' . Milla Jovovich . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page '' . Milla Jovovich . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution Title Tweak '' . IGN . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul W.S. Anderson Confirms Resident Evil 6 Will End the Franchise '' . Movie Web . 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil 6 Title : Last Installment Called `` The Final Chapter '' `` . Collider . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Vejvoda ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Begins Production , Full Cast and Plot Synopsis Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Luster , Joseph ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` '' Resident Evil : The Final Chapter '' Movie to Debut First in Japan `` . Crunchyroll . Ellation , Inc . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Dates 16 Films Through '' . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Poster Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John . `` ' Resident Evil ' Franchise Set for a Reboot ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` ' Resident Evil ' Franchise Reboot : James Wan On Board To Produce From Greg Russo Script '' . Deadline . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Capone . `` Capone sits with Jason Isaacs for GOOD conversation about HARRY POTTER , GREEN ZONE , and how to ... '' aintitcool.com . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews ... Paul Anderson ! ( Part 2 ) '' . joblo.com . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Anderson talks Nemesis ! Ghost Ship photos ! Michael Gross in Sci - Fi 's Tremors series ? Matrix storyboards ! '' . movieweb.com. 11 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latino Review '' . archive.org. 5 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul W.S. Anderson ( Writer ) ( December 28 , 2004 ) . Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( Writer and Producer Commentary ) ( DVD ) . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Event occurs at 01 : 19 : 37 . Jump up ^ Paul W.S. Anderson ( Writer ) ( December 28 , 2004 ) . Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( Writer and Producer Commentary ) ( DVD ) . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Event occurs at 17 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Best Moments from the Resident Evil Movies '' . escapistmagazine.com . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bingbing Li : Asia 's Next Breakout Star '' . glamasia.com. 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Apocalypse '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Extinction '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution Metacritic rating '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Metacritic rating '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ K. Elder , Robert ( 2002 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Movie review , ' Resident Evil ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marc , Savlov ( 2002 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Resident Evil '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Jeff ( 2004 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Improved sequel packed with zombies , babes , action '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Resident Evil : Extinction '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ordoña , Michael ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Movie review : ' Resident Evil : Afterlife ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil / Resident Evil : Apocalypse '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil : The High Definition Trilogy '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil Trilogy '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Resident Evil Collection '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Resident Evil Collection '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil Collection '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil The Complete Collection '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Resident Evil film series at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Resident Evil <Td_colspan="2"> List of media Capcom Video games Main series Resident Evil 2002 remake 3 : Nemesis Code : Veronica Zero 5 6 7 : Biohazard Revelations Revelations Revelations 2 Survivor Survivor Survivor 2 -- Code : Veronica Dead Aim Outbreak Outbreak File # 2 Chronicles The Umbrella Chronicles The Darkside Chronicles Other games Gaiden Operation Raccoon City The Mercenaries 3D Umbrella Corps Mobile games Films Live - action series Resident Evil Apocalypse Extinction Afterlife Retribution The Final Chapter Animated films Biohazard 4D - Executer Degeneration Damnation Vendetta Music Video game soundtracks Film soundtracks Characters <Td_colspan="2"> Ada Wong Albert Wesker Chris Redfield Claire Redfield Jill Valentine Leon S. Kennedy Nemesis Rebecca Chambers Sheva Alomar Tyrant Film Alice People Shinji Mikami Hideki Kamiya Hiroyuki Kobayashi Jun Takeuchi Noboru Sugimura <Td_colspan="2"> Book BNF : cb16927935s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resident_Evil_(film_series)&oldid=841877088 '' Categories : English - language films Action films by series Film series Film series introduced in 2002 Horror films by series Resident Evil films Resident Evil ( film series ) Science fiction films by series Science fiction horror film series Sony Pictures franchises Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Português Русский کوردی Suomi ไทย Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 17 : 08 . 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how many chapters are there in the book of job

Book of Job - wikipedia Book of Job Jump to : navigation , search Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Poetry Wisdom ( hide ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2018 ) The Book of Job ( / dʒ oʊ b / ; Hebrew : אִיוֹב Iyov ) is a book in the Ketuvim ( `` Writings '' ) section of the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh ) , and the first poetic book in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible . Addressing the problem of theodicy -- the vindication of the justice of God in the light of humanity 's suffering -- it is a rich theological work setting out a variety of perspectives . It has been widely and often extravagantly praised for its literary qualities , with Alfred , Lord Tennyson calling it `` the greatest poem of ancient and modern times '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Contents 2.1 Prologue on earth and in heaven 2.2 Job 's opening monologue and dialogues between Job and his three friends 2.3 Three monologues : Poem to Wisdom , Job 's closing monologue , and Elihu 's speeches 2.4 Two speeches by God 2.5 Epilogue 3 Composition 3.1 Authorship , language , texts 3.2 Job and the wisdom tradition 4 Themes 5 Later interpretation and influence 5.1 History of interpretation 5.2 Liturgical use 5.3 In music , art , literature , and film 5.4 In Islam and Middle Eastern folk tradition 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Scroll of the Book of Job , in Hebrew The Book of Job consists of a prose prologue and epilogue narrative framing poetic dialogues and monologues . It is common to view the narrative frame as the original core of the book , enlarged later by the poetic dialogues and discourses , and sections of the book such as the Elihu speeches and the wisdom poem of chapter 28 as late insertions , but recent trends have tended to concentrate on the book 's underlying editorial unity . 1 . Prologue in two scenes , the first on earth , the second in heaven ( Job 1 -- 2 ) 2 . Job 's opening monologue ( Job 3 -- seen by some scholars as a bridge between the prologue and the dialogues and by others as the beginning of the dialogues ) , and three cycles of dialogues between Job and his three friends ( Job chapters -- the third cycle is not complete , the expected speech of Zophar being replaced by the wisdom poem of chapter 28 ) First cycle Eliphaz ( Job 4 -- 5 ) and Job 's response ( Job 6 -- 7 ) Bildad ( 8 ) and Job ( Job 9 -- 10 ) Zophar ( 11 ) and Job ( Job 12 -- 14 ) Second cycle Eliphaz ( 15 ) and Job ( Job 16 -- 17 ) Bildad ( 18 ) and Job ( Job 19 ) Zophar ( 20 ) and Job ( Job 21 ) Third cycle Eliphaz ( 22 ) and Job ( Job 23 -- 24 ) Bildad ( 25 ) and Job ( Job 26 -- 27 ) 3 . Three monologues : A Poem to Wisdom ( chapter 28 , previously read as part of the speech of Job , now regarded by most scholars as a separate interlude in the narrator 's voice ) Job 's closing monologue ( chapters 29 -- 31 ) and Elihu 's speeches ( chapters 32 -- 37 ) 4 . Two speeches by God ( chapters 38 : 1 -- 40 : 2 and 40 : 6 -- 41 : 34 , 42 : 7 -- 8 ) , with Job 's responses 5 . Epilogue -- Job 's restoration ( chapters 42 : 9 -- 17 ) . Contents ( edit ) Job 's Tormentors ' from William Blake 's Illustrations for the Book of Job . Prologue on earth and in heaven ( edit ) The prologue on earth shows the righteous Job blessed with wealth and sons and daughters . The scene shifts to heaven , where God asks Satan ( ha - satan , literally `` the accuser '' ) for his opinion of Job 's piety . Satan answers that Job is pious only because God has blessed him ; if God were to take away everything that Job had , then he would surely curse God . God gives Satan permission to take Job 's wealth and kill all of his children and servants , but Job nonetheless praises God : `` Naked I came out of my mother 's womb , and naked shall I return : the Lord has given , and the Lord has taken away ; blessed be the name of the Lord . '' God allows Satan to afflict his body with boils . Job sits in ashes , and his wife prompts him to `` curse God , and die , '' but Job answers : `` Shall we receive good from God and shall we not receive evil ? '' Job 's opening monologue and dialogues between Job and his three friends ( edit ) Job laments the day of his birth ; he would like to die , but even that is denied to him . His three friends Eliphaz the Temanite , Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite , console him . The friends do not waver in their belief that Job 's suffering is a punishment for sin , for God causes no one to suffer innocently , and they advise him to repent and seek God 's mercy . Job responds with scorn : a just God would not treat him so harshly , patience in suffering is impossible , and the Creator should not take his creatures so lightly , to come against them with such force . Three monologues : poem to wisdom , Job 's closing monologue , and Elihu 's speeches ( edit ) Job and His Friends by Ilya Repin ( 1869 ) The dialogues of Job and his friends are followed by a poem ( the `` hymn to wisdom '' ) on the inaccessibility of wisdom : `` Where is wisdom to be found ? '' it asks , and concludes that it has been hidden from man ( chapter 28 ) . Job contrasts his previous fortune with his present plight , an outcast , mocked and in pain . He protests his innocence , lists the principles he has lived by , and demands that God answer him . Elihu ( a character not previously mentioned ) intervenes to state that wisdom comes from God , who reveals it through dreams and visions to those who will then declare their knowledge . Two speeches by God ( edit ) God speaks from a whirlwind . His speeches neither explain Job 's suffering , nor defend divine justice , nor enter into the courtroom confrontation that Job has demanded , nor respond to his oath of innocence . Instead they contrast Job 's weakness with divine wisdom and omnipotence : `` Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth ? '' Job makes a brief response , but God 's monologue resumes , never addressing Job directly . In 42 : 1 -- 6 Job makes his final response , confessing God 's power and his own lack of knowledge `` of things beyond me which I did not know '' . Previously he has only heard , but now his eyes have seen God , and `` therefore I retract / And repent in dust and ashes . '' Epilogue ( edit ) God tells Eliphaz that he and his three friends `` have not spoken of me what is right as my servant Job has done '' . The three ( Elihu , the fourth friend introduced in chapter 32 is not mentioned here ) are told to make a burnt offering with Job as their intercessor , `` for only to him will I show favour '' . Job is restored to health , riches and family , and lives to see his children to the fourth generation . Composition ( edit ) Anonymous Byzantine illustration . The pre-incarnate Christ speaks to Job Authorship , language , texts ( edit ) Rabbinic tradition ascribes the authorship of Job to Moses , but scholars generally agree that it was written between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE , with the 6th century BCE as the most likely period for various reasons . The anonymous author was almost certainly an Israelite , although he has set his story outside Israel , in southern Edom or northern Arabia , and makes allusion to places as far apart as Mesopotamia and Egypt . According to the 6th - century BCE prophet Ezekiel , Job was a man of antiquity renowned for his righteousness , and the book 's author has chosen this legendary hero for his parable . The language of Job stands out for its conservative spelling and for its exceptionally large number of words and forms not found elsewhere in the Bible . The 12th century Jewish scholar Ibn Ezra concluded that the book must have been written in some other language and translated into Hebrew , and many later scholars down to the 20th century looked for an Aramaic , Arabic or Edomite original , but a close analysis suggests that the foreign words and foreign - looking forms are literary affectations designed to lend authenticity to the book 's distant setting . Job exists in a number of forms : the Hebrew Masoretic Text , which underlies many modern Bible translations ; the Greek Septuagint made in Egypt in the last centuries BCE ; and Aramaic and Hebrew manuscripts found among the Dead Sea Scrolls . Job and the wisdom tradition ( edit ) Job , Ecclesiastes and the Book of Proverbs belong to the genre of wisdom literature , sharing a perspective that they themselves call the `` way of wisdom '' . Wisdom means both a way of thinking and a body of knowledge gained through such thinking , as well as the ability to apply it to life . It is attainable in part through human effort and in part as a gift from God , but never in its entirety -- except by God . The three books share attitudes and assumptions but differ in their conclusions : Proverbs makes confident statements about the world and its workings that are flatly contradicted by Job and Ecclesiastes . Wisdom literature from Sumeria and Babylonia can be dated to the second millennium BCE . Several texts from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt offer parallels to Job , and while it is impossible to tell whether the author of Job was influenced by any of them , their existence suggests that he was the recipient of a long tradition of reflection on the existence of inexplicable suffering . Themes ( edit ) The Destruction of Leviathan by Gustave Doré ( 1865 ) Job is an investigation of the problem of divine justice . This problem , known in theology as theodicy , can be rephrased as a question : `` Why do the righteous suffer ? '' The conventional answer in ancient Israel was that God rewards virtue and punishes sin ( the principle known as `` retributive justice '' ) . This assumes a world in which human choices and actions are morally significant , but experience demonstrates that suffering is frequently unmerited . The biblical concept of righteousness was rooted in the covenant - making God who had ordered creation for communal well - being , and the righteous were those who invested in the community , showing special concern for the poor and needy ( see Job 's description of his life in chapter 31 ) . Their antithesis were the wicked , who were selfish and greedy . Satan raises the question of whether there is such a thing as disinterested righteousness : if God rewards righteousness with prosperity , will men not act righteously from selfish motives ? He asks God to test this by removing the prosperity of Job , the most righteous of all God 's servants . The book begins with the frame narrative , giving the reader an omniscient `` God 's eye perspective '' which introduces Job as a man of exemplary faith and piety , `` blameless and upright '' , who `` fears God '' and `` shuns evil '' . God is seen initiating the discussion with Satan and approving Job 's suffering , a device which serves three purposes : the usual explanations for suffering , that the sufferer has committed some sin of which he is unaware or that God 's actions are inscrutable , are eliminated ; it makes clear that it is not Job who is on trial , but God 's policy of retribution ; and the reader sees that God himself bears responsibility for Job 's suffering . The contrast between the frame and the poetic dialogues and monologues , in which Job never learns of the opening scenes in heaven or of the reason for his suffering , creates a sense of contradictory juxtaposition between the divine and human views of Job 's suffering . In the poetic dialogues Job 's friends see his suffering and assume he must be guilty , since God is just . Job , knowing he is innocent , concludes that God must be unjust . He retains his piety throughout the story ( belying Satan 's suspicion that his righteousness is due to the expectation of reward ) , but makes clear from his first speech that he agrees with his friends that God should and does reward righteousness . Elihu rejects the arguments of both parties : Job is wrong to accuse God of injustice , as God is greater than human beings , and nor are the friends correct ; for suffering , far from being a punishment , may `` rescue the afflicted from their affliction '' and make them more amenable to revelation -- literally , `` open their ears '' ( 36 : 15 ) . Chapter 28 , the Hymn to Wisdom , introduces another theme , divine wisdom . The hymn does not place any emphasis on retributive justice , stressing instead the inaccessibility of wisdom . Wisdom can not be invented or purchased , it says ; God alone knows the meaning of the world , and he grants it only to those who live in reverence before him . God possesses wisdom because he grasps the complexities of the world ( Job 28 : 24 -- 26 ) -- a theme which looks forward to God 's speech in chapters 38 -- 41 with its repeated refrain `` Where were you when ... ? '' When God finally speaks he neither explains the reason for Job 's suffering ( revealed to the reader in the prologue in heaven ) nor defends his justice . The first speech focuses on his role in maintaining order in the universe : the list of things that God does and Job can not do demonstrates divine wisdom because order is the heart of wisdom . Job then confesses his lack of wisdom , meaning his lack of understanding of the workings of the cosmos and of the ability to maintain it . The second speech concerns God 's role in controlling behemoth and leviathan , sometimes translated as the hippopotamus and crocodile , but more probably representing primeval cosmic creatures , in either case demonstrating God 's wisdom and power . Job 's reply to God 's final speech is longer than his first and more complicated . The usual view is that he admits to being wrong to challenge God and now repents `` in dust and ashes '' ( 42 : 6 ) , but the Hebrew is difficult , and an alternative understanding is that Job says he was wrong to repent and mourn and does not retract any of his arguments . In the concluding part of the frame narrative God restores and increases his prosperity , indicating that the divine policy on retributive justice remains unchanged . Later Interpretation and influence ( edit ) Carved wooden figure of Job . Probably from Germany , 1750 -- 1850 CE . The Wellcome Collection , London History of Interpretation ( edit ) In the Second Temple period ( 500 BCE -- 70 CE ) Job began being transformed into something more patient and steadfast , with his suffering a test of virtue and a vindication of righteousness for the glory of God . The process of `` sanctifying '' Job began with the Greek Septuagint translation ( c. 200 BCE ) and was furthered in the Testament of Job ( 1st century BCE -- 1st century CE ) , which makes him the hero of patience . This reading pays little attention to the Job of the dialogue sections of the book , but it was the tradition taken up by the Epistle of James in the New Testament , which presents Job as one whose patience and endurance should be emulated by believers ( James 5 : 7 -- 11 ) . Jewish interpretation of Job was initially positive . He was seen as a righteous Gentile who acknowledged God . Very early , however , Christianity began interpreting Job 19 : 23 -- 29 ( verses concerning a `` redeemer '' whom Job hopes can save him from God ) as a prophecy of Christ , although the major view among scholars is that Job 's `` redeemer '' is either an angelic being or God himself . With Job viewed by Christians as a witness to the coming Christ , the predominant Jewish view became `` Job the blasphemer '' , with some rabbis even saying that he was rightly punished by God because he had stood by while Pharaoh massacred the innocent Jewish infants . Saint Augustine recorded that Job had prophesied the coming of Christ , and Gregory the Great offered him as a model of right living worthy of respect . The medieval Jewish scholar Maimonides declared his story a parable , and the medieval Christian Thomas Aquinas wrote a detailed commentary declaring it true history . In the Reformation Martin Luther explained how Job 's confession of sinfulness and worthlessness underlay his saintliness , and John Calvin 's Job demonstrated the doctrine of the resurrection and the ultimate certainty of divine justice . The contemporary movement known as creation theology , an ecological theology valuing the needs of all creation , interprets God 's speeches in Job 38 -- 41 to imply that his interests and actions are not exclusively focused on humankind . Liturgical use ( edit ) Jewish liturgy does not use readings from the Book of Job in the manner of the Pentateuch , Prophets , or Five Megillot , although it is quoted at funerals and times of mourning . However , there are some Jews , particularly the Spanish and Portuguese Jews , who do hold public readings of Job on the Tisha B'Av fast ( a day of mourning over the destruction of the First and Second Temples and other tragedies ) . The cantillation signs for the large poetic section in the middle of the Book of Job differ from those of most of the biblical books , using a system shared with it only by Psalms and Proverbs . The Eastern Orthodox Church reads from Job and Exodus during Holy Week . Exodus prepares for the understanding of Christ 's exodus to his Father , of his fulfillment of the whole history of salvation ; Job , the sufferer , is the Old Testament icon of Christ . The Roman Catholic Church reads from Job during Matins in the first two weeks of September and in the Office of the Dead , and in the revised Liturgy of the Hours Job is read during the Eighth and Ninth Weeks in Ordinary Time . In music , art , literature , and film ( edit ) Georges de La Tour , Job Mocked by his Wife The Book of Job has been deeply influential in Western culture , to such an extent that no list could be more than representative . Musical settings from Job include Orlande de Lassus 's 1565 cycle of motets , the Sacrae Lectiones Novem ex Propheta Job , and George Frideric Handel 's use of Job 19 : 25 ( `` I know that my redeemer liveth '' ) as an aria in his 1741 oratorio Messiah . Modern works based on the book include Ralph Vaughan Williams 's Job : A Masque for Dancing , French composer Darius Milhaud 's Cantata From Job , and Joseph Stein 's Broadway interpretation The Fiddler on the Roof , based on an earlier Yiddish memoir by Sholem Alchem in 1894 . Neil Simon wrote God 's Favorite which is a modern retelling of the Book of Job . Breughel and Georges de la Tour depicted Job visited by his wife , and William Blake produced an entire cycle of illustrations for the book . Writers Job has inspired or influenced include John Milton ( Samson Agonistes ) , Dostoevsky ( The Brothers Karamazov ) , Franz Kafka ( The Trial ) , Carl Jung ( Answer to Job ) , Joseph Roth ( Job ) , and Bernard Malamud . Archibald MacLeish 's drama , JB , one of the most prominent uses of the Book of Job in modern literature , was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1959 . Job 's influence can also be seen in the Coen brothers ' 2009 film , A Serious Man , which was nominated for two Academy Awards . Terrence Malick 's 2011 film The Tree of Life , which won the Palme d'Or , is heavily influenced by the themes of the Book of Job , as the film starts with a quote from the beginning of God 's speech to Job . A 2014 Malayalam film called `` Iyobinte Pusthakam '' tells the story of a man who is losing everything in his life and also has parallels with Dostoevsky 's ( The Brothers Karamazov ) . The Russian film Leviathan also draws themes from the Book of Job . The 2015 critically acclaimed novel , The Suffering of Innocents , by Marc Zirogiannis is loosely based on the Book of Job and asks the question , `` Why Do the Righteous Suffer ? '' . In 2015 two Ukrainian composers Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko created opera - requiem IYOV . The premiere of the opera was held on 21 September 2015 on the main stage of the international multidisciplinary festival Gogolfest In Islam and middle Eastern folk tradition ( edit ) Job ( Arabic Ayyub ايوب ) is one of the 25 prophets mentioned by name in the Quran , where he is lauded as a steadfast and upright worshiper ( Q. 38 : 44 ) . His story has the same basic outline as in the Bible , although the three friends are replaced by his brothers , and his wife stays by his side . In Palestinian folklore Job 's place of trial is Al - Joura , a village outside the town of Al Majdal ( Ashkelon ) . It was there that God rewarded him with a Fountain of Youth that removed whatever illnesses he had and restored his youth . Al - Joura was a place of annual festivities ( four days in all ) when people of many faiths gathered and bathed in a natural spring . In Lebanon the Muwahideen ( or Druze ) community have a shrine built in the Shouf area that allegedly contains Job 's tomb . In Turkey , Job is known as Eyüp , and he is supposed to have lived in Şanlıurfa . There is also a tomb of Job outside the city of Salalah in Oman . See also ( edit ) Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Commentary on Job Ludlul bēl nēmeqi the `` Babylonian Job '' Testament of Job References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartley 1988 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Bullock 2007 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Walton 2008 , p. 343 . ^ Jump up to : Walton 2008 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Job 1 : 12 Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009 , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : Seow 2013 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Walton 2008 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Habel 1985 , p. 575 . Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Fokkelman 2012 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , pp. 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , pp. 1 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Farmer 1998 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Farmer 1998 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Farmer 1998 , pp. 130 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Bullock 2007 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hartley 2008 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Hartley 2008 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Bullock 2007 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Hooks 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann 2002 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann 2002 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Walton 2008 , pp. 336 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Hooks 2006 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : O'Dowd 2008 , pp. 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Barton 2008 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Barton 2008 , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : Seow 2013 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Dell 2003 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Hooks 2006 , pp. 329 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Fiddes 1996 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Walton 2008 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Sawyer 2013 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Barton 2008 , pp. 338 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Seow 2013 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , pp. 362 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Dell 1991 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Simonetti , Conti & Oden 2006 , pp. 105 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Hooks 2006 , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , pp. 361 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Noegel & Wheeler 2010 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Allen 2008 , pp. 368 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Farmer 1998 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Sheri Hoyte . `` Book Review : ' The Suffering of Innocents ' by Marc Zirogiannis '' . Blogcritics . Archived from the original on 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Zirogiannis , Marc ( July 2015 ) . The Suffering of Innocents . Chicago , Illinois : Revival Waves of Glory . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 329 - 31034 - 6 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ GogolFest . `` Program 2015 '' . Jump up ^ Wheeler 2002 , p. 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Job III : History of Interpretation '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830817832 . Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . Reverberations of faith : a theological handbook of Old Testament themes . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664222314 . Bullock , C. Hassell ( 2007 ) . An Introduction to the Old Testament Poetic Books . Moody Publishers . ISBN 9781575674506 . Dell , Katharine J. ( 2003 ) . `` Job '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Bible Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Dell , Katherine J. ( 1991 ) . The Book of Job as Sceptical Literature . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 9780899257051 . Farmer , Kathleen A. ( 1998 ) . `` The Wisdom Books '' . In McKenzie , , Steven L. ; Graham , Matt Patrick . The Hebrew Bible Today : An Introduction to Critical Issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . Fiddes , Paul ( 1996 ) . `` ' Where Shall Wisdom be Found ? ' Job 28 as a Riddle for Ancient and Modern Readers '' . In Barton , John ; Reimer , David . After the Exile , Essays in Honour of Rex Mason . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865545243 . Fokkelman , J.P. ( 2012 ) . The Book of Job in Form : A Literary Translation with Commentary . BRILL . ISBN 9004231587 . Hartley , John E. ( 1988 ) . The book of Job . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825285 . Hartley , John E. ( 2008 ) . `` Job II : Ancient Near Eastern Background '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830817832 . Habel , Norman C ( 1985 ) . The Book of Job : A Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664222185 . Hooks , Stephen M. ( 2006 ) . Job . College Press . ISBN 9780899008868 . Kugler , Robert ; Hartin , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846365 . Lawson , Steven J. ( 2005 ) . Job . B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 9780805494709 . Murphy , Roland Edmund ( 2002 ) . The Tree of Life : An Exploration of Biblical Wisdom Literature . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802839657 . Noegel , Scott B. ; Wheeler , Brannon M. ( 2010 ) . The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 9781461718956 . O'Dowd , R. ( 2008 ) . `` FrameNarrative '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830817832 . Sawyer , John F.A. ( 2013 ) . `` Job '' . In Lieb , Michael ; Mason , Emma ; Roberts , Jonathan . The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible . Oxford University Press . Seow , C.L. ( 2013 ) . Job 1 -- 21 : Interpretation and Commentary . Eerdmans . Simonetti , Manlio ; Conti , Marco ; Oden , Thomas C. ( 2006 ) . Job . InterVarsity Press . Walsh , Jerome T ( 2001 ) . Style and structure in Biblical Hebrew narrative . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658970 . Walton , J.H. ( 2008 ) . `` Job I : Book of '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . Wilson , Gerald H. ( 2012 ) . Job . Baker Books . Wollaston , Isabell ( 2013 ) . `` Post-Holocaust Interpretations of Job '' . In Lieb , Michael ; Mason , Emma ; Roberts , Jonathan . The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible . Oxford University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Michael Wise , Martin Abegg , Jr , and Edward Cook , The Dead Sea Scrolls : A New Translation , ( 1996 ) , HarperSanFrancisco paperback 1999 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 069201 - 4 , ( contains the non-biblical portion of the scrolls ) Stella Papadaki - Oekland , Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job , ISBN 2 - 503 - 53232 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Job Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Job . Sephardic Cantillations for the Book of Job by David M. Betesh and the Sephardic Pizmonim Project Translations of The Book of Job at BibleGateway.com Hebrew and English Parallel and Complete Text of the Book of Job English Translation is the 1917 Old JPS Job at Chabad.org Introduction to the Book of Job Bible : Job public domain audiobook at LibriVox <Td_colspan="3"> Book of Job Wisdom literature Preceded by Proverbs Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Song of Songs Preceded by Esther Protestant Old Testament Succeeded by Psalms Preceded by 2 Maccabees Roman Catholic Old Testament Preceded by 4 Maccabees Eastern Orthodox Old Testament <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Book of Job <Td_colspan="2"> Job In Islam In rabbinic literature People and entities Job 's family members Jemima Keziah Keren - happuch Job 's friends and supporters Bildad Elihu Zophar Eliphaz <Td_colspan="2"> Behemoth Jobab ben Zerah Leviathan Rahab Ziz Related religious texts Testament of Job In art Films Adam 's Apples ( 2005 ) The Reverend ( 2011 ) A Serious Man ( 2009 ) Leviathan ( 2014 ) Literature Answer to Job ( 1952 analysis ) God 's Favorite ( 1974 play ) J.B. ( 1958 play ) Job ( 1930 novel ) Job 's Passion ( 1981 play ) Job 's Wife ( 2002 play ) Silverlock ( 1949 novel ) Other Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Job ( Bronze sculpture by Judith Shea ) William Blake 's Illustrations of the Book of Job Other Tomb of Job <Td_colspan="2"> Wikimedia Commons Media <Th_colspan="2"> Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism <Td_colspan="2"> Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Job&oldid=836739823 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books Book of Job Wisdom literature Job ( biblical figure ) Ketuvim Satan Texts attributed to Moses Tisha B'Av Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from May 2015 Articles with LibriVox links Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 15 : 47 . 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1. Book of Job 2. Problem of divine justice 3. Theodicy 4. Job's suffering and righteousness 5. Wisdom and the nature of God

in which of the following region would you expect to have the highest levels of seawater salinity

List of bodies of water by salinity - wikipedia List of bodies of water by salinity Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Part of a series on Water salinity Salinity levels Fresh water ( < 0.05 % ) Brackish water ( 0.05 -- 3 % ) Saline water ( 3 -- 5 % ) Brine ( > 5 % ) Bodies of water Seawater Salt lake Hypersaline lake Salt pan Brine pool Bodies by salinity This is a list of bodies of water by salinity that is limited to natural bodies of water that have a stable salinity above 0.5 % , at or below which water is considered fresh . On average , seawater has a salinity of 3.5 % ( or 35 parts per thousand ) . Water salinity often varies by location and season , particularly with hypersaline lakes in arid areas , so the salinity figures in the table below should be interpreted as an approximate indicator . Salinity , g / kg ( ‰ ) Name Type Region or countries Refs 474 Don Juan Pond Salt lake Antarctica 433 Gaet'ale Pond Salt lake Ethiopia 400 Lake Retba Salt lake Senegal 350 Lake Vanda Salt lake Antarctica 350 Garabogazköl Lagoon Turkmenistan 348 Lake Assal Salt lake Djibouti 337 Dead Sea Salt lake Israel , Jordan 85 -- 280 Lake Urmia Salt lake Iran 50 -- 270 Great Salt Lake Salt lake United States 180 Little Manitou Lake Salt lake Canada 50 -- 99 Mono Lake Salt lake United States 44 Salton Sea Salt lake United States 38 Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean sea Southern Europe , Levant , North Africa 36 -- 41 Red Sea Mediterranean sea Middle East 30 -- 40 Lake Natron Salt lake Tanzania 35 Pacific Ocean Ocean 35 Atlantic Ocean Ocean 28 -- 32 Beaufort Sea Marginal Sea North of Alaska and northern Canada 0.13 -- 31.73 Chilika Lake Lagoon India 13 -- 23 Black Sea Mediterranean sea Eastern Europe , Turkey 23 Lake Van Salt lake Turkey 12.5 Caspian Sea Inland sea Central Asia 11.4 Sarygamysh Lake Salt lake Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan 10 Baltic Sea Mediterranean sea Northern Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammer , U.T. ( 1986 ) . Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World . Springer . p. 109 . ISBN 9789061935353 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , Eduardo ; Chebude , Yonas ( April 2017 ) . `` Chemical Analysis of Gaet'ale , a Hypersaline Pond in Danakil Depression ( Ethiopia ) : New Record for the Most Saline Water Body on Earth '' . Aquatic Geochemistry. 23 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 117 . doi : 10.1007 / s10498 - 017 - 9312 - z . Jump up ^ Goetz , P.W. ( ed . ) The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 15th ed . ) . Vol. 3 , p. 937 . Chicago , 1986 Jump up ^ `` Lake Urmia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Can I float in Great Salt lake ? . Utah Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Little Manitou Lake . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Mono Lake '' . monolake.org . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean salinity '' . Science Learning Hub . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ A. Anati , David ( March 1999 ) . `` The salinity of hypersaline brines : Concepts and misconceptions '' . International Journal of Salt Lake Research . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1009059827435 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Biology and Culture of Tilapias : Proceedings of the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management , p. 38 Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaufort Sea '' . Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Indian Journal of Marine Sciences - Variation of Water Quality of Chilika Lake , Orissa Jump up ^ Black Sea - Encyclopedia of Ukraine Jump up ^ Yama , Tomonaga ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Porewater salinity reveals past lake - level changes in Lake Van , the Earth 's largest soda lake '' . Scientific Reports . Nature ( 7 ) . Bibcode : 2017NatSR ... 7 ... 313T . doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 00371 - w . Jump up ^ Lake Basin Management Initiative - The Caspian Sea ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Orlovsky , Leah ; Matsrafi , Offir ; Orlovsky , Nikolai ; Kouznetsov , Michael ( 2014 ) . `` Sarykamysh Lake : Collector of Drainage Water -- The Past , the Present , and the Future '' . The Turkmen Lake Altyn Asyr and Water Resources in Turkmenistan . Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer - Verlag . doi : 10.1007 / 698_2012_191 . Jump up ^ Long Term Temperature & Salinity Records from the Baltic Sea Transition Zone Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some bays have considerably lower salinity . Bibliography ( edit ) Johanna Laybourn - Parry ; Jemma L. Wadham ( 2014 ) . Antarctic Lakes . Oxford University Press . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 967049 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bodies_of_water_by_salinity&oldid=834966144 '' Categories : Lists of bodies of water Oceans Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from November 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 40 . About Wikipedia

1. Bodies of water by salinity 2. Salinity levels of water 3. Salt lakes and salt pans 4. Seawater salinity 5. Hypersaline lakes and lagoons

i wanna be the only one who loves you

I Wanna Be the Only One - wikipedia I Wanna Be the Only One Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Eternal featuring BeBe Winans <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Before the Rain Released 19 May 1997 Recorded Genre R&B , gospel Length 4 : 18 ( album version ) 3 : 36 ( radio edit ) Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) BeBe Winans and James `` Rhett '' Lawrence Producer ( s ) Nigel Lowis <Th_colspan="2"> Eternal featuring BeBe Winans singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( 1997 ) `` Angel of Mine '' ( 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( 1997 ) `` Angel of Mine '' ( 1997 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Alternative Cover <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> UK CD2 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal . It was the third single released from their album Before the Rain . Topping the UK Singles Chart , the release became the group 's third collaboration with BeBe Winans , who produced 1994 's `` Crazy '' ( from Always & Forever ) and 1995 's `` It Will Never End '' ( from Power of a Woman ) . `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' became Eternal 's biggest hit to date : it was the third most played song on British radio and the most played song on European radio by a UK act in 1997 . It earned Eternal a MOBO Award and Capital FM Award for Best Single . It was also nominated for Best Single at the BRIT Awards . As of May 2017 , the song has sold 650,000 copies in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) CD1 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 36 ( Horns by Gary Barnacle , Stuart Brooks and Andy Rogers ) `` A Friend Is a Friend '' 4 : 10 `` Show Me '' 4 : 28 `` Do n't You Love Me '' ( French Remix ) 3 : 37 CD2 `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Black Box Lelewel ' Til The End Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Paul Gotel Dark Skies Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( SPS Cained Mix ) `` I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( Blacksmith `` Eternal 's Mix Tape '' ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 58 France ( SNEP ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 61 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Preceded by `` You 're Not Alone '' by Olive UK Singles Chart number - one single 25 May 1997 - 31 May 1997 Succeeded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson - Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Official Chart Flashback 1997 : Eternal score their long - awaited Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Number 1 today in 1997 : Eternal -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be The Only One '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eternal Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn NR. 230 Vikuna 17.7. ' 97 - 23.7. ' 97 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir. 18 July 1997 . p. 22 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts ( Search by artist : Eternal ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eternal feat . Bebe Winans -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eternal : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS : jaaroverzichten 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS : rapports annuels 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1997 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 SINGLE - JAHRESCHARTS ( 1997 ) '' . Official German Charts . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 1997 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year End Charts 1997 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1997 - UK Music Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 1997 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eternal -- I Wanna Be the Only One '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Wanna Be the Only One in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Be_the_Only_One&oldid=839916600 '' Categories : 1997 singles Eternal ( band ) songs Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Rhett Lawrence Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for UKrandb Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Kiswahili Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 15 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "I Wanna Be the Only One" - Eternal featuring BeBe Winans 2. R&B girl group Eternal 3. Collaboration with BeBe Winans 4. Success and awards for "I Wanna Be the Only One" 5. Chart positions and certifications

who is the highest paid athlete in the world

Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list ( edit ) The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list ( edit ) The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list ( edit ) The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list ( edit ) The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list ( edit ) The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list ( edit ) The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also ( edit ) List of professional sports leagues by revenue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=802457899 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 41 . About Wikipedia

1. Forbes list of World's Highest-Paid Athletes 2. Cristiano Ronaldo's earnings and endorsements 3. LeBron James' salary and endorsements 4. Lionel Messi's income from football and endorsements 5. Roger Federer's earnings from tennis and endorsements

explain promotion and incorporation stage of formation of company

Company formation - wikipedia Company formation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about forming a company in the United Kingdom . For a more general discussion of forming a business , see Incorporation ( business ) . Company formation is the term for the process of incorporation of a business in the UK . It is also sometimes referred to as company registration . These terms are both also used when incorporating a business in the Republic of Ireland . Under UK company law and most international law , a company or corporation is considered an entity that is separate from the people who own or operate the company . Today the majority of UK companies are formed the same day electronically . Companies can be created by individuals , specialised agents , solicitors or accountants . Many solicitors and accountants subcontract incorporation out to specialised company formation agents . Most agents offer company formation packages for less than £ 100 . The cost of carrying out paper filing directly with Companies House is £ 20 . This fee does not include the cost of witnessing documents or preparation of memorandum & articles of association for the company , which would usually be carried out by a solicitor or accountant . Forming a company via the paper filing method can take up to 4 weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation process for limited companies 1.1 Paper process 1.1. 1 Articles of association 1.1. 2 Form IN01 1.1. 3 Memorandum of association 1.2 Electronic process 2 Types of company 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Formation process for limited Companies ( edit ) This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée ( SARL ) more ... Doctrines ( show ) Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas ( show ) Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Company portal Law portal Paper process ( edit ) Under section 9 of the Companies Act 2006 , those forming a company must send the following documents , together with the registration fee , to the Registrar of Companies . Most incorporations submitted by paper take around 5 working days to be accepted . For detailed information see the Companies House guide . Articles of association ( edit ) The articles of association ( often referred to as just ' articles ' ) is the document which sets out the rules for the running of the company 's internal affairs . The company 's articles delivered to the Registrar must be signed by each subscriber in front of a witness who must attest the signature . In the event that articles are not registered for the new company , model ( default ) articles will be registered . These model articles can be chosen to be adopted in the IN01 form . This new procedure was introduced by the Companies Act 2006 , Section 20 . Form IN01 ( edit ) This contains the intended situation of the Registered Office , ( this will be either in England and Wales , Northern Ireland , Scotland or Wales ) , the details of the consenting Secretary and Director ( s ) , details of the subscribers and , in the case of a company limited by shares , details of the share capital . The form also includes the Statement of Compliance that the requirements of the Companies Act have been complied with . Memorandum of association ( edit ) This contains the names and signatures of the subscribers that wish to form the company and , in the case of a company limited by shares , a commitment by the subscribers to take at least one share each . A draft template is available on the Companies House website . It sets out constitution of a company and the foundation on which the structure of a company is based . In other words , memorandum of association is considered the charter or constitution of the company because it lays down the objectives of the company precisely and clearly , defines scope of its relation with the investor and outside world . Electronic process ( edit ) The electronic process can be accessed using compatible software that works with the Companies House eFiling service and an account with Companies House . Company formation agents have direct links into Companies House , to look up the company name , and submit the company . Different agents have differences in their processes caused by their website and software implementation . Companies House have a list of company formation agents that have passed integration testing . Types of company ( edit ) The following can be formed by registration at Companies House : Public limited company ( plc ) Private company limited by shares ( Ltd , Limited ) Company limited by guarantee Unlimited company Limited liability partnership ( LLP ) Limited partnership ( LP ) Societas Europaea ( SE ) : European Union - wide company structure Community interest company ( CIC ) European economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) See also ( edit ) Incorporation ( business ) - US perspective List of company registers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Previously section 10 of the Companies Act 1985 Jump up ^ Companies House Guide to Company Formation Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/20 Jump up ^ http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/forms/formsOnline.shtml Jump up ^ E-Filing compatible software providers Jump up ^ E-filing company formation agents External links ( edit ) Companies House eFiling Companies House list of formation agents Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_formation&oldid=814393442 '' Categories : Legal entities English law United Kingdom company law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 15 : 14 . About Wikipedia

1. Company formation process in the UK 2. Incorporation of a business in the UK 3. Paper process for forming a company 4. Electronic process for forming a company 5. Types of companies that can be formed

in the jungle the lion sleeps tonight original song

The Lion Sleeps Tonight - wikipedia The Lion Sleeps Tonight <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by the Tokens <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Lion Sleeps Tonight A-side `` Tina '' Released November 1961 Genre Rhythm and blues doo - wop Length 2 : 41 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Solomon Linda Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Albert Stanton Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' is a song originally recorded by Solomon Linda under the title `` Mbube '' for the South African Gallo Record Company in 1939 . Linda 's version was written in Zulu , while the English lyrics were written by George David Weiss . The song was adapted and covered internationally by many pop and folk revival artists in the 1950s and 1960s , including the Weavers , Jimmy Dorsey , Yma Sumac , Miriam Makeba , and the Kingston Trio . In 1961 , it became a number one hit in the United States as adapted in English with the best - known version by the doo - wop group the Tokens . It went on to earn millions in royalties from cover versions and film licensing . The pop group Tight Fit had a number one hit in the UK with the song in 1982 . Contents 1 History 2 Copyright issues 3 Selected list of recorded versions 3.1 `` Mbube '' 3.2 `` Wimoweh '' 3.3 `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' 3.4 `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight ( Wimoweh ) '' 4 Charted singles 4.1 The Tokens 4.1. 1 Weekly charts 4.1. 2 Year - end charts 4.2 Robert John 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.3 Tight Fit 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) `` Mbube '' ( Zulu for `` lion '' ) was written in the 1920s , by Solomon Linda , a South African singer of Zulu origin , who later worked for the Gallo Record Company in Johannesburg as a cleaner and record packer . He spent his weekends performing with the Evening Birds , a musical ensemble , and it was at Gallo Records , under the direction of producer Griffiths Motsieloa , that Linda and his fellow musicians recorded several songs including `` Mbube , '' which incorporated a call - response pattern common among many Sub-Saharan African ethnic groups , including the Zulu . According to journalist Rian Malan : `` Mbube '' was n't the most remarkable tune , but there was something compelling about the underlying chant , a dense meshing of low male voices above which Solomon yodelled and howled for two exhilarating minutes , improvising occasionally . The third take was the best , achieving immortality when Solly took a deep breath , opened his mouth , and improvised the melody that the world now associates with these words : In the jungle , the mighty jungle , the lion sleeps tonight . Issued by Gallo as a 78 - rpm record in 1939 , and marketed to black audiences , `` Mbube '' became a hit and Linda a star throughout South Africa . By 1948 , the song had sold over 100,000 copies in Africa and among black South African immigrants in Great Britain . Linda also lent its name to a style of African a cappella music that evolved into isicathamiya ( also called mbube ) , popularized by Ladysmith Black Mambazo . In 1949 , Alan Lomax , then working as folk music director for Decca Records , brought Solomon Linda 's 78 recording to the attention of his friend Pete Seeger of the folk group The Weavers . In November 1951 , after having performed the song for at least a year in their concerts , The Weavers recorded an adapted version with brass and string orchestra and chorus and released it as a 78 single entitled `` Wimoweh '' , a mishearing of the original song 's chorus of `` Uyimbube '' , Zulu : You are a lion . Their version contained the chanting chorus `` Wimoweh '' and Linda 's improvised melodic line . The Weavers credited the song as `` Traditional '' , with arrangement by `` Paul Campbell '' , later found to be a pseudonym used by the Weavers in order to claim royalties . It reached Billboard 's top ten and became a staple of The Weavers ' live repertoire , achieving further exposure on their best - selling The Weavers at Carnegie Hall LP album , recorded in 1955 and issued in 1957 . The song was also covered extensively by other folk revival groups such as The Kingston Trio , and exotica singer Yma Sumac . However , Miriam Makeba , in 1960 , recorded the same song as `` Mbube '' , with the writing credit given to `` J. Linda '' . In 1961 , two RCA records producers , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore , hired Juilliard - trained musician and lyricist George David Weiss to arrange a pop music cover of `` Wimoweh '' , for the B - side of a 45 - rpm single called `` Tina , '' sung by the teenage doo - wop group The Tokens . Weiss wrote the English lyrics : `` In the jungle , the mighty jungle , The lion sleeps tonight ... '' and `` Hush , my darling , do n't fear , my darling ... '' Weiss also brought in soprano Anita Darian to reprise Yma Sumac 's version , before , during and after the soprano saxophone solo . `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' was issued by RCA in 1961 , and it rocketed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Weiss ' Abilene Music Inc. , was the publisher of this arrangement , and listed `` Albert Stanton '' ( a pseudonym for Al Brackman , the business partner of Pete Seeger 's music publisher , Howie Richmond ) as one of the song 's writers or arrangers . Copyright issues ( edit ) Social historian Ronald D. Cohen writes , `` Howie Richmond copyrighted many songs originally in the public domain ( sic ) but now slightly revised to satisfy Decca and also to reap profits . '' Canadian writer Mark Steyn , on the other hand , attributes the invention of the pseudonym `` Paul Campbell '' to Pete Seeger . Howie Richmond 's claim of author 's copyright could secure both the songwriter 's royalties and his company 's publishing share of the song 's earnings . Although Linda was listed as a performer on the record itself , the Weavers thought he had recorded a traditional Zulu song . Their managers , publisher , and their attorneys knew otherwise because they had been contacted by -- and had reached an agreement with -- Eric Gallo of Gallo Records in South Africa . The Americans maintained , however , that South African copyrights were not valid because South Africa was not a signatory to U.S. copyright law . In the 1950s , after Linda 's authorship was made clear , Seeger sent Linda $1000 . Seeger also instructed TRO / Folkways to henceforth pay his share of authors ' earnings to Linda . The folksinger apparently trusted his publisher 's word of honor and either saw no need , or was unable to make sure these instructions were carried out . In 2000 , South African journalist Rian Malan wrote a feature article for Rolling Stone magazine in which he recounted Linda 's story and estimated that the song had earned $15 million for its use in the Disney movie The Lion King alone . The piece prompted filmmaker François Verster to create the Emmy - winning documentary A Lion 's Trail , that told Linda 's story while incidentally exposing the workings of the multi-million dollar corporate music publishing industry . In July 2004 , as a result of the publicity generated by Malan 's article and the subsequent documentary , the song became the subject of a lawsuit between Linda 's estate and Disney , claiming that Disney owed $1.6 million in royalties for the use of `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' in the film and musical stage productions of The Lion King . At the same time , the Richmond Organization began to pay $3,000 annually into Linda 's estate . In February 2006 , Linda 's descendants reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music Publishers , who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney , to place the earnings of the song in a trust . Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( July 2017 ) The song has been recorded by numerous artists , and is a standard that has become a part of popular culture . `` Mbube '' ( edit ) 1939 Solomon Linda and the Evening Birds 1951 In the first film adaptation of Cry , the Beloved Country 1960 Miriam Makeba , on Miriam Makeba 1988 Ladysmith Black Mambazo , as `` Mbube '' , during opening sequence of movie Coming to America ( but not on the soundtrack album ) 1991 The Elite Swingsters Featuring Dolly Rathebe , as `` Mbube '' on Woza ! 1994 Ladysmith Black Mambazo , as `` Mbube ( The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) '' , on Gift of the Tortoise 1996 Soweto String Quartet , as `` Imbube '' on Renaissance 2005 Soweto Gospel Choir , as `` Imbube '' on Blessed 2006 Ladysmith Black Mambazo , as `` Mbube '' , on Long Walk to Freedom 2007 CH2 and Soweto String Quartet , as `` Imbube '' on Pap & Paella 2010 Angélique Kidjo , as `` Mbube '' on Õÿö `` Wimoweh '' ( edit ) 1952 : The Weavers : US # 6 1952 : Jimmy Dorsey 1952 : Yma Sumac 1957 : The Weavers , live . 1959 : Bill Hayes ( on Kapp Records ) 1959 : The Kingston Trio 1961 : Karl Denver : UK # 4 1962 : Bert Kaempfert on album A Swingin ' Safari , ( on Polydor Records ) . Done mostly as an instrumental save for the `` Wimoweh '' chorus . 1962 : Hugh Masekela on Trumpet Africaine 1964 : Glen Campbell on The Astounding 12 - String Guitar of Glen Campbell 1964 : Chet Atkins 1971 : Rumplestiltskin on Black Magician 1993 : Nanci Griffith with Odetta , on Other Voices , Other Rooms 1994 : Roger Whittaker , on Roger Whittaker Live ! 1994 : Manu Dibango and Ladysmith Black Mambazo , on Waka Afrika 1998 : Pete Seeger on For Kids And Just Plain Folks 1999 : Desmond Dekker on Halfway To Paradise `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' <Td_colspan="2"> Single picture sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Robert John <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Robert John B - side `` Janet '' Released December 1971 Genre Pop Label Atlantic <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' <Td_colspan="2"> Single picture sleeve <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Tight Fit <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Tight Fit Released January 1982 Genre Pop Length 3 : 18 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Albert Stanton Solomon Linda Producer ( s ) Tim Friese - Greene <Th_colspan="2"> Tight Fit singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Back to the Sixties Part II '' ( 1981 ) `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1982 ) `` Fantasy Island '' ( 1982 ) 1961 : The Tokens : US # 1 , UK # 11 1962 : Henri Salvador -- in French as `` Le lion est mort ce soir '' ( `` The Lion Died Tonight '' ) FR # 1 1965 : The New Christy Minstrels 1965 : The Shangaans , on `` Jungle Drums '' 1967 : The Hounds ( Swedish Popgroup ) 1968 : The Tremeloes , on Silence Is Golden 1971 : Eric Donaldson 1972 : Robert John : US # 3 , gold record . 1972 : Dave Newman : UK # 34 1974 : Ras Michael and the Sons of Negus , as `` Rise Jah Jah Children ( The Lion Sleeps ) '' 1975 : Brian Eno , on single , later on Working Backwards : 1983 - 1973 and Eno Box II : Vocal 1979 : The Stylistics 1980 : Passengers 1982 : Tight Fit : UK # 1 , This version has sold over a million copies in the UK . 1982 : The Nylons 1991 : Hotline & P.J. Powers , on The Best Of 1992 : Talisman , on A Capella 1992 : They Might Be Giants with Laura Cantrell , interpolated into `` The Guitar ( The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) '' 1993 : Pow woW : FR # 1 , cover of Salvador 's version . 1993 : R.E.M. : B - side of `` The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite '' and on The Automatic Box ( Disc 3 ) . 1993 : The Nylons 1994 : Dennis Marcellino 1994 : Tonic Sol - Fa 1995 : Lebo M. for Rhythm of the Pride Lands , an album with songs inspired by the music of The Lion King 1997 : ' N Sync : B - side of `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' 1998 : The Undertones , on 8 Degrees and Rising 1990s : The Streetnix 2001 : Baha Men featuring Imani Coppola , sampled the chorus in the song `` You All Dat '' on Who Let the Dogs Out 2001 : Rockapella 2002 : Mango Groove , on Eat a Mango 2004 : Daniel Küblböck 2005 : The Mavericks 2009 : Melo - M , on Around the World 2010 : Cool Down Cafe featuring Gerard Joling , on Goud 2014 : Billy Joel and Jimmy Fallon , on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon 2015 : Justin Fletcher as Gail Force on Gigglebiz 2016 : Tight Fit new production Rainforest Radio Edit on Together ( Almighty ) `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight ( Wimoweh ) '' ( edit ) 1997 : Barbados ( Swedish Dansband ) Charted singles ( edit ) The Tokens ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1961 -- 62 ) Peak position Australia Kent Music Report 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 New Zealand Lever UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1962 ) Rank US Cash Box 10 Robert John ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 31 US Billboard Top 100 Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 US Cash Box Top 100 Canadian RPM Top Tracks 15 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 17 German Singles Charts 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 172 Canada 45 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Cash Box 10 Tight Fit ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles Charts Ö3 Austria Top 40 8 Belgian Ultratop 50 German Media Control Charts Danish Singles Charts Dutch Singles Charts Irish Singles Charts New Zealand Singles Charts Swedish Sverigetopplistan Charts 17 Swiss Ultratop Charts 8 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malan , Rian . `` In the Jungle '' . Longform.org . Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` Top 10 Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ( 2004 ) . Popular music : critical concepts in media and cultural studies , Volume 4 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33270 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : David Hutcheon , `` The Story Behind the Song : The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' , Mojo ' 60s , # 9 , 2017 , pp. 18 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Show 18 - Blowin ' in the Wind : Pop discovers folk music . ( Part 1 ) '' . Pop Chronicles . UNT Digital Library . 18 May 1969 . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald D. ( 2002 ) . Rainbow Quest : the Folk Music Revival and American Society . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . p. 71 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Academy Presents 27th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards '' ( press release ) , 25 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Ear Music Forum - Mbube - Mickey Mouse Under House Arrest in SAfrica ? '' . 3rdearmusic.com . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , David ( 30 October 2004 ) . `` Penniless singer 's family sue Disney for Lion King royalties '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Lawsuit , a Mighty Lawsuit '' . 25 October 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight 1939 : Linda Solomon , The Evening Birds '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 406 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tight Fit -- Together -- Almighty Records '' . www.almightyrecords.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Tokens -- The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Tokens -- The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Tokens Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 15 March 1962 Jump up ^ `` Tokens : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Tokens Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Tokens Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1962YESP.html Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 29 , 1962 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 3 / 18 / 72 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1972YESP.html Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 30 , 1972 External links ( edit ) Solomon Linda , Songwriter Who Penned ' The Lion , ' Finally Gets His Just Desserts Sample of Mbube performed by Solomon Linda 's Original Evening Birds ( WMA Stream ) . NPR : All Things Considered : Family of ' Lion Sleeps Tonight ' Writer to Get Millions Telegraph : Penniless singer 's family sue Disney for Lion King royalties The Lion Sleeps Tonight . BBC World Service Documentary by Paul Gambaccini first broadcast 16 July 2010 <Th_colspan="2"> Miriam Makeba Studio albums Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba ( 1962 ) The World of Miriam Makeba ( 1963 ) The Voice of Africa ( 1964 ) Makeba Sings ! ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) All About Miriam ( 1966 ) Pata Pata ( 1967 ) Makeba ! ( 1968 ) Keep Me in Mind ( 1970 ) A Promise ( 1974 ) Miriam Makeba & Bongi ( 1975 ) Country Girl ( 1978 ) Comme une symphonie d'amour ( 1979 ) Sangoma ( 1988 ) Welela ( 1989 ) Eyes on Tomorrow ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Song ( 1994 ) Homeland ( 2000 ) Reflections ( 2004 ) Compilations Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba ( 1975 ) The Queen of African Music ( 1987 ) Africa ( 1991 ) Singles `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1960 ) `` The Click Song '' / `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1963 ) `` Malaika '' / `` Malcolm X '' ( 1965 ) `` Pata Pata '' ( 1967 ) `` Mas que Nada '' ( 1967 ) `` I Shall Be Released '' / `` Iphi Ndilela ( Show Me the Way ) '' ( 1969 ) `` Soweto Blues '' ( 1988 ) `` Brand New Day '' `` Chauffeur Blues '' `` Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika '' People Bongi Makeba ( daughter ) Hugh Masekela ( 3rd husband ) Stokely Carmichael ( 4th husband ) WorldCat Identities GND : 300660596 LCCN : n2005007934 VIAF : 176353071 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_Sleeps_Tonight&oldid=863365190 '' Categories : South African songs 1961 singles 1972 singles 1982 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Miriam Makeba songs Nanci Griffith songs Glen Campbell songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Robert John songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Songs written by Hugo Peretti Songs written by Luigi Creatore Songs written by George David Weiss Songs about animals 1939 songs RCA Records singles Jive Records singles The Tokens songs Songs about cats Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Zulu - language text Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 09 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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1. "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" song 2. Solomon Linda 3. Mbube 4. The Tokens 5. Copyright issues

what is the main source of income in japan

Economy of Japan - Wikipedia Economy of Japan Jump to : navigation , search Economy of Japan <Td_colspan="2"> Tokyo , the financial center of Japan Currency Japanese yen ( JPY ) = 0.01 USD Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organizations APEC , WTO , OECD , G - 20 , G8 and others <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics GDP $4.841 trillion ( nominal ; 2017 ) GDP rank 3rd ( nominal ) / 4th ( PPP ) GDP growth 1 % ( 2016 ) GDP per capita $38,281 ( 2017 ) GDP by sector agriculture : 1.2 % , industry : 27.7 % , services : 71.1 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 0.7 % ( August 2017 ) Population below poverty line 15.7 % ( 2010 ) Gini coefficient 38.1 ( 2002 ) Labor force 65.4 million ( 2016 ) Labor force by occupation agriculture : 2.9 % , industry : 26.2 % , services : 70.9 % ( February 2015 est ) Unemployment 2.8 % ( August 2017 ) Main industries Motor vehicles electronic equipment machine tools steel nonferrous metals ships chemicals textiles processed foods Ease - of - doing - business rank 34th ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External Exports $644.9 billion ( 2016 ) Export goods motor vehicles 14.9 % ; iron and steel products 5.4 % ; semiconductors 5 % ; auto parts 4.8 % ; power generating machinery 3.5 % ; plastic materials 3.3 % Main export partners United States 20.2 % China 17.6 % European Union 11.4 % South Korea 7.2 % Taiwan 6.1 % Other 37.4 % Imports $606.9 billion ( 2016 ) Import goods petroleum 16.1 % ; liquid natural gas 9.1 % ; clothing 3.8 % ; semiconductors 3.3 % ; coal 2.4 % ; audio and visual apparatus 1.4 % Main import partners China 25.8 % European Union 12.4 % United States 11.4 % Australia 5 % South Korea 4.1 % Other 41.3 % FDI stock $204.3 billion ( 31 December 2016 ) Gross external debt $3.408 trillion ( 31 March 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Public finances Public debt 234.7 % of GDP ( 2016 est . ) Revenues $1.696 trillion ( 2016 est . ) Expenses $1.931 trillion ( 2016 est . ) Economic aid donor : ODA , $10.37 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : A+ ( Domestic ) A+ ( Foreign ) AA+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : A1 Outlook : Stable Fitch : A Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $1.249 trillion ( June 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of Japan is the third - largest in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . and is the world 's second largest developed economy . Japan is a member of the G7 . According to the International Monetary Fund , the country 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was at $37,519 , the 28th highest in 2014 , down from the 22nd position in 2012 . Due to a volatile currency exchange rate , Japan 's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates widely . Accounting for these fluctuations through use of the Atlas method , Japan is estimated to have a GDP per capita of around $38,490 . Japan is the world 's third largest automobile manufacturing country , has the largest electronics goods industry , and is often ranked among the world 's most innovative countries leading several measures of global patent filings . Facing increasing competition from China and South Korea , manufacturing in Japan today now focuses primarily on high - tech and precision goods , such as optical instruments , hybrid vehicles , and robotics . Besides the Kantō region , the Kansai region is one of the leading industrial clusters and manufacturing centers for the Japanese economy . The size and industrial structure of cities in Japan have maintained tight regularities despite substantial churning of population and industries across cities overtime . Japan is the world 's largest creditor nation . Japan generally runs an annual trade surplus and has a considerable net international investment surplus . As of 2010 , Japan possesses 13.7 % of the world 's private financial assets ( the third largest in the world ) at an estimated $13.5 trillion . As of 2015 , 54 of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Japan , down from 62 in 2013 . Japan has the highest ratio of public debt to GDP of any developed nation . However , the national debt is predominantly owned by Japanese nationals . The Japanese economy faces considerable challenges posed by a declining population . Statistics showed an official decline for the first time in 2015 , while projections suggest that it will continue to fall from 127 million down to below 100 million by the middle of the 21st century . The Japanese economy is forecasted by the Quarterly Tankan survey of business sentiment conducted by the Bank of Japan . The Nikkei 225 presents the monthly report of top Blue chip ( stock market ) equities on Japan Exchange Group . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview of economy 2 Economic history 2.1 First contacts with Europe ( 16th century ) 2.2 Edo period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) 2.3 Pre-war period ( 1868 -- 1945 ) 2.4 Postwar period ( 1945 -- present ) 3 Infrastructure 4 Macro-economic trend 4.1 GDP composition 5 Sectors of the economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.1. 1 Fishery 5.2 Industry 5.2. 1 Automobile manufacturing 5.3 Mining and petroleum exploration 5.4 Services 5.4. 1 Tourism 6 Finance 7 Labor force 8 Law and government 9 Culture 9.1 Overview 9.2 Keiretsu 10 Other economic indicators 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links Overview of economy ( edit ) In the three decades of economic development following 1960 , Japan ignored defense spending in favor of economic growth , thus allowing for a rapid economic growth referred to as the Japanese post-war economic miracle . By the guidance of Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry , with average growth rates of 10 % in the 1960s , 5 % in the 1970s , and 4 % in the 1980s , Japan was able to establish and maintain itself as the world 's second largest economy from 1978 until 2010 , when it was surpassed by the People 's Republic of China . By 1990 , income per capita in Japan equalled or surpassed that in most countries in the West . However , in the second half of the 1980s , rising stock and real estate prices caused the economic bubble to the Japanese economy by Bank of Japan . The economic bubble came to an abrupt end as the Tokyo Stock Exchange crashed in 1990 -- 92 and real estate prices peaked in 1991 . Growth in Japan throughout the 1990s at 1.5 % was slower than growth in other major developed economies , giving rise to the term Lost Decade . After another decade of low growth rate , the term became the Lost 20 Years . Nonetheless , GDP per capita growth from 2001 to 2010 has still managed to outpace Europe and the United States . Although 1.0 % annual GDP growth is considered an aberration , Theodore Breton shows that this is the expected growth rate for a country with a shrinking work force and rates of investment in physical and human capital that have not increased since the 1970s . His analysis indicates that Japan has converged on its steady - state growth rate . With this low growth rate , national debt of Japan is difficult for the government to manage due to its considerable social welfare spending related to an aging society . The scenario of `` Abandoned homes '' continues to spread from rural areas to urban areas in Japan . The Japanese economy rebounded under Junichirō Koizumi by acting against bad debts with commercial banks and privatizing the postal savings system . Abenomics has thus far given the economy of Japan a low and unsteady growth rate . The ICT industry has generated the major outputs to the Japanese economy . Japan is the second largest music market in the world ( for more , see Japan Hot 100 ) . Manga cafe business expands to 2000 stores nationwide in Japan in 2002 . With fewer children in the aging Japan , Japanese anime industry is facing growing Chinese competition in the targeted Chinese market . Japanese manga industry ( from the Japanese manga ( and anime ) profession ) enjoys popularity in most of the Asian markets . And anime industry share in Japan GDP has exceeded 10 percent . Local gourmets of 47 Prefectures of Japan are guided and promoted by Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ( Japan ) . Japan Cup in the Tokyo Racecourse is one of the richest horse racing in the world . A mountainous , volcanic island country , Japan has inadequate natural resources to support its growing economy and large population , and therefore exports goods in which it has a comparative advantage such as engineering - oriented , research and development - led industrial products in exchange for the import of raw materials and petroleum . Japan is among the top - three importers for agricultural products in the world next to the European Union and United States in total volume for covering of its own domestic agricultural consumption . Japan is the world 's largest single national importer of fish and fishery products . Tokyo Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market is the largest wholesale market for primary products in Japan , including the renowned Tsukiji fish market . Japanese whaling , ostensibly for research purposes , has been sued as illegal under international law . Although many kinds of minerals were extracted throughout the country , most mineral resources had to be imported in the postwar era . Local deposits of metal - bearing ores were difficult to process because they were low grade . The nation 's large and varied forest resources , which covered 70 percent of the country in the late 1980s , were not utilized extensively . Because of political decisions on local , prefectural , and national levels , Japan decided not to exploit its forest resources for economic gain . Domestic sources only supplied between 25 and 30 percent of the nation 's timber needs . Agriculture and fishing were the best developed resources , but only through years of painstaking investment and toil . The nation therefore built up the manufacturing and processing industries to convert raw materials imported from abroad . This strategy of economic development necessitated the establishment of a strong economic infrastructure to provide the needed energy , transportation , communications , and technological know - how . Deposits of gold , magnesium , and silver meet current industrial demands , but Japan is dependent on foreign sources for many of the minerals essential to modern industry . Iron ore , copper , bauxite , and alumina must be imported , as well as many forest products . Another economical revenue for Japanese Economic history ( edit ) An 1856 ukiyo - e depicting Echigoya , the current Mitsukoshi Main article : Economic history of Japan The economic history of Japan is one of the most studied economies for its spectacular growth in three different periods . First was the foundation of Edo ( in 1603 ) to whole inland economical developments , second was the Meiji Restoration ( in 1868 ) to be the first non-European power , third was after the defeat of World War II ( in 1945 ) when the island nation rose to become the world 's second largest economy . First contacts with Europe ( 16th century ) ( edit ) Main article : Nanban trade Japan was considered as a country rich in precious metals , mainly owing to Marco Polo 's accounts of gilded temples and palaces , but also due to the relative abundance of surface ores characteristic of a massive huge volcanic country , before large - scale deep - mining became possible in Industrial times . Japan was to become a major exporter of silver , copper , and gold during the period until exports for those minerals were banned . Renaissance Japan was also perceived as a sophisticated feudal society with a high culture and a strong pre-industrial technology . It was densely populated and urbanized . Prominent European observers of the time seemed to agree that the Japanese `` excel not only all the other Oriental peoples , they surpass the Europeans as well '' ( Alessandro Valignano , 1584 , `` Historia del Principo y Progresso de la Compania de Jesus en las Indias Orientales ) . Early European visitors were amazed by the quality of Japanese craftsmanship and metalsmithing . This stems from the fact that Japan itself is rather rich in natural resources found commonly in Europe , especially iron . The cargo of the first Portuguese ships ( usually about 4 smaller - sized ships every year ) arriving in Japan almost entirely consisted of Chinese goods ( silk , porcelain ) . The Japanese were very much looking forward to acquiring such goods , but had been prohibited from any contacts with the Emperor of China , as a punishment for Wakō pirate raids . The Portuguese ( who were called Nanban , lit . Southern Barbarians ) therefore found the opportunity to act as intermediaries in Asian trade . Edo period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) ( edit ) The beginning of the Edo period coincides with the last decades of the Nanban trade period , during which intense interaction with European powers , on the economic and religious plane , took place . It is at the beginning of the Edo period that Japan built her first ocean - going Western - style warships , such as the San Juan Bautista , a 500 - ton galleon - type ship that transported a Japanese embassy headed by Hasekura Tsunenaga to the Americas , which then continued to Europe . Also during that period , the bakufu commissioned around 350 Red Seal Ships , three - masted and armed trade ships , for intra-Asian commerce . Japanese adventurers , such as Yamada Nagamasa , were active throughout Asia . In order to eradicate the influence of Christianization , Japan entered in a period of isolation called sakoku , during which its economy enjoyed stability and mild progress . Economic development during the Edo period included urbanization , increased shipping of commodities , a significant expansion of domestic and , initially , foreign commerce , and a diffusion of trade and handicraft industries . The construction trades flourished , along with banking facilities and merchant associations . Increasingly , han authorities oversaw the rising agricultural production and the spread of rural handicrafts . By the mid-eighteenth century , Edo had a population of more than 1 million and Osaka and Kyoto each had more than 400,000 inhabitants . Many other castle towns grew as well . Osaka and Kyoto became busy trading and handicraft production centers , while Edo was the center for the supply of food and essential urban consumer goods . Rice was the base of the economy , as the daimyo collected the taxes from the peasants in the form of rice . Taxes were high , about 40 % of the harvest . The rice was sold at the fudasashi market in Edo . To raise money , the daimyo used forward contracts to sell rice that was not even harvested yet . These contracts were similar to modern futures trading . During the period , Japan progressively studied Western sciences and techniques ( called rangaku , literally `` Dutch studies '' ) through the information and books received through the Dutch traders in Dejima . The main areas that were studied included geography , medicine , natural sciences , astronomy , art , languages , physical sciences such as the study of electrical phenomena , and mechanical sciences as exemplified by the development of Japanese clockwatches , or wadokei , inspired from Western techniques . Prewar period ( 1868 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Since the mid-19th century , after the Meiji Restoration , the country was opened up to Western commerce and influence and Japan has gone through two periods of economic development . The first began in earnest in 1868 and extended through to World War II ; the second began in 1945 and continued into the mid-1980s . Economic developments of the prewar period began with the `` Rich State and Strong Army Policy '' by the Meiji government . During the Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) , leaders inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people , sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe , and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science , mathematics , technology , and foreign languages in Japan ( Oyatoi gaikokujin ) . The government also built railroads , improved road , and inaugurated a land reform program to prepare the country for further development . To promote industrialization , the government decided that , while it should help private business to allocate resources and to plan , the public sector was best equipped to stimulate economic growth . The greatest role of government was to help provide good economic conditions for business . In short , government was to be the guide and business the producer . In the early Meiji period , the government built factories and shipyards that were sold to entrepreneurs at a fraction of their value . Many of these businesses grew rapidly into the larger conglomerates . Government emerged as chief promoter of private enterprise , enacting a series of probusiness policies . In the mid-1930s , the Japanese nominal wage rates were `` 10 times less '' than the one of the U.S ( based on mid-1930s exchange rates ) , while the price level is estimated to have been about 44 % the one of the U.S. Postwar period ( 1945 -- present ) ( edit ) Japanese exports in 2005 See also : Japanese post-war economic miracle and Economic history of Japan From the 1960s to the 1980s , overall real economic growth was extremely large : a 10 % average in the 1960s , a 5 % average in the 1970s and a 4 % average in the 1980s . By the end of said period , Japan had moved into being a high - wage economy . Growth slowed markedly in the late 1990s also termed the Lost Decade after the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble . As a consequence Japan ran massive budget deficits ( added trillions in Yen to Japanese financial system ) to finance large public works programs . Japan Export Treemap by Product ( 2014 ) from ( http://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore/tree_map/export/jpn/all/show/2014/ Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity By 1998 , Japan 's public works projects still could not stimulate demand enough to end the economy 's stagnation . In desperation , the Japanese government undertook `` structural reform '' policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets . Unfortunately , these policies led Japan into deflation on numerous occasions between 1999 and 2004 . In his 1998 paper , Japan 's Trap , Princeton economics professor Paul Krugman argued that based on a number of models , Japan had a new option . Krugman 's plan called for a rise in inflation expectations to , in effect , cut long - term interest rates and promote spending . Japan used another technique , somewhat based on Krugman 's , called Quantitative easing . As opposed to flooding the money supply with newly printed money , the Bank of Japan expanded the money supply internally to raise expectations of inflation . Initially , the policy failed to induce any growth , but it eventually began to affect inflationary expectations . By late 2005 , the economy finally began what seems to be a sustained recovery . GDP growth for that year was 2.8 % , with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5 % , surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period . Unlike previous recovery trends , domestic consumption has been the dominant factor of growth . Despite having interest rates down near zero for a long period of time , the Quantitative easing strategy did not succeed in stopping price deflation . This led some economists , such as Paul Krugman , and some Japanese politicians , to advocate the generation of higher inflation expectations . In July 2006 , the zero - rate policy was ended . In 2008 , the Japanese Central Bank still had the lowest interest rates in the developed world , but deflation had still not been eliminated and the Nikkei 225 has fallen over approximately 50 % ( between June 2007 and December 2008 ) . However , on 5 April 2013 , the Bank of Japan announced that it would be purchasing 60 -- 70 trillion yen in bonds and securities in an attempt to eliminate deflation by doubling the money supply in Japan over the course of two years . Markets around the world have responded positively to the government 's current proactive policies , with the Nikkei 225 adding more than 42 % since November 2012 . The Economist has suggested that improvements to bankruptcy law , land transfer law , and tax laws will aid Japan 's economy . In recent years , Japan has been the top export market for almost 15 trading nations worldwide . Infrastructure ( edit ) Shinkansen N700 Series Main articles : Energy in Japan and Transportation in Japan In 2005 , one half of Japan 's energy was produced from petroleum , a fifth from coal , and 14 % from natural gas . Nuclear power in Japan made a quarter of electricity production but due to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster there has been a large desire to end Japan 's nuclear power program . In September 2013 , Japan closed its last 50 nuclear power plants nationwide , causing the nation to be nuclear free . Japan 's spendings on roads has been considered large . The 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are one of the major means of transportation . Japan has left - hand traffic . A single network of speed , divided , limited - access toll roads connects major cities and are operated by toll - collecting enterprises . New and used cars are inexpensive , and the Japanese government has encouraged people to buy hybrid vehicles . Car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy - efficiency . Rail transport is a major means of transport in Japan . Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets ; for instance , 6 passenger JR enterprises , Kintetsu Railway , Seibu Railway , and Keio Corporation . Often , strategies of these enterprises contain real estate or department stores next to stations , and many major stations have major department stores near them . The Japanese cities of Fukuoka , Kobe , Kyoto , Nagoya , Osaka , Sapporo , Sendai , Tokyo and Yokohama all have subway systems . Some 250 high - speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities . All trains are known for punctuality , and a delay of 90 seconds can be considered late for some train services . There are 98 passenger and 175 total airports in Japan , and flying is a popular way to travel . The largest domestic airport , Tokyo International Airport , is Asia 's second busiest airport . The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport ( Tokyo area ) , Kansai International Airport ( Osaka / Kobe / Kyoto area ) , and Chūbu Centrair International Airport ( Nagoya area ) . The largest ports in Japan include Nagoya Port , the Port of Yokohama , the Port of Tokyo and the Port of Kobe . About 84 % of Japan 's energy is imported from other countries . Japan is the world 's largest liquefied natural gas importer , second largest coal importer , and third largest net oil importer . Given its heavy dependence on imported energy , Japan has aimed to diversify its sources . Since the oil shocks of the 1970s , Japan has reduced dependence on petroleum as a source of energy from 77.4 % in 1973 to about 43.7 % in 2010 and increased dependence on natural gas and nuclear power . Other important energy source includes coal , and hydroelectricity is Japan 's biggest renewable energy source . Japan 's solar market is also currently booming . Kerosene is also used extensively for home heating in portable heaters , especially farther north . Many taxi companies run their fleets on liquefied natural gas . A recent success towards greater fuel economy was the introduction of mass - produced Hybrid vehicles . Prime Minister Shinzō Abe , who was working on Japan 's economic revival , signed a treaty with Saudi Arabia and UAE about the rising prices of oil , ensuring Japan 's stable deliveries from that region . Macro-economic trend ( edit ) Real GDP growth rate from 1956 to 2008 Quarterly change in the real GDP ( blue ) and the unemployment rate ( red ) of Japan from 2000 to 2010 . See Okun 's law . This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Japan at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Japanese Yen . See also Year Gross domestic product US dollar exchange Price index ( 2000 = 100 ) Nominal per - capita GDP ( as % of US ) PPP capita GDP ( as % of US ) 1955 8,369,500 ¥ 360.00 10.31 -- 1960 16,009,700 ¥ 360.00 16.22 -- 1965 32,866,000 ¥ 360.00 24.95 -- 1970 73,344,900 ¥ 360.00 38.56 -- 148,327,100 ¥ 297.26 59.00 -- 1980 240,707,315 ¥ 225.82 100 105.85 71.87 2005 502,905,400 ¥ 110.01 97 85.04 71.03 477,327,134 ¥ 88.54 98 89.8 71.49 For purchasing power parity comparisons , the US dollar was exchanged at ¥ 109 in 2010 . GDP composition ( edit ) Industries by GDP value - added 2012 . Values are converted using the exchange rate on 13 April 2013 . Industry GDP value - added $ billions 2012 % of total GDP Other service activities 1,238 23.5 % Manufacturing 947 18.0 % Real estate 697 13.2 % Wholesale and retail trade 660 12.5 % Transport and communication 358 6.8 % Public administration 329 6.2 % Construction 327 6.2 % Finance and insurance 306 5.8 % Electricity , gas and water supply 179 3.4 % Government service activities 41 0.7 % Mining 0.1 % Total 5,268 100 % Sectors of the economy ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture , forestry , and fishing in Japan Rice is a very important crop in Japan as shown here in a rice paddy in Tawaramoto , Nara . The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.4 % of the total country 's GDP . Only 12 % of Japan 's land is suitable for cultivation . Due to this lack of arable land , a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas . This results in one of the world 's highest levels of crop yields per unit area , with an overall agricultural self - sufficiency rate of about 50 % on fewer than 56,000 km2 ( 14 million acres ) cultivated . Japan 's small agricultural sector , however , is also highly subsidized and protected , with government regulations that favor small - scale cultivation instead of large - scale agriculture as practiced in North America . There has been a growing concern about farming as the current farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors . Rice accounts for almost all of Japan 's cereal production . Japan is the second - largest agricultural product importer in the world . Rice , the most protected crop , is subject to tariffs of 777.7 % . Although Japan is usually self - sufficient in rice ( except for its use in making rice crackers and processed foods ) and wheat , the country must import about 50 % of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops and relies on imports for half of its supply of meat . Japan imports large quantities of wheat and soybeans . Japan is the 5th largest market for EU agricultural exports . Over 90 % of mandarin oranges in Japan are grown in Japan . Apples are also grown due to restrictions on apple imports . Fishery ( edit ) Main article : Fishing industry in Japan Global fish catch in Japan Japan ranked fourth in the world in 1996 in tonnage of fish caught . Japan captured 4,074,580 metric tons of fish in 2005 , down from 4,987,703 tons in 2000 , 9,558,615 tons in 1990 , 9,864,422 tons in 1980 , 8,520,397 tons in 1970 , 5,583,796 tons in 1960 and 2,881,855 tons in 1950 . In 2003 , the total aquaculture production was predicted at 1,301,437 tonnes . In 2010 , Japan 's total fisheries production was 4,762,469 fish . Offshore fisheries accounted for an average of 50 % of the nation 's total fish catches in the late 1980s although they experienced repeated ups and downs during that period . Coastal fishing by small boats , set nets , or breeding techniques accounts for about one third of the industry 's total production , while offshore fishing by medium - sized boats makes up for more than half the total production . Deep - sea fishing from larger vessels makes up the rest . Among the many species of seafood caught are sardines , skipjack tuna , crab , shrimp , salmon , pollock , squid , clams , mackerel , sea bream , sauries , tuna and Japanese amberjack . Freshwater fishing , including salmon , trout and eel hatcheries and fish farms , takes up about 30 % of Japan 's fishing industry . Among the nearly 300 fish species in the rivers of Japan are native varieties of catfish , chub , herring and goby , as well as such freshwater crustaceans as crabs and crayfish . Marine and freshwater aquaculture is conducted in all 47 prefectures in Japan . Japan maintains one of the world 's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15 % of the global catch , prompting some claims that Japan 's fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such as tuna . Japan has also sparked controversy by supporting quasi-commercial whaling . Industry ( edit ) Main article : Manufacturing in Japan Japanese manufacturing and industry is very diversified , with a variety of advanced industries that are highly successful . Industry accounts for 24 % of the nation 's GDP . Industry is concentrated in several regions , with the Kantō region surrounding Tokyo , ( the Keihin industrial region ) as well as the Kansai region surrounding Osaka ( the Hanshin industrial region ) and the Tōkai region surrounding Nagoya ( the Chūkyō -- Tōkai industrial region ) the main industrial centers . Other industrial centers include the southwestern part of Honshū and northern Shikoku around the Seto Inland Sea ( the Setouchi industrial region ) ; and the northern part of Kyūshū ( Kitakyūshū ) . In addition , a long narrow belt of industrial centers called the Taiheiyō Belt is found between Tokyo and Fukuoka , established by particular industries , that have developed as mill towns . Japan enjoys high technological development in many fields , including consumer electronics , automobile manufacturing , semiconductor manufacturing , optical fibers , optoelectronics , optical media , facsimile and copy machines , and fermentation processes in food and biochemistry . However , many Japanese companies are facing emerging rivals from the United States , South Korea , and China . Automobile manufacturing ( edit ) Main article : Manufacturing in Japan Lexus LS . The rapid growth and success of Toyota 's Lexus and other Japanese automakers reflects Japan 's strength and global dominance in the automobile industry . Japan is the third biggest producer of automobiles in the world . Toyota is currently the world largest car maker , and the Japanese car makers Nissan , Honda , Suzuki , and Mazda also count for some of the largest car makers in the world . Mining and petroleum exploration ( edit ) Main article : Mining in Japan Japan 's mining production has been minimal , and Japan has very little mining deposits . However , massive deposits of rare earths have been found off the coast of Japan . In the 2011 fiscal year , the domestic yield of crude oil was 820 thousand kiloliters , which was 0.4 % of Japan 's total crude processing volume . Services ( edit ) Main article : Trade and services in Japan Japan Airlines , though faced with massive debts as of 2010 , is considered one of the largest airlines in the world . Japan 's service sector accounts for about three - quarters of its total economic output . Banking , insurance , real estate , retailing , transportation , and telecommunications are all major industries such as Mitsubishi UFJ , Mizuho , NTT , TEPCO , Nomura , Mitsubishi Estate , ÆON , Mitsui Sumitomo , Softbank , JR East , Seven & I , KDDI and Japan Airlines counting as one of the largest companies in the world . Four of the five most circulated newspapers in the world are Japanese newspapers . The Koizumi government set Japan Post , one of the country 's largest providers of savings and insurance services for privatization by 2015 . The six major keiretsus are the Mitsubishi , Sumitomo , Fuyo , Mitsui , Dai - Ichi Kangyo and Sanwa Groups . Japan is home to 251 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 12.55 % ( as of 2013 ) . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Japan Himeji Castle , in Himeji , Hyōgo Prefecture , is one of the most visited sights in Japan . In 2012 , Japan was the fifth most visited country in Asia and the Pacific , with over 8.3 million tourists . In 2013 , due to the weaker yen and easier visa requirements for southwest Asian countries , Japan received a record 11.25 million visitors , which was higher than the government 's projected goal of 10 million visitors . The government hopes to attract 20 million visitors a year by the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . Some of the most popular visited places include the Shinjuku , Ginza , Shibuya and Asakusa areas in Tokyo , and the cities of Osaka , Kobe and Kyoto , as well as Himeji Castle . Hokkaido is also a popular winter destination for visitors with several ski resorts and luxury hotels being built there . Finance ( edit ) The main trading room of the Tokyo Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world . The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the fourth largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization , as well as the 2nd largest stock market in Asia , with 2,292 listed companies . The Nikkei 225 and the TOPIX are the two important stock market indexes of the Tokyo Stock Exchange . The Tokyo Stock Exchange and the Osaka Stock Exchange , another major stock exchange in Japan , merged on 1 January 2013 , creating one of the world 's largest stock exchanges . Other stock exchanges in Japan include the Nagoya Stock Exchange , Fukuoka Stock Exchange and Sapporo Securities Exchange . Labor force ( edit ) Main article : Labor market of Japan Main article : Gender Differences Education in Japan Unemployment rate of Japan The unemployment rate in December 2013 was 3.7 % , down 1.5 percentage points from the claimed unemployment rate of 5.2 % in June 2009 due to the strong economic recovery . In 2008 Japan 's labor force consisted of some 66 million workers -- 40 % of whom were women -- and was rapidly shrinking . One major long - term concern for the Japanese labor force is its low birthrate . In the first half of 2005 , the number of deaths in Japan exceeded the number of births , indicating that the decline in population , initially predicted to start in 2007 , had already started . While one countermeasure for a declining birthrate would be to remove barriers to immigration , despite taking new steps towards it , the Japanese government has been reluctant to do so , since foreign immigration to Japan has been unpopular among citizens . In 1989 , the predominantly public sector union confederation , SOHYO ( General Council of Trade Unions of Japan ) , merged with RENGO ( Japanese Private Sector Trade Union Confederation ) to form the Japanese Trade Union Confederation . Labor union membership is about 12 million . Law and government ( edit ) Japan ranks 27th of 185 countries in the ease of doing business index 2013 . Japan has one of the smallest tax rates in the developed world . After deductions , the majority of workers are free from personal income taxes . Consumption tax rate is only 8 % , while corporate tax rates are high , second highest corporate tax rate in the world , at 36.8 % . However , the House of Representatives has passed a bill which will increase the consumption tax to 10 % in October 2015 . The government has also decided to reduce corporate tax and to phase out automobile tax . In 2016 , the IMF encouraged Japan to adopt an income policy that pushes firms to raise employee wages in combination with reforms to tackle the labor market dual tiered employment system to drive higher wages , on top of monetary and fiscal stimulus . Shinzo Abe has encouraged firms to raise wages by at least three percent annually ( the inflation target plus average productivity growth ) . Shareholder activism is rare despite the fact that the corporate law gives shareholders strong powers over managers . Under Prime Minister Shinzō Abe , corporate governance reform has been a key initiative to encourage economic growth . In 2012 around 40 % of leading Japanese companies had any independent directors while in 2016 most all have begun to appoint independent directors . The government 's liabilities include the second largest public debt of any nation with debt of over one quadrillion yen , or $8,535,340,000,000 in USD . Former Prime Minister Naoto Kan has called the situation ' urgent ' . Japan 's central bank has the second largest foreign - exchange reserves after the People 's Republic of China , with over one trillion US Dollars in foreign reserves . Culture ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Nemawashi ( 根回し ) , or `` consensus building '' , in Japanese culture is an informal process of quietly laying the foundation for some proposed change or project , by talking to the people concerned , gathering support and feedback , and so forth . It is considered an important element in any major change , before any formal steps are taken , and successful nemawashi enables changes to be carried out with the consent of all sides . Japanese companies are known for management methods such as `` The Toyota Way '' . Kaizen ( 改善 , Japanese for `` improvement '' ) is a Japanese philosophy that focuses on continuous improvement throughout all aspects of life . When applied to the workplace , Kaizen activities continually improve all functions of a business , from manufacturing to management and from the CEO to the assembly line workers . By improving standardized activities and processes , Kaizen aims to eliminate waste ( see Lean manufacturing ) . Kaizen was first implemented in several Japanese businesses during the country 's recovery after World War II , including Toyota , and has since spread to businesses throughout the world . Within certain value systems , it is ironic that Japanese workers labor amongst the most hours per day , even though kaizen is supposed to improve all aspects of life . Some companies have powerful enterprise unions and shuntō . The Nenko System or Nenko Joretsu , as it is called in Japan , is the Japanese system of promoting an employee based on his or her proximity to retirement . The advantage of the system is that it allows older employees to achieve a higher salary level before retirement and it usually brings more experience to the executive ranks . The disadvantage of the system is that it does not allow new talent to be combined with experience and those with specialized skills can not be promoted to the already crowded executive ranks . It also does not guarantee or even attempt to bring the `` right person for the right job '' . Relationships between government bureaucrats and companies are often close . Amakudari ( 天下り , amakudari , `` descent from heaven '' ) is the institutionalised practice where Japanese senior bureaucrats retire to high - profile positions in the private and public sectors . The practice is increasingly viewed as corrupt and a limitation on efforts to reduce ties between the private sector and the state that prevent economic and political reforms . Lifetime employment ( shūshin koyō ) and seniority - based career advancement have been common in the Japanese work environment . Japan has begun to gradually move away from some of these norms . Salaryman ( サラリーマン , Sararīman , salaried man ) refers to someone whose income is salary based ; particularly those working for corporations . Its frequent use by Japanese corporations , and its prevalence in Japanese manga and anime has gradually led to its acceptance in English - speaking countries as a noun for a Japanese white - collar businessman . The word can be found in many books and articles pertaining to Japanese culture . Immediately following World War II , becoming a salaryman was viewed as a gateway to a stable , middle - class lifestyle . In modern use , the term carries associations of long working hours , low prestige in the corporate hierarchy , absence of significant sources of income other than salary , wage slavery , and karōshi . The term salaryman refers almost exclusively to males . An office lady , often abbreviated OL ( Japanese : オーエル Ōeru ) , is a female office worker in Japan who performs generally pink collar tasks such as serving tea and secretarial or clerical work . Like many unmarried Japanese , OLs often live with their parents well into early adulthood . Office ladies are usually full - time permanent staff , although the jobs they do usually have little opportunity for promotion , and there is usually the tacit expectation that they leave their jobs once they get married . Freeter ( フリーター , furītā ) ( other spellings below ) is a Japanese expression for people between the age of 15 and 34 who lack full - time employment or are unemployed , excluding homemakers and students . They may also be described as underemployed or freelance workers . These people do not start a career after high school or university but instead usually live as parasite singles with their parents and earn some money with low skilled and low paid jobs . The low income makes it difficult for freeters to start a family , and the lack of qualifications makes it difficult to start a career at a later point in life . Karōshi ( 過労 死 , karōshi ) , which can be translated quite literally from Japanese as `` death from overwork '' , is occupational sudden death . The major medical causes of karōshi deaths are heart attack and stroke due to stress . Sōkaiya ( 総会 屋 , sōkaiya ) , ( sometimes also translated as corporate bouncers , meeting - men , or corporate blackmailers ) are a form of specialized racketeer unique to Japan , and often associated with the yakuza that extort money from or blackmail companies by threatening to publicly humiliate companies and their management , usually in their annual meeting ( 総会 , sōkai ) . Sarakin ( サラ金 ) is a Japanese term for moneylender , or loan shark . It is a contraction of the Japanese words for salaryman and cash . Around 14 million people , or 10 % of the Japanese population , have borrowed from a sarakin . In total , there are about 10,000 firms ( down from 30,000 a decade ago ) ; however , the top seven firms make up 70 % of the market . The value of outstanding loans totals $100 billion . The biggest sarakin are publicly traded and often allied with big banks . The first `` Western - style '' department store in Japan was Mitsukoshi , founded in 1904 , which has its root as a kimono store called Echigoya from 1673 . When the roots are considered , however , Matsuzakaya has an even longer history , dated from 1611 . The kimono store changed to a department store in 1910 . In 1924 , Matsuzakaya store in Ginza allowed street shoes to be worn indoors , something innovative at the time . These former kimono shop department stores dominated the market in its earlier history . They sold , or rather displayed , luxurious products , which contributed for their sophisticated atmospheres . Another origin of Japanese department store is that from railway company . There have been many private railway operators in the nation , and from the 1920s , they started to build department stores directly linked to their lines ' termini . Seibu and Hankyu are the typical examples of this type . From the 1980s onwards , Japanese department stores face fierce competition from supermarkets and convenience stores , gradually losing their presences . Still , depāto are bastions of several aspects of cultural conservatism in the country . Gift certificates for prestigious department stores are frequently given as formal presents in Japan . Department stores in Japan generally offer a wide range of services and can include foreign exchange , travel reservations , ticket sales for local concerts and other events . Keiretsu ( edit ) Main article : Keiretsu A keiretsu ( 系列 , `` system '' or `` series '' ) is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings . It is a type of business group . The prototypical keiretsu appeared in Japan during the `` economic miracle '' following World War II . Before Japan 's surrender , Japanese industry was controlled by large family - controlled vertical monopolies called zaibatsu . The Allies dismantled the zaibatsu in the late 1940s , but the companies formed from the dismantling of the zaibatsu were reintegrated . The dispersed corporations were re-interlinked through share purchases to form horizontally integrated alliances across many industries . Where possible , keiretsu companies would also supply one another , making the alliances vertically integrated as well . In this period , official government policy promoted the creation of robust trade corporations that could withstand pressures from intensified world trade competition . The major keiretsu were each centered on one bank , which lent money to the keiretsu 's member companies and held equity positions in the companies . Each central bank had great control over the companies in the keiretsu and acted as a monitoring entity and as an emergency bail - out entity . One effect of this structure was to minimize the presence of hostile takeovers in Japan , because no entities could challenge the power of the banks . There are two types of keiretsu : vertical and horizontal . Vertical keiretsu illustrates the organization and relationships within a company ( for example all factors of production of a certain product are connected ) , while a horizontal keiretsu shows relationships between entities and industries , normally centered on a bank and trading company . Both are complexly woven together and sustain each other . The Japanese recession in the 1990s had profound effects on the keiretsu . Many of the largest banks were hit hard by bad loan portfolios and forced to merge or go out of business . This had the effect of blurring the lines between the keiretsu : Sumitomo Bank and Mitsui Bank , for instance , became Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation in 2001 , while Sanwa Bank ( the banker for the Hankyu - Toho Group ) became part of Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ . Additionally , many companies from outside the keiretsu system , such as Sony , began outperforming their counterparts within the system . Generally , these causes gave rise to a strong notion in the business community that the old keiretsu system was not an effective business model , and led to an overall loosening of keiretsu alliances . While the keiretsu still exist , they are not as centralized or integrated as they were before the 1990s . This , in turn , has led to a growing corporate acquisition industry in Japan , as companies are no longer able to be easily `` bailed out '' by their banks , as well as rising derivative litigation by more independent shareholders . Other economic indicators ( edit ) Current account balance 2006 Net international investment position : 266,223 \ billion ( 1st ) Industrial Production Growth Rate : 7.5 % ( 2010 est . ) Investment ( gross fixed ) : 20.3 % of GDP ( 2010 est . ) Household income or consumption by percentage share : Lowest 10 % : 4.8 % Highest 10 % : 21.7 % ( 1993 ) Agriculture -- Products : rice , sugar beets , vegetables , fruit , pork , poultry , dairy products , eggs , fish Exports -- Commodities : machinery and equipment , motor vehicles , semiconductors , chemicals Imports -- Commodities : machinery and equipment , fuels , foodstuffs , chemicals , textiles , raw materials ( 2001 ) Exchange rates : Japanese Yen per US $1 -- 88.67 ( 2010 ) , 93.57 ( 2009 ) , 103.58 ( 2008 ) , 117.99 ( 2007 ) , 116.18 ( 2006 ) , 109.69 ( 2005 ) , 115.93 ( 2003 ) , 125.39 ( 2002 ) , 121.53 ( 2001 ) , 105.16 ( January 2000 ) , 113.91 ( 1999 ) , 130.91 ( 1998 ) , 120.99 ( 1997 ) , 108.78 ( 1996 ) , 94.06 ( 1995 ) Electricity : Electricity -- consumption : 925.5 billion kWh ( 2008 ) Electricity -- production : 957.9 billion kWh ( 2008 est . ) Electricity -- exports : 0 kWh ( 2008 ) Electricity -- imports : 0 kWh ( 2008 ) Electricity -- Production by source : Fossil Fuel : 69.7 % Hydro : 7.3 % Nuclear : 22.5 % Other : 0.5 % ( 2008 ) Electricity -- Standards : 100 volts at 50 Hz from the Oi River ( in Shizuoka ) Northward ; 100 volts at 60 Hz Southward Oil : production : 132,700 bbl / d ( 21,100 m / d ) ( 2009 ) ( 46th ) consumption : 4,363,000 bbl / d ( 693,700 m / d ) ( 2009 ) ( 3rd ) exports : 380,900 barrels per day ( 60,560 m / d ) ( 2008 ) ( 64th ) imports : 5,033,000 barrels per day ( 800,200 m / d ) ( 2008 ) ( 2nd ) net imports : 4,620,000 barrels per day ( 735,000 m / d ) ( 2008 est . ) proved reserves : 44,120,000 bbl ( 7,015,000 m ) ( 1 January 2010 est . ) See also ( edit ) Economic history of Japan Economic relations of Japan Japan External Trade Organization Tokugawa coinage Tourism in Japan Japanese post-war economic miracle Japanese asset price bubble Machine orders , an economic indicator specific to the Japanese economy Quantitative easing Loans in Japan Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2017 -- Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . 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The National Interest . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyloco , Peter ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Why are Japanese averse to immigration ? '' . Japan Today . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economy Rankings '' . Doing Business . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : OECD : Economic survey of Japan 2008 Archived 9 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ; Dixon , Kim ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` US displacing Japan as No 1 for highest corp taxes '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` U.S. corporate tax rate : No. 1 in the world '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Lower House passes bills to double consumption tax '' . The Asahi Shimbun. 26 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big firms to see tax cut on social expenses '' . 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The Economist . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lenders of first resort , The Economist , 22 May 2008 Jump up ^ `` 松坂屋 「 ひと ・ こと ・ もの 」 語り '' . Matsuzakaya.co.jp . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Again Plans Huge Corporations , '' New York Times . 17 July 1954 . Jump up ^ Current account balance , U.S. dollars , Billions from IMF World Economic Outlook Database , April 2008 Jump up ^ `` International Investment Position of Japan ( End of 2009 ) '' . Ministry of Finance , Japan . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 「 日本 売り 」 なぜ 起き ない 円 安 阻む からくり に 迫る '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of Japan . Bank of Japan Minister of Finance ( Japan ) Cabinet Office Monthly Economic Report and Main Economic Indicators Japan economy at a glance at the Financial Times Japan profile at The World Bank Japan - OECD <Th_colspan="2"> Economy of Japan History Economic history of Japan Foreign commerce and shipping of Empire of Japan Agriculture in the Empire of Japan Japanese asset price bubble Japanese post-war economic miracle Lost Decade ( Japan ) Zaibatsu Nemawashi Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Shūshin koyō Nenko System Salaryman Keiretsu Japanese management culture Standard of living in Japan Amakudari Currency Bank of Japan Banknotes of the Japanese yen Japan Mint Japanese yen National Printing Bureau Tokugawa coinage Scrip of Edo period Japan Banking and Finance Nikkei 225 Osaka Securities Exchange Tokyo Stock Exchange Financial services in Japan Japanese financial system Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan Capital flows in Japan Government agencies Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry Japan External Trade Organization Development Bank of Japan Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism ( Japan ) Taxation & Labor market Taxation in Japan National Tax Agency Labor market Labor unions in Japan Energy Energy in Japan Solar power in Japan List of power stations in Japan List of Japan natural gas companies Rankings International rankings of Japan Industry Construction industry of Japan Automotive industry in Japan Japanese employment law Japanese domestic market Transportation in Japan Manufacturing industries of Japan Agriculture , forestry , and fishing in Japan Fishing industry in Japan Whaling in Japan Mining in Japan Consumer electronics in Japan Private enterprise in Japan Japanese public corporations Defense industry of Japan Associations Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry Japan Business Federation Japan Association of Corporate Executives Japan Foreign Trade Council Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Other topics Research and development in Japan Industrial policy of Japan Government - business relations in Japan Economic relations of Japan Exports National debt of Japan <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Japan articles History Chronology Prehistory Paleolithic Ancient history Jōmon Yayoi Kofun Antiquity history Asuka Nara Heian Post-antiquity history Kamakura Muromachi Azuchi -- Momoyama Edo Modern history Bakumatsu Empire of Japan Meiji Taishō Shōwa Post-war Post-occupation Heisei By topic Economic Education Military Naval Imperial Army Imperial Navy Overseas actions Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Addresses Archipelago Cities Districts Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Islands Lakes Prefectures Regions Rivers Towns Villages Politics <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Pre-war Elections Emperor list Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement National Diet House of Councillors House of Representatives Political parties Self - Defense Forces Air Ground Maritime Government Cabinet Fiscal policy Foreign policy Ministries Prime Minister list Deputy Prime Minister Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture , forestry , fishing Central bank International rankings Labor Manufacturing Energy solar power Telecommunications Transport Yen Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Education Etiquette Gambling Housing Languages Religion Sexuality Smoking Women Kyariaūman Culture Aesthetics Anime / Manga Architecture Art Bonsai Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore folktales Gardens Geisha Games Ikebana Kawaii Literature Martial arts Media Music Mythology Names Onsen / Sentō Sport Tea ceremony Television Theatre <Td_colspan="3"> Japan portal <Th_colspan="2"> Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Nations Australia Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong 1 Indonesia Japan Republic of Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei 2 Thailand United States Vietnam Summits 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . 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1. Economy of Japan 2. GDP growth and per capita income 3. Industrial sectors and exports 4. Challenges and future prospects 5. Economic history and development periods

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History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) - wikipedia History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Settlement of Australia '' redirects here . For the initial settlement of Australia by indigenous Australians , see History of Australian Aboriginals § Origins . Part of a series on the History of Australia Chronological Prehistory Exploration by sea Land exploration 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 1945 -- present Timeline By topic Constitution Diplomacy Economy Federation Immigration Indigenous people Military Monarchy Rail transport By region State / Territory Capital ACT Canberra New South Wales Sydney Northern Territory Darwin Queensland Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Tasmania Hobart Victoria Melbourne Western Australia Perth Australia portal The history of Australia from 1788 -- 1850 covers the early colonial period of Australia 's history , from the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney , New South Wales , who established the penal colony , the scientific exploration of the continent and later , establishment of other Australian colonies and the beginnings of representative democratic government . European colonisation would have a devastating effect on the pre-existing population of Indigenous Australians , and debate continues in the 21st century as to whether the colonisation process represented settlement , invasion , or a mixture of both . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonisation 1.1 Convicts and free settlers 2 Exploration 3 Growth of free settlement 3.1 Timeline 4 Economy and trade 5 Religion , education , and culture 6 Aboriginal resistance 7 Representations in literature and film 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Colonisation ( edit ) See also : Convicts in Australia The continent of Australia ( then known as New Holland ) in a 1796 map , which was incorporated within Asia or the ' Eastern world ' . It is commonly reported that the colonisation of Australia was driven by the need to address overcrowding in the British prison system , and the fact of the British losing the United States of America from the American Revolution ; however , it was simply not economically viable to transport convicts halfway around the world for this reason alone . Many convicts were either skilled tradesmen or farmers who had been convicted for trivial crimes and were sentenced to seven years , the time required to set up the infrastructure for the new colony . Convicts were often given pardons prior to or on completion of their sentences and were allocated parcels of land to farm . Sir Joseph Banks , the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 voyage , recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site . Banks accepted an offer of assistance made by the American Loyalist James Matra in July 1783 . Matra had visited Botany Bay with Banks in 1770 as a junior officer on the Endeavour commanded by James Cook . Under Banks 's guidance , he rapidly produced `` A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales '' ( 24 August 1783 ) , with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American Loyalists , Chinese and South Sea Islanders ( but not convicts ) . Following an interview with Secretary of State Lord Sydney in March 1784 , Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers . Matra 's plan can be seen to have `` provided the original blueprint for settlement in New South Wales '' . A cabinet memorandum December 1784 shows the Government had Matra 's plan in mind when considering the creation of a settlement in New South Wales . The London Chronicle of 12 October 1786 said : `` Mr. Matra , an Officer of the Treasury , who , sailing with Capt . Cook , had an opportunity of visiting Botany Bay , is the Gentleman who suggested the plan to Government of transporting convicts to that island '' . The Government also incorporated into the colonisation plan the project for settling Norfolk Island , with its attractions of timber and flax , proposed by Banks 's Royal Society colleagues , Sir John Call and Sir George Young . On 13 May 1787 , the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1530 people ( 736 convicts , 17 convicts ' children , 211 marines , 27 marines ' wives , 14 marines ' children and about 300 officers and others ) under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip set sail for Botany Bay . The Fleet of 11 vessels consisted of over a thousand settlers , including 778 convicts ( 192 women and 586 men ) . A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 . This date later became Australia 's national day , Australia Day . The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney . Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour , which Philip famously described as : `` being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World ( ... ) Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security . '' Phillip named the settlement after the Home Secretary , Thomas Townshend , 1st Baron Sydney ( Viscount Sydney from 1789 ) . The only people at the flag raising ceremony and the formal taking of possession of the land in the name of King George III were Phillip and a few dozen marines and officers from the Supply , the rest of the ship 's company and the convicts witnessing it from on board ship . The remaining ships of the Fleet were unable to leave Botany Bay until later on 26 January because of a tremendous gale . The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February . A map of Sydney from 1789 On 24 January 1788 a French expedition of two ships led by Admiral Jean - François de La Pérouse had arrived off Botany Bay , on the latest leg of a three - year voyage that had taken them from Brest , around Cape Horn , up the coast from Chile to California , north - west to Kamchatka , south - east to Easter Island , north - west to Macao , and on to the Philippines , the Friendly Isles , Hawaii and Norfolk Island . Though amicably received , the French expedition was a troublesome matter for the British , as it showed the interest of France in the new land . Nevertheless , on 2 February Lieutenant King , at Phillip 's request , paid a courtesy call on the French and offered them any assistance they may need . The French made the same offer to the British , as they were much better provisioned than the British and had enough supplies to last three years . Neither of these offers was accepted . On 10 March the French expedition , having taken on water and wood , left Botany Bay , never to be seen again . Phillip and La Pérouse never met . La Pérouse is remembered in a Sydney suburb of that name . Various other French geographical names along the Australian coast also date from this expedition . Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony . Phillip 's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony . Phillip and several of his officers -- most notably Watkin Tench -- left behind journals and accounts of which tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement . Often Phillip 's officers despaired for the future of New South Wales . Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were few and far between . Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney -- many `` professional criminals '' with few of the skills required for the establishment of a colony . Many new arrivals were also sick or unfit for work and the conditions of healthy convicts only deteriorated with hard labour and poor sustenance in the settlement . The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the Second Fleet which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its `` passengers '' through sickness , while the condition of the convicts of the Third Fleet appalled Phillip . From 1791 however , the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies . In 1792 , two French ships , La Recherche and L'Espérance anchored in a harbour near Tasmania 's southernmost point they called Recherche Bay . This was at a time when Britain and France were trying to be the first to discover and colonise Australia . The expedition carried scientists and cartographers , gardeners , artists and hydrographers who , variously , planted , identified , mapped , marked , recorded and documented the environment and the people of the new lands that they encountered at the behest of the fledgling Société D'Histoire Naturelle . White settlement began with a consignment of English convicts , guarded by a detachment of the Royal Marines , a number of whom subsequently stayed in the colony as settlers . Their view of the colony and their place in it was eloquently stated by Captain David Collins : `` From the disposition to crimes and the incorrigible character of the major part of the colonists , an odium was , from the first , illiberally thrown upon the settlement ; and the word `` Botany Bay '' became a term of reproach that was indiscriminately cast upon every one who resided in New South Wales . But let the reproach light upon those who have used it as such ... if the honour of having deserved well of one 's country be attainable by sacrificing good name , domestic comforts , and dearest connections in her service , the officers of this settlement have justly merited that distinction `` . Convicts and free settlers ( edit ) When the Bellona transport came to anchor in Sydney Cove on 16 January 1793 , she brought with her the first immigrant free settlers . They were : Thomas Rose , a farmer from Dorset , his wife and four children ; he was allowed a grant of 120 acres ; Frederic Meredith , who had formerly been at Sydney with HMS Sirius ; Thomas Webb ( who had also been formerly at Sydney with the Sirius ) , his wife , and his nephew , Joseph Webb ; Edward Powell , who had formerly been at Sydney with the Juliana transport , and who married a free woman after his arrival . Thomas Webb and Edward Powell each received a grant of 80 acres ; and Joseph Webb and Frederic Meredith received 60 acres each . The conditions they had come out under were that they should be provided with a free passage , be furnished with agricultural tools and implements by the Government , have two years ' provisions , and have grants of land free of expense . They were likewise to have the labour of a certain number of convicts , who were also to be provided with two years ' rations and one year 's clothing from the public stores . The land assigned to them was some miles to the westward of Sydney , at a place named by the settlers , `` Liberty Plains '' . It is now the area covered mainly by the suburbs of Strathfield and Homebush . One in three convicts transported after 1798 was Irish , about a fifth of whom were transported in connection with the political and agrarian disturbances common in Ireland at the time . While the settlers were reasonably well - equipped , little consideration had been given to the skills required to make the colony self - supporting -- few of the first wave convicts had farming or trade experience ( nor the soldiers ) , and the lack of understanding of Australia 's seasonal patterns saw initial attempts at farming fail , leaving only what animals and birds the soldiers were able to shoot . The colony nearly starved , and Phillip was forced to send a ship to Batavia ( Jakarta ) for supplies . Some relief arrived with the Second Fleet in 1790 , but life was extremely hard for the first few years of the colony . A historical map of Australia and New Zealand 1788 -- 1911 Convicts were usually sentenced to seven or fourteen years ' penal servitude , or `` for the term of their natural lives '' . Often these sentences had been commuted from the death sentence , which was technically the punishment for a wide variety of crimes . Upon arrival in a penal colony , convicts would be assigned to various kinds of work . Those with trades were given tasks to fit their skills ( stonemasons , for example , were in very high demand ) while the unskilled were assigned to work gangs to build roads and do other such tasks . Female convicts were usually assigned as domestic servants to the free settlers , many being forced into prostitution . Where possible , convicts were assigned to free settlers who would be responsible for feeding and disciplining them ; in return for this , the settlers were granted land . This system reduced the workload on the central administration . Those convicts who were n't assigned to settlers were housed at barracks such as the Hyde Park Barracks or the Parramatta female factory . Convict discipline was harsh , convicts who would not work or who disobeyed orders were punished by flogging , being put in stricter confinement ( e.g. leg - irons ) , or being transported to a stricter penal colony . The penal colonies at Port Arthur and Moreton Bay , for instance , were stricter than the one at Sydney , and the one at Norfolk Island was strictest of all . Convicts were assigned to work gangs to build roads , buildings , and the like . Female convicts , who made up 20 % of the convict population , were usually assigned as domestic help to soldiers . Those convicts who behaved were eventually issued with ticket of leave , which allowed them a certain degree of freedom . Those who saw out their full sentences or were granted a pardon usually remained in Australia as free settlers , and were able to take on convict servants themselves . In 1789 former convict James Ruse produced the first successful wheat harvest in NSW . He repeated this success in 1790 and , because of the pressing need for food production in the colony , was rewarded by Governor Phillip with the first land grant made in New South Wales . Ruse 's 30 acre grant at Rose Hill , near Parramatta , was aptly named ' Experiment Farm ' . This was the colony 's first successful farming enterprise , and Ruse was soon joined by others . The colony began to grow enough food to support itself , and the standard of living for the residents gradually improved . The Vinegar Hill convict rebellion of 1804 In 1804 the Vinegar Hill convict rebellion was led by around 200 escaped , mostly Irish convicts , although it was broken up quickly by the New South Wales Corps . On 26 January 1808 , there was a military rebellion against Governor Bligh led by John Macarthur . Following this , Governor Lachlan Macquarie was given a mandate to restore government and discipline in the colony . When he arrived in 1810 , he forcibly deported the NSW Corps and brought the 73rd regiment to replace them . 13 May 1787 -- The 11 ships of the First Fleet leave Portsmouth under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip . Different accounts give varying numbers of passengers but the fleet consisted of at least 1,350 persons of whom 780 were convicts and 570 were free men , women and children and the number included four companies of marines . About 20 % of the convicts were women and the oldest convict was 82 . About 50 % of the convicts had been tried in Middlesex and most of the rest were tried in the county assizes of Devon , Kent and Sussex 18 January 1788 -- The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay but the landing party was not impressed with the site , and moved the fleet to Port Jackson , landing in Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 ( now celebrated as Australia Day ) April 1789 -- A suspicious outbreak of smallpox decimates local tribes . Research by Michael J Bennett published in 2009 , corroborated independently by Christopher Warren in 2013 , demonstrates this outbreak was most likely deliberate . 1790 -- the Second Fleet of convicts arrives in Sydney Cove . 1791 -- Third Fleet of convicts arrives 1793 -- January : the first free settlers arrive in NSW . 1793 -- March -- April : visit of the expedition led by Alessandro Malaspina . 1825 - May : Founding of Brisbane 14 June 1825 -- the colony of Van Diemen 's Land is established in its own right ; its name is officially changed to Tasmania on 1 January 1856 . The first settlement was made at Risdon , Tasmania on 11 September 1803 when Lieut John Bowen landed with about 50 settlers , crew , soldiers and convicts . The site proved unsuitable and was abandoned in August 1804 . Lieut - Col David Collins finally established a successful settlement at Hobart in February 1804 with a party of about 260 people , including 178 convicts . ( Collins had previously attempted a settlement in Victoria . ) Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812 to 1853 and over the 50 years from 1803 -- 1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania . About 14,492 were Irish but many of them had been sentenced in English and Scottish courts . Some were also tried locally in other Australian colonies . The Indefatigable brought the first convicts direct from England on 19 October 1812 and by 1820 there were about 2,500 convicts in the colony . By the end of 1833 the number had increased to 14,900 convicts of whom 1864 were females . About 1,448 held ticket of leave , 6,573 were assigned to settlers and 275 were recorded as `` absconded or missing '' . In 1835 there were over 800 convicts working in chain - gangs at the penal station at Port Arthur which operated from 1830 to 1877 . Convicts were transferred to Van Diemen 's Land from Sydney and , in later years , from 1841 to 1847 , from Melbourne . Between 1826 and 1840 , there were at least 19 ship loads of convicts sent from Van Diemen 's Land to Norfolk Island and at other times they were sent from Norfolk Island to Van Diemen 's Land . 21 January 1827 -- Western Australia was established when a small British settlement was established at King George 's Sound ( Albany ) by Major Edmund Lockyer who was to provide a deterrent to the French presence in the area . On 18 June 1829 the new Swan River Colony was officially proclaimed with Captain James Stirling as the first Governor . Except for the settlement at King George 's Sound , the colony was never really a part of NSW . King George 's Sound was handed over in 1831 . In 1849 the colony was proclaimed a British penal settlement and the first convicts arrived in 1850 . Rottnest Island , off the coast of Perth , became the colony 's convict settlement in 1838 and was used for local colonial offenders . Around 9,720 British convicts were sent directly to the colony in 43 ships between 1850 and 1868 . The convicts were sought by local settlers because of the shortage of labour needed to develop the region . On 9 January 1868 , Australia 's last convict ship , the Hougoumont brought its final cargo of 269 convicts . Convicts sent to Western Australia were sentenced to terms of 6 , 7 , 10 , 14 and 15 years and some reports suggest that their literacy rate was around 75 % as opposed to 50 % for those sent to NSW and Tasmania . About a third of the convicts left the Swan River Colony after serving their time . 1835 -- the Proclamation of Governor Bourke , issued by the Colonial Office and sent to the Governor with Despatch 99 of 10 October 1835 , implements the doctrine of terra nullius upon which British settlement was based . Reinforcing the British assertion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it , it effectively quashes pre-existing treaties with Aboriginal peoples ( e.g. that signed by John Batman ) . Its publication in the Colony means that from then on , all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers . Aboriginal people therefore could not sell or assign the land , nor could an individual person acquire it , other than through distribution by the Crown . 28 December 1836 -- the British province of South Australia was established . In 1842 it became a crown colony and on 22 July 1861 its area was extended westwards to its present boundary and more area was taken from New South Wales . South Australia was never a British convict colony and between 1836 -- 1840 about 13,400 immigrants arrived in the area . 24,900 more arrived between 1841 -- 1850 . Some escaped convicts did settle in the area and no doubt a number of ex-convicts moved there from other colonies . On 4 January 1837 Governor Hindmarsh proclaimed that any offenders convicted in South Australia , and being under sentence of transportation , were to be transported to either New South Wales or Van Diemens Land , by the first opportunity . 1841 -- New Zealand is separated from New South Wales 1851 -- Victoria is separated from New South Wales ( formerly known as the Port Phillip District of NSW ) . Apart from castaways and runaway convicts in the 1790s , the first attempt at settlement was made on 13 October 1803 by Lieut . David Collins and his party of soldiers and convicts . Harsh conditions convinced him to abandon the settlement in January 1804 . He moved on to Tasmania and it was not until the Henty brothers landed in Portland Bay on 19 November 1834 and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne that the Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned on 10 April 1837 . The first immigrant ships arrived at Port Phillip in 1839 . Apart from those involved in early attempts at settlement in 1803 and 1826 , the only convicts sent directly to Victoria from Britain were about 1,750 convicts known as the `` Exiles '' and they arrived between 1844 -- 1849 . They were sometimes called the `` Pentonvillians '' because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison in England . Many ex-convicts and convicts on Tickets of Leave and Conditional Pardons also moved to Port Phillip from Van Diemen 's Land . 10 December 1859 -- Queensland is separated from New South Wales . In 1824 the explorer Lieut . John Oxley took a party of 30 convicts and established a penal colony at Redcliffe . Known as the Moreton Bay Settlement , this later moved to the site now called Brisbane . The name Brisbane Town was in use by 1825 and the main inhabitants in the area were the convicts of the Moreton Bay Penal Station until it was closed in 1839 . Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement between 1824 -- 1839 and at the end of 1836 the convict population numbered 337 . The first free settlers moved to the district in 1838 and others followed in 1840 . 23 December 1862 -- the area of Queensland is increased . 1863 -- control of the Northern Territory is granted to the Province ( later State ) of South Australia . In 1825 the area occupied today by Northern Territory was incorporated into the colony of New South Wales . It was first settled by Europeans in 1824 at Fort Dundas , Port Essington . Its capital city , Darwin was established in 1869 and was originally known as Palmerston . On 1 January 1911 , the Northern Territory as we know it today was separated from South Australia and became part of the Commonwealth of Australia . 1 January 1901 -- the Federation of Australian States to form the Commonwealth of Australia . 1911 -- The ACT is established . Exploration ( edit ) Main article : European exploration of Australia Matthew Flinders led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801 -- 2 . In October 1795 George Bass and Matthew Flinders , accompanied by William Martin sailed the boat Tom Thumb out of Port Jackson to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River further upstream than had been done previously by the colonists . Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks ' Town . In March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat , which they also called the Tom Thumb . During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra , which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon . They discovered and explored Port Hacking . In 1798 -- 99 , Bass and Flinders set out in a sloop and circumnavigated Tasmania , thus proving it to be an island . Aboriginal guides and assistance in the European exploration of the colony were common and often vital to the success of missions . In 1801 -- 02 Matthew Flinders in The Investigator lead the first circumnavigation of Australia . Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree , of the Sydney district , who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent . Previously , the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe , when , in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III . In 1813 , Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains , west of Sydney , by following the ridges instead of looking for a route through the valleys . At Mount Blaxland they looked out over `` enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years '' , and expansion of the British settlement into the interior could begin . In 1824 the Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane , commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony , and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales 's western rivers flowed . Over 16 weeks in 1824 -- 25 , Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back . They made many important discoveries including the Murray River ( which they named the Hume ) , many of its tributaries , and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning , New South Wales and Corio Bay , Victoria . Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River . A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea . Leading a second expedition in 1829 , Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , the Murray River , which he named after Sir George Murray , secretary of state for the colonies . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River , facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way . Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey . Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to ' fill in the gaps ' left by these previous expeditions . He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony , for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles . The Polish scientist / explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia 's highest peak , which he named Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko . Growth of free settlement ( edit ) Australian colonies in 1846 Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision - making process , but the first European - style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors -- although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The Second Fleet in 1790 brought to Sydney two men who were to play important roles in the colony 's future . One was D'Arcy Wentworth , whose son , William Charles , went on to be an explorer , to found Australia 's first newspaper and to become a leader of the movement to abolish convict transportation and establish representative government . The other was John Macarthur , a Scottish army officer and founder of the Australian wool industry , which laid the foundations of Australia 's future prosperity . Macarthur was a turbulent element : in 1808 he was one of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion against the governor , William Bligh . From about 1815 the colony , under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie , began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived and new lands were opened up for farming . Despite the long and arduous sea voyage , settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free Crown land . From the late 1820s settlement was only authorised in the limits of location , known as the Nineteen Counties . Many settlers occupied land without authority and beyond these authorised settlement limits : they were known as squatters and became the basis of a powerful landowning class . As a result of opposition from the labouring and artisan classes , transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840 , although it continued in the smaller colonies of Van Diemen 's Land ( first settled in 1803 , later renamed Tasmania ) and Moreton Bay ( founded 1824 , and later renamed Queensland ) for a few years more . The Swan River Settlement ( as Western Australia was originally known ) , centred on Perth , was founded in 1829 . The colony suffered from a long - term shortage of labour , and by 1850 local capitalists had succeeded in persuading London to send convicts . ( Transportation did not end until 1868 . ) New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a separate colony . The first governments established after 1788 were autocratic and each colony was governed by a British Governor , appointed by the British monarch . There was considerable unhappiness with the way some of the colonies were run . In most cases the administration of the early colonies was carried out by the British military . The New South Wales Corps , which was in charge of New South Wales , became known as the `` Rum Corps '' , due to its stranglehold on the distribution of rum , which was used as a makeshift currency at the time . In New South Wales this led to the `` Rum Rebellion '' . Although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The oldest legislative body in Australia , the New South Wales Legislative Council , was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales . William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association ( Australia 's first political party ) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales . The reformist attorney general , John Plunkett , sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony , pursuing the establishment of equality before the law , first by extending jury rights to emancipists , then by extending legal protections to convicts , assigned servants and Aborigines . Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder , resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans , Catholics , Presbyterians and later Methodists . In 1840 , the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established . Men who possessed 1000 pounds worth of property were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections . Australia 's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843 , again with voting rights ( for males only ) tied to property ownership or financial capacity . Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . By the mid-19th century , there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia , later fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe , the United States and the British Empire . The end of convict transportation accelerated reform in the 1840s and 1850s . The Australian Colonies Government Act ( 1850 ) was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments -- though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic `` interests '' and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state . Timeline ( edit ) 1788 -- New South Wales , according to Arthur Phillip 's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787 , includes `` all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean '' and running westward to the 135th meridian east . These islands included the current islands of New Zealand , which was administered as part of New South Wales . 1824 - Brisbane is founded 1825 -- New South Wales 's western border is extended to 129 ° E. In the same year , Van Diemen 's Land is proclaimed . 1829 -- Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain . 1832 -- Swan River Colony has its name changed to Western Australia . 1836 -- South Australia is proclaimed with its western border at 132 ° E . 1840 -- New Zealand is proclaimed . 1846 -- The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February . This was all of New South Wales north of 26 ° S. Although revoked in December 1846 , the colony did formally exist . Economy and trade ( edit ) Ships importing resources from India played a vital role in establishing Sydney . The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival . The official currency of the colonies was the British pound , but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was rum . During this period Australian businessmen began to prosper . For example , the partnership of Berry and Wollstonecraft made enormous profits by means of land grants , convict labour , and exporting native cedar back to England . Religion , education , and culture ( edit ) Lithograph of St James ' Church , Sydney c. 1836 by Robert Russell . The church , designed by Francis Greenway , still stands . Since time immemorial in Australia , indigenous people had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religion of the Dreamtime . The permanent presence of Christianity in Australia however , came with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788 . As a British colony , the predominant Christian denomination was the Church of England , but one - tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic , and at least half of them were born in Ireland . A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic . Some of the Irish convicts had been Transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland , so the authorities were suspicious of the minority religion for the first three decades of settlement . It was therefore the crew of the French explorer La Pérouse who conducted the first Catholic ceremony on Australian soil in 1788 -- the burial of Father Louis Receveur , a Franciscan monk , who died while the ships were at anchor at Botany Bay , while on a mission to explore the Pacific . In early colonial times , Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors . Richard Johnson , Anglican chaplain to the First Fleet , was charged by the governor , Arthur Phillip , with improving `` public morality '' in the colony , but he was also heavily involved in health and education . The Reverend Samuel Marsden ( 1765 -- 1838 ) had magisterial duties , and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts . He became known as the ' floging parson ' for the severity of his punishments Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant . The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 -- James Harold , James Dixon , and Peter O'Neill , who had been convicted for ' complicity ' in the Irish 1798 Rebellion . Fr Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass . On 15 May 1803 , in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin he conducted the first Catholic Mass in New South Wales . The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and Dixon 's permission to celebrate Mass was revoked . Fr Jeremiah Flynn , an Irish Cistercian , was appointed as Prefect Apostolic of New Holland , and set out from Britain for the colony , uninvited . Watched by authorities , Flynn secretly performed priestly duties before being arrested and deported to London . Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the Colony in 1820 -- John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly . The foundation stone for the first St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire . The government therefore endorsed the English Benedictines to lead the early Church in the Colony . The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836 . Drafted by the reformist attorney - general John Plunkett , the Act established legal equality for Anglicans , Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists . Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system , publishing a pamphlet , The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People , in Britain in 1837 . Laywoman Caroline Chisolm did ecumenical work to alleviate the suffering of female migrants . Watkin Tench , captain of the marines on the First Fleet and author of seminal works of Australian literature . Initially , education was informal , primarily occurring in the home . At the instigation of the then British Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington , and with the patronage of King William IV , Australia 's oldest surviving independent school , The King 's School , Parramatta , was founded in 1831 as part of an effort to establish grammar schools in the colony . By 1833 , there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies . Today one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . Sydney 's first Catholic Bishop , John Bede Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838 to set about pastoral care of convict women and work in schools and hospitals before going on to found their own schools and hospitals . At Polding 's request , the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools . Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill , in South Australia in 1848 , the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia , Victoria , Queensland and the Northern Territory -- where they established schools and missions . Some Australian folksongs date to this period . Among the first true works of Australian literature produced over this period was the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench , a captain of the marines on the First Fleet to arrive in 1788 . In 1819 , poet , explorer , journalist and politician William Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian : A Statistical , Historical , and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen 's Land , With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America , in which he advocated an elected assembly for New South Wales , trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts . In 1838 The Guardian : a tale by Anna Maria Bunn was published in Sydney . It was the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first Australian novel written by a woman . It is a Gothic romance . European traditions of Australian theatre also came with the First Fleet , with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts : The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar . Two centuries later , the extraordinary circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in Our Country 's Good by Timberlake Wertenbaker : the participants were prisoners watched by sadistic guards and the leading lady was under threat of the death penalty . The play is based on Thomas Keneally 's novel The Playmaker . The Theatre Royal , Hobart , opened in 1837 and it remains the oldest theatre in Australia . The Melbourne Athenaeum is one of the oldest public institutions in Australia , founded in 1839 and it served as library , school of arts and dance hall ( and later became Australia 's first cinema , screening The Story of the Kelly Gang , the world 's first feature film in 1906 ) . The Queen 's Theatre , Adelaide opened with Shakespeare in 1841 and is today the oldest theatre on the mainland . Aboriginal resistance ( edit ) See also : Australian Frontier Wars and History of Indigenous Australians Aboriginal reactions to the sudden arrival of British settlers were varied , but often hostile when the presence of the colonisers led to competition over resources , and to the occupation by the British of Aboriginal lands . European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations , and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources led to starvation . By contrast with New Zealand , where the Treaty of Waitangi was seen to legitimise British settlement , no treaty was signed with Aborigines , who never authorised British colonisation . According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey , in Australia during the colonial period : `` In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings . Even worse , smallpox , measles , influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally , demoralisation '' . Since the 1980s , the use of the word `` invasion '' to describe the British colonisation of Australia has been highly controversial . According to Australian Henry Reynolds however , government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as `` invasion '' and `` warfare '' to describe their presence and relations with Indigenous Australians . In his book The Other Side of the Frontier , Reynolds described in detail armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments by means of guerilla warfare , beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth . Statue of Yagan on Heirisson Island In the early years of colonisation , David Collins , the senior legal officer in the Sydney settlement , wrote of local Aborigines : While they entertain the idea of our having dispossessed them of their residences , they must always consider us as enemies ; and upon this principle they ( have ) made a point of attacking the white people whenever opportunity and safety concurred . In 1847 , Western Australian barrister E.W. Landor stated : `` We have seized upon the country , and shot down the inhabitants , until the survivors have found it expedient to submit to our rule . We have acted as Julius Caesar did when he took possession of Britain . '' In most cases , Reynolds says , Aborigines initially resisted British presence . In a letter to the Launceston Advertiser in 1831 , a settler wrote : We are at war with them : they look upon us as enemies -- as invaders -- as oppressors and persecutors -- they resist our invasion . They have never been subdued , therefore they are not rebellious subjects , but an injured nation , defending in their own way , their rightful possessions which have been torn from them by force . Reynolds quotes numerous writings by settlers who , in the first half of the nineteenth century , described themselves as living in fear and even in terror due to attacks by Aborigines determined to kill them or drive them off their lands . He argues that Aboriginal resistance was , in some cases at least , temporarily effective ; the Aboriginal killings of men , sheep and cattle , and burning of white homes and crops , drove some settlers to ruin . Aboriginal resistance continued well beyond the middle of the nineteenth century , and in 1881 the editor of The Queenslander wrote : During the last four or five years the human life and property destroyed by the aborigines in the North total up to a serious amount . ( ... ) ( S ) ettlement on the land , and the development of the mineral and other resources on the country , have been in a great degree prohibited by the hostility of the blacks , which still continues with undiminished spirit . Reynolds argues that continuous Aboriginal resistance for well over a century belies the `` myth '' of peaceful settlement in Australia . Settlers in turn often reacted to Aboriginal resistance with great violence , resulting in numerous indiscriminate massacres by whites of Aboriginal men , women and children . Among the most famous massacres of the early nineteenth century were the Pinjarra massacre and the Myall Creek massacre . Famous Aborigines who resisted British colonisation in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include Pemulwuy and Yagan . In Tasmania , the `` Black War '' was fought in the first half of the nineteenth century . Representations in literature and film ( edit ) Marcus Clarke 's 1874 novel , For the Term of his Natural Life , and the 1983 television adaptation of the novel . Eleanor Dark 's 1947 Timeless Land trilogy , which spans the colonisation from 1788 -- 1811 . The 1980s television drama , The Timeless Land , was based on this trilogy . D. Manning Richards . Destiny in Sydney : An epic novel of convicts , Aborigines , and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney , Australia . First book in Sydney series . Washington DC : Aries Books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9845410 - 0 - 3 See also ( edit ) Europeans in Oceania European Australian Journals of the First Fleet History of Australia : History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lepailleur , François - Maurice . 1980 . Land of a Thousand Sorrows . The Australian Prison Journal 1840 -- 1842 , of the Exiled Canadien Patriote , François - Maurice Lepailleur . Trans . and edited by F. Murray Greenwood . University of British Columbia Press , Vancouver . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0123 - 9 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2001 . Voyage to Australia and the Pacific 1791 -- 1793 . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84932 - 6 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2003 . Citizen Labillardière -- A Naturalist 's Life in Revolution and Exploration . The Miegunyah Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85010 - 3 . Horner , Frank . 1995 . Looking for La Pérouse . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84451 - 0 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example the UK Act New South Wales Judicature Act 1823 made specific provision for administration of justice of New Zealand by the New South Wales Courts ; stating `` And be it further enacted that the said supreme courts in New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land respectively shall and may inquire of hear and determine all treasons piracies felonies robberies murders conspiracies and other offences of what nature or kind soever committed or that shall be committed upon the sea or in any haven river creek or place where the admiral or admirals have power authority or jurisdiction or committed or that shall be committed in the islands of New Zealand '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan Frost , `` A Fit of Absence of Mind ? The decision to colonise Botany Bay , 1779 -- 1786 '' , Botany Bay Mirages : Illusions of Convict Beginnings , Melbourne University Press , 1994 , pp. 98 -- 109 . Jump up ^ John Gascoigne , Science in the Service of Empire : Joseph Banks , the British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution , Melbourne , Cambridge University Press , 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Harold B. Carter , `` Banks , Cook and the Century Natural History Tradition '' , in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge ( eds . ) , Interpreting Australia : British Perceptions of Australia since 1788 , London , Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies , 1988 , pp. 4 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Matra to Fox , 2 April 1784 . British Library , Add . Ms 47568 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Atkinson , `` The first plans for governing New South Wales , 1786 -- 87 '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 24 , no. 94 , April 1990 , pp. 22 -- 40 , p. 31. , dated and photoduplicated in Alan Frost , `` Historians , Handling Documents , Transgressions and Transportable Offences '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 25 , no. 98 , Oct. 1992 , pp. 192 -- 213 , pp. 208 -- 9 . Jump up ^ ' Memo. of matters to be brought before Cabinet ' , State Library of New South Wales , Dixon Library Add . MS Q522 Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Norfolk Island : Phantasy and Reality , 1770 -- 1814 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 25 , no. 2 , 2003 , pp. 20 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Alan Frost , The First Fleet : The Real Story , Melbourne , Black Inc. , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horne , Donald ( 1972 ) . The Australian People : Biography of a Nation . Sydney , NSW : Angus and Robertson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 207 - 12496 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rosalind Miles ( 2001 ) Who Cooked the Last Supper : The Women 's History of the World Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80695 - 5 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter Hill ( 2008 ) p. 141 - 150 Jump up ^ Arthur Phillip State Library of New South Wales , p. 1 / 4 p. 2 / 4 p. 3 / 4 p. 4 / 4 . Sl.nsw.gov.au ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 16 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Hill , 1788 : The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` The Territorial Boundaries of New South Wales in 1788 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 3 , no. 2 , 1981 , pp. 70 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` What brought Lapérouse to Botany Bay ? '' , Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society , vol. 85 , pt. 2 , December 1999 , pp. 140 -- 147 . At : www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-russia/1659966-1.html Jump up ^ Biography -- Arthur Phillip -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ David Collins , An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales , London , Vol. I , 1798 , p. 502 Jump up ^ Anne Summers ( 1975 ) . Damned Whores and God 's Police . Ringwood , Victoria . pp. 270 -- 274 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021832 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` First Farms '' . Discover Collections . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett Michael J ( 2009 ) . `` Smallpox and Cowpox Under the Southern Cross : The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 and the Advent of Vaccination in Colonial Australia '' . Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 83 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 62 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 0.0167 . Jump up ^ Warren Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` Smallpox at Sydney Cove -- Who , When , Why '' . Journal of Australian Studies . doi : 10.1080 / 14443058.2013. 849750 . Jump up ^ Governor Bourke 's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius Australia 's migration history timeline NSW Migration Heritage Centre . Migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31749645 SA Colonial Gazette and Register Jump up ^ Timeline source Jump up ^ Scott , Ernest ( 1914 ) . The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders , RN . Sydney : Angus & Robertson . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Flinders , Matthew . Narrative of expeditions along the coast of New South Wales , for the further discovery of its harbours from the year 1795 to 1799 . ^ Jump up to : Biography -- George Bass -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Gregory Blaxland -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hume , Stuart H ... ( 17 August 1960 ) Biography -- Hamilton Hume -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Charles Sturt -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived 29 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Suttor , T.L. `` Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Australia 's major electoral developments Timeline : 1788 -- 1899 -- Australian Electoral Commission . Aec.gov.au ( 28 January 2011 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The Right to Vote in Australia -- Australian Electoral Commission . Aec.gov.au ( 28 January 2011 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( dfat.gov.au dfat.gov.au ) ^ Jump up to : The Catholic Community in Australia Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Catholic Australia . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( 1753 ? -- 1827 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 1765 -- 1838 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Catholic Encyclopedia : Australia . Newadvent.org . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- John Bede Polding -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Jump up ^ Biography -- William Bernard Ullathorne -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Welcome -- Brief history of The King 's School -- The King 's School Archived 18 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Kings.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 4102.0 -- Australian Social Trends , 2006 . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary -- sth.stvincents.com.au . Stvincents.com.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasluck , Alexandra ( 1967 ) . `` Yagan ( -- 1833 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Turcotte , Gerry ( 1998 ) . `` Australian Gothic '' ( PDF , 12 pages ) . Faculty of Arts -- Papers . University of Wollongong . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Our Country 's Good : The Recruiting Officer . Olioweb.me.uk . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 18 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Queen 's Theatre Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... History.sa.gov.au ( 1 July 2010 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey , A Very Short History of the World , Penguin Books , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300559 - 9 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Henry , The Other Side of the Frontier : Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 86840 - 892 - 1 Jump up ^ quoted in Reynolds ( 1999 ) , p. 165 Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 163 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 148 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , pp. 140 -- 141 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1999 ) , Chapter 9 : `` The Killing Times '' , pp. 117 -- 133 Bibliography ( edit ) Reynolds , Henry ( 1999 ) . Why Were n't We Told ? . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027842 - 7 . 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1. Early colonial period of Australia 2. Arrival of the First Fleet 3. Penal colony and convict settlement 4. Indigenous Australians and the impact of colonization 5. Exploration and establishment of other Australian colonies

where did the name snickers candy bar come from

Snickers - wikipedia Snickers This article is about the candy bar . For other uses , see Snickers ( disambiguation ) . Snickers <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Product type Confectionery Owner Mars , Incorporated Introduced 1930 Markets Worldwide Website www.snickers.com Snickers is a brand name chocolate bar made by the American company Mars , Incorporated . Consisting of nougat topped with caramel and peanuts , enrobed in milk chocolate , Snickers has annual global sales of $2 billion . In the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man , and Ireland , Snickers was sold under the brand name Marathon until 1990 . Snickers brand Marathon energy bars have since been sold in some markets . Contents 1 History 1.1 Snickers Duo 1.2 Australian recall 2 Caloric value 3 Bar weight 4 Products containing Snickers 5 Advertising 5.1 It 's So Satisfying 5.2 1984 Olympics 5.3 Not Going Anywhere For a While ? ( Hungry ? Grab a Snickers ! / Why Wait ? ) 5.4 Snickers Feast 5.5 Super Bowl XLI commercial 5.6 Mr. T 5.7 NASCAR 5.8 FIFA World Cup & UEFA Euro Sponsorship 5.9 You 're Not You When You 're Hungry 5.10 WrestleMania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In 1930 , Mars introduced Snickers , named after the favorite horse of the Mars family . The Snickers chocolate bar consists of nougat , peanuts , and caramel with a chocolate coating . The bar was marketed under the name `` Marathon '' in the UK and Ireland until 1990 , when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name ( Mars had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar named Marathon in the United States during the 1970s ) . There are also several other Snickers products such as Snickers mini , dark chocolate , ice cream bars , Snickers with almonds , Snickers with hazelnuts , Snickers peanut butter bars , Snickers protein and Snickers with Extra Caramel , as well as espresso , fiery , and sweet & salty versions . Snickers Duo ( edit ) A replacement for the king size Snickers bar was launched in the UK in 2004 and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation ( FDF ) `` Manifesto for Food and Health '' . Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious . Reducing portion size , clearer food labels , and reduction of the levels of fat , sugar , and salt were among the FDF pledges . Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king - size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars . A Mars spokesman said : `` Our king - size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or can be consumed on more than one occasion . The name king - size will be phased out . '' These were eventually replaced by the ' Duo ' , a double bar pack . Though this change to Duos reduced the weight from 3.5 to 3.29 ounces ( 99 to 93 g ) , the price remained the same . The packaging has step - by - step picture instructions of how to open a Duo into two bars , in four simple actions . As Mars stated fulfillment of their promise , the Duo format was met with criticism by the National Obesity Forum and National Consumer Council . Australian recall ( edit ) In December 2000 , tens of thousands of Snickers and Mars Bars were removed from New South Wales store shelves due to a series of threatening letters which resulted in fears that the chocolate bars had been poisoned . Mars received letters from an unidentified individual indicating that they planned to plant poisoned chocolate bars on store shelves . The last letter sent included a Snickers bar contaminated with a substance which was later identified as rat poison . The letters claimed that there were seven additional chocolate bars which had been tampered with and which were for sale to the public . As a precautionary measure , Mars issued a massive recall . Mars said that there had been no demand for money and complaints directed to an unidentified third party . Caloric value ( edit ) The USDA lists the caloric value of a 2 - ounce ( 57 gram ) Snickers bar as 280 kilocalories ( 1,200 kJ ) . As of 2018 , the United Kingdom bar has a weight of 48g , with 245 kcal , and the Canadian bar 52g with 250 kcal . Bar weight ( edit ) Over the years , the bar weight has decreased : Before 2009 , in the UK a single Snickers bar had a weight of 62.5 g . This weight was subsequently reduced to 58g in 2009 , and to 48g in 2013 . Products containing Snickers ( edit ) Containing approximately 450 calories ( 1,900 J ) per bar , deep fried chocolate bars ( including Snickers and Mars bars ) became a specialty in fish and chips shops in Scotland in 1995 , and in the early 2000s , became popular at American state fairs . In 2012 , the British Food Commission highlighted celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson 's `` Snickers pie '' , which contained five Snickers bars among other ingredients , suggesting it was one of the unhealthiest desserts ever ; one slice providing `` over 1,250 calories ( 5,200 kJ ) from sugar and fat alone '' , more than half a day 's requirement for an average adult . The pie had featured on his BBC Saturday programme some two years earlier and the chef described it as an occasional treat only . Advertising ( edit ) It 's so satisfying ( edit ) In 1980 , Snickers ran ads which featured a variety of everyday people discussing why they like Snickers . The ads featured a jingle that said `` It 's so satisfying '' and had the classic hand that would open and close showing a handful of peanuts converting to a Snickers bar . `` Packed with peanuts , Snickers really satisfies '' was shown in the commercials . 1984 Olympics ( edit ) Mars paid $5 million to have Snickers and M&M 's named the `` official snack '' of the 1984 Summer Olympics , outraging nutritionists . Sports promotions in international games continued to be a prominent marketing tool for Mars , that would keep Snickers as an international brand while also selling local bars in some markets . Not going anywhere for a while ? ( Hungry ? Grab a Snickers ! / why Wait ? ) ( edit ) Beginning in 1995 , Snickers ran ads which featured someone making a self - inflicted mistake , with the voice - over saying `` Not going anywhere for a while ? Grab a Snickers ! '' The tag line at the end of each ad proclaimed , `` Hungry ? Why Wait ? '' One such ad had a player for a fictional American football team showing off his new tattoo of the team 's logo on his back to his teammates . He then shows it to his head coach who , after complimenting the tattoo , immediately tells him that he 's been traded to Miami . The player then goes to have his old team 's logo replaced with the new team 's logo . Some of the ads were done in conjunction with the National Football League , with whom Snickers had a sponsorship deal at the time . One ad featured a member of the grounds crew at Arrowhead Stadium painting the field for an upcoming Kansas City Chiefs game in hot , late - summer weather . After finishing one of the end zones , and visibly exhausted , one of the Chiefs players walks up to him and says the field looks great , `` but who are the Chefs ? '' , showing that despite all the hard work the painter accidentally omitted the `` i '' in Chiefs . Another had Marv Levy in the Buffalo Bills locker room lecturing his team that `` no one 's going anywhere '' until the Bills figure out how to actually win a Super Bowl . Snickers feast ( edit ) In 2007 , Snickers launched a campaign which featured Henry the VIII and a Viking among others who attend the `` Snickers Feast '' . It consisted of various commercials of the gang and their adventures on the feast . Super Bowl XLI commercial ( edit ) On February 4 , 2007 , during Super Bowl XLI , Snickers commercials aired which resulted in complaints by gay and lesbian groups against the maker of the candy bar , Masterfoods USA of Hackettstown , New Jersey , a division of Mars , Incorporated . The commercial showed a pair of auto mechanics accidentally touching lips while sharing a Snickers bar . After quickly pulling away , one mechanic says , `` I think we just accidentally kissed . '' , and another mechanic exclaims , `` Quick ! Do something manly ! '' and in three of the four versions , they do so mostly in the form of injury , including tearing out chest hair , striking each other with a very large pipe wrench , and drinking motor oil and windshield washer fluid . In the fourth version , however , a third mechanic shows up and asks `` Is there room for three in this Love Boat ? '' Complaints were lodged against Masterfoods that the ads were homophobic . Human Rights Campaign president Joe Solmonese is quoted as saying `` This type of jeering from professional sports figures at the sight of two men kissing fuels the kind of anti-gay bullying that haunts countless gay and lesbian school children on playgrounds all across the country . '' Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) president Neil Giuliano said `` That Snickers , Mars and the NFL would promote and endorse this kind of prejudice is simply inexcusable . '' Masterfoods has since pulled the ads and the website . Mr. T ( edit ) In 2006 , Mr. T starred in a Snickers advert in the UK where he rides up in an army tank and shouts abuse at a football player who appears to be faking an injury , threatening to introduce him to his friend Pain . Another advert featured Mr. T launching bars at a swimmer who appeared to refuse to get in a swimming pool because of the cold temperature of the water . In 2008 , a European Snickers commercial in which Mr. T uses a Jeep - mounted Minigun to fire Snickers bars at a speedwalker for being a `` disgrace to the man race '' was pulled after complaints from a US pressure group that the advertisement was homophobic . These adverts usually ended with Mr. T saying `` Snickers : Get Some Nuts ! '' NASCAR ( edit ) In NASCAR racing , Snickers ( and the rest of the Mars affiliated brands ) sponsor Kyle Busch 's # 18 Toyota for Joe Gibbs Racing . Prior to that the brand served as a primary sponsor for Ricky Rudd 's # 88 Robert Yates Racing Ford as well as an associate sponsor for the team 's # 38 car driven first by Elliott Sadler and then by David Gilliland , and an associate sponsor for the MB2 Motorsports # 36 Pontiac driven by Derrike Cope , Ernie Irvan , Ken Schrader , and others . In 1990 , Bobby Hillin drove for Stavola Brothers Racing in the # 8 Snickers Buick , marking the candy 's first appearance as a sponsor ; it had since been driven by Rick Wilson and Dick Trickle . FIFA World Cup & UEFA euro sponsorship ( edit ) Snickers was the Official Sponsor of the FIFA World Cup from 1990 until 1998 editions and the UEFA European Championship from 1996 until 2000 . You 're Not You when You 're hungry ( edit ) In 2010 , a new advertising campaign was launched , based around people turning into different people ( usually celebrities ) when they 're hungry ( taking the new campaign 's name `` You 're Not You When You 're Hungry '' quite literally ) . In 2010 , Betty White and Abe Vigoda appeared in the first Snickers commercial in this campaign , playing American football . The commercial was ranked by ADBOWL as the best advertisement of the year . This commercial was also briefly spoofed in an episode of SportsNation on ESPN2 with Michelle Beadle playing the role instead of Betty White in 2011 . Later that year , Snickers commercials featured singers Aretha Franklin and Liza Minnelli , and comedians Richard Lewis and Roseanne Barr . A 2011 commercial featured actors Joe Pesci and Don Rickles . The tagline varied depending on the commercial 's location or what variety the commercial is showing . The UK version ( featuring men in a changing room turning into Joan Collins and Stephanie Beacham as a result of hunger ) retains Mr. T 's slogan . In Latin America , the slogan was the same as in the UK version , except that men doing extreme sports turning into the Mexican singer Anahí as a result of hunger . In 2013 , Robin Williams and Bobcat Goldthwait also appeared in a Snickers football commercial . In March 2014 , a commercial featuring Godzilla was released to promote the 2014 Godzilla film . In the commercial , Godzilla is shown hanging out with humans on the beach , riding dirt bikes , and water skiing ; he only begins rampaging once he 's hungry . After being fed a Snickers bar , he resumes having fun with the humans . In October 2014 , Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean returned on television by appearing on several UK Snickers commercials and cinema spots . In February 2015 , Snickers ' Super Bowl XLIX commercial featured a parody of a scene from an episode of The Brady Bunch entitled `` Subject Was Noses . '' In the commercial , Carol and Mike try to calm down a hungry and angry Danny Trejo . When the parents give Trejo a Snickers bar , he reverts into Marcia before an irate Jan ( played by Steve Buscemi ) rants upstairs and walks away . In 2016 , for Super Bowl 50 , another Snickers commercial was made , featuring Willem Dafoe ( as Marilyn Monroe ) and Eugene Levy , where `` Marilyn '' complains about filming the iconic `` subway grate '' scene in The Seven Year Itch . After being given a Snickers , Marilyn goes ahead with the scene , with Levy operating the fan below , commenting that the scene wo n't make the movie 's final cut , that nobody would want to see it . WrestleMania ( edit ) Snickers has been an official sponsor of WWE 's WrestleMania events , including WrestleMania 2000 , 22 , 32 , 33 and 34 , while its Cruncher variant sponsored WrestleMania X-Seven , XIX , XX and 21 . Since then , Snickers has sponsored superstars such as Enzo Amore and Big Cass with their signature term , SAWFT , which is labelled at the back of the chocolate bar . See also ( edit ) Curly Wurly Snickers salad Snickers pie List of chocolate bar brands List of candies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Mars : History '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers Candy Bar '' . Zeer.com . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( January 31 , 2005 ) . `` Women sweet on humorous Snickers ads '' . USAToday.com . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2005 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Marathon candy bar '' . Christian Science Monitor . March 18 , 1999 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2006 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snickers Marathon - Long Lasting Energy Bar , Snickers Marathon corporate website . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Archived June 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Mars '' . MARS Corporation . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( UPDATED ) Snickers ' Three New Flavors Are Now In Stores '' . Delish. 2018 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Food Facts & Trivia : Snickers Candy Bar '' . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Nic ( article author ) , Chocolate bars cut down to size , telegraph.co.uk . Article dated September 27 , 2004 , retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Quote is from Michael Jenkins ( external affairs director at Masterfoods , as parent company was then known ) . Jump up ^ h2g2 ( editors ) The Rise and Fall of ' King - Size ' Chocolate Bars ( UK ) , h2g2 at bbc.co.uk . Article retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Martin , `` Chocolate makers eat their words on king - size snacks '' , The Independent ( London ) . Article written January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mars , Snickers Recalled Due to Poison Threat '' , health.dailynewscentral.com . Article dated July 1 , 2004 . Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Candies , MARS SNACKFOOD US , SNICKERS Bar ( NDB No. 19155 ) '' . USDA Nutrient Database . USDA . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snickers 48g - Nutrition , marsnutrition.co.uk Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Becky ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Mars and Snickers reduce bar sizes but not prices '' . Marketing Magazine . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Agencies ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Mars and Snickers shrink but prices stay the same '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fat Festival ? Calories in Food at the Fair '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deep - fried Mars myth is dispelled '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Food - Recipes - Snickers pie '' . BBC . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity recipe ' most unhealthy ' '' . BBC News . February 5 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nutritionists soured by Olympic candy endorsement '' . UPI . December 6 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Richard Varey ( September 11 , 2002 ) . Marketing Communication : A Critical Introduction . Routledge . pp. 141 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 58159 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers Adverts And Commercials Archive CHEFS '' . AdvertoLog.com . March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Jordan ( June 30 , 1997 ) . `` THE MARKETING 100 : SNICKERS : SANTA CRUZ HUGHES '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Snickers Ad of Men Accidentally Kissing Pulled After Complaints From Gay Groups , FOX Business . Article retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl Controversy Archived February 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , FOX sports . Article retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thulasi Srikanthan ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` entertainment Snickers bicker feeds ad flap '' . Toronto : TheStar.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` Do n't give us none of that jibba jabba '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Ad FAIL by ESPN2 SportsNation 's Michelle Beadle '' . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anahí se transforma en `` Carlos '' para comercial de chocolate `` . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers TV Spot , ' Godzilla ' '' . ISpot.tv . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers TV Spot , ' Godzilla ' '' . ISpot.tv . October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Watch This Year 's Best Super Bowl Commercials '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Snickers . Look up Snickers in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website Snickers Latin America <Th_colspan="2"> Mars , Incorporated Mars family Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. Mars Forrest Mars Sr . Forrest Mars Jr . John Franklyn Mars Jacqueline Mars Victoria B. Mars Brands Chocolate 3 Musketeers A. Korkunov Balisto Bounty Celebrations Dove Ethel M Fling Flyte Kudos M - Azing M&M 's Maltesers Mars Milky Way Revels Snickers Topic Tracker Treets Twix Galaxy Galaxy Milk Chocolate Galaxy Caramel Galaxy Counters Galaxy Crispy Galaxy Hazelnut Galaxy Fruit & Nut Galaxy Minstrels Galaxy Ripple Galaxy Senzi Galaxy Amicelli Galaxy Bubbles Galaxy Jewels Galaxy Promises Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp Galaxy Cookie Crumble Galaxy Orange & Shortcake Other foods Combos Dolmio Masterfoods Munch Promite Seeds of Change Uncle Ben 's Drink CocoaVia FLAVIA Klix Wrigley gum and confections Chewing gum With sugar Alert Big Red Doublemint Juicy Fruit Wrigley 's Spearmint Winterfresh Sugarfree 5 Airwaves Eclipse Ice Excel Extra Freedent Orbit Surpass Bubblegum With sugar Alpine Big League Chew Bubble Tape Hubba Bubba Sugarfree Ouch ! Mint and candy Altoids Eclipse Life Savers Lockets Skittles Starburst Tunes Pet care Products ADVANCE Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Buckeye Nutrition Cesar Chappie Eukanuba Exelpet Greenies Iams James Wellbeloved Medi - Cal My Dog Natura Nutro Pedigree Pill Pockets Royal Canin Schmackos Seramis Sheba Spillers Teasers Techni - Cal Whiskas Winergy Wisdom Panel MX Mixed Breed DNA Test Services Banfield Pet Hospital VCA Animal Hospitals ( pending ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snickers&oldid=853461489 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1930 British confectionery Candy Candy bars Mars confectionery brands Peanuts Brand name confectionery Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from September 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 23 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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1. Snickers candy bar 2. Mars, Incorporated 3. Nougat, caramel, and peanuts 4. Advertising campaigns 5. Caloric value and bar weight

which tv personality was known as the voice of westminister

Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show - wikipedia Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all - breed conformation show that has been held in New York City annually since 1877 . Currently , the breed and Junior Showmanship competitions are held at Piers 92 and 94 , while the group and Best in Show competitions are held at Madison Square Garden . The number of entries is so large at nearly 3000 that two days are required for all dogs to be judged . The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States . Dogs are required to be on display in an assigned location ( bench ) during the entirety of the show except when being shown in the ring , groomed for showing , or taken outside to eliminate , so that spectators and breeders alike have an opportunity to see all the entered dogs . ( In the more common unbenched shows , dogs are required to be present only at assigned ring times . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Controversy 3 Announcers 3.1 Show announcers 3.2 Television 4 Requirements for entry 5 Winning breeds 5.1 List of show winners and breeds 6 Popular culture 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Additional sources 9 External links History ( edit ) The Westminster Kennel Club was formed in 1877 . The Westminster show was first held on May 8 , 1877 , making it the second - longest continuously held sporting event in the United States behind only the Kentucky Derby , which was first held in 1875 . ( Both events were held even during the World War years . ) The show originated as a show for gun dogs , primarily Setters and Pointers , initiated by a group of hunters who met regularly at the Westminster Hotel at Irving Place and Sixteenth Street in Manhattan . They decided to create a kennel club called the Westminster Kennel Club specifically for the purpose of holding a dog show . The prizes for these first shows included such items as pearl handled pistols , of use to the hunters and terriermen who worked these dogs in the field . Held at Gilmore 's Garden ( Madison Square Garden ) the Westminster show drew over 1200 dogs and proved so popular that its scheduled three days was extended to four , with the club donating proceeds from that fourth day to the ASPCA for creation of a home for stray and disabled dogs . The Westminster Kennel Club predates the formation of the American Kennel Club by seven years , and became the first club admitted to the AKC after AKC 's founding in 1884 . Breed parent clubs ( e.g. , the Afghan Hound Club of America ) create the standards for judging their breeds , with the AKC administering the rules about shows and judging . Dogs are judged against their breed standards , to see how close each dog matches the standard , which is a written description of the ideal specimen of that breed . Standards may include references relating form to function in the performance of the job that the dog was bred for , and may also include items that seem somewhat arbitrary such as color , eye shape , tail carriage and more . While many breeds no longer need to perform their original jobs and are bred mostly for companionship , they should still have the innate ability and physical makeup to perform those jobs , and this is what the judge looks for . Because of space considerations at Madison Square Garden , the entry is limited to 2,800 dogs and the breed judging is done during the day at Piers 92 and 94 . Group and Best in Show judging take place in the evening at Madison Square Garden . The entry fills immediately on the first day that entries are accepted . Since 1992 , the club has invited the top five dogs in each breed to be pre-entered ( determined by the number of dogs defeated at shows during the previous year ) to assure that all the top dogs have the chance to compete . Today , Westminster takes place over two days and nights every February . During the day , the dogs compete at the breed level ( i.e. , against other dogs of the same breed ) . Each Best of Breed winner ( BOB ) advances into its respective group , of which there are seven ( Sporting , Hound , Working , Terrier , Toy , Non-Sporting , and Herding ) . Group competition is held during the evenings , and the seven group winners advance into the final competition , which one judge will select one of them as the Best In Show winner . Since 2014 , the show allowed mixed - breed dogs to compete in an agility event . Competition in Junior Showmanship ( for handlers ages 9 -- 18 ) has been held since 1934 . The eight finalists all receive scholarships for post-secondary schooling . In addition , each year the club ( through its Westminster Kennel Foundation ) awards veterinary school scholarships for students from six schools . The winning dog becomes `` America 's Dog '' for the next year . It begins its reign with a media tour on the day following the show with appearances on virtually all television network morning shows , a visit to the Observation Deck at the Empire State Building , and much more . The event is embraced in New York City every February , with salutes from such world - famous partners as the Empire State Building , which lights its tower in purple and gold ( Westminster colors ) during the show ; Saks 5th Avenue , which features a street window with a Westminster - themed display ; and the New York Stock Exchange , which invites the winner to ring the opening bell following its big win . Controversy ( edit ) Animal - rights advocates such as PETA have protested the show . Announcers ( edit ) Show announcers ( edit ) For many years , Roger A. Caras was known as `` The Voice of Westminster '' for providing the narration for the breed descriptions during the show . In 2001 , Michael J. LaFave was named show announcer at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . He was replaced by Jim Fagan in 2010 , but returned in 2011 . Television ( edit ) CBS Sports covered the event from the late 1960s to the 1980s as part of its CBS Sports Spectacular anthology series . From 1984 until 2003 , Universal 's USA Network broadcast the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . Following Universal 's acquisition by General Electric in 2003 to form NBC Universal , from 2004 until 2016 , it was produced under the auspices of NBC Sports . From 2006 through 2016 , the Monday coverage was aired by CNBC due to conflicts with WWE Raw on USA . On July 28 , 2015 , it was announced that Fox Sports had acquired rights to the event under a 10 - year deal beginning in 2017 . Coverage is split between Fox Sports 1 and Nat Geo Wild . During NBC 's coverage from 1990 to 2016 , David Frei co-hosted the event with partners , Al Trautwig ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) , Bud Collins ( 1992 ) , Joe Garagiola ( 1994 -- 2002 ) , Mark McEwen ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , Lester Holt ( 2005 , 2007 -- 2008 ) , Debbye Turner ( 2006 ) , Mary Carillo ( 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 ) , and Tamron Hall ( 2010 ) . Frei provided the commentary of the 140th event for his final time . According to a report in the New York Times , the Westminster Kennel Club would not allow Frei to announce their annual event , as well as announce the Kennel Club of Philadelphia 's National Dog Show , which airs on Thanksgiving Day on NBC , as Westminister was leaving NBC for Fox starting in 2017 . The 141st event in 2017 marked the beginning of the Fox Sports contract . Chris Myers and Westminster Director of Communications Gail Miller Bisher host the primetime coverage on Fox Sports 1 . Justin Kutcher hosts the daytime breed judging on National Geographic Wild , initially in 2017 with Paula Nykiel and Jason Hoke . For 2018 , Fox changed both booths . Kutcher remained host for the daytime judging with Kimberly Meredith Cavanna and Don Sturz , while Hoke moved to the primetime coverage to join Myers and Bisher as a three - man booth . Requirements for entry ( edit ) In 1884 , the AKC began requiring that all dog participants be registered with the AKC and recognized for conformation show competition . In 2016 , there are 199 breeds and varieties eligible for Westminster . Because of the show 's popularity and prestige , starting in 1992 the AKC limited entries by requiring that dogs must have already earned their breed championship before appearing at Westminster . Later , that rule was amended to require that dogs have one of the two required major wins towards their championship titles , but need not be finished champions to enter . The top five dogs in each breed ( based on breed points earned in AKC conformation showing through October 31 of the preceding year ) , as well as the Best of Breed winner from each breed 's national specialty show , receive printed invitations by mail and are eligible for early entry . After the early entry deadline passes , other dogs with at least one major win may enter , up to a total of 2800 dogs , at which point entries are closed . There is no prohibition against a winner competing again in future Westminster shows . In fact , seven dogs have won multiple Westminster championships : six dogs in consecutive years ( including Warren Remedy , the only three - time champion of the event ) and one dog in non-consecutive years . Since 1972 , however , there have been no repeat winners . ( See List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . ) Dogs of all breeds , including mutts , may participate in the show 's agility competition . The highest ranking mutt in the competition is given an award , `` All American Dog . '' Winning breeds ( edit ) Through the 134th Westminster Show ( February 2010 ) , Best in Show has been won by the Terrier Group 45 out of the 103 times that the prize has been awarded since 1907 , more than twice as many wins as any other group . The single breed that has won the most is the Wire Fox Terrier , which has won 14 times . Two of the most popular dog breeds in the United States have never won Best in Show , the Labrador Retriever and the Golden Retriever . The 2010 winner of Best in Show was Ch . Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot ( a.k.a. `` Sadie '' ) , a Scottish Terrier . Sadie had already won 112 best - in - show ribbons at other shows , including winning the other two major United States shows ( the National Dog Show and the AKC / Eukanuba National Championship ) immediately prior to her Westminster win . In 2011 , at the 135th Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show , 5 - year - old GCH Foxcliffe Hickory Wind became the first of her breed ( Scottish Deerhound ) to capture the Best in Show award . Terrier Group : 46 Sporting Group : 18 Working Group : 15 Toy Group : 11 Non-Sporting Group : 10 Hound Group : 6 Herding Group : 2 The oldest dog to win Best in Show was a Sussex Spaniel named Ch . Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee ( a.k.a. Stump ) , at 10 years of age in 2009 . The youngest dog to win was a Rough Collie named Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven , at 9 months old in 1929 . One dog , a Smooth Fox Terrier named Ch . Warren Remedy won Best in Show three times ( 1907 -- 1909 ) , and six other dogs have won twice . Dogs ( males ) have won Best in Show 68 times to 35 for bitches ( females ) . List of Show winners and breeds ( edit ) Main article : List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Following is a list of WKC Best in Show winners since 1990 . 2018 : GCH Belle Creek 's All I Care About Is Love - Bichon Frise 2017 : Lockenhaus ' Rumor Has It V Kenlyn - German Shepherd 2016 : GCH Vjk - Myst Garbonita 's California Journey ( aka : `` CJ '' ) - Pointer ( German Shorthaired ) 2015 : GCH Tashtins Lookin For Trouble ( a.k.a. `` Miss P '' ) - Beagle 2014 : GCH Afterall Painting The Sky ( a.k.a. `` Sky '' ) - Fox Terrier ( Wire ) 2013 : GCH Banana Joe V Tani Kazari ( a.k.a. `` Banana Joe '' ) - Affenpinscher 2012 : Ch . Palacegarden Malachy ( a.k.a. `` Malachy '' ) - Pekingese 2011 : GCH Foxcliffe Hickory Wind ( a.k.a. `` Hickory '' ) - Scottish Deerhound 2010 : Ch . Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot ( a.k.a. `` Sadie '' ) - Scottish Terrier 2009 : Ch . Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee ( a.k.a. `` Stump '' ) - Sussex Spaniel 2008 : Ch . K - Run 's Park Me In First ( a.k.a. `` Uno '' ) - Beagle 2007 : Ch . Felicity 's Diamond Jim ( a.k.a. `` James '' ) - English Springer Spaniel 2006 : Ch . Rocky Top 's Sundance Kid ( a.k.a. `` Rufus '' ) - Colored Bull Terrier 2005 : Ch . Kan - Point 's VJK Autumn Roses ( a.k.a. `` Carlee '' ) - German Shorthaired Pointer 2004 : Ch . Darbydale 's All Rise Pouch Cove ( a.k.a. `` Josh '' ) - Newfoundland 2003 : Ch . Torums Scarf Michael ( a.k.a. `` Mick '' ) - Kerry Blue Terrier 2002 : Ch . Surrey Spice Girl ( a.k.a. `` Spice '' ) - Miniature Poodle 2001 : Ch . Special Times Just Right ( a.k.a. `` J.R. '' ) - Bichon Frise 2000 : Ch . Salilyn ' N Erin 's Shameless ( a.k.a. `` Samantha '' ) - English Springer Spaniel 1999 : Ch . Loteki Supernatural Being ( a.k.a. `` Kirby '' ) - Papillon 1998 : Ch . Fairewood Frolic ( a.k.a. `` Rocki '' ) - Norwich Terrier 1997 : Ch . Parsifal Di Casa Netzer - Standard Schnauzer 1996 : Ch . Clussexx Country Sunrise ( a.k.a. `` Brady '' ) - Clumber Spaniel 1995 : Ch . Gaelforce Post Script ( a.k.a. `` Peggy Sue '' ) - Scottish Terrier 1994 : Ch . Chidley Willum The Conqueror - Norwich Terrier 1993 : Ch . Salilyn 's Condor ( a.k.a. : ' `` Robert '' ) - English Springer Spaniel 1992 : Ch . Registry 's Lonesome Dove ( a.k.a. `` Lacey '' ) - Wire Fox Terrier 1991 : Ch . Whisperwind On A Carousel ( a.k.a. `` Peter '' ) - Standard Poodle 1990 : Ch . Wendessa Crown Prince - Pekingese Popular culture ( edit ) The 2000 comedy film Best in Show takes place at the fictional `` Mayflower Kennel Club Dog Show '' , based in part on Westminster . Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog has used the setting of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show three times in his skits ; ostensibly , he was the winner in the `` Best Insult Comic Dog '' category at Westminster 1997 . See also ( edit ) Dogs portal AKC / Eukanuba National Championship Crufts List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show World Dog Show References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Peltz , `` Westminster Dog Show Adds Event With Mixed Breeds , '' Associated Press , January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day , Sherri ( February 20 , 2001 ) . `` Roger Caras , 72 , Animal Welfare Advocate '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ http://www.mercedsunstar.com/2012/02/11/v-print/2226292/pets-qa-best-in-show-really-means.html Jump up ^ `` 2004 Announcer '' . The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . Westminster Kennel Club . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ullmer , Mary ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Unleashed : Unleash the hounds ! Gentle giant Scottish deerhound is Westminster 's Best in Show '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Westminster Kennel 's Dog Show Leaves NBCU 's USA for Fox Sports '' . Variety . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Greg ( February 16 , 1990 ) . `` USA 's Westminster Dog Show a cult hit '' . The News and Courier . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zad , Martie ( February 10 , 1991 ) . `` TNT features ' Kisses ' '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The dog days of February '' . The Washington Times . February 13 , 1993 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bud Collins to Test Commentator Skills at National Dog Show '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . February 10 , 1992 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dale , Steve ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` Canine Frenzy '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dale , Steve . `` The Voice of Westminster Dog Show '' . Dog Channel.com . BowTie , Inc . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` Critic 's Picks '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Westminster puts on the dogs '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . February 7 , 2008 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Digest '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . January 23 , 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Former Westminster Winners Do Not Seem Past Their Prime '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USA Network & Westminster Brings Everyone 's Best Friend Back to Madison Square Garden '' . News Blaze . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Saying Farewell to David Frei , Westminster 's Nuzzling Voice '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports Names Pick of the Litter for the 2017 Westminister Dog Show '' . Fox Sports Press Pass . Fox Sports public relations . January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Breed ( 1907 - 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` The Labrador Retriever Wins Top Breed for the 26th Year In a Row '' . akc.org . Jump up ^ `` Scottish deerhound is best in show at Westminster '' . Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Oldest Dogs To Win Best In Show Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Multiple Best In Show Wins Jump up ^ WestminsterKennelClub.org - Best In Show Awards By Sex Of The Dog Jump up ^ Westminsterkennelclub.org - Best In Show Winners Jump up ^ Whiteside , Kelly ; Das , Andrew ; Lyall , Sarah ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Westminster Dog Show 2017 : Rumor the German Shepherd Wins Best in Show '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chung , Jen . `` CJ The German Shorthaired Pointer Named 2016 Best In Show At Westminster Kennel Club 's Big Night '' . Gothamist . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians triumph at Westminster '' . Dog World . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/2014/results/bis/index.html Jump up ^ `` Westminster Best in Show Winner : Scottish Deerhound '' . New York : usatoday.com . February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Duff , Oliver ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Sadie crowned top dog despite interruption '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Additional sources ( edit ) Westminster show history Barnes , Duncan ( ed . ) ( 1983 ) . The AKC 's World of the Pure - Bred Dog . Nick Lyons Books . ISBN 0 - 87605 - 406 - 8 . Sifel , William F. ( 2001 ) . The Dog Show : 125 Years of Westminster . By William F. Stifel . ISBN 0 - 9705698 - 0 - 7 Frei , David ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . The Westminster Kennel Club Guidebook . Latest edition of annual publication . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . Wikinews has related news : Four new breeds in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show ' Banana Joe ' wins Westminster Official look behind the scenes at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Westminster Kennel Club official site National Geographic news article about the show Backstage at the 2009 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Hype , Money and Cornstarch : What It Takes to Win at Westminster List of American Kennel Club Titles and Abbreviations for Championship Dogs <Th_colspan="2"> Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 1907 -- 1970 <Td_colspan="2"> Warren Remedy ( 1907 - 09 ) Sabine Rarebit ( 1910 ) Tickle Em Jock ( 1911 ) Kenmare Sorceress ( 1912 ) Strathtay Prince Albert ( 1913 ) Slumber ( 1914 ) Matford Vic ( 1915 - 16 ) Conejo Wycollar Boy ( 1917 ) Haymarket Faultless ( 1918 ) Briergate Bright Beauty ( 1919 ) Conejo Wycollar Boy ( 1920 ) Midkiff Seductive ( 1921 ) Boxwood Barkentine ( 1922 ) Barberryhill Bootlegger ( 1924 ) Governor Moscow ( 1925 ) Signal Circuit of Halleston ( 1926 ) Pinegrade Perfection ( 1927 ) Talavera Margaret ( 1928 ) Laund Loyalty of Bellhaven ( 1929 ) Pendley Calling of Blarney ( 1930 - 31 ) Nancolleth Markable ( 1932 ) Warland Protector of Shelterock ( 1933 ) Flornell Spicy Bit of Halleston ( 1934 ) Nunsoe Duc de la Terrace of Blakeen ( 1935 ) St. Margaret Mignificent of Claredale ( 1936 ) Flornell Spicy Piece of Halleston ( 1937 ) Daro of Maridor ( 1938 ) Ferry v. 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1. Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 2. All-breed conformation show 3. Madison Square Garden 4. Breed standards 5. Best in Show winners

where is the organ of corti located in the ear

Organ of Corti - wikipedia Organ of Corti Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Organ of Corti <Td_colspan="2"> A cross section of the cochlea illustrating the organ of Corti . <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin organum spirale MeSH A09. 246.631. 246.577 Dorlands / Elsevier 12596269 TA A15. 3.03. 121 FMA 75715 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The organ of Corti , or spiral organ , is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea . This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses ' action potential . Transduction occurs through vibrations of structures in the inner ear causing displacement of cochlear fluid and movement of hair cells at the organ of Corti to produce electrochemical signals . Italian anatomist Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti ( 1822 -- 1876 ) discovered the organ of Corti in 1851 . The structure evolved from the basilar papilla and is crucial for mechanotransduction in mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Auditory transduction 2.2 Cochlear amplification 3 Development 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Hearing loss 5 Additional images 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of   the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells , known as hair cells . Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells ( OHCs ) and one row of inner hair cells ( IHCs ) . Separating these hair cells are supporting cells : Deiters cells , also called phalangeal cells , which separate and support both the OHCs and the IHCs . Projecting from the tops of the hair cells are tiny finger like projections called stereocilia , which are arranged in a graduated fashion with the shortest stereocilia on the outer rows and the longest in the center . This gradation is thought to be the most important anatomic feature of the organ of Corti because this allows the sensory cells superior tuning capability . If the cochlea were uncoiled it would roll out to be about 33 mm long in women and 34mm in men , with about 2.28 mm of standard deviation for the population . The cochlea is also tonotopically organized , meaning that different frequencies of sound waves interact with different locations on the structure . The base of the cochlea , closest to the outer ear , is the most stiff and narrow and is where the high frequency sounds are transduced . The apex , or top , of the cochlea is wider and much more flexible and loose and functions as the transduction site for low frequency sounds . Function ( edit ) The function of the organ of Corti is to transduce auditory signals and maximize the hair cells ' extraction of sound energy . It is the auricle and middle ear that act as mechanical transformers and amplifiers so that the sound waves end up with amplitudes 22 times greater than when they entered the ear . Auditory transduction ( edit ) In normal hearing subjects , the majority of the auditory signals that reach the organ of Corti in the first place come from the outer ear . Sound waves enter through the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane , also known as the eardrum , which vibrates three small bones called the ossicles . As a result , the attached oval window moves and causes movement of the round window , which leads to displacement of the cochlear fluid . However , the stimulation can happen also via direct vibration of the cochlea from the skull . The latter is referred to as Bone Conduction ( or BC ) hearing , as complementary to the first one described , which is instead called Air Conduction ( or AC ) hearing . Both AC and BC stimulate the basilar membrane in the same way ( Békésy , G.v. , Experiments in Hearing . 1960 ) . The basilar membrane on the tympanic duct presses against the hair cells of the organ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass . The stereocilia atop the IHCs move with this fluid displacement and in response their cation , or positive ion selective , channels are pulled open by cadherin structures called tip links that connect adjacent stereocilia . The organ of Corti , surrounded in potassium rich fluid endolymph , lies on the basilar membrane at the base of the scala media . Under the organ of Corti is the scala tympani and above it , the scala vestibuli . Both structures exist in a low potassium fluid called perilymph . Because those stereocilia are in the midst of a high concentration of potassium , once their cation channels are pulled open , potassium ions as well as calcium ions flow into the top of the hair cell . With this influx of positive ions the IHC becomes depolarized , opening voltage - gated calcium channels at the basolateral region of the hair cells and triggering the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate . An electrical signal is then sent through the auditory nerve and into the auditory cortex of the brain as a neural message . Cochlear amplification ( edit ) The organ of Corti is also capable of modulating the auditory signal . The outer hair cells ( OHCs ) can amplify the signal through a process called electromotility where they increase movement of the basilar and tectorial membrases and therefore increase deflection of stereocilia in the IHCs . A crucial piece to this cochlear amplification is the motor protein prestin , which changes shape based on the voltage potential inside of the hair cell . When the cell is depolarized prestin shortens , and because it is located on the membrane of OHCs it then pulls on the basilar membrane and increasing how much the membrane is deflected , creating a more intense effect on the inner hair cells ( IHCs ) . When the cell hyperpolarizes prestin lengthens and eases tension on the IHCs , which decreases the neural impulses to the brain . In this way , the hair cell itself is able to modify the auditory signal before it even reaches the brain . Development ( edit ) The organ of Corti , in between the scala tympani and the scala media , develops after the formation and growth of the cochlear duct . The inner and outer hair cells then differentiate into their appropriate positions and are followed by the organization of the supporting cells . The topology of the supporting cells lends itself to the actual mechanical properties that are needed for the highly specialized sound - induced movements within the organ of Corti . Development and growth of the organ of Corti relies on specific genes , many of which have been identified in previous research ( SOX2 , GATA3 , EYA1 , FOXG1 , BMP4 , RAC1 and more ) , to undergo such differentiation . Specifically , the cochlear duct growth and the formation of hair cells within the organ of Corti . Mutations in the genes expressed in or near the organ of Corti before the differentiation of hair cells will result in a disruption in the differentiation , and potential malfunction of , the organ of Corti . Clinical significance ( edit ) Hearing loss ( edit ) Main article : Hearing impairment The organ of Corti can be damaged by excessive sound levels , leading to noise - induced impairment . The most common kind of hearing impairment , sensorineural hearing loss , includes as one major cause the reduction of function in the organ of Corti . Specifically , the active amplification function of the outer hair cells is very sensitive to damage from exposure to trauma from overly - loud sounds or to certain ototoxic drugs . Once outer hair cells are damaged , they do not regenerate , and the result is a loss of sensitivity and an abnormally large growth of loudness ( known as recruitment ) in the part of the spectrum that the damaged cells serve . While hearing loss has always been considered irreversible in mammals , fish and birds routinely repair such damage . A 2013 study has shown that the use of particular drugs may reactivate genes normally expressed only during hair cell development . The research was carried out at Harvard Medical School , the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , and the Keio University School of Medicine in Japan . Additional images ( edit ) Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat . Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea . Floor of ductus cochlearis . Limbus laminæ spiralis and membrana basilaris . Section through the spiral organ of Corti . Magnified . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hudspeth , A ( 2014 ) . `` Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15 : 600 -- 614 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn3786 . PMID 25096182 . ^ Jump up to : The Ear Pujol , R. , Irving , S. , 2013 Jump up ^ Betlejewski , S ( 2008 ) . `` Science and life -- the history of Marquis Alfonso Corti '' . Otolaryngologia Polska. 62 ( 3 ) : 344 -- 347 . doi : 10.1016 / S0030 - 6657 ( 08 ) 70268 - 3 . PMID 18652163 . ^ Jump up to : Malgrange , B ; Van de Water , T.R ; Nguyen , L ; Moonen , G ; Lefebvre , P.P ( 2002 ) . `` Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters ' cells in the cultured organ of Corti '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 59 ( 10 ) : 1744 -- 1757 . doi : 10.1007 / pl00012502 . PMID 12475185 . Jump up ^ Lim , D ( 1986 ) . `` Functional structure of the organ of Corti : a review '' . Hearing Research . 22 : 117 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 5955 ( 86 ) 90089 - 4 . PMID 3525482 . Jump up ^ Miller , J.D. ( 2007 ) . `` Sex differences in the length of the organ of Corti in humans '' . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 121 ( 4 ) : EL151 -- 5 . doi : 10.1121 / 1.2710746 . PMID 17471760 . ^ Jump up to : Fritzsch , B ; Jahan , I ; Pan , N ; Kers , J ; Duncan , J ; Kopecky , B ( 2012 ) . `` Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development : where are we now ? '' . Hearing Research . 276 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 16 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / j. heares. 2011.01. 007 . PMC 3097286 . PMID 21256948 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , J.G ; Martin , A.R. ; Fuchs , P.A ; Brown , D.A ; Diamond , M.E ; Weisblat , D.A ( 2012 ) . From Neuron to Brain , 5th Edition . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . pp. 456 -- 459 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 609 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Jonathan Felix ( 1987 ) . `` A fast motile response in guinea - pig outer hair cells : the cellular basis of the cochlear amplifier '' . The Journal of Physiology. 388 ( 1 ) : 323 -- 347 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 1987. sp016617 . ISSN 1469 - 7793 . PMC 1192551 . PMID 3656195 . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Cochlear Outer Hair Cell Motility '' . Physiological Reviews . 88 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 210 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00044.2006 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 18195086 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Dobie ( 2001 ) . Medical - Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss . Thomson Delmar Learning . ISBN 0 - 7693 - 0052 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Cochlear hair cells - Beyond the Dish '' . wordpress.com . References ( edit ) Corti A ( 1851 ) . `` Recherches sur l'organe de l'ouïe des mammiferes '' . Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 3 : 106 -- 169 . Fritzsch B. , Jahan I. , Pan N. , Kersigo J. , Duncan J. , Kopecky B. ( 2012 ) . `` Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development : where are we now ? '' . Hearing Research . 276 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 16 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / j. heares. 2011.01. 007 . PMC 3097286 . PMID 21256948 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) History . ( n.d. ) . Hudspeth A ( 2014 ) . `` Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15 : 600 -- 614 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn3786 . PMID 25096182 . Lim D ( 1986 ) . `` Functional structure of the organ of Corti : a review '' . Hearing Research . 22 : 117 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 5955 ( 86 ) 90089 - 4 . PMID 3525482 . Malgrange B. , Thiry M. , Van de Water T.R. , Nguyen L. , Moonen G. , Lefebvre P.P. ( 2002 ) . `` Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters ' cells in the cultured organ of Corti '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 59 ( 10 ) : 1744 -- 1757 . doi : 10.1007 / PL00012502 . PMID 12475185 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Nicholls , J.G. , Martin , A.R. , Fuchs , P.A. , Brown , D.A. , Diamond , M.E. , & Weisblat , D.A. ( 2012 ) . From Neuron to Brain ( 5th ed. , pp. 456 -- 459 ) . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc . Pritchard U . `` On the organ of Corti in mammals '' . 2 March 1876 , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , volume 24 , pp. 346 -- 52 OCLC 1778190 Pujol , R. , & Irving , S. ( 2013 ) . The Ear . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organ of Corti . Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development Organ of Corti 3D animation http://lobe.ibme.utoronto.ca/presentations/OHC_Electromotility/sld005.htm Diagram at University of Toronto http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/ent_research/images/image02.gif Diagram at Mayo http://www.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/cric51/audition/english/corti/fcorti.htm at University of Montpellier 1 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organ_of_Corti&oldid=811334446 '' Categories : Auditory system Ear Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 23 : 41 . 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1. Organ of Corti 2. Receptor organ for hearing 3. Transduction of auditory signals 4. Hair cells and stereocilia 5. Cochlear amplification

what was the date of jim and pams wedding

Niagara ( the Office ) - wikipedia Niagara ( the Office ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Niagara '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Office episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 4 / 5 Directed by Paul Feig Written by Greg Daniels Mindy Kaling Production code 604 / 605 Original air date October 8 , 2009 Running time 44 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Linda Purl as Helene Beesly Anna Camp as Penny Beesly Kelen Coleman as Isabel Poreba Tug Coker as Pete Halpert Michelle Gunn as the hotel receptionist Rick Overton as William Beesly Robert Pine as Gerald Halpert Blake Robbins as Tom Halpert Bobby Ray Shafer as Bob Vance Perry Smith as Betsy Halpert Peggy Stewart as Sylvia <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` The Promotion '' Next → `` Mafia '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Office ( U.S. season 6 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Niagara '' is an hour - long episode of the sixth season of the U.S. comedy series The Office . It is the 4th and 5th episodes in the season 's episode count and the 104th and 105th episode of the series overall . The episode was written by executive producer Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling , and was directed by Paul Feig . It originally aired on October 8 , 2009 on NBC in the United States . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . The episode revolves around the wedding of Jim and Pam at Niagara Falls . Not all goes smoothly when Jim accidentally reveals Pam 's pregnancy to all the guests , including Pam 's very old - fashioned grandmother , and Andy injures his scrotum while dancing . Meanwhile , Michael and Dwight both try to hook up with women , with mixed results . The episode was met with positive reviews from critics and fans . Although not all television critics reacted positively to Andy 's dancing injury sub-plot , `` Niagara '' has nonetheless come to be considered a classic episode of the series . In a poll conducted by OfficeTally , the episode was named the second best episode of the series after the second - season finale , `` Casino Night . '' The episode was viewed by 9.42 million households with a 4.8 rating / 12 % share in the 18 -- 49 demographic making it the second highest viewed episode of the season after `` The Delivery . '' Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) head up to Niagara Falls for their wedding and the rest of the office follows them . Michael ( Steve Carell ) and Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) seek women to hook up with while Andy ( Ed Helms ) pursues Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) . Kevin ( Brian Baumgartner ) and Oscar ( Oscar Nunez ) meet Pam 's sister Penny ( Anna Camp ) , who accidentally offends Oscar by thinking Kevin was his boyfriend Gil . Pam 's mother Helene ( Linda Purl ) is visibly disturbed at the fact that Pam 's father and Helene 's ex-husband , William ( Rick Overton ) has come to the wedding with his new girlfriend who is half his own age . Pam 's grandmother , `` Meemaw '' ( played by Peggy Stewart ) , is a woman of conservative morals , so everyone is told not to mention Pam 's pregnancy . At the rehearsal dinner , Jim gives a moving toast to his soon - to - be wife . However , he finishes by saying that everyone but Pam will drink to the toast `` for obvious reasons '' . Meemaw questions this remark , and after fumbling through several weak excuses Jim finally admits that Pam is pregnant . Meemaw then decides not to attend the wedding out of moral outrage . Michael later visits Meemaw in her hotel room . Despite his indelicate approach to the subject of sex , he establishes an instant rapport with Meemaw and convinces her to attend the wedding . Andy hosts a dance party in his room later that night , with the office staff attending . Andy punctures his scrotum trying to do a split . The guests rouse Pam , the only sober person , to take him to the hospital . Pam reluctantly agrees , but Andy still whines throughout the drive to the hospital . Michael and Dwight try their luck with women at the bar . Dwight , despite embarrassing both of them , is successful in getting Pam 's friend Isabel ( Kelen Coleman ) to spend the night with him . Michael spends the night alone in the ice machine room as he had failed to make a reservation in advance . Prior to the ceremony , Pam accidentally tears her veil and tearfully phones Jim . They meet in private , where Pam expresses shame at her appearance due to being pregnant . Pam is visibly uplifted when Jim cuts his tie in half in an effort to console her , and says she regrets inviting their families and the office staff . They run away from the church together . While everyone in the church wonders where they went , Michael and Helene begin to bond over their failed relationships . Dwight callously rebuffs Isabel 's attempts at further contact . The rest of the office staff grow impatient , bickering about their right to take their gifts back . Michael leads the office in the JK Wedding Entrance Dance Jim and Pam finally return to the church after an hour with no explanation of their absence , and the ceremony begins . The guests interrupt the ceremony by recreating the dance routines featured in the JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Jim and Pam react with uncharacteristic good humor , having already been married on board the Maid of the Mist IV ferry boat by the ship 's captain , below the falls . Jim explains to the camera that he had prepared the ferry marriage in advance after seeing the video , predicting the guests might imitate it . When Kevin leaves his only pair of shoes in the care of hotel staff , the management decides to incinerate them as a health hazard , and he replaces them with Kleenex tissue boxes . The end of the episode shows Kevin soothing his feet in the ice machine . While he speaks to the camera crew , Helene is seen pulling Michael into her hotel room . Production ( edit ) The episode was written by Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling , who plays Kelly Kapoor on the show , and directed by Paul Feig , his 13th directing credit for the series . The episode was initially assigned to Kaling , but Daniels said he was interested in contributing . The scene in which Jim cuts his tie off took seven takes and was written by Greg Daniels . In the original draft , the wedding was supposed to take place on the `` Booze Cruise '' . Cultural references ( edit ) The dance down the church aisle to Chris Brown 's `` Forever '' is based on the popular 2009 YouTube viral video , `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' , in which a young couple ( JK , standing for `` Jill and Kevin '' ) dance down the aisle to the song along with their wedding party . Pam mentions that the song was specifically put on a `` Do Not Play List '' , but was choreographed by the wedding guests and office workers regardless . The song played during Andy 's party is Kardinal Offishall 's `` Numba 1 ( Tide is High ) '' featuring Rihanna . Dwight is shown wearing the Three Wolf Moon T - shirt , made famous by humorous reviews on Amazon , before going out to the hotel bar with Michael to pick up women , commenting that `` it 's suggestive to women , because of howling during sex . '' Reception ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` Niagara '' was viewed by an estimated 9.42 million households , with a 4.8 rating and a 12 share in the 18 -- 49 demographic coming second in its timeslot after Grey 's Anatomy . Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for their work on `` Niagara '' at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to Modern Family 's Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd for their work on the pilot episode . The episode received positive reviews from critics . The episode ranked 24th on BuddyTV 's list of best 50 episodes of 2009 with them saying `` It was n't easy , but they did it all , creating a goofy , joyful , and special day for Jim and Pam that brought tears to our eyes . '' Dan Phillip of IGN gave the episode an 8.3 saying calling it `` Impressive '' and `` The episode certainly could have delivered more in terms of creativity and high comedy , but it still contained a great deal of entertainment . '' Despite that , he said the episode failed in comparison to `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' . `` Niagara '' was voted the second highest rated out of 115 from the series , according to a poll at the fansite , OfficeTally . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office : Niagara , Pt. 2 : Writers , Directors , and Crew on '' . Tv.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office wedding episode Q&A with Mindy Kaling '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office wedding episode Q&A with Mindy Kaling '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office wedding episode Q&A with Mindy Kaling '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ YouTube video of the real wedding Jim and Pam 's was based on Jump up ^ `` The Office : Niagara '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Thursday broadcast finals : The Office , Bones , Grey 's , Supernatural up ; Community , Private Practice down a tick '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' and ' Mad Men ' Win at Emmys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ BuddyTV . `` BuddyTV Slideshow TV 's 50 Best Episodes of 2009 '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Phillips ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` The Office : `` Niagara '' Review -- TV Review at IGN `` . Tv.ign.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Fan Favorite Poll , 2010 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Niagara '' at NBC.com `` Niagara '' on IMDb `` Niagara ( 1 ) '' at TV.com `` Niagara ( 2 ) '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niagara_(The_Office)&oldid=852871336 '' Categories : 2009 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 6 ) episodes Niagara Falls in fiction The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes in multiple parts Television episodes about weddings Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 TV.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 23 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Niagara" - The Office episode 2. Jim and Pam's wedding 3. Comedy series The Office 4. Wedding mishaps and humorous moments 5. Positive reviews and fan reception

who wrote the song end of the beginning

End of the Beginning ( song ) - wikipedia End of the Beginning ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Black Sabbath song . For other songs with similar titles , see The End of the Beginning ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` End of the Beginning '' <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the 2013 promotional CD single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Black Sabbath <Th_colspan="2"> from the album 13 Released 15 May 2013 Recorded c . August 2012 -- January 2013 Length 8 : 07 Label Republic Songwriter ( s ) Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin <Th_colspan="2"> Black Sabbath singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` God Is Dead ? '' ( 2013 ) `` End of the Beginning '' ( 2013 ) `` Loner '' ( 2013 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` God Is Dead ? '' ( 2013 ) `` End of the Beginning '' ( 2013 ) `` Loner '' ( 2013 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` End of the Beginning '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` End of the Beginning '' is a song by English rock band Black Sabbath featured on the album 13 . According to lyricist Geezer Butler , the song deals with the fear of how `` technology is going to completely take over the human race '' , inspired particularly by cloning : `` It seems like eventually , people are going to clone the Beatles and stuff like that . I mean , it 's already happening now with a `` Tupac '' at Coachella , using holograms . But eventually I think they 'll start cloning people like the Beatles , and sending them out on endless tours . '' `` End of the Beginning '' was premiered during the finale of season 13 of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . The band guest starred in the episode , and also appeared in a short interview prior to its release . The song was first performed live on 20 April 2013 , on the first of the two Auckland shows in New Zealand . The performance was part of their reunion tour . It was also featured in the end credits of the film This Is the End . On 11 June , coinciding with the album 's launch , Black Sabbath released a full performance video from the CSI season 13 finale of length 8 : 20 . The single peaked at the number 38 in US Mainstream Rock chart . Personnel ( edit ) Ozzy Osbourne -- vocals Tony Iommi -- guitar Geezer Butler -- bass guitar Brad Wilk -- drums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The PV Q&A : Geezer Butler of Black Sabbath on Religion , Seeing Spirits , and the Despair of ' 13 ' Jump up ^ Stickler , John ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Black Sabbath To Premiere New Track ' End Of The Beginning ' On CSI Next Week - Stereoboard UK '' . Stereoboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Video - Behind the Scenes : Black Sabbath '' . CBS.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Video : Black Sabbath Premiere New Song , `` End of the Beginning , '' in Auckland , New Zealand - Heavy Metal News Music Videos Golden Gods Awards `` . revolvermag.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . <Th_colspan="2"> Black Sabbath <Td_colspan="2"> Tony Iommi Geezer Butler Bill Ward Ozzy Osbourne Dave Walker Ronnie James Dio Craig Gruber Geoff Nicholls Vinny Appice Ian Gillan Bev Bevan Eric Singer Dave Spitz Glenn Hughes Ray Gillen Bob Daisley Tony Martin Terry Chimes Jo Burt Cozy Powell Neil Murray Bobby Rondinelli Mike Bordin Tommy Clufetos Studio albums Black Sabbath Paranoid Master of Reality Vol. 4 Sabbath Bloody Sabbath Sabotage Technical Ecstasy Never Say Die ! Heaven and Hell Mob Rules Born Again Seventh Star The Eternal Idol Headless Cross Tyr Dehumanizer Cross Purposes Forbidden 13 EP The End Live albums Live at Last Live Evil Cross Purposes Live Reunion Past Lives Live at Hammersmith Odeon Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End : Live in Birmingham Compilations We Sold Our Soul for Rock ' n ' Roll The Collection The Sabbath Stones Symptom of the Universe : The Original Black Sabbath 1970 -- 1978 Black Box : The Complete Original Black Sabbath ( 1970 -- 1978 ) Greatest Hits 1970 -- 1978 The Dio Years The Rules of Hell Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) Iron Man : The Best of Black Sabbath Unofficial albums The Sabbath Collection The Ozzy Osbourne Years Under Wheels of Confusion The Best of Black Sabbath Club Sonderauflage Singles `` Evil Woman '' `` The Wizard '' `` Paranoid '' `` After Forever '' / `` Fairies Wear Boots '' `` Children of the Grave '' `` Iron Man '' `` Tomorrow 's Dream '' `` Sabbath Bloody Sabbath '' `` Am I Going Insane ( Radio ) '' `` Never Say Die ! '' `` Hard Road '' / `` Symptom of the Universe '' `` Neon Knights '' `` Die Young '' `` The Mob Rules '' `` Trashed '' `` TV Crimes '' `` Psycho Man '' `` The Devil Cried '' `` God Is Dead ? '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Loner '' Other songs `` Black Sabbath '' `` N.I.B. '' `` War Pigs '' `` Planet Caravan '' `` Hand of Doom '' `` Sweet Leaf '' `` Into the Void '' `` Changes '' `` Supernaut '' `` Children of the Sea '' `` Heaven and Hell '' Videos Never Say Die Black and Blue The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 1 The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 2 Cross Purposes Live The Last Supper Inside Black Sabbath - 1970 -- 1992 Black Sabbath 's Paranoid Rock Review Hangin ' with Heaven and Hell Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End of the End Tours Sabotage Tour Technical Ecstasy Tour Never Say Die ! Tour Heaven & Hell Tour Mob Rules Tour Born Again Tour 1983 Ozzfest Tours ( 1997 1999 2005 ) Black Sabbath Reunion Tour The End Tour Related Articles Discography Members List of cover versions of Black Sabbath songs People Don Arden Martin Birch Laurence Cottle Tommy Clufetos David Donato Jeff Fenholt Rob Halford Adam Wakeman Rick Wakeman Brad Wilk Bands Heaven & Hell tour The Devil You Know Mythology Velvett Fogg GZR Deep Purple Rainbow Dio White Tiger Tributes In These Black Days Nativity in Black <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_the_Beginning_(song)&oldid=756418779 '' Categories : Black Sabbath songs Songs written by Geezer Butler Songs written by Tony Iommi Songs written by Ozzy Osbourne Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin 2013 songs Republic Records singles 2013 singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Español Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2016 , at 03 : 08 . About Wikipedia

1. "End of the Beginning" - Black Sabbath song 2. Album 13 - Black Sabbath 3. Fear of technology taking over the human race 4. Cloning and holograms in music 5. Black Sabbath reunion tour

the communications decency act was struck down by the supreme court because it violated the

Communications Decency Act - Wikipedia Communications Decency Act This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Communications Decency Act of 1996 ( CDA ) was the first notable attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet . In 1997 , in the landmark case of Reno v. ACLU , the United States Supreme Court struck the anti-indecency provisions of the Act . The Act was Title V of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 . It was introduced to the Senate Committee of Commerce , Science , and Transportation by Senators James Exon ( D - NE ) and Slade Gorton ( R - WA ) in 1995 . The amendment that became the CDA was added to the Telecommunications Act in the Senate by an 81 -- 18 vote on June 15 , 1995 . As eventually passed by Congress , Title V affected the Internet ( and online communications ) in two significant ways . First , it attempted to regulate both indecency ( when available to children ) and obscenity in cyberspace . Second , Section 230 of the Act has been interpreted to say that operators of Internet services are not to be construed as publishers ( and thus not legally liable for the words of third parties who use their services ) . Contents 1 Anti-indecency and anti-obscenity provisions 1.1 Legal challenges 2 Section 230 2.1 Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act - Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act ( FOSTA - SESTA ) 3 Failure to warn lawsuits 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Anti-indecency and anti-obscenity provisions ( edit ) The most controversial portions of the Act were those relating to indecency on the Internet . The relevant sections of the Act were introduced in response to fears that Internet pornography was on the rise . Indecency in TV and radio broadcasting had already been regulated by the Federal Communications Commission -- broadcasting of offensive speech was restricted to certain hours of the day when minors were supposedly least likely to be exposed . Violators could be fined and potentially lose their licenses . The Internet , however , had only recently been opened to commercial interests by the 1992 amendment to the National Science Foundation Act and thus had not been taken into consideration by previous laws . The CDA , which affected both the Internet and cable television , marked the first attempt to expand regulation to these new media . Passed by Congress on February 1 , 1996 , and signed by President Bill Clinton on February 8 , 1996 , the CDA imposed criminal sanctions on anyone who knowingly ( A ) uses an interactive computer service to send to a specific person or persons under 18 years of age , or ( B ) uses any interactive computer service to display in a manner available to a person under 18 years of age , any comment , request , suggestion , proposal , image , or other communication that , in context , depicts or describes , in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards , sexual or excretory activities or organs . It further criminalized the transmission of materials that were `` obscene or indecent '' to persons known to be under 18 . Free speech advocates , however , worked diligently and successfully to overturn the portion relating to indecent , but not obscene , speech . They argued that speech protected under the First Amendment , such as printed novels or the use of the seven dirty words , would suddenly become unlawful when posted to the Internet . Critics also claimed the bill would have a chilling effect on the availability of medical information . Online civil liberties organizations arranged protests against the bill , for example , the Black World Wide Web protest which encouraged webmasters to make their sites ' backgrounds black for 48 hours after its passage , and the Electronic Frontier Foundation 's Blue Ribbon Online Free Speech Campaign . Legal challenges ( edit ) In Philadelphia on June 12 , 1996 , a panel of federal judges blocked part of the CDA , saying it would infringe upon the free speech rights of adults . The next month , another US federal court in New York struck down the portion of the CDA intended to protect children from indecent speech as too broad . On June 26 , 1997 , the Supreme Court upheld the Philadelphia court 's decision in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union , stating that the indecency provisions were an unconstitutional abridgement of the First Amendment right to free speech because they did not permit parents to decide for themselves what material was acceptable for their children , extended to non-commercial speech , and did not carefully define the words `` indecent '' and `` offensive . '' ( The New York case , Reno v. Shea , was affirmed by the Supreme Court the next day , without a published opinion . ) In 2003 , Congress amended the CDA to remove the indecency provisions struck down in Reno v. ACLU . A separate challenge to the provisions governing obscenity , known as Nitke v. Gonzales , was rejected by a federal court in New York in 2005 . The Supreme Court summarily affirmed that decision in 2006 . Congress has made two narrower attempts to regulate children 's exposure to Internet indecency since the Supreme Court overturned the CDA . Court injunction blocked enforcement of the first , the Child Online Protection Act ( COPA ) , almost immediately after its passage in 1998 ; the law was later overturned . While legal challenges also dogged COPA 's successor , the Children 's Internet Protection Act ( CIPA ) of 2000 , the Supreme Court upheld it as constitutional in 2004 . Section 230 ( edit ) Main article : Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act was not part of the original Senate legislation , but was added in conference with the House , where it had been separately introduced by Representatives Christopher Cox ( R - CA ) and Ron Wyden ( D - OR ) as the Internet Freedom and Family Empowerment Act and passed by a near - unanimous vote on the floor . It added protection for online service providers and users from actions against them based on the content of third parties , stating in part that `` No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider . '' Effectively , this section immunizes both ISPs and Internet users from liability for torts committed by others using their website or online forum , even if the provider fails to take action after receiving actual notice of the harmful or offensive content . Through the so - called Good Samaritan provision , this section also protects ISPs from liability for restricting access to certain material or giving others the technical means to restrict access to that material . On July 23 , 2013 , the Attorneys General of 47 states sent a letter to Congress requesting that the criminal and civil immunity in Section 230 be removed . The ACLU wrote of the proposal , `` If Section 230 is stripped of its protections , it would n't take long for the vibrant culture of free speech to disappear from the web . '' More recently , lawmakers have been taking apart this section and the idea that big platforms are not held responsible for their content . Alex Jones , a conspiracy theorist , has been banned from Facebook and YouTube . This has caused a spur amongst the online community of those who feel strongly about freedom of speech . They feel disturbed at the fact , large platforms are dictating what is seen online by the world . Allow States and Victims to Fight online sex trafficking Act - stop Enabling sex Traffickers Act ( FOSTA - SESTA ) ( edit ) Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act ( FOSTA ) is a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representative by Ann Wagner in April 2017 . Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act ( SESTA ) is a similar U.S. Senate bill introduced by Rob Portman in August 2017 . The combined FOSTA - SESTA package passed the House on February 27 , 2018 with a vote of 388 - 25 and the Senate on March 21 , 2018 with a vote of 97 - 2 . The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on April 11 , 2018 . The bill clarifies the country 's sex trafficking law to make it illegal to knowingly assist , facilitate , or support sex trafficking , and amends the Section 230 safe harbors of the Communications Decency Act ( which make online services immune from civil liability for the actions of their users ) to exclude enforcement of federal or state sex trafficking laws from its immunity . The intent is to provide serious , legal consequences for websites that profit from sex trafficking and give prosecutors tools they need to protect their communities and give victims a pathway to justice . The bills were criticized by pro-free speech and pro-Internet groups as a `` disguised internet censorship bill '' that weakens the section 230 safe harbors , places unnecessary burdens on internet companies and intermediaries that handle user - generated content or communications with service providers required to proactively take action against sex trafficking activities , and requiring a `` team of lawyers '' to evaluate all possible scenarios under state and federal law ( which may be financially unfeasible for smaller companies ) . Online sex workers argued that the bill would harm their safety , as the platforms they utilize for offering and discussing sexual services ( as an alternative to street prostitution ) had begun to reduce their services or shut down entirely due to the threat of liability under the bill . Failure to warn lawsuits ( edit ) In Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands , Inc. , the plaintiff filed an action alleging that Internet Brands , Inc. 's failure to warn users of its modelmayhem.com networking website caused her to be a victim of a rape scheme . On May 31 , 2016 , the US Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit ruled that the Communications Decency Act does not bar the plaintiff 's failure to warn claim . See also ( edit ) Internet portal Pornography portal Government of the United States portal Electronic Frontier Foundation OCILLA portion of the DMCA , which contingently protects online service providers from liability for copyright infringement Stanley v. Georgia United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group , Inc . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J. , Exon , ( 1995 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Cosponsors - S. 314 - 104th Congress ( 1995 - 1996 ) : Communications Decency Act of 1995 '' . www.congress.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress - 1st Session '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 104th Congress - 2nd Session '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Larry , Pressler , ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Actions - S. 652 - 104th Congress ( 1995 - 1996 ) : Telecommunications Act of 1996 '' . www.congress.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Communications Decency Act Ruled Unconstitutional '' . GamePro . No. 96 . IDG . September 1996 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Myers , Ken S. ( Fall 2006 ) , `` Wikimmunity : Fitting the Communications Decency Act to Wikipedia '' , Harvard Journal of Law & Technology , 20 , p. 163 , SSRN 916529 Jump up ^ `` New Proposal Could Singlehandedly Cripple Free Speech Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Should the tech giants be liable for content ? '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jackman , Tom ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` House passes anti-online sex trafficking bill , allows targeting of websites like Backpage.com '' -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress - 2nd Session '' . www.senate.gov . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Dias ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Trump Signs Bill Amid Momentum to Crack Down on Trafficking '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Larry Magid ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) . `` DOJ Seizes Backpage.com Weeks After Congress Passes Sex Trafficking Law '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ann , Wagner ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` H.R. 1865 - 115th Congress ( 2017 - 2018 ) : Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017 '' . www.congress.gov . Jump up ^ `` ACLU letter opposing SESTA '' . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` SWOP - USA stands in opposition of disguised internet censorship bill SESTA , S. 1963 '' . Sex Workers Outreach Project . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia warns that SESTA will strip away protections vital to its existence '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sex trafficking bill is turning into a proxy war over Google '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Melissa . `` Tech community fighting online sex trafficking bill over fears it will stifle innovation '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` How a New Senate Bill Will Screw Over Sex Workers '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Amy ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Sex Workers Fear for Their Future : How SESTA Is Putting Many Prostitutes in Peril '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Doe No. 14 v Internet Brands '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Communications Decency Act Legislative history of the Communications Decency Act before amendment . FCC text of the full act . Section 230 Text of FOSTA - SESTA bill that was Presidentially signed into law as Pub. L. 115 - 164 ( PDF ( authoritative ) ) Internet Library of Law and Court Decisions Court Decisions applying Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act Center for Democracy and Technology Overview of CDA . This refers only to the portion of the act which was struck down . Cybertelecom : : The Communications Decency Act and Sec. 230 Good Samaritan Defense EFF.org , bloggers on Section 230 WorldCat Identities LCCN : nr98017073 VIAF : 186228623 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_Decency_Act&oldid=859156287 '' Categories : 1996 in law Internet censorship in the United States United States federal computing legislation Obscenity law Pornography law Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 03 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Communications Decency Act of 1996 2. Regulation of pornographic material on the Internet 3. Indecency and obscenity provisions 4. Section 230 and liability of Internet service providers 5. Recent legislation on online sex trafficking

who has had the most #1 singles

List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones This is a comprehensive listing that highlights significant achievements and milestones based upon Billboard magazine 's singles charts , most notably the Billboard Hot 100 . This list spans the period from the issue dated January 1 , 1955 to present . The Billboard Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4 , 1958 , and is currently the standard popular music chart in the United States . Prior to the creation of the Hot 100 , Billboard published four singles charts : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' , `` Most Played by Jockeys '' , `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' and `` The Top 100 '' . These charts , which ranged from 20 to 100 slots , were phased out at different times between 1957 and 1958 . Though technically not part of the Hot 100 chart history , select data from these charts are included for computational purposes , and to avoid unenlightening or misleading characterizations . All items listed below are from the Hot 100 era , unless otherwise noted ( pre-Hot 100 charts ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - Time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.1 Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 2 Song milestones 2.1 Most weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 2.2 Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) 2.3 Most total weeks in the top ten 2.4 Most total weeks on the Hot 100 2.5 Number - one debuts 2.6 Biggest jump to number one 2.7 Biggest single - week upward movements 2.8 Longest climbs to number one 2.9 Biggest drop from number one 2.10 Biggest single - week downward movements 2.11 Biggest drops off the Hot 100 2.12 Number - one songs covered by different artists 2.13 Non-English language number - ones 2.14 Instrumental number - ones 3 Artist achievements 3.1 Most number - one singles 3.2 Most cumulative weeks at number one 3.3 Most consecutive number - one singles 3.4 Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 3.5 Most consecutive years charting a number - one single 3.6 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 3.7 Most top 10 singles 3.8 Most consecutive weeks in the top 10 3.9 Most top 10 debuts 3.10 Most top 40 singles 3.11 Most Hot 100 entries 3.12 Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 3.13 Self - replacement at number one 3.14 Simultaneously occupying the top two positions 3.15 Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 3.16 Posthumous number - ones 3.17 Age records 3.18 Gap records 4 Album achievements 4.1 Most number - one singles from one album 4.2 Most top ten singles from one album 4.3 Other album achievements 5 Producer achievements 5.1 Producers with the most number - one singles 6 Songwriter achievements 6.1 Songwriters with the most number - one singles 6.2 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 7 Selected additional Hot 100 achievements 8 See also 9 References 10 Additional sources All - time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) In 2008 , for the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 , Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best - performing songs on the chart over the 50 years , along with the best - performing artists . In 2013 , Billboard revised the rankings for the chart 's 55th anniversary edition . In 2015 , Billboard revised the rankings again . Shown below are the top 10 songs and top 10 artists over the 57 - year period of the Hot 100 , through October 2015 . Also shown are the artists placing the most songs on the overall `` all - time '' top 100 song list . Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Single Year ( s ) released Artist ( s ) Peak and duration 1 . `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1961 * Chubby Checker # 1 for 3 weeks 2 . `` Smooth '' 1999 Santana featuring Rob Thomas # 1 for 12 weeks 3 . `` Mack the Knife '' 1959 Bobby Darin # 1 for 9 weeks 4 . `` How Do I Live '' 1997 LeAnn Rimes # 2 for 4 weeks 5 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett & GoonRock # 1 for 6 weeks 6 . `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 The Black Eyed Peas # 1 for 14 weeks 7 . `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys mix ) '' Los Del Rio # 1 for 14 weeks 8 . `` Physical '' 1981 Olivia Newton - John # 1 for 10 weeks 9 . `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Debby Boone # 1 for 10 weeks 10 . `` Hey Jude '' 1968 The Beatles # 1 for 9 weeks * -- re-released Source : Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Artist 1 . The Beatles 2 . Madonna 3 . Elton John 4 . Elvis Presley 5 . Mariah Carey 6 . Stevie Wonder 7 . Janet Jackson 8 . Michael Jackson 9 . Whitney Houston 10 . The Rolling Stones Source : Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Number of songs Artist Songs ( ranking ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Say You , Say Me '' ( 89 ) , `` All Night Long '' ( 91 ) Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' ( 20 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) , `` End of the Road '' ( 52 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 23 ) , `` Night Fever '' ( 39 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 56 ) Paul McCartney `` Silly Love Songs '' ( 37 ) , `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( 6 ) , `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( 53 ) The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( 10 ) , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( 45 ) Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' ( 11 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' ( 12 ) , `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 79 ) Diana Ross `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Upside Down '' ( 77 ) Andy Gibb `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 27 ) , `` Shadow Dancing '' ( 46 ) Marvin Gaye `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 38 ) , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 81 ) Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Billie Jean '' ( 83 ) Pharrell Williams `` Blurred Lines '' ( 48 ) , `` Happy '' ( 76 ) Elton John `` Candle In the Wind 1997 '' ( 49 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Source : Song milestones Most weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 16 Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men `` One Sweet Day '' 1995 -- 96 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Despacito '' 2017 14 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 -- 93 Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' 1994 Los del Río `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys mix ) Elton John `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' 1997 Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 2005 The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2015 13 Boyz II Men `` End of the Road '' Brandy and Monica `` The Boy Is Mine '' 1998 12 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 Eminem `` Lose Yourself '' 2002 -- 03 Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Yeah ! '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Boom Boom Pow '' 2009 Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell `` Blurred Lines '' 2013 Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' 2015 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 11 All - 4 - One `` I Swear '' 1994 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' 1997 Destiny 's Child `` Independent Women Part I '' 2000 -- 01 Drake `` God 's Plan '' 2018 10 Debby Boone `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Olivia Newton - John `` Physical '' 1981 -- 82 Santana featuring The Product G&B `` Maria Maria '' 2000 Ashanti `` Foolish '' 2002 Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` Dilemma '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx `` Gold Digger '' 2005 Beyoncé `` Irreplaceable '' 2006 -- 07 Flo Rida featuring T - Pain `` Low '' 2008 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` We Found Love '' 2011 -- 12 Pharrell Williams `` Happy '' 2014 Adele `` Hello '' 2015 -- 16 Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` One Dance '' 2016 Pre-Hot 100 Notes : In 1956 , Elvis Presley 's `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' was number 1 on the `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' charts for 11 weeks . In 1955 , The McGuire Sisters ' `` Sincerely '' was number 1 on the `` Most Played by Jockeys '' chart for 10 weeks . In 1955 , Pérez Prado 's `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' was number 1 on the `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart for 10 weeks . Source : Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) Kept off of number - one by 10 Foreigner `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' 1981 -- 82 `` Physical '' ( Olivia Newton - John ) , `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( Hall & Oates ) Missy Elliott `` Work It '' 2002 -- 03 `` Lose Yourself '' ( Eminem ) 9 Donna Lewis `` I Love You Always Forever '' `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Remix ) '' ( Los del Río ) Shania Twain `` You 're Still the One '' 1998 `` Too Close '' ( Next ) , `` The Boy Is Mine '' ( Brandy and Monica ) 8 Shai `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' ( Whitney Houston ) Deborah Cox `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here '' 1998 -- 99 `` I 'm Your Angel '' ( R. Kelly featuring Celine Dion ) , `` Have You Ever ? '' ( Brandy ) Brian McKnight `` Back at One '' 1999 -- 2000 `` Smooth '' ( Santana featuring Rob Thomas ) Mario Winans featuring Enya and P. Diddy `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) , `` Burn '' ( Usher ) Ed Sheeran `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2015 `` Uptown Funk ! '' ( Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ) Source : Most total weeks in the top ten The following songs have spent 26 or more weeks in the top ten . Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) Source 33 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 32 LeAnn Rimes `` How Do I Live '' 1997 -- 98 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 -- 17 31 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2014 -- 15 30 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 29 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 -- 12 28 Jewel `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' 1997 -- 98 Bruno Mars `` That 's What I Like '' 2017 27 Ed Sheeran `` Perfect '' 2017 -- 18 26 Savage Garden `` Truly Madly Deeply '' 1997 -- 98 The total weeks displayed in this section are total weeks the song was charted inside the top 10 portion of the chart , instead of total weeks spent on the chart . Most total weeks on the Hot 100 87 weeks -- Imagine Dragons -- `` Radioactive '' ( 2014 ) 79 weeks -- Awolnation -- `` Sail '' ( 2014 ) 76 weeks -- Jason Mraz -- `` I 'm Yours '' ( 2009 ) 69 weeks -- LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' ( 1998 ) 68 weeks -- LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock -- `` Party Rock Anthem '' ( 2012 ) , OneRepublic -- `` Counting Stars '' ( 2014 ) 65 weeks -- Jewel -- `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' ( 1998 ) , Adele -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' ( 2012 ) 64 weeks -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Before He Cheats '' ( 2007 ) 62 weeks -- Lifehouse -- `` You and Me '' ( 2006 ) , The Lumineers -- `` Ho Hey '' ( 2013 ) Note : The year displayed is the year the songs ended their respective chart runs . Source : Number - one debuts Source : Michael Jackson -- `` You Are Not Alone '' ( September 2 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) Whitney Houston -- `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' ( November 25 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men -- `` One Sweet Day '' ( December 2 , 1995 ) Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( June 14 , 1997 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Honey '' ( September 13 , 1997 ) Elton John -- `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( October 11 , 1997 ) Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( February 28 , 1998 ) Aerosmith -- `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( September 5 , 1998 ) Lauryn Hill -- `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' ( November 14 , 1998 ) Clay Aiken -- `` This Is the Night '' ( June 28 , 2003 ) Fantasia Barrino -- `` I Believe '' ( July 10 , 2004 ) Carrie Underwood -- `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( July 2 , 2005 ) Taylor Hicks -- `` Do I Make You Proud '' ( July 1 , 2006 ) Britney Spears -- `` 3 '' ( October 24 , 2009 ) Eminem -- `` Not Afraid '' ( May 22 , 2010 ) Kesha -- `` We R Who We R '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) Britney Spears -- `` Hold It Against Me '' ( January 29 , 2011 ) Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' ( February 26 , 2011 ) Katy Perry -- `` Part of Me '' ( March 3 , 2012 ) Baauer -- `` Harlem Shake '' ( March 2 , 2013 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' ( September 6 , 2014 ) Justin Bieber -- `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( September 19 , 2015 ) Adele -- `` Hello '' ( November 14 , 2015 ) Zayn Malik -- `` Pillowtalk '' ( February 20 , 2016 ) Justin Timberlake -- `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( May 28 , 2016 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` Shape of You '' ( January 28 , 2017 ) DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne -- `` I 'm the One '' ( May 20 , 2017 ) Drake -- `` God 's Plan '' ( February 3 , 2018 ) Drake -- `` Nice for What '' ( April 21 , 2018 ) Childish Gambino -- `` This Is America '' ( May 19 , 2018 ) Since 2009 , at least one song debuted at number one per year . In 1995 , four songs debuted at number one ( a record amount ) . Biggest Jump to number one 97 -- 1 -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 80 -- 1 -- T.I. featuring Rihanna -- `` Live Your Life '' ( October 18 , 2008 ) 78 -- 1 -- Eminem , Dr. Dre and 50 Cent -- `` Crack a Bottle '' ( February 21 , 2009 ) 77 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( September 16 , 2017 ) 72 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' ( September 1 , 2012 ) 71 -- 1 -- T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' ( September 6 , 2008 ) 64 -- 1 -- Maroon 5 -- `` Makes Me Wonder '' ( May 12 , 2007 ) 60 -- 1 -- Rihanna featuring Drake -- `` What 's My Name ? '' ( November 20 , 2010 ) 58 -- 1 -- Flo Rida -- `` Right Round '' ( February 28 , 2009 ) Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . From 1955 to 2001 , under Billboard 's previous methodologies , only two singles ascended directly to # 1 from a previous position beneath the Top 20 : The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from # 27 to the top slot in April 1964 , and Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy Is Mine '' which jumped from # 23 to # 1 in June 1998 . Biggest single - Week upward movements 97 -- 1 ( 96 positions ) -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 ( 95 positions ) -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 94 -- 3 ( 91 positions ) -- Beyoncé and Shakira -- `` Beautiful Liar '' ( April 7 , 2007 ) 94 -- 4 ( 90 positions ) -- Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B -- `` Girls Like You '' ( June 16 , 2018 ) 95 -- 7 ( 88 positions ) -- Akon featuring Eminem -- `` Smack That '' ( October 14 , 2006 ) 97 -- 9 ( 88 positions ) -- Drake featuring Nicki Minaj -- `` Make Me Proud '' ( November 5 , 2011 ) 96 -- 11 ( 85 positions ) -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' ( October 10 , 2009 ) 100 -- 15 ( 85 positions ) -- A.R. Rahman and Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger -- `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( March 14 , 2009 ) 85 -- 2 ( 83 positions ) -- Katy Perry -- `` Roar '' ( August 31 , 2013 ) 86 -- 4 ( 82 positions ) -- Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron -- `` Breaking Free '' ( February 11 , 2006 ) 92 -- 10 ( 82 positions ) -- Nicki Minaj -- `` Chun - Li '' ( April 28 , 2018 ) Under Billboard 's previous methodologies , jumps of this magnitude were rare . One exception was Jeannie C. Riley 's `` Harper Valley PTA , '' which advanced 74 slots in August 1968 ; this upward acceleration went unmatched for 30 years , but has been surpassed over a dozen times since 2006 . Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . Longest climbs to number one 33rd week -- Los del Río -- `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' ( 1995 -- 96 ) 31st week -- Lonestar -- `` Amazed '' ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 30th week -- John Legend -- `` All of Me '' ( 2013 -- 14 ) 27th week -- Creed -- `` With Arms Wide Open '' ( 2000 ) 26th week -- Vertical Horizon -- `` Everything You Want '' ( 2000 ) 25th week -- UB40 -- `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1988 ) 23rd week -- Patti Austin and James Ingram -- `` Baby , Come to Me '' ( 1983 ) , Sia featuring Sean Paul -- `` Cheap Thrills '' ( 2016 ) , Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug -- `` Havana '' ( 2017 -- 18 ) 22nd week -- Vangelis -- `` Chariots of Fire '' ( 1982 ) , Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis -- `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 -- 09 ) 21st week -- Nick Gilder -- `` Hot Child in the City '' ( 1978 ) , Robert John -- `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1979 ) , Outkast -- `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Adele -- `` Set Fire to the Rain '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) Biggest drop from number one 1 -- 15 -- Billy Preston -- `` Nothing from Nothing '' ( October 26 , 1974 ) 1 -- 15 -- Dionne Warwicke and The Spinners -- `` Then Came You '' ( November 2 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Simon & Garfunkel -- `` The Sound of Silence '' ( January 29 , 1966 ) 1 -- 12 -- Barry White -- `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( September 28 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Andy Kim -- `` Rock Me Gently '' ( October 5 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Stevie Wonder -- `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' ( November 9 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Bachman -- Turner Overdrive -- `` You Ai n't Seen Nothing Yet '' ( November 16 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- John Lennon and Plastic Ono Band -- `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( November 23 , 1974 ) 1 -- 11 -- Diana Ross -- `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( January 31 , 1976 ) 1 -- 10 -- Phil Collins -- `` Two Hearts '' ( February 4 , 1989 ) Source : Biggest single - week downward movements 17 -- 96 ( 79 positions ) -- Javier Colon -- `` Stitch by Stitch '' ( July 23 , 2011 ) 21 -- 99 ( 78 positions ) -- Jordan Smith -- `` Somebody to Love '' ( January 2 , 2016 ) 16 -- 93 ( 77 positions ) -- 5 Seconds of Summer -- `` Amnesia '' ( July 26 , 2014 ) 17 -- 92 ( 75 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Die in Your Arms '' ( June 23 , 2012 ) 23 -- 96 ( 73 positions ) -- Colbie Caillat -- `` I Do '' ( March 5 , 2011 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Never Let You Go '' ( March 27 , 2010 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Glee Cast -- `` Empire State of Mind '' ( October 16 , 2010 ) 16 -- 89 ( 73 positions ) -- Jonas Brothers -- `` Pushin ' Me Away '' ( August 9 , 2008 ) 13 -- 86 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- `` Hallelujah '' ( February 20 , 2010 ) 20 -- 92 ( 72 positions ) -- The Beatles -- `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( June 5 , 1982 ) Source : Biggest drops off the Hot 100 From # 4 -- Prince and The Revolution -- `` Purple Rain '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 8 -- Prince -- `` When Doves Cry '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 9 -- Soko -- `` We Might Be Dead by Tomorrow '' ( April 5 , 2014 ) From # 11 -- Jonas Brothers -- `` A Little Bit Longer '' ( August 30 , 2008 ) , Taylor Swift -- `` Mean '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) , One Direction -- `` Diana '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) , Mariah Carey -- `` All I Want for Christmas is You '' ( January 16 , 2016 ) † † From # 12 -- Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' * ( November 29 , 2008 ) , Lady Gaga -- `` Hair '' ( June 11 , 2011 ) , One Direction -- `` Midnight Memories '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) † -- `` Purple Rain '' and `` When Doves Cry '' reappeared on the Hot 100 for two weeks in 2016 , and the above reflects their re-entries only . When the songs originally charted in 1984 , their chart positions in their final week on the Hot 100 were well below the top 10 . † † -- A recurring holiday song charting during the Christmas season . * -- `` You Belong with Me '' later re-entered the Hot 100 as a single in 2009 to reach a peak of # 2 . The recurring song 's final week on the Hot 100 was in 2010 , when it was low as possible on the chart . Prior to 2008 , the biggest drop off the Hot 100 was `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues , which ranked at # 17 in its final week on the chart in December 1972 . This high drop - off position was matched in January 1975 by `` Junior 's Farm '' by Paul McCartney and Wings . The record went unchallenged for more than three decades , but every title listed above achieved its drop - off after just four weeks or less on the Hot 100 . `` Nights in White Satin '' and `` Junior 's Farm '' dropped off after 18 and 12 weeks , respectively . Source : Number - one songs covered by different artists `` Go Away Little Girl '' -- Steve Lawrence ( 1963 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1971 ) `` The Loco - Motion '' -- Little Eva ( 1962 ) and Grand Funk ( 1974 ) `` Please Mr. Postman '' -- The Marvelettes ( 1961 ) and The Carpenters ( 1975 ) `` Venus '' -- Shocking Blue ( 1970 ) and Bananarama ( 1986 ) `` Lean on Me '' -- Bill Withers ( 1972 ) and Club Nouveau ( 1987 ) `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' -- The Supremes ( 1966 ) and Kim Wilde ( 1987 ) `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' -- Percy Sledge ( 1966 ) and Michael Bolton ( 1991 ) `` I 'll Be There '' -- The Jackson 5 ( 1970 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1992 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle ( 1975 ) and Christina Aguilera / Lil ' Kim / Mýa / Pink ( 2001 ) Source : Non-English language number - ones `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno ( Italian -- August 18 , 1958 for five non-consecutive weeks ) `` Sukiyaki '' -- Kyu Sakamoto ( Japanese -- June 15 , 1963 for three weeks ) `` Dominique '' -- The Singing Nun ( French -- December 7 , 1963 for four weeks ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( English / German -- March 29 , 1986 for three weeks ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- August 29 , 1987 for three weeks ) `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río ( English / Spanish -- August 3 , 1996 for fourteen weeks ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( English / Spanish -- May 27 , 2017 for sixteen weeks ) Instrumental number - ones `` The Happy Organ '' -- Dave `` Baby '' Cortez ( May 11 , 1959 for one week ) `` Sleep Walk '' -- Santo & Johnny ( September 21 , 1959 for two weeks ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith ( February 22 , 1960 for nine weeks ) `` Wonderland by Night '' -- Bert Kaempfert ( January 9 , 1961 for three weeks ) `` Calcutta '' -- Lawrence Welk ( February 13 , 1961 for two weeks ) `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk ( May 26 , 1962 for one week ) `` The Stripper '' -- David Rose ( July 7 , 1962 for one week ) `` Telstar '' -- The Tornados ( December 22 , 1962 for three weeks ) `` Love Is Blue '' -- Paul Mauriat ( February 10 , 1968 for five weeks ) `` Grazing in the Grass '' -- Hugh Masekela ( July 20 , 1968 for two weeks ) `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' -- Henry Mancini ( July 28 , 1969 for two weeks ) `` Frankenstein '' -- The Edgar Winter Group ( May 26 , 1973 for one week ) `` Love 's Theme '' -- Love Unlimited Orchestra ( February 9 , 1974 for one week ) `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' -- MFSB and The Three Degrees † ( April 20 , 1974 for two weeks ) `` Pick Up the Pieces '' -- Average White Band † ( February 22 , 1975 for one week ) `` The Hustle '' -- Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony † ( July 26 , 1975 for one week ) `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' -- Silver Convention † ( November 29 , 1975 for three weeks ) `` Theme from S.W.A.T. '' -- Rhythm Heritage ( February 28 , 1976 for one week ) `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' -- Walter Murphy and the Big Apple Band ( October 9 , 1976 for one week ) `` Gonna Fly Now '' -- Bill Conti † ( July 2 , 1977 for one week ) `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' -- Meco ( October 1 , 1977 for two weeks ) `` Rise '' -- Herb Alpert ( October 20 , 1979 for two weeks ) `` Chariots of Fire '' -- Vangelis ( May 8 , 1982 for one week ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- Jan Hammer ( November 9 , 1985 for one week ) `` Harlem Shake '' -- Baauer † ( March 2 , 2013 for five weeks ) † -- Contains vocal part , but is considered an instrumental . See Instrumental # Borderline cases for more . Artist achievements Most number - one singles Number of singles Artist Biggest number - one † 20 The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' 18 Elvis Presley ‡ `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 14 Rihanna `` We Found Love '' 13 Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) 12 The Supremes `` Love Child '' Madonna `` Like a Virgin '' 11 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 10 Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) Janet Jackson `` Miss You Much '' † The biggest number - one listed by each artist reflects its overall performance on the Hot 100 , as calculated by Billboard , and may not necessarily be the single which spent the most weeks at # 1 for the artist , such as Madonna 's `` Like a Virgin '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for `` Take a Bow '' ) , Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' ( fourteen weeks at # 1 , compared to sixteen for her duet with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' ) and Michael Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say Say Say '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for both his solo singles `` Billie Jean '' and `` Black or White '' ) . ‡ Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Billboard now credits the dual # 1 Presley single `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' as a single chart entity , and credits Presley with 17 number one singles . `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' spent 11 weeks at # 1 , `` Hound Dog '' for 6 weeks , `` Do n't Be Cruel '' for 5 weeks . Many chart statisticians however , such as Joel Whitburn still lists Presley as having 18 number ones . Source : Most cumulative weeks at number one Weeks at number one Artist Source 79 Elvis Presley † Mariah Carey 60 Rihanna 59 The Beatles 50 Boyz II Men 47 Usher 42 Beyoncé 38 Drake 37 Michael Jackson 34 Elton John † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Presley is sometimes credited with an `` 80th week '' that occurred when `` All Shook Up '' spent a ninth week on top of the `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' chart . Although Billboard 's chart statistician Joel Whitburn still counts this 80th week based on preexisting research , Billboard magazine itself has since revised its methodology and officially credits Presley with 79 weeks . Much of Presley 's total factors in pre-Hot 100 data . If counting from the August 1958 Hot 100 inception , Presley totaled 22 weeks at # 1 . Most consecutive number - one singles Number of singles Artist First hit and date Final hit and date Streak - breaking song 7 Whitney Houston `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( October 26 , 1985 ) `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' ( April 23 , 1988 ) `` Love Will Save the Day '' ( # 9 -- August 27 , 1988 ) 6 The Beatles `` I Feel Fine '' ( December 26 , 1964 ) `` We Can Work It Out '' ( January 8 , 1966 ) `` Nowhere Man '' ( # 3 -- March 26 , 1966 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) `` Love You Inside Out '' ( June 9 , 1979 ) `` He 's A Liar '' ( # 30 -- October 24 , 1981 ) 5 Elvis Presley `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' ( August 10 , 1959 ) `` Surrender '' ( March 20 , 1961 ) `` I Feel So Bad '' ( # 5 -- May 1961 ) The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( June 12 , 1965 ) `` Nothing but Heartaches '' ( # 11 -- September 4 , 1965 ) Michael Jackson `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( with Siedah Garrett ) ( September 19 , 1987 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( July 2 , 1988 ) `` Another Part of Me '' ( # 11 -- September 10 , 1988 ) Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Emotions '' ( October 12 , 1991 ) `` Ca n't Let Go '' ( # 2 -- January 25 , 1992 ) `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) `` My All '' ( May 23 , 1998 ) `` When You Believe '' ( with Whitney Houston ) ( # 15 -- January 30 , 1999 ) Katy Perry `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) ( June 19 , 2010 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( August 17 , 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( # 3 -- January 7 , 2012 ) Houston 's `` Thinking About You '' is not counted as intrerupting the streak , as it never appeared on the Hot 100 , due to not being released to Pop radio . Likewise , Perry 's `` Not Like the Movies '' and `` Circle the Drain '' were only promotional singles , not radio singles . Sources : Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 Number of weeks Artist Year ( s ) charted Singles Albums 12 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' Meet the Beatles ! , The Beatles ' Second Album Whitney Houston 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album 7 Michael Jackson `` Billie Jean '' Thriller Drake 2016 `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) Views The Monkees 1966 -- 67 `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees , More of the Monkees Sources : Most consecutive years charting a number - one single Number of years Artist First number - one hit and week Final number - one hit and final week 11 Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Thank God I Found You '' ( February 19 , 2000 ) 7 Elvis Presley † `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ( March 17 , 1956 ) `` Good Luck Charm '' ( April 28 , 1962 ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( February 1 , 1964 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( June 20 , 1970 ) 6 The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( December 27 , 1969 ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( August 15 , 1981 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' ( January 11 , 1986 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Artist Year charted Singles 6 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Love Me Do '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Feel Fine '' 5 1965 `` I Feel Fine '' `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` Help ! '' `` Yesterday '' Elvis Presley † 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' The Supremes 1965 `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' Jackson 5 1970 `` I Want You Back '' `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' `` I 'll Be There '' George Michael 1988 `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' Usher `` Yeah ! '' ( featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' `` My Boo '' ( Duet with Alicia Keys ) Rihanna `` Rude Boy '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts . Chart notes : If counting Presley 's dual hit song `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' separately then Elvis has 5 for 1956 . Some Presley songs included here charted # 1 on Cashbox , but not on the Billboard Top 100 , the precursor to the Billboard Hot 100 . Sources : Most top 10 singles Number of singles Artist Source 38 Madonna 36 † Elvis Presley 34 The Beatles 31 Rihanna 29 Michael Jackson 28 Stevie Wonder Mariah Carey 27 Elton John Janet Jackson 26 Drake † This total includes Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Elvis Presley 's total for the Hot 100 top 10 singles is 25 . Most consecutive weeks in the top 10 Number of weeks Artist Years charted Singles 69 Katy Perry 2010 -- 11 `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Teenage Dream '' `` Firework '' `` E.T. '' ( featuring Kanye West ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' 61 The Chainsmokers 2016 -- 17 `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( featuring Daya ) `` Closer '' ( featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( with Coldplay ) 51 Drake 2015 -- 16 `` Hotline Bling '' `` Work '' ( Rihanna featuring Drake ) `` Summer Sixteen '' `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) 48 Ace of Base 1993 -- 94 `` All That She Wants '' `` The Sign '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' 46 Rihanna 2010 -- 11 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` S&M '' Source : Most top 10 debuts Number Artist Source 14 Taylor Swift 12 Drake 8 Eminem 7 Justin Bieber Lil Wayne 6 Ariana Grande Lady Gaga Rihanna Most Top 40 singles Number Artist Source 80 Elvis Presley † 74 Drake 71 Lil Wayne 57 Elton John 56 Taylor Swift 51 Glee Cast 50 The Beatles Rihanna 49 Madonna 48 Jay - Z Kanye West † If his career before the Hot 100 inception is included , Presley is credited with 114 Top 40 entries . Most Hot 100 entries Entries Artist Source 207 Glee Cast 164 Drake 138 Lil Wayne 108 Elvis Presley † 97 Jay - Z 91 James Brown Kanye West 90 Chris Brown Nicki Minaj 77 Taylor Swift † Elvis Presley 's career predated the inception of the Hot 100 by two years . He has charted 149 singles on Billboard if tracking his entire career . Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 The artists with 150 or more consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 : 431 -- Drake 326 -- Lil Wayne 216 -- Rihanna 207 -- Nicki Minaj 166 -- Future 161 -- Chris Brown 159 -- Jay - Z 152 -- Nelly 150 -- Justin Bieber Source : Self - replacement at number one The Beatles † -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' → `` She Loves You '' ( March 21 , 1964 ) ; `` She Loves You '' → `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( April 4 , 1964 ) Boyz II Men -- `` I 'll Make Love to You '' → `` On Bended Knee '' ( December 3 , 1994 ) Puff Daddy -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) → `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) ( August 30 , 1997 ) Ja Rule -- `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) → `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) ( March 9 , 2002 ) Nelly -- `` Hot in Herre '' → `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland ) ( August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' → `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) ( February 14 , 2004 ) Usher -- `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) → `` Burn '' ( May 22 , 2004 ) ; `` Burn '' → `` Confessions Part II '' ( July 24 , 2004 ) T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) ( October 18 , 2008 ) ; `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( November 15 , 2008 ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` Boom Boom Pow '' → `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( July 11 , 2009 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' → `` Blank Space '' ( November 29 , 2014 ) The Weeknd -- `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' → `` The Hills '' ( October 3 , 2015 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Sorry '' → `` Love Yourself '' ( February 13 , 2016 ) ; `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) → `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) Drake -- `` God 's Plan '' → `` Nice for What '' ( April 21 , 2018 ) † The Beatles are the only act in history to have three consecutive , self - replacing # 1s . Source : Simultaneously occupying the top two positions Elvis Presley : October 20 -- November 3 , 1956 ( Pre-Hot 100 charts ) `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles : From February 22 , 1964 until April 25 , 1964 the Beatles held the top two positions , with various singles . In some of the weeks , the band held the top three or top four slots , the only act in chart history to do so . On April 4 , 1964 , The Beatles occupied the entire top five . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` She Loves You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` Please Please Me '' Bee Gees : March 18 -- April 15 , 1978 `` Night Fever '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Puff Daddy : August 9 -- 30 , 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) Ja Rule : March 9 -- 23 , 2002 `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) Ashanti : April 20 -- May 18 , 2002 `` Foolish '' `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) Nelly : August 10 -- 31 , 2002 `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland , songs switched positions on August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast : December 20 , 2003 -- February 7 , 2004 `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) Usher : June 26 -- July 3 , 2004 ; July 17 , 2004 `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' 50 Cent : April 16 -- 30 , 2005 `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) Mariah Carey : September 10 , 2005 `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' Akon : December 2 , 2006 `` I Wanna Love You '' ( Akon featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Smack That '' ( Akon featuring Eminem ) April 14 , 2007 `` Do n't Matter '' `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) T.I. : October 18 , 2008 ; November 1 -- 29 , 2008 `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( songs switched positions several times ) Black Eyed Peas : June 27 -- July 18 , 2009 `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( songs switched positions on July 11 , 2009 ) Pharrell Williams : June 29 -- July 27 , 2013 `` Blurred Lines '' ( Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell ) `` Get Lucky '' ( Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams ) Iggy Azalea : June 7 -- July 5 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) The Weeknd : September 26 , 2015 `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` The Hills '' Justin Bieber : February 6 -- 13 , 2016 `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' ( songs switched positions on February 13 , 2016 ) July 1 -- 22 , 2017 `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne ) Drake : April 21 -- May 5 , 2018 `` Nice for What '' `` God 's Plan '' Simultaneously three or more singles in the Top 10 The Beatles : February 29 -- May 2 , 1964 ( Note : The Beatles had as many as five in the top ten April 4 -- 11 , 1964 ) `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Please Please Me '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' The Bee Gees : February 25 -- March 4 , 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Night Fever '' Ashanti : March 30 -- April 6 , 2002 `` Always On Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) `` Foolish '' 50 Cent : May 31 -- June 7 , 2003 `` In Da Club '' `` 21 Questions '' ( 50 Cent featuring Nate Dogg ) `` Magic Stick '' ( Lil ' Kim featuring 50 Cent ) February 19 -- April 30 , 2005 ; May 14 -- 21 , 2005 ( Note : 50 Cent had as many as four in the top ten April 2 -- 9 , 2005 ) `` Disco Inferno '' `` How We Do '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Just a Lil Bit '' Usher : June 5 -- July 10 , 2004 `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' Akon : May 5 , 2007 and May 19 , 2007 `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) `` Do n't Matter '' `` I Tried '' ( Bone Thugs - n - Harmony featuring Akon ) T - Pain : November 3 -- December 29 , 2007 ( Note : All four titles below were in the top ten November 24 -- December 8 , 2007 ) `` Good Life '' ( Kanye West featuring T - Pain ) `` Cyclone '' ( Baby Bash featuring T - Pain ) `` Kiss Kiss '' ( Chris Brown featuring T - Pain ) `` Low '' ( Flo Rida featuring T - Pain ) Chris Brown : April 5 , 2008 and May 10 , 2008 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten on both charts ) `` With You '' `` No Air '' ( Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown ) `` Shawty Get Loose '' ( Lil Mama featuring Chris Brown & T - Pain ) `` Forever '' Lil Wayne : September 27 , 2008 `` Got Money '' ( Lil Wayne featuring T - Pain ) `` Ca n't Believe It '' ( T - Pain featuring Lil Wayne ) `` Swagga Like Us '' ( Jay - Z & T.I. featuring Kanye West & Lil Wayne ) Adele : March 3 , 2012 `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Iggy Azalea : August 30 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Black Widow '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora ) Ariana Grande : August 30 , 2014 `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Bang Bang '' ( Jessie J , Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj ) `` Break Free '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Zedd ) Justin Bieber : December 5 , 2015 -- February 6 , 2016 `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' The Chainsmokers : March 18 , 2017 `` Closer '' ( The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( The Chainsmokers and Coldplay ) Cardi B : January 6 -- 27 , 2018 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten January 6 -- 27 , 2018 ) `` No Limit '' ( G - Eazy featuring ASAP Rocky & Cardi B) `` MotorSport '' ( Migos , Nicki Minaj & Cardi B) `` Bodak Yellow ( Money Moves ) '' `` Finesse '' ( Bruno Mars & Cardi B) Drake : April 14 -- June 9 , 2018 ( Note : Titles have varied throughout the weeks mentioned ) `` God 's Plan '' `` Look Alive '' ( BlocBoy JB featuring Drake ) `` Walk It Talk It '' ( Migos featuring Drake ) `` Nice for What '' `` Yes Indeed '' ( Lil Baby and Drake ) J. Cole : May 5 , 2018 `` ATM '' `` Kevin 's Heart '' `` KOD '' Post Malone : May 12 , 2018 `` Psycho '' ( Post Malone featuring Ty Dolla Sign ) `` Better Now '' `` Rockstar '' ( Post Malone featuring 21 Savage ) Posthumous number - ones Otis Redding ( d . December 10 , 1967 ) -- `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( March 16 , 1968 ) Janis Joplin ( d . October 4 , 1970 ) -- `` Me and Bobby McGee '' ( March 20 , 1971 ) Jim Croce ( d . September 20 , 1973 ) -- `` Time in a Bottle '' ( December 29 , 1973 ) John Lennon ( d . December 8 , 1980 ) -- `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( December 27 , 1980 ) The Notorious B.I.G. ( d . March 9 , 1997 ) -- `` Hypnotize '' ( May 3 , 1997 ) and `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( August 30 , 1997 ) Soulja Slim ( d . November 26 , 2003 ) -- `` Slow Motion '' ( Juvenile featuring Soulja Slim ) ( August 7 , 2004 ) Static Major ( d . February 25 , 2008 ) -- `` Lollipop '' ( Lil Wayne featuring Static Major ) ( May 3 , 2008 ) Source : Age records Louis Armstrong ( age 62 years , 279 days ) is the oldest artist to top the Hot 100 . He set that record with `` Hello , Dolly ! '' on May 9 , 1964 . Cher ( age 52 years , 297 days ) is the oldest female artist to top the Hot 100 . She set the record with `` Believe '' on March 13 , 1999 . The previous record holder was Grace Slick of Starship , who was 47 years , 156 days old when their hit `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' began its two - week reign on April 4 , 1987 . Michael Jackson ( age 11 years , 155 days ) is the youngest artist to top the Hot 100 . He achieved the record , as part of the Jackson 5 , with `` I Want You Back '' on January 31 , 1970 . Stevie Wonder ( age 13 years , 89 days ) is the youngest solo artist to top the Hot 100 . He set the record with `` Fingertips Pt. 2 '' on August 10 , 1963 . Little Peggy March ( age 15 years , 50 days ) is the youngest female artist to top the Hot 100 . The song which established this record for her was `` I Will Follow Him '' , which reached # 1 on April 27 , 1963 . Fred Stobaugh ( age 96 years , 23 days ) is the oldest living artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He was featured on the Green Shoe Studio song `` Oh Sweet Lorriane '' , which ranked at # 42 on September 14 , 2013 . The previous record was held by Tony Bennett , who was 85 years , 59 days old when his song `` Body and Soul '' , a duet with Amy Winehouse , ranked at # 87 on October 1 , 2011 . French - born Jordy Lemoine ( age 5 years , 156 days ) is the youngest artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He established the record when his song `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! ( It 's Tough to Be a Baby ) '' , where he is credited simply as Jordy , entered the chart on June 19 , 1993 . Asahd Khaled ( age 132 days ) is the youngest producer to chart on the Hot 100 , as an executive producer for the album `` Grateful '' by DJ Khaled . The album 's first single `` Shining '' featuring Jay - Z and Beyoncé entered the Hot 100 at # 62 on March 4 , 2017 . He also became the youngest producer to earn a Hot 100 # 1 ( age 209 days ) when the album 's second single , `` I 'm The One '' featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne , debuted atop the chart dated May 20 , 2017 . Gap Records The longest gap between # 1 hits on the Hot 100 for an artist is 24 years , 355 days by Cher . Her single `` Believe '' hit # 1 on March 13 , 1999 , her first time on top since `` Dark Lady '' on March 23 , 1974 . Cher also holds the record gap between first and most recent # 1 on the Hot 100 over the longest period of time : 33 years , 232 days . The first of three weeks at # 1 for `` I Got You Babe '' by Sonny & Cher was August 14 , 1965 . The last week at # 1 for Cher 's `` Believe '' was April 3 , 1999 . The record for the longest wait from an artist 's Hot 100 debut entry to its first # 1 belongs to Santana , with 30 years between the time he first cracked the Hot 100 with `` Jingo '' ( October 25 , 1969 ) and the first of 12 weeks at # 1 with `` Smooth , '' featuring Rob Thomas ( October 23 , 1999 ) . When the Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse duet `` Body and Soul '' debuted at # 87 for the week of October 1 , 2011 , Bennett became the artist with the longest overall span of singles on the Hot 100 -- 53 years , 58 days on account of his single `` Young and Warm and Wonderful '' which appeared at # 59 on the very first edition of the Hot 100 , dated August 4 , 1958 . Album achievements Most number - one singles from one album Number of Singles Artist Album Year 5 Michael Jackson Bad Katy Perry Teenage Dream Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Whitney Houston Whitney George Michael Faith Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey Usher Confessions Source : Saturday Night Fever generated number - one singles for two different artists : `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Night Fever '' by the Bee Gees ; and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Yvonne Elliman . Katy Perry 's Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection was a reissue of the Teenage Dream album , and featured an additional single , `` Part Of Me '' , which peaked at Number One on the Billboard Hot 100 . This brings her actual total to six . However , this does not count since the single comes from a reissue of the album and not the original release . Most Top ten singles from one album Number of singles Artist Album Year 7 Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 6 Michael Jackson Bad George Michael Faith Janet Jackson Janet . Katy Perry Teenage Dream 5 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Janet Jackson Control 1986 Genesis Invisible Touch Madonna True Blue Huey Lewis and the News Fore ! Whitney Houston Whitney Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Bobby Brown Do n't Be Cruel New Kids on the Block Hangin ' Tough Bon Jovi New Jersey Milli Vanilli Girl You Know It 's True 1989 Various artists † Waiting to Exhale 1995 Usher Confessions Fergie The Dutchess 2006 The Black Eyed Peas The E.N.D. 2009 Taylor Swift 1989 2014 Source : † Waiting to Exhale generated top ten singles for five different artists : `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' and `` Count on Me '' by Whitney Houston ( the latter with CeCe Winans ) , `` Not Gon ' Cry '' by Mary J. Blige , `` Sittin ' Up in My Room '' by Brandy , and `` Let It Flow '' by Toni Braxton . Other album achievements Janet Jackson 's Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 has the most top 5 singles , with 7 . Janet Jackson has the most albums with five or more Top 10 hits . Those albums are Control , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 , and janet . Drake 's More Life places a record - breaking 22 entries to the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time , on the April 8 , 2017 chart , eclipsing his previous record of 18 from his album Views less than one year earlier , on May 21 , 2016 . NOTE : Numbers listed here are , per Billboard 's rules , over one release . Producer achievements Producers with the most number - one singles Number of singles Producer ( s ) Best known producing for Biggest number - one hit and date 23 George Martin The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 22 Max Martin Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 16 Steve Sholes † Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel '' ( August 18 , 1956 ) Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis Janet Jackson `` Miss You Much '' ( October 7 , 1989 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) 14 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Songwriter achievements Songwriters with the most number - one singles Number of singles Songwriter Best known writing for Biggest number - one hit and date 32 Paul McCartney The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 26 John Lennon 22 Max Martin Katy Perry , Britney Spears , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 17 Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) 16 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Songwriter ( s ) Year Number - one hits ( in chronological order ) 7 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1964 The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' † , `` She Loves You '' † , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' † , `` Love Me Do '' Peter and Gordon -- `` A World Without Love '' The Beatles -- `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` I Feel Fine '' † † † Barry Gibb † † 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' † Andy Gibb -- `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' † Bee Gees -- `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' Frankie Valli -- `` Grease '' 5 Lamont Dozier Brian Holland Eddie Holland 1965 The Supremes -- `` Come See About Me '' , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' , `` Back in My Arms Again '' † Four Tops -- `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' † The Supremes -- `` I Hear a Symphony '' John Lennon † † † Paul McCartney † † † 1965 The Beatles -- `` I Feel Fine '' , `` Eight Days a Week '' , `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Help ! '' , `` Yesterday '' † † † Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' † Chronologically sequential , replacing each other at # 1 † † Holds all - time record of writing the most consecutively charted ( self - replacing ) # 1 songs on the Hot 100 , with 4 . † † † Hold all - time record of writing the most consecutive # 1 A-side singles , with 6 . Record includes these five 1965 A-sides and `` We Can Work It Out '' , which hit # 1 in January 1966 . Source : Selected additional Hot 100 achievements The first # 1 song on the Hot 100 was `` Poor Little Fool '' by Ricky Nelson ( August 4 , 1958 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard incorporated sales and airplay data from Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems was `` Set Adrift on Memory Bliss '' by P.M. Dawn ( November 30 , 1991 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard allowed songs without a commercial single release to chart on the Hot 100 was `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Céline Dion ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Though the song was making its first appearance on the Hot 100 that week , Billboard did not consider it a debut at # 1 , since it appeared on unpublished test charts prior to the allowance of airplay - only songs on the main chart . `` I 'm Your Angel '' also entered the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart that week at # 1 , so it would have been ineligible to chart on the Hot 100 before then . The first `` airplay - only '' song to reach # 1 ( no points from a commercial single release ) was `` Try Again '' by Aaliyah ( June 17 , 2000 ) . Drake holds the record for the most entries in the Hot 100 during a one - week period , with 24 on the April 8 , 2017 chart . The Beatles had long held this record , occupying 14 positions on the Hot 100 dated April 11 , 1964 , a feat unmatched for nearly 51 years . On March 7 , 2015 , Drake tied the Beatles mark , and he equaled it again on October 17 that year . Justin Bieber then reset the record to 17 on December 5 , 2015 , before Drake reclaimed the record with 20 on May 21 , 2016 . Drake also holds the record for the most debuting entries on a Hot 100 chart by any artist , with 21 on April 8 , 2017 . Cardi B is the record - holder among female artists for the most simultaneous entries in the Hot 100 , with 13 on the April 21 , 2018 chart . The Beatles are the only artists to simultaneously hold the top 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and Billboard 200 albums chart . They achieved this feat for nine consecutive weeks , from February 29 , 1964 , to April 25 , 1964 . For the first five weeks of that run , through March 28 , 1964 , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles ( which swapped positions during March 1964 ) , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles held the top 2 spots on the albums charts . For the remaining weeks of the run , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' and their cover of `` Twist and Shout '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles continued their reign as the top 2 albums . Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , John Lennon , and Paul McCartney hold the record of writing all of the Top 3 singles for one week . The Gibbs co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 18 , 1978 -- # 1 `` Night Fever '' and # 2 `` Stayin ' Alive '' for the Bee Gees , and # 3 `` Emotion '' for Samantha Sang . Lennon and McCartney co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 14 , 1964 -- # 1 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , # 2 `` She Loves You '' , and # 3 `` Please Please Me '' , all for The Beatles . They continued this record the following week of March 21 , 1964 , when `` She Loves You '' switched places with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The Black Eyed Peas hold the record for the longest uninterrupted time at # 1 on the Hot 100 , a total of 26 consecutive weeks from April to October 2009 . `` Boom Boom Pow '' spent the first 12 weeks on top , with `` I Gotta Feeling '' taking over for the remaining 14 weeks . Prior to August 2009 , Usher held this record , spending 19 consecutive weeks on top of the chart in 2004 with `` Yeah ! '' ( 12 weeks at # 1 ) and `` Burn '' ( first 7 of its 8 total weeks at # 1 ) . On December 4 , 2010 , Rihanna 's `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' reached the top spot two weeks after `` What 's My Name ? '' , becoming the first time in Hot 100 history that an album 's debut single hit # 1 after the second single did . Ed Sheeran became the first artist to debut more than one song in the top 10 for the same week . On the chart dated January 28 , 2017 , `` Shape of You '' debuted at # 1 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at # 6 . Drake is the only other artist to have achieved this feat , doing so on April 8 , 2017 . and again on February 3 , 2018 . Drake is the only artist to have two debuts in the top 10 on two separate occasions . Drake is the only artist to have a number - one debut replace another number - one debut . He did this April 21 , 2018 , when `` Nice For What '' replaced `` God 's Plan '' at the summit , after the latter had spent eleven weeks on top . Drake holds the record for being on the Hot 100 for the most consecutive weeks . He placed at least one song , either in a lead or featured role , on every chart from his debut on May 23 , 2009 , to August 19 , 2017 , for a total of 431 weeks in a row . Ariana Grande is the only artist to have the lead single from each of her first four albums debut in the Hot 100 's top 10 . See also List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S. List of artists who reached number one in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Anniversary : Find Out The Top Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . This contains the heading of the article only , no charts . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart : 50th Anniversary '' . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary Central '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Hot 100 Songs & Artists of All Time : Chubby Checker 's ' The Twist ' & The Beatles Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Artists '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1s '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Fred Bronson . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars Notch 10th Week Atop Hot 100 '' . 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Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Leads Hot 100 , & All - Rap Top Four , For Second Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Imagine Dragons ' ' Radioactive ' Ends Record Billboard Hot 100 Run '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the 31 Songs That Have Debuted at No. 1 on the Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Billboard Music . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo ( Jan 28 , 2009 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Breaks Record For Hot 100 Jump '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Maintains No. 1 Album While Britney Spears Zooms to No. 1 on the Hot 100 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. 's ' Paper Trail ' Leads To No. 1 On The Billboard 200 '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Bottle ' Breaks Digital Record '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift Scores First - Ever No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With ' Never ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` T.I. Sets New Record With Hot 100 No. 1 Jump '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' What 's My Name ? ' Rockets to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Flo Rida Topples Single - Week Download Mark '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of February 7 , 2009 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 25 , 2008 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of April 7 , 2007 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Maroon 5 's ' Girls Like You ' Leaps to Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 14 , 2006 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . 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Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of January 2 , 2016 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of July 26 , 2014 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of June 23 , 2012 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of March 5 , 2011 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of March 27 , 2010 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of October 16 , 2010 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of August 9 , 2008 ( Biggest Fall ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . 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Until this week , Presley and Madonna were tied with 36 top 10 hits in the rock era , the highest total for any artist . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Billboard Hot 100 , as ' Nice for What ' Debuts at No. 1 , Replacing ' God 's Plan ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' Hits Hot 100 's Top 10 for First Time , ' Perfect ' Still No. 1 '' . billboard.com . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Lil Baby , Ella Mai & BTS Earn First Top 10s '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers Hold Atop Hot 100 , Shawn Mendes Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Halsey Lead Hot 100 & Rihanna Returns to Top 10 , Fueled by VMAs Gains '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drake & Rihanna 's ' Too Good ' Hits New Heights on Hot 100 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Tops Hot 100 ; Drake Debuts Two in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zellner , Xander ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Scores 9th Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 With ' No Tears Left to Cry ' '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ; Zellner , Xander ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` Kanye West Debuts All 7 Songs From ' Ye ' in Billboard Hot 100 's Top 40 '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . 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Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' No. 1 On Hot 100 For Fourth Week ; PSY Debuts In Top 30 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Leads Hot 100 For Fifth Week , Maroon 5 Debuts In Top 20 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Feel My Face ' & ' The Hills ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Dominates Hot 100 & Justin Bieber Has Week 's Three Top - Selling Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for 7th Week & DJ Khaled 's ' Wild Thoughts , ' Featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller , Debuts at No. 4 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Rule Hot 100 , Imagine Dragons Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito ' Tops Hot 100 for Ninth Week & Becomes Top Radio Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Arrives at No. 3 & J. Cole Collects Record Three Debuts in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100 's Top 10 , MAGIC ! Still No. 1 '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber , three simultaneous top 10s : Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Adele Scores Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Eighth Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Ninth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Trust , Gary ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week as Twenty One Pilots Fly to Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Dethrones Adele 's ' Hello ' Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Sorry ' Leads Hot 100 , Selena Gomez Hits Top Five '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Chainsmokers Match Beatles & Bee Gees With Three Songs in Hot 100 's Top 10 & Ed Sheeran Holds at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce 's ' Perfect ' No. 1 on Hot 100 , Camila Cabello 's ' Havana ' Back Up to No. 2 '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Perfect ' Rules Hot 100 , Bruno Mars & Cardi B 's ' Finesse ' Flies to No. 3 & Justin Timberlake 's ' Filthy ' Debuts at No. 9 '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With ' Havana , ' Featuring Young Thug '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' God 's Plan ' Becomes Drake 's Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1 , The Weeknd Debuts at No. 4 & Migos Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' No. 2 & Camila Cabello 's ' Never Be the Same ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Tops Hot 100 for Sixth Week With ' Nice for What , ' Ties Michael Jackson for Second-Most Weeks at No. 1 Among Solo Males '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radish , Robert of the ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Billboard Hot 100 Posthumous Number One Singles '' . Y ! Music . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Trevor ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Rewinding the Charts : ' Believe ' It , Cher Took Auto - Tune to No. 1 in 1999 '' . Billboard Magazine . Billboard Music . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fred Stobaugh , 96 , Becomes Oldest Artist To Appear On Hot 100 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Blue Ivy Carter , Jay - Z and Beyoncé 's Daughter , Becomes Youngest Person Ever to Appear on a Billboard Chart '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2009 ) . Top Pop Singles 12th Edition . Record Research . p. 515 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` DJ Khaled Uses Son Asahd as Cover Art for Stacked ' I 'm the One ' Single Feat . Lil Wayne , Quavo , Chance the Rapper & Justin Bieber '' . Billboard . Billboard Music . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fresh , Mikey ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` DJ Khaled Shares His `` Shining '' Moment With Beyoncé And JAY - Z `` . Vibe . Billboard Music . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cher Chart History '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Santana Chart Histiry '' . billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Bennett Oldest Living Artist Ever On Hot 100 '' . Chart Beat . Billboard.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Is Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' the Next ' Teenage Dream ' ? '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history -- Billboard '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits ( or More ) '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Janet Jackson 's ' Rhythm Nation 1814 ' Revisited By Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis : Track - by - Track Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's 1989 and Other Albums With Five Top 10 Hits or More -- Billboard '' . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Records : Most Hits Among Solo Artists & Most Simultaneously Charted Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7358100/drake-hot-100-record-20-simultaneous-hits-one-dance Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Can Katy Perry Top Michael Jackson 's Hot 100 Record '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leight , Elias ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 20 Billboard Hot 100 Hits of the 2010s '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( July 7 , 2001 ) . `` ' Remind ' Gets Ushered Into No. 1 '' . Billboard . Random House Digital , Inc . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Max Martin scores 20th No. 1 on top 100 with Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd 's ' Ca n't Feel My Face Gives Max Martin His 21st No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering George Martin : ' Fifth Beatle ' Holds Record for Most No. 1s by a Producer on Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Lady Gaga ' Born ' To Be at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph . `` Gibb Songs version 2 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Luke * * * Top Songs as a Writer * * * Music VF , US & UK hit charts '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Chart Beat . Billboard . p. 130 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Singles Sales ( chart ) . Billboard . December 5 , 1998 . p. 125 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Drake Ties the Beatles With 14 Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Drake Breaks Hot 100 Record With 20 Simultaneous Hits '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Breaks the Beatles & Drake 's Record for Most Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cardi B Bests Beyonce for the Most Simultaneous Hot 100 Hits Among Women '' . Billboard. 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Historical Analysis : Adele Matches The Beatles , 50 Cent with Hot 100 , Billboard 200 Moves '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : How Historic Is Adele & Justin Bieber 's Current Chart Domination ? '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Week In Billboard Chart History : Black Eyed Peas Begin Record Six - Month Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas , Jason Mraz Streak To Hot 100 Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` '' Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8096886/drake-gods-plan-hot-100-number-one-debut-scary-hours . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8342063/drake-nice-for-what-hot-100-number-one-debut . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Christopher G. Feldman , The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2008 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts , 1955 -- 1959 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 092 - X ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Sixties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 074 - 1 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The 2000s ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 182 - 9 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Billboard charts Albums Billboard 200 Top Album Sales Top Catalog Albums Digital Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums ( defunct ) R&B / Hip - Hop Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Rap Albums Rock Rock Albums Alternative Albums Hard Rock Albums Folk Albums Country Top Country Albums Latin Top Latin Albums Regional Mexican Albums Latin Pop Albums Latin Rhythm Albums Tropical Albums Religious Christian Albums Other Heatseekers Albums Tastemaker Albums Dance / Electronic Albums Independent Albums Jazz Albums Reggae Albums Comedy Albums Kid Albums International Canadian Albums European Albums ( defunct ) Singles and tracks Hot 100 Radio Songs Digital Songs Digital Tracks Hot Singles Sales Streaming Songs On - Demand Songs Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Pop Mainstream Top 40 Adult Contemporary Adult Top 40 Pop 100 ( defunct ) Top 40 Tracks ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Dance Club Songs Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Dance / Electronic Singles Sales ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Digital Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Hot Rap Songs Hot R&B Songs Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Adult R&B Songs Rhythmic Rock Hot Rock Songs Mainstream Rock Alternative Triple A Country Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Latin Hot Latin Songs Latin Pop Airplay Regional Mexican Airplay Tropical Airplay Latin Rhythm Airplay Religious Hot Christian Songs Other Heatseekers Songs Smooth Jazz Songs International Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Euro Digital Songs Japan Hot 100 Philippine Hot 100 ( defunct ) Kpop Hot 100 European Hot 100 ( defunct ) Türkiye Top 20 ( defunct ) Lists of number - one albums and singles Adult Contemporary Alternative Songs Billboard 200 Dance Club Songs Dance / Electronic Albums Dance / Mix Show Airplay Americana / Folk Albums Hot 100 Hot Country Songs Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs K - Pop Mainstream Rock Top Country Albums Year - End Lists of artists who reached number one US Canada Japan Dance Club Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Alternative Songs Mainstream Rock Adult Contemporary Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Music & Media ( defunct ) R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines ( defunct ) Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones&oldid=846583848 '' Categories : Billboard charts Lists of record chart achievements Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Italiano Kurdî Norsk Русский Slovenčina Türkçe Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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1. Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements 2. All-time top songs and artists on the Hot 100 3. Song milestones on the Hot 100 4. Artist achievements on the Hot 100 5. Album and producer achievements on the Hot 100

who played father in i can only imagine

I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> I Can Only Imagine <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $83.9 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It has grossed $83 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother , where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings , leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Millard is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Millard is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father , who smashes a plate over his head . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell ( Trace Adkins ) , who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville , leading to meetings with Amy Grant ( Nicole DuPort ) and Michael W. Smith ( Jake B. Miller ) . Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Millard quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After his father 's funeral , Millard rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 13 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $82.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $83.5 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . The film will be released on DVD , Blu - ray and available at iTunes Store and Google Play Store , June 5 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 23 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=843658836 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. I Can Only Imagine (film) 2. Christian drama film 3. Bart Millard's life story 4. Box office success 5. Critical response

who had the most kills in the battle of britain

No. 303 Polish fighter Squadron - wikipedia No. 303 Polish fighter Squadron Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron <Td_colspan="2"> 303 Squadron Honour Badge design Active 2 August 1940 -- 11 December 1946 Country Poland Allegiance Polish government in exile United Kingdom Branch Royal Air Force Role Fighter Squadron Part of RAF Fighter Command Nickname ( s ) `` Rafałki '' Scarf colour Scarlet Anniversaries 1 September Squadron holiday Battle honours Battle of Britain 1940 , Fortress Europe 1941 - 1944 , France and Germany 1944 - 1945 <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders Notable commanders R.G. Kellett Zdzisław Krasnodębski Witold Urbanowicz Jan Zumbach Witold Łokuciewski <Th_colspan="2"> Insignia Squadron Codes RF ( Aug 1940 -- Apr 1945 ) PD ( Apr 1945 -- Dec 1946 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Aircraft flown Fighter Hawker Hurricane Supermarine Spitfire Mustang IV No. 303 ( `` Kościuszko '' ) Polish Fighter Squadron ( Polish : 303 Dywizjon Myśliwski `` Warszawski im . Tadeusza Kościuszki '' ) was one of 16 Polish squadrons in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) during the Second World War . It was not just the highest scoring of the Hurricane squadrons during the Battle of Britain , but it had the highest ratio of enemy aircraft destroyed to their own lost ( safest ) . The squadron was named after the Polish and United States hero General Tadeusz Kościuszko , and the eponymous Polish 7th Air Escadrille founded by Merian C. Cooper , that served Poland in the 1919 -- 1921 Polish - Soviet War . No. 303 was formed in July 1940 in Blackpool , England before deployment to RAF Northolt on 2 August as part of an agreement between the Polish Government in Exile and the United Kingdom . It had a distinguished combat record and was disbanded in December 1946 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Battle of Britain August -- October 1940 1.2 War over Europe 1941 1.3 1942 1.4 1943 1.5 1944 1.6 1945 1.7 Postwar 2 Squadron statistics 3 Locations 4 Commanding officers 5 Pilots of 303 6 Squadron aircraft 7 Quotes 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) No. 303 ( Polish ) Squadron was based at RAF Northolt from 2 August 1940 , and became operational on 31 August . Its initial cadre was 13 Officer and 8 NCO pilots and 135 Polish ground staff . At the outset , serving RAF officers were appointed to serve as CO ( S / L RG Kellett ) and Flight Commanders ( F / L JA Kent and F / L AS Forbes ) alongside the Poles , as the Polish pilots were unfamiliar with RAF Fighter Command language , procedures and training . The name chosen by the squadron was in honour of the famous Polish Kosciuszko Squadron which fought during the Polish - Soviet War in 1920 . No. 303 Squadron was also linked to the original Kosciuszko Escadrille through personnel that had served in the squadron . Later , further air force units from the aforementioned unit were renamed the 7th , 121st and 111th Escadrilles of the Polish Air Force . The Battle of Britain August -- October 1940 ( edit ) 126 German aircraft or `` Adolfs '' were claimed as shot down by No. 303 Squadron pilots during the Battle of Britain . This is the score of `` Adolfs '' chalked onto a Hurricane . During the Battle of Britain , No. 303 Squadron was equipped with Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft . Manned by experienced veterans , equipped with a fighter on a technical par with most of its opponents , and expertly backed by the well established RAF command , communication and logistics infrastructure , the squadron was able to become an effective fighting force during the Battle . After a period of training , the squadron was scrambled for the first time on 24 August 1940 , although it did not come into contact with any enemy aircraft on this occasion . On 30 August 1940 , the squadron scored its first victory while still officially non-operational , when a German Messerschmitt Bf 110 of 4. / ZG 76 ( initially incorrectly recorded as a Dornier Do 17 ) was shot down by F / O Ludwik Paszkiewicz during a training flight . The wreck was excavated in 1982 . After S / L Kellet 's personal recommendation , the squadron was declared operational next day by No. 11 Group RAF . On 31 August 1940 , the squadron was scrambled in the late afternoon on its first operational sortie . In a dogfight over Kent , `` A '' Flight claimed four confirmed and two probable victories over Messerschmitt Bf 109s , possibly of LG 2 . Claimants were S / L Kellet , F / O Henneberg , P / O Feric and Sgt . Karubin . During 2 September 1940 , the squadron was scrambled three times . On the last scramble , P / O Feric shot down a Bf 109 and then made a forced landing near Dover while former Czechoslovak Air Force pilot Sgt . Josef František claimed a Bf 110 . The following day over Dover , Frantisek claimed his second victory ; with a total of 17 victories he was the top - scoring Allied fighter pilot during the Battle of Britain . On 5 September , nine No. 303 Hurricanes intercepted a German bombing formation escorted by Bf 109s , with the Poles claiming five Bf 109s and three Junkers Ju 88s for one loss : P / O Lapkowski bailing out wounded . On 6 September 1940 , nine Hurricanes were scrambled towards incoming bomber formations . However , during the climb , they were bounced by Bf 109s of III. / JG 27 . S / L Kellet and F / L Forbes both force - landed , and were wounded slightly , while Sgt Karubin bailed out wounded , S / L Krasnodebski was severely burned and three other Hurricanes were damaged . The squadron claimed five Bf 109s ( of JG 27 and JG 52 ) , a Do 17 and a Heinkel He 111 . F / O Witold Urbanowicz was appointed as acting Squadron Leader . On 7 September 1940 , the German air offensive switched to the London docks . No. 303 Squadron was successfully vectored towards the incoming bomber streams and claimed 12 Do 17s and two Bf 109s , with P / O Zumbach , P / O Feric , Sgt . Szaposznikow and Sgt . Wojtowicz all scoring double victories . P / O Daszewski was shot down and seriously wounded , while F / O Pisarek bailed out . His Hurricane crashed in a back garden of a house in Loughton , killing a family of three in their shelter . Two other aircraft were damaged . On 9 September 1940 , 12 Hurricanes were scrambled and two claims made over Bf 109s by Zumbach ( both of JG 53 ) and one by Frantisek - a Bf 109 of 7. / JG 27 -- who also claimed a He 111 of KG 53 as a `` probable '' , while a Bf 110 was shot down by F / L Kent . Sgt . Wunsche had to bail out with burns over Beachy Head , and Sgt . Frantisek crash - landed . At 16 : 00 hours on 11 September 1940 , the squadron attacked a bomber formation south of London . F / O Cebrzynski was fatally wounded by return fire , while Sgt . Wojtowicz shot down two Messerschmitt Bf 110s before being shot down and killed . The pilots claimed two Bf 110s , one Bf 109 , three Do 17s and four He 111s . In the massed dogfights over London on 15 September 1940 , the squadron was heavily involved , with nine Hurricanes led by F / L Kent intercepting a German raid in mid-morning . Nine kills were claimed : six Bf 109s , one Bf 110 and two Do 17s . In the afternoon , a flight formation led by S / L Kellet claimed four victories , while the five - strong `` B '' Flight led by F / O Urbanowicz , claimed two Do 17s , for two Polish pilots shot down ( Sgt . Brzezowski killed , Sgt Andruszkow bailed out while P / O Lokuciewski was wounded in the leg , returning to base safely ) . During the day , No. 303 Squadron claimed 15 victories . On the afternoon of 26 September 1940 , No. 303 Squadron was scrambled towards a large enemy raid over Hampshire , with the Poles claiming 13 victories for three Hurricanes damaged ( actual Luftwaffe losses were nine in total ) . There was further intense fighting on 27 September 1940 , with 11 Hurricanes engaged by massed escorts to a KG 77 30 - bomber formation . The squadron claimed 15 victories : six Bf 109s , two Bf 110s of LG 1 , four `` He 111s '' ( probably Ju 88s ) and three Ju 88s although F / O Paszkiewicz and Sgt Andruszkow were killed . F / O Zak was wounded and bailed out over Horsham and four Hurricanes were lost in total . Just six aircraft were serviceable during the afternoon , engaging a raid of 15 Ju 88s . Two bombers were brought down before the escort intervened , and a Bf 109 was also claimed . F / O Urbanowicz claimed four German aircraft during the day . On 30 September 1940 , F / O Urbanowicz once again claimed four victories , additionally a Do 17 was brought down by P / O. Radomski , who bailed out , as did Sgt . Belc , while Sgt . Karubin claimed a Bf 109 . On 5 October 1940 , Polish pilots claimed five Bf 110s and four Bf 109s , though P / O Januszewicz was killed . ( Eprobungsgruppe 210 lost two Bf 110s Jabos and JG 3 and JG 53 , a Bf 109 each ) . A fight over the Thames Estuary on 7 October saw claims for three Bf 109s of LG 2 . On 11 October 1940 , the squadron was transferred for a rest to Leconfield in No. 12 Group , ending its participation in the Battle of Britain . No. 303 Squadron claimed the largest number of aircraft destroyed of the 66 Allied fighter squadrons engaged in the Battle of Britain , even though it joined the fray two months after the battle had begun . Its success in combat can be mainly attributed to the years of extensive and rigorous pre-war training many of the long - serving Polish veterans had received in their homeland , far more than many of their younger and inexperienced RAF comrades then being thrown into the battle . Tactics and skill also played a role ; on one occasion , No. 303 's Sgt Stanislaw Karubin resorted to extreme tactics to bring down a German fighter . Following a prolonged air battle , Karubin was chasing a German fighter at treetop level . As he closed in on the tail of the German fighter , Karubin realised that his Hurricane had run out of ammunition . Rather than turning back to base , he closed the distance and climbed right above the German fighter . The German pilot was so shocked to see the underside of the Hurricane within arm 's reach of his cockpit that he instinctively reduced his altitude to avoid a collision and crashed into the ground . Withdrawn from battle for a rest on 11 October 1940 , the squadron had claimed 126 kills in six weeks . Relative to aircraft downed , losses were small with 18 Hurricanes lost , seven pilots killed and five badly wounded . Although the number of Battle of Britain claims was overestimated ( as with virtually all fighter units ) , No. 303 Squadron was one of the top fighter units in the battle and the best Hurricane - equipped one . According to historian John Alcorn , 44 victories are positively verified , making No. 303 Squadron the fourth highest scoring squadron of the battle , after Squadron Nos. 603 AuxAF ( 57.8 verified kills ) , 609 AuxAF ( 48 verified kills ) and 41 ( 45.33 verified kills ) , which all flew Spitfires . It was also had the highest kill - to - loss ratio ; of 2.8 : 1 . However , J. Alcorn was not able to attribute 30 aircraft shot down to any particular unit , and according to Jerzy Cynk and other Polish historians , the actual number of victories for No. 303 Squadron was about 55 -- 60 . According to Polish historian Jacek Kutzner the verified number of kills of 303 Squadron is around 58.8 , which would still place it above all other squadrons regarding verified kills . This is presented by Kutzner 's chart , which shows Polish confirmed kills ( left column ) , confirmed kills of all Allied squadrons , including Polish ( central column ) and real German losses on each day when No. 303 Squadron was involved in air combats ( right column ) . In its first seven days of combat , the squadron claimed nearly 40 enemy aircraft . War over Europe 1941 ( edit ) By 1941 , the immediate threat to the UK was over and RAF Fighter Command formulated more offensive fighter operations over occupied Europe . One of these was codenamed `` Rhubarb '' , improvised low - level strafing attacks against opportunist targets on the ground . No. 303 flew its first `` Rhubarb '' ' sorties on 22 January 1941 . Six Hurricanes led by F / L Henneberg attacked 1. / JG 26 's airfield at Crecy , killing one ground crewman and destroying two Bf 109s , also wounding a pilot . In late January 1941 , the squadron converted to the Supermarine Spitfire Mk I. In February , the unit participated in the first fighter offensive sweeps , usually escorting a small number of light bombers . In early April 1941 , No. 306 ( Polish ) Squadron arrived at Northolt , and with No. 303 formed No. 1 Polish Fighter Wing . No. 601 Squadron , also stationed at Northolt complemented the two Polish units . The Wing was commanded by W / C Johnny Kent with W / C Urbanowicz . On 12 April 1941 , six No. 303 Spitfires led by S / L Henneberg carried out a series of strafing attacks on German airfields . S / L Henneberg 's Spitfire IIa ( P8029 ) was hit by flak and the pilot had to ditch in the channel ; despite an intensive search rescue operation , he was never found . On 16 April 1941 , the Polish Wing flew its first `` Circus '' escort operation . Engaged by Bf 109s , two Poles were lost : P / O Waszkiewicz and P / O Mierzwa . On 18 June 1941 , No. 303 pilots claimed four Bf 109s without loss ; two to P / O Drobinski , as RAF Fighter Command claimed 10 destroyed ( The Jagdwaffe suffered no losses ) . On 21 June , Drobinski badly damaged the Bf 109F - 2 of Oberst Adolf Galland , CO of JG 26 , who made a forced landing at Calais , while W / C Kent downed Fw . Hegenauer ( Galland 's wingman ) of Stab. / JG 26 . On 22 June 1941 , Fighter Command optimistically claimed 29 fighters shot down , No. 303 claiming six of these , two to S / L Lapkowski ( JG 2 and JG 26 actually lost three aircraft ) . On 23 June 1941 , No. 303 flew two full strength escort missions over France , and against 9. / JG 2 claimed five fighters destroyed . P / O ' Mike ' Bolesław Gładych claimed three confirmed but was wounded and managed to crash land in the UK . JG 2 lost six Bf 109s and four pilots . On 28 June , No. 303 claimed another four Bf 109s , although P / O J. Bondar was shot down and killed by Uzz . Babenz , 3. / JG 26 . Fighter Command claimed six kills ( JG 26 lost two , with three more badly damaged ) . On 2 July 1941 , No. 1 Polish Wing , with No. 303 , engaged some 60 Bf 109s over Lille . Although No. 303 claimed four kills , ( JG 2 lost three Bf 109s ) the squadron lost S / L Lapkowski killed , while Sgt Gorecki had to bail out and was rescued from the channel . Command passed to S / L Arentowicz , who himself was shot down and killed just six days later . He was replaced by F / L Jankiewicz . After five months of operations , No. 303 was rested on 13 July moving to Speke near Liverpool , in 9 Group , Fighter Command . On 7 October 1941 , the squadron returned to Northolt and re-equipped with the Spitfire Mk Vb . Its opponents now included the formidable Focke - Wulf Fw 190 , and on 13 October camera gun film from a No. 303 pilot gave the RAF the first photographic evidence of the new fighter . As winter approached , poor weather reduced operations significantly . However , on 24 October , No. 303 claimed four fighters downed over Gravelines . During combat operations throughout 1941 , No. 303 Squadron claimed some 46 enemy aircraft destroyed , seven probably destroyed and four damaged , for a loss of nine pilots ( including three Commanding Officers ) . Some 20 Spitfires were written off or lost in action . 1942 ( edit ) After a quiet start to the year , on 12 February 1942 , No. 303 Squadron participated in the RAF 's offensive response to the ' Channel Dash ' of the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau . Led by W / C Rolski , the Polish Wing flew several sorties in bad weather . On 13 March 1942 , the Squadron lost F / Lt W Lokuciewski , shot down by JG 26 and taken prisoner , and on 4 April F / L Daszewski ( killed ) and F / L Kustrzynski ( POW ) were lost over Saint - Omer . During the spring of 1942 , the frequency of offensive sorties increased and by May , No. 303 flew over the Channel daily , in numerous `` Circus '' escort missions and fighter sweeps . It engaged German fighters on numerous occasions , although JG 2 and JG 26 , the main fighter units against Fighter Command , took an increasing toll utilising the superior Fw 190A . In early June , the unit flew sixteen squadron - strength sorties , in addition to numerous air - sea rescue , interception and convoy escort missions . On 5 June 1942 , the squadron engaged Fw 190 fighters and claimed three for no loss . The squadron was rested on 15 June , relocating to Kirton in Lindsey in Lincolnshire . On 15 August 1942 , the squadron temporarily moved to Redhill near London in preparation of the Allied raid on Dieppe ( Operation Jubilee ) . No. 303 was to fly with No. 317 Polish Squadron and four other squadrons . Covering the naval and ground forces , No. 303 Squadron claimed the highest number of aircraft shot down of all Allied squadrons participating . No. 303 then returned to Kirton in Lindsey , where it remained until March 1943 . No. 303 Squadron claimed 21 enemy aircraft destroyed in 1942 , losing 10 pilots : four killed in action , two in accidents and four taken prisoner . 1943 ( edit ) In early June 1943 , the unit returned once again to Northolt , and No. 1 Polish Wing . The squadron converted to the new Spitfire Mk IX and in June resumed operations . On 9 June 1943 , F / O Sliwinski claimed the unit 's 200th victory , a Fw 190 . On 14 June 1943 Sgt . Pilot J. Dabrowski was killed in a flying accident when on Interception practice , his aircraft crashing into the ground at Islington Cemetery , Finchley . On 24 June , both P / O Karcmarz and P / O Kobylinski were downed by 10. / JG 26 pilots and made POWs . In July 1943 , S / L Falkowski replaced S / L Bienkowski . On 6 July , the squadron , led by F / L Majewski and with No. 316 Squadron over Amiens , fought a prolonged dogfight with Fw 190s with No. 303 claiming three German fighters from JG 2 and JG 27 without loss . By this time , much of No. 303 's work was escort missions for the increasing numbers of United States Army Air Forces Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B - 24 Liberator heavy bomber missions over Europe . During escort cover for the ill - fated Schweinfurt mission on 17 August 1943 , No. 303 claimed a further three fighters downed . On a 6 September `` Ramrod '' mission , the squadron claimed another six fighters destroyed . On 12 November 1943 , the unit was posted to RAF Ballyhalbert in Northern Ireland and soon after S / L Koc assumed command . The squadron flew convoy patrols and carried out operational training . By the end of 1943 , No. 303 Squadron had claimed 203 enemy aircraft destroyed , 40 probables , and 25 damaged . 1944 ( edit ) In April 1944 , the squadron moved to the advanced landing ground at Horne , 30 miles south of London and joined No 142 Fighter Wing . The unit began flying escort sorties for bombing missions against V - 1 flying bomb facilities . On 21 May the squadron strafed targets near Lille losing two pilots : F / O Brzeski and Sgt Kempka were shot down and taken prisoner . Next day Sgt Bartkowiak was also lost though he evaded capture and returned to the unit four months later . For Operation Overlord ( the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944 ) the squadron was equipped with the Spitfire V LF operating from a temporary airfield at Horne , Surrey as part of Air Defence of Great Britain ( ADGB ) , though under the operational control of RAF Second Tactical Air Force . On D - Day , 303 flew several times over the landing beaches. After D - Day , the squadron remained with ADGB . With the commencement of the V - 1 offensive on London , on 19 June 1944 , No. 303 moved to RAF Westhampnett and then to RAF Merston . In June , F / S Chudek ( nine kills ) was shot down and killed . On 18 July , the unit went back to Westhampnett and received new Spitfire Mk IXs . Any Luftwaffe fighter opposition now remained largely absent from the Squadron 's sphere of operations , but flak defences still took a toll . On 26 September S / L Drobinski replaced S / L Koc , and No. 303 continued using its Spitfires on various ground attack missions on V - 1 and V - 2 launch sites located in the Netherlands . 1945 ( edit ) In 1945 , No. 303 Squadron moved to RAF Coltishall in East England for operations over the Netherlands . During 1945 , No. 303 continued to operate over the Netherlands , and on 3 April , the squadron joined No. 133 Polish Wing at Andrews Field , and was reequipped with the North American Mustang Mk. IV . On 25 April 1945 , No. 303 made its last wartime operational sortie , escorting Avro Lancasters on a raid on Berchtesgaden . Postwar ( edit ) No. 303 Squadron was the most effective Polish RAF squadron during the Second World War . Some sources state that its pilots were invited to the London Victory Parade of 1946 , The Daily Telegraph says that it was the only representative of the Polish Armed Forces in the West . The invitation was refused because no other Polish units were invited . However , according to other sources No. 303 Squadron was not invited and so could not have refused the invitation . After the end of the war , squadron morale decreased due to the treatment of Poland by the Allies ( Western betrayal of Poland ) , and the squadron was eventually disbanded in December 1946 . Squadron statistics ( edit ) From 19 July 1940 until 8 May 1945 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Total Combat sorties 1,049 2,143 1,348 2,075 2,653 632 9,900 Hours of flight time 1,086 2,743 1,967 3,693 5,259 1,118 15,866 Enemy aircraft claimed Battle of Britain Score destroyed 126 probables 13 damaged 9 ( 4.7 % of all enemy aeroplanes during the battle . In fact some 44 -- 60 victories , this however produces a similar percentage . ) 1 September 1940 to 8 May 1945 Score destroyed 297 1 / 6 probables 35 damaged 25 ( include 303 enemy aircraft on the ground ) Locations ( edit ) 2 August 1940 -- RAF Northolt 11 October 1940 -- RAF Leconfield 3 January 1941 -- RAF Northolt 17 July 1941 -- RAF Speke 7 October 1941 -- RAF Northolt 15 June 1942 -- Kirton - in - Lindsey 16 August 1942 -- RAF Redhill 20 August 1942 -- Kirton - in - Lindsey 1 February 1943 -- RAF Northolt 5 February 1943 -- RAF Heston 3 March 1943 -- RAF Debden 12 March 1943 -- RAF Heston 26 March 1943 -- Martlesham Heath 8 April 1943 -- RAF Heston 1 June 1943 -- RAF Northolt 12 November 1943 -- Ballyhalbert 30 April 1944 -- Horne 19 June 1944 -- Westhampnett 27 June 1944 -- RAF Merston 9 August 1944 -- Westhampnett 25 August 1944 -- RAF Coltishall 4 April 1945 -- Andrews Field 16 May 1945 -- RAF Coltishall 9 August 1945 -- Andrews Field 28 November 1945 -- Turnhouse 4 January 1946 -- Wick 31 March 1946 -- Charterhall 23 March 1946 -- RAF Hethel Commanding officers ( edit ) 303 squadron pilots . L-R : F / O Ferić , F / Lt Lt Kent , F / O Grzeszczak , P / O Radomski , P / O Zumbach , P / O Łokuciewski , F / O Henneberg , Sgt Rogowski , Sgt Szaposznikow ( in 1940 ) . ( under British command until 1 January 1941 . Abbreviations : mjr : major , kpt. : captain , por. : lieutenant ) 19 July 1940 -- Sqn Ldr Ronald Kellett 2 August 1940 -- Sqn Ldr ( mjr ) Zdzisław Krasnodębski 7 September 1940 -- F / O ( por . ) Witold Urbanowicz 22 October 1940 -- F / O ( por . ) Zdzisław Henneberg 7 November 1940 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Adam Kowalczyk 20 February 1941 -- Sqn Ldr ( por . ) Zdzisław Henneberg 13 April 1941 -- F / Lt ( por . ) Tadeusz Arentowicz 5 May 1941 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Wacław Łapkowski 3 July 1941 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Tadeusz Arentowicz 9 July 1941 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Jerzy Jankiewicz 21 November 1941 -- Sqn Ldr ( por . ) Wojciech Kołaczkowski 7 May 1942 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Walerian Żak 19 May 1942 -- Sqn Ldr ( por . ) Jan Zumbach 1 December 1942 -- Sqn Ldr ( por . ) Zygmunt Witymir Bieńkowski 4 July 1943 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Jan Falkowski 21 November 1943 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Tadeusz Koc 25 September 1944 -- Sqn Ldr ( kpt . ) Bolesław Drobiński 1 February 1946 -- Sqn Ldr ( mjr ) Witold Łokuciewski Pilots of 303 ( edit ) Squadron Leader RG Kellett DSO DFC Original CO of 303 Sqn during the Battle of Britain , ( five claims ) Flight Lieutenant John A. Kent , Canadian Flight commander during the Battle , ( 11 claims ) Sgt Josef František , Czech pilot flying with 303 Polish Squadron , was one of the top fighter pilots of the Battle of Britain , with 17 confirmed kills . Flying Officer Witold Urbanowicz , Polish commander of 303 Squadron from 5 September 1940 , scored 15 kills during the Battle of Britain ( 17 or 19 + 1 + 0 total ) Pilot Officer Jan Zumbach , commander of 303 Squadron from 19 May 1942 , scored 8 kills during the Battle of Britain ( 12 1 / 3 + 5 + 1 total ) List of pilots of No. 303 Polish `` Kościuszko '' Fighter Squadron Tadeusz Andruszków Zenon Bartkowiak Henryk Bieniek Marian Bełc Michał Brzezowski Arsen Cebrzyński Jan Daszewski Mirosław Ferić Athol Forbes Josef František Paweł Gallus Bogdan Grzeszczak Adam Foinski Eugeniusz Horbaczewski Wojciech Januszewicz Józef Kania Stanisław Karubin John Kent Bronisław Kłosin Wojciech Kołaczkowski Tadeusz Kołecki Jan Kowalski Henryk Karasinski W / O Srgt 1940 - 1945 . Karol Krawczyński Bogusław Mierzawa Włodzimierz Miksa Tadeusz Opulski Jan Palak Jerzy Palusiński Ludwik Witold Paszkiewicz Edward Paterek Stanisław Pietraszkiewicz Marian Pisarek Mieczysław Popek Jerzy Radomski Jan Rogowski Aleksander Rokitnicki Tadeusz Sawicz Henryk Skowron Stanisław Słowikowski Bronislaw Sikora Antoni Siudak Stanisław Socha Józef Stasik Wladyslaw Raubo Eugeniusz Szaposznikow Mirosław Wojciechowski Stefan Wojtowicz Kazimierz Wunsche Stanisław Zdanowski Edward W. Martens Witold A. Herbst Bronislaw Zborowski Kościuszko 's Squadron 3rd Military Air Escadrille 7th Air Escadrille 121st Fighter Escadrille 111th Fighter Escadrille 303rd Fighter Squadron 1st Tactical Squadron Squadron aircraft ( edit ) 8 August 1940 -- Hurricane I 22 January 1941 -- Spitfire I 3 March 1941 -- Spitfire IIA 20 May 1941 -- Spitfire IIB 25 August 1941 -- Spitfire I 7 October 1941 -- Spitfire VB 1 June 1943 -- Spitfire F IXC . 12 November 1943 -- Spitfire VB , Spitfire VC and Spitfire LF VB , Spitfire LF VC 18 July 1944 -- Spitfire F IX , Spitfire LF IX and Spitfire HF IX 4 April 1945 -- Mustang IV and Mustang IVA . Quotes ( edit ) I can not say how proud I am to have been privileged to help form and lead No. 303 squadron and later to lead such a magnificent fighting force as the Polish Wing . There formed within me in those days an admiration , respect and genuine affection for these really remarkable men which I have never lost . I formed friendships that are as firm as they were those twenty - five years ago and this I find most gratifying . We who were privileged to fly and fight with them will never forget and Britain must never forget how much she owes to the loyalty , indomitable spirit and sacrifice of those Polish fliers . They were our staunchest Allies in our darkest days ; may they always be remembered as such ! -- Group Captain John A. Kent DFC , AFC , Virtuti Militari In popular culture ( edit ) The squadron was the subject of the 1942 book Squadron 303 , written by the Polish writer Arkady Fiedler , which is considered the most popular among this writer 's many works and has sold over 1.5 million copies . Because the book was published during the war , in order to protect the Polish airmen and their families remaining in occupied Poland from German reprisals , Fiedler used pseudonyms for the airmen of 303 Squadron . This practice was mandated in a memo regarding confidential information issued by the Air Ministry dated 14 October 1949 . In connection with the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Britain in 2010 , a new English translation was commissioned by publisher Aquila Polonica at the request of Fiedler 's son . 303 Squadron : The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron is the first new English - language edition of Dywizjon 303 since 1942 , and for the first time in English identifies the pilots by their true names . In 2010 , the squadron 's involvement in the Battle of Britain was featured in the dramatised documentary The Polish Battle of Britain produced by Hardy Pictures for the Channel 4 series Bloody Foreigners . Channel Four also made a game called Battle of Britain : 303 Squadron . See also ( edit ) List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons Polish Air Force Polish contribution to World War II Western betrayal Polish British References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Olson and Cloud 2003 Jump up ^ Zaloga and Hook 1982 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Gretzyngier and Matusiak 1998 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.polishsquadronsremembered.com/303/303_story.html Jump up ^ Ratuszynski , Wilhelm . `` No. 303 Polish Squadron History . '' Polish Squadrons Remembered ... Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bristow , Mark and Sylvia Laidlow - Petersen . A History of Royal Air Force Northolt . RAF Northolt : No. 1 AIDU , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Letter of Jerzy Cynk to Skrzydlata Polska 1 / 2006 magazine , pp. 61 -- 62 ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt Wojciechowski . '' . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramsay 1989 Jump up ^ Deighton 1996 , pp. 188 , 275 . Jump up ^ Gretzyngier 2001 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Ratuszynski , Wilhelm , `` 303 Sqn Remembered '' . Retrieved 25 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dywizjon 303 . Zestrzelenia ( in Polish ) '' . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ratuszynski , Wilhelm. `` 303 Squadron in the Battle of Britain . '' Polish Squadrons Remembered ... Retrieved 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1996 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1996 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1996 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1996 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1996 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1996 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Delve , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Anders 1949 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Edward . `` Okiem Brytyjczyka -- Szokująca wizja . '' ( in Polish ) Wprost . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Edward . `` English translation of Wprost article . '' Wprost . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Haines , Lester . `` Polish Spitfire shoots down BNP : Anti-immigration poster pic blunder . '' The Register , 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting with the Allies : Remembering Polish Fighters . '' PBS ( Behind Closed Doors ) . Retrieved 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Mroz , Ann . `` There 's no place for home . '' Times , 9 November 2001 . Retrieved 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Rudnicki , Marek . `` Remembering Poland 's Contributions to WWII . '' chicagopublicradio.org , 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 19th of September -- Polish Forces War Memorial uncovered . '' polandstreet.org.uk . Retrieved 21 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rawlings 1978 , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Halley 1988 , p. 357 . ^ Jump up to : Jefford 2001 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Jan . `` Miroslaw Ignacy Wojciechowski 1917 -- 1956 . '' Miroslaw Ignacy Wojciechowski , 27 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Memo . '' BBC ... Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 303 Squadron : The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron . '' polandww2.com ... Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV preview : Bloody Foreigners . '' scotsman.com , 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Polish Battle of Britain . '' sbs.com , 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anders , Władysław . An Army in Exile . London : MacMillan & Co. , 1949 . Caldwell , Donald . The JG26 War Diary , Vol. 1 : 1939 -- 1942 . London : Grub Street , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898697 - 52 - 7 . Cynk , Jerzy B . The Polish Air Force at War : The Official History , 1939 -- 1943 . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0559 - X . Cynk , Jerzy B . The Polish Air Force at War : The Official History , 1943 -- 1945 . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0560 - 3 . Ken Delve , D - Day : The Air Battle , London : Arms & Armour Press , 1994 , ISBN 1 - 85409 - 227 - 8 . Fiedler , Arkady . Dywizjon 303 ( in Polish ) . London : Peter Davies Ltd. , 1942 . ( Translated as Squadron 303 : The Polish Fighter Squadron with the R.A.F. . London : Peter Davies Ltd. , 1942 / New York : Roy Publishers , 1943 . Reprint Kessinger Publishing , 2007 . ) New edition 303 Squadron : The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron translated by Jarek Garliński . Los Angeles : Aquila Polonica , 2010 hard cover : ISBN 978 - 1 - 60772 - 004 - 1 Trade paperback ISBN 978 - 1 - 60772 - 005 - 8 . Gretzyngier , Robert . Poles in Defence of Britain : A Day - by - Day Chronology of Polish Day and Night Fighter Operations , July 1940 -- June 1941 . London : Grub Street , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 902304 - 54 - 3 . Gretzyngier , Robert . Polskie Skrzydła 4 : Hawker Hurricane , część 1 ( in Polish ) . Sandomierz , Poland : Stratus , 2005 . ISBN 83 - 89450 - 37 - 2 . Gretzyngier , Robert and Wojtek Matusiak . Polish Aces of World War 2 . London : Osprey , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 726 - 0 . Halley , James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth , 1918 -- 1988 . Tonbridge , Kent , UK : Air - Britain ( Historians ) Ltd. , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 85130 - 164 - 9 . Jefford , Wing Commander C.G. , MBE , BA , RAF ( Retd ) . RAF Squadrons , a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 . Shrewsbury , UK : Airlife Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 84037 - 141 - 2 . Olson , Lynne and Stanley Cloud. A Question of Honor . The Kosciuszko Squadron : Forgotten Heroes of World War II . New York : Knopf , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41197 - 6 . Ramsay , Winston , ed . The Battle of Britain Then and Now , Mk V. London : Battle of Britain Prints International Ltd , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 900913 - 46 - 0 . Rawlings , John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft . London : Macdonald & Jane 's ( Publishers ) Ltd. , 1969 ( revised edition 1976 , reprinted 1978 ) . ISBN 0 - 354 - 01028 - X . Zaloga , Steven J. and Richard Hook . The Polish Army 1939 -- 45 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 417 - 4 . Zamoyski , Adam . The Forgotten Few : The Polish Air Force in the Second World War . New York : Hippocrene Books Inc. , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7818 - 0421 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to No. 303 ( Polish ) Squadron RAF . Ratuszynski , Wilhelm . No. 303 Polish Squadron History . A Question of Honor Listen to Lynn Olsen and Stanley Cloud , authors of `` A Question of Honor , '' about the `` Kościuszko '' Squadron RAF page about 303 Squadron 303 Squadron Claims & Losses Battle of Britain : 303 Squadron -- Online Game Personnel of the Polish Air Force in Great Britain 1940 - 1947 <Th_colspan="3"> Polish Air Force in the United Kingdom during the Second World War Wings No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Squadrons 300 `` Ziemi Mazowieckiej '' 301 `` Ziemi Pomorskiej '' 302 `` Poznański '' 303 `` Warszawski im . Tadeusza Kościuszki '' 304 `` Ziemi Śląskiej im . Ks . Józefa Poniatowskiego '' 305 `` Ziemi Wielkopolskiej im . Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego '' 306 `` Toruński '' 307 `` Lwowskich Puchaczy '' 308 `` Krakowski '' 309 `` Ziemi Czerwieńskiej '' 315 `` Dębliński '' 316 `` Warszawski '' 317 `` Wileński '' 318 `` Gdański '' 663rd Polish Air Observation Post Squadron Other units Polish Fighting Team 138 Special Duty Squadron ( Polish Flight `` C '' ) 1586 Special Duty Flight <Th_colspan="2"> Royal Air Force flying squadrons Currently active 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 16 17 18 24 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 41 45 47 51 54 56 57 60 70 72 84 92 99 100 101 115 202 206 230 617 Inactive 12 15 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 34 35 36 37 38 40 42 43 44 46 48 49 50 52 53 55 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 71 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 203 204 205 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 353 354 355 356 357 358 360 361 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 547 548 549 550 567 569 570 571 575 576 577 578 582 586 587 595 597 598 618 619 620 621 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 635 639 640 644 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 679 680 681 682 683 684 691 692 695 Australian Flying Corps units attached to the RAF during the First World War 67 ( 1 Sqn AFC ) 68 ( 2 Sqn AFC ) 69 ( 3 Sqn AFC ) 71 ( 4 Sqn AFC ) Commonwealth air force units attached to the RAF during the Second World War Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 466 467 Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF ) 485 486 487 488 489 490 Squadrons formed from non-Commonwealth personnel during the Second World War <Td_colspan="2"> Argentine 164 Belgian 349 350 Czechoslovak 310 311 312 313 Dutch 320 321 322 French 326 327 328 329 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 Greek 13 335 336 Norwegian 330 331 332 333 334 Polish 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 315 316 317 318 663 United States 71 121 133 Yugoslav 351 352 Royal Auxiliary Air Force Special Reserve 500 501 502 503 504 Auxiliary Air Force 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 622 Fleet Air Arm of the RAF ( 1924 -- 1939 ) 712 715 718 800 801 802 803 810 811 812 813 814 820 821 822 823 824 825 <Th_colspan="3"> Royal Air Force <Td_colspan="3"> Royal Air Force portal Formations and units Commands Groups Stations Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units Regiment squadrons Branches and components Air Force Board RAF Flying Branch RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary 's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police Search and Rescue Force Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Ground Trades Reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve Associated civil organisations Air Training Corps Royal Air Forces Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association Royal Air Force Museum Equipment List of RAF aircraft List of RAF missiles Personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of personnel Appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant - General of the RAF Regiment Chief of the Air Staff 's Warrant Officer Symbols and uniform Ensign Badge Roundels Uniform Heraldic badges <Td_colspan="3"> History Timeline Future Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._303_Polish_Fighter_Squadron&oldid=839586394 '' Categories : Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons Polish Air Force in exile squadrons Military units and formations established in 1940 Military units and formations disestablished in 1946 Battle of Britain Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles containing Polish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 日本 語 Occitan Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 11 : 33 . 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1. No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron 2. Battle of Britain 3. Royal Air Force (RAF) 4. Hawker Hurricane 5. Supermarine Spitfire

various environments which should be considered in strategic management

Strategic management - Wikipedia Strategic management Jump to : navigation , search `` Business strategy '' redirects here . For other uses , see business process . Strategy Major dimensions ( hide ) Strategy Strategic management Military strategy Strategic thinking Strategic planning Game theory Strategic studies Major thinkers ( hide ) Michael Porter Rita Gunther McGrath Bruce Henderson Gary Hamel Candace A. Yano C.K. Prahalad Jim Collins Liddell Hart Carl von Clausewitz Sun Tzu Sarah C. 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Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise and involves specifying the organization 's objectives , developing policies and plans designed to achieve these objectives , and then allocating resources to implement the plans . Academics and practicing managers have developed numerous models and frameworks to assist in strategic decision making in the context of complex environments and competitive dynamics . Strategic management is not static in nature ; the models often include a feedback loop to monitor execution and inform the next round of planning . Michael Porter identifies three principles underlying strategy : creating a `` unique and valuable ( market ) position '' , making trade - offs by choosing `` what not to do '' , and creating `` fit '' by aligning company activities with one another to support the chosen strategy . Corporate strategy involves answering a key question from a portfolio perspective : `` What business should we be in ? '' Business strategy involves answering the question : `` How shall we compete in this business ? '' In management theory and practice , a further distinction is often made between strategic management and operational management . Operational management is concerned primarily with improving efficiency and controlling costs within the boundaries set by the organization 's strategy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Formulation 1.2 Implementation 1.3 Many definitions of strategy 2 Historical development 2.1 Origins 2.2 Change in focus from production to marketing 2.3 Nature of strategy 3 Concepts and frameworks 3.1 SWOT analysis 3.2 Experience curve 3.3 Corporate strategy and portfolio theory 3.4 Competitive advantage 3.5 Industry structure and profitability 3.6 Generic competitive strategies 3.7 Value chain 3.8 Core competence 3.9 Theory of the business 4 Strategic thinking 5 Strategic planning 5.1 Environmental analysis 5.2 Scenario planning 5.3 Measuring and controlling implementation 5.4 Evaluation 6 Limitations 7 Strategic themes 7.1 Self - service 7.2 Globalization and the virtual firm 7.3 Internet and information availability 7.4 Sustainability 8 Strategy as learning 9 Strategy as adapting to change 10 Strategy as operational excellence 10.1 Quality 10.2 Reengineering 11 Other perspectives on strategy 11.1 Strategy as problem solving 11.2 Creative vs analytic approaches 11.3 Non-strategic management 11.4 Strategy as marketing 11.5 Information - and technology - driven strategy 11.6 Maturity of planning process 11.7 PIMS study 12 Other influences on business strategy 12.1 Military strategy 13 Traits of successful companies 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Definition ( edit ) Strategic management processes and activities Strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a company 's top management on behalf of owners , based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes . Strategy is defined as `` the determination of the basic long - term goals of an enterprise , and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals . '' Strategies are established to set direction , focus effort , define or clarify the organization , and provide consistency or guidance in response to the environment . Strategic management involves the related concepts of strategic planning and strategic thinking . Strategic planning is analytical in nature and refers to formalized procedures to produce the data and analyses used as inputs for strategic thinking , which synthesizes the data resulting in the strategy . Strategic planning may also refer to control mechanisms used to implement the strategy once it is determined . In other words , strategic planning happens around the strategic thinking or strategy making activity . Strategic management is often described as involving two major processes : formulation and implementation of strategy . While described sequentially below , in practice the two processes are iterative and each provides input for the other . Formulation ( edit ) Formulation of strategy involves analyzing the environment in which the organization operates , then making a series of strategic decisions about how the organization will compete . Formulation ends with a series of goals or objectives and measures for the organization to pursue . Environmental analysis includes the : Remote external environment , including the political , economic , social , technological , legal and environmental landscape ( PESTLE ) ; Industry environment , such as the competitive behavior of rival organizations , the bargaining power of buyers / customers and suppliers , threats from new entrants to the industry , and the ability of buyers to substitute products ( Porter 's 5 forces ) ; and Internal environment , regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the organization 's resources ( i.e. , its people , processes and IT systems ) . Strategic decisions are based on insight from the environmental assessment and are responses to strategic questions about how the organization will compete , such as : What is the organization 's business ? Who is the target customer for the organization 's products and services ? Where are the customers and how do they buy ? What is considered `` value '' to the customer ? Which businesses , products and services should be included or excluded from the portfolio of offerings ? What is the geographic scope of the business ? What differentiates the company from its competitors in the eyes of customers and other stakeholders ? Which skills and capabilities should be developed within the firm ? What are the important opportunities and risks for the organization ? How can the firm grow , through both its base business and new business ? How can the firm generate more value for investors ? The answers to these and many other strategic questions result in the organization 's strategy and a series of specific short - term and long - term goals or objectives and related measures . Implementation ( edit ) The second major process of strategic management is implementation , which involves decisions regarding how the organization 's resources ( i.e. , people , process and IT systems ) will be aligned and mobilized towards the objectives . Implementation results in how the organization 's resources are structured ( such as by product or service or geography ) , leadership arrangements , communication , incentives , and monitoring mechanisms to track progress towards objectives , among others . Running the day - to - day operations of the business is often referred to as `` operations management '' or specific terms for key departments or functions , such as `` logistics management '' or `` marketing management , '' which take over once strategic management decisions are implemented . Many definitions of strategy ( edit ) Strategy has been practiced whenever an advantage was gained by planning the sequence and timing of the deployment of resources while simultaneously taking into account the probable capabilities and behavior of competition . Bruce Henderson In 1988 , Henry Mintzberg described the many different definitions and perspectives on strategy reflected in both academic research and in practice . He examined the strategic process and concluded it was much more fluid and unpredictable than people had thought . Because of this , he could not point to one process that could be called strategic planning . Instead Mintzberg concludes that there are five types of strategies : Strategy as plan -- a directed course of action to achieve an intended set of goals ; similar to the strategic planning concept ; Strategy as pattern -- a consistent pattern of past behavior , with a strategy realized over time rather than planned or intended . Where the realized pattern was different from the intent , he referred to the strategy as emergent ; Strategy as position -- locating brands , products , or companies within the market , based on the conceptual framework of consumers or other stakeholders ; a strategy determined primarily by factors outside the firm ; Strategy as ploy -- a specific maneuver intended to outwit a competitor ; and Strategy as perspective -- executing strategy based on a `` theory of the business '' or natural extension of the mindset or ideological perspective of the organization . In 1998 , Mintzberg developed these five types of management strategy into 10 `` schools of thought '' and grouped them into three categories . The first group is normative . It consists of the schools of informal design and conception , the formal planning , and analytical positioning . The second group , consisting of six schools , is more concerned with how strategic management is actually done , rather than prescribing optimal plans or positions . The six schools are entrepreneurial , visionary , cognitive , learning / adaptive / emergent , negotiation , corporate culture and business environment . The third and final group consists of one school , the configuration or transformation school , a hybrid of the other schools organized into stages , organizational life cycles , or `` episodes '' . Michael Porter defined strategy in 1980 as the `` ... broad formula for how a business is going to compete , what its goals should be , and what policies will be needed to carry out those goals '' and the `` ... combination of the ends ( goals ) for which the firm is striving and the means ( policies ) by which it is seeking to get there . '' He continued that : `` The essence of formulating competitive strategy is relating a company to its environment . '' Complexity theorists define strategy as the unfolding of the internal and external aspects of the organization that results in actions in a socio - economic context . Historical development ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The strategic management discipline originated in the 1950s and 1960s . Among the numerous early contributors , the most influential were Peter Drucker , Philip Selznick , Alfred Chandler , Igor Ansoff , and Bruce Henderson . The discipline draws from earlier thinking and texts on ' strategy ' dating back thousands of years . Prior to 1960 , the term `` strategy '' was primarily used regarding war and politics , not business . Many companies built strategic planning functions to develop and execute the formulation and implementation processes during the 1960s . Peter Drucker was a prolific management theorist and author of dozens of management books , with a career spanning five decades . He addressed fundamental strategic questions in a 1954 book The Practice of Management writing : `` ... the first responsibility of top management is to ask the question ' what is our business ? ' and to make sure it is carefully studied and correctly answered . '' He wrote that the answer was determined by the customer . He recommended eight areas where objectives should be set , such as market standing , innovation , productivity , physical and financial resources , worker performance and attitude , profitability , manager performance and development , and public responsibility . In 1957 , Philip Selznick initially used the term `` distinctive competence '' in referring to how the Navy was attempting to differentiate itself from the other services . He also formalized the idea of matching the organization 's internal factors with external environmental circumstances . This core idea was developed further by Kenneth R. Andrews in 1963 into what we now call SWOT analysis , in which the strengths and weaknesses of the firm are assessed in light of the opportunities and threats in the business environment . Alfred Chandler recognized the importance of coordinating management activity under an all - encompassing strategy . Interactions between functions were typically handled by managers who relayed information back and forth between departments . Chandler stressed the importance of taking a long term perspective when looking to the future . In his 1962 ground breaking work Strategy and Structure , Chandler showed that a long - term coordinated strategy was necessary to give a company structure , direction and focus . He says it concisely , `` structure follows strategy . '' Chandler wrote that : `` Strategy is the determination of the basic long - term goals of an enterprise , and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals . '' Igor Ansoff built on Chandler 's work by adding concepts and inventing a vocabulary . He developed a grid that compared strategies for market penetration , product development , market development and horizontal and vertical integration and diversification . He felt that management could use the grid to systematically prepare for the future . In his 1965 classic Corporate Strategy , he developed gap analysis to clarify the gap between the current reality and the goals and to develop what he called `` gap reducing actions '' . Ansoff wrote that strategic management had three parts : strategic planning ; the skill of a firm in converting its plans into reality ; and the skill of a firm in managing its own internal resistance to change . Bruce Henderson , founder of the Boston Consulting Group , wrote about the concept of the experience curve in 1968 , following initial work begun in 1965 . The experience curve refers to a hypothesis that unit production costs decline by 20 -- 30 % every time cumulative production doubles . This supported the argument for achieving higher market share and economies of scale . Porter wrote in 1980 that companies have to make choices about their scope and the type of competitive advantage they seek to achieve , whether lower cost or differentiation . The idea of strategy targeting particular industries and customers ( i.e. , competitive positions ) with a differentiated offering was a departure from the experience - curve influenced strategy paradigm , which was focused on larger scale and lower cost . Porter revised the strategy paradigm again in 1985 , writing that superior performance of the processes and activities performed by organizations as part of their value chain is the foundation of competitive advantage , thereby outlining a process view of strategy . Change in focus from production to marketing ( edit ) The direction of strategic research also paralleled a major paradigm shift in how companies competed , specifically a shift from the production focus to market focus . The prevailing concept in strategy up to the 1950s was to create a product of high technical quality . If you created a product that worked well and was durable , it was assumed you would have no difficulty profiting . This was called the production orientation . Henry Ford famously said of the Model T car : `` Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants , so long as it is black . '' Management theorist Peter F Drucker wrote in 1954 that it was the customer who defined what business the organization was in . In 1960 Theodore Levitt argued that instead of producing products then trying to sell them to the customer , businesses should start with the customer , find out what they wanted , and then produce it for them . The fallacy of the production orientation was also referred to as marketing myopia in an article of the same name by Levitt . Over time , the customer became the driving force behind all strategic business decisions . This marketing concept , in the decades since its introduction , has been reformulated and repackaged under names including market orientation , customer orientation , customer intimacy , customer focus , customer - driven and market focus . It 's more important than ever to define yourself in terms of what you stand for rather than what you make , because what you make is going to become outmoded faster than it has at any time in the past . Jim Collins Jim Collins wrote in 1997 that the strategic frame of reference is expanded by focusing on why a company exists rather than what it makes . In 2001 , he recommended that organizations define themselves based on three key questions : What are we passionate about ? What can we be best in the world at ? What drives our economic engine ? Nature of strategy ( edit ) In 1985 , Professor Ellen Earle - Chaffee summarized what she thought were the main elements of strategic management theory where consensus generally existed as of the 1970s , writing that strategic management : Involves adapting the organization to its business environment ; Is fluid and complex . Change creates novel combinations of circumstances requiring unstructured non-repetitive responses ; Affects the entire organization by providing direction ; Involves both strategy formulation processes and also implementation of the content of the strategy ; May be planned ( intended ) and unplanned ( emergent ) ; Is done at several levels : overall corporate strategy , and individual business strategies ; and Involves both conceptual and analytical thought processes . Chaffee further wrote that research up to that point covered three models of strategy , which were not mutually exclusive : Linear strategy : A planned determination of goals , initiatives , and allocation of resources , along the lines of the Chandler definition above . This is most consistent with strategic planning approaches and may have a long planning horizon . The strategist `` deals with '' the environment but it is not the central concern . Adaptive strategy : In this model , the organization 's goals and activities are primarily concerned with adaptation to the environment , analogous to a biological organism . The need for continuous adaption reduces or eliminates the planning window . There is more focus on means ( resource mobilization to address the environment ) rather than ends ( goals ) . Strategy is less centralized than in the linear model . Interpretive strategy : A more recent and less developed model than the linear and adaptive models , interpretive strategy is concerned with `` orienting metaphors constructed for the purpose of conceptualizing and guiding individual attitudes or organizational participants . '' The aim of interpretive strategy is legitimacy or credibility in the mind of stakeholders . It places emphasis on symbols and language to influence the minds of customers , rather than the physical product of the organization . Concepts and frameworks ( edit ) The progress of strategy since 1960 can be charted by a variety of frameworks and concepts introduced by management consultants and academics . These reflect an increased focus on cost , competition and customers . These `` 3 Cs '' were illuminated by much more robust empirical analysis at ever - more granular levels of detail , as industries and organizations were disaggregated into business units , activities , processes , and individuals in a search for sources of competitive advantage . SWOT analysis ( edit ) Main article : SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis , with its four elements in a 2 × 2 matrix . By the 1960s , the capstone business policy course at the Harvard Business School included the concept of matching the distinctive competence of a company ( its internal strengths and weaknesses ) with its environment ( external opportunities and threats ) in the context of its objectives . This framework came to be known by the acronym SWOT and was `` a major step forward in bringing explicitly competitive thinking to bear on questions of strategy '' . Kenneth R. Andrews helped popularize the framework via a 1963 conference and it remains commonly used in practice . Experience curve ( edit ) Main article : Experience curve The experience curve was developed by the Boston Consulting Group in 1966 . It is a hypothesis that total per unit costs decline systematically by as much as 15 -- 25 % every time cumulative production ( i.e. , `` experience '' ) doubles . It has been empirically confirmed by some firms at various points in their history . Costs decline due to a variety of factors , such as the learning curve , substitution of labor for capital ( automation ) , and technological sophistication . Author Walter Kiechel wrote that it reflected several insights , including : A company can always improve its cost structure ; Competitors have varying cost positions based on their experience ; Firms could achieve lower costs through higher market share , attaining a competitive advantage ; and An increased focus on empirical analysis of costs and processes , a concept which author Kiechel refers to as `` Greater Taylorism '' . Kiechel wrote in 2010 : `` The experience curve was , simply , the most important concept in launching the strategy revolution ... with the experience curve , the strategy revolution began to insinuate an acute awareness of competition into the corporate consciousness . '' Prior to the 1960s , the word competition rarely appeared in the most prominent management literature ; U.S. companies then faced considerably less competition and did not focus on performance relative to peers . Further , the experience curve provided a basis for the retail sale of business ideas , helping drive the management consulting industry . Corporate strategy and portfolio theory ( edit ) Main articles : Modern portfolio theory and Growth -- share matrix Portfolio growth -- share matrix The concept of the corporation as a portfolio of business units , with each plotted graphically based on its market share ( a measure of its competitive position relative to its peers ) and industry growth rate ( a measure of industry attractiveness ) , was summarized in the growth -- share matrix developed by the Boston Consulting Group around 1970 . By 1979 , one study estimated that 45 % of the Fortune 500 companies were using some variation of the matrix in their strategic planning . This framework helped companies decide where to invest their resources ( i.e. , in their high market share , high growth businesses ) and which businesses to divest ( i.e. , low market share , low growth businesses . ) Porter wrote in 1987 that corporate strategy involves two questions : 1 ) What business should the corporation be in ? and 2 ) How should the corporate office manage its business units ? He mentioned four concepts of corporate strategy ; the latter three can be used together : Portfolio theory : A strategy based primarily on diversification through acquisition . The corporation shifts resources among the units and monitors the performance of each business unit and its leaders . Each unit generally runs autonomously , with limited interference from the corporate center provided goals are met . Restructuring : The corporate office acquires then actively intervenes in a business where it detects potential , often by replacing management and implementing a new business strategy . Transferring skills : Important managerial skills and organizational capability are essentially spread to multiple businesses . The skills must be necessary to competitive advantage . Sharing activities : Ability of the combined corporation to leverage centralized functions , such as sales , finance , etc. thereby reducing costs . Other techniques were developed to analyze the relationships between elements in a portfolio . The growth - share matrix , a part of B.C.G. Analysis , was followed by G.E. multi factoral model , developed by General Electric . Companies continued to diversify as conglomerates until the 1980s , when deregulation and a less restrictive anti-trust environment led to the view that a portfolio of operating divisions in different industries was worth more as many independent companies , leading to the breakup of many conglomerates . While the popularity of portfolio theory has waxed and waned , the key dimensions considered ( industry attractiveness and competitive position ) remain central to strategy . Competitive advantage ( edit ) Main article : Competitive advantage In 1980 , Porter defined the two types of competitive advantage an organization can achieve relative to its rivals : lower cost or differentiation . This advantage derives from attribute ( s ) that allow an organization to outperform its competition , such as superior market position , skills , or resources . In Porter 's view , strategic management should be concerned with building and sustaining competitive advantage . Industry structure and profitability ( edit ) A graphical representation of Porter 's Five Forces Main article : Porter five forces analysis Porter developed a framework for analyzing the profitability of industries and how those profits are divided among the participants in 1980 . In five forces analysis he identified the forces that shape the industry structure or environment . The framework involves the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers , the threat of new entrants , the availability of substitute products , and the competitive rivalry of firms in the industry . These forces affect the organization 's ability to raise its prices as well as the costs of inputs ( such as raw materials ) for its processes . The five forces framework helps describe how a firm can use these forces to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage , either lower cost or differentiation . Companies can maximize their profitability by competing in industries with favorable structure . Competitors can take steps to grow the overall profitability of the industry , or to take profit away from other parts of the industry structure . Porter modified Chandler 's dictum about structure following strategy by introducing a second level of structure : while organizational structure follows strategy , it in turn follows industry structure . Generic competitive strategies ( edit ) Main article : Porter 's generic strategies Michael Porter 's Three Generic Strategies Porter wrote in 1980 that strategy target either cost leadership , differentiation , or focus . These are known as Porter 's three generic strategies and can be applied to any size or form of business . Porter claimed that a company must only choose one of the three or risk that the business would waste precious resources . Porter 's generic strategies detail the interaction between cost minimization strategies , product differentiation strategies , and market focus strategies . Porter described an industry as having multiple segments that can be targeted by a firm . The breadth of its targeting refers to the competitive scope of the business . Porter defined two types of competitive advantage : lower cost or differentiation relative to its rivals . Achieving competitive advantage results from a firm 's ability to cope with the five forces better than its rivals . Porter wrote : `` ( A ) chieving competitive advantage requires a firm to make a choice ... about the type of competitive advantage it seeks to attain and the scope within which it will attain it . '' He also wrote : `` The two basic types of competitive advantage ( differentiation and lower cost ) combined with the scope of activities for which a firm seeks to achieve them lead to three generic strategies for achieving above average performance in an industry : cost leadership , differentiation and focus . The focus strategy has two variants , cost focus and differentiation focus . '' The concept of choice was a different perspective on strategy , as the 1970s paradigm was the pursuit of market share ( size and scale ) influenced by the experience curve . Companies that pursued the highest market share position to achieve cost advantages fit under Porter 's cost leadership generic strategy , but the concept of choice regarding differentiation and focus represented a new perspective . Value chain ( edit ) Michael Porter 's Value Chain Main article : Value chain Porter 's 1985 description of the value chain refers to the chain of activities ( processes or collections of processes ) that an organization performs in order to deliver a valuable product or service for the market . These include functions such as inbound logistics , operations , outbound logistics , marketing and sales , and service , supported by systems and technology infrastructure . By aligning the various activities in its value chain with the organization 's strategy in a coherent way , a firm can achieve a competitive advantage . Porter also wrote that strategy is an internally consistent configuration of activities that differentiates a firm from its rivals . A robust competitive position cumulates from many activities which should fit coherently together . Porter wrote in 1985 : `` Competitive advantage can not be understood by looking at a firm as a whole . It stems from the many discrete activities a firm performs in designing , producing , marketing , delivering and supporting its product . Each of these activities can contribute to a firm 's relative cost position and create a basis for differentiation ... the value chain disaggregates a firm into its strategically relevant activities in order to understand the behavior of costs and the existing and potential sources of differentiation . '' Core competence ( edit ) Main article : Core competency Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad described the idea of core competency in 1990 , the idea that each organization has some capability in which it excels and that the business should focus on opportunities in that area , letting others go or outsourcing them . Further , core competency is difficult to duplicate , as it involves the skills and coordination of people across a variety of functional areas or processes used to deliver value to customers . By outsourcing , companies expanded the concept of the value chain , with some elements within the entity and others without . Core competency is part of a branch of strategy called the resource - based view of the firm , which postulates that if activities are strategic as indicated by the value chain , then the organization 's capabilities and ability to learn or adapt are also strategic . Theory of the business ( edit ) Peter Drucker wrote in 1994 about the `` Theory of the Business , '' which represents the key assumptions underlying a firm 's strategy . These assumptions are in three categories : a ) the external environment , including society , market , customer , and technology ; b ) the mission of the organization ; and c ) the core competencies needed to accomplish the mission . He continued that a valid theory of the business has four specifications : 1 ) assumptions about the environment , mission , and core competencies must fit reality ; 2 ) the assumptions in all three areas have to fit one another ; 3 ) the theory of the business must be known and understood throughout the organization ; and 4 ) the theory of the business has to be tested constantly . He wrote that organizations get into trouble when the assumptions representing the theory of the business no longer fit reality . He used an example of retail department stores , where their theory of the business assumed that people who could afford to shop in department stores would do so . However , many shoppers abandoned department stores in favor of specialty retailers ( often located outside of malls ) when time became the primary factor in the shopping destination rather than income . Drucker described the theory of the business as a `` hypothesis '' and a `` discipline . '' He advocated building in systematic diagnostics , monitoring and testing of the assumptions comprising the theory of the business to maintain competitiveness . Strategic thinking ( edit ) Main article : Strategic thinking Strategic thinking involves the generation and application of unique business insights to opportunities intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or organization . It involves challenging the assumptions underlying the organization 's strategy and value proposition . Mintzberg wrote in 1994 that it is more about synthesis ( i.e. , `` connecting the dots '' ) than analysis ( i.e. , `` finding the dots '' ) . It is about `` capturing what the manager learns from all sources ( both the soft insights from his or her personal experiences and the experiences of others throughout the organization and the hard data from market research and the like ) and then synthesizing that learning into a vision of the direction that the business should pursue . '' Mintzberg argued that strategic thinking is the critical part of formulating strategy , more so than strategic planning exercises . General Andre Beaufre wrote in 1963 that strategic thinking `` is a mental process , at once abstract and rational , which must be capable of synthesizing both psychological and material data . The strategist must have a great capacity for both analysis and synthesis ; analysis is necessary to assemble the data on which he makes his diagnosis , synthesis in order to produce from these data the diagnosis itself -- and the diagnosis in fact amounts to a choice between alternative courses of action . '' Will Mulcaster argued that while much research and creative thought has been devoted to generating alternative strategies , too little work has been done on what influences the quality of strategic decision making and the effectiveness with which strategies are implemented . For instance , in retrospect it can be seen that the financial crisis of 2008 -- 9 could have been avoided if the banks had paid more attention to the risks associated with their investments , but how should banks change the way they make decisions to improve the quality of their decisions in the future ? Mulcaster 's Managing Forces framework addresses this issue by identifying 11 forces that should be incorporated into the processes of decision making and strategic implementation . The 11 forces are : Time ; Opposing forces ; Politics ; Perception ; Holistic effects ; Adding value ; Incentives ; Learning capabilities ; Opportunity cost ; Risk and Style . Strategic planning ( edit ) Main article : Strategic planning Strategic planning is a means of administering the formulation and implementation of strategy . Strategic planning is analytical in nature and refers to formalized procedures to produce the data and analyses used as inputs for strategic thinking , which synthesizes the data resulting in the strategy . Strategic planning may also refer to control mechanisms used to implement the strategy once it is determined . In other words , strategic planning happens around the strategy formation process . Environmental analysis ( edit ) Porter wrote in 1980 that formulation of competitive strategy includes consideration of four key elements : Company strengths and weaknesses ; Personal values of the key implementers ( i.e. , management and the board ) Industry opportunities and threats ; and Broader societal expectations . The first two elements relate to factors internal to the company ( i.e. , the internal environment ) , while the latter two relate to factors external to the company ( i.e. , the external environment ) . There are many analytical frameworks which attempt to organize the strategic planning process . Examples of frameworks that address the four elements described above include : External environment : PEST analysis or STEEP analysis is a framework used to examine the remote external environmental factors that can affect the organization , such as political , economic , social / demographic , and technological . Common variations include SLEPT , PESTLE , STEEPLE , and STEER analysis , each of which incorporates slightly different emphases . Industry environment : The Porter Five Forces Analysis framework helps to determine the competitive rivalry and therefore attractiveness of a market . It is used to help determine the portfolio of offerings the organization will provide and in which markets . Relationship of internal and external environment : SWOT analysis is one of the most basic and widely used frameworks , which examines both internal elements of the organization -- Strengths and Weaknesses -- and external elements -- Opportunities and Threats . It helps examine the organization 's resources in the context of its environment . Scenario planning ( edit ) A number of strategists use scenario planning techniques to deal with change . The way Peter Schwartz put it in 1991 is that strategic outcomes can not be known in advance so the sources of competitive advantage can not be predetermined . The fast changing business environment is too uncertain for us to find sustainable value in formulas of excellence or competitive advantage . Instead , scenario planning is a technique in which multiple outcomes can be developed , their implications assessed , and their likeliness of occurrence evaluated . According to Pierre Wack , scenario planning is about insight , complexity , and subtlety , not about formal analysis and numbers . Some business planners are starting to use a complexity theory approach to strategy . Complexity can be thought of as chaos with a dash of order . Chaos theory deals with turbulent systems that rapidly become disordered . Complexity is not quite so unpredictable . It involves multiple agents interacting in such a way that a glimpse of structure may appear . Measuring and controlling implementation ( edit ) Generic Strategy Map illustrating four elements of a balanced scorecard Once the strategy is determined , various goals and measures may be established to chart a course for the organization , measure performance and control implementation of the strategy . Tools such as the balanced scorecard and strategy maps help crystallize the strategy , by relating key measures of success and performance to the strategy . These tools measure financial , marketing , production , organizational development , and innovation measures to achieve a ' balanced ' perspective . Advances in information technology and data availability enable the gathering of more information about performance , allowing managers to take a much more analytical view of their business than before . Strategy may also be organized as a series of `` initiatives '' or `` programs '' , each of which comprises one or more projects . Various monitoring and feedback mechanisms may also be established , such as regular meetings between divisional and corporate management to control implementation . Evaluation ( edit ) A key component to strategic management which is often overlooked when planning is evaluation . There are many ways to evaluate whether or not strategic priorities and plans have been achieved , one such method is Robert Stake 's Responsive Evaluation . Responsive evaluation provides a naturalistic and humanistic approach to program evaluation . In expanding beyond the goal - oriented or pre-ordinate evaluation design , responsive evaluation takes into consideration the program 's background ( history ) , conditions , and transactions among stakeholders . It is largely emergent , the design unfolds as contact is made with stakeholders . Limitations ( edit ) While strategies are established to set direction , focus effort , define or clarify the organization , and provide consistency or guidance in response to the environment , these very elements also mean that certain signals are excluded from consideration or de-emphasized . Mintzberg wrote in 1987 : `` Strategy is a categorizing scheme by which incoming stimuli can be ordered and dispatched . '' Since a strategy orients the organization in a particular manner or direction , that direction may not effectively match the environment , initially ( if a bad strategy ) or over time as circumstances change . As such , Mintzberg continued , `` Strategy ( once established ) is a force that resists change , not encourages it . '' Therefore , a critique of strategic management is that it can overly constrain managerial discretion in a dynamic environment . `` How can individuals , organizations and societies cope as well as possible with ... issues too complex to be fully understood , given the fact that actions initiated on the basis of inadequate understanding may lead to significant regret ? '' Some theorists insist on an iterative approach , considering in turn objectives , implementation and resources . I.e. , a `` ... repetitive learning cycle ( rather than ) a linear progression towards a clearly defined final destination . '' Strategies must be able to adjust during implementation because `` humans rarely can proceed satisfactorily except by learning from experience ; and modest probes , serially modified on the basis of feedback , usually are the best method for such learning . '' In 2000 , Gary Hamel coined the term strategic convergence to explain the limited scope of the strategies being used by rivals in greatly differing circumstances . He lamented that successful strategies are imitated by firms that do not understand that for a strategy to work , it must account for the specifics of each situation . Woodhouse and Collingridge claim that the essence of being `` strategic '' lies in a capacity for `` intelligent trial - and error '' rather than strict adherence to finely honed strategic plans . Strategy should be seen as laying out the general path rather than precise steps . Means are as likely to determine ends as ends are to determine means . The objectives that an organization might wish to pursue are limited by the range of feasible approaches to implementation . ( There will usually be only a small number of approaches that will not only be technically and administratively possible , but also satisfactory to the full range of organizational stakeholders . ) In turn , the range of feasible implementation approaches is determined by the availability of resources . Strategic themes ( edit ) Various strategic approaches used across industries ( themes ) have arisen over the years . These include the shift from product - driven demand to customer - or marketing - driven demand ( described above ) , the increased use of self - service approaches to lower cost , changes in the value chain or corporate structure due to globalization ( e.g. , off - shoring of production and assembly ) , and the internet . Self - service ( edit ) One theme in strategic competition has been the trend towards self - service , often enabled by technology , where the customer takes on a role previously performed by a worker to lower the price . Examples include : Automated teller machine ( ATM ) to obtain cash rather via a bank teller ; Self - service at the gas pump rather than with help from an attendant ; Retail internet orders input by the customer rather than a retail clerk , such as online book sales ; Mass - produced ready - to - assemble furniture transported by the customer ; Self - checkout at the grocery store ; and Online banking and bill payment . Globalization and the virtual firm ( edit ) One definition of globalization refers to the integration of economies due to technology and supply chain process innovation . Companies are no longer required to be vertically integrated ( i.e. , designing , producing , assembling , and selling their products ) . In other words , the value chain for a company 's product may no longer be entirely within one firm ; several entities comprising a virtual firm may exist to fulfill the customer requirement . For example , some companies have chosen to outsource production to third parties , retaining only design and sales functions inside their organization . Internet and information availability ( edit ) See also : Internet of things The internet has dramatically empowered consumers and enabled buyers and sellers to come together with drastically reduced transaction and intermediary costs , creating much more robust marketplaces for the purchase and sale of goods and services . Examples include online auction sites , internet dating services , and internet book sellers . In many industries , the internet has dramatically altered the competitive landscape . Services that used to be provided within one entity ( e.g. , a car dealership providing financing and pricing information ) are now provided by third parties . Further , compared to traditional media like television , the internet has caused a major shift in viewing habits through on demand content which has led to an increasingly fragmented audience . Author Phillip Evans said in 2013 that networks are challenging traditional hierarchies . Value chains may also be breaking up ( `` deconstructing '' ) where information aspects can be separated from functional activity . Data that is readily available for free or very low cost makes it harder for information - based , vertically integrated businesses to remain intact . Evans said : `` The basic story here is that what used to be vertically integrated , oligopolistic competition among essentially similar kinds of competitors is evolving , by one means or another , from a vertical structure to a horizontal one . Why is that happening ? It 's happening because transaction costs are plummeting and because scale is polarizing . The plummeting of transaction costs weakens the glue that holds value chains together , and allows them to separate . '' He used Wikipedia as an example of a network that has challenged the traditional encyclopedia business model . Evans predicts the emergence of a new form of industrial organization called a `` stack '' , analogous to a technology stack , in which competitors rely on a common platform of inputs ( services or information ) , essentially layering the remaining competing parts of their value chains on top of this common platform . Sustainability ( edit ) In the recent decade , sustainability -- or ability to successfully sustain a company in a context of rapidly changing environmental , social , health , and economic circumstances -- has emerged as crucial aspect of any strategy development . Research focusing on corporations and leaders who have integrated sustainability into commercial strategy has led to emergence of the concept of `` embedded sustainability '' -- defined by its authors Chris Laszlo and Nadya Zhexembayeva as `` incorporation of environmental , health , and social value into the core business with no trade - off in price or quality -- in other words , with no social or green premium . '' Laszlo and Zhexembayeva 's research showed that embedded sustainability offers at least seven distinct opportunities for business value and competitive advantage creation : a ) better risk - management , b ) increased efficiency through reduced waste and resource use , c ) better product differentiation , d ) new market entrances , e ) enhanced brand and reputation , f ) greater opportunity to influence industry standards , and g ) greater opportunity for radical innovation . Nadya Zhexembayeva 's 2014 research further suggested that innovation driven by resource depletion can result in fundamental competitive advantages for a company 's products and services , as well as the company strategy as a whole , when right principles of innovation are applied . Strategy as learning ( edit ) See also : Organizational learning In 1990 , Peter Senge , who had collaborated with Arie de Geus at Dutch Shell , popularized de Geus ' notion of the `` learning organization '' . The theory is that gathering and analyzing information is a necessary requirement for business success in the information age . To do this , Senge claimed that an organization would need to be structured such that : People can continuously expand their capacity to learn and be productive . New patterns of thinking are nurtured . Collective aspirations are encouraged . People are encouraged to see the `` whole picture '' together . Senge identified five disciplines of a learning organization . They are : Personal responsibility , self - reliance , and mastery -- We accept that we are the masters of our own destiny . We make decisions and live with the consequences of them . When a problem needs to be fixed , or an opportunity exploited , we take the initiative to learn the required skills to get it done . Mental models -- We need to explore our personal mental models to understand the subtle effect they have on our behaviour . Shared vision -- The vision of where we want to be in the future is discussed and communicated to all . It provides guidance and energy for the journey ahead . Team learning -- We learn together in teams . This involves a shift from `` a spirit of advocacy to a spirit of enquiry '' . Systems thinking -- We look at the whole rather than the parts . This is what Senge calls the `` Fifth discipline '' . It is the glue that integrates the other four into a coherent strategy . For an alternative approach to the `` learning organization '' , see Garratt , B. ( 1987 ) . Geoffrey Moore ( 1991 ) and R. Frank and P. Cook also detected a shift in the nature of competition . Markets driven by technical standards or by `` network effects '' can give the dominant firm a near - monopoly . The same is true of networked industries in which interoperability requires compatibility between users . Examples include Internet Explorer 's and Amazon 's early dominance of their respective industries . IE 's later decline shows that such dominance may be only temporary . Moore showed how firms could attain this enviable position by using E.M. Rogers ' five stage adoption process and focusing on one group of customers at a time , using each group as a base for reaching the next group . The most difficult step is making the transition between introduction and mass acceptance . ( See Crossing the Chasm ) . If successful a firm can create a bandwagon effect in which the momentum builds and its product becomes a de facto standard . Strategy as adapting to change ( edit ) In 1969 , Peter Drucker coined the phrase Age of Discontinuity to describe the way change disrupts lives . In an age of continuity attempts to predict the future by extrapolating from the past can be accurate . But according to Drucker , we are now in an age of discontinuity and extrapolating is ineffective . He identifies four sources of discontinuity : new technologies , globalization , cultural pluralism and knowledge capital . In 1970 , Alvin Toffler in Future Shock described a trend towards accelerating rates of change . He illustrated how social and technical phenomena had shorter lifespans with each generation , and he questioned society 's ability to cope with the resulting turmoil and accompanying anxiety . In past eras periods of change were always punctuated with times of stability . This allowed society to assimilate the change before the next change arrived . But these periods of stability had all but disappeared by the late 20th century . In 1980 in The Third Wave , Toffler characterized this shift to relentless change as the defining feature of the third phase of civilization ( the first two phases being the agricultural and industrial waves ) . In 1978 , Derek F. Abell ( Abell , D. 1978 ) described `` strategic windows '' and stressed the importance of the timing ( both entrance and exit ) of any given strategy . This led some strategic planners to build planned obsolescence into their strategies . In 1983 , Noel Tichy wrote that because we are all beings of habit we tend to repeat what we are comfortable with . He wrote that this is a trap that constrains our creativity , prevents us from exploring new ideas , and hampers our dealing with the full complexity of new issues . He developed a systematic method of dealing with change that involved looking at any new issue from three angles : technical and production , political and resource allocation , and corporate culture . In 1989 , Charles Handy identified two types of change . `` Strategic drift '' is a gradual change that occurs so subtly that it is not noticed until it is too late . By contrast , `` transformational change '' is sudden and radical . It is typically caused by discontinuities ( or exogenous shocks ) in the business environment . The point where a new trend is initiated is called a `` strategic inflection point '' by Andy Grove . Inflection points can be subtle or radical . In 1990 , Richard Pascale wrote that relentless change requires that businesses continuously reinvent themselves . His famous maxim is `` Nothing fails like success '' by which he means that what was a strength yesterday becomes the root of weakness today , We tend to depend on what worked yesterday and refuse to let go of what worked so well for us in the past . Prevailing strategies become self - confirming . To avoid this trap , businesses must stimulate a spirit of inquiry and healthy debate . They must encourage a creative process of self - renewal based on constructive conflict . In 1996 , Adrian Slywotzky showed how changes in the business environment are reflected in value migrations between industries , between companies , and within companies . He claimed that recognizing the patterns behind these value migrations is necessary if we wish to understand the world of chaotic change . In `` Profit Patterns '' ( 1999 ) he described businesses as being in a state of strategic anticipation as they try to spot emerging patterns . Slywotsky and his team identified 30 patterns that have transformed industry after industry . In 1997 , Clayton Christensen ( 1997 ) took the position that great companies can fail precisely because they do everything right since the capabilities of the organization also define its disabilities . Christensen 's thesis is that outstanding companies lose their market leadership when confronted with disruptive technology . He called the approach to discovering the emerging markets for disruptive technologies agnostic marketing , i.e. , marketing under the implicit assumption that no one -- not the company , not the customers -- can know how or in what quantities a disruptive product can or will be used without the experience of using it . In 1999 , Constantinos Markides reexamined the nature of strategic planning . He described strategy formation and implementation as an ongoing , never - ending , integrated process requiring continuous reassessment and reformation . Strategic management is planned and emergent , dynamic and interactive . J. Moncrieff ( 1999 ) stressed strategy dynamics . He claimed that strategy is partially deliberate and partially unplanned . The unplanned element comes from emergent strategies that result from the emergence of opportunities and threats in the environment and from `` strategies in action '' ( ad hoc actions across the organization ) . David Teece pioneered research on resource - based strategic management and the dynamic capabilities perspective , defined as `` the ability to integrate , build , and reconfigure internal and external competencies to address rapidly changing environments '' . His 1997 paper ( with Gary Pisano and Amy Shuen ) `` Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management '' was the most cited paper in economics and business for the period from 1995 to 2005 . In 2000 , Gary Hamel discussed strategic decay , the notion that the value of every strategy , no matter how brilliant , decays over time . Strategy as operational excellence ( edit ) Quality ( edit ) A large group of theorists felt the area where western business was most lacking was product quality . W. Edwards Deming , Joseph M. Juran , A. Kearney , Philip Crosby and Armand Feignbaum suggested quality improvement techniques such total quality management ( TQM ) , continuous improvement ( kaizen ) , lean manufacturing , Six Sigma , and return on quality ( ROQ ) . Contrarily , James Heskett ( 1988 ) , Earl Sasser ( 1995 ) , William Davidow , Len Schlesinger , A. Paraurgman ( 1988 ) , Len Berry , Jane Kingman - Brundage , Christopher Hart , and Christopher Lovelock ( 1994 ) , felt that poor customer service was the problem . They gave us fishbone diagramming , service charting , Total Customer Service ( TCS ) , the service profit chain , service gaps analysis , the service encounter , strategic service vision , service mapping , and service teams . Their underlying assumption was that there is no better source of competitive advantage than a continuous stream of delighted customers . Process management uses some of the techniques from product quality management and some of the techniques from customer service management . It looks at an activity as a sequential process . The objective is to find inefficiencies and make the process more effective . Although the procedures have a long history , dating back to Taylorism , the scope of their applicability has been greatly widened , leaving no aspect of the firm free from potential process improvements . Because of the broad applicability of process management techniques , they can be used as a basis for competitive advantage . Carl Sewell , Frederick F. Reichheld , C. Gronroos , and Earl Sasser observed that businesses were spending more on customer acquisition than on retention . They showed how a competitive advantage could be found in ensuring that customers returned again and again . Reicheld broadened the concept to include loyalty from employees , suppliers , distributors and shareholders . They developed techniques for estimating customer lifetime value ( CLV ) for assessing long - term relationships . The concepts begat attempts to recast selling and marketing into a long term endeavor that created a sustained relationship ( called relationship selling , relationship marketing , and customer relationship management ) . Customer relationship management ( CRM ) software became integral to many firms . Reengineering ( edit ) Michael Hammer and James Champy felt that these resources needed to be restructured . In a process that they labeled reengineering , firm 's reorganized their assets around whole processes rather than tasks . In this way a team of people saw a project through , from inception to completion . This avoided functional silos where isolated departments seldom talked to each other . It also eliminated waste due to functional overlap and interdepartmental communications . In 1989 Richard Lester and the researchers at the MIT Industrial Performance Center identified seven best practices and concluded that firms must accelerate the shift away from the mass production of low cost standardized products . The seven areas of best practice were : Simultaneous continuous improvement in cost , quality , service , and product innovation Breaking down organizational barriers between departments Eliminating layers of management creating flatter organizational hierarchies . Closer relationships with customers and suppliers Intelligent use of new technology Global focus Improving human resource skills The search for best practices is also called benchmarking . This involves determining where you need to improve , finding an organization that is exceptional in this area , then studying the company and applying its best practices in your firm . Other perspectives on strategy ( edit ) Strategy as problem solving ( edit ) Professor Richard P. Rumelt described strategy as a type of problem solving in 2011 . He wrote that good strategy has an underlying structure called a kernel . The kernel has three parts : 1 ) A diagnosis that defines or explains the nature of the challenge ; 2 ) A guiding policy for dealing with the challenge ; and 3 ) Coherent actions designed to carry out the guiding policy . President Kennedy outlined these three elements of strategy in his Cuban Missile Crisis Address to the Nation of 22 October 1962 : Diagnosis : `` This Government , as promised , has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba . Within the past week , unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island . The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere . '' Guiding Policy : `` Our unswerving objective , therefore , must be to prevent the use of these missiles against this or any other country , and to secure their withdrawal or elimination from the Western Hemisphere . '' Action Plans : First among seven numbered steps was the following : `` To halt this offensive buildup a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba from whatever nation or port will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . '' Active strategic management required active information gathering and active problem solving . In the early days of Hewlett - Packard ( HP ) , Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett devised an active management style that they called management by walking around ( MBWA ) . Senior HP managers were seldom at their desks . They spent most of their days visiting employees , customers , and suppliers . This direct contact with key people provided them with a solid grounding from which viable strategies could be crafted . Management consultants Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman had used the term in their 1982 book In Search of Excellence : Lessons From America 's Best - Run Companies . Some Japanese managers employ a similar system , which originated at Honda , and is sometimes called the 3 G 's ( Genba , Genbutsu , and Genjitsu , which translate into `` actual place '' , `` actual thing '' , and `` actual situation '' ) . Creative vs analytic approaches ( edit ) In 2010 , IBM released a study summarizing three conclusions of 1500 CEOs around the world : 1 ) complexity is escalating , 2 ) enterprises are not equipped to cope with this complexity , and 3 ) creativity is now the single most important leadership competency . IBM said that it is needed in all aspects of leadership , including strategic thinking and planning . Similarly , Mckeown argued that over-reliance on any particular approach to strategy is dangerous and that multiple methods can be used to combine the creativity and analytics to create an `` approach to shaping the future '' , that is difficult to copy . Non-strategic management ( edit ) A 1938 treatise by Chester Barnard , based on his own experience as a business executive , described the process as informal , intuitive , non-routinized and involving primarily oral , 2 - way communications . Bernard says `` The process is the sensing of the organization as a whole and the total situation relevant to it . It transcends the capacity of merely intellectual methods , and the techniques of discriminating the factors of the situation . The terms pertinent to it are `` feeling '' , `` judgement '' , `` sense '' , `` proportion '' , `` balance '' , `` appropriateness '' . It is a matter of art rather than science . '' In 1973 , Mintzberg found that senior managers typically deal with unpredictable situations so they strategize in ad hoc , flexible , dynamic , and implicit ways . He wrote , `` The job breeds adaptive information - manipulators who prefer the live concrete situation . The manager works in an environment of stimulus - response , and he develops in his work a clear preference for live action . '' In 1982 , John Kotter studied the daily activities of 15 executives and concluded that they spent most of their time developing and working a network of relationships that provided general insights and specific details for strategic decisions . They tended to use `` mental road maps '' rather than systematic planning techniques . Daniel Isenberg 's 1984 study of senior managers found that their decisions were highly intuitive . Executives often sensed what they were going to do before they could explain why . He claimed in 1986 that one of the reasons for this is the complexity of strategic decisions and the resultant information uncertainty . Zuboff claimed that information technology was widening the divide between senior managers ( who typically make strategic decisions ) and operational level managers ( who typically make routine decisions ) . She alleged that prior to the widespread use of computer systems , managers , even at the most senior level , engaged in both strategic decisions and routine administration , but as computers facilitated ( She called it `` deskilled '' ) routine processes , these activities were moved further down the hierarchy , leaving senior management free for strategic decision making . In 1977 , Abraham Zaleznik distinguished leaders from managers . He described leaders as visionaries who inspire , while managers care about process . He claimed that the rise of managers was the main cause of the decline of American business in the 1970s and 1980s . Lack of leadership is most damaging at the level of strategic management where it can paralyze an entire organization . According to Corner , Kinichi , and Keats , strategic decision making in organizations occurs at two levels : individual and aggregate . They developed a model of parallel strategic decision making . The model identifies two parallel processes that involve getting attention , encoding information , storage and retrieval of information , strategic choice , strategic outcome and feedback . The individual and organizational processes interact at each stage . For instance , competition - oriented objectives are based on the knowledge of competing firms , such as their market share . Strategy as marketing ( edit ) The 1980s also saw the widespread acceptance of positioning theory . Although the theory originated with Jack Trout in 1969 , it did n't gain wide acceptance until Al Ries and Jack Trout wrote their classic book Positioning : The Battle For Your Mind ( 1979 ) . The basic premise is that a strategy should not be judged by internal company factors but by the way customers see it relative to the competition . Crafting and implementing a strategy involves creating a position in the mind of the collective consumer . Several techniques enabled the practical use of positioning theory . Perceptual mapping for example , creates visual displays of the relationships between positions . Multidimensional scaling , discriminant analysis , factor analysis and conjoint analysis are mathematical techniques used to determine the most relevant characteristics ( called dimensions or factors ) upon which positions should be based . Preference regression can be used to determine vectors of ideal positions and cluster analysis can identify clusters of positions . In 1992 Jay Barney saw strategy as assembling the optimum mix of resources , including human , technology and suppliers , and then configuring them in unique and sustainable ways . James Gilmore and Joseph Pine found competitive advantage in mass customization . Flexible manufacturing techniques allowed businesses to individualize products for each customer without losing economies of scale . This effectively turned the product into a service . They also realized that if a service is mass - customized by creating a `` performance '' for each individual client , that service would be transformed into an `` experience '' . Their book , The Experience Economy , along with the work of Bernd Schmitt convinced many to see service provision as a form of theatre . This school of thought is sometimes referred to as customer experience management ( CEM ) . Information - and technology - driven strategy ( edit ) Many industries with a high information component are being transformed . For example , Encarta demolished Encyclopædia Britannica ( whose sales have plummeted 80 % since their peak of $650 million in 1990 ) before it was in turn , eclipsed by collaborative encyclopedias like Wikipedia . The music industry was similarly disrupted . The technology sector has provided some strategies directly . For example , from the software development industry agile software development provides a model for shared development processes . Peter Drucker conceived of the `` knowledge worker '' in the 1950s . He described how fewer workers would do physical labor , and more would apply their minds . In 1984 , John Naisbitt theorized that the future would be driven largely by information : companies that managed information well could obtain an advantage , however the profitability of what he called `` information float '' ( information that the company had and others desired ) would disappear as inexpensive computers made information more accessible . Daniel Bell ( 1985 ) examined the sociological consequences of information technology , while Gloria Schuck and Shoshana Zuboff looked at psychological factors . Zuboff distinguished between `` automating technologies '' and `` informating technologies '' . She studied the effect that both had on workers , managers and organizational structures . She largely confirmed Drucker 's predictions about the importance of flexible decentralized structure , work teams , knowledge sharing and the knowledge worker 's central role . Zuboff also detected a new basis for managerial authority , based on knowledge ( also predicted by Drucker ) which she called `` participative management '' . Maturity of planning process ( edit ) McKinsey & Company developed a capability maturity model in the 1970s to describe the sophistication of planning processes , with strategic management ranked the highest . The four stages include : Financial planning , which is primarily about annual budgets and a functional focus , with limited regard for the environment ; Forecast - based planning , which includes multi-year budgets and more robust capital allocation across business units ; Externally oriented planning , where a thorough situation analysis and competitive assessment is performed ; Strategic management , where widespread strategic thinking occurs and a well - defined strategic framework is used . PIMS study ( edit ) The long - term PIMS study , started in the 1960s and lasting for 19 years , attempted to understand the Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies ( PIMS ) , particularly the effect of market share . The initial conclusion of the study was unambiguous : the greater a company 's market share , the greater their rate of profit . Market share provides economies of scale . It also provides experience curve advantages . The combined effect is increased profits . The benefits of high market share naturally led to an interest in growth strategies . The relative advantages of horizontal integration , vertical integration , diversification , franchises , mergers and acquisitions , joint ventures and organic growth were discussed . Other research indicated that a low market share strategy could still be very profitable . Schumacher ( 1973 ) , Woo and Cooper ( 1982 ) , Levenson ( 1984 ) , and later Traverso ( 2002 ) showed how smaller niche players obtained very high returns . Other influences on business strategy ( edit ) Military strategy ( edit ) See also : Military strategy In the 1980s business strategists realized that there was a vast knowledge base stretching back thousands of years that they had barely examined . They turned to military strategy for guidance . Military strategy books such as The Art of War by Sun Tzu , On War by von Clausewitz , and The Red Book by Mao Zedong became business classics . From Sun Tzu , they learned the tactical side of military strategy and specific tactical prescriptions . From von Clausewitz , they learned the dynamic and unpredictable nature of military action . From Mao , they learned the principles of guerrilla warfare . Important marketing warfare books include Business War Games by Barrie James , Marketing Warfare by Al Ries and Jack Trout and Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun by Wess Roberts . The four types of business warfare theories are : Offensive marketing warfare strategies Defensive marketing warfare strategies Flanking marketing warfare strategies Guerrilla marketing warfare strategies The marketing warfare literature also examined leadership and motivation , intelligence gathering , types of marketing weapons , logistics and communications . By the twenty - first century marketing warfare strategies had gone out of favour in favor of non-confrontational approaches . In 1989 , Dudley Lynch and Paul L. Kordis published Strategy of the Dolphin : Scoring a Win in a Chaotic World . `` The Strategy of the Dolphin '' was developed to give guidance as to when to use aggressive strategies and when to use passive strategies . A variety of aggressiveness strategies were developed . In 1993 , J. Moore used a similar metaphor . Instead of using military terms , he created an ecological theory of predators and prey ( see ecological model of competition ) , a sort of Darwinian management strategy in which market interactions mimic long term ecological stability . Author Phillip Evans said in 2014 that `` Henderson 's central idea was what you might call the Napoleonic idea of concentrating mass against weakness , of overwhelming the enemy . What Henderson recognized was that , in the business world , there are many phenomena which are characterized by what economists would call increasing returns -- scale , experience . The more you do of something , disproportionately the better you get . And therefore he found a logic for investing in such kinds of overwhelming mass in order to achieve competitive advantage . And that was the first introduction of essentially a military concept of strategy into the business world ... It was on those two ideas , Henderson 's idea of increasing returns to scale and experience , and Porter 's idea of the value chain , encompassing heterogenous elements , that the whole edifice of business strategy was subsequently erected . '' Traits of successful companies ( edit ) Like Peters and Waterman a decade earlier , James Collins and Jerry Porras spent years conducting empirical research on what makes great companies . Six years of research uncovered a key underlying principle behind the 19 successful companies that they studied : They all encourage and preserve a core ideology that nurtures the company . Even though strategy and tactics change daily , the companies , nevertheless , were able to maintain a core set of values . These core values encourage employees to build an organization that lasts . In Built To Last ( 1994 ) they claim that short term profit goals , cost cutting , and restructuring will not stimulate dedicated employees to build a great company that will endure . In 2000 Collins coined the term `` built to flip '' to describe the prevailing business attitudes in Silicon Valley . It describes a business culture where technological change inhibits a long term focus . He also popularized the concept of the BHAG ( Big Hairy Audacious Goal ) . Arie de Geus ( 1997 ) undertook a similar study and obtained similar results . He identified four key traits of companies that had prospered for 50 years or more . They are : Sensitivity to the business environment -- the ability to learn and adjust Cohesion and identity -- the ability to build a community with personality , vision , and purpose Tolerance and decentralization -- the ability to build relationships Conservative financing A company with these key characteristics he called a living company because it is able to perpetuate itself . If a company emphasizes knowledge rather than finance , and sees itself as an ongoing community of human beings , it has the potential to become great and endure for decades . Such an organization is an organic entity capable of learning ( he called it a `` learning organization '' ) and capable of creating its own processes , goals , and persona . Will Mulcaster suggests that firms engage in a dialogue that centres around these questions : Will the proposed competitive advantage create Perceived Differential Value ? '' Will the proposed competitive advantage create something that is different from the competition ? '' Will the difference add value in the eyes of potential customers ? '' -- This question will entail a discussion of the combined effects of price , product features and consumer perceptions . Will the product add value for the firm ? '' -- Answering this question will require an examination of cost effectiveness and the pricing strategy . See also ( edit ) Balanced scorecard Business analysis Business model Business plan Concept - driven strategy Cost overrun Dynamic capabilities Integrated business planning Marketing Marketing plan Marketing strategies Management Management consulting Military strategy Morphological analysis Overall equipment effectiveness Real options valuation Results - based management Revenue shortfall Strategy ( game theory ) Strategy dynamics Strategic planning Strategic Management Society Strategy map Strategy Markup Language Strategy visualization Value migration Six Forces Model Adversarial purchasing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nag , R. ; Hambrick , D.C. ; Chen , M. - J ( 2007 ) . `` What is strategic management , really ? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Management Journal . 28 ( 9 ) : 935 -- 955 . doi : 10.1002 / smj. 615 . 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An Introduction to Strategy . Translated by R.H. Barry . With a pref , by B.H. Liddell Hart . Frederick A. Prager . OCLC 537817 . Unknown ID 65 - 14177 . Jump up ^ Mulcaster , W.R. `` Three Strategic Frameworks , '' Business Strategy Series , Vol 10 , No1 , pp68 -- 75 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scwhartz , Peter The Art of the Long View , Doubleday , New York , 1991 . Jump up ^ Wack , Pierre `` Scenarios : Uncharted Waters Ahead '' , Harvard Business review , September October 1985 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Bobby Thomas . Using responsive evaluation in strategic management . Strategic Leadership Review 4 ( 2 ) , 22 - 27 Jump up ^ Woodhouse , Edward J. and David Collingridge , `` Incrementalism , Intelligent Trial - and - Error , and the Future of Political Decision Theory , '' in Redner , Harry , ed. , An Heretical Heir of the Enlightenment : Politics , Policy and Science in the Work of Charles E. 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The Fifth Discipline , Doubleday , New York , 1990 ; ( also Century , London , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Frank , R. and Cook , P . The Winner Take All Society , Free Press , New York , 1995 . Jump up ^ Network Effects Jump up ^ Drucker , Peter The Age of Discontinuity , Heinemann , London , 1969 ( also Harper and Row , New York , 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Toffler , Alvin Future Shock , Bantom Books , New York , 1970 . Jump up ^ Toffler , Alvin The Third Wave , Bantom Books , New York , 1980 . Jump up ^ Abell , Derek `` Strategic windows '' , Journal of Marketing , Vol 42 , pg 21 -- 28 , July 1978 . Jump up ^ Tichy , Noel Managing Strategic Change : Technical , political , and cultural dynamics , John Wiley & Sons , New York , 1983 . Jump up ^ Handy , Charles The Age of Unreason , Hutchinson , London , 1989 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Richard Managing on the Edge , Simon and Schuster , New York , 1990 . Jump up ^ Slywotzky , Adrian Value Migration , Harvard Business School Press , Boston , 1996 . 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John Wiley & Sons . 18 ( 7 ) : 509 -- 533 . doi : 10.1002 / ( sici ) 1097 - 0266 ( 199708 ) 18 : 7 < 509 : : aid - smj882 > 3.0.co ; 2 - z . doi = 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0266 ( 199708 ) 18 : 7 < 509 : : AID - SMJ882 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - Z Jump up ^ `` Taking Care of Business , 1995 -- 2005 '' . ScienceWatch . Thomson Scientific . November -- December 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Deming , W.E. Quality , Productivity , and Competitive Position , MIT Center for Advanced Engineering , Cambridge Mass. , 1982 . Jump up ^ Juran , J.M. Juran on Quality , Free Press , New York , 1992 . Jump up ^ Kearney , A.T. Total Quality Management : A business process perspective , Kearney Pree Inc , 1992 . Jump up ^ Crosby , P. Quality is Free , McGraw Hill , New York , 1979 . Jump up ^ Feignbaum , A. Total Quality Control , 3rd edition , McGraw Hill , Maidenhead , 1990 . Jump up ^ Heskett , J. Managing in the Service Economy , Harvard Business School Press , Boston , 1986 . 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Jump up ^ Zaleznik , Abraham The Managerial Mistique , Harper and Row , New York , 1989 . Jump up ^ Corner , P. Kinicki , A. and Keats , B. `` Integrating organizational and individual information processing perspectives on choice '' , Organizational Science , vol. 3 , 1994 . Jump up ^ J. Scott Armstrong & Kesten C. Greene ( 2007 ) . `` Competitor - oriented Objectives : The Myth of Market Share '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Business . 12 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 134 . ISSN 1083 - 4346 . Jump up ^ Barney , J. ( 1991 ) `` Firm Resources and Sustainable Competitive Advantage '' , Journal of Management , vol 17 , no 1 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Pine , J. and Gilmore , J. `` The Four Faces of Mass Customization '' , Harvard Business Review , Vol 75 , No 1 , Jan -- Feb 1997 . Jump up ^ Pine , J. and Gilmore , J. ( 1999 ) The Experience Economy , Harvard Business School Press , Boston , 1999 . Jump up ^ Evens , P. and Wurster , T. `` Strategy and the New Economics of Information '' , Harvard Business Review , Sept / Oct 1997 . Jump up ^ Schuck , Gloria `` Intelligent Workers : A new pedagogy for the high tech workplace '' , Organizational Dynamics , Autumn 1985 . Jump up ^ Zuboff , Shoshana In the Age of the Smart Machine , Basic Books , New York , 1988 . Jump up ^ Buzzell , R. and Gale , B . The PIMS Principles : Linking Strategy to Performance , Free Press , New York , 1987 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , E.F. Small is Beautiful : a Study of Economics as if People Mattered , ISBN 0 - 06 - 131778 - 0 ( also ISBN 0 - 88179 - 169 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Woo , C. and Cooper , A . `` The surprising case for low market share '' , Harvard Business Review , November -- December 1982 , pg 106 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Levinson , J.C. Guerrilla Marketing , Secrets for making big profits from your small business , Houghton Muffin Co . New York , 1984 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 78591 - 4 . Jump up ^ Traverso , D. Outsmarting Goliath , Bloomberg Press , Princeton , 2000 . Jump up ^ Moore , J. `` Predators and Prey '' , Harvard Business Review , Vol. 71 , May -- June , pp 75 -- 86 , 1993 . Jump up ^ TED - Phillip Evans - How Data will Transform Business - March 2014 Jump up ^ Collins , James and Porras , Jerry Built to Last , Harper Books , New York , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : de Geus , Arie ( 1997 ) . The Living Company . Harvard Business School Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87584 - 782 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mulcaster , W.R. `` Three Strategic Frameworks , '' Business Strategy Series , Vol 10 , No 1 , pp 68 -- 75 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Cameron , Bobby Thomas . ( 2014 ) . Using responsive evaluation in Strategic Management. Strategic Leadership Review 4 ( 2 ) , 22 - 27 . David Besanko , David Dranove , Scott Schaefer , and Mark Shanley ( 2012 ) Economics of Strategy , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1118273630 Edwards , Janice et . al. Mastering Strategic Management - 1st Canadian Edition . BC Open Textbooks , 2014 . Kemp , Roger L. `` Strategic Planning for Local Government : A Handbook for Officials and Citizens , '' McFarland and Co. , Inc. , Jefferson , NC , USA , and London , England , UK , 2008 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3873 - 0 ) Kvint , Vladimir ( 2009 ) The Global Emerging Market : Strategic Management and Economics Excerpt from Google Books Pankaj Ghemawhat - Harvard Strategy Professor : Competition and Business Strategy in Historical Perspective Social Science History Network - Spring 2002 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Strategic management Library resources about Strategic management Resources in your library Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School - recent publications ( 1 ) - Improving Strategic Management The Journal of Business Strategies - online library <Th_colspan="2"> Management <Td_colspan="2"> Outline of business management Index of management articles By type of organization Academic Association Business Restaurant Healthcare Military Public By focus ( within an organization ) By scope Strategic ( top - level ) Capability Change Communication Financial Innovation Performance Risk Systems By component Facility Product Product lifecycle Brand Program Project Construction By activity or department managed Line Marketing Operations / production Process Quality Sales Staff Accounting Office Records By aspect or relationship Customer relationship Engineering Logistics Perception Supply chain Talent By problem Conflict Crisis Stress By resource Environmental resource Human resources Information Information technology Knowledge Land Materials Skills Stock Technology Time Management positions Interim Middle Senior Methods and approaches Adhocracy Collaborative method Distributed Earned value management Evidence - based management Management by objectives Management style Macromanagement Micromanagement Scientific management Social entrepreneurship Team building Virtual management Management skills and activities Decision - making Forecasting Leadership Pioneers and scholars Peter Drucker Eliyahu M. 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1. Strategic management 2. Formulation and implementation of strategy 3. Competitive advantage 4. SWOT analysis 5. Strategic planning

who did john kill on home and away

John Wayne Gacy - wikipedia John Wayne Gacy Jump to : navigation , search `` Gacy '' redirects here . For other uses , see Gacy ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> John Wayne Gacy <Td_colspan="2"> Mugshot of Gacy taken on December 21 , 1978 John Wayne Gacy Jr . ( 1942 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1942 Chicago , Illinois , U.S. May 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 10 ) ( aged 52 ) Crest Hill , Illinois , U.S. Cause of death Execution by lethal injection Other names The Killer Clown Height 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Weight 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Criminal penalty Death ( 12 counts ) Life imprisonment ( 21 consecutive counts ) Spouse ( s ) Marlynn Myers ( m . 1964 ; div. 1969 ) Carole Hoff ( m . 1972 ; div. 1976 ) Children <Td_colspan="2"> Conviction ( s ) 1 count of sodomy 33 counts of murder 1 count of sexual assault 1 count of indecent liberties with a child <Th_colspan="2"> Killings Victims 33 -- 34 Span of killings January 3 , 1972 -- December 11 , 1978 Country United States State ( s ) Illinois Date apprehended December 21 , 1978 Imprisoned at Stateville Correctional Center <Td_colspan="2"> John Wayne Gacy Jr . ( March 17 , 1942 -- May 10 , 1994 ) was an American serial killer and rapist . He sexually assaulted , tortured and murdered at least 33 teenaged boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County , Illinois ( a part of metropolitan Chicago ) . All of Gacy 's known murders were committed inside his Norwood Park ranch house . His victims were typically lured to his address by force or deception , and all but one of his victims were murdered by either asphyxiation or strangulation with a makeshift tourniquet ; his first victim was stabbed to death . Gacy buried 26 of his victims in the crawl space of his home . Three other victims were buried elsewhere on his property , while the bodies of his last four known victims were discarded in the Des Plaines River . Convicted of 33 murders , Gacy was sentenced to death on March 13 , 1980 for 12 of those killings . He spent 14 years on death row before he was executed by lethal injection at Stateville Correctional Center on May 10 , 1994 . Gacy became known as the `` Killer Clown '' because of his charitable services at fundraising events , parades , and children 's parties where he would dress as `` Pogo the Clown '' , a character he had devised . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Waterloo , Iowa 2.1 First offenses 3 Conviction and imprisonment 4 Parole 5 Businessman and community volunteer 6 First murders 6.1 Murder of Timothy McCoy 6.2 Second known victim 6.3 The `` handcuff trick '' and the `` rope trick '' 6.4 Divorce 7 Cruising years : 1976 -- 1978 7.1 Des Plaines River : the final murders 8 Investigation 8.1 Civil suit 8.2 Verbal confession 9 Arrest and confession 9.1 Search for victims 10 Trial 10.1 Closing arguments 11 Death row 11.1 Appeals 11.2 Execution 12 Victims 12.1 Identified victims 12.2 Unidentified victims 12.3 Identification dispute of Michael Marino 12.4 Possible additional victims 13 Inspiration for the Missing Child Recovery Act of 1984 14 Potential accomplices and connections 14.1 Later investigations 15 Media 15.1 Film 15.2 Books 15.3 Television 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Cited works and further reading 20 External links Early life ( edit ) John Wayne Gacy Jr. was born in Chicago , Illinois , on March 17 , 1942 , the only son and second of three children born to John Stanley Gacy ( 1900 -- 1969 ) , an auto repair machinist and World War I veteran , and his wife Marion Elaine Robinson ( 1908 -- 1989 ) , a homemaker . Gacy was of Polish and Danish ancestry . His paternal grandparents ( who spelled the family name as `` Gatza '' or `` Gaca '' ) had immigrated to the United States from Poland ( then part of Germany ) . As a child , Gacy was overweight and not athletic . He was close to his two sisters and mother , but endured a difficult relationship with his father , an alcoholic who was physically abusive to his wife and children . Throughout his childhood , Gacy strove to make his stern father proud of him , but seldom received his approval . This friction was constant throughout his childhood and adolescence . One of Gacy 's earliest childhood memories was of being beaten with a leather belt by his father at the age of four for accidentally disarranging car engine components his father had assembled . On another occasion , his father struck him across the head with a broomstick , rendering him unconscious . He was regularly belittled by his father and often compared unfavorably with his sisters , enduring disdainful accusations of being `` dumb and stupid '' . Although Gacy regularly commented that he was `` never good enough '' in his father 's eyes , in interviews after his arrest , he always vehemently denied he ever hated his father . When he was six years old , Gacy stole a toy truck from a neighborhood store . His mother made him walk back to the store , return the toy and apologize to the owners . His mother told his father , who beat Gacy with a belt as punishment . After this incident , Gacy 's mother attempted to shield her son from his father 's verbal and physical abuse , yet this only succeeded in Gacy earning accusations that he was a `` sissy '' and a `` Mama 's boy '' who would `` probably grow up queer '' . In 1949 , Gacy 's father was informed that his son and another boy had been caught sexually fondling a young girl . As a punishment , Gacy was whipped by his father with a razor strop . The same year , Gacy himself was ostensibly molested by a family friend , a contractor who would take Gacy for rides in his truck , then fondle him . Gacy never told his father about these incidents , afraid his father would blame him . Because of a heart condition , Gacy was ordered to avoid all sports at school . An average student with few friends , he was an occasional target for bullying by neighborhood children and classmates . He was known to assist the school truant officer and volunteer to run errands for teachers and neighbors . During the fourth grade , Gacy began to experience blackouts . He was occasionally hospitalized because of these seizures , and also in 1957 for a burst appendix . Gacy later estimated that he spent almost a year in the hospital for these episodes between the ages of 14 and 18 , and attributed the decline in his grades to his time out of school . His father suspected the episodes were an effort to gain sympathy and attention ; on one occasion , he openly accused his son of faking as the boy lay in a hospital bed . Although his mother , sisters , and few close friends themselves never doubted his illness , Gacy 's medical condition was never conclusively diagnosed . One of Gacy 's friends at school recalled several instances in which Gacy Sr. ridiculed or beat his son without provocation . On one occasion in 1957 , he witnessed an incident in which Gacy 's father began shouting at his son for no reason , then began hitting him . Gacy 's mother attempted to intervene between her son and her husband . The friend recalled Gacy simply `` put up his hands to defend himself '' , adding that he never struck his father back during these altercations . At the age of 18 , Gacy became involved in politics , working as an assistant precinct captain for a Democratic Party candidate in his neighborhood . This decision earned more criticism from his father , who accused his son of being a `` patsy '' . Gacy later speculated the decision may have been an attempt to seek the acceptance from others that he never received from his father . The same year Gacy became a Democratic Party candidate , his father bought him a car , with the title of the vehicle being in his father 's name until Gacy had completed the monthly repayments . These repayments took several years to complete , and his father would confiscate the keys to the vehicle if Gacy did not do as his father said . On one occasion in 1962 , Gacy bought an extra set of keys after his father confiscated the original set . In response , his father removed the distributor cap from the vehicle , withholding the component for three days . Gacy recalled that as a result of this incident , he felt `` totally sick ; drained '' . When his father replaced the distributor cap , Gacy left the family home and drove to Las Vegas , Nevada , where he found work within the ambulance service before he was transferred to work as a mortuary attendant . He worked in this role for three months before returning to Chicago . In his role as a mortuary attendant , Gacy slept in a cot behind the embalming room . In this role , he observed morticians embalming dead bodies and later confessed to the fact that , on one evening while alone , he had clambered into the coffin of a deceased teenage male , embracing and caressing the body before experiencing a sense of shock . The sense of shock prompted Gacy to call his mother the next day and ask whether his father would allow him to return home . His father agreed and the same day , Gacy drove back to live with his family in Chicago . Upon his return , despite the fact he had failed to graduate from high school , Gacy successfully enrolled in the Northwestern Business College , from which he graduated in 1963 . Gacy subsequently took a management trainee position within the Nunn - Bush Shoe Company . In 1964 , the shoe company transferred Gacy to Springfield to work as a salesman . He was eventually promoted to manager of his department . In March of that year , he became engaged to Marlynn Myers , a co-worker within the department he managed . After a nine - month courtship , the couple married in September 1964 . Marlynn 's father subsequently purchased three Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants in Waterloo , Iowa , and Gacy and his wife moved to Waterloo so he could manage the restaurants , with the understanding that they would move into Marlynn 's parents ' home ( which was vacated for the couple ) . During his courtship with Marlynn , Gacy joined the local Jaycees and became a tireless worker for the organization , being named Key Man for the organization in April 1964 . The same year , Gacy had his second homosexual experience . According to Gacy , he acquiesced to this incident after one of his colleagues in the Springfield Jaycees plied him with drinks and invited him to spend the evening upon his sofa ; the colleague then performed oral sex upon him while he was drunk . By 1965 , Gacy had risen to the position of vice-president of the Springfield Jaycees . The same year , he was named as the third most outstanding Jaycee within the state of Illinois . Waterloo , Iowa ( edit ) In 1966 , Gacy began to manage the three KFC restaurants his father - in - law purchased in Waterloo . The offer was lucrative : Gacy would receive $15,000 per year ( $114,044 in 2017 dollars ) , plus a share of profits earned via the restaurants . Gacy accepted the offer and , following his obligatory completion of a managerial course , he and his wife relocated to Waterloo later that year . In Waterloo , Gacy joined the local chapter of the Jaycees , regularly offering extensive hours to the organization in addition to the 12 - and 14 - hour days he worked managing three restaurants . Although considered ambitious and somewhat of a braggart by his colleagues in the Jaycees , he was highly regarded as a worker on several fund - raising projects . In 1967 , he was named `` outstanding vice-president '' of the Waterloo Jaycees . At Jaycee meetings , Gacy would often provide free fried chicken to his colleagues and insisted upon being given the nickname `` Colonel '' . The same year , Gacy served on the Board of Directors for the Waterloo Jaycees . Gacy 's wife gave birth to two children : a son named Michael was born in February 1966 , followed by a daughter named Christine in March 1967 . Gacy himself later described this period of his life as `` perfect '' , adding that he finally earned the long - sought approval of his father . On one occasion in July 1966 , Gacy 's parents visited him and his family in Iowa during which , in a private talk with his father , Gacy , Sr. , apologized for the physical and mental abuse he had inflicted upon his son throughout his childhood , before proudly informing him : `` Son , I was wrong about you . '' However , there was a seedier side of Jaycee life in Waterloo , one that involved wife swapping , prostitution , pornography , and drug use . Gacy was deeply involved in many of these activities and regularly cheated on his wife with local prostitutes . He is also known to have opened a `` club '' in his basement , where he allowed his employees to drink alcohol and play pool . Although Gacy employed teenagers of both sexes at his restaurants , he socialized only with his young male employees . Many were given alcohol before Gacy made sexual advances toward them , which , if rebuffed , he would claim were jokes or a test of morals . First offenses ( edit ) In August 1967 , Gacy committed his first known sexual assault upon a teenage boy . The victim was a 15 - year - old named Donald Voorhees , the son of a fellow Jaycee . Gacy lured the youth to his house with the promise of showing Donald pornographic films . Gacy plied Voorhees with alcohol and persuaded the youth to perform oral sex upon him . Several other youths were sexually abused over the following months , including one whom Gacy encouraged to sleep with his wife before blackmailing the youth into performing oral sex upon him . Several teenagers were tricked into believing Gacy was commissioned with carrying out homosexual experiments in the interests of `` scientific research '' , for which the youths were each paid up to $50 . In March 1968 , Voorhees reported to his father that Gacy had sexually assaulted him . Voorhees Sr. immediately informed the police and Gacy was arrested and subsequently charged with oral sodomy in relation to Voorhees and the attempted assault of a 16 - year - old named Edward Lynch . Gacy vehemently denied the charges and demanded to take a polygraph test . This request was granted , although the results indicated Gacy was nervous when he denied any wrongdoing in relation to either Voorhees or Lynch . Gacy publicly denied any wrongdoing and insisted the charges against him were politically motivated -- Voorhees Sr. had opposed Gacy 's nomination for appointment as president of the Iowa Jaycees . Several fellow Jaycees found Gacy 's story credible and rallied to his support . However , on May 10 , 1968 , Gacy was indicted on the sodomy charge . `` The most striking aspect of the test results is the patient 's total denial of responsibility for everything that has happened to him . He can produce an ' alibi ' for everything . He presents himself as a victim of circumstances and blames other people who are out to get him ... the patient attempts to assure a sympathetic response by depicting himself as being at the mercy of a hostile environment . '' Section of report detailing Gacy 's 1968 psychiatric evaluation . On August 30 , 1968 , Gacy persuaded one of his employees , an 18 - year - old named Russell Schroeder , to physically assault Voorhees in an effort to discourage the boy from testifying against him at his upcoming trial . The youth agreed to lure Voorhees to a secluded spot , spray Mace in his face and beat the youth with the promise that if he did so , he would be paid $300 . In early September , Schroeder lured Voorhees to an isolated county park , sprayed the Mace supplied by Gacy into the youth 's eyes , then beat him , all the while shouting that he was not to testify against Gacy at his upcoming trial . Voorhees managed to escape , and immediately reported the assault to the police , identifying Schroeder as his attacker . Schroeder was arrested the following day . Despite initially denying any involvement , he soon confessed to having assaulted Voorhees , indicating that he had done so at Gacy 's request . Gacy was arrested and additionally charged in relation to hiring Schroeder to assault and intimidate Voorhees . On September 12 , Gacy was ordered to undergo a psychiatric evaluation at the Psychiatric Hospital of the State University of Iowa . Two doctors had examined Gacy over a period of 17 days and concluded he had antisocial personality disorder ( a disorder which incorporates constructs such as sociopathy and psychopathy ) , was unlikely to benefit from any therapy or medical treatment , and that his behavior pattern was likely to bring him into repeated conflict with society . The doctors also concluded he was mentally competent to stand trial . Conviction and imprisonment ( edit ) Upon advice from his attorney , Gacy entered a plea of guilty to one count of sodomy in relation to the charges filed against him by Donald Voorhees . He pleaded not guilty to the other charges lodged against him by other youths at a formal arraignment held on November 7 , 1968 . Before the judge , Gacy contended that he and Voorhees had indeed engaged in sexual relations , yet he insisted Voorhees had offered his sexual services to him and that he had acted out of curiosity . His story was not believed . Despite his lawyers ' recommendations for parole , Gacy was convicted of sodomy on December 3 , 1968 , and sentenced to 10 years at the Anamosa State Penitentiary . On the day Gacy was convicted and sentenced , his wife petitioned for divorce , requesting possession of the couple 's home , property , sole custody of their two children and subsequent alimony payments . The Court ruled in her favor and the divorce was finalized on September 18 , 1969 . Gacy never saw his first wife or children again . Gacy 's mug shots , 1968 During his incarceration in the Anamosa State Penitentiary , Gacy rapidly acquired a reputation as a model prisoner . Within months of his arrival , he had risen to the position of head cook . He also joined the inmate Jaycee chapter and increased their membership figure from 50 to 650 in the span of less than 18 months . He is also known to have both secured an increase in the inmates ' daily pay in the prison mess hall and to have supervised several projects to improve conditions for inmates at the prison . On one occasion , Gacy oversaw the installation of a miniature golf course in the prison 's recreation yard . In June 1969 , Gacy first applied to the State of Iowa Board of Parole for early release : this application was denied . In preparation for a second scheduled parole hearing in May 1970 , Gacy completed 16 high school courses , for which he obtained his diploma in November 1969 . On Christmas Day 1969 , Gacy 's father died from cirrhosis of the liver . Gacy was not told that his father had died until two days after his death . When he heard the news , Gacy was said to have collapsed to the floor , sobbing uncontrollably , and had to be supported by prison staff . Gacy requested supervised compassionate leave from prison to attend his father 's funeral in Chicago , but his request was denied . Parole ( edit ) Gacy was granted parole with 12 months ' probation on June 18 , 1970 , after serving 18 months of his 10 - year sentence . Two of the conditions of his probation were that Gacy would relocate to Chicago to live with his mother and that he was to observe a 10 p.m. curfew , with the Iowa Board of Parole receiving regular updates as to his progress . Upon his release , Gacy told a friend and fellow Jaycee named Clarence Lane -- who picked him up from the prison upon release and had remained steadfast in his belief of Gacy 's innocence -- that he would `` never go back to jail '' and that he intended to re-establish himself in Waterloo . However , within 24 hours of his release , Gacy relocated to Chicago to live with his mother . He arrived in Chicago on June 19 and shortly thereafter obtained a job as a short - order cook in a restaurant . On February 12 , 1971 , Gacy was charged with sexually assaulting a teenage boy . The youth claimed that Gacy had lured him into his car at Chicago 's Greyhound bus terminal and driven him to his home , where he had attempted to force the youth into sex . This complaint was subsequently dismissed when the youth failed to appear in court . The Iowa Board of Parole did not learn of this incident ( which violated the conditions of his parole ) and eight months later , in October 1971 , Gacy 's parole ended . The following month , records of Gacy 's previous criminal convictions in Iowa were subsequently sealed . With financial assistance from his mother , Gacy bought a house in Norwood Park Township , an unincorporated area of Cook County . The address , 8213 West Summerdale Avenue , is where he resided until his arrest in December 1978 and where all his known murders were committed . In August 1971 , shortly after Gacy and his mother moved into the house , he became engaged to Carole Hoff , a divorcee with two young daughters . Hoff , whom he had briefly dated in high school , had been a friend of his younger sister . His fiancée moved into his home soon after the couple announced their engagement . Gacy 's mother subsequently moved out of the house shortly before his wedding , which was held on July 1 , 1972 . One week before Gacy 's wedding , on June 22 , he was arrested and charged with aggravated battery and reckless conduct . The arrest was in response to a complaint filed by a youth named Jackie Dee , who informed police that Gacy , impersonating a police officer , had flashed a sheriff 's badge , lured him into his car , and forced him to perform oral sex . These charges were later dropped after the complainant attempted to blackmail Gacy into paying money in exchange for dropping the charges . Businessman and community volunteer ( edit ) Following Gacy 's marriage to Carole Hoff , his new wife and stepdaughters moved into the Summerdale Avenue house . Gacy had quit his job as a cook and started his own construction business , PDM Contractors ( PDM being the initials for ' Painting , Decorating , and Maintenance ' ) . The business initially undertook minor repair work , such as sign - writing , pouring concrete and redecorating , but later expanded to include projects such as interior design , remodeling , installation , assembly , and landscaping . By 1978 , the gross of PDM 's annual turnover was over $200,000 . Gacy with First Lady Rosalynn Carter in 1978 , six years after the killings began . A pin indicating special Secret Service clearance is visible on his jacket . In 1973 , Gacy and an employee of PDM Contractors traveled to Florida to view property Gacy had purchased . On the first night the two were alone in Florida , Gacy raped the youth in their hotel room . As a result , this youth refused to stay in the same hotel room as Gacy and instead slept on the beach . Upon returning to Chicago , this employee drove to Gacy 's house as he was in his yard and beat him . Gacy 's mother - in - law stopped the youth from further attacking Gacy and he drove away . Gacy explained to his wife that the attack happened because he had refused to pay the youth for poor quality work . His neighbors in Norwood Park considered Gacy gregarious and helpful ; he was active in his local community and hosted annual summer parties beginning in 1974 . He also became active in Democratic Party politics , initially offering the labor services of his PDM employees free of charge . Gacy was rewarded for his community services by being appointed to serve upon the Norwood Park Township street lighting committee . He subsequently earned the title of precinct captain . In 1975 , Gacy was appointed director of Chicago 's annual Polish Constitution Day Parade -- he supervised the annual event from 1975 until 1978 . Through his work with the parade , Gacy met and was photographed with First Lady Rosalynn Carter on May 6 , 1978 . Through his membership in a local Moose Club , Gacy became aware of a `` Jolly Joker '' clown club whose members -- dressed as clowns -- would regularly perform at fundraising events and parades in addition to voluntarily entertaining hospitalized children . By late 1975 , Gacy had joined the Jolly Jokers and created his own performance characters : `` Pogo the Clown '' and `` Patches the Clown '' . Gacy designed his own costumes and taught himself how to apply clown makeup , although some professional clowns noted the sharp corners Gacy painted at the edges of his mouth are contrary to the rounded borders that professional clowns normally employ , so as not to scare children . Gacy is known to have performed as Pogo or Patches at numerous local parties , Democratic party functions , charitable events , and at children 's hospitals . He is also known to have arrived , dressed in his clowning garb , at a favorite drinking venue named `` The Good Luck Lounge '' on several occasions with the explanation he had just performed as Pogo and was stopping for a social drink before heading home . Gacy as `` Pogo the Clown '' . He stated that acting as a clown allowed him to `` regress into childhood '' . By 1975 , Gacy had told his wife that he was bisexual . After the couple had sex on Mother 's Day that year , he informed her this would be `` the last time '' they would ever have sex . He began spending most evenings away from home only to return in the early hours of the morning with the excuse he had been working late . His wife observed Gacy bringing teenage boys into his garage and also found gay pornography inside the house . They divorced by mutual consent in March 1976 . First murders ( edit ) Murder of Timothy McCoy ( edit ) On January 2 , 1972 , Gacy picked up 16 - year - old Timothy Jack McCoy from Chicago 's Greyhound bus terminal . Gacy took McCoy -- who was traveling from Michigan to Omaha -- on a sightseeing tour of Chicago , and then drove him to his home with the promise that he could spend the night and be driven back to the station in time to catch his bus . According to Gacy 's later account of the murder , he awoke the following morning to find McCoy standing in his bedroom doorway with a kitchen knife in his hand . Gacy leapt from his bed and McCoy raised both arms in a gesture of surrender , tilting the knife upwards and accidentally cutting Gacy 's forearm ( Gacy had a scar on his arm to support this account ) . He then twisted the knife from McCoy 's wrist , banged his head against his bedroom wall , kicked him against his wardrobe and walked towards him . McCoy then kicked him in the stomach and Gacy grabbed the youth , wrestled him to the floor , then stabbed him repeatedly in the chest as he straddled him with his body . Gacy claimed he then went to his kitchen and saw an opened carton of eggs and a slab of unsliced bacon on his kitchen table . McCoy had also set the table for two ; he had walked into Gacy 's room to wake him while absentmindedly carrying the kitchen knife in his hand . Gacy subsequently buried McCoy in his crawl space and later covered the youth 's grave with a layer of concrete . In an interview after his arrest , Gacy stated that immediately after killing McCoy , he felt `` totally drained '' , yet noted that he had experienced a mind - numbing orgasm as he killed the youth . He added : `` That 's when I realized that death was the ultimate thrill . '' Second known victim ( edit ) Gacy later stated that the second time he committed murder was around January 1974 . The victim is believed to have been an unidentified teenage youth with medium brown , curly hair estimated to be aged between 14 and 18 whom Gacy strangled before stowing the youth 's body in his closet prior to burial . Gacy later stated that fluid leaked out of this youth 's mouth and nose as he was stored in his closet , staining his carpet . As a result of this experience , Gacy later stated he regularly stuffed cloth rags or the victims ' own underwear in their mouths to prevent a recurrence of this incident . This particular unidentified victim was buried about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) from the barbecue pit in Gacy 's backyard . The `` handcuff trick '' and the `` rope trick '' ( edit ) By 1975 , Gacy 's business was expanding rapidly ; by his own later admission , he began working 12 - and 16 - hour days to fulfill agreed commitments upon an increasing number of contracts . Gacy also freely admitted that 1975 was also the year in which he began to increase the frequency of his excursions for sex with young males . He would often refer to these jaunts as his `` cruising '' . Much of the labor workforce of PDM Contractors consisted of high school students and young men . One of these youths was a 15 - year - old named Anthony Antonucci , whom Gacy had hired in May 1975 . In July 1975 , Gacy arrived at the youth 's home while the youth was alone , having injured his foot at work the day prior . Gacy plied the youth with alcohol , wrestled him to the floor and cuffed Antonucci 's hands behind his back . The cuff upon Antonucci 's right wrist was loose : Antonucci freed his arm from the handcuff after Gacy left the room . When Gacy returned , Antonucci -- a member of his high school wrestling team -- pounced upon him . The youth wrestled Gacy to the floor , obtained possession of the handcuff key and cuffed Gacy 's hands behind his back . Gacy screamed threats , then calmed down and promised to leave if Antonucci removed the handcuffs . The youth agreed and Gacy left the house . Antonucci later recalled that Gacy had told him as he lay on the floor : `` Not only are you the only one who got out of the cuffs ; you got them on me . '' One week after the attempted assault on Antonucci , on July 29 , 1975 , another of Gacy 's employees , 17 - year - old John Butkovitch , disappeared . The day before his disappearance , Butkovitch had threatened Gacy over two weeks ' outstanding back pay . Gacy later admitted to luring Butkovitch to his home while his wife and stepchildren were visiting his sister in Arkansas , ostensibly to settle the issue of Butkovitch 's overdue wages . Gacy conned the youth into allowing his wrists to be cuffed behind his back , at which point Gacy strangled him to death and buried his body under the concrete floor of his garage . Gacy later admitted to having `` sat on the kid 's chest for a while '' before killing him . Butkovitch 's Dodge sedan was found abandoned in a parking lot with the youth 's wallet inside and the keys still in the ignition . Butkovitch 's father called Gacy , who claimed he was happy to help search for the youth but was sorry Butkovitch had `` run away '' . Gacy was questioned about Butkovitch 's disappearance and admitted that the youth and two friends had arrived at his apartment demanding Butkovitch 's overdue pay , but claimed all three youths had left after a compromise had been reached . Over the following three years , Butkovitch 's parents called police more than 100 times , urging them to investigate Gacy further . Deceiving youths into donning handcuffs became Gacy 's typical modus operandi in subduing his victims . After plying a youth with drink , drugs or generally gaining his trust , Gacy would produce a pair of handcuffs ( occasionally as part of a clowning routine ) which he would persuade his intended victim into donning . With his victim manacled and unable to free himself , Gacy would then make a statement to the effect of : `` The trick is , you have to have the key '' , before proceeding to rape and torture his captive . He would finish with `` the rope trick '' , placing a rope over his victim 's neck and tying a makeshift tourniquet until the victim was strangled to death . Divorce ( edit ) Following a heated argument regarding her failing to balance a PDM Contractor 's checkbook correctly in October 1975 , Carole Gacy asked her husband for a divorce . Gacy agreed to his wife 's request although by mutual consent , Carole continued to live at 8213 West Summerdale until February 1976 , when she and her daughters moved into their own apartment . One month later , on March 2 , the Gacys ' divorce -- decreed upon the false grounds of Gacy 's infidelity with women -- was finalized . Although Gacy remained gregarious and civic - minded , several neighbors became aware of erratic changes in his behavior between his divorce in March 1976 and subsequent arrest in December 1978 . This behavior included hearing his car arrive and depart in the early hours of the morning ; noting lights switching on and off in his home at odd hours ; and his keeping company with young males . One neighbor would later recollect that , for several years , she and her son had repeatedly been awoken by the repeated sounds of muffled screaming , shouting , and crying in the early morning hours , which she and her son had identified as emanating from a house adjacent to theirs on Summerdale Avenue . Cruising years : 1976 -- 1978 ( edit ) The majority of Gacy 's murders were committed between 1976 and 1978 , which he later referred to as his `` cruising years '' now that he had his house to himself . One month after his divorce was finalized , Gacy abducted and murdered an 18 - year - old youth named Darrell Sampson . Sampson was last seen alive in Chicago on April 6 , 1976 . Five weeks later , on the afternoon of May 14 , a 15 - year - old named Randall Reffett disappeared while walking home from Senn High School ; the youth was gagged with a cloth , causing him to die of asphyxiation . Hours after Reffett had been abducted , a 14 - year - old named Samuel Stapleton vanished as he walked to his home from his sister 's apartment . Both youths were buried in the same grave in the crawl space . Victims Darrell Sampson and Gregory Godzik . Sampson was found buried beneath Gacy 's dining room floor . Godzik was buried in the crawl space . On June 3 , 1976 , Gacy killed a 17 - year - old Lakeview youth named Michael Bonnin . He disappeared while traveling from Chicago to Waukegan , and was strangled with a ligature and buried in the crawl space . Ten days later , a 16 - year - old Uptown youth named William Carroll was murdered and buried directly beneath Gacy 's kitchen . Carroll may have been the first of four males known to have been murdered between June 13 and August 6 , 1976 , and who were buried in a common grave located beneath Gacy 's kitchen and laundry room . The three identified youths killed between June 13 and August 6 were aged between 16 and 17 years old , whereas the only unidentified male known to have been murdered between these dates is a man with medium dark brown hair estimated to have been aged between 22 and 30 years old and between 5 ft 1 in and 5 ft 6 in ( 150 and 170 cm ) tall . This man had two missing upper front teeth at the time of his disappearance , leading investigators to believe this particular victim most likely wore a denture . He was buried directly beneath the body of a 16 - year - old Minnesota youth named James Haakenson , who is last known to have phoned his family on August 5 , and whose body was itself buried directly beneath that of a 17 - year - old Bensenville youth named Rick Johnston , who was last seen alive on August 6 . On July 26 , 1976 , Gacy employed an 18 - year - old named David Cram . On August 21 , Cram moved into his house . The following day , Gacy conned Cram into donning handcuffs while the youth was inebriated . Gacy swung Cram around while holding the chain linking the cuffs , then informed him that he intended to rape him . Cram , who had spent a year in the Army , kicked Gacy in the face , then freed himself from the handcuffs as Gacy lay prone . One month later , Gacy appeared at Cram 's bedroom door with the intention to rape him and said : `` Dave , you really do n't know who I am . Maybe it would be good if you give me what I want . '' Cram resisted Gacy 's attempts to assault him and Gacy left his bedroom . After this incident , Cram moved out of Gacy 's home and subsequently left PDM Contractors , although he did periodically work for Gacy over the following two years . Shortly after Cram had vacated Gacy 's residence , another employee of PDM Contractors , 18 - year - old Michael Rossi , moved into Gacy 's house . Two further unidentified males are estimated to have been killed between August and October 1976 . One of these victims was buried directly above the body of William Carroll , who had been murdered on June 13 , yet higher than the body of Rick Johnston , who was last seen on August 6 . This particular unidentified male is estimated to have been aged between 15 and 24 years old and had light brown hair . Sequential burial patterns of victims within the crawl space , plus the circumstantial fact that Cram had not lived with Gacy before August 20 , leave a possible date of between August 6 and August 20 , 1976 as the time this particular man was murdered . The second unidentified male likely to have been murdered between August and October 1976 is a youth with dark brown hair , aged between 17 and 21 years old , who is known to have suffered from an abscessed tooth at the time of his murder . This male was buried in the northeast corner of the crawl space . Subsequent recollections by an employee of PDM Contractors of a trench Gacy had ordered him to dig on or before October 5 , 1976 , being the location where this particular victim was buried suggest a date between August and October 1976 as being when this man was murdered . On October 24 , 1976 , Gacy abducted and killed two teenage friends named Kenneth Parker and Michael Marino : the two youths were last seen outside a restaurant on Clark Street . Both youths were strangled and buried in the same grave in the crawl space . Two days later , a 19 - year - old employee of PDM Contractors named William Bundy disappeared after informing his family he was to attend a party . Bundy was also strangled and buried in the crawl space , buried directly beneath Gacy 's master bedroom . In December 1976 , another PDM employee , 17 - year - old Gregory Godzik , disappeared : he was last seen by his girlfriend outside her house having driven her home following a date . Godzik had worked for PDM for only three weeks before he disappeared . In the time he had worked for Gacy , he had informed his family Gacy had had him `` dig trenches for some kind of ( drain ) tiles '' in his crawl space . Godzik 's car was later found abandoned in Niles . His parents and older sister , Eugenia , contacted Gacy about Greg 's disappearance . Gacy claimed to the family that Greg had run away from home , having indicated to Gacy before his disappearance that he wished to do so . Gacy also claimed to have received a recorded answering machine message from Godzik shortly after the youth had disappeared . When asked if he could play back the message to Godzik 's parents , Gacy stated that he had erased it . A month later , on January 20 , 1977 , John Szyc , a 19 - year - old acquaintance of Butkovich , Godzik and Gacy , disappeared . Szyc was lured to Gacy 's house on the pretext of selling his Plymouth Satellite to Gacy . He was buried in Gacy 's crawl space directly above the body of Godzik . A ring worn by Szyc , which bore his initials , was retained in a dresser in Gacy 's master bedroom . Gacy also kept Szyc 's portable Motorola TV in his bedroom and later sold the youth 's car to Michael Rossi . Between December 1976 and March 1977 , Gacy is known to have killed an unidentified young man estimated to be around 25 years old . An inscription upon a key fob found among the personal artifacts buried with this unknown victim suggests his first name may have been Greg or Gregory . His body was buried in the crawl space beneath the body of a 20 - year - old named Jon Prestidge , a Michigan youth visiting friends in Chicago whom Gacy killed on March 15 . After the murder of Prestidge , Gacy is believed to have murdered one further unidentified youth exhumed from his crawl space , although the timing of this particular youth 's murder is inconclusive . The youth was buried parallel to the wall of Gacy 's crawl space directly beneath the entrance to his home . The two victims murdered on the same day in May 1976 were buried alongside this youth , yet sequential burial patterns of three victims murdered in 1977 leave an equal possibility this particular victim may have been murdered in the spring or summer of 1977 . All that is known about this youth is that he was aged between 17 and 21 years old and that he had suffered a fractured left collarbone before his disappearance . In March 1977 , Gacy was hired as a construction supervisor for PE Systems , a firm which specialized in the nationwide remodeling of drugstores . As a result of this contract , Gacy regularly traveled to other states to supervise construction projects and he later stated that , through both businesses ( PDM Contractors and PE Systems ) , almost 80 buildings were successfully remodeled in 1977 alone . In April 1977 , Michael Rossi moved out of Gacy 's home ; the same month , Gacy became temporarily engaged to a woman he had been dating for three months , and his fiancée moved into his house . By mutual agreement , the engagement was called off in June of that year and his fiancée moved out of his home . The following month , Gacy killed a 19 - year - old Crystal Lake youth named Matthew Bowman . He was buried in the crawl space with the tourniquet used to strangle him still knotted around his neck . In August 1977 , a clue emerged to the disappearance of John Szyc : Michael Rossi , who had bought Szyc 's car from Gacy , was arrested for stealing gasoline from a service station while driving the car . The attendant noted the license plate number and police traced the car to Gacy 's house . ( Rossi had lived with Gacy until April 1977 and had worked for PDM Contractors since May 1976 . ) When questioned , Gacy told officers that Szyc had sold the car to him in February with the explanation that he needed money to leave town . The police did not pursue the matter further , although they did inform Szyc 's mother that her son had sold his car to Gacy . In late 1977 , Gacy began dating Carole Hoff in the hope of a reconciliation . By the end of 1977 , Gacy is also known to have murdered an additional six young men between the ages of 16 and 21 . The first of these six victims , 18 - year - old Robert Gilroy , was last seen alive on September 15 . Gilroy -- the son of a Chicago police sergeant -- was suffocated and buried in the crawl space . On September 12 , Gacy had flown to Pittsburgh to supervise a remodeling project and did not return to Chicago until September 16 . As Gacy is known to have been in another state at the time the youth was last seen , it is possible that Gacy 's subsequent claims that he had not acted alone in some murders may have held credence . Ten days after Gilroy was last seen , a 19 - year - old U.S. Marine named John Mowery disappeared after leaving his mother 's house to walk to his own apartment . Mowery was strangled to death and buried in the northwest corner of the crawl space perpendicular to the body of William Bundy . On October 17 , a 21 - year - old Minnesota youth named Russell Nelson disappeared : he was last seen outside a Chicago bar . Nelson died of suffocation and was also buried in the crawl space . Less than four weeks later , a 16 - year - old Kalamazoo youth named Robert Winch was murdered and buried in the crawl space , and on November 18 , a 20 - year - old father - of - one named Tommy Boling disappeared after leaving a Chicago bar . Both Winch and Boling were strangled to death and both youths were buried in the crawl space directly beneath the hallway . Three weeks after the murder of Tommy Boling , on December 9 , a 19 - year - old U.S. Marine named David Talsma disappeared after informing his mother he was to attend a rock concert in Hammond . Talsma was strangled with a ligature and buried in the crawl space . On December 30 , 1977 , Gacy abducted a 19 - year - old student named Robert Donnelly from a Chicago bus stop at gunpoint . Gacy drove Donnelly home with him , raped him , tortured him with various devices , and repeatedly dunked his head into a bathtub filled with water until he passed out , then revived him . Donnelly later testified at Gacy 's trial that he was in such pain that he asked Gacy to kill him to `` get it over with '' , to which Gacy replied : `` I 'm getting round to it . '' After several hours of assaulting and torturing the youth , Gacy drove Donnelly to his place of work , removed the handcuffs from the youth 's wrists , and released him . Donnelly reported the assault and Gacy was questioned about it on January 6 , 1978 . Gacy admitted to having had `` slave - sex '' with Donnelly , but insisted everything was consensual . The police believed him and no charges were filed . The following month , Gacy killed a 19 - year - old youth named William Kindred , who disappeared on February 16 , 1978 , after telling his fiancée he was to spend the evening in a bar . Kindred was the final victim to be buried in Gacy 's crawl space , and Gacy began disposing of his victims in the Des Plaines River . In March 1978 , Gacy lured a 26 - year - old named Jeffrey Rignall into his car . Upon entering the car , the young man was chloroformed and driven to the house on Summerdale , where he was raped , tortured with various instruments including lit candles and whips , and repeatedly chloroformed into unconsciousness . Rignall was then driven to Lincoln Park , where he was dumped , unconscious but alive . Eventually he managed to stagger to his girlfriend 's apartment . Rignall was later informed the chloroform had permanently damaged his liver . Police were again informed of the assault , but did not investigate Gacy . Rignall was able to recall , through the chloroform haze of that night , Gacy 's distinctive black Oldsmobile , the Kennedy Expressway and particular side streets . He staked out the exit on the Expressway where he knew he had been driven until -- in April -- he saw Gacy 's distinctive black Oldsmobile , which Rignall and his friends followed to 8213 West Summerdale . Police issued an arrest warrant , and Gacy was arrested on July 15 . He was facing an impending trial for a battery charge for the Rignall incident when he was arrested in December for the murders . Des Plaines River : the final murders ( edit ) Gacy later confessed to police that he had initially considered stowing bodies in his attic , but had been worried of complications arising from `` excessive leakage '' ; he had therefore opted to dispose of his victims off the I - 55 bridge into the Des Plaines River . Gacy stated he had thrown five bodies off the I - 55 bridge into the Des Plaines River in 1978 , one of which he believed had landed upon a passing barge , although only four of these five bodies were ever found . The first known victim thrown from the I - 55 bridge into the Des Plaines River , 20 - year - old Timothy O'Rourke , was killed in mid-June after leaving his apartment to purchase cigarettes ; his body was found 6 miles ( 10 km ) downstream on June 30 . Four months later , on November 4 , Gacy killed a 19 - year - old named Frank Landingin . His body was found in the Des Plaines River on November 12 . Three weeks after the murder of Landingin , on November 24 , a 20 - year - old Elmwood Park youth named James Mazzara disappeared after sharing Thanksgiving dinner with his family ; his body was found on December 28 . The cause of death in the case of Landingin was certified as suffocation through the youth 's own underwear being lodged down his throat , plugging his airway and effectively causing him to drown in his own vomit . Mazzara had been strangled with a ligature . Investigation ( edit ) Robert Piest , 15 , was murdered on December 11 , 1978 . On the afternoon of December 11 , 1978 , Gacy visited a Des Plaines pharmacy to discuss a potential remodeling deal with the owner of the store , Phil Torf . While Gacy was within earshot of a 15 - year - old part - time employee named Robert Jerome Piest , he mentioned that his firm hired teenage boys at a starting salary of $5 per hour -- almost double the salary Piest earned at the pharmacy . After Gacy left the store , Piest told his mother that `` some contractor wants to talk to me about a job '' . Piest left the store , promising to return shortly . When Piest failed to return , his family filed a missing person report on their son with the Des Plaines police . The owner of the pharmacy named Gacy as the contractor Piest had most likely left the store to talk with about a job . Gacy denied talking to Piest when Des Plaines police visited his home the following evening , indicating he had seen two youths working at the pharmacy and that he had asked one of them -- whom he believed to be Piest -- whether any remodeling materials were present in the rear of the store . He was adamant , however , that he had not offered Piest a job and promised to come to the station later that evening to make a statement confirming this , indicating he was unable to do so at that moment as his uncle had just died . At 3 : 20 a.m. , Gacy , covered in mud , arrived at the police station , claiming he had been involved in a car accident . Upon returning to the police station later that day , Gacy flatly denied any involvement in the disappearance of Robert Piest and repeated that he had not offered the youth a job . When asked why he had returned to the pharmacy at 8 p.m. on December 11 , Gacy claimed he had done so in response to a phone call from Phil Torf informing him he had left his appointment book at the store . Detectives had already spoken with Torf , who had stated he had placed no such call to Gacy . At the request of detectives , Gacy prepared a written statement that detailed his movements on December 11 . Des Plaines police were convinced Gacy was behind Piest 's disappearance and checked Gacy 's record , discovering that he had an outstanding battery charge against him in Chicago and had served a prison sentence in Iowa for the sodomy of a 15 - year - old boy . A search of Gacy 's house on December 13 was ordered by a judge at the request of detectives and turned up several suspicious items : a 1975 high school class ring engraved with the initials J.A.S. , various driver 's licenses , handcuffs , a two - by - four with holes drilled in the ends , books on homosexuality and pederasty , a syringe , male clothing too small for Gacy , a 6mm Brevettata starter pistol and a photo receipt from the pharmacy where Robert Piest worked . Police decided to confiscate Gacy 's Oldsmobile , along with other PDM vehicles and assigned two two - man surveillance teams to follow Gacy , while they continued their investigation of Gacy regarding Piest 's disappearance . The following day , investigators received a phone call from Michael Rossi , who informed the investigators both of Gregory Godzik 's disappearance and the fact another PDM employee , Charles Hattula , had been found drowned in an Illinois river the previous year . On December 15 , Des Plaines investigators obtained further details upon Gacy 's battery charge , learning the complainant , Jeffrey Rignall , had reported that Gacy had lured him into his car , chloroformed him , raped him and dumped him , with severe chest and facial burns and rectal bleeding , in Lincoln Park the following morning . In an interview with Gacy 's former wife the same day , they learned of the disappearance of John Butkovich . The same day , the Maine West High School ring was traced to a John A. Szyc . In an interview with Szyc 's mother the same day , she informed officers of the January 1977 disappearance of her son and that several items from his apartment were also missing , including a Motorola TV set . She added that investigators had informed her the month following his disappearance that her son had apparently sold his Plymouth Satellite to a John Gacy . Investigators noted that one of Gacy 's employees , Michael Rossi , drove a similar car to Szyc 's : A check of the VIN confirmed the car driven by Rossi had belonged to Szyc . By December 16 , Gacy was becoming affable with the surveillance detectives , regularly inviting them to join him for meals in various restaurants and occasionally for drinks in bars or his home . He repeatedly denied that he had anything to do with Piest 's disappearance and accused the officers of harassing him because of his political connections or because of his use of recreational drugs . Knowing these officers were unlikely to arrest him on anything trivial , he openly taunted them by flouting traffic laws and succeeded in losing his pursuers on more than one occasion . On December 17 , investigators conducted a formal interview of Michael Rossi , who informed them Gacy had sold Szyc 's vehicle to him with the explanation that he had bought the car from Szyc because the youth needed money to move to California . A further examination of Gacy 's Oldsmobile was conducted on this date . In the course of examining the trunk of the car , the investigators discovered a small cluster of fibers which may have been human hair . These fibers were sent for further analysis . That evening , officers conducted a test using three trained German shepherd search dogs to determine whether Piest had been present in any of Gacy 's vehicles . The dogs were allowed to examine each of Gacy 's vehicles , whereupon one dog approached Gacy 's Oldsmobile and lay upon the passenger seat in what the dog 's handler informed investigators was a `` death reaction '' , indicating the body of Robert Piest had been present in this vehicle . That evening , Gacy invited two of the surveillance detectives to a restaurant for a meal . In the early hours of December 18 , he invited the same officers into another restaurant where , over breakfast , he talked of his business , his marriages and his activities as a registered clown . At one point during this conversation , Gacy remarked to one of the two surveillance detectives : `` You know ... clowns can get away with murder . '' Civil suit ( edit ) By December 18 , Gacy was beginning to show visible signs of strain as a result of the constant surveillance : he was unshaven , looked tired , appeared anxious and was drinking heavily . That afternoon , he drove to his lawyers ' office to prepare a $750,000 civil suit against the Des Plaines police , demanding that they cease their surveillance . The same day , the serial number of the Nisson Pharmacy photo receipt found in Gacy 's kitchen was traced to a Kim Byers , a colleague of Piest at Nisson Pharmacy , who admitted when contacted in person the following day that she had worn the jacket and had placed the receipt in the parka pocket just before she gave the parka to Piest as he left the store to talk with a contractor . This revelation contradicted Gacy 's previous statements that he had had no contact with Robert Piest on the evening of December 11 : the presence of the receipt indicated that Gacy must have been in contact with Robert Piest after the youth had left the Nisson Pharmacy on December 11 . The same evening , Michael Rossi was interviewed a second time : on this occasion , Rossi was more cooperative , informing detectives that in the summer of 1977 , Gacy had had him spread ten bags of lime in the crawl space of the house . On December 19 , investigators began compiling evidence for a second search warrant of Gacy 's house . The same day , Gacy 's lawyers filed the civil suit against the Des Plaines police . The hearing of the suit was scheduled for December 22 . That afternoon , Gacy invited two of the surveillance detectives inside his house . On this occasion , as one officer distracted Gacy with conversation , another officer walked into Gacy 's bedroom in an unsuccessful attempt to write down the serial number of the Motorola TV set they suspected belonged to John Szyc . While flushing Gacy 's toilet , this officer noticed a smell he suspected could be that of rotting corpses emanating from a heating duct ; the officers who previously searched Gacy 's house had failed to notice this , as on that occasion the house had been cold . Both David Cram and Michael Rossi were interviewed by investigators on December 20 . Rossi had agreed to be interviewed in relation to his possible links with John Szyc ( whose vehicle investigators had established he drove ) as well as the disappearance of Robert Piest . When questioned by Detective Joseph R. Kozenczak as to where he believed Gacy had placed Piest 's body , Rossi replied : `` In the crawl space ; he could have put him in the crawl space . '' A polygraph test conducted upon the youth showed his responses to questions to be inconclusive ; however , upon his agreeing to a subsequent visual test in which a map of Cook County was divided into 12 grid sections numbered 1 to 12 , with Gacy 's home marked in the fourth grid section , Kozenczak noted an extreme response in Rossi 's blood pressure when asked : `` Is the body of Robert Piest buried in grid number 4 ? '' Upon hearing this question , Rossi refused to continue the polygraph questioning , although he did discuss further his digging trenches in the crawl space and remarked upon Gacy 's insistence that he not deviate from where he was instructed to dig . Cram himself informed investigators of Gacy 's attempts to rape him in 1976 and stated that after he and Gacy had returned to his home after the December 13 search of his property , Gacy had turned pale upon noting a clot of mud on his carpet which he suspected had come from his crawl space . Cram then stated Gacy had grabbed a flashlight and immediately entered the crawl space to look for evidence of digging . When asked whether he had been to the crawl space , Cram replied he had been asked by Gacy to spread lime down there and also dug trenches upon Gacy 's behest with the explanation they were for plumbing . Cram stated these trenches were two feet ( 60 cm ) wide , six feet ( 200 cm ) long and two feet ( 60 cm ) deep -- the size of graves . Verbal confession ( edit ) On the evening of December 20 , Gacy drove to his lawyers ' office in Park Ridge to attend a pre-scheduled meeting he had arranged with them , ostensibly to discuss the progress of his civil suit . Upon his arrival , Gacy appeared disheveled and immediately asked for an alcoholic drink , whereupon Sam Amirante fetched a bottle of whiskey from his car . Upon his return , Amirante asked Gacy what he had to discuss with them . Gacy picked up a copy of the Daily Herald from Amirante 's desk ; he pointed to a front page article covering the disappearance of Robert Piest and informed his lawyers : `` This boy is dead . He 's in a river . '' Over the following hours , Gacy gave a rambling confession that ran into the early hours of the following morning . He began by informing Amirante and Stevens he had `` been the judge ... jury and executioner of many , many people '' , most of whom he stated were buried in his crawl space , and others in the Des Plaines River . Some victims he referred to by name ; most he dismissed as `` male prostitutes '' , `` hustlers '' and `` liars '' whom he would give `` the rope trick '' . On other occasions , he stated he would wake up to find `` dead , strangled kids '' on his floor , with their hands cuffed behind their back . In reference to Robert Piest , Gacy stated that as he placed the tourniquet around his neck , that Piest was `` crying , scared '' . As a result of the alcohol he had consumed , Gacy fell asleep midway through his confession and Amirante immediately arranged a psychiatric appointment for Gacy at 9 a.m. that morning . Upon awakening several hours later , Gacy simply shook his head when informed by Amirante he had earlier confessed to killing approximately 30 people , stating : `` Well , I ca n't think about this right now . I 've got things to do . '' Ignoring his lawyers ' advice regarding his scheduled appointment , Gacy left their office to attend to the needs of his business . The crawl space at 8213 Summerdale . Twenty - six victims were found buried in this location . 41 ° 58 ′ 34 '' N 87 ° 49 ′ 57 '' W  /  41.97619 ° N 87.832421 ° W  / 41.97619 ; - 87.832421 Gacy later recollected his memories of his final day of freedom as being `` hazy '' , adding that he knew his arrest was inevitable and that , in his final hours of freedom , he intended to visit his friends and say his final farewells . Upon leaving his lawyers ' office , Gacy drove to a Shell gas station where , in the course of filling his rental car , he handed a small bag of cannabis to the attendant , a youth named Lance Jacobson . Jacobson immediately handed the bag to the surveillance officers , adding that Gacy had told him : `` The end is coming ( for me ) . These guys are going to kill me . '' Gacy then drove to the home of a fellow contractor , Ronald Rhode . Inside Rhode 's living room , Gacy hugged Rhode before bursting into tears and saying : `` I killed thirty people , give or take a few . '' Gacy then left Rhode 's home to meet with Michael Rossi and David Cram . As he drove along the expressway , the surveillance officers noted he was holding a rosary to his chin as he prayed while driving . After talking with Cram and Rossi at Cram 's home , Gacy had Cram drive him to a scheduled meeting with Leroy Stevens . As he spoke with his lawyer , Cram informed the officers that Gacy had earlier divulged to both himself and Rossi that the previous evening , he had confessed to his lawyers his guilt in over thirty murders . Upon concluding his meeting with his lawyer , Gacy had Cram drive him to Maryhill Cemetery , where his father was buried . As Gacy drove to various locations that morning , police outlined their formal draft of their second search warrant . The purpose of the warrant was specifically to search for the body of Robert Piest in the crawl space . Upon hearing radioed reports from the surveillance detectives that , in light of his erratic behavior , Gacy might be about to commit suicide , police decided to arrest him upon a charge of possession and distribution of marijuana in order to hold him in custody as the formal request for a second search warrant was presented . At 4 : 30 on the afternoon of December 21 , the eve of the hearing of Gacy 's civil suit , the request for a second search warrant was granted by Judge Marvin J. Peters . Armed with the signed search warrant , police and evidence technicians quickly drove to Gacy 's home . Upon their arrival , officers found that Gacy had unplugged his sump pump and that the crawl space was flooded with water ; to clear the water they simply replaced the plug and waited for the water to drain . After it had done so , an evidence technician named Daniel Genty entered the 28 - by - 38 - feet ( 8.5 x 11.5 m ) crawl space and crawled to the southwest area and began digging . Within minutes , he had uncovered putrefied flesh and a human arm bone . Genty immediately shouted to the investigators that they could charge Gacy with murder . Genty added the ominous remark : `` I think this place is full of kids . '' Arrest and confession ( edit ) After being informed that the police had found human remains in his crawl space and that he would now face murder charges , Gacy told officers he wanted to `` clear the air '' , adding that he knew his arrest was inevitable since he had spent the previous evening on the couch in his lawyers ' office . In the early hours of December 22 , 1978 , Gacy confessed to police that since 1972 , he had committed approximately 25 to 30 murders , all of whom he falsely claimed were of teenage male runaways or male prostitutes , whom he would typically abduct from Chicago 's Greyhound Bus station , from Bughouse Square or simply off the streets . The victims would often be grabbed by force or conned into believing Gacy -- often carrying a sheriff 's badge and placing spotlights on his black Oldsmobile -- was a policeman . Others would be lured to his house with either the promise of a job with his construction company , or with an offer of money for sex . Once back at Gacy 's house , the victims would be handcuffed or otherwise bound , then sexually assaulted and tortured . To muffle his victims ' screams , Gacy would often stick cloth rags or items of the victim 's own clothing in their mouths . Some victims had been partly drowned in his bathtub before they had been revived , enabling Gacy to continue his prolonged assault . Many of his victims had been strangled with a tourniquet , which Gacy referred to as his `` rope trick '' ; occasionally , the victim had convulsed for an `` hour or two '' after the rope trick before dying . With only two exceptions , all his victims had died between 3 a.m. and 6 a.m. When asked where he drew the inspiration for the two - by - four found at his house in which he had manacled many of his victims , Gacy stated he had been inspired to construct the device from reading about the Houston Mass Murders . The victims were usually lured alone to his house , although on approximately three occasions , Gacy had what he called `` doubles '' -- occasions wherein he killed two victims on the same evening . After death , the victims ' bodies would typically be stored beneath his bed for up to 24 hours before burial in the crawl space , although the bodies of some victims had been taken to his garage and embalmed prior to their burial . Most victims were buried in Gacy 's crawl space , where he would periodically pour quicklime to hasten the decomposition of the bodies . In January 1979 , he had planned to further conceal the corpses by covering the entire crawl space with concrete . Gacy stated he had lost count of the number of victims buried in his crawl space and had initially considered stowing bodies in his attic before opting to dispose of his victims off the I - 55 bridge into the Des Plaines River . Thus the final five victims -- all killed in 1978 -- were disposed of in this manner : because his crawl space was full . When specifically questioned about Robert Piest , Gacy confessed to strangling the youth at his house on the evening of December 11 after luring him there , adding that he had been interrupted by a phone call from a business colleague while doing so ; he also admitted to having slept alongside the youth 's body that evening before disposing of the corpse in the Des Plaines River the following evening . The reason he had arrived at the Des Plaines police station in a dirty and disheveled manner in the early hours of December 13 was that he had been in a minor traffic accident after disposing of Piest 's body , en route to his appointment with Des Plaines officers . In this accident , his vehicle had slid off an ice - covered road , and he had unsuccessfully attempted to free the vehicle himself before the vehicle had to be towed from its location . He also confessed to police he had buried the body of John Butkovitch in his garage . To assist officers in their search for the victims buried in his house , Gacy drew a diagram of his basement to show where the bodies were buried . Search for victims ( edit ) Accompanied by police , Gacy returned to his house on December 22 and showed police the location in his garage where he had buried Butkovitch 's body . The police then drove to the spot on the I - 55 bridge from which he had thrown the body of Piest and four other victims . Only four of the five victims Gacy claimed to have disposed of in this way were ever recovered from the Des Plaines River . Between December 22 and December 29 , 1978 , 27 bodies were recovered from Gacy 's property , 26 of which were found buried in his crawl space , with one additional victim , John Butkovitch , being found buried beneath the concrete floor of his garage precisely where Gacy had marked the youth 's grave with a can of spray paint . Following a temporary postponement of the excavations imposed in January 1979 because of a severe winter snowfall in Chicago , excavations of the property resumed in March -- despite Gacy 's insistence to investigators that all the victims ' bodies buried upon his property had been found . On March 9 , the body of a 28th victim was found buried in a pit close to a barbecue grill in the backyard of the property : the victim was found wrapped within several plastic bags and wore a silver ring on the fourth finger of his left hand , indicating the possibility he had been married . One week later , on March 16 , the skeletal remains of another victim were found buried beneath the joists of the dining room floor , bringing the total number of bodies exhumed at 8213 West Summerdale Avenue to 29 . In April 1979 , Gacy 's vacant house was demolished . Three additional bodies , which had been found in the nearby Des Plaines River between June and December 1978 , were also confirmed to have been victims of Gacy . Several bodies unearthed at Gacy 's property were found with plastic bags over their heads or upper torsos . In addition , several of the bodies were found with the ligature used to strangle them still knotted around their necks . In other instances , cloth gags were found lodged deep down the victims ' throats , leading the investigators to conclude that 12 victims buried beneath Gacy 's property died not of strangulation , but of asphyxiation . In some cases , bodies were found with foreign objects such as prescription bottles lodged into their pelvic region , the position of which indicated the items had been thrust into the victims ' anus . All the victims discovered at 8213 Summerdale were in an advanced state of decomposition , and the medical examiner chiefly relied upon dental records to facilitate the identification of the remains . Two victims were identified because of their known connection to Gacy through PDM Contractors ; most identifications were facilitated with the assistance of X-ray charts . These identifications were also supported via personal artifacts being found at 8213 Summerdale : one victim , 19 - year - old David Talsma , was identified via comparison of radiology records of a healed fracture of the left scapula matching distress evident upon the 17th skeleton recovered from Gacy 's crawl space ; another youth , Timothy O'Rourke , was last heard mentioning that a contractor had offered him a job . Of Gacy 's identified victims , the youngest were Samuel Dodd Stapleton and Michael Marino , both 14 years old ; the oldest was Russell Nelson , who was 21 years old . Six of the victims have never been identified . On April 9 , 1979 , a decomposed body was discovered entangled in exposed roots on the edge of the Des Plaines River in Grundy County . The body was identified via dental records as being that of Robert Piest . A subsequent autopsy revealed that three wads of `` paper - like material '' had been shoved down his throat while he was alive , causing him to die of suffocation . Trial ( edit ) Gacy was brought to trial on February 6 , 1980 , charged with 33 murders . He was tried in Cook County , Illinois , before Judge Louis Garippo ; the jury was selected from Rockford because of saturation of press coverage in Cook County . At the request of his defense counsel , Gacy spent over 300 hours in the year before his trial with the doctors at the Menard Correctional Center . He underwent a variety of psychological tests before a panel of psychiatrists to determine whether he was mentally competent to stand trial . Gacy had attempted to convince the doctors that he suffered from a multiple personality disorder . His lawyers opted to have Gacy plead not guilty by reason of insanity to the charges against him , and produced several psychiatric experts who had examined Gacy the previous year to testify to their findings . Three psychiatric experts appearing for the defense at Gacy 's trial testified they found Gacy to be a paranoid schizophrenic with a multiple personality disorder . The prosecutors presented a case that indicated Gacy was sane and fully in control of his actions . To support this contention , they produced several witnesses to testify to the premeditation of Gacy 's actions and the efforts he went to in order to escape detection . Those doctors refuted the defense doctors ' claims of multiple personality and insanity . Two witnesses who testified were PDM employees , who confessed Gacy had made them dig trenches in his crawl space . One of these employees , David Cram , testified that in August 1977 , Gacy had marked a location in the crawl space with sticks and told him to dig a drainage trench . Immediately after Cram had completed his testimony , Michael Rossi himself testified for the state . When asked where he had dug in the crawl space , Rossi turned to a diagram of Gacy 's home on display in the courtroom . This diagram showed where the bodies were found in the crawl space and elsewhere on the property . Rossi pointed to the location of the remains of an unidentified victim known as `` Body 13 '' . Rossi stated he had not dug any other trenches , but -- at Gacy 's request -- had supervised other PDM employees digging trenches in the crawl space . Both Rossi and Cram also testified that Gacy would periodically look into the crawl space to ensure they or other employees ordered to dig trenches in the crawl space did not deviate from the precise locations he had marked . Gacy had testified after his arrest that he had only dug five of the victims ' graves in his crawl space and had his employees ( including Gregory Godzik ) dig the remaining trenches so that he would `` have graves available '' . On February 18 , Dr. Robert Stein , the Cook County medical examiner appointed to supervise the exhumation of the victims ' bodies from Gacy 's home , testified as to how he and his colleagues had conducted the recovery of the remains . Stein testified that the excavation was conducted in an `` archeological fashion '' , adding that all the bodies recovered were `` markedly decomposed , putrefied , skeletalized remains '' . In relation to the cause of death of each victim upon which he had later performed an autopsy , Stein stated he had concluded that 13 victims had died of asphyxiation ; six had died of ligature strangulation and one victim of multiple stab wounds to the chest . Stein testified that the cause of death in ten cases could not be determined , although all were ruled as homicides . Upon cross-examination , Gacy 's defense team attempted to raise the possibility that all 33 murders were accidental erotic asphyxia deaths : Dr. Stein countered this assertion with evidence that Gacy 's claim was impossible . Three days after the testimony of Dr. Robert Stein , Jeffrey Rignall testified on behalf of the prosecution , recounting the abuse and torture he had endured at Gacy 's hands in March 1978 . Rignall repeatedly wept as he recounted his ordeal . In response to questioning relating to whether Gacy appreciated the criminality of his actions , Rignall stated his belief that Gacy was unable to conform his actions to the conduct of law because of the `` beastly and animalistic ways he attacked me '' . Upon specific cross-examination relating to the torture he had endured , Rignall vomited before he was excused from further testimony . On February 29 , one of the youths Gacy had sexually assaulted in 1967 , Donald Voorhees , testified to his ordeal at Gacy 's hands , and that Gacy had subsequently paid another youth to beat him and spray Mace in his face so he would not testify against him . The youth felt unable to testify , but did briefly attempt to do so , before being asked to step down . Robert Donnelly testified the week after Voorhees , recounting his ordeal at Gacy 's hands in December 1977 . Donnelly was visibly distressed as he recollected the abuse he endured at Gacy 's hands and came close to breaking down on several occasions . As the youth testified , Gacy repeatedly laughed at Donnelly 's expense , but the youth finished his testimony . One of Gacy 's defense attorneys , Robert Motta , during Donnelly 's cross-examination , attempted to discredit his testimony , but Donnelly did not waver from his testimony of what had occurred . During the fifth week of the trial , Gacy wrote a personal letter to Judge Garippo requesting a mistrial on a number of bases , including that he did not approve his lawyers ' insanity plea approach ; that his lawyers had not allowed him to take the witness stand ( as he had desired to do ) ; that his defense had not called enough witnesses , and that the police were lying about statements he had purportedly made to detectives after his arrest and that , in any event , the statements were `` self - serving '' for use by the prosecution . Judge Garippo addressed Gacy 's letter by informing him that under the law he had the choice as to whether he wished to testify , and he was free to indicate to the Judge if he wished to do so . Closing arguments ( edit ) On March 11 , final arguments from both prosecution and defense attorneys began , with the arguments concluding on the following day . Prosecuting attorney Terry Sullivan argued first , outlining Gacy 's history of abusing youths , the testimony of his efforts to avoid detection and describing Gacy 's surviving victims -- Voorhees and Donnelly -- as `` living dead '' . Referring to Gacy as the `` worst of all murderers '' , Sullivan stated : `` John Gacy has accounted for more human devastation than many earthly catastrophes , but one must tremble . I tremble when thinking about just how close he came to getting away with it all . '' After the state 's four - hour closing , counsel Sam Amirante argued for the defense . Amirante argued against the testimony delivered by the doctors who had testified for the prosecution , repeatedly harking towards the testimony of the four psychiatrists and psychologists who had testified on behalf of the defense . Amirante also accused Sullivan of scarcely referring to the evidence presented throughout the trial in his own closing argument , and of arousing hatred against his client . The defense lawyer attempted to portray Gacy as a `` man driven by compulsions he was unable to control '' . In support of these arguments , the defense counsel repeatedly referred to the testimony of the doctors who had appeared for the defense , in addition to the testimony of defense witnesses such as Jeffrey Rignall and a former business associate of Gacy 's named Mickel Reed -- both of whom had testified to their belief that Gacy had been unable to control his actions . Amirante then urged the jury to put aside any prejudice they held against his client , and requested they deliver a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity , adding that the psychology of Gacy 's behavior would be of benefit to scientific research and that the psychology of his mind should be studied . William Kunkle , prosecutor at Gacy 's trial , standing before a board depicting the 22 victims identified by February 1980 . On the morning of March 12 , William Kunkle continued to argue for the prosecution . Kunkle referred to the defense 's contention of insanity as `` a sham '' , arguing that the facts of the case hearkened to Gacy 's ability to think logically and control his actions . Kunkle also referred to the testimony of a doctor who had examined Gacy in 1968 ; this doctor had diagnosed Gacy as an antisocial personality , capable of committing crimes without remorse . Kunkle indicated that had the recommendations of this doctor been heeded , Gacy would have not been freed . At the close of his argument , Kunkle pulled each of the 22 photos of Gacy 's identified victims off a board displaying the images and asked the jury not to show sympathy but to `` show justice '' . Kunkle then asked the jury to `` show the same sympathy this man showed when he took these lives and put them there ! '' before throwing the stack of photos into the opening of the trap door of Gacy 's crawl space , which had been introduced as evidence and was on display in the courtroom . After Kunkle had finished his testimony , the jury retired to consider their verdict . The jury deliberated for less than two hours and found Gacy guilty of the thirty - three charges of murder for which he had been brought to trial ; he was also found guilty of sexual assault and taking indecent liberties with a child ; both convictions in reference to Robert Piest . The following day , March 13 , both the prosecution and defense made alternate pleas for the sentence the jury should decide : the prosecution requesting a death sentence for each murder committed after the Illinois statute on capital punishment came into effect in June 1977 ; the defense requesting life imprisonment . The jury deliberated for more than two hours before they returned with their decision in the sentencing phase of the trial : Gacy was sentenced to death for the twelve counts of murder upon which the prosecution had sought this penalty . An initial date of execution was set for June 2 , 1980 . Death row ( edit ) Upon being sentenced , Gacy was transferred to the Menard Correctional Center in Chester , Illinois , where he remained incarcerated on death row for 14 years . Isolated in his prison cell , Gacy began to paint . The subjects Gacy painted varied , although many were of clowns , some of which depicted himself as `` Pogo '' . Many of his paintings have been displayed at exhibitions ; others have been sold at various auctions , with individual prices ranging between $200 and $20,000 apiece . Although Gacy was permitted to earn money from the sale of his paintings until 1985 , he claimed his artwork was intended `` to bring joy into people 's lives '' . On February 15 , 1983 , Gacy was stabbed in the arm by Henry Brisbon , a fellow death row inmate known as the I - 57 killer . At the time of the attack , Gacy had been out of his cell participating in a voluntary work program when Brisbon ran towards Gacy and stabbed him once in the upper arm with a sharpened wire . A second death row inmate injured in the attack , William Jones , received a superficial stab wound to the head . Both Gacy and Jones received treatment in the prison hospital for their wounds . Appeals ( edit ) After his incarceration , Gacy read numerous law books and then filed voluminous motions and appeals , although he did not prevail in any . Gacy 's appeals related to issues such as the validity of the first search warrant granted to Des Plaines police on December 13 , 1978 , and his objection to his lawyers ' insanity plea defense at his trial . Gacy also contended that , although he had `` some knowledge '' of five of the murders ( those of McCoy , Butkovitch , Godzik , Szyc and Piest ) , that the other 28 murders had been committed by employees who were in possession of keys to his house while he was away on business trips . In mid-1984 , the Supreme Court of Illinois upheld Gacy 's conviction and ordered that he be executed by lethal injection on November 14 . Gacy filed an appeal against this decision , which was denied by the Supreme Court of the United States on March 4 , 1985 . The following year , Gacy filed a further post-conviction petition , seeking a new trial . His then - defense lawyer , Richard Kling , argued that Gacy had been provided with ineffective legal counsel at his 1980 trial . This post-conviction petition was dismissed on September 11 , 1986 . The 1985 decision that he be executed was again appealed by Gacy , although his conviction was again upheld on September 29 , 1988 , with the Illinois Supreme Court setting a renewed execution date of January 11 , 1989 . After his final appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied in October 1993 , the Illinois Supreme Court set his execution date for May 10 , 1994 . Execution ( edit ) On the morning of May 9 , 1994 , Gacy was transferred from the Menard Correctional Center to Stateville Correctional Center in Crest Hill to be executed . That afternoon , he was allowed a private picnic on the prison grounds with his family . For his last meal , Gacy ordered a bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken , a dozen fried shrimp , french fries , fresh strawberries , and a Diet Coke . That evening , he observed prayer with a Catholic priest before being escorted to the Stateville execution chamber to receive a lethal injection . Gacy 's official death certificate , issued May 10 , 1994 . Before the execution began , the chemicals used to perform the execution unexpectedly solidified , clogging the IV tube administering the chemicals into Gacy 's arm and complicating the execution procedure . Blinds covering the window through which witnesses observed the execution were drawn , and the execution team replaced the clogged tube to complete the procedure . After ten minutes , the blinds were reopened and the execution resumed . The entire procedure took 18 minutes . Anesthesiologists blamed the problem on the inexperience of prison officials who were conducting the execution , stating that had correct execution procedures been followed , the complications would never have occurred . This error apparently led to Illinois ' subsequent adoption of an alternative method of lethal injection . On this subject , one of the prosecutors at Gacy 's trial , William Kunkle , said : `` He got a much easier death than any of his victims . '' According to published reports , Gacy was a diagnosed psychopath who did not express any remorse for his crimes . His final statement to his lawyer before his execution was that killing him would not compensate for the loss of others , and that the state was murdering him . His final spoken words were `` Kiss my ass . '' In the hours leading up to Gacy 's execution , a crowd estimated to number over 1,000 gathered outside the correctional center to await the execution , the majority of whom were vocally in favor of the execution , although a number of anti-death penalty protesters were also present . Some of those in favor of the execution wore T - shirts hearkening to Gacy 's previous community services as a clown and bearing satirical slogans such as `` No tears for the clown '' . The anti-death penalty protesters present observed a silent candlelight vigil . After Gacy 's death was confirmed at 12 : 58 a.m. on May 10 , 1994 , his brain was removed . It is in the possession of Dr. Helen Morrison , a witness for the defense at Gacy 's trial , who has interviewed Gacy and other serial killers in an attempt to isolate common personality traits of violent sociopaths . His dead body was cremated after the execution . In the months following Gacy 's execution , many of his paintings were auctioned . Some were bought so that they could be destroyed in a June 1994 communal bonfire held in Naperville , Illinois and attended by approximately 300 people , including family members of nine of Gacy 's victims . Victims ( edit ) Identified victims ( edit ) Only 26 of Gacy 's victims were ever conclusively identified . By the time of Gacy 's trial , a total of 22 victims had been identified . In March 1980 , two further bodies unearthed from Gacy 's crawl space were identified via dental and radiology records as those of Kenneth Parker and Michael Marino , two teenage friends who were reported missing on October 25 , 1976 , the day after they had disappeared . In May 1986 , the ninth victim exhumed from Gacy 's crawl space was identified as Timothy Jack McCoy , Gacy 's first victim . One further victim was identified in November 2011 through DNA testing as William George Bundy , a 19 - year - old construction worker who was last seen by his family on his way to a party on October 26 , 1976 . Bundy had apparently worked for Gacy before his murder . Shortly after Gacy 's arrest , his family had contacted Bundy 's dentist in the hope of submitting his dental records for comparison with the unidentified bodies . However , the records had been destroyed after the dentist had retired . A second victim was identified through DNA testing in July 2017 as a 16 - year - old from Saint Paul , Minnesota named James Haakenson , who was last known to have contacted his family on August 5 , 1976 . Timothy McCoy ( 16 ) January 3 , 1972 Body 9 . Crawl space . John Butkovitch ( 17 ) July 29 , 1975 Body 2 . Garage . Darrell Sampson ( 18 ) April 6 , 1976 Body 29 . Floorboards . Randall Reffett ( 15 ) May 14 , 1976 Body 7 . Crawl space . Samuel Stapleton ( 14 ) May 14 , 1976 Body 6 . Crawl space . Michael Bonnin ( 17 ) June 3 , 1976 Body 18 . Crawl space . William Carroll ( 16 ) June 13 , 1976 Body 22 . Crawl space . James Haakenson ( 16 ) August 5 , 1976 Body 24 . Crawl space . Rick Johnston ( 17 ) August 6 , 1976 Body 23 . Crawl space . Kenneth Parker ( 16 ) October 24 , 1976 Body 15 . Crawl space . William Bundy ( 19 ) October 26 , 1976 Body 19 . Crawl space . Gregory Godzik ( 17 ) December 12 , 1976 Body 4 . Crawl space . John Szyc ( 19 ) January 20 , 1977 Body 3 . Crawl space . Jon Prestidge ( 20 ) March 15 , 1977 Body 1 . Crawl space . Matthew Bowman ( 19 ) July 5 , 1977 Body 8 . Crawl space . Robert Gilroy ( 18 ) September 15 , 1977 Body 25 . Crawl space . John Mowery ( 19 ) September 25 , 1977 Body 20 . Crawl space . Russell Nelson ( 21 ) October 17 , 1977 Body 16 . Crawl space . Robert Winch ( 16 ) November 10 , 1977 Body 11 . Crawl space . Tommy Boling ( 20 ) November 18 , 1977 Body 12 . Crawl space . David Talsma ( 19 ) December 9 , 1977 Body 17 . Crawl space . William Kindred ( 19 ) February 16 , 1978 Body 27 . Crawl space . Timothy O'Rourke ( 20 ) June 16 -- 23 , 1978 Body 31 . Des Plaines river . Frank Landingin ( 19 ) November 4 , 1978 Body 32 . Des Plaines river . James Mazzara ( 20 ) November 24 , 1978 Body 33 . Des Plaines river . Robert Piest ( 15 ) December 11 , 1978 Body 30 . Des Plaines river . Suspected misidentified victim Michael Marino ( 14 ) October 24 , 1976 Body 14 . Crawl space . Unidentified victims ( edit ) Six victims remain unidentified , five of whom had been buried beneath Gacy 's crawl space , with one additional youth buried approximately 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) from the barbecue pit in his backyard . Experts used the skulls of the unidentified victims to create facial reconstructions . Based upon Gacy 's confession , information relative to where the victims were buried in his crawl space relative to Gacy 's identified victims , and forensic analysis , police were able to determine the most likely dates when his unidentified victims were killed . January 1974 . Body 28 . Backyard . Male aged 14 -- 18 . June 13 -- August 6 , 1976 . Body 26 . Crawl space . Male aged 22 -- 30 . August 6 -- October 5 , 1976 . Body 13 . Crawl space . Male aged 17 -- 21 . August 6 -- October 24 , 1976 . Body 21 . Crawl space . Male aged 15 -- 24 . December 1976 -- March 15 , 1977 . Body 5 . Crawl space . Male aged 22 -- 32 . March 15 -- July 5 , 1977 . Body 10 . Crawl space . Male aged 17 -- 21 . Facial reconstructions of the unidentified victims , released to the media in 1980 . Depicted left to right are Body 5 , Body 9 ( later identified as Timothy McCoy ) , Body 24 ( later identified as James Haakenson ) , Body 19 ( later identified as William Bundy ) , Body 21 , Body 28 , Body 13 , Body 26 , and Body 10 . In October 2011 , Cook County Sheriff Thomas Dart announced that investigators , having obtained full DNA profiles from each of the unidentified victims , were to renew their efforts to identify all of them . At a press conference held to announce this intention , Sheriff Dart stated investigators are actively seeking DNA samples from individuals across the United States related to any male missing between 1970 and 1979 . Test results thus far conducted have confirmed the identification of two victims , ruled out the possibility of numerous other missing youths as being victims of Gacy , and solved four unrelated cold cases dating between 1972 and 1979 . Identification dispute of Michael Marino ( edit ) In 2012 , DNA tests conducted upon remains identified in 1980 through dental analysis as those of Michael Marino revealed that the remains had been misidentified . Marino 's mother had always doubted the identification of her son because clothing found upon the body was inconsistent with what her son had worn when she last saw him . In addition , the dental X-ray conducted upon the victim identified as Michael Marino had revealed the victim had all of his second molars , whereas a dental X-ray conducted upon Marino in March 1976 revealed one molar had not erupted . Nonetheless , the orthodontist who had identified Marino 's remains has stated his conviction in the accuracy of his findings , adding he had `` compared 32 teeth , probably half a dozen of them had very distinct fillings and every one of them was consistent with Michael Marino . '' Possible additional victims ( edit ) At the time of Gacy 's arrest , he had claimed to both Des Plaines and Chicago investigators that the total number of victims he had killed could be as high as 45 . However , only 33 bodies were ever found which were linked to Gacy . Investigators did excavate the grounds of his property until they had exposed the substratum of clay beneath the foundations , yet only 29 bodies were found buried upon his property . When asked as to whether there were more victims , Gacy simply stated , `` That 's for you guys to find out . '' On May 8 , 1977 , a 24 - year - old named Charles Hattula was found drowned in a river near Freeport , Illinois . Hattula , an employee of PDM Contractors , had been linked to the initial investigation of Gacy after Robert Piest 's disappearance ; this was after the same employee who had informed the investigators of Gregory Godzik 's disappearance informed them of Hattula 's death . Moreover , this employee had stated that Hattula was known to have conflicts with Gacy . Gacy had himself informed several of his employees the youth had drowned after Hattula 's body was recovered from the Pecatonica River . Des Plaines authorities had contacted colleagues in Freeport during their investigation into Gacy , but were told the youth had fallen to his death from a bridge . At the time of Hattula 's death , Gacy had become engaged , and his fiancée had moved into his home , which leaves a possibility that Gacy had disposed of Hattula 's body in the Pecatonica River as opposed to burying the man in his crawl space . However , Hattula 's death had been ruled as accidental . Gacy stated that after he had assaulted and then released Jeffrey Rignall in March 1978 , he had begun to throw his murder victims into the Des Plaines River . He confessed to having disposed of five bodies in this manner . However , only four bodies were recovered from the river and conclusively confirmed to be victims of Gacy . Given the gap of over four months between the dates of the murders of the first and second victims known to have been disposed in the river , it is possible that this unknown victim may have been killed between June and November 1978 . A retired Chicago police officer named Bill Dorsch has stated he has reason to believe there may be more victims buried within the grounds of the apartment building located at the 6100 block of West Miami Avenue in Chicago ; a property which Gacy is known to have been the caretaker of for several years prior to his 1978 arrest . In 1975 , Dorsch -- then a Chicago police officer -- observed Gacy ( whom he knew on a casual basis ) , holding a shovel in the early hours of the morning . When confronted by Dorsch as to his actions , Gacy stated he was performing work that he was too busy to do during the day . Dorsch has also related that several other residents of West Miami Avenue have stated that , in the early - to mid-1970s , they had observed Gacy digging trenches in the grounds of the property ; one of these residents has also stated that Gacy would later place plants in the elongated trenches he had dug . At the time these actions had been observed , Gacy had still been married to Carole Hoff . Following his first murder in January 1972 , he is not known to have buried any murder victims beneath his own home until one month after his March , 1976 divorce . ( John Butkovitch had been buried beneath his garage and the unknown victim known as Body 28 had been buried in his backyard . ) Gacy 's wife had informed investigators that , on several occasions in the years preceding their divorce , she had found several men 's wallets and identification cards discarded about the property at 8213 Summerdale . When she had confronted Gacy about these items , he had angrily informed her the property was none of her business . In March 2012 , Cook County Sheriff 's officials submitted a request to excavate the grounds of this property . However , the Cook County State 's Attorney denied this request , stating a lack of probable cause as the reason the submission was denied ( including the previous 1998 search ) . However , the sheriff 's office had noted that in 1998 , a radar survey conducted had noted 14 areas of interest within the property grounds , yet only two of these 14 anomalies had been excavated . Of the 12 remaining anomalies which police had not examined in greater detail on that occasion , four were described as being `` staggeringly suggestive '' as human skeletons . Moreover , Bill Dorsch had provided police with a letter from the radar company which confirmed the 1998 search of the grounds was incomplete . A second request to excavate the grounds of West Miami Avenue was submitted to the Cook County State 's Attorney by Sheriff Tom Dart in October 2012 . This request was granted in January 2013 , and a search of the property was conducted in the spring . Both FBI sniffer dogs and ground - penetrating radar equipment were used in the second search of West Miami Avenue ; however , the search yielded no human remains . Inspiration for the missing child Recovery Act of 1984 ( edit ) In 1984 , Sam Amirante , one of Gacy 's two defense attorneys at his 1980 trial , authored procedures that were incorporated by the Illinois General Assembly into the Missing Child Recovery Act of 1984 . Amirante has since stated that the primary inspiration for this legislation was the fact that at the time of the Gacy murders , there had been a 72 - hour period which police in Illinois had to allow to elapse before initiating a search for a missing child . The Illinois Missing Child Recovery Act of 1984 removed this 72 - hour waiting period . Other states across America subsequently adopted similar procedures and sensibilities , as a result of which a national network aimed at locating missing children was gradually formed . This national network has since developed into the Child Abduction Emergency -- commonly known today as an Amber Alert . Potential accomplices and connections ( edit ) One of the first things Gacy told investigators after his arrest was that he had not acted alone in several of the murders : he questioned whether individuals he referred to as `` my associates '' had also been arrested . When questioned as to whether these individuals had participated directly or indirectly in the killings , Gacy replied , `` Directly . '' Gacy specifically named two employees of PDM Contractors as being the individuals he had referred to as being involved in several of the murders . In the 1980s , he also informed Robert Ressler that `` two or three '' employees had assisted him in several murders . Ressler replied that he did indeed believe there were unexplained avenues to the case and stated his belief that Gacy had killed more than 33 victims . Gacy neither confirmed nor denied Ressler 's suspicions . Jeffrey Rignall , who had been assaulted and tortured by Gacy in March 1978 , was adamant that at one point during his abuse and torture , a young man with brown hair , kneeling before him , watched his abuse . When this youth realized Rignall had regained consciousness , he was again chloroformed into unconsciousness . Rignall also informed police that as Gacy was raping and assaulting him , a light was switched on in another part of the house . Moreover , on one occasion during the surveillance of Gacy prior to his arrest , two of the surveillance officers followed Gacy to a bar to which Gacy had driven to meet two of his employees . At the bar , the surveillance officers overheard a hushed conversation between Gacy and one of his employees in which the youth asked Gacy the question : `` And what ? Buried like the other five ? '' In interviews following his arrest and conviction , Gacy repeatedly claimed that he was not present in Chicago when 16 of the identified victims had disappeared . In one interview , he stated that at the time of his arrest , four PDM Employees were also considered suspects in the disappearances of the missing individuals investigators had linked to Gacy -- all of whom he stated were in possession of keys to his house . One of these employees was a young man named Philip Paske , who is known to have been a close associate of a man named John Norman , who operated a nationwide sex trafficking ring known as the Delta Project , which at the time operated from Chicago . At least two victims believed to have been murdered by Gacy -- Kenneth Parker and Michael Marino -- are known to have last been seen alive close to where Norman had resided at the time of their disappearance , and Gacy is known to have been aware of Paske 's connections . This knowledge had led to the theory Gacy may have been connected to this trafficking ring . Later investigations ( edit ) In 2012 , two Chicago lawyers named Steven Becker and Robert Stephenson publicly stated that , having reviewed archived records relating to Gacy 's business travels for both PDM Contractors and PE Systems , it is likely that Gacy may have been assisted by one or more accomplices in a minimum of three murders . In each case , Becker and Stephenson state that official documents attest to the fact that Gacy was in another state at the time the youths in question disappeared . In one case , that of 18 - year - old Robert Gilroy , investigators found that on September 12 , 1977 -- three days before Gilroy 's disappearance -- Gacy had flown to Pittsburgh and did not return to Chicago until the day after the youth had disappeared . Investigators also note that Robert Young , the traveling companion with whom victim Russell Nelson was visiting Chicago at the time of his disappearance in October 1977 , gave differing accounts of the youth 's disappearance to both Nelson 's family and investigators . To Nelson 's family , Young had stated Nelson failed to arrive at a bar at a prearranged time ; to investigators , Young claimed he had last seen Nelson standing among a crowd who had gathered outside a Chicago bar and when his ( Young 's ) attention was diverted for a few moments , Nelson simply disappeared . Investigators contend this could not have happened without his traveling companion noticing . Young is known to have filed a missing person 's report with Chicago Police , before unsuccessfully requesting money from Nelson 's parents to finance a search for their son . When Nelson 's two brothers arrived in Chicago to search for their missing brother , Young offered both brothers a job with Gacy 's construction company . Young was never summoned to testify at Gacy 's trial as to the circumstances surrounding Nelson 's disappearance . In a third case , travel records indicate Gacy was at a scheduled job site in Michigan at 6 a.m. on September 26 , 1977 -- the day following the disappearance of a 19 - year - old youth named John Mowery . Mowery was last seen leaving his mother 's house at 10 p.m. on September 25 . His roommate was an employee of PDM Contractors who had formerly lived with Gacy and had moved into Mowery 's apartment less than one week before the youth 's disappearance . Two witnesses have stated that this roommate had recommended to Mowery that he meet `` a man who is going out of town '' two days prior to the youth 's disappearance . Criminal defense attorneys and investigators researching the possibility Gacy had not acted alone in several of the murders have stated there is `` overwhelming evidence Gacy worked with an accomplice '' . Media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) The made - for - TV film To Catch a Killer , starring Brian Dennehy as Gacy , was released in 1992 . The film is largely based on the investigation of Gacy , following the disappearance of Robert Piest , by Des Plaines Police and their efforts to arrest him before the scheduled civil suit hearing on December 22 . A feature film , Gacy , was released in 2003 . This film cast Mark Holton in the role of Gacy and depicts Gacy 's life after he moved to Norwood Park in 1971 up until his arrest in 1978 . The made - for - TV film Dear Mr. Gacy was released in 2010 , starring William Forsythe as Gacy . The film is based upon the book The Last Victim , written by Jason Moss . The film focuses upon the correspondence between Moss and Gacy before Gacy invited Moss to visit him on death row in 1994 . The horror film 8213 : Gacy House was released in 2010 and is based upon paranormal investigators spending a night in the house built on the former site of 8213 Summerdale Terrace . Books ( edit ) 29 Below , by Jeffrey Rignall and Ron Wilder ( ISBN B0006XG56Y ) . A Question of Doubt : The John Wayne Gacy Story , by John Wayne Gacy ( ISBN 1 - 87886 - 503 - X ) . Buried Dreams : Inside the Mind of Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy , by Tim Cahill ( ISBN 1 - 85702 - 084 - 7 ) . John Wayne Gacy : Defending A Monster , by Sam L. Amirante and Danny Broderick ( ISBN 1 - 616 - 08248 - 8 ) . Johnny and Me : The True Story of John Wayne Gacy , by Barry Boschelli ( ISBN 1 - 4343 - 2184 - 3 ) . Killer Clown : the John Wayne Gacy Murders , by Terry Sullivan and Peter T. Maiken ( ISBN 0 - 7860 - 1422 - 9 ) . The Chicago Killer , by Joseph R. Kozenczak and Karen M. Kozenczak ( ISBN 978 - 1401095314 ) . The Last Victim : A True - Life Journey into the Mind of the Serial Killer , by Jason Moss and Jeffrey Kottler , Ph. D ( ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0398 - 0 ) . The Man Who Killed Boys , by Clifford L. Linedecker ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 95228 - 7 ) . Unfinished Nightmare : The Search for More Victims of Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy , by Chris Maloney ( ISBN 978 - 1466080317 ) . Television ( edit ) The Discovery Channel has broadcast an episode relating to Gacy 's crimes within the true crime series The New Detectives : Case Studies in Forensic Science . This documentary features an interview between Gacy and FBI profiler Robert Ressler , whom Gacy claimed to have known when both he and Ressler were children . ( As a child , Ressler had lived just four blocks from Gacy in Chicago and Gacy had delivered groceries to Ressler 's family . ) The Investigation Discovery channel has broadcast two documentaries about the Gacy murders . The first documentary focusing upon Gacy 's crimes was commissioned for the Most Evil series , a forensics program in which a forensic psychiatrist named Michael Stone analyzes various murderers and psychopaths . The second Investigation Discovery program on Gacy is featured in the Devil You Know series . This program explores how Gacy 's actions affected his family . Gacy 's sister and niece are among those interviewed . The Biography Channel has broadcast a 45 - minute documentary on the crimes of John Gacy . The television program Psychic Investigators has broadcast an episode entitled `` What Lies Below '' . This program focuses upon the consultation between Detective Joseph Kozenczak and a psychic named Carol Broman , whom Kozenczak had met on December 17 , 1978 to discuss the whereabouts of the body of Robert Piest . See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in Illinois List of people executed in Illinois List of unidentified murder victims in the United States Most prolific murderers by number of victims Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gacy would successfully hide his criminal record from friends , business associates and political acquaintances until police began investigating him for his later murders . Jump up ^ Rosalynn Carter signed one photo : `` To John Gacy . Best wishes . Rosalynn Carter '' . The event later became an embarrassment to the United States Secret Service , as in the pictures taken , Gacy can be seen wearing an `` S '' pin , indicating a person who has been given special clearance by the Secret Service . Jump up ^ An unidentified victim found in the crawl space may also have been the victim Gacy hearkened to as having murdered around this date . This victim was aged between 17 and 21 when he died , and his remains bore evidence of a well healed left collarbone fracture . His NamUs case report can be found here , and a facial composite can be seen on the extreme right in the array of this image Jump up ^ This common grave also held the body of a fifth male estimated to have been killed after this date . Jump up ^ Due to their relative burial positions in the crawl space , plus the fact Haakenson and Johnston disappeared just 24 hours apart , and the two youths ' bones were commingled together , investigators believe the two youths may have been murdered on the same day -- possibly at the same time . Jump up ^ Carole became engaged to another man the following year . Jump up ^ The Houston Mass Murders were a series of killings uncovered in 1973 in which a trio of serial killers had also used a wooden device fitted with handcuffs to restrain their victims throughout their sexual abuse and torture . Gacy was likely inspired to dupe his victims into donning handcuffs from what he had read about the Houston Mass Murders . Jump up ^ Gacy had stated in a January 1979 interview that he would cover the victim 's head or upper torso with a plastic bag if he noted bleeding from the nose or mouth . Jump up ^ DNA analysis conducted between 2012 and 2016 has confirmed that neither body found in the common grave in Gacy 's crawl space initially believed to hold the youths ' bodies was actually Marino. . ) Jump up ^ The four unrelated cold cases solved to date are those of 21 - year - old Daniel Noe , who was last seen alive on September 30 , 1978 , and whose remains had been found near Mount Olympus in 2010 ; 16 - year - old Steven Soden , who was last seen alive April 3 , 1972 , in New Jersey and whose body was found in April 2000 in Burlington County ; 22 - year - old Chicagoan Edward Beaudion , who was last seen alive on July 23 , 1978 ; and 16 - year - old Andre Drath , whose body had been found buried upon Ocean Beach in June 1979 . Jump up ^ The original misidentification of the body identified as Michael Marino has been disputed because neither an upper nor a lower jaw bone was present upon the exhumed body . DNA testing conducted upon the body of Kenneth Ray Parker has also proven that Marino 's body had not been mistakenly buried as that of Parker , leading to speculation that the incorrect set of unidentified remains of another victim of Gacy had been released to Marino 's mother as those of her son , or the possibility both youths had been misidentified . ( Kenneth Parker 's relatives have refused to submit to DNA testing . ) Jump up ^ Some parties have questioned the integrity and thoroughness of the second search conducted of West Miami Avenue ; citing the fact the ground of the property was still frozen on the date of the search ( March 20 ) , that the press had not been informed that the property had been searched until 6 days after the search had been conducted , and that the sniffer dogs used had solely been provided core samples of soil to test . Moreover , no images of the 2013 search of West Miami Avenue have been released to the press . ) Jump up ^ Gacy is known to have given Ressler a painting with a written inscription reading : `` Dear Bob Ressler , You can not hope to enjoy the harvest , without first laboring in the fields '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ see Gacy 's death certificate Jump up ^ Cook County marriage records provide his mother 's name as Marion E. Robertson ; `` Cook County , Illinois Marriage Index , 1930 -- 1960 . Cook County Clerk Genealogy Records . Cook County Clerk 's Office , Chicago , IL '' . 2008 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ressler & Schactman 1992 , pp. 207 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 256 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . pp. 54 - 55 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 18 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Last Victim ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0398 - 0 p. 103 Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 31 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Serial Killers . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Murder In Mind '' ( 11 ) : 5 . ISSN 1364 - 5803 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 32 - 33 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Buried Dreams : Inside the Mind of a Serial Killer - Tim Cahill - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 346 - 347 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : `` Murder In Mind '' ( 11 ) : 7 . ISSN 1364 - 5803 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 20 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 261 -- 262 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 270 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 268 -- 270 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 272 . Jump up ^ Peck & Dolch 2001 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 277 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Foreman 1992 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1986 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Linedecker 1980 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Linedecker 1980 , pp. 142 -- 143 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 117 - 118 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Linedecker 1980 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 212 - 213 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p 68 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Linedecker 1980 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` John Wayne Gacy was executed 20 years ago for killing dozens of boys and young men '' . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Andrew ( May 20 , 1986 ) . `` Gacy victim 's remains going home to Iowa '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case File 954UMIL '' . The Doe Network . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Whoever Fights Monsters ISBN 0 - 671 - 71561 - 5 p. 336 Jump up ^ `` Montreal Gazette March 10 , 1979 edition '' . News.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 122 - 123 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 132 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 83 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 169 - 170 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Murder In Mind issue 11 ISSN 1364 - 5803 p. 28 / Murder In Mind p. 28 Jump up ^ Haines , Max ( May 1 , 1982 ) . `` John Gacy : businessman , clown , mass killer '' . Ottawa Citizen . p 100 . Archived at Google News . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Kozenczak ( 2012 ) , pp. 200 - 201 Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p 70 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1986 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` Unidentified Victims of John Wayne Gacy '' . cookcountysheriff.org. 2011 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case File 956UMIL '' . The Doe Network . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Teen ID 'd as John Wayne Gacy Victim '' . CBS Local . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Sheriff IDs Another Victim of John Wayne Gacy '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 217 - 218 . Jump up ^ `` John Wayne Gacy Victim is Identified After Four Decades '' . New York Times . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene Register Guard , March 1980 '' . News.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Serial Killers . p 83 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : `` Case File 958UMIL '' . The Doe Network . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NamUs - National Unidentified Persons Data System '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NamUs - National Unidentified Persons Data System Case Report - 10998 '' . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ `` Courier Feb. 19 , 1980 edition '' . News.google.com. 1980 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 58 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 95 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 205 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 140 . Jump up ^ `` Serial killer John Wayne Gacy had accomplices , lawyers say - U.S. News '' . Usnews.nbcnews.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kozenczak ( 2012 ) , p. 202 Jump up ^ Serial Killers . pp 80 - 83 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Kozenczak ( 2012 ) , p. 203 Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 217 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p 73 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , pp. 146 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Linedecker 1980 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Kozenczak , ( 2012 ) p. 177 Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 19 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Murder casebook number 84 ISBN 0 - 7485 - 1454 - 6 , p. 1915 Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , pp. 116 - 117 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Kozenczak ( 2012 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ Kozenczak , Joseph R. ; Kozenczak , Karen M. ( February 6 , 2012 ) The Chicago Killer : The Hunt For Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . ISBN 978 - 1401095314 p. 148 ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 143 - 145 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 127 Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 140 ^ Jump up to : Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 255 - 258 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Kozenczak , ( 2012 ) p. 158 Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Jack ( 2008 ) . The Man with the Candy : The Story of the Houston Mass Murders . Simon and Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 1439128707 . Jump up ^ Berry - Dee , Christopher ( 2008 ) . How to Make a Serial Killer : The Twisted Development of Innocent Children Into the World 's Most Sadistic Murderers . Ulysses Press . p. 202 . ISBN 156975943X . Jump up ^ `` Dean `` The Candy Man '' Corll `` . Serial Killer Magazine . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ `` Sarasota Herald - Tribune - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ `` Search to continue at ' house of horrors ' '' . The Montreal Gazette . January 5 , 1979 . p. 70 -- via Google News Archive Search . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 249 - 250 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ `` Neighbors relieved as Gacy home demolished '' . The Montreal Gazette. April 12 , 1979 . p. 95 -- via Google News Archive Search . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 219 - 221 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Serial Killers . p. 80 . Jump up ^ `` 3 More Bodies Are Found At Home '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . AP . 1978 - 12 - 24 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Gadsden Times - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ The Casebook of Forensic Detection ISBN 0 - 471 - 07650 - 3 p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Cook County Sheriff - Unidentified Victims of John Wayne Gacy '' . Jump up ^ Kozenczak ( 2012 ) , p. 190 Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ `` The Hour - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Speedup Sought In Gacy Trial '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . AP . 1979 - 11 - 23 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , pp. 241 - 242 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 261 - 262 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , pp. 315 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , pp. 301 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ `` The Calgary Herald - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 290 Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 300 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 350 -- 351 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 312 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 324 Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ The Telegraph Mar. 14 , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Harlan Daily Enterprise '' . News.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Rossi , Rosalind ( 1980 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Gacy Sentenced To Die For 33 Deaths '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . UPI . p. 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ `` Controversy of Killer John Wayne Gacy 's Artwork '' . theculturetrip.com. 2016 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Controversial serial killer 's paintings go on display in Las Vegas '' . CNN . May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Murder casebook number 11 ISSN 1364 - 5803 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Cahill 1986 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Koziol , Ronald ( February 16 , 1983 ) . `` Gacy stabbed in prison '' . Boca Raton News . p 11A . Archived at Google News . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Killer Gacy Denied New Trial '' . Chicago Tribune . September 12 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Death sentence upheld for John Wayne Gacy '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . September 30 , 1988 p A2 . Archived at Google News . Jump up ^ `` Long - delayed Execution Set For John Wayne Gacy '' . Orlando Sentinel. 18 December 1993 . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Peck , John ( 5 January 2006 ) . `` Last Meals '' . Tucson Weekly . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuczka , Susan and Rob Karwath . `` All Appeals Fail : Gacy is Executed . Serial Killer Dies of Lethal Injection '' , Chicago Tribune , May 10 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Seideman , David ( 23 May 1994 ) . `` A Twist Before Dying '' . Time . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Serial killer executed by injection in Illinois '' . Deseret News . 10 May 1994 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Hare . Without Conscience . The Guildford Press , 1999 , p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57230 - 451 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Movie , Documentary Could Be Adapted From Book By Gacy 's Lawyer '' . CBS . 2011 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Murder In Mind '' ( 11 ) : 36 -- 37 . ISSN 1364 - 5803 . Jump up ^ `` Poster Child '' . Economist. 331 ( 7863 ) . May 14 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` In Joliet , Little Sympathy for Convicted Killer '' . NWI Times . May 10 , 1994 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 354 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sale of Chicago serial killer 's art draws protests '' . St. Petersburg Times . Associated Press . June 6 , 2004 . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Kingman Daily Miner , March 31 , 1980 '' . News.google.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2 apparent victims of Gacy identified '' . St. Joseph Gazette . AP . 1980 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Alison ( 31 March 2016 ) . `` BREAKING : New DNA Test Confirms Second False ID in Gacy Case '' . Jump up ^ `` DNA Backs Up Mom 's Doubt : Gacy Victim Misidentified `` CBS Chicago '' . Chicago.cbslocal.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mohave Daily Miner May 8 , 1986 '' . News.google.com. 1986 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' Closed Cases `` , Doe Network '' . Doenetwork.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sheriff : Gacy victim identified through DNA '' , Chicago Tribune , November 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ Toronto Sun Nov. 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ Crepeau , Megan . `` Second long - unknown Gacy victim identified as boy from Minnesota '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Locin , Mitchell ( 1986 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Chicago Tribune '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 361 -- 362 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 301 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of John Wayne Gacy Case '' . ABC News . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linedecker 1986 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Cook County Sheriff Press - Unknown Victim of John Wayne Gacy is Identified '' . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Linedecker 1980 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , pp. 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Gazette March 10 , 1979 edition '' . News.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Forensics Library : John Wayne Gacy '' . aboutforensics.co.uk. 2012 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Crimmins , Jerry ( July 15 , 1980 ) . `` Parents : Is Your Missing Son Pictured Here ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` NamUs - National Unidentified Persons Data System Case Report - 11006 '' . Jump up ^ `` NamUs - National Unidentified Persons Data System Case Report - 11004 '' . Jump up ^ `` Case File 955UMIL '' . The Doe Network . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NamUs - National Unidentified Persons Data System Case Report - 10999 '' . Jump up ^ `` Case File 962UMIL '' . The Doe Network . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NamUs - National Unidentified Persons Data System Case Report - 11000 '' . Jump up ^ `` NamUs - National Unidentified Persons Data System Case Report - 10994 '' . Jump up ^ `` Case File 954UMIL '' . The Doe Network . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Unidentified Victims of John Wayne Gacy '' . Cook County Sheriff 's Office . Jump up ^ Babwin , Don ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Sheriff : Solid leads in effort to ID Gacy victims '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More DNA Being Analyzed To Determine IDs Of Gacy Victims `` CBS Chicago '' . Chicago.cbslocal.com. 2012 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Wayne Gacy Investigation Helps Solve Missing Daniel Noe Case '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2012 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cook County Sheriff Press - Sherifs 's Gacy Investigation Solves 1979 Cold Case '' . Jump up ^ `` Remains Found in Utah Identified Through John Wayne Gacy Investigation '' . deseretnews.com. 2012 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cook County Sheriff Press - Gacy Lead Solves 41 - Year - Old New Jersey Missing Person Case '' . Jump up ^ Mills , Steve ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Long - lost relation , thought slain by John Wayne Gacy , alive and well and living in South Florida '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Gacy exhumations help identify another unrelated victim '' . Jump up ^ `` Alleged victim of John Wayne Gacy to be exhumed '' . Chicago Tribune . 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyers : DNA proves John Wayne Gacy victim was misidentified - U.S. News '' . Usnews.nbcnews.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Patrick M. `` Mother of supposed John Wayne Gacy victim still seeks answers '' . Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ `` 29 Murder Victims Found as Gacy Waits in Prison '' . The Evening News . March 18 , 1979 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Detective Wants Gacy Probe Reopened '' . chicagobreakingnews.com. 2011 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kozenczak ( 2012 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan & Maiken 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Sheriff barred from digging for more Gacy victims '' . Jump up ^ Stroud , Matt ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Grave mistake : the controversial , high - tech search for John Wayne Gacy 's lost victims '' . Jump up ^ `` The Southeast Missourian - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Criminal justice : Sheriff 's officials seeking more victims of serial killer John Wayne Gacy want to excavate Chicago backyard . - Chicago Tribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy Ullman Felshman : To Parents of the Missing in Chicago : A Note About John Wayne Gacy '' . Huffingtonpost.com . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Sheriff barred from digging for more Gacy victims '' . Jump up ^ Press , The Associated . `` Search of killer John Wayne Gacy 's mother 's home fruitless ; county sheriff to keep hunting '' . ^ Jump up to : Alison ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Something stinks '' . ^ Jump up to : Amirante & Broderick 2011 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Whoever Fights Monsters ISBN 0 - 671 - 71561 - 5 pp 341 -- 342 Jump up ^ Whoever Fights Monsters ISBN 0 - 671 - 71561 - 5 p 343 Jump up ^ Cahill 1986 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Herald - Journal - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ Whoever Fights Monsters ISBN 0 - 671 - 71561 - 5 pp = 341 - 342 Jump up ^ `` Chicago is center of national child porno ring ( May 16 , 1977 ) '' . Jump up ^ Alison ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Child Sex Trafficking in Chicago : The Missing Link in the Gacy Mystery '' . Jump up ^ `` What really happened to Michael Marino ? Investigation begins '' . WGN - TV . 2016 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Beckerstephenson.com '' . Beckerstephenson.com. 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lawyers contend Gacy had help in some killings - Southtown Star '' . Southtownstar.suntimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Alison ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` The disappearing witness '' . Jump up ^ `` Did Gacy Have Help ? '' . highbeam.com. 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Moss & Kottler 1999 . Jump up ^ `` 8213 : Gacy House '' . 28 September 2010 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ Creepy , Uncle ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Barry Boschelli Talks Growing Up with Evil -- John Wayne Gacy '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Psychic Investigators S3 - E3 : What Lies Below '' . radiotimes.com. 2009 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kozenczak ( 2012 ) , pp. 104 - 105 Cited works and further reading ( edit ) Amirante , Sam L. ; Broderick , Danny ( 2011 ) . John Wayne Gacy : Defending a Monster . Skyhorse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61608 - 248 - 2 . Cahill , Tim ( 1986 ) . Buried Dreams : Inside the Mind of a Serial Killer . Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 05115 - 6 . OCLC 12421532 . Foreman , Laura ; The editors of Time - Life Books ( 1992 ) . Serial Killers : True Crime ( Hardcover ed . ) . Time - Life Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7835 - 0001 - 0 . Kozenczak , Joseph R. ; Henrikson , Karen ( November 3 , 2003 ) . The Chicago Killer : The Hunt for Serial Killer John Wayne Gacy . Philadelphia : Xlibris . ISBN 1 - 4010 - 9532 - 1 . OCLC 54782106 . Linedecker , Clifford L. ( 1980 ) . The Man Who Killed Boys : A True Story of Mass Murder in a Chicago Suburb ( First ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 51157 - 4 . OCLC 5564916 . Linedecker , Clifford L. ( 1986 ) . The Man Who Killed Boys : A True Story of Mass Murder in a Chicago Suburb ( Paperback ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 95228 - 7 . Moss , Jason ; Kottler , Jeffrey , Ph. D ( 1999 ) . The Last Victim : A True - Life Journey into the Mind of the Serial Killer . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0398 - 0 . Peck , Dennis L. ; Dolch , Norman Allan ( 2001 ) . `` Behavior Beyond the Boundaries '' . Extraordinary Behavior : A Case Study Approach to Understanding Social Problems . Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97057 - 4 . OCLC 43694355 . Ressler , Robert ; Schactman , Tom ( 1992 ) . Whoever Fights Monsters : My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for the FBI . New York : St Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 95044 - 6 . OCLC 27658115 . Sullivan , Terry ; Maiken , Peter T. ( 2000 ) . Killer Clown : The John Wayne Gacy Murders ( Paperback ed . ) . Pinnacle . ISBN 0 - 7860 - 1422 - 9 . OCLC 156783287 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Wayne Gacy Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wayne Gacy . Archived FBI files relating to John Gacy Examples of artwork produced by Gacy People v. John Wayne Gacy `` Cook County Clerk of Court '' records and archives Transcript of Gacy 's 1993 submission to the United States Court of Appeals Time article exploring the possibility Gacy had a minimum of one accomplice John Wayne Gacy 's Other Victims : A website detailing the ongoing investigation by Detective Bill Dorsch into the possibility Gacy had committed other murders VIAF : 96080613 BNF : cb157233648 ( data ) ULAN : 500059471 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wayne_Gacy&oldid=800728340 '' Categories : 1942 births 1972 murders in the United States 1994 deaths 20th - century American painters 20th - century executions by Illinois 20th - century executions of American people American clowns American male painters American murderers of children American people convicted of murder American people convicted of sexual assault American people convicted of sodomy American people of Danish descent American people of Polish descent American rapists American Roman Catholics American serial killers American torturers Artists from Chicago Bisexual men Crimes in Chicago Criminals of Chicago Executed American serial killers Executed people from Illinois Illinois Democrats Iowa Democrats John Wayne Gacy LGBT people from Illinois Male serial killers Murder in Illinois People convicted of murder by Illinois People executed by Illinois by lethal injection People from Waterloo , Iowa People with antisocial personality disorder Violence against men in North America Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 09 : 11 . 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1. John Wayne Gacy 2. Serial killer 3. The Killer Clown 4. Murders and victims 5. Criminal conviction and imprisonment

largest privately owned island in the united states

Gardiners island - wikipedia Gardiners island Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : `` Gardiners Point Lighthouse and Fort Tyler '' section ( and possibly others ) appears to be copied directly from another source or just not properly cited ( note the unlinked citations ) Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gardiners Island <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography Location Gardiners Bay Total islands Area 5.184 sq mi ( 13.43 km ) <Th_colspan="2"> Administration <Td_colspan="2"> United States State New York County Suffolk County Gardiner 's Island is a small island in the Town of East Hampton , New York , in Eastern Suffolk County . It is located in Gardiner 's Bay between the two peninsulas at the East end of Long Island . It is 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) long , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide and has 27 miles ( 43 km ) of coastline . The island has been owned by the Gardiner family and their descendants since 1639 when Lion Gardiner purchased it from the Montaukett chief Wyandanch . It is one of the larger privately owned islands in the United States , and is slightly smaller than Naushon Island in Massachusetts , owned by the Forbes Family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 First English settlement in New York 2.2 Captain Kidd 2.3 American Revolution 2.4 War of 1812 2.5 Birthplace of First Lady Julia Gardiner Tyler 2.6 Gardiners Point Lighthouse and Fort Tyler 2.7 1947 to today 2.8 Challenges to private ownership 3 Ownership 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading Geography ( edit ) Gardiners Island from Springs , New York showing the famed white windmill and manor house . The island is 3,318 acres ( 1,343 ha ) in size . It includes more than 1,000 acres ( 400 ha ) of old growth forest and another 1,000 acres ( 405 ha ) of meadows . Many of the buildings date back to the 17th century . In 1989 , the island was said to be worth $125 million . The island has the largest stand of white oak in the American Northeast . Other trees include swamp maple , wild cherry and birch . The island is home to New York state 's largest colony of ospreys , and is one of the few locations in the world where they build their nests on the ground , as there are no natural predators to the osprey on the island . Its structures include the oldest surviving wood - frame structure in New York state , a carpenter 's shed built there in 1639 , as well as a private airstrip on the south side of the island . History ( edit ) Gardiners Island from above First English settlement in New York ( edit ) In 1639 , the island was settled by Lion Gardiner , who moved there with his family from Connecticut . The island was originally in its own jurisdiction , not part of Connecticut or Rhode Island , long before there was a State of New York . It has been privately owned by Gardiner 's descendants for over three hundred and seventy five years . Lion Gardiner reportedly purchased the island locally in 1639 from the Montaukett Indians for `` a large black dog , some powder and shot , and a few Dutch blankets . '' The Indians called the island Manchonake , while Gardiner initially called it Isle of Wight , because it reminded him of the Isle of Wight in England . The Montauketts gave Gardiner the title , at least in part because of his support for them in the Pequot War . Gardiner also had to gain approval for the land grant from James Farrett , an agent of the Earl of Stirling , William Alexander . The Earl of Stirling had been given Long Island by the King of England in 1636 . The royal patent of 1639 gave Gardiner the `` right to possess the land forever '' , with the island being declared a proprietary colony . Lion Gardiner was given the title of Lord of the Manor and thus was able to govern the island . On October 5 , 1665 , after it had been resolved that the English , rather than the Dutch , would rule Long Island , and that it would not be part of Connecticut , Richard Nicolls , the first Governor of the Province of New York , issued a new patent to Lion Gardiner 's son David Gardiner . In 1688 , when Governor Thomas Dongan granted a patent formally establishing the East Hampton government , there was an attempt to annex the island to East Hampton . However , the Gardiners resisted and Dongan reaffirmed its special status . The island 's special status was to continue until after the American Revolution , when it was formally annexed to East Hampton . Gardiner established a plantation on the island for growing corn , wheat , fruit , and tobacco , as well for raising livestock . Captain Kidd ( edit ) Privateer William Kidd buried treasure on the island in June 1699 , having stopped there while sailing to Boston to answer charges of piracy . With the permission of the island 's proprietor , he buried a chest and a box of gold and two boxes of silver ( the box of gold , Kidd told Gardiner , was intended for Lord Bellomont ) in a ravine between Bostwick 's Point and the Manor House . For her trouble , Kidd gave Mrs. Gardiner a length of gold cloth , captured from a Moorish ship off the coast of India ( a piece of which is now at the East Hampton library ) , and a sack of sugar . It is said that Kidd warned that , if the treasure was not there when he returned , he would kill the Gardiners , although trial testimony given by John Gardiner on July 17 , 1699 makes no mention of any threats , and Kidd 's conduct appears to have been quite civil . Kidd was tried in Boston , and Gardiner was ordered by Governor Bellomont to deliver the treasure as evidence . The booty included gold dust , bars of silver , Spanish dollars , rubies , diamonds , candlesticks , and porringers . Gardiner kept one of the diamonds which he later gave to his daughter . A plaque on the island marks the spot where the treasure was buried . American Revolution ( edit ) The Gardiners sided with the colonists during the American Revolution . However , a fleet of thirteen British ships sailed into Cherry Harbor and began foraging the island and its manor house at will ; they were planning to turn it into a private hunting preserve . Among the British guests were Henry Clinton and John André . At one point , Major André and Gardiner 's son Nathaniel Gardiner exchanged toasts on the island . Nathaniel Gardiner was a surgeon for the New Hampshire Continental Infantry . He was the American surgeon who later attended to André before he was executed for spying with Benedict Arnold . Following the revolution , the island was formally brought under East Hampton town jurisdiction . War of 1812 ( edit ) During the War of 1812 a British fleet of seven ships of the line and several smaller frigates anchored in Cherry Harbor and conducted raids on American shipping through Long Island Sound . Crews would come ashore for provisions which were purchased at market prices . During one of the British excursions , Americans captured some of the crew . The British came to arrest then Lord of the Manor John Lyon Gardiner I , who , being a delicate man , adopted the `` green room defense '' where he stayed in a bed with green curtains surrounded by medicine to make him look feeble . The British , not wanting a sick man on board , let him be . The British were to bury several personnel on the island during the course of the war . Some of the British fleet that burned Washington assembled in the harbor in 1814 . Gardiner 's supply boats were manned by slaves during the war and this made it easier for them to pass through British lines . Many of the Gardiner slaves were to live in the Freetown , just north of East Hampton village . Birthplace of first Lady Julia Gardiner Tyler ( edit ) Julia Gardiner , who was to become President John Tyler 's second wife and First Lady in 1844 , was born on the island in 1820 . Gardiners point lighthouse and fort Tyler ( edit ) Gardiners Island Windmill From 1854 to 1894 , the island was the site of the Gardiners Island Lighthouse . Gardiners Point Island is an island in Block Island Sound that was the former location of the Gardiner Island Lighthouse as well as Fort Tyler . For many years the island was connected via a shoal to Gardiners Island and as such it is under the jurisdiction of East Hampton ( town ) , New York . In 1851 the federal government purchased 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) on the peninsula from the Gardiners for $400 with the lighthouse first being lit in 1855 after a construction expenditure of $7,000 . The lighthouse was in 27 - foot ( 8.2 m ) square , 11⁄2 story brick building and had a sixth order Fresnel Lens , fixed white light 33 feet ( 10 m ) above sea level . A March 1888 Nor'easter caused a break in the peninsula permanently turning the point into an island . Between 1890 and 1893 the island was shrinking at the rate of 10 ⁄ feet ( 3.3 m ) per year . On March 7 , 1894 , the lighthouse was abandoned and shortly afterward fell into the ocean . A lighted buoy was then moored 1⁄4 miles northeast of the lighthouse . During the Spanish -- American War the War Department appropriated $500,000 to build the Fort Tyler battery on the island ( named for former President John Tyler who had married Julia Gardiner Tyler who had been born on Gardiners Island ) . The shifting sands caused problems for the fort as well and it was abandoned in the late 1920s . In 1921 its guns included Battery Edmund Smith , 2 - 8 '' Disappearing , 2 - 5 '' ( or possibly 8 `` ) Pedestal . In 1938 the island was declared a National Bird Refuge by Franklin Roosevelt and transferred to the Agriculture Department . During World War II the fort was used for target practice and was reduced to its present state where it is popularly called `` The Ruins . '' The state of New York briefly considered turning it into a park but it is deemed a navigational hazard because of the possibilities of unexploded ordnance . It is privately owned now . 1947 to today ( edit ) The current manor house was built some time after 1947 by Sarah Diodati Gardiner , who was descended from Lion Gardiner the First in three ways . The previous manor house was built by David Gardiner in 1774 and burned to the ground in 1947 ; it was thought after a guest fell asleep while smoking . Valuable antiques were destroyed in this fire , while the caretaker saved his own life by jumping from a window . Sarah Gardiner erected a new 28 - room manor house in the Georgian style . She died in 1953 , still unmarried , at the age of ninety . From 1955 until 1963 Sperry Rand leased the island for top echelon meetings . Sarah Gardiner was a multimillionaire and left the island estate to her nephew , Robert David Lion Gardiner and his sister , Alexandra Gardiner Creel . They took possession of the island at the expiration of Sperry Rand 's lease in 1963 . Robert David Lion Gardiner , the 16th Lord of the Manor , inherited three Gardiner fortunes from his father , his uncle and his Aunt Sarah . The island was designated as a National Natural Landmark ( NNL ) in April 1967 by the National Park Service , in recognition of its waterfowl and shorebird habitat , and its role as a breeding ground for osprey . Its NNL status was removed in July 2006 following a request from the island 's owner . Challenges to private ownership ( edit ) Owing to the high cost of upkeep , in 1937 the island was put up for sale but was bought at the last minute by a relative , Sarah Diodati Gardiner , for $400,000 . Upon her death in 1953 , the island passed in trust to her nephew , Robert David Lion Gardiner , and his sister , Alexandra Gardiner Creel . Their aunt had also set aside a trust fund for upkeep of the island , but it was exhausted by the 1970s . When Creel died , her rights passed to her daughter , Alexandra Creel Goelet . Robert Gardiner and Mrs. Goelet were to have a highly publicized dispute over ownership and direction of the island . Robert accused Alexandra of wanting to sell and develop the island . She accused him of not paying his share of the estimated $2 million per year upkeep and taxes of the island . Robert said he would not oppose ownership by the government or a private conservancy group . The case went to court in 1980 and Robert was initially barred from visiting the island , but in 1992 , courts ruled that he could visit the island ( although the Goelets and Gardiner were not on the island at the same time ) . Robert Gardiner , who claimed the title `` 16th Lord of the Manor of Gardiner 's Island '' and lived in East Hampton , married in 1961 but had no children , leaving him with no direct heir . In 1989 , Mr. Gardiner attempted unsuccessfully to adopt a middle - aged Mississippi businessman , George Gardiner Green , Jr. , as his `` son . '' Green was a descendent of Lion Gardiner . Upon Robert 's death in 2004 , total ownership passed to Alexandra . Shortly before his death he said : We have always married into wealth . We 've covered all our bets . We were on both sides of the Revolution , and both sides of the Civil War . The Gardiner family always came out on top . The Goelets offered to place a conservation easement on the island in exchange for a promise from the Town of East Hampton not to rezone the land , change its assessment or attempt to acquire it by condemnation . The Goelets and East Hampton agreed upon the easement through 2025 . Ownership ( edit ) Lion Gardiner as a proprietary colony , 1st Proprietor and Lord of the Manor. 1639 to 1663 . John Lyon Gardiner I . John Lyon Gardiner II ? to 1910 . Sarah Diodati Gardiner 1937 to 1953 . Alexandra Gardiner Creel and Robert David Lion Gardiner , 16th Lord of the Manor , 1953 to ? Alexandra Creel Goelet , sole owner after the death of her uncle , 2004 to present . See also ( edit ) Carpenter 's Shed on Gardiners Island Fishers Island Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weigold , Mary E. ( 2015 ) . Peconic Bay : Four Centuries of History on Long Island 's North and South Forks . Syracuse University Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Nevius , Michelle & Nevius , James ( 2009 ) , Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City , New York : Free Press , ISBN 141658997X , pp. 84 - 85 Jump up ^ Niihau is larger , see : Trebay , Guy ( 2004 - 08 - 29 ) . `` The Last Lord Of Gardiners Island '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Suffolk County Department of Planning ( October 2000 ) . `` 1999 Land Available for Development - Eastern Suffolk County '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Gardiners Island : What Next ? Archived June 16 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Isle of Wight Postcard and Feature Page 's summary of information from Newsday '' . Round-the-island.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Henry P. Hedges , History of East Hampton ( 1849 ) Chapter 6 , on longislandgenealogy.com Jump up ^ New England Historical and Genealogy Register , Vol . VI , pp. 72 - 84 . A verbatim report of John Gardiner 's testimony taken before a board of government commissioners at Boston . Jump up ^ Jeannette Edwards Rattray , PIRATES AND PROHIBITION from East Hampton History ( 1953 , Country Life Press , Garden City , NY ) on longislandgeneology.com , accessed January 12 , 2007 Jump up ^ Richard Zacks , The Pirate Hunter : The True Story of Captain Kidd , pp. 153 - 159 , 241 , 260 Jump up ^ http://archive.easthamptonstar.com/ehquery/980625/hist1.htm\East Jump up ^ John Austin Stevens , ' The Manor of Gardiners Island ' in The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries ( January 1885 ) , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : The Manor of Gardiners Island - The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries By John Austin Stevens - January 1885 Jump up ^ `` Gardiners Island Lighouses '' . East End Lighthouses . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19760801&id=id0hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=r6AFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3839,105839&hl=en Jump up ^ Ellsworth S. Grant , writing in American Heritage , October 1975 issue Jump up ^ National Registry of Natural Landmarks . National Park Service . 1989 . p. 79 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Multiple National Natural Landmark Boundary Changes and De-designations '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . 71 ( 138 ) : 41050 . July 19 , 2006 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newsday , May 24 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Robert D.L. Gardiner , 93 , Lord of His Own Island , Dies '' . New York Times . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Robert David Lion Gardiner , the last heir to bear the name of the family that has owned Gardiner 's Island , off the coast of Long Island , for nearly four centuries , died yesterday at his home in East Hampton , N.Y. He was 93 ... Mr. Gardiner called himself the 16th Lord of the Manor and saw himself as a custodian of his family 's history on what is said to be the largest privately owned island in the world . Jump up ^ `` John Lyon Gardiner Dead . Owner of Gardiner 's Island , Associated with Capt . Kidd , the Pirate '' . New York Times . January 22 , 1910 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Photo gallery of Gardiners Island Encyclopedia of New York : Gardiners Island Coordinates : 41 ° 05 ′ 48 '' N 72 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W  /  41.09667 ° N 72.10417 ° W  / 41.09667 ; - 72.10417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gardiners_Island&oldid=805584583 '' Categories : East Hampton ( town ) , New York Former English colonies Islands of Suffolk County , New York Private islands Islands of New York ( state ) Gardiner family Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing cleanup from January 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from January 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Cebuano Deutsch Español Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 10 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Gardiners Island 2. Lion Gardiner 3. Private ownership 4. Gardiners Point Lighthouse 5. Fort Tyler

star and the forces of evil season 1

List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 , and the succeeding third - season episodes began airing on November 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 <Td_colspan="9"> On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk Daron Nefcy January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 <Td_colspan="9"> Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras , & Dave Stone Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 <Td_colspan="9"> Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley Nate Federman March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 <Td_colspan="9"> Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn Dave Wasson April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao Danielle Koenig April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 <Td_colspan="9"> When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley , & Dominic Bisignano Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano Mike Yank April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 <Td_colspan="9"> When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham , & Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Mike Yank April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 <Td_colspan="9"> As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Jordana Arkin April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 <Td_colspan="9"> Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen , & Carlos Ramos Mike Yank June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 <Td_colspan="9"> After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso Nate Federman June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 <Td_colspan="9"> Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Danielle Koenig , Mike Mullen , & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jordana Arkin , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Dave Wasson July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 <Td_colspan="9"> Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Nate Federman July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 <Td_colspan="9"> Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Mike Yank July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 <Td_colspan="9"> Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Keith Kaczorek July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 <Td_colspan="9"> Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso Nate Federman , Piero Piluso , & Mike Yank August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , & Aaron Hammersley August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Mike Yank August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Nate Federman September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 <Td_colspan="9"> Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen Mike Yank September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 <Td_colspan="9"> Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley , & Ian Wasseluk Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Mike Yank September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 <Td_colspan="9"> Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 <Td_colspan="9"> As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to use magic without her wand . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's journal , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 <Td_colspan="9"> After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Katie Crown , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 <Td_colspan="9"> Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amalia Levari & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 <Td_colspan="9"> Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Todd Casey , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 <Td_colspan="9"> After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito with sugar , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of discarded hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience trying to convince her that she has n't made a big mistake . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 <Td_colspan="9"> Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Suzie Vleck August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 <Td_colspan="9"> While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino & Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Ben Joseph , & Daron Nefcy August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But , King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 <Td_colspan="9"> While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified desert - themed dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 <Td_colspan="9"> During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 <Td_colspan="9"> Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 <Td_colspan="9"> Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates ( Janna , Jackie , & Starfan13 ) and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube insists someone has lied , and informs that Marco was n't the one who lied . When Star makes a monologue to the cube about how a person 's mind and heart disagree , and how feeling are always changing , the cube starts to malfunction after Star makes some examples and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush , but it gets destroyed before the audience gets a clear answer . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani & Natasha Kline Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 <Td_colspan="9"> After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture `` Princess Marco '' . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Bobby Miller , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 <Td_colspan="9"> After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 <Td_colspan="9"> Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 <Td_colspan="9"> Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that the way to fix it is to go inside the wand and to fetch the item that does not belong . Star finds that the inside is connected to her memories , but when she gets distracted she loses touch with Glossaryck , and must find the item before her duplicate selves overwrite her past memories . She eventually finds the item in a room highlighting her mother 's lineage . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 <Td_colspan="9"> Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 <Td_colspan="9"> Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie in an impassionate monologue . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss under the Blood Moon light , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal , and Star tearfully cries about the loss of the spell book and Glossaryck . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 <Td_colspan="9"> Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he belongs to the book , and the book belongs to Ludo now , despite the fact that he stole it . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else she 'll blast him , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience is angry with Star for ruining the magic show and leaves . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Eric Acosta , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 <Td_colspan="9"> Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only eight minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland & Riccardo Durante Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Christian Magalhaes , Daron Nefcy , & Robert Snow February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 <Td_colspan="9"> Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso & Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 <Td_colspan="9"> Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth that Ponyhead took from the lounge . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 <Td_colspan="9"> Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 <Td_colspan="9"> Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 <Td_colspan="9"> The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 <Td_colspan="9"> Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it crumbles into dust . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A <Td_colspan="9"> Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel bad about the mishaps he caused and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie and Star convince him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Daron Nefcy , & Chris Walsh February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 <Td_colspan="9"> The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewnian tradition of Song Day , but Star is reluctant to participate because it portrays princesses as being perfect . When Ruberiot visits , Star at first leaves him with Marco and runs away , but after coming back and blows off steam about her hatred of princess songs , Ruberiot is upset . When Ruberiot shares that he wanted to write about the real Star and not do another perfect princess song and decides to plug Star 's name into her mom 's song since she refused to help him do his job , Star finally agrees to share everything about her life . Meanwhile , Queen Butterfly takes a secret trip to visit Ludo 's parents , but discovers something is very wrong about Ludo . On Song Day , Ruberiot starts the song like the old perfect princess style , but then changes to a pop song that makes Mewnians excited . But when he sings lyrics about how Star lost the Book of Spells and Glossaryck , that the queen and king had hidden this fact , and that Star has a crush on Marco , the Mewnian crowd becomes angry at Star 's family for lying to them . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot , Atticus Shaffer as Dennis 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco 's class holds a party for the end of the school year at Marco 's house . Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Queen Butterfly and the Magic High Commission invade Ludo 's new castle . Star , who also feels uncomfortable about the situation , summons her friends ( Ponyhead , Janna , Kelly , and Starfan13 ) and shares her predicament . The girls convince her to ditch the end - of - year party and instead attend another party where she sees Oskar . Meanwhile , Toffee , who has possessed Ludo 's body , drains the powers from the Magic High Commission and nearly kills Queen Butterfly , who retreats with the fallen commission members . When Star returns from the party , Queen Butterfly tells her they are in danger and she will have to leave Earth immediately due to Toffee 's return . Star admits to Marco that she does have a crush on him , and that she has to leave Earth , probably forever . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` The Battle for Mewni : Return to Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco 's parents try to console Marco . Star and Queen Moon take the Magical High Commission members to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down because of the fritz . Some of Ludo 's rats try to take away the members while they are camping , but they fight them off . They make it to the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the members has been affected by the fritz and is instead pouring out sticky dark sludge . Moon and Star rest and think about what to do next . Moon urges Star to stay inside , to which she objects until she is told that Toffee and his minions killed her mother , and made a deal with Eclipsa . 36b 1b `` The Battle for Mewni : Moon the Undaunted '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Queen Moon shares her story revolving around the death of her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) when she was a teenager . Moon was set to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by `` The Lizard '' , who was responsible for her mother 's death . She had Rhombulus partially unseal the crystal Eclipsa was being held prisoner in to learn some dark magic from the forbidden section of the Book of Spells from her . They strike a deal in turn ; once Moon 's enemy was defeated , Eclipsa would be set free . She then confronts The Lizard ( Toffee ) and uses a dark spell , which misses and instead only severs his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Toffee flees . 37a 2a `` The Battle for Mewni : Book Be Gone '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Ludo finds that his wand is now embedded into his hand . He finds Glossaryck , who tells them that the Magic High Commission has been defeated . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book will not let him , as he is no longer its owner . After multiple failed attempts and different approaches , he ultimately throws the book into a fire , which destroys it and in turn , Glossaryck . 37b 2b `` The Battle for Mewni : Marco and the King '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and they take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` The Battle for Mewni : Puddle Defender '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> With the sanctuary flooded with sludge , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewman board games such as Puddle Defender , which Moon realizes is biased towards monsters , and Buff Frog accuses Moon of being biased towards Mewmans . After a heated argument , they eventually reconcile , and Buff Frog blows Star 's cover and forbids her from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole , Katrina , later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` The Battle for Mewni : King Ludo '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter which leaves Marco with no choice but to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the sky while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` The Battle for Mewni : Toffee '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 <Td_colspan="9"> Star attacks Ludo at the castle but Ludo suddenly stops when he gets a signal from his hand . Star tells Ludo that Toffee is controlling him , but Spider is able to capture her in the meantime . Marco breaks her out and calls the entertainers ( called Le Resistance ) but Ludo arrives and imprisons them except for Star . Ludo asks Star about his wand hand . While Queen Moon and Buff Frog break Marco out , Star agrees to use the whispering spell to free the magic in the wand , which then unleashes a powerful blast . Star finds herself in a sea of the same sludge that flooded the sanctuary , and her voice briefly comes out of Ludo 's mouth until he is taken over by Toffee again . Moon agrees to return Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star 's freedom . Toffee is released , but tells them that Star is gone , while she drowns attempting to retrieve her magic . As Toffee begins to leave , Star eventually finds a cauldron being used by Glossaryck , in which she manages to find untainted magic . She returns from purgatory in a new golden Mewberty form and attacks Toffee with a magical blast from her restored wand . As the gravely injured Toffee rants about still being in control , Ludo crushes Toffee , apparently killing him . Ludo then asks Star to send him back to the void so that he can find himself . King River is brought back to the kingdom by a family of eagles , while Moon rushes to check on Eclipsa 's crystal prison , which is still intact . However , as soon as Moon exits , it begins to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 <Td_colspan="9"> After helping defeat Toffee , Marco says goodbye to Star and returns to Earth , but he is missing his hoodie . Unknown to him , Star has been keeping his hoodie , but Pony Head arrives and throws it into the Royal Laundry for cleaning . Star tries to get the hoodie back from the Knight of the Wash , who insists it be cleaned to the highest standards . In spite of her efforts , the hoodie is eventually cleaned , but she is ecstatic that it has retained Marco 's scent . It is then shipped back to Earth where Marco receives it and is curious that his hoodie also has Star 's scent . 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 <Td_colspan="9"> Star 's family and the Magic High Commission hold a memorial for Lekmet . Star notices Glossaryck in almost every waking moment that she starts believing he is haunting her over unfinished business . She contacts Janna for help and proceeds to tell her that anything that remains of Glossaryck must be properly buried in a place of meaning for him . She then heads to the hidden sanctuary and throws the remains of her old spell book into its well . Star feels reassured it 's over , only for Glossaryck to then physically return reborn . 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 <Td_colspan="9"> During the annual Silver Bell Ball , all neighboring kingdoms ' rulers come to attend . Star is snubbed by Tom when his family arrives . After attempting to do the same by dancing with her other male dance partners , she then eventually confronts him alone to ask him why . Tom answers by saying he 's giving her space since he was present during Song Day , from which he misinterpreted that she and Marco are in a relationship . She denies this , and eventually reluctantly asks him to dance , which they begin to enjoy , and the Ball is declared a success . 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 <Td_colspan="9"> Star runs into ancient Queen Eclipsa . Although calm and well - meaning after being released from crystallization , Queen Moon and the High Commission try to keep Star far away from her as possible . Star however believes there 's good in Eclipsa than what they initially believed long ago , so she demands the least they can do is have Eclipsa be given a fair trial . They reluctantly agree , and Eclipsa is put on house arrest in the meantime . Star visits Eclipsa in her tower and reassures her all would be fine as they both gaze out the tower window . 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 <Td_colspan="9"> A jittery Pony Head confides to Star that Tom is undergoing a `` demoncism , '' which is meant to turn him into a more normal , tamed being . They secretly infiltrate the ceremony for Star to rescue Tom , but the demoncism goes ahead as scheduled , only for its organizer to reveal that he still has plenty of rage in him . They are then seen holding hands , much to Pony Head 's dismay . 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , & Kirsten Gish Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 <Td_colspan="9"> On Earth , Marco begins to spout so much of his adventures in Mewni that his friends , peers , and teachers begin to distance themselves from him except for Janna . Jackie suspects that he is n't letting go of these so easily , so Marco takes her out on a date to prove he 's moved on and a better boyfriend to her . Upon discovering he is secretly hiding the cape King River gave to him on Mewni under his hoodie , she tells him that he 's only staying in Echo Creek to make her happy for her sake . She kindly breaks up with him and leaves . Deciding he wants to return to Mewni as an exchange student , his family and friends see him off . 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 <Td_colspan="9"> Marco arrives on Mewni , but Star feels indifferent over his presence . She gives him a job below the castle as a squire to Knight of the Wash , Sir Lavabo . After a brief conversation with Eclipsa , Star runs back to the Royal Washroom to find Marco fighting off a giant lint monster . They eventually defeat it by turning on the lint blade catcher . Star apologizes to Marco and as an act of good faith , she magically creates an exact replica of his bedroom in the castle and appoints him as her own squire . 43b 8b `` Trial by Squire '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 <Td_colspan="9"> Star and Marco prepare for the Midnight Warrior Blowout Sale at Quest Buy . During the event , they meet fellow shoppers who will stop at nothing to get the best knight gear . After meeting female squire Higgs , she ridicules Marco by telling him that in spite of being named squire , it was handed to him under the impression that he 's Star 's boyfriend , which he denies . With all their efforts , Star reassures him that she only named him squire so they can go on adventures again like they used to . They finish the blowout sale by buying random , fun things instead of suitable knight gear much to the praise of the knights and Higgs ' chagrin . 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 44b 9b `` Starfari '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 45a 10a `` Sweet Dreams '' Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 <Td_colspan="9"> Star has a dream that she is flying and eating goblin dogs to her heart 's content , only to wake up in her bedroom with Marco growing concern . To test her theory she has Marco watch her late at night with him chained to her , where he is dragged and discovers that she transforms into her butterfly form and is traveling through various dimensions into one portal . He wakes her up and with the help of Glossryck and Eclipsa , they manage to return to Mewni . Eclipsa suggests to Star that her dreams should be embraced openly as to understand what she is truly capable of . 45b 10b `` Lava Lake Beach '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 <Td_colspan="9"> Star , Marco , Tom , and Kelly head out to Lava Lake Beach . Kelly however does n't feel too inclined on joining in too long with their festivities , so she wanders off alone . Marco chases after her , where she confides to him that she has broken up with her boyfriend Tad , but he is still living in her thick layer of hair and wo n't leave . Marco steps inside and tries to casually tell Tad that Kelly wants to move on , but Tad then easily guesses that Marco himself is miserable because of hidden feelings for his crush on Star . Conflicted , Marco runs off only to see Star kissing Tom from afar . Kelly finds him alone and offers to show him a grand view of the entire beach . He asks her if it 's already midnight to which she answers yes , indicating it 's Marco 's birthday . 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Kenny Pittenger , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kirsten Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 47a 12a `` Night Life '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , Kenny Pittenger , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' Dominic Bisigano , Tyler Chen , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.29 49a 14a `` Stump Day '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Olesyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 <Td_colspan="9"> After celebrating Stump Day , Star sleeps . Marco then wakes her up to tell her that there is a surprise outside her room . Her friends greet her , as expected . ( In fact , it 's Star 's birthday on the same day as Stump Day ) Star tells them that she does not celebrate her birthday on the actual day , as she needs to worship the Stump but her friends think that it 's fake . The party later escalates into an argument where Marco gets into a fight with Tom when he accuses Tom for forgetting Star 's birthday and for being a bad boyfriend while Janna accuses Kelly for possibly developing a crush on Marco . Later Janna burns the Stump on the fireplace . This angers the Stump , and it captures her friends and her parents . They apologize for their actions , and worked together to make the Stump spare them . The family declares this day is the best Stump Day ever . 49b 14b `` Holiday Spellcial '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 50a 15a `` The Bogbeast of Boggabah '' TBA TBA TBA March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) TBA TBD 50b 15b `` Total Eclipsa the Moon '' TBA TBA TBA March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) TBA TBD 51a 16a `` Butterfly Trap '' TBA TBA TBA March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA TBD 51b 16b `` Ludo , Where Art Thou ? '' TBA TBA TBA March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA TBD 52a 17a `` Is Another Mystery '' TBA TBA TBA March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA TBD 52b 17b `` Marco Jr . '' TBA TBA TBA March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA TBD 53a 18a `` Skooled ! '' TBA TBA TBA March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA TBD 53b 18b `` Booth Buddies '' TBA TBA TBA March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA TBD 54a 19a `` Bam Ui Pati ! '' TBA TBA TBA March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA TBD 54b 19b `` Tough Love '' TBA TBA TBA March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA TBD 55a 20a `` TBA '' TBA TBA TBA April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) TBA TBD 55b 20b `` TBA '' TBA TBA TBA April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) TBA TBD Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ DaronNefcy ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` I just want to be clear that the movie is the 1st 4 episodes of S3 played together . It will play like a movie but it is the premiere of S3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 7.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 8.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.8. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.2. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Disney XD ( @ DisneyXD ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` You asked nicely , then demanded , and then finally yelled at us ... and it worked ! Here are the premiere dates for new eps of # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ! '' . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Kirby Buckets ( 2014 -- 17 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Pickle and Peanut ( 2015 -- 18 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil_episodes&oldid=826361831 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 15 . 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1. Star vs. the Forces of Evil 2. Animated television series 3. Magical princess 4. Earth and Mewni 5. Episode list

what happens to hale in sons of anarchy

David Hale ( Sons of Anarchy ) - wikipedia David Hale ( Sons of Anarchy ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> David Hale <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) ( 2008 ) Last appearance `` So '' ( episode 3.01 ) ( 2010 ) Created by Kurt Sutter Portrayed by Taylor Sheridan <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Captain America , Dave , Davy Gender Male Occupation Deputy Chief of the Charming Police Department Title Deputy Chief Family Jacob Hale ( father ) Jacob Hale Jr. ( brother ) Deputy Chief David Hale is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy , played by Taylor Sheridan . He was the Deputy Chief of Police in the small Northern Californian town of Charming . The Chief , Wayne Unser , nicknamed him `` Captain America '' for his black and white views , and squeaky - clean adherence to the law , and possibly because of his square jawed all - American looks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 First season 1.2 Second season 1.3 Third season 2 References Biography ( edit ) Hale is a native of Charming , California , and his father , Jacob , was a county judge and a very powerful and wealthy man . He also has an older brother , Jacob , Jr . As a boy , he delivered newspapers to the town 's infamous Teller household . He was a childhood friend of Jax Teller , Tara Knowles and Opie Winston , until they graduated from high school . Hale enlisted in the American Marine Corps . After his honorable discharge , he went on to become a police officer at the local police department and is now Deputy Chief , next in line for the Chief job once Wayne Unser retires . Unlike Unser , Hale wishes to purge the town of SAMCRO ( the local biker gang , run by the Tellers ) upon becoming Chief of Police . Like him , his father and brother also want to see SAMCRO leave Charming , but , unlike him , their desire is motivated by their wish to profit financially from the gang 's absence , something which appears to irritate David . Because of Hale 's attitude , SAMCRO leader Clay Morrow convinced Unser to continue on as police Chief in order to ensure Hale does n't assume the position and become a threat to SAMCRO and their allies . He serves as an antagonist to SAMCRO during the first season , but became less hostile during Season Two . First season ( edit ) After learning that Unser is staying on , Hale calls in the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives to see if they can circumvent Unser . He soon became sexually involved with Agent June Stahl , which is against department regulations . One of their encounters was witnessed by Jax Teller while he was breaking Cherry out of the County Jail . The two lovers fell out , however , over Stahl 's decision to delude SAMCRO into believing that Opie Winston was an informant and her locking Hale out of the investigation . When Stahl removed Opie 's protective detail , Hale ( after much convincing from Unser ) decided to inform the SAMCRO that Opie was not a `` rat . '' The information came too late to prevent the murder of Opie 's wife , Donna . At the crime scene , Hale icily informed Stahl , `` This blood 's on you . '' Second season ( edit ) At the start of Season Two , Hale is introduced to Ethan Zobelle by his older brother , Jacob , in the hopes of getting SAMCRO out of Charming . Zobelle leads the White separatist group , the League of American Nationals ( L.O.A.N. ) . David , aware of L.O.A.N. 's racial beliefs , initially refused Zobelle 's help ( Jacob , a businessman who hopes to profit from SAMCRO 's absence in Charming , is not concerned with L.O.A.N. 's beliefs or methods ) . However , David is so determined to rid Charming of SAMCRO that he begins to accept Zobelle 's assistance ( or , at least , turns a blind eye towards L.O.A.N. 's activities ) even though he knows that they use more violent tactics than the Sons . L.O.A.N. 's first illegal action was giving Darby and the Nords the backing to operate a meth lab in Charming . SAMCRO discovered that the Nords were dealing meth in Charming and tipped off Hale , who then visited the property where the meth lab was located . Although Hale threatened Darby that he would get a warrant to search the property , but instead he told Unser that he investigated SAMCRO 's tip and that there was no meth lab . SAMCRO , now feeling that Hale had fallen in with Zobelle 's group , took the matter into their own hands and destroyed the lab themselves . Zobelle then tried to force Hale into taking action against SAMCRO by providing surveillance footage of Opie blowing up the meth lab that Hale allowed to operate . At the same time , Hale is also given footage of himself apparently taking a bribe from Darby ( actually just a gift certificate to Zobelle 's Impeccable Smokes shop opening ) . After being reprimanded by Unser for collaborating with Zobelle , being informed by Unser about what Zobelle 's people did to Gemma , and being told he needs to be the `` clean one '' , Hale gave Clay and Jax information they needed to sink a real estate scam run by Jacob Hale and let them know that Zobelle was surveiling them . Hale also told them that he was n't Unser and was n't on anyone 's payroll . Throughout season two , Hale started to show some signs of cooperation with SAMCRO , realizing that L.O.A.N. was more of threat to Charming than SAMCRO . He began to understand Unser 's behavior , realizing that the elderly chief did n't have much of a choice anymore in whether or not to deal with Clay Morrow and the Sons . In the episode `` The Culling , '' Unser informs Hale that he will be the new acting chief ( possibly signifying Unser 's retirement in the near future ) . In the second - season finale , perhaps adopting some of Unser 's attitude , Hale appeared unconcerned with what SAMCRO did to A.J. Weston and Ethan Zobelle as long as it was not done in Charming . Ethan Zobelle , cornered in a deli outside of Charming by SAMCRO , called Hale for help . Hale lied and told Zobelle that the sheriffs were on the way , but after hanging up he made no effort to inform the local sheriffs . He was last seen consoling a distraught Tara Knowles over the kidnapping of Abel Teller . Third season ( edit ) In the season premiere , Hale is first seen moving into the office of the chief , a position that he states will soon be official . His brother , Jacob , apologizes for bringing Zobelle to Charming , and states that he never intended things to escalate as far as they did . Jacob also tells Hale that he is continuing with his campaign to be mayor of Charming , and asks for `` the support of the chief . '' Hale agrees to support his brother . Later in the episode , Hale keeps vigil over Half - Sack 's funeral which is being attended by numerous Sons Of Anarchy members and associates . Jacob meets him there and reiterates his disgust for the gang and the apparent outpouring of support for them . Hale explains that people , including those in Charming , do n't like to see SAMCRO vulnerable since it makes everyone uncomfortable . Later into the funeral , an unknown party , later revealed to be the Calaveras MC , commits a drive - by shooting , injuring and killing several attendees . Hale tries to stop them by getting in front of their van and firing at the driver , but is killed when the vehicle runs him over . Jacob and Unser both futilely rush towards his bloodied body as the van speeds off . In an interview , series creator and executive producer , Kurt Sutter , explained that the decision to kill Hale in the season premiere was motivated by Sheridan 's desire to move on to another project . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam , Glenn and Sagal in FX 's Anarchy '' . Comingsoon.net. 2008 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rob Owen ' Sons of Anarchy ' shocker ( spoiler for West coast ) . blogs.sites.post-gazette.com . September 7 , 2010 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Sons of Anarchy <Td_colspan="2"> Created by : Kurt Sutter Episodes `` Pilot '' Seasons 6 7 Characters Clay Morrow Jax Teller Gemma Teller Morrow Tara Knowles Opie Winston Bobby Munson Tig Trager Chibs Telford Piney Winston Juice Ortiz Half - Sack Epps Happy Wayne Unser David Hale June Stahl Josh Kohn Ernest Darby Marcus Álvarez Ethan Zobelle Universe Sons of Anarchy MC Charming , CA List of gangs Music `` This Life '' Songs of Anarchy Songs of Anarchy Volume 2 <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hale_(Sons_of_Anarchy)&oldid=834247650 '' Categories : Sons of Anarchy characters Fictional American police officers Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2011 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 18 : 14 . 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1. David Hale - Sons of Anarchy character 2. Deputy Chief of the Charming Police Department 3. Antagonist to SAMCRO (Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original) 4. Relationship with Agent June Stahl 5. Killed in a drive-by shooting

how to lose a guy in 10 days card game

How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days - Wikipedia How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Donald Petrie Produced by Robert Evans Christine Forsyth - Peters Lynda Obst Written by Brian Regan Burr Steers Based on How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days by Michele Alexander Jeannie Long Starring Kate Hudson Matthew McConaughey Adam Goldberg Michael Michele Shalom Harlow Music by David Newman Cinematography John Bailey Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date February 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 07 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $177.4 million How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days is a 2003 romantic comedy film directed by Donald Petrie , starring Kate Hudson and Matthew McConaughey . It is based on a short cartoon book of the same name by Michele Alexander and Jeannie Long . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andie Anderson ( Kate Hudson ) is a writer for a women 's magazine called Composure as the `` How to ... '' girl . She is bored and wishes she could write more about important things such as politics , economics , religion , poverty ; stuff she actually cares about . After Andie 's best friend Michelle ( Kathryn Hahn ) experiences yet another break - up , Andie is inspired to write a new article titled `` How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days '' ; she will start dating a guy and eventually drive him away using only the `` classic mistakes women make '' in relationships . At the same time , advertising executive Benjamin Barry ( Matthew McConaughey ) is striving for a pitch to advertise a new diamond campaign . When his boss questions Ben 's knowledge about romance , Ben bets he could make any woman fall in love with him if he wanted to . His boss accepts the bet and confirms that if he can make any woman fall in love with him before the upcoming company ball , in just 10 days , he will allow Ben to head the advertising for the new diamond company . Ben 's rival co-workers , Judy Spears ( Michael Michele ) and Judy Green ( Shalom Harlow ) , who were at Composure magazine earlier in the day and are aware of Andie 's new assignment , set Ben up to have him pick Andie as the girl to test his theory on . Ben and Andie meet and soon their quests , neither revealing their true intentions . Andie works hard to drive Ben insane and make him break up with her in order to complete her article , but Ben continues to stick around in hopes of making her fall in love with him . Andie gets Ben knocked out in a movie theater by talking aloud while watching a chick flick , rapidly moves her things into his apartment , acts overly possessive and sensitive and clingy , ruins his boys ' poker night for him and his friends , and takes him to a Celine Dion concert when he was under the assumption he was going to see a New York Knicks basketball game . Ben stays with her despite everything , and after coming very close to breaking up they attend couples counseling , led by Andie 's friend Michelle . They agree , as a solution to their `` problems '' , to visit Ben 's family in Staten Island for the weekend . While holidaying together , Ben and Andie begin to form a genuine bond , and upon arriving home Ben even refers to Andie as his girlfriend . Andie then tries to explain to boss Lana ( Bebe Neuwirth ) that she can not continue writing and publishing this article as she has `` really got to know this guy '' , but Lana remains insistent upon it . Around the same time , Andie and Ben go to the company ball together where Ben 's boss , Phillip ( Robert Klein ) , meets Andie and tells Ben that he `` met her , she loves you , you win '' . Seeing Ben 's good news , Judy and Judy are instantly envious and set about to ruin it for their co-worker . They tell his close colleagues , Tony ( Adam Goldberg ) and Thayer ( Thomas Lennon ) , that Andie knew about the bet all along and was playing along to help Ben win . Tony and Thayer then rush to Andie 's side and beg her to keep quiet , when they do not realize she is still blissfully unaware of the bet . Almost simultaneously , Lana , who is unaware of Ben 's role in Andie 's `` How To '' article , reveals Andie 's true intentions to Ben . Upon learning of Ben 's bet , Andie attempts to humiliate Ben in front of everyone at the party , and the pair argue on stage . They go their separate ways before Ben is shown Andie 's article and encouraged to read it . She explains in it how she `` lost the one person she ever fell for '' , and when he hears she quit her job at Composure and is on her way to Washington , D.C. for an interview , he chases her taxi and stops her . Once he accuses her of running away , they reveal their true feelings for each other and the film ends with Ben instructing the taxi driver to return Andie 's belongings to her home , and then they kiss . Cast ( edit ) Kate Hudson as Andie Anderson Matthew McConaughey as Benjamin Barry Kathryn Hahn as Michelle Annie Parisse as Jeannie Adam Goldberg as Tony Thomas Lennon as Thayer Michael Michele as Judy Spears Shalom Harlow as Judy Green Robert Klein as Phillip Warren Bebe Neuwirth as Lana Jang Marvin Hamlisch as Himself ( Cameo ) Production ( edit ) Gwyneth Paltrow was originally going to star as Andie Anderson but later pulled out before pre-production began , and Kate Hudson replaced her . The yellow gown Kate Hudson wore in the movie was designed by celebrity designer Dina Bar - El . The necklace she wears with the yellow gown is called , in the film , the `` Isadora Diamond '' named after Isadora Duncan . The 80 - carat yellow diamond in the necklace was designed by Harry Winston and is worth $6 million . Release ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days received mixed reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 42 % , based on 161 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson are charming together , but they ca n't overcome How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days ' silly premise and predictable script . '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 45 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Box Office ( edit ) The film was released on February 7 , 2003 and earned $23,774,850 in its first weekend . Its final gross is $105,813,373 in the US and $71,558,068 overseas . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days . Box Office Mojo. 2003 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Laura Vecsey . `` Fashion designer Dina Bar - El looks for fresh start '' . Today ; NBC News . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Marc S. Malkin ; Deborah Schoeneman . `` Model Home Gets a Makeover '' . New York Magazine ; New York Media . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days at AllMovie How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days at Box Office Mojo How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days on IMDb How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Donald Petrie <Td_colspan="2"> Mystic Pizza ( 1988 ) Opportunity Knocks ( 1990 ) Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) The Favor ( 1994 ) Richie Rich ( 1994 ) The Associate ( 1996 ) My Favorite Martian ( 1999 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2000 ) How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days ( 2003 ) Welcome to Mooseport ( 2004 ) Just My Luck ( 2006 ) My Life in Ruins ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Lose_a_Guy_in_10_Days&oldid=797616596 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films about journalists Films directed by Donald Petrie Films set in New York City Films shot in Toronto Paramount Pictures films Films produced by Robert Evans Films based on non-fiction books Film scores by David Newman Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 07 : 25 . 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1. How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days - Plot summary 2. Cast of How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days 3. Critical response to How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days 4. Box office performance of How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days 5. Production details of How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days